text:
This chapter describes how Oracle Service Bus provides Service Level Agreement (SLA) monitoring in applications that use WSRP.
Web Services for Remote Portlets (WSRP) is a mechanism used to generate markup fragments on a remote system for display in a local portal application.
This chapter includes the following sections:
WSRP involves two integral components:
WSRP producer - (referred to as producer in this document) is a remote application, implements standards-based Web Services using the SOAP specification over HTTP. You can create a producer using WebLogic Portal or third-party implementations of WSRP.
WSRP consumer (referred to as a consumer in this document) is a portal application. Typically, the consumer application references WSDL of the producer when the portal is designed, and the consumer directly accesses the producer.
This section describes the architecture of WSRP and shows how to enhance the architecture by adding Oracle Service Bus.
Figure I-1 shows the WSRP SOAP request and response flow between a producer application and a consumer application.
Figure I-1 Basic Request/Response Flow Between Producer and Consumer Applications
Figure I-2 shows how to use Oracle Service Bus as an intermediary between the producer and the consumer to provide Service Level Agreement (SLA) monitoring. You can use Oracle Service Bus in this.
Figure I-2 Enhanced WSRP Request / Response Flow via Oracle Service Bus
The WSRP SOAP request/response flow occurs in the following sequence:
Inbound Request: The consumer calls the proxy service in Oracle Service Bus.
Outbound Request: The proxy service routes the request, which is a message containing the SOAP body and transport headers, to the producer
Outbound Response: The producer sends a response to Oracle Service Bus.
Inbound Response: The proxy service sends a response to the consumer. The response is a message that contains the SOAP body and transport headers.
The remainder of this section describes how to configure Oracle Service Bus to send requests for WSRP services through proxy services. It describes services that a producer provides, along with other attributes of WSRP that must be used to configure Oracle Service Bus. This section also discusses how to monitor producers with increasing degrees of detail. Finally, it discusses load balancing and failover with WSRP.
This section describes the following WSRP design concepts:
Table I-0 describes various kinds of services offered by WSDLs. WSDLs are referred to as Producers.
Service Description
Required service. Describes the producer and the portlets that the producer makes available to consumers.
Required service. Manages user interaction with a remote portlet and returns the HTML markup used to render the portlet.
Optional service. Required for complex producers. Allows consumers to register themselves with the producer.
Optional service. Provided by complex producers for managing portlet customization and portlet preferences.
Markup Extension
Provided by Oracle WebLogic Portal producers and replaces the Markup service. Markup Extension allows more efficient message handling by using multipart MIME messages for transmitting HTML markup content.
Each producer implements a minimum of two services, such as Service Description and Markup A simple producer offers just these two services. A complex producer, however, provides two additional services, such as Registration and Management. In addition, WebLogic Portal producers implement an extension service, such as Markup Extension that replaces the standard Markup service.
These services are described using a standard WSDL format. The producer supplies a single URL for retrieving its WSDL, which describes all the services that are provided by that producer. The end points for each service indicate whether the consumer should use transport-level security (HTTPs) or abstain from communication with the producer.
WSRP uses SOAP over HTTP for all messages exchanged between producers and consumers. In addition to using the standard message formats in the SOAP body, WSRP requires that consumers set at least a
SOAPAction header, the cookie headers, and the usual HTTP headers, such as
Content-Type. Producers return a session cookie, and any application-specific cookies, in the HTTP transport header of the response. The consumer must return the session cookie in subsequent request messages.
The Oracle Service Bus Administration Console is used to configure Oracle Service Bus. For more information about creating WSRP-enabled portals by using Oracle WebLogic Portal, see the Oracle Fusion Middleware Federated Portals Guide for Oracle WebLogic Portal.
Configuring Oracle Service Bus for WSRP involves the following tasks:
Implementing a service that consumers can invoke to obtain an appropriate WSDL for a particular producer.
Implementing the details of conveying a consumer's request to the producer and returning the response to the consumer.
This chapter describes the following tasks:
Section I.4.2, "Routing Messages Between Consumer and Producer"
As a common practice, consumers directly contact a producer to obtain its WSDL. However, if Oracle Service Bus is used as a proxy service, then all access to the producer occurs via Oracle Service Bus. Therefore, a proxy service is implemented for consumers. The proxy service calls the producer's real URL to obtain the producer WSDL. The proxy service transforms the results as follows:
Rewrite the endpoint address for the producer to refer to the Service Bus IP address and port
Change the endpoint URI to refer to the Oracle Service Bus proxy service that reflects the required monitoring granularity as described in Section I.4.3, "Monitoring WSRP Applications."
