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Perhaps the greatest and most enduring achievement of the Middle Ages was the creation of the university, an institution for which there was no precedent in the history of the West. It sprang into existence seemingly out of nowhere in the late 12th century primarily in two cities, Paris and Bologna. Both claim to be Europe's first. By the early decades of the 13th century, others had emerged modeled on them—Oxford, for instance, on the Paris model and Padua on the Bologna. From that point forward universities proliferated across the face of Europe and became a standard, important and self-governing institution in larger cities.
Medieval universities, although they differed among themselves in significant ways, all quickly developed highly sophisticated procedures and organizational strategies that we recognize as our own today. The list is long: set curricula, examinations, professorial privileges and duties, a full array of officers of various kinds, division into different "faculties" (we call them "schools" today) and the public certification of professional competence through the awarding of degrees.
The invention of degrees was particularly important. A man could practice medicine without a university degree (and the vast majority of "doctors" did so), but with a degree he enjoyed greater prestige and could exact higher fees. He was a professional with documentation to prove he had passed the scrutiny of his peers. A university degree spelled upward socioeconomic mobility, whether in the church or in society at large.
Creating the Liberal Arts
In the Middle Ages there were four university faculties—law, medicine, theology and "arts." The first three trained young men aspiring to distinction in a profession. Theology, we must remember, was a professional subject, like law and medicine. Not a single course in it, therefore, was taught in the other three faculties. (For that matter, neither was a course in catechism.) Theology was not, therefore, considered one of the Liberal Arts. A degree in theology qualified the individual for a university chair (or its equivalent in religious orders), which would enable him to, well, teach others pursuing such a career. It might also commend him as a candidate for a bishop's miter, although a degree in canon law might better commend him.
The Arts Faculty was the entry faculty where one learned the basic skills of the trivium and quadrivium. As Aristotle's works on physics, metaphysics, the heavens, animals and other subjects were translated into Latin, they began to dominate the arts curriculum. This faculty thus evolved especially in Italy also into a professional school where the cultivation of "natural philosophy" gradually took precedence over the other branches and became the seedbed for modern science. The professors of natural philosophy drew better salaries, attracted more students and enjoyed greater prestige than professors of metaphysics.
Not all universities had all four faculties, and even when they did, the faculties were not equal in strength and prestige. Bologna was renowned for law. It had been founded by wealthy students intent on a career in law who banded together to form a university to hire experts to teach them. Bologna did not have a theological faculty until 1364, close to two centuries after its founding. Even then the faculty consisted essentially in a kind of consortium of the "houses of study" of the religious orders in the city. Most large Italian universities had only one or two professors of theology and one or two of metaphysics in a professorate of 50 to 100. They were renowned for law, medicine and, in time, "natural philosophy."
The pattern was different in universities in northern Europe, where theology was strong and law and medicine weak or, in many cases, nonexistent. What is important to recognize for both northern and southern universities, however, is that the faculties operated independently of one another and communicated with one another only on the most formal level.
They all, however, had the same scope: intellectual problem solving through the acquisition of professional skills. Intellectual problem solving was perhaps nowhere more evident than in the Arts and theology faculties because of their appropriation of dialectics (disputation or debate) as central to their method. Logical, left-brain, agonistic, analytic, restless and relentless questioning was the method's hallmark, in which the resolution of every question led only to further questions. It is no wonder that virtually all the heretics from the 13th until the 16th century were Scholastic theologians. Their very method led them into asking questions that challenged received wisdom.
Catholic Mission, Secular Values
When Catholic educators and prelates speak of the origin of Catholic universities, they locate it in the Middle Ages. Although such talk is rarely free of an idealized vision of "the Ages of Faith," it, in this instance, is not unreasonable. Catholicism permeated medieval culture. It therefore permeated the culture of the universities. Faculty and students were all Catholics. Many universities held papal charters. Theology enjoyed an uncontested place among the disciplines. And so forth.
But would medieval universities satisfy the norms held up today to qualify as "authentically Catholic"? A composite profile of such norms drawn from documents such as "Ex corde ecclesiae," would run something like this: the university explicitly professes the Catholic faith, is unquestioning of the Magisterium, installs theology as a core subject, contributes to "the common good" of the church and of society at large and professedly fosters the students' moral and religious formation as well as their commitment to the church. A Catholic university is a religious university.
One difficulty in answering the question is that medieval universities, unlike many universities in the United States today, did not issue mission statements. Moreover, unlike the humanist schools that developed later, they did not profess to operate out of a clearly articulated philosophy of education. They just did what they did. And what they did was engage in intellectual problem solving, which entailed the development of professional skills that led to career advancement. Intellectual problem solving and career advancement were the core values of the medieval university. They are secular values, identical with the values operative in today's secular universities. Without a mission statement, there was no way for the medieval university to profess that it was concerned, for instance, with the common good or with the students' religious and moral development. In fact, the medieval university, qua university, took no systemic measures to deal with such concerns. That does not mean that in the university milieu such concerns did not find expression. Although the medieval university made no provision for the morals of its students, residences of various kinds officially or unofficially affiliated with it in some cases took on such a task. The Collège de Montaigu at the University of Paris, where in succession Erasmus, Calvin and St. Ignatius of Loyola lived as students, was famous (or notorious) for the discipline it imposed.
Moreover, even though the university as such did not concern itself with "the common good," the theological faculties in northern Europe took on at least one such task. They became the self-appointed guardians of orthodoxy, not in the least shy in condemning those who deviated from the orthodox standards of the day. These faculties, rather than obeying the Magisterium (a thoroughly modern concept), were the Magisterium. The faculties of Cologne and Louvain, for instance, condemned Luther before the papacy did.
Were medieval universities Catholic universities? It is a question easier to ask than to answer. One thing, however, is certain: the contemporary grid for an "authentically Catholic" university does not neatly fit the medieval reality. There are even grounds for asserting that in their core values medieval universities more closely resemble the contemporary secular university than they do today's Catholic model. If we are looking for historical precedents for that model, we do not find it clearly in the Middle Ages.
We can certainly say that medieval universities were more closely integrated with the Catholic religious world of meaning than many Catholic universities are today. And perhaps something along the lines of that integration is what documents like "Ex Corde Ecclesiae" are looking for in our own particular manifestations of Catholic university existence.
One of the most important distinctions between medieval and contemporary American universities is that now almost all of our universities have institutionally integrated an academic college component. (There is the rare exception, like UCSF.) This means that if one attempts to think through questions about "the university" without adverting to the different teleologies of graduate and undergraduate levels, grand confusion can, and often does, result.
So to begin with the fundamental level: What will make for a more authentic, distinctive, well-grounded Catholic college in a Catholic university today? Most importantly, we must establish and cultivate some core definite content. Then there comes the necessary functions of hiring for, overseeing, and improving the appropriate delivery of the content. Without that, Catholic college identity is impossible. To do this well, one needs a wise, experienced, knowledgeable, authoritative body of faculty-administrators that understands the tradition and the educational goals and can make and enact prudent judgments about how to learn from the former to attain the latter. Where shall we find the wise, experienced, knowledgeable body of members, and who will empower them? How will we be able to cultivate the definite content that makes Catholic higher education possible?
Outside of the American-style liberal arts institutions (and even those aren't "pure") most tertiary institutions have had a mix of objectives-(pre)professional, professional, vocational, and core/liberal arts. Certainly the reception and testing of existing knowledge-and the creation of new knowledge pre-dates the Enlightenment but owes much to the 16th-20th centuries.
"All of the medieval universities belonged to the universe of Latin Christianity rather than to nations or kingdoms. Their corporate charters were granted by the popes, who claimed the universities as parts of the ecclesiastical realm to carry out the Church's duty to educate. University scholars were given clerical rank in the ecclesiastical order, which exempted them from the jurisdiction of all lay authorities. All scholars used the universal language of ecclesiastical Latin and all degrees were granted under the authority of the Pope."
The Economic Institutions of Higher Education: Economic Theories of University Behavior. J Patrick Raines, Charles G. Leathers (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2003), page 17.
As for the language of instruction, the degree granting authority, etc. that is all fine but doesn't go to the issue of the everyday "practices" of the medieval university. The "Catholic world" of medieval Europe was messy and unsystematic-unrecognizable by today's standards and does not offer a clear guide to what consitutes Catholic higher education today.
Fr. O'Malley constructs a current ideal "Catholic model" and wants to say medieval universities were not so much like this. For him, the [composite ideal contemporary Catholic] university
1. explicitly professes the Catholic faith, [But did medieval universities profess the Catholic faith? It is hard to imagine saying that they didn't, given their de facto dependence on papal and ecclesial authorities. Perhaps Fr. O'Malley wants to stress the lack of *explicit* statements. But such a lack does not necessarily prove "secularity."]
2. is unquestioning of the Magisterium, [Medieval universities? More yes than no. If the theology faculties *were* the Magisterium, we could assume that they usually wouldn't be questioning themselves. (And if the universities included the Church's magisterium within themselves, as Fr. O'Malley says, then they *certainly* were not purely secular.)]
3. installs theology as a core subject, [Medieval universities? More yes than no. It was a standard major faculty, though not every school might not have had it and though not every scholar took a "core curriculum" with theology in it at the advanced professional level.]
4. contributes to "the common good" of the church and of society at large [Medieval universities? de facto, yes: credentialed, informed professionals are all to the common good.]
5. and professedly fosters the students' moral and religious formation as well as their commitment to the church. [Medieval universities? De facto yes, by integration with and support for the ecclesial world of authority and meaning, and by the generally assumed, long-standing connection of studies with virtue. Again, perhaps the point is about how "professedly" this is done.]
6. A Catholic university is a religious university. [Medieval universities? More yes than no.]
Fr. O'Malley's own description therefore seems to suggest much more of a parallel than he wants to admit explicitly.


