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T'inkazos v.3 n.se La Paz 2007
Cochabamba's elites in ethnographic code1
José M. Gordillo2
Translated by Sara Shields
Translation from T'inkazos, La Paz, n.22, July 2007.
Who calls the shots in Cochabamba today? A research study examined the region's powerful groups, delving deeper than their representatives or leaders. This article presents some of its main findings, as well as describing the methodology and the different tools used to show how the elites were destroyed by the 1952 revolution and why they never recovered.
The issue of regional power was addressed recently in a research study entitled "Pitaq Kaypi Kamachiq: Power structures in Cochabamba, 1940-2006". The research was carried out by José M. Gordillo, Alberto Rivera and Ana Sulcata, with the support of PIEB.3 It analyses power from a historical and sociological perspective, focusing on the study of the networks in which power circulates rather than just its representatives or leaders. The aim is to understand who is in command in Cochabamba today, looking at the changes in power structures brought about by the National Revolution of 1952 and the New Economic Policy implemented in 1985. Expressed briefly, the results of the research show that: a) the elites whose power derived from landowning were seriously affected by the revolution and never recovered; b) the new emerging social sectors (the study looked at traders, transport operators and water committees), despite their economic importance, are currently only political pressure groups without a class identity; and c) power is fragmented among several separate groups, giving rise to a structure in which many are giving the orders but few are obeying.
In this article we will discuss the methodology used in the study, which enabled us to arrive at the first result in the historical research. We will describe the different tools we used to observe how the family networks in which the power of the pre-1952 landowning elites circulated were destroyed by the revolution and why they never recovered. In other words, we will set out the ways in which we were able to find that power was concentrated in family clans; that the economic interests of the landowning patriarchs had no direct connections with the modern industrial, financial and service sectors that started to emerge at the dawn of the 20th century; that modernity flourished among the family groups of migrants from other parts of the country and foreigners who settled in the region, changing production and consumption patterns; that from the bosom of landowning families emerged groups of entrepreneurs and intellectuals who challenged the order established by their patriarchs; and that, despite the difficulty of making the interests of a regional agrarian elite compatible with those of the early 20th century export mining model, an environment favourable for generating wealth and transforming the distribution system did exist in Cochabamba at that time.
We will also look at the effects of the 1952 Revolution on the region's powerful elites and explain how the use of an ethnographic tool genealogy enables us to understand the changes in these powerful elites' family groups over the course of more than half a century.4 We will therefore explain how the use of the genealogical method led us initially to take the following steps. First, choose the elite families and group them in three sub-elites characterised by holding economic, intellectual and trade union power. Second, identify an EGO or key informant in each family, under certain control parameters. Third, interview the EGOS with the main aim of reconstructing their family tree, covering three generations: the parents, children and grandchildren of the 1952 revolution. Fourth, synthesize the genealogical information around two specific variables: the level of education and the place of residence of the members of these three generations.
To make the explanation of the use of these research methods easier, we will describe them as they were used in the context of the historical narrative and illustrate their results in tables that summarise the most important empirical findings.
The region's history and social structure
Cochabamba's regional history takes on an identity of its own as a result of certain specific characteristic elements. The first is geography, which places its inter-Andean valleys in a strategic position between the east and the west of the country, in addition to the fertility of its soil.5 The next is the economy, which connected this farming region with mining in Potosí from the early colonial period onwards, by means of the crops grown in the vast indigenous reservations and agricultural estates owned by Spaniards and Creoles.6 Another is demography, which turned Cochabamba into a migrant region of high intensity in quantitative and qualitative terms, because the population inflows led to the circulation of new ideas, visions and expectations.7 The last is culture, which created a pattern of social relations between those who gave the orders and those who obeyed that functioned according to its own defined codes.8
At the start of the 20th century, the increase in the production of tin destined for the world market led the liberal political elites to concentrate power in La Paz while the business elites installed their production facilities around Oruro, giving rise to the operation of an export mining model that changed the economic geography of the country. The prevailing mercantile and political logic in the previous, silver-producing era at the end of the 19th century, that enabled power to be shared from Sucre with an alliance of mining and landowning patriarchs in which Cochabamba was included as a region, gave way to a new arrangement. As a result, the valley landowners who had hitherto enjoyed a natural monopoly of the mining markets, thanks to their favourable geographical location, were sidelined from national power.9
Competition for the mining markets intensified when railways were built between the Pacific coast and the highlands and started to bring in raw materials and food previously supplied by Cochabamba. This led to a fall in prices, and the region's profits from farming dropped sharply as a result. How did this economic event affect the elites whose power derived from landowning? To find out, we started the archive work by checking and recording the names of the owners of landed estates with a property value of more than 100,000 bolivianos in the currency of the day, and began to build a database with the information obtained about the 14 provinces in Cochabamba. We then chose the 12 most valuable properties in each province and defined ranges that allowed us to look at them in comparative terms. We concluded that the properties in Cercado and Cliza were earning profits which, because of their location, meant that their value was very much higher than that of other landed estates in provinces such as Mizque and Tapacarí. In other words, the spread in land values indicated to us that the landowning elite was not homogeneous and that power had become concentrated around the departmental capital city and the railways, while the marginal landowners were only in charge of local economies and power.10
If these elites were economically diverse, how did they manage their social capital? To answer this second question we added to our database the names of people who were members of the Social Club and the Rotary Club in Cochabamba, in order to analyse whether there were any links between the ownership of large landed estates and the sites of social prestige where the symbols of regional power were reproduced. The link was direct when the name and surname of the landowner appeared in the membership lists of these clubs. When the exact name of the landowner was not recorded but the surname was, leading us to think that the club member belonged to the landowner's nuclear or extended family, we took the link to be indirect. Having processed this information, we looked again at the list of the 12 largest landowners in the 14 provinces of Cochabamba. It turned out that the provinces whose landowners participated most in the clubs were Chapare, Tarata and Ayopaya, while in Tapacarí and Mizque their involvement was minimal.11
If we compare these figures with the previous results, we can conclude firstly that owning valuable property was not sufficient to obtain social prestige, and secondly that the marginal elites were not just poor but also had no social prestige. In other words, the elites whose power derived from landowning were so fragmented that they were not even similar economically, let alone in their social status.
This led us to broaden the spectrum of our analysis by formulating a third question. Given that these landowning elites were so fragmented, how did they relate to the financial, services and industrial sectors that emerged with the dawn of the modern age? To analyse this issue, we added to our database the names of the shareholders in three of the region's strategic firms: the Banco Hipotecario Nacional (BHN), a bank, the Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Cochabamba (ELFEC), an electricity company, and the Cervecería Taquiña, a brewery. We also included the names of the members of the chambers of industry and commerce. These were associations set up by the new industrialists and traders who specialised in such activities in line with the modern ideas coming in from abroad.
The information presented in Table 1 is partial, because it refers to the large landowners in only five of the fourteen provinces in Cochabamba. Nevertheless, it does illustrate the overall situation, as it shows that the landowners had a strong link with the Social Club but not with the Rotary Club, because the latter was a recently-formed international charitable organisation whose members were the new urban middle classes and the families of immigrants. The remarkable thing is that the rest of the columns are practically empty. This is an interesting example of how the absence of a specific type of record in fact provides us with information. At first sight, we get the impression that the landowners were utterly divorced from business activities, as Franklin Anaya appears as the only shareholder and Carlos Canelas as the only modernist landowner involved in the chambers of industry and commerce. There are two sides of this particular coin, however, and we therefore had to look again at the same relationship, this time from the point of view of the business community and also at two moments in time, before and after 1952, in order to understand the changes brought about by the revolution.
Tables 2 and 3 show the case of the BHN shareholders. The only landowner who appears in this list is Ulises Ramos.12 Does this confirm that the landowners had no links at all to financial capital? Apparently it does, but when we study the shareholders' surnames we see that in many cases they are the same as the landowners' surnames, leading us to think that they belonged to a generation of the landowner's family who lived in the capital city of Cochabamba, perhaps no longer much involved in farming but well on their way to establishing themselves in finance. As well as this new generation of the landowning elite, the shareholders included a few members of the nascent urban middle class and a small number of successful national and foreign immigrants such as Julio Knaudt and the ladies Leonor Kunst vda. de Clauss and Elvira Kunst de Sanjinés.
Most of the BHN shareholders in the 1940s also had shares in ELFEC. Both were firms with local urban roots, although the capital of the former had closer connections to farming while that of the latter tended to come from the savings of an emerging middle class in Cochabamba. Most of the people who owned shares in the Cervecería Taquiña, in contrast, belonged to the families of German immigrants who brought industrial know-how and modern consumption habits to the region. What is clear is that these groups of bankers and shareholders were almost totally unconnected to the chambers of industry and commerce, whose members include a thrusting middle class with a large number of foreign surnames of varying origin, especially German, Jewish, Arab, Italian, Serb and Croat.
In the 1960s the ownership of BHN shares changed dramatically. The Zamora and Horne families, both descended from immigrants, bought up most of the shares, while the traditional surnames were pushed into the background from the business point of view. Neither were they left with much symbolic power as the site of its reproduction, the Social Club, lost its importance in the new, post-revolutionary social structure. Many medium-sized shareholders placed their capital in the Cervecería Taquiña but not in ELFEC, as this firm passed into municipal government hands. Among the bank's medium-sized shareholders, Samuel Paz Torrico is a solitary figure as the owner of a valuable urban property. This leads us to think that the few landowners who managed to survive the revolutionary upheaval were those whose properties were in the areas where the city of Cochabamba was expanding, because they divided up their land and profited from the revenue produced by rapid urbanisation.
We have not included the information about the ELFEC and Taquiña shareholders in this article because of space constraints, but we can comment that our analysis of the same type of tables produced the following results. In the 1940s the largest shareholder in ELFEC was Simón I. Patiño, who owned more than half the shares, while the rest were small investors from the urban middle class. In the 1960s the Patiño Foundation gave the share package to the Municipality of Cochabamba and it was later used as the municipal contribution to set up the National Electricity Company (Empresa Nacional de Electricidad - ENDE). A group of 27 investors held more than 50 per cent of the shares in the Cervecería Taquiña in the 1940s. Half of them were of German origin and three quarters had a foreign surname. In 1965 the capital became concentrated in just a few hands (3.5 per cent of the shareholders controlled 51 per cent of the shares), but only a third were German and half had a foreign surname. Several of the surnames that appeared at that time were a combination of Bolivian and German (Sanjinés, Jastram, Kunst), Arab (Asbun) and Slav (Eterovic), and in both companies the link with the landowners was weak.13
At an early stage of the analysis we have just described, when we had completed the database but had not yet interpreted it, we explored the information using a statistical package designed for multivariate analysis. Our intention was to form groups of landowners linked to the attributes of the database in different ways. It was not possible to achieve this aim because the structure of the information was not internally coherent. In other words, there were no defined patterns in the relationships between the variables and therefore it was not possible to form differentiated groups. This meant that we had to manually construct the tables presented above, in order to observe the relationships between the variables and interpret the meaning of their links.14
Finally, we went back to the original list of names we had obtained when we defined each variable (land ownership, share ownership, memberships, etc.), where each individual could appear with one or more attributes. This final list contained the names of about 4,500 people and we grouped them by surname, thus obtaining a table of family clans in Cochabamba which we ordered by their frequency or number of individuals. This empirical method gave us a general overview of the most important family groups among which local power circulated and was reproduced over time, because it is striking that many of these surnames were related through kinship and that such connections became closer as we observed the links between the most numerous clans.
The ethnography of regional power
Historians are once again taking up genealogical methods to better understand the social contexts they analyse. In-depth study of powerful families or family clans reveals the most intimate fundamentals underlying economic or social behaviour at a particular time, but also allows one to enter the labyrinths in which power circulates and the networks that sustain it.15
In our case, although we did use the genealogical tool, the aim was different. What interested us was to study the changes in the power held by a landowning elite hit by a revolutionary process. In other words, we wanted to test a working hypothesis suggesting that the family groups holding power in the region before 1952 did not recover after the revolution and that consequently there is no regional oligarchy derived from the old landowners.