Change the endpoint protocol and port if transport security is used between the consumer and the Oracle Service Bus proxy service
The developer who creates a producer can specify whether the producer requires SSL (
"secure=true"). In addition, the Oracle Service Bus administrator can change the security requirement to the consumer via Oracle Service Bus configuration. For example, if a producer does not require SSL, the Oracle Service Bus administrator can require consumers to use SSL by doing the following:
Changing the WSDL to specify HTTP(s)
Configuring the proxy services for WSRP to use HTTP(s)
When configured in this way, Oracle Service Bus automatically bridges the secure messages from the consumer to the non-secure messages used by the producer.
After retrieving a copy of the WSDL, the consumer uses the WSDL definitions to formulate service requests and sends them to the producer via Oracle Service Bus. The WSRP request/response process involves the following steps:
The consumer sends a message to the Oracle Service Bus proxy service corresponding to the producer service.
The proxy service executes a simple message flow that routes the message (unchanged) to the actual producer service.
The producer formulates and sends a response to the consumer via Oracle Service Bus.
The consumer receives the response (unchanged) from the producer.
WSRP web services expose portlets, and those can rely on HTTP cookies and sessions. You must configure Oracle Service Bus to propagate HTTP transport headers, such as
SOAPAction and cookies. However, by default, Oracle Service Bus does not pass transport headers from the proxy service to the business service because the proxy service may not use the same transport as the business service. Therefore, you must configure the message flow to copy the request headers from the inbound request to the outbound request. Similarly, you must copy the response headers from the business service back to the proxy service's response to the consumer.
Although it is possible to copy all transport headers between the proxy service and the business service, it is necessary to be more selective to avoid errors. You must copy the Set-Cookie and Cookie headers. The final message must own some headers, such as
Content-Length because Oracle Service Bus is the entity that assembles the final message to send. For example, if the message flow copies the
Content-Length header from the proxy service to the business service, it can result in an error because the length of the message can change during processing. Therefore, Oracle Service Bus must own this header.
Monitoring a WSRP application tracks the usage of a producer's individual services and operations. The message flow for WSRP services introduces very little overhead, and the mapping between proxy services and producers, and between business services and producers, is simple to configure. Therefore, to satisfy SLA requirements, it is sufficient to monitor only the proxy services.
For more information about monitoring WSRP Applications, see Chapter 46, "Monitoring Oracle Service Bus at Run Time."
Oracle Service Bus allows business services to define multiple endpoints that provide the same web service. When multiple endpoints are defined, Oracle Service Bus can automatically distribute load balance requests across endpoints, and it can automatically failover requests when an endpoint is inaccessible. However, WSRP imposes some limitations on the use of these features.
Portlets are a means of exposing a user interface to an application. Therefore, portlets typically have session data associated with them. To preserve session data, requests to the portlet must be directed to the same server or cluster that serviced the original request. This requirement makes load balancing via Oracle Service Bus inappropriate. Multiple endpoints in a business service usually target different servers or clusters. There is no way to preserve the session because there is no communication among servers that are in separate clusters. Therefore, if multiple endpoints are defined for a WSRP business service, then you must set the load-balancing algorithm to
You can use multiple endpoints to provide redundancy in certain circumstances if the event that one of the endpoints is not available. The WSRP service is still available on a secondary endpoint. However, any session data that existed at the time the first endpoint failed will not be available on other endpoints.
This failover configuration is an option only for simple producers (see Section I.3.1, "WSRP WSDLs"), not for complex produces. Complex producers require that their consumers register with the producer before sending service requests. The producer returns a registration handle that the consumer must include with each request to that producer. If a business service defines multiple endpoints, each endpoint provides and requires its own registration handle.
However, Oracle Service Bus is stateless across requests—it does not maintain a mapping of the correct handle to send to a particular endpoint. In fact, it sends the registration request to a single endpoint, so the consumer is registered with only one producer. If that producer is not available, then Oracle Service Bus routes a service request to another endpoint defined for that business service. However, the consumer is not registered with that new producer, and the request fails with an
"InvalidRegistration" fault.
The management of registration handles requires an application outside of Oracle Service Bus to maintain this state data. Therefore, the registration requirement avoids defining multiple endpoints for complex producers. As simple producers do not support the registration service, a failover configuration that defines multiple endpoints in the business service is possible although session data is lost on failover.
This section describes a WSRP 2.0 interoperability example.
This section discusses the following topics:
The WSRP interoperability example assumes the following components and configuration:
WebLogic Platform 10.3
WebLogic Portal 10.3
Oracle Service Bus 10gR3
Sample Platform domain configured at
Oracle Service Bus domain configured at
Sample Portal application consumer
Sample producer
The structure of the sample is divided into two projects—one containing common resources, and the other containing resources for the sample producer.