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Changing Lives Update – Lee Folk '10
Back in September of 2010, Robert Morris University unveiled its "Change A Life" ad campaign. Through six TV commercials, 24 radio spots, and 38 billboards across the Pittsburgh region, the campaign featured stories of how RMU changes our students' lives, and how they change the lives of others.
One of those stories was that of David Lee Folk '10.
Lee studied nursing at RMU, graduating with honors in 2010. That year he also received the Presidential Transformational Award, the university's highest undergraduate honor, given annually to a graduating student who has been transformed by his or her experience at Robert Morris and has also contributed to the transformation of the university in a meaningful way. He was also the inaugural winner of RMU's Rising Star Award, given to a graduating senior who demonstrates academic success, individuality, determination, passion and potential in his or her field of study.
In the summer of 2009, Lee traveled to Nicaragua as part of a collaboration between RMU and the Polytechnic University of Nicaragua (UPOLI), led by University Professor Carl Ross, Ph.D., wherein students and faculty provide basic medical care to residents in the barrios of Managua.
"The people of Nicaragua touched my heart in ways I couldn't have imagined," he said. "To be honest, it's still hard to look through the pictures without getting teary-eyed." An avid and talented writer and photographer, Lee documented his experiences in a series of blog posts that portray, in searing detail, the deprivation of the Nicaraguans as well as the emotional toll that working with them sometimes exacts on the students and faculty.
One of these stories, "David and His Trumpet", documented a Nicaraguan boy's beloved trumpet, how it was stolen, how it was replaced thanks to Lee, and what it meant in the boy's life.
Lee says being featured in RMU's Change A Life campaign was a high point in his life, both personally and academically.
"It was humbling to be a visual part of such a large movement by the university to implement community service into student life," he says. "I really enjoyed the whole process of creating the campaign, and it's been such a thrill to see the ripple effects that it has had throughout the community."
Following graduation, Lee spent a year at WVU's Ruby Memorial Hospital, before joining the nursing team at St. Clair Hospital in Pittsburgh's South Hills. He also started back to school at RMU this past fall, where he's pursuing his Doctorate of Nursing Practice to become a family nurse practitioner.
Lee believes the "Changing Lives" theme connected with so many people, particularly with the Pittsburgh public, because of the kind of people who populate this area.
"We take community very seriously, and it made people proud to see a local university cultivating that spirit of goodwill in its students. That translates to strong character in the future workforce as well as stronger communities. All in all, it gives everyone a great feeling about working together for the greater good, and a campaign that can translate that message is bound to be successful."
Written by Valentine J. Brkich
Watch this behind the scenes video for more on Lee and what he's up to today.
Robert Morris launched the Change A Life advertising campaign in September 2010. The Change A Life TV commercials won a Gold ADDY Award from the Pittsburgh Advertising Federation, which gave a Silver ADDY to the Change A Life web site. The campaign won a silver medal for advertising campaigns in the national Circle of Excellence Awards from the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education. RMU also won a Silver Medal for video PSAs and commercial spots for the Change A Life ads. The web site also won a Silver CUPPIE in the category of electronic media/web site from the College and University Public Relations Association of Pennsylvania (CUPRAP) and a Golden Quill Award from the Press Club of Western Pennsylvania for creative use of technology in storytelling.

subset: commoncrawl


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by Sue Ann Rybak
Mt. Airy 's beloved Goat Hollow, 300 W. Mt. Pleasant Ave., will reopen under new ownership on Monday, Jan. 21. The restaurant closed in 2004 after 17 years in business. After that, it was taken over by Angie Brown, who had previously owned and operated Mt. Airy Cafe and then Soul in Chestnut Hill. It operated starting in 2005 as Angie Brown with a New Orleans-themed menu, but since 2008, the building has been vacant. (Prior to 1987 the property was run as Burba's Restaurant/Bar.)
One hallmark of Goat Hollow was always the diversity of its clientele. There are few if any restaurants in which blacks, whites, Hispanics, Asians, gays and straights, working class and middle class, old and young intermingled so comfortably.
"The food was good, but that was not the main attraction," said Gene Foster, a West Mt. Airy resident who used to frequent Goat Hollow. "It was definitely the people. You knew you would always have good conversation and maybe make new friends."
On the internet an R. Lancaster recently wrote: "I sure miss the Goat Hollow. I had a lotta great memories there. I played with many bands there throughout the years, including the night of the Olympic bombing."
Mt. Airy resident Neil Campbell, owner of Old City Race Street Cafe', 208 Race St., said he and his daughter used to walk past the vacant building every morning after 2008 on the way to her daycare facility. "Sometimes, we would literally peek in the windows and imagine what it could be," Campbell said. "It was a shame to see a property with so much potential sitting empty in our community. My business partner, Andy Shahan, and I decided to bring the restaurant back to life."
Campbell said the idea of bringing the restaurant back as Goat Hollow came from the "voice of the community." He said many people recalled fond memories of Goat Hollow as being a great "community gathering place." Plans for the restaurant became a reality during a Mt. Airy Learning Tree (MALT) fundraiser in 2011, where Campbell and prominent Mt. Airy real estate developer Ken Weinstein, who also owns the Trolley Car Diner, agreed to join forces. Weinstein purchased the property in November, 2011.
According to Campbell, the restaurant's namesake, Goat Hollow Tavern, references the historic name of a section of Mt. Airy. He added that supposedly a goat path ran out front near the buildings.
But don't expect to see the décor of the old Goat Hollow, since the restaurant is getting a complete make-over. Campbell and Shahan have hired local businesses, including Metcalfe Architecture and Design, Fillippi Bros., Inc.; Philadelphia Salvage and Design Nehez to rehab, redesign and create custom pieces for the restaurant.
Campbell said the new restaurant will have an entirely "fresh new look." Renovations include opening up the main bar room and installing several "reclaimed products and furniture." Table tops have been created out of reclaimed wood from a factory in Germantown by Mt. Airy artisan Chris Stock, and benches were created out of pews from a church in Germantown.
"This place is being brought back to life for the locals and by the locals," Shahan said.
"We are looking forward to partnering with Chestnut Hill Coffee and Baker Street Bread to continue our local ties," Campbell said. "The American brasserie will offer delicious, rustic dishes alongside a craft beer and artisan cocktail program in a friendly atmosphere."
Goat Hollow's menu will be prepared by former Monk's Cafe veteran, chef Adam Glickman, a former Mt. Airy resident. The menu will feature everything from appetizers to soups, sandwiches, burgers and salads to entrees.
"There will be something for everyone while being sensitive to vegetarian diets as well as people with food allergies such as gluten intolerance," Campbell said. "We are excited to open our doors and welcome neighbors and friends as we would into our home; only with much tastier food and drinks."
Goat Hollow will be open seven days a week serving lunch, dinner, late-night menus and weekend brunch. For more information or to make reservations, visit www.goathollow.com.


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The Forex world is constantly evolving and during its weekly trading hours there is a wealth of news a trader must keep on top of if they want to make the most money possible. Indeed, because the market can be affected by a number of dynamics, it is essential they know exactly what's happening at all times in order to avoid any unprofitable deals.
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Mall manager Mike Mattone and the property's legal representative, Paul Millus, were formally introduced to the community at an April 22nd Glendale Civic Association meeting, where more questions were raised then answered about the struggling mall's future.
"I don't have a crystal ball," said Mattone, who fielded some questions before turning the meeting over to Millus. Mattone's company took over management of the mall in late February. Since then, he has said his priority is to overturn the widespread perception that the upscale mall is failing to gain a foothold in Glendale.
Millus assured worried residents the mall is in sound shape, and promised its new administrators would better shape the retail center to Glendale shoppers' needs.
"This center is going to be here. At the end of the day I would like to suit the needs of the community," said Millus. "It really is a beautiful place, just as long as there's stores that you want to shop in."
Residents reminded Millus of the stores many called for when the mall was being planned; several mentioned national chains such as The Gap, Bed Bath and Beyond, and Victoria's Secrets that they believe would attract more shoppers to the mall.
"Do I have a Gap in my back pocket? No," responded Millus, who spoke frankly about the mall's future plans, though he set few timetables. Millus said he was very interested in signing an anchor store such as a Macy's to help stabilize business at the mall, but said residents should not expect one to move in immediately.
"All I can say is just stay tuned, we're working on it," Millus said of landing an anchor store. Acknowledging growing frustration that the mall has progressed slowly, Millus said his team would look to move quickly in the coming months. "I want to show demonstrable action as soon as possible," Millus said.
Addressing other concerns, including the parking issue and store vacancies, Millus said he is working to rent empty stores as fast as he can. Several have closed since the mall first opened, including some last year in response to the downward-spiraling economy.
Millus said he would consider any viable options. However, he insisted the mall should not rush to sign new tenants, but find ones that are tailor-suited to the community.
"We're going to do the best we can to fill these vacancies with stores that you want," Millus said.
Some residents argued that the type and quality of stores would not matter much unless Atlas Park offers free parking, like other malls in the area and on Long Island.
"One of the major concerns for people is paying for parking," said Dore Figliola, a member of Community Board 5. Figliola said frustrated shoppers that know they must pay or park several blocks from the mall are less eager to go there.
Millus said he is studying the parking problem by monitoring how many shoppers drive there and how long they leave their cars at the mall's garage (using the garage's automated ticket machine to keep time). Data from this study could help determine if a free parking plan is possible, said Millus.
"I'm toying with the idea of providing some free parking," said Millus. He expressed concerns that making the entire garage free would lead to people parking their cars there during the day as they head elsewhere to work, something few believe would happen.
Millus also said he does want to provide some paid parking for people who can afford it and want to pay for the service, though it is unlikely people would opt to pay for parking spots if others are free.
Vincent Arcuri, chairman of CB5, invited Millus and Mattone to consult with the community board as they plan changes at the mall. Arcuri said CB5 could prove helpful in negotiating with elected officials for any plans that might need city approval.
"These are problems, and you should address them to the community board so we can have input with the [appropriate city] agencies," Arcuri said.
Offering the mall managers some glimmer of encouragement, the president of the Glendale Civic Association, Kathy Masi, said residents would support a successful mall that caters to the community.
"I think it's important for you to understand that as a community Glendale does want this mall to succeed," said Masi. "It's here. It's a part of us now."