Based on this premise, and having gathered the empirical data described above, we set ourselves to the task of reflecting on the nature of the local landowning elite. Despite their monopoly over natural resources and their hegemony in the exercise of economic, political and symbolic power, we knew that this powerful elite was intrinsically weak and that, furthermore, dissident family groups had detached themselves from its bosom and were challenging the principles of its patriarchs' rule from the field of politics and intellectual production. Moreover, the revolutionary process had led to the emergence of rural and urban trade union leaders who immediately exercised regional and even national power, likewise clashing with the power of the landowners.16
We therefore decided to divide the region's elite into three groups holding economic, intellectual and trade union power. We then chose families that were representative of these powerful groups and finally worked with the ones named in Table 5. We adopted basic criteria that enabled us to choose the EGOS (informants) in each selected family. These included that their age should be 60 or more and that we should, if possible, arrive at a gender balance, which was difficult given the patriarchal baggage of these traditional families. Nevertheless, we should highlight the fact that the women we interviewed had much more subtle perceptions of family power than the men, who instead placed more emphasis on social and political issues.
We designed forms to set down the information gathered in the interviews and basic strategies for addressing the key issues. Because of the age range chosen for the EGOS, we knew that they would be players directly involved in the revolution process or the children of those players, but they would not be third generation descendants. In other words, taking 1952 as the reference year, we wanted to reconstruct the family trees of the parents, children and grandchildren of the revolution, with informants from one of the first two cohorts. In the first generation the only data to be gathered would be about the father and mother, in the second generation (to which the EGO belonged) data would be gathered about all the siblings and their respective partners, while in the third generation the data to be recorded would refer to the descendants of the EGO and their partners.
The interviews themselves offered us an extraordinary overview, but when the accounts were transcribed and we were able to study the texts comparatively, the social fabric connecting the three selected powerful groups became clearer. Thus, the group of families with economic power turned out to have a long historical memory, as they located their ancestors in the colonial period or the beginning of the republican era. This starting point subtly differentiated the family clans who implicitly stressed their more Spanish or more Creole origins. Nevertheless, they all felt that land was the source of their historical existence, so that the 1952 Agrarian Reform, by uprooting them, deprived them of their social identity. The group of intellectual families, in contrast, identified the core of their social identity as their critical position with regard to the social relations that tied landowners to their workers. Many of these families are aware of their kinship with the landowners, but they defend the non-conformist position taken by those branches of their family who challenged the patriarchs. Furthermore, several of these families are descended from the marginal or provincial elites of the time. They settled into urban life and stood up to the discrimination practised by the most powerful local elites. Finally, the group of trade unionist families locate the start of their historical memory in the revolutionary process and have built their social identity around their struggle against the social relations that characterised the pre-modern landowning era. For this latter group, the family and family relationships are not the channels through which power circulates. Their networks are knitted around the trade union and their class solidarity ties.
Having thus delineated their group identities, our next step was to study how these family groups have changed over time, trying particularly to understand the ways in which, as elite groups, they were able to adapt or ended up losing the status they had gained by wielding economic power, the power of knowledge or political power. With this aim in mind, we set up a new database using the information obtained during the process of reconstructing the family trees, and focused our attention on the level of education and place of residence of the members of each generation of the families in the three elite groups.
The results obtained for the first group, those with economic power, are presented in tables 7 and 8. In the parents' generation, the men have higher levels of formal education than the women. As for the men in the second generation, i.e. the children of the revolution, although the number of them who gained access to vocational and university education was larger in absolute terms, in relative terms two out of ten of these men found their expectations limited by zero, primary or secondary levels of education. In the third generation, the grandchildren of the revolution, practically all of them have the highest levels of education.
What happened to the women? Their levels of education improved substantially. Eight out of ten daughters of the revolution obtained secondary or vocational qualifications, one went to university and the other had no formal education. The granddaughters of the revolution were even more successful. Six out of ten went to university, three obtained vocational qualifications and one went to secondary school. These educational achievements, however, become relative when we look at the place of residence of these graduates. Among the children of the revolution, two out of ten left the region, one with a low level of education moved to another area of the country and the other, with a high level of education, went abroad. The grandchildren migrated in large numbers, with five out of ten leaving the region. Half of them moved to another area of Bolivia and the other half went abroad. Almost all those who emigrated had a high level of education. What does this process mean? It means that the revolution financed a high level of education for men and women in this group of regional elites, enabling them to go and develop their skills in other areas of the country or other parts of the world. The region was leached of its most capable scions.
Again because of space constraints, we will not include the same tables on the family groups of intellectuals and trade unionists. We can mention, however, that in the case of the intellectuals, members of the third generation were able to gain professional qualifications in proportions very similar to the group holding economic power. Where they differ is that only two out of ten individuals in the intellectual group migrated out of the region. This means that most of them are currently practising their profession in Cochabamba. The trade unionist group did not educate its third generation to the level achieved by the other powerful family groups, and most of them were left with vocational or secondary school qualifications. The two-way migration patterns they use to find work mean that many of them stay in the region but are employed as low-skilled labour.
The 1952 revolution, and particularly the agrarian reform that was applied in Cochabamba, deeply affected the region's pre-revolutionary powerful elites. With the aim of gauging the social effects of this political change over a period of more than half a century, we used genealogical tools to look at families in the three groups into which we divided the region's powerful elites.
The results of the analysis confirm that these powerful elites did not wholly recover the status they used to enjoy, but a closer look reveals several interesting findings. First, the group holding economic power migrated out of the region and those who stayed fell apart. Second, the trade union group has no power at all and gradually dissolved. Finally, the intellectual group is the only one that has managed to re-accommodate itself in today's power structure, based on its use of knowledge and its practice of urban-based professions.
In a subsequent stage of this same research, which used sociological methods to analyse power in the region today, we found that the descendants of the intellectual families have rebuilt their networks of power, especially inside state institutions such as the prefecture, the municipal government and the public university, among others. This finding is interesting because, in the Cochabamba region today, where agriculture does not produce wealth and opportunities are concentrated in a non-industrial capital city, the founts of public expenditure confer a great deal of power on those who weave their networks in state institutions.
Baptista, M. 2000 Mis hazañas son mis libros. Vida y obra de Augusto Guzmán. La Paz: Plural.
Baptista, M. 2000ª Evocación de Augusto Céspedes. La Paz: Caraspas.
Baptista, M. 2002 Fragmentos de memoria. Wálter Guevara Arze. La Paz: Editorial Garza Azul.
Baptista, M. 2002ª José Cuadros Quiroga. Inventor del Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario. La Paz, n/d.
Dandler, J. 1987 Sindicalismo campesino en Bolivia. Cambios estructurales en Ucureña, 1935-1952. Cochabamba: El Buitre.
Gordillo J. M. and Jackson, R. H. 1987 "Mestizaje y proceso de parcelación en la estructura agraria de Cochabamba: El caso de Sipe Sipe en los siglos XVIII y XIX". HISLA 10: 15-37.
Gordillo, J. M. 2000 Campesinos revolucionarios en Bolivia. Identidad, territorio y sexualidad en el Valle Alto de Cochabamba, 1952-1964. La Paz: Plural.
Gordillo, J. M. and Rivera, A. 2006 "La revolución de 1952: Continuidades y cambios". Research report. Cochabamba: UNDP.
Guzmán, G. 1999 Patrones, arrieros y piqueros. Emergencia de una estructura agraria poblacional, Toco-Cliza (1860-1920). Cochabamba: Honorable Alcaldía Municipal de Cochabamba.
Irurosqui, M. 1994 La armonía de las desigualdades: Elites y conflictos de poder en Bolivia, 1880-1920. Cuzco: Centro Bartolomé de las Casas.
Lagos, M. L. 1997 Autonomía y poder. Dinámica de clase y cultura en Cochabamba. La Paz: CID.
Larson, B. 1992 Colonialismo y transformación agraria en Bolivia. Cochabamba, 1550.1900. La Paz: Hisbol.
Morales, J. and N. Pacheco 1999 "El retorno de los liberales". In: Campero, F. (Ed.). Bolivia en el siglo XX. La formación de la Bolivia contemporánea. La Paz: Harvard Club de Bolivia.
Presta, A. M. 2000 Los encomenderos de La Plata. Lima: IEP.
Rivas, S. 2000 Los hombres de la revolución. Cochabamba: Plural.
Rivera, A. 1992 Los terratenientes de Cochabamba. Cochabamba: Editorial Serrano.
Sánchez-Albornoz, N. 1978 Indios y tributos en el Alto Perú. Lima: IEP.
Rodríguez, G. 1993 Poder central y proyecto regional, Cochabamba y Santa Cruz en los siglos XIX y XX. Cochabamba: ILDES/IDEA.
Rodríguez, G. 1995 El lugar del canto. Historia de Cervecería Taquiña, S.A., 1892-1995. Cochabamba: Cervecería Taquiña, S.A.
Rodríguez, G. 1997 Energía eléctrica y desarrollo regional. ELFEC en la historia de Cochabamba (1908-1996). Cochabamba: ELFEC.
Rodríguez, G. 1998 De la colonia a la globalización. Historia de la industria cochabambina, siglos XVIII-XX. Cochabamba: Cámara Departamental de Industria.
Rodríguez, G. 2003 Región y nación. La construcción de Cochabamba, 1825-1952. Cochabamba: Honorable Concejo Municipal de Cochabamba.
Varón, R. 1997 La ilusión del poder. Apogeo y decadencia de los Pizarro en la conquista del Perú. Lima: IEP/IFEA.
Wachtel, N. 1981 "Los mitimas del valle de Cochabamba: La política de colonización de Wayna Capac". In: Historia Boliviana I (1).
1 This article was published in July 2007 in issue 22 of the journal T'inkazos, edited by the Strategic Research Programme in Bolivia (Programa de Investigación Estratégica en Bolivia - PIEB).
2 The author is an economist with a PhD in history, researcher and university lecturer.
3 The study will be published with support from PIEB, CESU and DICyT UMSS.
4 The idea of using genealogy to study changes in powerful family groups was suggested by the researchers who produced the 2007 National Human Development Report for the UNDP. Three teams were asked to study the changes in regional power structures in La Paz, Santa Cruz and Cochabamba the latter assigned to J. M. Gordillo and A. Rivera (2006) and produced a report entitled "The 1952 revolution: continuity and change". We are grateful to the UNDP for authorising us to use these data to present to PIEB a new research project covering a longer period of time. We particularly wish to acknowledge the theoretical contribution made by George Gray, Fernanda Wanderley, Rossana Barragán and Claudia Peña.
5 Cochabamba's agrarian and integrating role began in the Inca period, when Wayna Capac installed a maize-growing enclave in the low valleys which sent food to Cuzco. Every year, 14,000 Aymara-speaking settlers were moved there from the highlands as a state labour force. See Wachtel 1981.
6 Until the 1980s, the region's economic history was always linked to the cycles of mining production in the highlands. Its role as food supplier to the domestic market was weakened at the start of the 20th century, however, with the introduction of the tin export mining model, and the region's landowning elite found itself sidelined from national power. See Larson 1992 and Rodríguez 1993 and 2003.
7 The segregation-based systems of the colonial and republican era, which separated "indians" from "Spaniards" or "whites", which were very deeply rooted in highland societies, operated differently in the valleys, where there was an intense process of (predominantly cultural) mixing. Amongst other factors, this was brought about by the multi-ethnic background of the indigenous peoples who became involved in regional trade networks very early on. See Sánchez-Albornoz 1978, Gordillo and Jackson 1987 and Guzmán 1999.
8 The emergence of small farmers in the region dates back to the 18th century. It was reinforced in the 19th century with the application of the Disentailment Law and consolidated with the takeover of the landed estates in the 1952 Revolution. Although the large landowners monopolised symbolic capital and their power was hegemonic, they were unable to restrain the social and economic ascent of the small farmers, who fought them for the sites of power and asserted their rural identity. See Dandler 1983, Lagos 1997 and Gordillo 2000.
9 See Irurosqui 1994 and Morales & Pacheco 1999.
10 Looking at the extremes, we see that the value of the landed estates in Cercado and Cliza ranged between 2 and 3.5 million bolivianos, while in Mizque and Tapacarí it varied from 100 to 400 thousand bolivianos. Simón I. Patiño's estate in Quillacollo was worth 25 million, and we therefore excluded it from the calculation of the ranges. But this does indicate that even the wealthiest landowners in Cochabamba did not capitalise their properties, as Patiño did with the aim of demonstrating the advantages of modern agricultural technology. In short, the landowning elite was fragmented and poor, and its farming techniques were obsolete.
11 If we look at the extremes again, we see that the level of participation by the landowners in Chapare, Tarata and Ayopaya ranged from 70 to 100 per cent, while only between 10 and 40 per cent of the landowners in Tapacarí and Mizque were involved. It is important to note that nearly 4 out of 10 large landowners' surnames did not appear in the Social Club's membership lists. In the context of the time, this shows their low level of integration within oligarchic society.
12 The list of the bank's shareholders is partial because it only includes the first 50 major shareholders. Neither does it include institutional shareholders. These were not taken into account because we were interested in studying the families rather than the share ownership structure.
13 See Rodríguez 1995 and 1997.
14 We are grateful to Dr. Víctor H. Blanco for his assistance with the handling and interpretation of the data using the SPADN package. In the end, the statistical work was done with SPSS.
15 Two important studies of colonial power in the 16th century, based on an analysis of the families of Francisco Pizarro and four other important encomenderos or feudal lords in Alto Peru, were published recently by Varón (1997) and Presta (2000).
16 See Rivas 2000, Rivera 1992, Rodríguez 1998 and Baptista 2000, 2000ª, 2002 and 2002ª.