Table I-2 Projects in the WSRP Interoperability Examples
Contains common resources that are not specific to any producer.
Full example supports the most fine-grained monitoring. The folder contains resources specified by the producer. See Section I.5.3, "Monitoring Example."
The monitoring configuration example (in the
operationExample folder) involves configuring Oracle Service Bus to monitor all services and operations of a producer.
The monitoring configuration uses both business services and proxy services that are based on the WSDLs defined by the WSRP standard. The section discusses the following topics:
Section I.5.3.4, "Alternative Methods to Create Proxy Services"
Section I.5.3.5, "Step 4: Retrieve the WSDL from the Producer"
Import all the WSRP WSDL definition files, along with the XML schema files on which the definitions depend. All the files are available as part of the sample code associated with this example, but the standard resource locations are listed in Table I-3.
Table I-3 WSDL Resource Definitions
|Resource Name
XML Schema
XML Schema
Producers generated by BEA Portal extend the standard WSDLs by defining an additional port that allows messages to be sent using MIME attachments. You must define these extension resources if the producer WSDL references them. In this example, an optional task is to create a resource for the WSDL used by the producer. After creating these WSDL and XML Schema resources, edit the references in each resource to resolve the dependencies on other resources.
This monitoring example uses the WSDL bindings for each port type implemented by the producer. You must create a separate business service resource for each business service because a business service can be associated with only one WSDL port or binding. A simple producer implements only the required Markup and Service Description interfaces, while a complex producer also implements the Management and Registration interfaces. The services are created identically except for the service name and types, see Table I-4.
Table I-4 Business Service Configuration
|Service Name
|Service Type
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port="WSRPBaseService"
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port=" WSRPServiceDescriptionService"
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port=" WSRPPortletManagementService
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port=" WSRPRegistrationService"
For each service, the required attributes are listed in Table I-5.
Table I-5 Service Attributes for Business Services
Or HTTP(s) if the producer was created with secure=
Load Balancing Algorithm
Must be
Endpoint URI
Service Description:
Portlet Management:
Multiple endpoints must be defined for WSRP producers.
Proxy services in this monitoring example are configured as follows:
The proxy services must be based on the same WSDL because the business services are based on a WSDL.
One proxy service is created for each business service, but each proxy service must have a different URI.
The configuration must specify which operation is being invoked.
To create a proxy service:
Create the proxy service for the base WSRP service.
As in the earlier example, create the proxy service using the existing
operationExample/base business service as the model. This model creates the proxy service based on the same WSDL binding as the business service, and it creates a message flow with an unconditional route action to the business service. For the endpoint URI, you can use any URI, such as the producer name with the port type abbreviation appended to it (for example,
Edit the message flow to add the same transformations required to copy the request transport headers and response transport headers between the consumer and producer.
WSRP relies on data conveyed in the transport headers to function properly. In particular, producers return session cookies to consumers in the response headers if they expect consumers to supply session cookies in subsequent requests. Similarly, producers expect consumers to provide the requested operation in the
SOAPAction request header.
By default, Oracle Service Bus does not copy transport headers from the inbound request to the outbound request, or from the outbound response to the inbound response. The message flow must propagate the required headers both in and out of the business service.
To retrieve all the headers from the transport, select Yes in the Get All Headers field of the Transport Configuration page of the Oracle Service Bus proxy. For more information, see Section 20.2.3, "Transport Configuration Page."
Add Transport headers to the Request & Response actions of the Route Node in the Message Flow and enable the Pass all headers through pipeline option. For more information, see Section 22.7, "Adding Transport Header Actions." Oracle Service Bus automatically ensures that content-length is not copied.
Alternatively, while configuring the routing to a business service using the Oracle Service Bus Administration Console, select the Use inbound operation for outbound check box when you are editing a route node to avoid low level XQuery manipulation, as in Figure I-3.
Figure I-3 Passing an Operation from Inbound to Outbound
With this transformation, the operation for the business service is dynamically set to the same value as was specified for the proxy service. Oracle Service Bus counts and monitors all operations of the service.
The proxy services for the other business services can be created by repeating these steps although you can use a shortcut to avoid recreating all of the transformations manually.
For example, to create the proxy service for the Service Description service:
Create a new proxy service using the existing
operationExample/base proxy service that is created as the model. Following this example, use
/operationExampleDesc for the endpoint URI.
On the Summary Page, click the Edit link for General Configuration. The WSDL binding is created using the Base port, so modify the binding to refer to the
WSRPServiceDescriptionService port.