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HD DVD backer Toshiba has unveiled a digital video recorder (DVR) that can archive HD broadcasts onto standard DVD discs.
The Vardia RD-A301 uses an HD transcoder to convert HD broadcasts from their native MPEG 2 format into MPEG 4 AVC. Toshiba claims its transcoder compresses the HD video enough for it to be burnt onto a 4.7GB DVD-R – whilst retaining the broadcast picture quality.
Toshiba's Vardia RD-A301: records HD broadcasts onto
HD DVD discs
Toshiba said that two hours of HD video could be recorded onto a single-layer DVD - a 15-minute job using the Vardia's 8x burner.
Unfortunately, because the likes of Sky have most HD broadcasts, including BBC content, tied to its own DVR devices, using the RD-A301 in the UK could be tricky.
However, the unit also includes a 300GB hard drive and supports playback of a range of HD DVD and DVD discs, including HD DVD-R and DVD-RW respectively. On the flipside, it'll also record to HD DVD-R and DVD-RW discs.
The RD-A301's single HDMI output port supports HD resolutions up to and including 1080i.
Its probably no coincidence that Toshiba's also throwing in a free HD DVD copy of Transformers too, because the film's distributor Paramount Home Entertainment recently hailed the movie as an HD DVD sales phenomenon.
The Vardia RD-A301 will be available in Japan from the middle of December, but a price hasn't been released yet. Its not known if the device will appear in Europe.
Sponsored: How to simplify data protection on Amazon Web Services


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Welcome to Sunday Matinee, a new feature I'm trying out where we highlight classic car reviews or other longer videos I find on YouTube. Kick back and enjoy this blast from the past.
Today we have a clip from 1991 where Jeremy Clarkson and his ridiculous Spike Spiegel-esque hair take the Ferrari 348 GTB for a spin. As Young Jezza tells us, you could spend a lot less money on a twin-turbo Nissan 300ZX, but while it's as fast as the Ferrari, "it's not a piece of motoring folklore."
As Clarkson points out, the 348 may more comfortable and usable than other Ferraris, but it still lacks the ability to haul things like Christmas trees. But don't worry — he finally puts it through its paces on some back roads set to period-appropriate Tina Turner music and Top Gear's quaint early 90s editing.
Quick, watch it and enjoy it before the BBC pulls it off, and they send a team of SAS operatives to my house for posting copyrighted material!
What do you think of old school Ferraris, and what would you like to see on Sunday Matinee?


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Solvar Jewelry Sterling Silver Trinity Band $44.95
Sterling Silver Trinity Band. This Irish ring is made by Solvar, one of the finest jewelers in Dublin, from sterling silver. The band is made up of Trinity Knots.
Celtic knot-work embodies a richness and pureness of ancient Celtic times. It dates back as far as the 5th century and was used extensively by the ancient monks to illuminate the world famous Book of Kells manuscripts. The interlaced unbroken lines symbolize one's spiritual growth, eternal life and never ending love – having no beginning and no end. Each twist and turn has its individual magical and mystic qualities. This particular knot is also known as the Trinity Knot as the monks used it to describe the Holy Trinity.
Our site is live and lists whatever sizes we have currently in stock. if your size is not shown we can order it: give us a call at 1-800-IRISH-55 or 651-222-5151, or e-mail email@example.com


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It never would have occurred to Jim Barker that on the day he began coaching in a league meant to combine the antics of professional wrestling with football, he would meet a man he'd later hire as his own replacement.
It was about 9:30 p.m., and Barker had just finished one of his first meetings as offensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Xtreme of the XFL, a league started by World Wrestling Entertainment owner Vince McMahon.
Barker walked out of the meeting room and was immediately greeted by Scott Milanovich, a former Maryland star, and Tommy Maddox. The two quarterbacks had some questions for Barker.
The Xtreme had their first day of minicamp early the next morning, but Milanovich and Maddox wanted to talk protection schemes.
"It was about 3 in the morning by the time we finally got out of there talking about nothing but protections," Barker said. "It was at that point that I kind of knew Scott was more than just a player. He was a guy that was interested in the whole deal, and that really impressed me."
So when Barker stepped down as coach of the Toronto Argonauts in the Canadian Football League to become the club's general manager at the end of the 2011 season, he only had one candidate in mind.
Milanovich was his man.
When making his decision on the Argonauts' new coach, Barker couldn't help but think back to that meeting in Los Angeles.
"To sit there and talk about protections for four or five hours — nobody does that," Barker said. "And it was an intense four or five hours, just the three of us, and I had a sense about Scott that coaching was going to be his path."
Always a student
Milanovich was 7 years old when he first ambled into a video room and saw his father, Gary, a former assistant football coach at Butler (Pa.) High, breaking down film. Scott had yet to play an organized football game, but he took an immediate interest in analyzing tape with his dad. The game already fascinated him.
"He spent a lot of time as a young kid watching film that didn't involve him, stuff that I was watching for the teams I was coaching," Gary said.
Interest in the schematics of the game stuck with Scott even as he reached the highest levels of professional football. He never lost the curiosity surrounding a game plan that he discovered as a kid, even when he started smashing records at Maryland.
Milanovich still holds almost every major statistical record for Maryland quarterbacks — and he graduated almost 20 years ago — but it wasn't because he was exceptionally talented.
It was because he had already started looking at the game from a coach's perspective.
"When you're not talented, you kind of have to be good at some of the other things," Milanovich said. "I think that was probably as big a reason as any that I found the coaching side of the game interesting."
Mark Duffner, Milanovich's coach at Maryland, added: "We had a pretty wide-open, spread attack and he was able to operate at a very productive level in that offense. You have to be sharp and you have to be aware to be able to do that."
The Terps went 12-21 in Milanovich's three seasons as a starter, even though a quarterback who was rapidly rewriting Maryland's record books was leading the offense. Milanovich threw for almost 3,500 yards his sophomore year, and still is the Terps' career leader in completions, yards, completion percentage and touchdowns.
After graduating from Maryland in 1995 and going undrafted in the 1996 NFL Draft — his stock partially hurt by a four-game suspension for betting on six college basketball and football games not involving the Terps — Milanovich signed on as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He saw action in one game his rookie year, and then didn't see the field again until after his release in 1999.
Bouncing around
As soon as his stint in the NFL was over, Milanovich started to prepare himself for coaching while bouncing around almost every conceivable professional football league. He kept playing to offset unpaid coaching jobs, but also to soak up lessons from across the globe. The learning never stopped, no matter what continent or country he happened to be in.
Milanovich had stops in Berlin (NFL Europe), Los Angeles (XFL), Florida (Arena Football) and Calgary (CFL). In Los Angeles, the Xtreme used the first overall pick in the initial — and it turns out, only — XFL draft in 2001 on Milanovich, who attempted just nine passes for the organization.
Milanovich's role expanded to include coming into the office during coach's hours to learn from Barker and the rest of the staff as he watched Maddox become the XFL's top star. Maddox, a first-round pick of the Denver Broncos in 1992, eventually won the 2001 XFL MVP and the 2002 NFL Comeback Player of the Year with the Pittsburgh Steelers.
In 2003, Barker — then the coach of the Stampeders — brought Milanovich to Calgary as a player-coach, a hybrid position that prepared him for his first full-time coaching stop in NFL Europe as the quarterbacks coach for the Rhein Fire in Dusseldorf, Germany.
"The NFL was more concerned about developing the players than they were with who won or lost," Milanovich said. "I was able to go be a coordinator and make a lot of mistakes without necessarily having the pressure of your job on the line."
He spent the next two seasons in NFL Europe before moving back to the CFL to join the staff of the Montreal Alouettes, where he became quarterbacks coach in 2007. The Alouettes promoted him to offensive coordinator the following year, when he directed an offense that was consistently one of the best in the league. The team won back-to-back Grey Cups — the championship of the CFL — in 2009 and 2010.
Success was following Milanovich, and teams were starting to take notice.
Opportunity in Toronto
Barker was the coach in Toronto, but he knew he didn't want to keep that role for much longer. Still, he wouldn't have stepped down for just anybody — he was waiting for Milanovich.
"Scott was a guy I had targeted that I thought could be a great young head coach that philosophically was on the same page as me, that had a presence about him, and that would be a great leader," Barker said. "I was afraid if I was going to stay and coach another year, we would have lost him to another team, and that was not right for our organization."
So in December 2011 — 10 years after that meeting in Los Angeles — Barker introduced the 39-year old Milanovich as the franchise's 42nd head coach.
The Argonauts (1-2) won their first game of Milanovich's tenure on a last-second field goal July 7. Leashes for coaches in the CFL are not long — half the coaches in the eight-team league turned over after last season.
But Milanovich sticks to a piece of advice that Mike Shula — the Baltimore-born son of former Colts coach Don Shula, who was Scott's offensive coordinator in Tampa Bay — gave him long ago: too many coaches worry about their next job. Take care of the one you have.
Barker walks by Milanovich's office sometimes in the morning. His old quarterback is already sitting down, looking up at his screen. It's no longer the whir of the video machine that comes with analyzing film, but the heat of equipment that has already been running for several hours. The machines presenting the video may be different, but the figure sitting next to them is not.
At the end of the day, there is always something new to learn.
Scott Milanovich
Age: 39
College: Maryland, 1992-96
Professional player career:
Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 1996-99
Berlin Thunder (NFL Europe), 2000
Los Angeles Xtreme (XFL), 2001
Tampa Bay Storm (Arena Football League), 2002
Player/coach for the Calgary Stampeders (CFL), 2003
Professional coaching career:
Player/coach for the Calgary Stampeders (CFL), 2003
Rhein Fire (NFL Europe), 2003-05
Quarterbacks coach in 2003 and 2004
Offensive Coordinator in 2005
Cologne Centurions (NFL Europe), 2006
Offensive Coordinator
Montreal Alouettes, 2007-11
Quarterbacks coach 2007
Offensive Coordinator 2008
Assistant Head Coach/Offensive Coordinator, 2009-11
Toronto Argonauts, 2012-present
Head Coach