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I am a 32 years old interior designer, furniture designer, and photographer. I am going to start my own furniture and home decor website for which I need the logo. I love designing new things, especially home decor items and interior spaces. My passion is linear straight line contemporary objects with minimalist approach with a hint of abstracts and a ton of vivid and vibrant contemporary colors. Majority of products will aim for audience that love and crave modern spaces with modern decor, lighting, art works, rugs, bedroom furniture, living room furniture, draperies, bed linen, entertainment units and everything in between needed to fully furnish a modern home. However, I don't want to limit myself only to Contemporary styling. Old gems and unique styles will also play an interesting and contrasting role. So old or young, college or teens, are all alike and welcome. They will all find unique pre-sorted, stunning, rare, and instant buy type products that are bought not because one needs them, because one falls in love with them. Please do not take any inspirations from my zaraliving.com site. It does not represent my taste in any given sense. An issue has come up to avoid the confusion and possible legal battel with the European Zara Clothing Brand, I want my designers to design the logo in 2 parts, where the "ZARA" part will remain same throught out all the stores, but the "STORE NAME" part of the logo will change from store to store. For example, zaraliving store and zarafaucets store will have common "ZARA" part but will have different "Store Name" part.
Again, my main audience will be young, brave, and rich or what I like to say, instant buyers or "just for the heck of it" buyers, or "gotta have it" type buyers. People who change with changing trends and styles, not because the couch springs poke the ass but because they want to change. People who are willing to spend, if they see something worthy of their taste or style, they will buy it. Furniture market has reached beyond saturation point, my site will offer hand picked designs, colorful objects, rare items, fresh imports, objects from around the world representing different cultures to freshen up our own designing thirst. They will be people who are not afraid to try new things. Fashion, usability, styling, and uniqueness of our products will be our selling points. Age does not matter when it comes to my audience. Basically contemporary and modern styles of home decor will be offered, but unique old gems of imperial furniture, and traditional pieces will be available too. An emphasis on Hand Made products will be given too. Please do not take any inspiration from zaraliving.com site. It does not represent my taste in any given sense.
Corporation name is: Zara Furniture Inc. I will have multiple e-commerce stores. First up, will be the zaraliving.com featuring all home decor items. Next in line are: zaralighting.com, zarafaucets.com, zaraappliances.com, and so on. I need my designers to make the logo in two parts, where the first "ZARA" part will remain same throughout all the stores, and the second "STORE NAME" part will change as the contents of the store change, for example zaraliving.com store and zaralighting.com store will have similar "ZARA" part, but different name part according to the store contents; zaraliving store will have "LIVING" part and zaralighting will have "LIGHTING" part next to "ZARA" part. Now the question is how will a contemporary furniture line Logo represent an Appliance store. Well the idea is we will focus on items that are contemporary in styling and modern with sleek minimalist looks. Our Appliance store will sell appliances that are trendy, modern, and unique instead of available main market products and so will all the other stores. I give full liberty to use any style, theme, color, or idea as long as the approach is freash and contemporary and is competiable when it comes to designing stationary, print media, webpages, and other related contents. I suggest to design a logo without a specific background. It should be able to assimilate with any changing webpage themes or backgrounds. U are free, be creative.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.