Edit the message flow. The route action refers to the base business service. Modify the route action to the
desc service.
Use the Transport Header action to minimize low level Xquery manipulation, and simplify the configuration of a proxy service. See Section 22.7, "Adding Transport Header Actions" for details.
For each service, the proxy service configurations are listed in Table I-6.
Table I-6 Proxy Service Configuration
|Service Name
|Service Type
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port="WSRPBaseService"
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port=" WSRPServiceDescriptionService"
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port=" WSRPPortletManagementService"
WSDL port: operationExample-2.0/wsrp-2.0-wsdl, port=" WSRPRegistrationService"
For each proxy service, the required attributes are listed in Table I-7.
Create a service that retrieves the WSDL specific to WSRP 2.0 from the producer and transform it to hide the actual producer endpoints. In this example, the proxies for each producer have a different URI. In addition, the section describes how to create the resources to retrieve the producer WSDL.
Create a business service to obtain the WSDL from the producer. This resource is specific to the producer, so you must create the resource in the operationExample project. Table I-8 describes the properties of the business service.
Table I-8 Business Service Configuration Properties
Service Name
wsdlSvc 2.0
Any name is allowed.
Service Type
Any XML Service
Consumers usually retrieve the WSDL from the producer using an HTTP GET request. Only XML services support GET.
Load Balancing Algorithm
None preferred.
Endpoint URI
Although you can specify multiple endpoints for retrieving the WSDL, it has no additional use or benefit.
HTTP Request Method
You must transform all endpoint addresses in the producer's WSDL to reflect the Oracle Service Bus server address and the proxy service URI values. You must create an XQuery expression to simplify the construction of the endpoint locations because each producer WSDL can have four or more ports defined. The XQuery expression accepts the following three string variables as input and concatenates them together to form a SOAP address element:
base URL for the Oracle Service Bus server
name to identify the producer
extension used to differentiate ports for a producer
Table I-9 provides the query definition in the
wsrp project.
Table I-9 XQuery Definition in the wsrp Project
Resource Name
declare variable $baseURL external; declare variable $name external; declare variable $svc external; declare namespace soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/"; <soap:address location="{concat($baseURL, $name, $svc)}"/>
Create a service that does nothing. To create this service, define a new proxy service in the
wsrp project folder with the resource name
nullSvc. Accept all of the defaults for this service. Configuring this proxy service creates a message flow for the service of an echo node.
Create a proxy service used by consumers to get WSDLs from producers. This proxy service is appropriate for any producer configuration modeled on this sample. The example described in this section is only a suggestion–a different approach is necessary based on the specific requirements of a given implementation. You must create this proxy service in the
wsrp project folder because the proxy service is not specific to a single producer.
The approach used in this step requires the administrator to assign each producer a name that is included in part of the URL to retrieve the WSDL.
The message flow for the proxy service extracts the name from the URL, uses it to locate the business service specific to that producer, obtain the WSDL, and then transforms the WSDL to rewrite the endpoints to Oracle Service Bus.
The proxy service endpoint URI is configured as
/getWSDL, and the URL that consumers use to obtain a WSDL is as follows:
<producerName> is the name assigned to the producer by the administrator. In this example, the producer is
Table I-10 describes the configuration properties for the proxy service
getWSDL2.0 :
Table I-10 Proxy Service Configuration Properties
|Property Name
Service Name
Any name is allowed.
Service Type
Any XML Service
Endpoint URI
The message flow for this proxy service consists of a pipeline pair and a route node. The request side of the pipeline pair consists of a single stage whose job is to extract the producer name from the URL and assign it to a context variable. The action is:
Assign $inbound/ctx:transport/ctx:request/http:relative-URI to variable producerName
The response side of the message flow is a stage where all the transformations are performed. Before executing the Replace Actions to transform the WSDL, assign the base URL of the Oracle Service Bus server to a context variable to avoid specifying it on every transformation:
Assign "http://alsb:7001/" to variable nonSecureBaseURL
Edit the stage of the Response Pipeline to modify each Replace Action to make the transformation match the Endpoint URI given to the proxies created earlier. In this example, the proxies were created using the producer name with an abbreviated service type appended to it. The
addr XQuery resource created earlier accepts an extension argument to construct the URI location. Simply change that argument to the proper value, as listed in Table I-11.
Table I-11 Extension Settings to Construct the URI Location
|If @binding is
|svc arg of addr is
You must map
name: to
$producerName and
BaseURL to
$nonSecureBaseURL similar to the
svg arg mapping in the use table: table
num_xref, Section I.2, "Basic Request/Response Flow Between Producer and Consumer Applications."