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The discussion about the Jeremy Lin non-signing has mostly portrayed the Knicks' decision to let Lin walk as the deeply considered output of a complex financial calculus. Well, apparently not! The Knicks didn't match Houston's contract offer because their owner, James Dolan had his wittle feelings hurt by Jeremy Lin's totally standard and predictable decision to hit up the Rockets for more money. (The Knicks weren't exactly cagey about their eagerness to re-sign Lin, remember. "They will match any offer on Lin up to 1 billion dollars," someone told ESPN's Marc Stein. Why can't the Knicks play in my poker game?)
Anyway, a very good and very popular Knick is in Houston now, apparently because James Dolan had a sad. In light of this news, there's only one question left to answer. Is James Dolan an asswipe? Or is he a schmuck? You tell us in the discussion below.
(Here's another topic for discussion: What type of acid is Forbes putting in its water coolers?)


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Sunday School – 10:00 am
Worship Service – 11:00 am
Bible Study – 12:15 pm
Wednesday Bible Study - 6:30 pm
12859 Martin Road Spur
Northport, AL 35473
Watering the Tulips
May 11, 2016
"You are the light of the world. A city set on a hill cannot be hidden. Nor do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on a stand, and it gives light to all in the house. In the same way, let your light shine before others, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven." –Matthew 5:14-16
Everything you do is under the world's microscope. Like it or not, this is true. Never has every move a person made been more viewable as today. From mobile phone cameras to social media, nobody is truly hidden from the world's site anymore. There is no closet to retreat into. Certainly "The eyes of the Lord are in every place, keeping watch on the evil and the good" (Proverbs 15:3). However, there's just about a camera and outlet to post on social media in every place today as well. We must always keep in mind that God is Judge and we must give an account to him. We must also keep in mind that we are to show good works before the world – works that honor and glorify our Father in Heaven.
The world has defined the "seven deadly sins" as lust, gluttony, greed, laziness, wrath, envy and pride". Certainly those are sins and we often fall into their trap. Yet, God has a list of seven abominations that differs some from this list. "There are six things that the Lord hates, seven that are an abomination to him: haughty eyes, a lying tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises wicked plans, feet that make haste to run to evil, a false witness who breathes out lies, and one who sows discord among brothers" (Proverbs 6:16-19). Though we all have our "pet peeve sins", this is a list of sins that God inspired to declare that He hates. We'd do well to memorize this list and steer away from these tendencies. The world is watching to see how we act.
We must wonder how well we are truly doing at letting our light shine before the world. In this day when every thought seems to make it's way into a Tweet or Facebook post, I'm not sure we consider how we must look to the lost world amidst all of the drama that this world supplies us daily. Do we stand out as different? Or, do we seem to have the same worldly tendencies as everybody else? Do we stand out as repentant? Or, do we continue daily to spew venom on social media only to bow our heads in prayer at church on Sunday morning? Do we let our light shine before men? Or, do we continually add fuel to the fire in what we say and do? These are legitimate questions that need to be asked.
When a believer supports a cause, the world views Christianity through the actions of that believer. Like it or not, you may be the only contact your friends and family have with the cause of Christ. How are you doing? Is your normal speech just like theirs? Or better yet, is it any different from when the Lord saved you? Is your support of those causes and leaders showing your faith in God? Or are your causes and candidates just worldly and wicked like the world's causes and candidates?
Child of God, you are to be a light in this world. While the world is dark, you are to shine. If we are wrapped up in same fights as the world, the likelihood is that we are not shining as we should. May God lead us all to shine forth for Him in this dark day of the world's history.
Watering the Tulips is brought to you by Sovereign Grace Baptist Church in Northport, AL. For more information, please visit www.sovereigngrace.net . "Your App to the Gospel" can be downloaded at iTunes for iPhone, iPad and IPod Touch, Google Play for Android, the Windows Phone Marketplace, and the Windows Store for Windows 8/8.1 based tablets and computers. Please download it today!


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Sorry for creating all this hassle and then disappearing for days.
Here's my big question, although I don't know all the technical terms so I'm sure I'll ask it poorly.
When I click on "Log in" I get a little screen asking for my username and password or sth like that. Then I have to put the cursor in the first blank field and click before I can start typing my username.
This is a minor annoyance, but it increases over time.
On other websites I visit, the log-in screen is set up so that when it pops up the cursor is already automatically in the first field and I can just start typing my username.
Could this site be configured that way too?
Logging in
Have questions about how to use the forum? Post them here!
Moderators: Theodore, elliemaejune
5 posts • Page 1 of 1
Theoretically. We're using the standard web forum phpBB, rather than one we've written ourselves, so it's somewhat difficult to make any changes without digging through the code and/or templating system. I'll think about making this change, when I have time.
I had a few minutes between things, so there you go. Login now automatically positions you at the first field
Thank You!
How nice of you!
Thanx, R.
Thanx, R.
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From a technology perspective, it truly is a great time to be an advisor. Advisors used to have to wait many months, if not years, to see substantial upgrades. Today, the development cycle continues to speed up with providers introducing more and more new features, integration opportunities and complete redesigns of long-established products. However, not all technology solutions are able to keep up with this development trend. The challenge for advisors is understanding how to respond: Do you act now, or do you wait just a little longer? Part of the answer depends on which category your technology solutions fall under.
Perhaps one of the more substantial risks for advisors is getting too comfortable with their existing technology. If you are not seeing consistent upgrades to a solution you regularly use, that should raise questions and concern. Too often I hear advisors say they are not happy with the upgrades (or lack thereof) to a product they use, but they stick with it anyway because switching is too much extra work. The risk here, of course, is that you could be falling farther behind than you would with similar solutions that regularly introduce new features and enhancements. There may be good reasons to stick with a product that introduces minimal enhancements, but make it a deliberate decision rather than simply avoiding a change.
On the other hand, what if your technology provider frequently introduces new upgrades? That can be a good thing, but not if the provider does a poor job of communicating and training for new releases. In these situations, a new release can be detrimental to your productivity and very frustrating for your staff. It's like starting your car in the morning and finding your favorite preset radio stations have been changed. If this issue frequently arises with software-based solutions, you can delay installing the update until you've had a chance to research it. However, these situations are amplified with cloud-based solutions, which usually do not allow you a choice of delaying implementation. Therefore, as part of your evaluation criteria when considering a cloud-based system, be sure to focus on reviewing its implementation and release process.
I'm sure you've heard the statement, "you can't teach an old dog new tricks." Not so with technology. Productivity enhancements that are obtained with new software generate their own rewards, but sometimes a little encouragement is needed. New technology releases can easily be overlooked if your staff is averse to learning new ways to work more efficiently. Continuous improvement only happens when it is deliberately embraced and when your staff is held accountable for achieving results.
How often do you tell your technology provider what's on your mind? Direct feedback from daily users is truly valuable for the technology provider, and how they respond to your feedback should be a good indication of their commitment to continued upgrades and new features. I find that when I offer a suggestion to a technology provider, the conversation often leads to existing features and tools of which I was not aware. These conversations should be a win-win where both the user and the provider leave with new information.
If you are not seeing upgrades and enhancements, and you are doing everything the same way you did last year, you are probably being left behind. Do a little shopping and talk to some of your current vendors' competitors. Given all the advancements in technology, you are simply letting too much opportunity and efficiency gains go unrealized for your firm if you don't.