subset: commoncrawl


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10. Rhubarb Dessert
9. Orange Slush
7. Fudgesicles
And, our favorite summer treat...
Ooooh! They all look so yummy! I'm going to have to try the raspberry delight!
Those all look delicious!ReplyDelete
ooh that rhubarb dessert sounds really tasty!ReplyDelete
I think I need to get an ice cream maker! They all look delicious!ReplyDelete
What a delicious assortment of desserts.ReplyDelete
yum! I love all of these ideas. They all look so good.
Holy Cannoli Recipes
These all look yummy, especially the first one!ReplyDelete
Thanks for stopping by! I'd love to hear from you; especially how you're finding JOY in your kitchen.


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IBM Symposium Auckland Day 3
Visits (20321)
Continuing my coverage of the [IBM System x and System Storage Technical Symposium], I thought I would start with some photos. I took these with cell phone, and without realizing how much it would cost, uploaded them to Flickr at international data roaming rates. Oops!
Here are some of the banners used at the conference. Each break-out session room was outfitted with a "Presentation Briefcase" that had everything a speaker might need, including power plug adapters and dry-erase markers for the whiteboard. What a clever idea!
Here is a recap of the last and final day 3:
Well, that marks the end of this week in Auckland, New Zealand. I am off now to Melbourne, Australia for the [IBM System Storage Technical Symposium] next week.
technorati tags: IBM, EKM, TKLM, SKLM, SONAS, SAN32B-E4, Storwize+V7000, CEE, DCB, FCoE, iSCSI, NAS, CIFS, NFS, Ethernet, PCI-SIG, SR-IOV, VEPA, VN-Tag, DCB, L2MP, TRILL, BNT, BOFM, AMM, DAC, 10GBASE-T, DS3500, 40GbE, , FCP, FICON, PXE, SVC, Cisco, Nexus5000, RackSwitch


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Morabito/MurabitoPosted in Ellis Island , Facebook , Morabito , RES , Steve Morse
Last name origin & meaning:
Italian (Sicily): nickname for a teetotaler, Sicilian murabbitu, from Arabic murābịt 'hermit', 'ascetic'.
According to the Genealogy Family Education website, this surname is actually a derivative of the Arabic surname of Murabit meaning hermit. Facebook has a whole group devoted to this surname - Morabito.. more tha a name, a way of life. with over 170 members and open content.
While searching the Ellis Island Website using my favourite search engine One Step Pages by Stephen Morse
and using various spellings, I discovered the surname is most common in parts of Sicily and Reggio Calabria.
According to the RES website, the surname appears in 79 out of 380 towns in Calabria.
This entry was posted on Friday, June 25, 2010 and is filed under Ellis Island , Facebook , Morabito , RES , Steve Morse . You can leave a response and follow any responses to this entry through the Subscribe to: Post Comments ( Atom ) .


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Fort Ancient
6123 St. Rt. 350
Adult: $7
Ohio History Connection member*: Free
*Members must present their membership card at the registration desk.
Managed by the Ohio History Connection
History of Fort Ancient Earthworks & Nature Preserve
In Warren County, Ohio, an isolated peninsula rises 80 meters (about 260 feet) above the muddy banks of the Little Miami River. There exists an immense monument to the dedication and technological savvy of the original inhabitants of prehistoric North America. This vast 51 hectare (about 126 acres) plateau is enclosed by embankment walls that stand 1.5 to 7 meters (about 5 to 23 feet) high, constructed by repeatedly dumping baskets loaded with soil upon one another. The Hopewell, known for their engineering expertise, built these walls and many other features both within the enclosure and on the steep valleys that surround the site: conical and crescent-shaped mounds, limestone pavements and circles, and many subsurface elements that are currently coming to light. Today, the Fort Ancient Earthworks & Nature Preserve is listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its importance to Ohio prehistory.
Early investigations at Fort Ancient were conducted in the form of mapping expeditions in the early 1800s and expanded towards the end of the century to surface collecting and full-scale excavations by William King Moorehead, a local man from Xenia, Ohio. Moorehead, along with others, was convinced that the impressive bluff-top embankment walls were created to defend against invaders. Later research showed, however, that Fort Ancient represents an embankment of ceremonial space rather than a fortress. Archaeological investigations have been nearly continuous at Fort Ancient since Moorehead, but the techniques used and the information gained have drastically changed how the site is viewed.
In 2005, Dr. Jarrod Burks performed remote sensing, a method for detecting what is below the ground without actually digging, in areas that had not been previously excavated. These tests revealed a mysterious feature never seen before in Hopewell archaeology, a circular arrangement of posts nearly 60 meters (about 200 feet) in diameter. The Ohio History Connection asked Dr. Robert Riordan, Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio to conduct an archaeological investigation in this newly discovered area with the help of his Field School in Archaeology. He began excavations in 2006 and has continued each summer since. At the center of this ring of posts, now referred to as the Moorehead Circle, there lays a shallow basin filled with presumably burned red clay. Currently, there are several research projects based on the work being done at the Moorehead Circle in hopes that we might gain insight into how it was used and, potentially, how Fort Ancient itself was used in prehistory.
On August 1st, 2009, the Dayton Society of Natural History (DSNH), parent organization of the Boonshoft Museum of Discovery and SunWatch Indian Village/Archaeological Park, assumed management of the day-to-day operations at the Fort Ancient Earthworks & Nature Preserve. This partnership between the History Connection and DSNH assures that Fort Ancient will remain a protected piece of American prehistory that is available for the public to enjoy.
©2013 Fort Ancient. All Rights Reserved.


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The Diagnostic Medical Sonography program is designed to prepare competent entry-level general sonographers in the cognitive (knowledge), psychomotor (skills), and affective (behavior) learning domains. The Diagnostic Medical Sonography program at Sanford-Brown is designed to prepare students to perform diagnostic ultrasound examinations required of an entry-level general sonographer to include, but not be limited to, the abdomen, pelvis, pregnant female pelvis, and superficial structures. Students are also introduced to vascular ultrasound.
By providing your mobile number, you agree to receive text messages from Sanford-Brown via its mobile text message provider. You may opt out of receiving messages by texting the word STOP to 94576, or simply reply with the word STOP to any text message you receive from Sanford-Brown.
While CEC or its mobile text message provider will not charge end users for receiving/responding to promotional messages, depending on the terms of your mobile phone plan, you may incur a cost from your mobile service carrier to receive and respond to any promotional text messages (standard messaging and data rates/fees and other charges may apply). Charges will appear on your mobile phone bill or will be deducted from pre-paid amounts. Current participating/supported carriers are: Alltel, AT&T, Boost, Cellcom, Cellular One, Cellular South, Cincinnati Bell, Cricket, Element Wireless, Golden State Cellular, iWireless, Metro PCS, Nextel, nTelos, Plateau Wireless, Sprint, T-Mobile, US Cellular, Verizon Wireless, Viaero Wireless, Virgin, and more.
Below you can find placement rates and other information tailored to your chosen campus and program. Certain disclosures are published on this website to assist students in understanding the facts about their programs.
To see Gainful Employment and other disclosures, start by selecting a location or Online from the dropdown below:
Select a location
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Select a campus for rate information.
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© Sanford-Brown. All rights reserved.
No information may be duplicated without permission from Sanford-Brown.


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Laser vision correction was first performed in the 1980s and since then, the demand for such procedures has resulted in rapid advancement of the technology. For many people who previously were not a good candidate for laser vision correction, LASIK is now an option. Because LASIK is changing so quickly, our vision team fields lots of questions from people interested in LASIK, but who are not sure if it's the right option for them, or what the procedure involves.
To help get you up to speed on LASIK surgery, the changes that have been made in the laser vision correction world, and what you can expect if you do choose LASIK, board-certified Emory Vision LASIK surgeon, Dr. Randleman, is hosting a 1 hour free web chat on Wednesday, October 12, 2011.
If you have questions such as…
- Is LASIK surgery safe?
- Is LASIK right for everyone? Is it right for me?
- How long does LASIK surgery take?
- What happens during the LASIK procedure?
- Is LASIK painful?
…whether or not you prove to be an ideal candidate for LASIK, you are an ideal candidate for Dr. Randleman's chat. All that's required to participate is that you fill out our form so we can send you a link to enter the chat. You can ask as many or as few questions as you'd like during the chat, and in fact, if you'd rather just observe and read on as Dr. Randleman fields questions on LASIK, you're more than welcome to.
We hope to see you for Dr. Randleman's LASIK online chat on Wednesday, October 12. If you can't make it but want more information on LASIK, you can either check out our LASIK resources online, or you can call the Emory Vision offices at 404-778-2733.
Tags: doctor chat, events, LASIK, LASIK FAQs, LASIK procedure, LASIK Surgery, live chat, web chat