The five Replace Actions are defined, as in the following code listing. The value of name is replaced with the binding names from the table.
Replace ./*[local-name()="definitions"]/*[local-name()="service"]/*[local-name()="port"][ends-with(attribute::binding,"name")]/*[local-name()="address" Replace entire node name WSRP_v2_Markup_Binding_SOAP WSRP_v2_ServiceDescription_Binding_SOAP WSRP_v2_PortletManagement_Binding_SOAP WSRP_v2_Registration_Binding_SOAP
For the first Replace Action, you must add the User Namespace definitions listed in Table I-12:
Table I-12 User Namespace Definitions on Replace Action
The route node of this message flow consists of a routing table that selects the case based on
$producerName. For each known producer, add cases so that each case routes to the correct business service to retrieve the WSDL if the name matches. This example uses the following directive:
= "operationExample" Route to wsdlSvc
Add a Default Case that routes to the no-op service to handle cases in which an unknown producer name is specified:
Default Route to nullSvc
In this example, return an HTTP 404 status code by adding these response actions to the default case:
Insert <http:http-response-code>404</http:http-response-code> as last child of ./ctx:transport/ctx:response in variable inbound Reply With Failure
Edit the Routing Table in the route node to make the cases correspond to the producers known to the system.
The message flow for
getWSDL2.0 proxy service consists of a pipeline pair and a route node. To define the message flow for this proxy service, do the following:
Create a Pipeline Pair
Edit the request side of pipeline pair
The request side of the pipeline pair consists of a single stage whose job is to extract the producer name from the URL and assign it to a context variable. To achieve this, add the Assign action as follows:
$inbound/ctx:transport/ctx:request/http:relative-URI to variable producerName
Edit the response side of pipeline pair
The response side of the message flow is a stage where all the transformations are performed.
Create an Assign action to assign the base URL of the Oracle Service Bus server to context variable to avoid specifying it on every transformation:
http://alsb:7001/ to variable nonSecureBaseURL
Create Replace actions to change the URLs in the response WSDL to make them point to the corresponding proxy services created earlier. Add the Replace action as follows:
Add Replace action.
In the Xpath, specify
In text box, specify variable body.
In the Expression, Select the Xquery resource addr (which was added earlier as a part of wsrp 1.0 configuration) and set svc to
Base-2.0, baseURL to $nonSecureBaseURL, and name to $producerName.
Select the option Replace entire node.
Create the remaining Replace actions, as described in the following table.
|If attribute binding in Xpath is
|svc argument of addr Xquery is
Add the route node to the pipeline pair. The route node of this message flow consists of a routing table that selects the case based on
$producerName. For each known producer, add cases so that each case routes to the correct business service to retrieve the WSDL if the name matches. This example uses the following directive:
= "operationExample" Route to wsdlSvc-2.0
Add a Default Case that routes to the no-op service to handle cases in which an unknown producer name is specified:
Default Route to nullSvc
In this example, return an HTTP 404 status code by adding these response actions to the default case:
<http:http-response-code>404</http:http-response-code> as last child of ./ctx:transport/ctx:response in variable inbound
Reply With Failure
Edit the Routing Table in the route node to make the cases correspond to the producers known to the system.
In order to consume the producer, the consumer must register the producer using its WSDL. By default, the WSDL uses WSRP version 1.0. To make consumer use WSRP version 2.0, producer WSDL with WSRP version 2.0 must be made available to the consumer. Generally, the default producer WSDL (one which uses WSRP 1.0) contains a link to the WSDL with WSRP version 2.0. This link enables consumer to use WSDL of WSRP version 2.0.
The getWSDL proxy service provides the WSDL of the producer with WSRP 1.0 version. This WSDL contains an URL of the WSDL of the same producer with version WSRP 2.0. This is the direct URL of the producer's WSDL. Instead of using the direct URL, you must the access the WSDL through Oracle Service Bus using proxy service
getWSDL2.0. This can be achieved in following way.
Create an Xquery resource to construct the URL of WSDL, which uses WSRP 2.0
Resource Name:
declare variable $baseURL external; declare variable $name external; declare variable $svc external; <import location="{concat($baseURL, $svc, $name )}" namespace="urn:oasis:names:tc:wsrp:v2:wsdl" xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/" />
Add the Replace action in the response side of message flow of
getWSDL proxy service. This replace action replaces the WSDL URL in the response to the
getWSDL2.0 proxy service endpoint URI. This can be done as follows:
Add Replace action.
In Xpath, specify
In the text box, specify variable body.