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General Features
●Oxygen recombination technology: maintenance-free.
●The patent grid alloy: less gassing,low self-discharging.
●Special paste formula: additives for deep discharge, long cycle life.
●High quality AGM separator: extend cycle life and prevent micro short circuit.
●The patent Nano silica gel electrolytes: improve the deep discharge performance.
●Cast on strap (COS) welding technology for high consistency and reliability.
●ABS container: increase the strength of battery.
● Electric vehicle
● Lawn mowers
● Illumination light
● Wheelchairs
● Sweeper
● Electric toys
● Electric tools
● Golf trolley and golf cart
Length: 330 Width: 171 Height: 214
For more detail please refer to data sheet


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Among The Nations Top Selling Brokers, Specializing in Contra Costa County
Selling Real Estate Since 1977
Welcome to my Web site!
Here you will find a wide variety of useful information and resources designed to help you buy or sell a home more effectively. From information on the local community, to advice about finding a mortgage or preparing your home to sell, it's all available here on my web site.
You can also search for your ideal home by viewing current listings with detailed descriptions and photos. Or you can get help determining the value of your home by requesting a report that includes the prices of similar homes that recently sold or are currently for sale in your area.
So whether you're buying or selling, feel free to contact me and I will be happy to help you with all your real estate needs. Selling Real Estate full time since 1977 DRE # 00626604


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The Loveland City Council took its time Tuesday night examining a proposal to help a developer build a five-story apartment downtown before finally approving it unanimously.
The project will involve $1.5 million in public funding for the 65,000-square-foot building that would house 69 to 71 upscale apartments at the southwest corner of Sixth Street and Lincoln Avenue.
Fort Collins-based real estate company Brinkman Partners responded two years ago to a request for proposals the city had sent out for a "North Catalyst Project" on the property.
The city bought the former Home State Bank property for $1.1 million in 2007 and will sell it to Brinkman Partners for $200,000.
After more than two hours of discussion, the council took votes on three ordinances and two resolutions to give the project the green light. All five measures passed 8-0. Councilor Chauncey Taylor was absent.
The ordinances will come up for votes again on second reading in January.
"This is a great project," Mayor Cecil Gutierrez said before the first vote. "I'm real glad that we're finally getting it done.
"I look at this as an economic development project as well," he said, reminding the audience and fellow council members that Loveland competes with neighboring cities for economic development.
The council had to adjourn and reconvene as the board of commissioners of the Loveland Urban Renewal Authority to approve part of the deal, which involved shifting the 0.6-acre property and surrounding parcels from the original URA to the Finley's Addition URA, which was created to facilitate the Lincoln Place apartment project in 2004.
The city will lend $1.5 million to the Finley's URA and waive $50,000 in materials use taxes. The increased value of the property will generate higher property tax revenue, which will be used to pay the city back, with 3 percent interest, by the time the URA expires in 2027.
Councilman Dave Clark questioned why the museum, Larimer County office building and city streets and rights of way also needed to be moved into Lincoln Place's urban renewal area.
He said he preferred to limit the URA boundary to just the project for which the change was being made, the Brinkman Partners building.
City planner Mike Scholl, who has worked on the catalyst project from the beginning, said he was afraid that changing the boundary would insert uncertainty into the project and possibly delay it.
"Time is money for developers," he said.
The councilors concurred that they didn't want to delay the project and agreed they could revisit the boundary issue in the future.
Craig Young can be reached at 635-3634 or email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter: @CraigYoungRH.


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HAPPY VALENTINE'S DAY, All!! Hope this cake screams love for you all.
This Ras Malai Cream Cake doesn't have Ras Malais ducked into it…, The Sponge Cake is based on the flavors of Ras Malai – Cheese (ricotta), Cardamom, Saffron, Rose Water. Each bite of this ethereal cake will give you the taste of Ras Malai – I assure you that much. I have been contacted by so many people about this cake as they think this is THE perfect cake to celebrate a milestone anniversary or even serve as a tiered wedding cake. And why not? This cake is BEAUTIFUL, delicate and extremely extremely flavorful – probably one of the best tasting cake I have baked yet.
Sometimes around, last week, I came across this Ras Malai flavored Cake. It was a Friday and all I wanted to do was, to flee from work, stop at the grocery store to buy the ingredients and bake the hell out of this cake. My kitchen is my heaven. The kind of happiness that I get from spending time in my clean and clutter free kitchen is priceless.
And I did exactly what I dreamt about at work. I stopped by at the grocery to pick up the ingredients and baked the cake. Once the cake was baked, then most of the night was spent on imagining various ways to style and shoot it. Crazy, no?
This time around last year, I had baked and posted my Cardamom Cream Cake. That was the first time that I had tried my hands on a layer cake. I'm extremely proud of that Cardamom Cream Cake as it made me realize ;
1) If I step out of my comfort zone, I'm capable of doing bigger and better things. Until today, that Cardamom Cream Cake has been my most viewed cake attracting traffic to my blog even after one year of getting published.
2) Your pressing gut feeling will never let you down. And, it was gut feeling alright. I saw the Cardamom Cream Cake's recipe on NYT times and I was attracted to the flavor profile instantaneously.
So moral of the story is, don't be scared of stepping out of your comfort zone and you will be surprised what you are capable of. I'm going to repeat the same story again this year. I saw this recipe at Hungry Rabbit and I was instantly drawn to it. I didn't tweak the original recipe much except for:
1) I replaced the cream cheese icing with Mascarpone icing (Because, I'm crazy about Mascarpone Icing, that's why).
2) And yet again, I decided to keep the cake partially naked
So, what is Ras Malai ?
Ras Malai is a very popular northern India sweet dish. Essentially, homemade cottage cheese or Chhena dumplings are cooked in reduced creamed milk and then flavored with cardamom, rose essence and chopped nuts. Most Indian restaurants in the USA, serve Ras Malai as well. The taste of Ras Malai, is not overwhelmingly sweet compared to other Indian desserts.
I personally like Ras Malai a lot and I always look forward to my trips to India to try the authentic Ras Malai. So, when I saw a recipe that combines the flavors of Ras Malain in a cake, I was sold.
I spent a whole weekend on this cake. I'm not exaggerating. It's not a very easy cake to make considering, there are so many components to it unlike the Masala Chai Breakfast Cake, where you just dump everything, mix and bake.
When I love something it's almost impossible for me to stop talking about it. Every time, I end up making something tasty…, I not only wish from my heart that, I could share it with people I love and take their feedback on it but I also feel a little empty within for not being able to do so as my family and many of my relatives and friends live far from me. Still, I try to share it with as many friends and co-workers as possible and hopefully get them enthusiastic enough to try it too.
Same thing goes for my Food Photography as well. I have a child like curiosity to know the depth of food photography. I started MyYellowApron, a year ago and I still feel like, it's a work in Progress and as far as I know, it will always be work in progress. The best part about Food Blogging, I find, is, not the recipes (except for the heirloom recipes) …, Its the writing (– well, writing as in Blogging in its entirety…,) ,prop hunting, food styling, food photography, finding the right source of light etc. etc… MyYellowApron is a passion that keeps me going – no matter what.
I think, MyYellowApron is different, because it's constantly evolving with me.
- (2 1/2 cups whole-milk ricotta (NOTE: If you don't have Ricotta Cheese, then use homemade Paneer or Chena)
- 1/2 cup heavy cream
- 3/4 cup confectioners' sugar
- 1 TSP rose water
- 2 and 1/4 Cups Flour
- 1 Cup milk
- 12 TBSP Butter
- 1 and 1/2 cups sugar
- 1 Tsp Baking Soda
- 2 TSP Baking powder
- 6 Egg Whites
- 1 Tsp salt
- 2 TSP Cardamom Powder
- 2 cups whole milk
- 6 cardamom pods, crushed or 1/4 teaspoon ground cardamom
- 6 TBSP granulated sugar
- 2 TSP rose water
- 1 TSP rose water
- 1/4 TSP pure vanilla extract
- 1/8 TSP (generous pinch) saffron threads
- 12 TBSP unsalted butter, softened
- 1 cup (4 ounces) confectioners' sugar
- 1 TSP ground cardamom
- 1 TSP fine sea salt
- 8 ounces' mascarpone cream cheese
- If your ricotta is not very thick then, drain the ricotta in a fine mesh sieve until very thick. If you are using homemade paneer of Chena, then the same thing goes. Make sure its hung long enough to be very thick.
- Beat the ricotta, cream, confectioners' sugar and rose water until smooth, about 2 minutes. Refrigerate until ready to use.
- Heat the oven to 350 degrees
- Grease two 8-inch cake pans with butter and dust with flour
- Sift flour and combine flour with salt, cardamom powder and baking soda
- Combine egg whites and milk
- Cream butter in a large bowl
- Gradually add sugar until light and fluffy
- Add flour mixture alternately with milk and egg mixture and blend
- Do not over mix
- Pour into prepared pans and bake for 20/25 minutes
- Bring milk and ground cardamom and sugar to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer the milk until it reduces by half, 30 to 45 minutes.
- Let cool, then stir in the rose water.
- Combine rose water and saffron in a small bowl and let steep for 10 minutes
- In the bowl, cream butter, confectioners' sugar, cardamom, salt & saffron mixture on medium speed until fluffy, about 2 minutes. Add mascarpone cheese and combine
- Place one cake layer on a cake stand or serving platter, brush top of cake with milk syrup, wait for 1 minute and repeat with 2nd brushing of syrup. Spread half of the cheese filling evenly on top. Repeat with remaining cake layers and filling.
- Refrigerate cake for an hour or so for before applying frosting.
- Remove cake from refrigerator, spread frosting top and side of cake.
Try few other cakes
- Olive Oil Date Loaf Cake (Eggless)
- Cardamom Cream Cake
- Masala Chai Breakfast Cake
- Orange Olive Oil Cake
NOTE: If you don't have Ricotta, use homemade Paneer or Chhena to make the filling. http://www.ruchiskitchen.com/how-to-make-paneer/
For eggless sponge cake version try this – http://www.food.com/recipe/easy-eggless-sponge-cake-30699
PIN for LATER:


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Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment Program
Knight is proud to be a BBB accredited business since 1991
We're thrilled to have won the HomeStars Best of Award in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020!
Medium Business Category BBB Serving Southern Alberta and East Kootenays
You can also pay with Interac or cash.
Find out more about financing >
Knight Plumbing, Heating and Air Conditioning
Phone: 403-287-8980
24/7 Emergency Plumbing Service to Assist You!
We also offer furnace repairs, drain cleaning, hot water tank repairs and much more!