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Classes are currently being taught online. All physical facilities are closed to the public at this time, and employees are working remotely.Please visit
dcccd.edu/coronavirus for additional information and to
find contact information for various departments.If you need additional assistance, please visit
My Community Services and our
Community Employment Resources.
Have you ever heard someone say, "College was the best time of my life"?
It's not surprising. Lots of people like to look back at college and want to return (and many do!). You make new friends, learn about things you didn't even know existed and build confidence. In fact, it's kind of like a big party. After all,
college has all the essential elements of a great party:
Any good party has interesting guests — people you can talk to and build relationships with. The same goes for our colleges.
You're surrounded by a ton of people with unique talents and passions.
And they are exploring those passions alongside you, making films, creating robots, developing presentations, writing poetry …
That party was unbelievable! When guests can't stop talking about an event, it usually boils down to one crucial element: the host. Whoever runs the party ensures its success.
In the classroom, your hosts are your professors. They keep things engaging and inspire you to grow.
As student blogger
Samantha Weller points out, "A great professor can make you enjoy content you don't particularly like, can bring you more confidence in the class, change and expand your perspective on what you already know, and make your overall college experience more enjoyable."
From life-size Jenga to Marco Polo,
a good party has activities that bring people together. At college, that is called Student Life. Around our colleges there are literally hundreds of student clubs and organizations where you can get involved, network and build new skills. And the best part: Studies show students involved in campus life do better in the classroom. It's a win-win.
Hint: Looking for male-focused groups?
Check out these programs.
Whether it is a birthday or a brunch, an awesome party has unique décor. The same goes for our cutting-edge colleges.
All the Dallas Community Colleges have gorgeous facilities, the latest technology and beautiful art. For example, at Richland the science labs are set up in a racetrack design with big glass walls that let in natural light and rotating fixtures depicting science as art. How cool is that?
Having a DJ or a great band can turn any party into a night to remember. And that's exactly why our colleges' events are so popular. Each campus is busting with performances, guest speakers and athletic showdowns.
There is always something to see or do. In fact, just this week we're stargazing at Mountain View!
Finally, every great party has an element of surprise. Our colleges have that too — from student ambassadors who will escort you to your first class at El Centro, to a community garden at Brookhaven and sidewalk chalk art at North Lake. Just
keep your eyes open for that extra something. It is everywhere!
Are you ready to experience firsthand the challenges and excitement of college to grow you (and your career)?
Come party at our place!
You can RSVP — er, we mean register — for Fall classes at
dcccd.edu/register. But don't wait too long … the closer we get to the start of our party, the longer the lines to get in.
For party planning help — oops, again we mean for college planning — our outreach team is here to help. Just text us any questions at 214-978-6457. Otherwise, we'll see you there!


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San Diego joined several other local cities on July 28 in banning the use of electronic cigarettes in all places where conventional smoking is already prohibited. The ordinance is scheduled to become effective this fall.
Adopted unanimously by the City Council, it regulates how the increasingly popular electronic cigarettes can be sold, requiring special permits for businesses that sell them and prohibiting sales from vending machines.
The makers of e-cigs, which are battery-powered and emit vapor instead of smoke, allegedly target young people with colorful packaging and by featuring flavors like bubble gum. In addition, councilmembers said young people frequently use the devices to smoke marijuana and tobacco.
A representative from the industry brought a petition to the council containing more than 900 signatures in opposition to the legislation regulating the use of e-cigarettes, which is also called "vaping."
The city joins the county government and the cities of Carlsbad, Oceanside, Vista, El Cajon and La Mesa in regulating e-cigs. New York, Chicago, Seattle, Los Angeles and Long Beach have also regulated the devices.
The 2014 Ocean Beach Town Council (OBTC) Board of Directors election is approaching, and candidates' letters of intent are now being accepted. If you would like to take your community involvement to the next level, here's a great opportunity.
By being an OBTC director, you can be an elected voice in communicating the views and needs of the community to the appropriate agencies, be at the forefront of community discussions, take appropriate action on community issues and be a leader in promoting the general betterment of Ocean Beach.
There are 15 seats on the OBTC board of directors, and OBTC members elect directors for two-year terms. Half of the board stands for election every year. This year, seven seats are up for election. If you would like to be considered for candidacy, submit your letter of intent to [email protected] by Tuesday, Aug. 26.
Eligible candidates must be over 18 years of age, already be a paid-in-full OBTC member and either live, work, own property or operate a business in Ocean Beach.
Voting will take place from Friday, Aug. 29 to Monday, Sept. 8.
The Ocean Beach Town Council is a community-based nonprofit organization dedicated to expressing the will of Ocean Beach residents and representing the welfare of the community.
For more information, email [email protected], or visit www.obtowncouncil.org.
The second annual Dine Out for the Cure will make for one delicious day as local restaurants and patrons across San Diego will be dining out to support the fight against breast cancer. On Aug. 14, participating restaurants — including the Broken Yolk restaurant at 3577 Midway Drive — will donate 25 to 50 percent of the day's proceeds to Susan G. Komen San Diego to support education, outreach, free mammograms, financial and food assistance, transportation and more.
"By enjoying a meal at some of San Diego's most notable restaurants, you will be making a difference in the lives of local women and their families affected by breast cancer," said Laura Farmer Sherman, executive director of Susan G. Komen San Diego. "Imagine if you were too weak to even be able to make dinner for your family. That is a reality in the lives of some of the women that we serve, and with the money raised from this event, we will be able to take that burden off their shoulders."
Participating restaurants include Nothing Bundt Cakes, Yanni's Bistro, Aqui es Texcoco, Croce's, Redfield's Sports Bar and more. Making dining plans at a participating restaurant will support San Diego breast cancer patients and help them become breast cancer survivors.
With $1 million at work in San Diego, Komen San Diego is the largest funder of free breast cancer diagnostics, treatments, services and support of any organization in San Diego County. For more information, visit www.komensan-diego.org/DineOut.
A new poll commissioned by the Raise Up San Diego coalition and released Aug. 7 found that 63 percent of registered San Diego voters support the minimum-wage increase approved by the City Council last month.
The ordinance calls for the local minimum wage to increase to $9.75 on
Jan. 1, to $10.50 on Jan. 1, 2016, and $11.50 on Jan. 1, 2017. After that, it would be indexed to inflation.
Mayor Kevin Faulconer vetoed the ordinance, although the council could still vote to override his veto. The poll was conducted between July 31 and Aug. 4 by Greenburg Quinlan Rosner Research.
Researchers found:
• 63 percent of likely San Diego voters support the council-approved ordinance.
• 59 percent reported that they would vote against repealing the ordinance.
• 41 percent said they would be less likely to support Faulconer if he proceeds with a veto of the ordinance.
The poll surveyed 500 registered voters and has a margin of error of 4.4 percentage points.
— San Diego Metro
Home sales fell in July, while the median sale price of single-family homes in San Diego County continued to stabilize above $500,000, according to new housing statistics from the Greater San Diego Association of Realtors.
Single-family resale homes sold in July decreased by about 13 percent compared to June, while sales of previously owned condominiums/townhomes fell about 2 percent.
The median price of single-family homes sold in July was $517,000, down slightly from June, but still 7 percent higher than July 2013. Condos and townhomes sold at a median price of $325,000, down by about 3 percent from June, and about the same as a year ago.
Meanwhile, the number of active listings in San Diego County is approaching 8,500 on the Multiple Listing Service (MLS). That is the highest it's been in 2 1/2 years, yet it represents only about three months of inventory. Six months of housing stock is generally considered a healthy inventory level, a point the San Diego market hasn't seen since 2011.
On average, homes continue to stay on the market less than 40 days and are selling 19 percent faster than a year ago and nearly 50 percent faster than 2012.
"Our real-estate market has been seeking a sustainable equilibrium for some months now," said Leslie Kilpatrick, SDAR president. "Our local economy remains in a fragile healing stage, yet properly priced homes continue to sell quickly and inventory levels are still relatively low. Long-term, the San Diego region will need to see quality job growth and more first-time homebuyers to fuel greater sales volume and further price gains."
In July, the ZIP codes in San Diego County with the most single-family home sales were: 92028 (Fallbrook) with 49; 92071 (Santee) with 46; 92115 (College Grove) with 44; 92009 (Carlsbad) with 43; and 92128 (Rancho Bernardo), also with 43.
The most expensive listing sold last month in the county: aa seven-bedroom, eight-bath, 8,700-square-foot home in La Jolla that sold for $8.25 million.
— San Diego Metro
Before the San Diego City Council adjourned for its August recess, members sat down for what was shaping up to be a busy special meeting, but it seems like they went on vacation early.
The council took no action on a proposed settlement with an unidentified woman who sued over the sexual-assault actions of ex-police officer Anthony Arevalos.
He was convicted in 2011 for sexually assaulting women while on duty.
The council also did not decide whether to appeal this month's court ruling that the city's plan to fund the San Diego Convention Center expansion was illegal. Members also postponed voting on an item that would urge Mayor Kevin Faulconer to finalize the proposed Climate Action Plan.
Although the nine-member City Council was down two members — Mark Kersey and Marti Emerald were absent — the council did ratify labor agreements for the "San Diego Works" program. That's the mayor's plan to award public employees who bring forth money-saving ideas.
The council also passed a resolution to support hosting the 2017 America's Cup in San Diego and gave final approval on a tax incentive for Illumina, a medical-device company. In exchange for the rebate, the company agreed to stay in the city for the next decade.
The council reconvenes Monday,
Sept. 8.
The man known as the "Ho Hum Bandit" who held up three tellers at two La Jolla Banks and another bank on Rosecrans St. in 2010 was sentenced Aug..4 to 56 months in federal prison.
Adam Lynch, 36, the bandit who was portrayed as nonchalant and unassuming appeared Monday before U.S. District Court Judge Roger Benitez in jail clothing with a chain around his feet.
Benitez determined the 56-month term will run consecutive to a 64-month term that Lynch is already serving for bank robberies in Denver and Cheyenne, Wyo. Benitez ordered a 70-month term with 56 months to run consecutive and the other 14 months to run concurrent.
Benitez ordered Lynch to pay nearly $26,000 to the banks, which include the Citibank branch at 7900 Hershel Ave. which he robbed twice, and the Wells Fargo Bank at 7714 Girard Ave., both in La Jolla.
He also ordered Lynch to repay a U.S. Bank branch at 1075 Rosecrans that was held up on Feb. 27, 2010, as well as other banks in Hillcrest and downtown San Diego. He also ordered him to pay $700 in penalty-assessment fees.
Lynch gave general apologies to tellers and police officers. He said he was living legally in the U.S. with a green card. Lynch differed with his attorney about the role of depression in the bank robberies
Lynch pleaded guilty Jan. 28 to all seven San Diego hold-ups. He presented a demand note that said he was armed, but no weapon was ever displayed. He left San Diego in 2010 and moved on to commit bank robberies elsewhere.
— Neal Putnam
A Point Loma woman is among six advisors on the city's first Bicycle Advisory Committee, charged with providing guidance on making the city more bicycle-accessible.
Nicole Burgess, of Point Loma will serve a term ending July 1, 2016. She will serve under Andy Hanshaw, a Point Loma resident and executive director of the San Diego Bicycle Coalition, and Kyle Heiskala, of Hillcrest.
Others on the advisory board include Petr Krysl, of University City, Kathleen Keehan, of Rancho Bernardo; Michael Brennan, of Hillcrest; Randy Van Vleck, of Golden Hill; and Samantha Ollinger, of City Heights.
In March, City Council unanimously approved its first Bicycle Advisory Committee to lead the City in several bike-intensive implementations, including those within the Bicycle Master Plan Update.
"The city has a lot of great bicycling initiatives coming to fruition and copious opportunities to become one of the most bike-friendly cities in the nation," Hanshaw said. "I look forward to working with the committee members and elevating San Diego to be a premiere city for bicycling."
The bike coalition is a nonprofit organization that advocates the rights of bicycle riders, promoting bicycling as a mainstream form of transportation. For more, see sdcbc.org.
COAST GUARD OKs HIKE IN VESSEL DOCUMENTATION RENEWAL FEES
The U.S. Coast Guard's final rule on vessel documentation renewal fees was published in the Federal Register on
Aug. 12.
The Coast Guard is amending its regulations to separately list an annual fee for renewals of endorsements upon the certificate of documentation. The Coast Guard is required to establish user fees for services related to the documentation of vessels.
This final rule separately lists a fee of $26 to cover the costs of the vessel documentation services provided by the Coast Guard. It will increase the annual certificate of documentation fee collections so that they more accurately reflect the actual costs to the Coast Guard of providing the documentation services.
The Coast Guard sets fees at an amount calculated to achieve recovery of the costs of providing the service. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 requires the Coast Guard to charge a fee for services but limits charges to no more than the overall cost of the program.
The fees will become effective 90 days after the rule is published.
Visit www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/08/12/2104-18999/vessel-documentation-renewal fees.