In Expression, select the Xquery resource import and set svc to
getWSDL2.0, baseURL to
$nonSecureBaseURL, and name to
Select the option Replace entire node.
After completing the configuration, verify it as follows:
Retrieve the WSDL from a regular browser window by entering the following URL:
Verify that all of the end point WSRP end point URLs (except for the BEA extension service) have been changed to correctly refer to the proxy service values on the Oracle Service Bus server.
Create a remote portlet in a Portal consumer application, specifying this URL as the address of the WSDL for the producer.
Use either Eclipse or the Portal Administration Tools to create the remote portlet. Except for entering a different URL to retrieve the WSDL, the steps to create this portlet are the same as those used to create the portlet that is not proxied by Oracle Service Bus.
After the consumer portal is complete, run the application.
Enable monitoring on the Oracle Service Bus components that you have chosen.
Use the Oracle Service Bus Administration Console to drill down to see message counts and performance statistics on all WSRP services and operations handled by the producer.


text:
More than 2,000 invited to Thatcher funeral
LONDON -- Invitations to Margaret Thatcher's funeral are going out to more than 2,000 celebrities, dignitaries, colleagues and friends of the late British leader -- from former U.S. presidents to composer Andrew Lloyd Webber.
Invitations are being printed Thursday and will be mailed out on Friday, the government said.
Thatcher, who died Monday at the age of 87, will be given a funeral with military honors at St. Paul's Cathedral on Wednesday.
Though not officially a state funeral, it is the grandest such service seen in Britain since the death in 2002 of the Queen Mother Elizabeth.
Queen Elizabeth II will be among the mourners -- the first time the monarch has attended a prime minister's funeral since the death of Winston Churchill in 1965.
The invitation list includes all surviving U.S. presidents, British politicians past and present, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso.
Prime Minister David Cameron's office said the list -- drawn up by Thatcher's family, her Conservative Party and the government -- includes representatives of 200 states and organizations with whom Britain has normal diplomatic relations.
Invitees include the ambassador of Argentina, with whom Britain, under Thatcher, fought a 1982 war over the Falkland Islands.
Most countries will be represented at the funeral by ambassadors or other officials. Downing St. said the only current and former world leaders invited were those who had a "close connection to Baroness Thatcher."
Some of those figures most closely associated with her 1979-1990 tenure have said they will not attend. Nancy Reagan, widow of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, will send a representative, and former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev says poor health prevents him from coming to London.
A representative of Nelson Mandela -- whom Thatcher once called a terrorist -- has also been invited.
Entertainment figures include novelist Frederick Forsyth, singer Shirley Bassey and "Top Gear" TV host Jeremy Clarkson.
The dress code for the funeral calls for day dress, morning dress, dark suit or "full day ceremonial without swords."
The scale of the funeral -- and the multimillion-pound (-dollar) cost -- has drawn criticism. Thatcher divides opinion in death, as her uncompromising free-market economic policies did in life.
But Cameron said "it is right to have a ceremonial funeral, with key elements of a state funeral, with the troops lining the route."
"I think people would find us a pretty extraordinary country if we didn't properly commemorate with dignity, with seriousness, but with also some fanfare ... the passing of this extraordinary woman," he told Sky News.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Simulation-Based Engineering Fosters Innovation and InventionOzgur Yildirim and Zihong Guo
Intellectual Ventures
Bellevue, WA
Simulation-based engineering is the key to shortening time to market for innovations. Intellectual Ventures, in Bellevue, WA, is reaping the benefits of using COMSOL Multiphysics to accelerate their workflow from design study to prototype, and then on to their customers as inventions through various partnerships and licensing programs. Projects where COMSOL has been used include the beam-steering metamaterials satellite antenna, the TerraPower nuclear reactor conceptual design, and a cold storage device for the distribution of vaccine.
A recent example of an invention from Intellectual Ventures is the micro-channel counter-current regenerative heat exchanger (RHX). This device operates at very high efficiencies by using heat in the fluid leaving the RHX to heat the incoming fluid. It can achieve efficiencies as high as 90%. It is used in applications like the sterilization of water and similar liquids.
As micro-heat exchangers are relatively new innovations and differ greatly in their behavior from traditional heat exchangers, Ozgur Yildirim and his team turned to modeling and simulation to build their own unique, knowledge-based system. COMSOL Multiphysics was not only integral in testing different designs, but also in understanding the underlying concepts of these miniature heat exchangers.