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- News
- Business
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- Health
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- Technology
More students on university and college campuses are cutting calories during the day so they can binge drink at night, leaving them open to long-term health problems, new U.S. research suggests.
Results from a study out of the University of Missouri found that as many as one in five students save their calories for alcohol, an eating and drinking disorder dubbed 'drunkorexia.'
The findings, which have been presented publicly but not peer-reviewed, are part of a growing body of research showing drunkorexia as a trend on campuses.
Students in the study said their motivations to be drunkorexic included getting drunk faster, spending money on alcohol that might otherwise be spent on food, and keeping their weight down.
The growing problem is another issue counsellors will have to handle as students spend their limited funds in potentially unhealthy ways, said Dr. Valerie Taylor, chief of psychiatry at Women's College Hospital in Toronto.
"It's ironic. Society has to adapt to our changing environment and these kids are doing the same thing," Taylor said.
"Perhaps . . . because students don't have as much money, it's becoming more prevalent."
Taylor said alcohol abuse and mental-health issues are on the rise in Canada and schools continue to try to address the problem.
One example was in May when Queen's University in Kingston, Ont., said it would address a "culture of drinking on campus" after the release of a coroner's report that concluded excessive drinking was a factor in the deaths of two students at the beginning and end of the 2010 fall term.
"Like other universities, we are wrestling with the societal issue of alcohol consumption and excessive drinking in the university-aged population," the university's dean of student affairs, John Pierce, said in a statement at the time. "We've been proactively addressing this issue for several years and will continue to do so."
Drunkorexia differs from anorexia, where people purposely starve themselves to lose weight, Taylor said. It's also different from dieters who avoid alcohol to lose weight, but may give in and have a drink when their willpower fails them, she said.
The research suggests the majority of drunkorexics are women — they were three times more likely to have the disorder than men.
Women are at higher risk for health problems related to binge drinking because they metabolize alcohol faster than men. This means women can get sick faster and suffer damage to vital organs sooner than men.
"Women are bombarded with lots of images with what's socially acceptable," Taylor said. "They desperately want to not gain weight.
"If they can only consume so many calories a day . . . that's going to come from alcohol."
Drunkorexics are at greater risk of becoming sexual assault victims and suffering from substance abuse and more severe eating disorders later in life, Taylor said.
What these students may not be aware of is that drunkorexia could affect their ability to learn and to make decisions, and ultimately damage their internal organs, the Missouri study suggests.


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I know that I'm no good at art – I took Photography I in college and that was enough to teach me that I didn't have an artistic bone in my body.
But this week I found myself taking several scenic photos just for fun. They're from a bunch of places around the Valley – and I wanted to share them with someone.
Feel free to share some critiques with me – but try not to be too harsh.