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Are these shirts genuine?
Yes, we are the official merchandise supplier for all of the productions represented on our website.
What are the actual sizes for your shirts?
We use a variety of shirts from different manufactures, so the fit of each shirt will vary by style. Ladies tees in particular are wildly variable depending on the cut of the shirt. If you have questions about a specific shirt, please email us at email@example.com and we'd be happy to give you details. Sizing for a common unisex tee is below.
Unisex Sizing:
Body Length
Pullover and Zip Up Hoodie Sizing:
Body Length
25 1⁄2
26 3⁄8
27 1⁄2
25 5⁄8
29 3⁄4
30 7⁄8
What is your return policy?ALL SALES ARE FINAL. Creative Goods Merchandise does not offer refunds.If you ship product back requesting a refund, the refund will not be issued and you will forfeit the merchandise.Exchanges can only be processed for customers shipping within the U.S. International product exchanges are not available.
Can I exchange a shirt for a different size?We will process an exchange for size only (excluding custom printed products). We will not process exchanges for a different shirt style or merchandise item. Size exchanges will only be processed for shirts that are unwashed/unworn and purchased within the past 30 days. Please follow the size exchange procedure outlined below. A pre-paid return envelope is required. If an exchange request is submitted without a pre-paid return envelope, the merchandise maybe be forfeited at a customer loss.All sales are final on the custom printed products We can not exchange custom printed products for a different size.
To exchange an unwashed/unworn shirt for a different size, please send the shirt to the address below. Include a self addressed, pre-paid postage envelope for us to send you the new shirt in. We are not responsible for lost or stolen packages, so we suggest purchasing tracking numbers and insurance for both shipments. Also enclose a note stating which size you would like to exchange for.
We are unable to guarantee exchange availability, as there is a possibility that a style/size may not be available for an exchange. If this happens, we will contact you regarding options on merchandise substitutions. Please allow 2-4 weeks for processing and delivery. All questions regarding our exchange policy should be emailed to firstname.lastname@example.com .
I received a damaged item, how do I exchange it?
If you receive a damaged merchandise item, please send detailed images of the damage to firstname.lastname@example.com . Also include a brief description of the damage, where/when you purchased the item (at the theater, on our website, from a retail store, etc.), and your shipping address. This email must be sent within 14 days or purchase. We will review this information and reply regarding how we plan to resolve the issue. If we determine a replacement is needed, it will be an even exchange for the same exact item. Creative Goods Merchandise reserves the right to make all final decisions regarding exchanges, including not replacing a damaged merchandise item.
I received the incorrect item or size in my order, how do I exchange it?
Send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com , outlining the situation. Also include a photo of the incorrect merchandise and the packing list that was included with your shipment.
If Creative Goods Merchandise is responsible for a fulfillment error, we will ship you the correct item along with a pre-paid return label to ship us back the incorrect merchandise.
If you ordered an incorrect item or size, please see the return and exchange policy outlined above.
Can I stop by the theater or warehouse or office to process an exchange?
We are unable to process exchanges in person. All exchanges must be conducted by following the procedure outlined above.
Please note that all shipping times are based upon when the order leaves our warehouse. There will be 3-5 business days processing in our warehouse before the order ships and these transit times take effect.
U.S Shipping Options:
United States Postal Service:
- First Class Mail – 2-7 days after ship date
- Priority Mail – 2-3 days after ship date
- Priority Mail Express – 1-2 days after ship date
FedEx: (Not available to all locations; restrictions may apply; additional transit time to AK & HI)
- Standard Overnight – 1 business day after ship date
- 2 Day – 2 business days after ship date
- Express Saver – 3 days after ship date
- Ground – 1 to 5 business days after ship date (Commercial addresses only)
- Home Delivery – 2 to 6 business days after ship date (Residential addresses only)
- Smart Post – 2 to 8 business days after ship date (Additional shipping time to PO Box & Military Boxes: 5 to 12 days)
*Select orders may require additional processing time; Transit times are only estimates; Orders shipped Priority Mail, Ground, Home Delivery, or Smart Post, delivery may be 2 to 4 weeks after placing your order.
*Regardless of shipment method, once your package is in transit, delivery may be delayed due to inclement weather and other issues outside of our control that may occur along the shipment route. We are not responsible for delivery delays after your order has shipped from our warehouse.
International Shipping Options:
United States Postal Service:
International First Class – international transit times are variable
International Priority – international transit times are variable
Please note that, in addition to the shipping charge, customers shipping to locations outside the U.S. are responsible for paying all costs associated with importing the order, including all duties, taxes, and/or fees. The listed shipping cost only covers the actual shipment costs.
Your international order may contain items that are prohibited embargo restrictions. Check with your local customs office regarding your current importation laws prior to placing your order. We are not responsible for merchandise that is confiscated by the importation authorities
All sales are final. No returns or exchanges. No refunds, including orders for which you are unable or unwilling to the pay the duties & taxes required by your government. We are not responsible for international orders once they have been shipped.
What is the processing time for an order prior to shipping?
All orders shipping to a U.S. address require 3-5 business days processing prior to shipping.
Orders that include custom printed products may require 3 additional days processing prior to shipping.
International orders will require additional processing time.
What are your shipping rates?
Our shipping & handling rates are calculated at the current USPS & FedEx retail pricing based on the delivery address and products ordered. We do not directly control our shipping/handling rates and therefore can not make adjustments.
How can I track my package?
Once your product ships, you will receive a shipping confirmation email that will include your tracking information. Please allow 24 hours for the tracking number to be activated within the shipping service system.
Depending on the processing time for your order, it may take up to 5 days after placing your order before you receive a shipping confirmation email. There may be additional delays for select orders and international shipments.
Will FedEx deliver to a P.O. Box?
P.O. Box orders will ship via FedEx SmartPost. Please allow additional transit times for delivery.
When do I need to order my items in order to receive them for Christmas?
We are unable to guarantee delivery by Christmas, however, if the order is placed prior to December 10th, delivery by December 24th is possible depending on products ordered, shipping method requested and delivery address within the continental U.S.
I didn't receive my order because the delivery address is incorrect.
Orders that are delivered to an address that was incorrectly input by a customer during check out will not be replaced or refunded. It is the customer's responsibility to double check that their shipping address has been entered correctly.
Orders that are returned to Creative Goods Merchandise as undeliverable due to an incorrect address supplied by the customer will be refunded within 2 weeks, less the shipping/handling costs, unless other arrangements for reshipping have been made.
Orders that are delivered to an incorrect address or returned to Creative Goods due to an error on our part, will be reshipped.The tracking number indicates that my order was delivered, but I didn't receive my package.
Creative Goods Merchandise will provide tracking information to show that delivery has been completed. Creative Goods is not responsible for packages after they have been delivered. We cannot replace or refund orders that have gone missing after the tracking information shows they have been delivered.
We suggest checking with neighbors to see if they picked up the package.
You may contact the shipping service (USPS/FedEx) to see if they can provide additional information regarding your shipment.
Can I order over the phone?
No. All orders are required to be processed via our website.
May I stop by a theater to make a merchandise purchase without seeing a performance?
No. The theater will not permit you to enter the building without a ticket to the performance to purchase merchandise.
When I receive my order confirmation does this mean I have been billed?
How do I pay using PAYPAL?
On the shopping cart page, click on the PayPal Check Out button located right under your total amount.
Please Note: items that include downloads & are not eligible for payment through Paypal
Can I use my pre-paid or gift card to pay for my order?
We do not recommend the use of gift cards or pre-paid cards on our web site.
What if I have a large order?
Any order over $200 may be subject to an additional credit card authorization process. This additional step is to protect you from fraudulent use of your card.
What if my credit card declines?
In the event that your credit card declines your order will not be accepted. Please try again using a different form of payment (another credit card, or PayPal).
How will I know if there is a problem with my order?
We will email you with problems after the order has been processed. This can generally take up to 5 business days after the order is placed. Please ensure that you enter the correct email address when placing your order so that we can reach you if needed.
My country is not listed when I checkout, how can I place an order?
If you live in the countries listed below you may encounter issues during the ordering process related to international security restrictions. Please email your order request to firstname.lastname@example.com and we will reply with instructions.
Argentina, Bahrain, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emites, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Yemen, Venezuela.If I order an item online, is it guaranteed in stock?
No, there are rare occasions that an item posted on the website as "in-stock" actually has no inventory available. To check the stock of an item prior to placing an order, send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
If my item is out of stock will I need to re order or will it be shipped to me automatically?
If an item that was ordered is out of stock, your order will be canceled and you will be asked to re-order the item when it becomes available again. We ask that you check the website regularly for availability updates.
Are the items on your web site official merchandise?
Creative Goods Merchandise is the official merchandise supplier for all of the productions represented on our website. All our products were approved by the production team of each show.
How are credit card orders billed?
All credit card billing will appear on your statement as "Creative Goods Merchandise".
Do the shirts displayed match the actual shirt?
Some colors on your computer screen may not exactly match the actual print on the shirt.
Are all products on your website available at the theater? Are all products at the theater available on your website?
Select items are sold only on our website and/or only at the theater. Not all merchandise will be available both at the theater and on the website.
Can you send me autographed items?
Creative Goods only handles the merchandise operations and therefore we do not have access to autographs. The only way to receive autographs is to wait outside the theater stage door following a performance.
Are you able to pass along fan mail?
We cannot pass along any fan mail. Any fan mail sent to us, including emails will be discarded.
Can I buy a gift certificate to either use at the theater or on your website?
Creative Goods Merchandise does not currently offer gift certificates.
The estimated ship date on pre-orders is subject to change pending any production delays from the production or manufacturing company. The pre-order product posting will reflect the most current ship date information, so please periodically check the product posting for updated information.
Since the merchandise has a future release date, all pre-orders will remain "processing" until the physical merchandise has shipped. Unless contacted by Creative Goods Merchandise to say there is a problem with your order, a "processing" status is an indicator that your order has been received and funds successfully secured to reserve you the merchandise for the release date.
I placed an order for several items, one being the pre-order merchandise? When will my order ship?
Orders that contain a preorder item will not ship until all the items are available. If you order a pre-order item along with an item that is currently available for shipping, then we will wait until the pre-order item is available to ship the entire order. If you would like to receive your other items before the pre-order item is available, please place a separate order.
International orders that contain a pre-order item will not be broken up.
We always try to have a pre-order shipped out by the release date. However, occasionally we may be waiting for a manufacturer or supplier to send us items for the pre-order. In this scenario, trust that Creative Goods Merchandise is doing all it can to obtain the items required to fulfill your order as quickly and efficiently as possible. If your pre-order is pending after the release date and you would like to know the status of the order, please feel free to contact our customer service - firstname.lastname@example.com
How do I use my Creative Goods Merchandise e-gift card?
The e-gift card is accepted on the Creative Goods website and all subsidiary websites just like a credit card. The amount of every purchase you make will automatically be deducted from the value on the e-gift card. If the purchase value exceeds the available funds, you will be asked to provide an additional form of payment.
Can I use my e-gift card at a theatrical venue in New York or around the world?
No. The Creative Goods Merchandise e-gift card is only accepted online and cannot be used to make purchases at theaters in New York and around the world.
How can I check the balance of my e-gift card?
After logging into your Creative Goods account, simply click the GIFT CARD link in the left hand menu. There you can view your balance, see usage history, and redeem new gift card codes.
Does my e-gift card have an expiration date?
No. Creative Goods Merchandise e-gift cards do not expire.
Can I get a physical copy of my e-gift card?
No. At this time, we only offer electronic gift cards
Can I return my gift card?
No. All gift card sales are final. No portion of a gift card can be refunded.
Is Creative Goods hiring?
We are constantly on the search for motivated and qualified individuals to join our team. Please send resumes and other job related correspondence to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Submit event listings at www.fosters.com/calendar. (Send longer articles and photographs to email@example.com as word files and attached .jpg files.)
DOVER — February 2013 will mark the first Coffee for a Cause month at Mill Eats, 1 Washington Street, Suite 330, Dover. For the entire month, Mill Eats will be donating 100% of February's coffee sales to the Cocheco Valley Humane Society. According to Mill Eats owners, Michael and Gretchen Nicholas, "We're really looking forward to introducing Dover to the handcrafted foods from the artisans of the Washington Street Mills, while also supporting one of our favorite local causes, the Cocheco Valley Humane Society." View the Facebook page: www.Facebook.com/MillEats.
BERWICK — T-shirts are available to order to help support Ryan Menter in his fight against brain cancer. Ryan, a Berwick boy age 8, was diagnosed with a brain tumor in 2005 and is now blind.
A charity called Cops for Kids with Cancer is making a difference. Berwick police recently helped the Menter family with additional fundraising. The back of the T-shirts says, "I wear grey for the hero in my life. Ryan. Brain Cancer Awareness." The front says, "Fight Like Ryan - Friends of Ryan Menter. Hope Love Cure."
We would like to place the T- shirt order in about two weeks. Once the order is placed it will take about two weeks to come in. Cost of shirts range from youth sizes $15, adults up to extra large $20, 2x-6x additional cost, with a good portion of the proceeds going directly to the "Friends of Ryan Menter" account set up to help pay for Ryan's medical expenses.
Please email your order including number of shirts, sizes, name and email address to: Kathy Sheedy at email@example.com
or Melissa Menter at firstname.lastname@example.com.
HAMPTON — 2013 Penguin Plunge, Sunday, Feb. 3, at noon, Hampton Beach, Hampton Beach State Park, Hampton; The Plunge is a fundraising event that benefits Special Olympics New Hampshire. Loretta Prescott, 603-624-1250 x 32, firstname.lastname@example.com, www.sonh.org/support-and-fundraising-events/fundraising-events/penguin-plunge/default.aspx.
EAST KINGSTON — Restaurant Fundraiser at The Red Iguana, Tuesday, Feb. 5, from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m., The Red Iguana, 89 Main St., East Kingston; The Red Iguana will donate proceeds to the Friends of the East Kingston Public Library. Tracy Waldron, 603-642-8333, firstname.lastname@example.com, www.eastkingstonlibrary.org.
ROCHESTER — Bingo, Thursday, Feb. 7, at 6:30 p.m., VFW POST # 1772, 43 Highland St., Rochester; This bingo supports sending care packages to our deployed troops. $15+ Doss, email@example.com, www.wecarepackers.org.
EXETER — Acorn School's Annual Bake Sale, Friday, Feb. 8, from 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., Citizen's Bank, 154 Water St., Exeter; Valentine's Day goodies, personalized heart cookies, and traditional baked goods will be for sale. Free. Dawn Bowden, 603-659-8288, email@example.com, www.acornschoolnh.com.
HAMPTON — Calling all Parrot Heads! Dig out your flip flops, grass skirts, Hawaiian shirts and party hats and join us for an evening of great fun, lite bites and music by Pam Valli Entertainment. The date to reserve is Saturday, February 9th from 7:00 – 11:00pm at Ocean Gaming in Hampton. Seats are limited and only $25 per person, so call now to reserve your spot – 603.642.3722. The in-house casino offering blackjack, poker, craps, roulette, etc. will be open as well as their cash bar.
Proceeds from the evening's fundraiser will support the students, horses and programs of Wings and Hooves Therapeutic Riding, Inc., www.wingsandhooves.org.
PORTSMOUTH — 10th Annual Tour de Pooch & Pals, Saturday, Feb. 9, from 9 a.m. to noon, Seacoast Sports Clubs Downtown, 95 Brewery Lane, Portsmouth; Spin-a-thon to raise money and awareness for the (MSPCA). $30 Prior registration required. Jenna George, 603-431-1430, email@example.com, www.mspca.org/goto/seacoast.
DOVER – Jewelry Creations is excited to announce a gemstone cupcake fundraiser featuring Harvey's Bakery cupcakes ongoing during the Colors of Love: Far East Gem and Jewelry Show at Jewelry Creations. All proceeds from this fundraiser go directly to the Dover/Somersworth program.
Every one of these special Harvey's Bakery cupcakes will have a gemstone or cubic zirconia from Jewelry Creations with a value of $50 or more baked inside. Each cupcake may be purchased for $10 (cash or check made out to End 68 Hours of Hunger) which provides a child with food for a weekend. Jewelry Creations and Harvey's Bakery hope to sell 400 cupcakes to supply local children with 400 weekends of food. Cupcakes can be ordered at Jewelry Creations or Harvey's Bakery and Coffee Shop — both in downtown Dover — or by mail until February 2. Cupcakes will be ready for pickup at Jewelry Creations on February 5-8 during the Jewelry Show. The event is taking place from February 1-14.
For more information contact Jewelry Creations owner, Linda Hagan at (603) 479-3129.
DOVER — We are a group of volunteers who knit, crochet, and make baby quilts, creating warm items for our community members in need. We meet at Panera Bread in Dover, Wednesday 6:30 until 8:00 p.m. and Friday Morning 9:00 until 11:30 a.m. Donations are greatly appreciated for yarn, fabric and tools for our volunteers to use in our projects. For more information call Linda Munroe: 603-343-2488. Or E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
KITTERY — Community Supper at Robert's Maine Grill, Tue 5 Feb, 4:30-8:30pm to benefit Pontine's Cultural Programs. Every Tuesday and Wednesday night, Robert's Maine Grill offers a "Community Supper." This $14 three-course meal offers comfort food with a twist. A portion of the proceeds is donated to a local not-for-profit organization. Robert's Maine Grill is located at 326 Route One in Kittery ME. Reservations recommended for parties of five or more: 207-439-0300.