To accurately simulate the device, their models took into account structural, fluid, and thermal effects to calculate pressure losses, optimize the regenerative efficiency, ensure the structural integrity of the membranes separating the channels, and test configurations of the array of supports to avoid membrane collapse. Further, COMSOL Multiphysics was an integral part in building a functioning physical prototype where thermal vias and adhesives were evaluated, and designs were used directly in the photolithography process. The result was a physical prototype that reached an energy efficiency of 98%.
CAD model of the micro-channel counter-current RHX device
- IntellectualVentures_CN12.pdf - 1.48MB


text:
Don't be surprised if the smell of basil, caramelized onions or pepperoni wafts through the air in downtown Dolores on Wednesdays.
That is the day that Monica Marty, a new resident of Dolores, sets up her mobile wood-fired oven in Dolores and offers her wood-fired pizzas for sale near the Pony Expresso coffee shop.
Marty can make any personal-sized pizza you would like and even offers a gluten-free crust.
A fire inside the oven crackled on Wednesday as the sky above threatened to snow, but Marty stayed nice and warm and she gently placed a pizza inside the oven, which is around 600 degrees.
"It doesn't have a chance to dry out at this temperature. Everything cooks so quickly, it has a ton of flavor," she said.
Marty also makes bagels in the oven, which are sold at the Pony Expresso.
"I appreciate being here in Dolores, people are willing to try new things," she said.
Marty and her husband Steve Marty, moved here from Torrey, Utah in September, along with their 10-month-old and 4-year-old sons.
"We moved here for the schools," Monica Marty said. "We fell in love with the community here."
Marty said Dolores is closer to family and is a lot bigger than Torrey.
Marty fell in love with the wood-fired oven after making one in her backyard with a friend in Utah. They would bake breads in the oven.
"It all started with a love for baking," she said. "We fell in love with everything about it."
That is when the idea came to purchase a mobile oven and take their skill on the road.
In addition to selling the pizzas at the Pony Expresso from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. on Wednesdays, she also sells her pizzas at the Four Seasons Greenhouse Farmers Market on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.
She offers a more traditional pizza menu on Wednesdays, but on Saturdays she tries to highlight some of the local ingredients sold at the market.
"I make a chard pizza and an artichoke pizza and a caramelized onion one," she said.
Marty said she loves having access to local ingredients.
Marty also does catering and travels to events to sell her pizza.


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Now that you're back home Romo, venture out to other threads. I know you ain't all stock talk.
Your ('re) much more than that. Remember?
Now that you're back home Romo, venture out to other threads. I know you ain't all stock talk.
Your ('re) much more than that. Remember?
HA! yes, barely!
Glad to hear your recovering imromo24, hang in there because the good stuff has yet to come.
I saw your signature before. It's tough to talk stocks right now because i'm in and out some so fast. And I don't really mean to be, I'd stay in one for a year for a 5-10% gain but I'm getting them within days so I have to get out because i met my goal.
I am finding that I can go long on some soon or change my goal for return. but like you said, its easier to stomach protecting profits when things also are falling so fast and sometimes for no reason.
Right now, it's a good thing I'm primarily a swing trader... not losing anything at all thru that, lol.
I hope your keeping up with the action! About 2 weeks ago I noticed an increasing short interest all around and dropping macd and broken technicals, so I took 15% out of the market and put it on my mortgage for a quick 6.5% "future" gain, and went long intc. Right idea, but should have stayed cash for a bit, but intc looked like it had plenty of support at different levels. Oops.
hey guys!!!
i can't stop thinking about stocks lately lol (even tho i lost all my money in a week last time when i was just out of school!!)
should i buy stocks again? is there a point in buying stocks if i only put in $1000.00? (i'd never buy penny stocks again tho)
talk to you later
Last edited by Sean; 09-02-2011 at 04:34 PM.


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jkody21 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 55 diseños de 17 diseñadores freelance.
I am developer that spends his free time writing websites and software for foodies, restaurateurs, and wine snobs. I tend to like simple and elegant designs in general.
People who have an interest or passion about wine. They seek out rare vintages, attend tastings, dine out frequently and seek out optimal pairings. In general, the age range is 30 - 60.
I'm looking for a clean, professional logo for a new website targeted at wine drinkers with various levels of experience. The site is called wineguidelines.com and will be re-done after the logo is complete (please don't borrow any inspiration from the current design...I just purchased the site).
The site will be redesigned around the logo...in fact, the site designer (who I met through this very site) will be involved in the final selection process. Typically when I think of wine, I think of tan/brown/maroon, but use your creativity - no colors are required.
The final selection will be easily transferable to other mediums (print, embroidery, etc.) and will be able to be adapted for other uses (e.g. print ads, banner ads, fav icons, etc).