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|Looking for ways to help out? Check out the to-do list, and add any other tasks that need to be done.
- For the series as a whole, see Mother (series).
MOTHER2 ~ギーグの逆襲~ Mother 2: Giygas Strikes Back
English Boxart for EarthBound
|Super Nintendo Entertainment System
ESRB: T (Wii U Virtual Console)
|Ape Inc. / HAL Laboratories
|Release dates
|North America
|June 2, 1995
July 18, 2013 (Wii U Virtual Console)
March 24, 2016 (New Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console)
|July 18, 2013 (Wii U Virtual Console)
March 3, 2016 (New Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console)
EarthBound (Japanese: MOTHER2 ~ギーグの逆襲~ Mother 2: Gyiyg Strikes Back, occasionally rendered as マザー2) is an RPG released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995; it was developed by Ape Inc. and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. It is a sequel to the original Mother, later released in the US as EarthBound Beginnings; rather than featuring the protagonists who appeared in Mother, EarthBound features a different set.
- 1 Story
- 2 Characters
- 3 Battle
- 4 Status Ailments
- 5 Stats
- 6 Enemies and Bosses
- 7 Virtual Console re-release
- 8 Music Sampling Controversy
- 9 Trivia
- 10 Gallery
- 11 Sprites
- 12 Miscellaneous
- 13 References
- 14 External links
EarthBound takes place on Earth in the year 199X in the country of Eagleland. Throughout the game, there are four playable characters come to compose the party in the game; Ness, Paula, Jeff and Poo. Ness remains the lead character, a silent protagonist, for the entirety of the story. He is a young boy from Onett and is characterized by his love for baseball. He also possesses psychic abilities strong enough to affect cosmic events. Paula is the second main character in the game. She is a young girl from Twoson where her mother runs a preschool out of their home. Like Ness, she also possesses powerful psychic abilities. Jeff, the third character to join the party, is a young boy who resides at a boarding school in the northern country of Winters in the region of FoggyLand. The son of the famed professor Dr. Andonuts, Jeff is a child prodigy who can fix almost anything. The last character to be acquired is Poo. He is the oldest of the group, a residing prince from the distant land of Dalaam in the far east region of Chommo. He is presented as a powerful martial arts master.
|Spoiler warning: this article or section may contain major plot or ending details! Proceed with caution.
The story begins when Ness is awakened by a meteor that has plummeted to the earth near his home, whereupon he proceeds to investigate the crash site. When Ness gets to the crash site he discovers a police road block and Pokey Minch, his friend and neighbor, who tells him to go home. Later, Ness is woken up again by Pokey knocking at his door, demanding help to find his brother Picky. They find him near the meteor sleeping behind a tree and wake him up. Then the three encounter an insect from the meteor named Buzz Buzz who informs Ness that he is from the future where the "universal cosmic destroyer", Giygas, dominates the planet. Buzz Buzz senses great potential in Ness and instructs him to embark on a journey to seek out and record the melodies of eight "sanctuaries," unite his own powers with the Earth's and gain the strength required to confront Giygas.
After an encounter with some hostile gang members, Ness reaches the first sanctuary on a mountain above his hometown. He then proceeds to the next town, Twoson, where he rescues a girl named Paula from the Happy Happyist Cult and discovers that Pokey (who has been the high priest of cult) is working against him. Together, Ness and Paula discover the second sanctuary. With the help of the Runaway Five, a band that Ness and Paula free from debt, the two arrive in Threed, where they are ambushed and captured. While in captivity, Paula sends a telepathic message to a boy named Jeff, who resides at a boarding school. Jeff responds to the message and acquires his father's Sky Runner, a flying vehicle, in order to reach Threed. After crashing the Sky Runner, Jeff rescues Ness and Paula and joins their group. The three of them travel to Saturn Valley, a land populated by a strange race of creatures called Mr. Saturns. There, the party learns that a monster has been kidnapping the populace. Ness and the group proceed to defeat the monster and reach the third sanctuary above Saturn Valley. The party then travels through the desert to reach the next city.
Upon reaching Fourside, the group again helps the Runaway Five out of debt and visits a department store only to have Paula kidnapped. Ness and Jeff proceed to find her, and along the way, destroy a hallucination-projecting relic called the Mani-Mani Statue. The two boys continue their search only to discover that Pokey and the Mayor have taken Paula. However, because Ness and Jeff defeated the Evil Mani-Mani, the mayor returns to normal. Pokey escapes in the Mayor's helicopter and Paula rejoins the group. After returning to Threed, Jeff repairs the Sky Runner, and they set flight for Winters to discover the fourth sanctuary. The group then cross the ocean and arrive in Summers where Ness falls unconscious and dreams of a far-off land known as Dalaam. There, a young prince named Poo has completed his training and is instructed to join the party on their journey. The group then returns to Fourside and are able to discover the fifth sanctuary.
The four then procure a boat and travel to Scaraba where they explore a pyramid in the desert. Ness and the group then travel to Dalaam and find the sixth sanctuary there, after which they acquire a submarine and travel into the Deep Darkness, a path leading them under the earth. There, they find Tenda Village, a small community populated by extremely shy creatures. After acquiring the book of overcoming shyness, Ness is able to speak to the shy villagers who allow them passage to the Lost Underworld. There, they discover the last two sanctuaries.
Upon activating the final sanctuary, Ness falls unconscious and enters a strange world composed of his dreams, Magicant. There, he encounters his nightmare. After defeating it, Magicant vanishes, and Ness becomes much stronger because he has conquered Giygas's influence over him. After awakening, Ness and the group return to Saturn Valley where Jeff's father, Dr. Andonuts, has finished the Phase Distorter, a time traveling device. Dr. Andonuts explains the kids that the machine cannot warp them to the past in their current form since life cannot withstand the warp through time. In other words, time travel would likely destroy their human bodies. To remedy this problem, Dr. Andonuts proposes to them to have their souls transplanted into robotic bodies, warning them that he doesn't know whether or not the process is reversible. Despite this critical warning, Ness, Paula, Jeff and Poo are willing to take the risk. Now in the form of robots, Ness and his friends use the Phase Distorter to travel to the past where they encounter Pokey and Giygas, who, in order to contain his massive power, has been sealed inside the Devil's Machine. Pokey informs the group that Giygas became so powerful that his mind was completely destroyed, referring to him as an "all-mighty idiot". The group defeat Pokey, who then shuts off the Devil's Machine and releases Giygas, trapping the kids in a chaotic dimension composed of his own indefinable being. Since Giygas is too powerful for Ness and his friends to overcome by fighting, Paula begins to pray, reaching out to the inhabitants of the Earth, including family members and friends, who all pray for their safety, and eventually, she reaches out to the player. The combined prayers of both Earth's inhabitants and the player reach Giygas and exploit his weakness, which turns out to be human emotions. As a result, Giygas vanishes from existence. with all the damage he had done to Eagleland and the rest of the Earth erased from history, the souls of Ness and his friends depart from their robot bodies, travel back to the present and return to their respective bodies. After bidding each other farewell, the heroes return to their homes.
After the ending credits, Picky Minch comes to Ness's house in the middle of the night and gives him a letter from Pokey that says "Come and get me loser. Spankety, spankety, spankety!", and the game ends with him and Ness pondering what has become of him.
- Ness - The protagonist of EarthBound, who lives in the town of Onett. Ness uses his psychic abilities to perform PSI Flash and PSI Rockin attacks. In addition to PSI, Ness uses various Baseball bats as weapons.
- Paula - A girl from Twoson. She is able to perform PSI Freeze, PSI Fire, and PSI Thunder attacks; she can also use a special ability known as Pray, which creates random effects in battle. Paula uses various Frying pans as weapons.
- Jeff - A boy from Winters. He is unable to perform PSI attacks -- instead, he relies on his high IQ to help the team. He can also Spy on an enemy to learn about its stats. Jeff is able to repair certain items that would otherwise be unusable and then use them in battle. To attack, he uses various types of Guns. He is the son of the famous scientist Dr. Andonuts.
- Poo - the prince of Dalaam, is the oldest member of the team and a martial arts master. He is able to perform PSI Freeze, PSI Thunder, and PSI Starstorm, and he can also use his Mirror ability to transform into an enemy during battle. Poo specializes in a sword known as the Sword of kings.
- Giygas - The main villain. He sends an alien army to attack earth after the Apple of Enlightenment foresaw that he would be defeated by Ness.
- Porky Minch - The secondary antagonist and Giygas' enforcer. He is a naughty brat that will antagonize Ness on his journey.
- Frank - The leader of a vicious gang known as The Sharks. He appears as the main boss of Onett.
- Mr. Carpainter - The chief leader of the Happy Happy Cult in Happy Happy Village.
- Geldegarde Monotoli - The shrewd mayor of Fourside, who is corrupted by the Mani-Mani Statue.
- Master Belch - An employ of Giygas responsible for the Zombie Invasion in Threed, as well as the kidnapping of several Mr. Saturn.
Unlike the original Mother, EarthBound has enemies appear directly in the overworld, rather than appear in random encounters. If Ness touches an enemy, he will enter the battle screen. The battle system is mainly the same as in Mother. Ness can fight the monster, use PSI, or run if the enemy is too powerful. If Ness defeats the boss of the area, the enemies will run away from Ness if he approaches them. Additionally, if Ness is at a higher level than the enemies, he can kill them instantly.
Status Ailments
- Can't Concentrate - Renders a party member unable to use PSI.
- Cold - Causes a party member to loose 3-5 HP each turn. In the overworld, this occurs every four seconds.
- Crying - Decreases the accuracy of regular attacks.
- Diamondization - Renders a party member immovable.
- Confusion - Causes a party member to become confused, causing them to accidentally hit members of their party.
- Homesick - Causes a party member to waste their turn thinking about home. This ailment can only be applied to Ness.
- Mushroomization - Same as Confusion.
- Nausea - Same as Cold, except party members loose 15-25 HP.
- Poison - Identical to Nausea.
- Paralysis - Renders a party member unable to use normal attacks.
- Possession - Renders a party member to be haunted by a spirit, causing them to attack members of their party.
- Sleep - Renders a party member unable to do anything.
- Sunstroke - Identical to Cold.
- Unconscious - Occurs when a party member has zero HP, causing them to be unable to do anything. If all party members have this, its game over.
- HP (Hit Points) - Shows how much damage a party member can withstand.
- PP (Psychic Points) - Shows how much PSI a party member can use.
- Offense - Shows how much damage a party member can inflict.
- Defense - Shows how much damage a party member can resist.
- IQ - Determines how much PP is gained when leveling up.
- Vitality - Determines how much HP is gained when leveling up.
- Luck - Determines the accuracy of an attack.
Enemies and Bosses
Normal Enemies
Virtual Console re-release
On March 20, 2013, EarthBound was re-released in Japan for the Wii U Virtual Console, and on July 18 of the same year in North America and Europe. The re-release was highly publicized, with Shigesato Itoi himself doing a live stream of playing the game. The game received some minor edits from the original SNES release: a line of text in Burglin Park was slightly tweaked, and the PSI animations were softened to reduce the risk of seizures.
Furthermore, in March of 2016, Earthbound was re-released again in all three regions for the New Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console service.
Earthbound was included as one of the games on the Super NES Classic Edition (known as the Nintendo Classic Mini: Super Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and Oceania and Nintendo Classic Mini: Super Famicom in Japan), released on June 26, 2017.
Music Sampling Controversy
EarthBound has been noted to feature a number of samples/homages to other songs. For example, the Onett trumpet player plays Symphony No.9 Movement 2, the music that plays while fighting Frank or a New Age Retro Hippie bears some resemblance to the beginning of Johnny B. Goode, and the Megaton Walk sounds remarkably like a segment from The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. These samples of music caused controversy for Nintendo of America when the company tried to approve the game for digital distribution on the Wii's Virtual Console. Hirokazu Tanaka stated in an interview, "The sampling issue is a little sensitive because, well, I don't know for sure, but it sounds like that is one of the reasons EarthBound is not able to come out in America." During the Nintendo Direct announcing EarthBound's approval for the Wii U Virtual Console, Satoru Iwata mentioned the fan outcry being one of the reasons.
- The ESRB, the American rating system for video games, rated EarthBound for the Wii Virtual Console. This rating, however, was a mistake.[1] The game was later confirmed for a Wii U Virtual Console release, scheduled for late 2013.[2]
- EarthBound had an infamously odd marketing campaign in North America, which included the tagline "This game stinks!" (a reference to the included scratch-and-sniff cards).
- All of the game's areas are connected to each other. Using a glitch to walk through otherwise impassable objects and off the map, players can walk to Giygas' lair in the Cave of the Past.
- The game has several checksum to avoid abusing the previously mentioned map glitching to complete the game. The player must fall down the hole in Lumine Hall, and must have defeated Ness' Nightmare.
- EarthBound takes place in a fictional land called Eagleland. Many fans think this is a parody of the United States of America, but Shigesato Itoi stated that the game is not necessarily set there. This is why party members like Poo appear to come from different cultures.
- Mother 2 was available as a downloadable game for the Nintendo Power, a Japan-only flash-memory cartridge that allowed owners to purchase Super Famicom games at a lowered price.
External links
|Pages of this topic are also found on our partner wikis
|by Shigesato Itoi


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Michael Prior necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 84 diseños de 25 diseñadores freelance.
Need artistic help for a Barcode business that needs a bump up the backside to get rolling!
Barcode Priorities Ltd
I'm a young Company Director. I run a small business called Barcode Priorities Ltd, we buy sell and repair all types of barcode scanners and hand-held terminals, Ive been in the trade for 8 years and got fed up of lining other peoples pockets and took the plunge however I have just become a father in the past 4 weeks to a beautiful baby girl, so its time to get serious with the business side of things as money really counts now. I'm easy going and generally just enjoy all that life brings.
The Barcode Brokering trade is pretty specific but I need a logo designed that stands out to end user's such as large supermarket chains etc, using the idea of barcode scanning lasers and the barcodes themselves I'm confident we can create a logo that can really stand out.
Hey, I run a Barcode Brokering business that purchases and sells new and second user Barcode Terminals, scanners and label printers. I have been in business for 18months now, but have recently shut down my website as i was told on more than one occasion that my website and logo made people want to "vomit" it was that poor. This is where i need your help guys to get on the road to recovery, I want my new logo to stand out on my new website currently in the making and the new logo can be the pill to cure this sickness.... I'm not very artistic so forgive me for being unable to explain exactly what I'm looking for but i need something that makes my business look professional and sharp. In my own past and failed designs I have used a red laser on the logo to go on the barcode scanning theme, but other than that this really is an open contest and we are open to any design ideas. I look forward to seeing your entries.
There isn't a large amount I can describe here which leaves it to you guys to be as creative as you wish. Ideally I would like to include a red laser beam running through the design somehow which includes the company name but I'm not very creative so will not suggest too much. please type in Google - Barcode companies and you will see some expamples of others logos in my industry.
- Barcode Priorities Ltd
- Red laser
- Company is known for it's blue and white colour scheme
Open to ideas
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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During her show in Atlantic City, New Jersey this past Friday, Carrie Underwood told the crowd that she would donate all her earnings from that night's show to relief efforts in the wake of Superstorm Sandy.
"I wouldn't feel right making any money off of tonight's show," Underwood said from the stage at Boardwalk Hall, as reported by the Press of Atlantic City. "So anything I make is going right back into the community here."
"You know, after something like this, you wonder whether the show should go on," she said. "We thought, this building was still here, so it must be here for a reason."
Thank you beautiful Atlantic City! You all made my year! You have been through so much and still rocked the house! I leave in awe! Thanks!
— Carrie Underwood (@carrieunderwood) November 10, 2012
Charity is certainly in this singer's blood, as Carrie is also donating one dollar from each ticket sold on her Blown Away Tour to the Red Cross.
– Kurt Wolff, CBS Local