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|Working Group I: The Scientific Basis
|Other reports in this collection
13.3 Defining the Baseline
A baseline period is needed to define the observed climate with which climate change information is usually combined to create a climate scenario. When using climate model results for scenario construction, the baseline also serves as the reference period from which the modelled future change in climate is calculated.13.3.1 The Choice of Baseline Period
The choice of baseline period has often been governed by availability of the required climate data. Examples of adopted baseline periods include 1931 to 1960 (Leemans and Solomon, 1993), 1951 to 1980 (Smith and Pitts, 1997), or 1961 to 1990 (Kittel et al., 1995; Hulme et al., 1999b).
There may be climatological reasons to favour earlier baseline periods over later ones (IPCC, 1994). For example, later periods such as 1961 to 1990 are likely to have larger anthropogenic trends embedded in the climate data, especially the effects of sulphate aerosols over regions such as Europe and eastern USA (Karl et al., 1996). In this regard, the "ideal" baseline period would be in the 19th century when anthropogenic effects on global climate were negligible. Most impact assessments, however, seek to determine the effect of climate change with respect to "the present", and therefore recent baseline periods such as 1961 to 1990 are usually favoured. A further attraction of using 1961 to 1990 is that observational climate data coverage and availability are generally better for this period compared to earlier ones.
Whatever baseline period is adopted, it is important to acknowledge that there are differences between climatological averages based on century-long data (e.g., Legates and Wilmott, 1990) and those based on sub-periods. Moreover, different 30-year periods have been shown to exhibit differences in regional annual mean baseline temperature and precipitation of up to ±0.5ºC and ±15% respectively (Hulme and New, 1997; Visser et al., 2000; see also Chapter 2).13.3.2 The Adequacy of Baseline Climatological Data
The adequacy of observed baseline climate data sets can only be evaluated in the context of particular climate scenario construction methods, since different methods have differing demands for baseline climate data.
There are an increasing number of gridded global (e.g., Leemans and Cramer, 1991; New et al., 1999) and national (e.g., Kittel et al., 1995, 1997; Frei and Schär, 1998) climate data sets describing mean surface climate, although few describe inter-annual climate variability (see Kittel et al., 1997; Xie and Arkin, 1997; New et al., 2000). Differences between alternative gridded regional or global baseline climate data sets may be large, and these may induce non-trivial differences in climate change impacts that use climate scenarios incorporating different baseline climate data (e.g., Arnell, 1999). These differences may be as much a function of different interpolation methods and station densities as they are of errors in observations or the result of sampling different time periods (Hulme and New, 1997; New, 1999). A common problem that some methods endeavour to correct is systematic biases in station locations (e.g., towards low elevation sites). The adequacy of different techniques (e.g., Daly et al., 1994; Hutchinson, 1995; New et al., 1999) to interpolate station records under conditions of varying station density and/or different topography has not been systematically evaluated.
A growing number of climate scenarios require gridded daily baseline climatological data sets at continental or global scales yet, to date, the only observed data products that meet this criterion are experimental (e.g., Piper and Stewart, 1996; Widmann and Bretherton, 2000). For this and other reasons, attempts have been made to combine monthly observed climatologies with stochastic weather generators to allow "synthetic" daily observed baseline data to be generated for national (e.g., Carter et al., 1996a; Semenov and Brooks, 1999), continental (e.g., Voet et al., 1996; Kittel et al., 1997), or even global (e.g., Friend, 1998) scales. Weather generators are statistical models of observed sequences of weather variables, whose outputs resemble weather data at individual or multi-site locations (Wilks and Wilby, 1999). Access to long observed daily weather series for many parts of the world (e.g., oceans, polar regions and some developing countries) is a problem for climate scenario developers who wish to calibrate and use weather generators.
A number of statistical downscaling techniques (see Section 13.4 and Chapter 10, Section 10.6, for definition) used in scenario development employ Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) reanalysis data products as a source of upper air climate data (Kalnay et al., 1996). These reanalysis data sets extend over periods up to 40 years and provide spatial and temporal resolution sometimes lacking in observed climate data sets. Relatively little detailed work has compared such reanalysis data with independent observed data sets (see Santer et al., 1999, and Widmann and Bretherton, 2000, for two exceptions), but it is known that certain reanalysis variables - such as precipitation and some other hydrological variables - are unreliable.
Other reports in this collection


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9:30 am-12:30 pm
This seminar explores teaching methods and tools (e.g. images, sources, documentaries) for approaching Imperial Rome. We will approach the Roman Empire not just as a historical subject, but also as a teaching tool to analyze how modern concepts of the past are formed (e.g. the changing nature of sources and scholarship). Following an overview of the transition from Republic to Empire, as well as the shift from Principate to Dominate and the religious and military transition of the Empire during the third and especially fourth century, we will discuss sources that could be useful in the classroom and talk about strategies to approach such an important, yet often misunderstood, subject.
For registration information please contact Charlotte Wolfe at firstname.lastname@example.com


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In the wake of the highly anticipated tennis matchup between members Bryan Tuck and Jake Christner, proposed by none other than the famous (or infamous) CoachV, I have come up with an idea: possible matchups between other 'opolis members! The viability of the matches will be determined by several factors:
1. NTRP rating, and experience
2. Playing styles
3. Claimed skills
4. Other variables, such as height, age, etc.
For my first proposed match, I submit the heavy hitters: CoachV vs. Tim Prapong! Opinions on who might win this matchup are greatly appreciated.
Disclaimer: Trash-talking is fun and welcome, but please limit the profanity. These may only be hypothetical matches, but if they do happen, awesome!
Views: 572
Replies to This Discussion
Ive got the OK to Go...if the monies is Stright.
so who is confirmed to go so far? I know CoachV Timmeh and Joe so far. Anyone else?
I might go see a day of the qualies next week with some friends. Not sure which day yet.
Back to this. OK April 2013 whos hosting me???? I need a place to stay. also i want to make monies doing clinics while im there. . any ideas guys. then i will beat up tim.
© 2020 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by


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Nautical itineraries
Here are a few nautical itineraries and their approximate distances between towns along the route. These circuits will take you through most of the Northeastern inland waterways including the Chambly, Saint-Ours, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Lachine (retrictions may apply), Carillon and Rideau Canals.
Estimated nautical distances
Montreal to Sorel = 70 km
Sorel to Chambly = 70 km
Chambly to Lake Champlain = 55 km
Chambly to New York = 520 km
Montreal to Québec = 250 km
Montreal to Ottawa = 180 km
Montreal to Kingston = 275 km
Montreal to Toronto = 500 km
Estimated nautical circuits
Montreal, Ottawa, Rideau Canal, Kingston, St. Lawrence River, Montreal = 655 km
Montreal, Chambly, Lake Champlain, Champlain Canal, Erie Canal, Oswego Canal, St. Lawrence River, Montreal = 1000 km
Montreal, Chicago, Mississippi, Miami, New York, Chambly, Montreal = 7 500 km
For a boat travelling at 30 to 40 km/h:
Montréal to New York: 5 days
Montréal to the Rideau Canal,
returning via the St. Lawrence Seaway: 7 days
Grand Circuit Nautique, omitting the Rideau Canal
(returning by the St. Lawrence Seaway): 2 weeks
Grand Circuit Nautique, including the Rideau Canal: 3 weeks


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The White Deer of the Seneca Army Depot
by Peter Muller
— Advocacy for Animals is pleased to present this article on an unusual population of white deer in upstate New York and the efforts of animal protectionists to encourage ecotourism around them. Peter Muller has had a longstanding interest in animal protection and was a founding member of Wildlife Watch, Inc., and the Coalition to Protect Canada Geese. He was also a cofounder of the League of Humane Voters, a political action committee that supports candidates who are committed to enacting and enforcing animal protective law. Mr. Muller has written numerous articles and given interviews on wildlife-related issues, and he is a frequent speaker at animal rights conferences.
In 1941 the U.S. Army peremptorily decided to locate an ammunition depot in Seneca county, in western New York state. To establish such a depot, the army seized over 10,000 acres (4,000 hectares) of farmland near Seneca Falls by right of eminent domain. During World War II, the depot was used to store, maintain, and supply ammunition to army units around the world. The exact function of the depot since World War II has been subject to much speculation, most of which the army has neither confirmed nor denied. To this day, many a yarn has been spun locally regarding the goings-on of the army between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes during the period between 1945 and 2000, but none can be reliably verified.
Whatever was the true purpose for their base, this much is known with certainty: In 1941 the army enclosed the entire area with 24 miles (39 km) of 12-foot- (4-meter-) high fencing, unintentionally entrapping a small herd of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). …


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If you think you've seen everything the Geneva Motor Show has to offer, think again.
Sure the show opened yesterday, but with more than 130 world firsts to be revealed, day two featured just as many jaw-dropping unveilings.
To bring you all the latest pics and news, Wheels elbowed its way through the crowds to bring you this – the best from Geneva, day two.


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Last week I went to an AT&T store to get a new microSIM card for a Nokia Lumia 920. There, this happened: the AT&T rep went on to get the card and, when he leaned down, he had his iPad in the ass.
Well, not in the ass, but you know what I mean. Apparently, this is a thing now.
You are welcome.
p.s. And the reason why this guy is an asshat is not only because of the iPad stupidity, but because he refused to activate my Nokia on the spot and told me to call customer service. I didn't have time to argue with his lazy face, so I left.