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Originally Posted by Nokia
I think you need to look up the definition of Proof of Concept before you use the term.
Please tell me ur talking about oofki?
Originally Posted by Nokia
Im aware of what it means - Maybe my sarcasim isn't too clear -I was trying to say that a dictionary attck againt VNC is in no way POC.
no it doesn't have to be dictionary attack.........if u know any other kind of attack against remote vnc........please share with us
Wow Nokia... Listen to what I am saying.
Im asking if he just wants to setup hydra and dictonary attack his own vnc as a POC. OR if he is doing it just to recover the password and he is open to any means.
Originally Posted by oofki
Wow Nokia... Listen to what I am saying.
Im asking if he just wants to setup hydra and dictonary attack his own vnc as a POC. OR if he is doing it just to recover the password and he is open to any means.
yes I'm open to any means I picked Hydra because it supports lots of protocols and it has worked for me before when bruteforcing FTP and telnet.
So I'm thinking that oofki meant "learning experience" since PoC stands for Proof of Concept (not Point of Concept) (as Nokia pointed out)
Anyways... I'm guessing that oofki was going to point out the RealVNC password bypass from back in May if this was "legit"...
That being said... I don't know how brute forcing could ever be used for learning... or really even for justifiable password recovery (at least in this day and age)... the only legit use would be perhaps writing your own brute force to see if you fully understand the protocol...
IT Blog: .:Computer Defense:.
PnCHd (Pronounced Pinched): Acronym - Point 'n Click Hacked. As in: "That website was pinched" or "The skiddie pinched my computer because I forgot to patch".
Well, I suppose learning how to use a tools such as Hydra, Brutus, John etc could be considered a worthwhile reason to use use them. There are still plenty of elements around that would justify the use of a password cracker - that being said I personally don't consider VNC one of these elements.
I'm just amused that oofki thinks launching a dictionary attack against a VNC server is PoC - makes me laugh everytime I read it.
It funny the way skidies throw around the words 'Proof of Concept' without actually understanding what a PoC exploit/attack actually is.....10 posts later and he still doesn't get it...
Drugs have taught an entire generation of kids the metric system.
without actually understanding what a PoC exploit/attack actually is
Maybe people should stop needlessly abbreviating things. It kind of makes everyone look really idiotic. Um.. and I especially wouldn't have a huge hissy fit about it or its context.
A rule of thumb I have always found useful is that if you don't understand the acronym, then don't use it or involve yourself in conversations about it....and if you don't like acronyms then it's best not to work in IT....
I though POC was proof of concept, but what do I know.
Is it only me that thinks this request isn't as innocent as it looks.
IT, e-commerce, Retail, Programme & Project Management, EPoS, Supply Chain and Logistic Services. Yorkshire. http://www.bigi.uk.com
That is what it stands for and thats the point of the term people can release code to exploit software and claim it to be for educational purposes only...
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Opening Round Questions Still UnansweredPosted by jstevrtc on July 2nd, 2010
Andrew Murawa is the RTC correspondent for the Pac-10 and Mountain West conferences and an occasional contributor.
The NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Committee met this week in Chicago, and the biggest item on their agenda was to decide on the format of the new 68-team tournament. In deciding to expand from the 65-team tournament, which has been the rule for the last ten years, to 68 teams in time for the 2011 tournament, the NCAA has committed itself to four opening round games. The questions of who will play in those games, however, and where those games will take place, among other logistical issues, are still to be decided. While it doesn't look like a decision will be announced this week, outgoing committee chairperson and UCLA athletic director Dan Guerrero has spelled out three possible options for who will compete in the opening round games:
- The teams that would be the 16th and 17th seeds in a bracket, or those teams seeded at spots 61 through 68 in the overall field — likely teams from the historically one-bid conferences,
- The last eight non-automatic qualifiers or the teams generally referred to as bubble teams — generally teams from a mixture of BCS leagues and mid-major conferences, or
- Some combination of the first two options, with the most talked-about scenario being the last four bubble teams playing in a couple of games and the lowest seeded automatic qualifiers (seeds 65-68) playing in the other two.
While it is still within the realm of reason that additional options could arise (maybe the lowest seeded automatic qualifiers each match up against one of the bubble teams), the answer will likely be one of the three options above. And, frankly, option three is a bit of a copout, so the decision between options one and two comes down to something of a battle between the big power conferences and the less influential conferences that nonetheless make up the bulk of Division I. And neither side wants to play in those games.
"I think that if you are an automatic qualifier, you should not be in a play-in game," said Winthrop head coach Randy Peele when we talked with him earlier this week, and he's had experience with the opening round game as the coach at a school that has now appeared in two opening round tournament games, including last season's loss to Arkansas-Pine Bluff. Peele's sentiment was echoed by Michael White, the Associate Athletic Director for Communications at East Tennessee State University. "For teams like ours that come out of a league with one tournament bid, and to have to earn it by winning our conference tournament, we don't want to have to be sent to a play-in game."
Even the term "play-in game," used in reference to the single opening round game played in Dayton for the last ten years, is a divisive one. The NCAA has gone to great lengths to make sure that game was referred to as the "opening round game," despite it commonly being referred to by fans and media as the play-in game. "The way the NCAA markets the first day is critical," said ETSU's head coach Murry Bartow. "They shouldn't be marketed as play-in games, where you're not even in the tournament until you win that game."


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When Matt Goldstein graduated in 2005 from Pennsauken High School in New Jersey, his dream was to finish college and return to the school as a teacher. In 2011, after serving as a substitute teacher for several years, Goldstein, 24, became a fulltime teacher at Pennsauken at a starting salary of $53,000.
While the starting salary was not Goldstein's primary reason for accepting a teaching position in his hometown, he says the salary provides incentive to remain there.
"When you are able to live comfortably, without having to work a second job, it makes teaching a whole lot easier because you can focus on your job, without financial problems or distractions," he says. "I think there are many parents who understand how hard we work. The community often has ways to show their appreciation to teachers and we appreciate that."
Goldstein embodies what policymakers and public schools advocates have known for quite some time: For students to achieve at high levels, schools must recruit the best and the brightest to enter the teaching profession – and a competitive salary and benefits package not only attracts talented people to the profession, it incentivizes them to stay.
Throughout the state and for several decades, citizens have been demonstrating that they understand this by supporting the bargaining efforts of the New Jersey Education Association (NJEA) to pay teachers a salary comparable with workers in other professions requiring similar licensing, education and work experience. In May, aggressive NJEA campaign efforts going back to the 1980s paid off when the Franklin Lakes School District became the 200th district in the state to agree to pay new teachers at least $50,000.
"We are still making progress toward our goal of 'no teacher making less than $50K on the first day,' although progress has been slowed by the current bargaining climate," says Bob Willoughby, NJEA associate director of research. "Why should teachers be underpaid on their first day on the job?"
So far, NJEA has boosted starting pay to $50,000 in one of every three of the state's 591 districts (34 percent). No easy feat, considering that in 2008 New Jersey had only 25 districts that paid "$50K." That number jumped to 100 districts in 2010. With the addition of Franklin Lakes ($50,885 starting in 2013-14), NJEA reached its current milestone. The average starting pay for teachers in New Jersey is $48,372 for 2011-2012.
Secretary Arne Duncan called for a $60,000 starting salary back in August 2011. "The field of teaching is poised for change," Duncan said. "Many bright and committed young people are attracted to teaching, but surveys show they are reluctant to enter the field for the long-haul. They see it as low-paying and low-prestige."
Kerry McHugh-Moles, a teacher at George B. Fine Elementary School in Pennsauken, says higher pay is critical to help transform the teaching profession to one that garners greater respect.
"Although my family and I hold educators on a pedestal, that opinion is not always shared by others," says McHugh-Moles, who has a graduate degree as a reading specialist. "The negative publicity from the general public and politicians can be very disheartening."
The higher pay can change that perception, she says, while attracting top undergraduate students to the education field who might otherwise choose the technology sector, finance, or engineering.
"Many college graduates struggle to find employment, let alone a position that pays $50,000 without previous experience in the profession," says McHugh-Moles, who like Goldstein is a graduate of public schools in Pennsauken, which borders Camden.
Goldstein agrees that fair starting salaries can attract top undergraduate students to the profession.
"The combination of a good salary, benefits, and making a difference in the lives of future generations make for plenty of great reasons for them to become teachers," he says.
When McHugh-Moles started as a teacher in 2002 in Pennsauken, her starting salary was approximately $43,000.
"I most certainly did not choose the teaching profession for the money," she says. "I have remained in the profession because of my love of teaching. However, with increases in workload, changes in programs, and lack of public support, the salary has been an added incentive to keep me in the profession helping each student achieve his or her full potential."
See Also:
When the Media Asks "Are Teachers Overpaid?" Educators Ask "Are They Crazy?