For a deliverable, I would like to have the logo provided in web format (preferable png), as well as vector format as an illustrator file.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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On This Page
Public Health Statement for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
(Éteres de Bifenilos Polibromados)
September 2004
This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs). It is one in a series of Public Health Statements about hazardous substances and their health effects. A shorter version, the ToxFAQsTM, is also available. Also, a Public Health Statement and ToxFAQsTM for PBBs is available. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636.
This public health statement tells you about polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the effects of exposure to PBDEs.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the nation. These sites are then placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) and are targeted for long-term federal clean-up activities. PBDEs have not been found in the 1,647 current or former NPL sites. Although the total number of NPL sites evaluated for these substances is not known, the possibility exists that PBDEs may be found in the future as more sites are evaluated. This information is important because these sites may be sources of exposure and exposure to these substances may harm you.
When a substance is released either from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment. Such a release does not always lead to exposure. You can be exposed to a substance only when you come in contact with it. You may be exposed by breathing, eating, or drinking the substance, or by skin contact.
If you are exposed to PBDEs, many factors will determine whether you will be harmed. These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and how you come in contact with PBDEs. You must also consider any other chemicals you are exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health.
1.1 What are PBDEs?
PBDEs are flame-retardant chemicals that are added to a variety of consumer products to make them difficult to burn. Because PBDEs are added rather than reacted to the product, they could leave the product under ideal conditions and enter the environment, but this rarely happens. The first commercial productions of PBDEs began in the 1970s in Germany. Production of PBDEs has continued until the present. There are three commercial PBDE products (i.e., penta-, octa-, and decabromodiphenyl ethers). Deca- and octa-brominated types of PBDEs are also produced outside of the United States (in China and Israel). Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) makes up 82% of these products manufactured globally. Its main use is for electronic enclosures, such as television cabinets. Octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE) product is used in plastics for business equipment. Pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE) product is used in foam for cushioning in upholstery. PBDEs have not been associated with actual health-related effects. Concerns have increased, however, because some of these chemicals (particularly the pentaBDEs) have been found in the environment at varying concentrations. Environmental concentrations of lower brominated PBDEs, which may be leveling off in Europe, appear to be increasing in certain areas of Canada and the United States.
PBDEs are a group of synthetic organic chemicals with no known natural sources in the environment, except for a few marine organisms that produce forms of PBDEs that contain higher levels of oxygen. Commercial decaBDE and octaBDE products are colorless to off-white solids, whereas commercial pentaBDE product is a thick liquid. PBDEs are not expected to evaporate into the air. PBDEs in the air are mostly found with dust rather than as a vapor. PBDEs enter the environment as mixtures containing a variety of individual brominated diphenyl ether (for PBDEs) components, known as congeners. Congeners are distinct members of a class of chemical substances. Some commercial mixtures of PBDEs may be known by their industrial trade names, (i.e., DE-60F Special, DE-61, DE-62, DE-71, DE-79, DE 83R, Saytex� 102E). PBDEs are still produced and widely used in the United States, although the sole manufacturer of penta- and octaPBDE commercial products in the United States is expected to quit making these chemicals by the end of 2004.
1.2 What happens to PBDEs when they enter the environment?
PBDEs enter air, water, and soil during their manufacture and use in consumer products. When PBDEs are suspended in air, they can be present as particles. They eventually return to land or water as the dust settles and are washed out by snow and rainwater. It is not yet possible to say how long PBDEs remain in the air. PBDEs do not dissolve easily in water, and therefore, high levels of PBDEs are not found in water. The very small amounts of PBDEs that do occur in water stick to particles and eventually settle to the bottom. Sediments at the bottom of bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers, generally act as reservoirs for decaBDEs, which can remain there for years. Some lower brominated PBDEs (e.g., tetra- and penta-congeners of PBDE) in water may build up in fish to low concentrations (about 10 billionths of a gram to 1 millionth of a gram of PDBE per gram of fresh fish [or 10x10-9-1x10-6 grams of PBDE per gram of fresh fish]). However, higher brominated PBDEs, such as decaBDE, are not found in fish at measurable concentrations. In general, the breakdown of PBDEs in soil is very slow, so they may remain in soil for several years. PBDEs bind strongly to soil particles. Rainwater is not expected to spread them much below the soil surface; thus, it is unlikely that PBDEs will enter groundwater.
1.3 How might I be exposed to PBDEs?
Certain PBDE mixtures, especially decaBDE, are produced in many places in the world. Currently, the United States is the only producer of the pentaBDE mixture for commerce. However, production pentaBDE and octaBDE for commerce soon will begin to be phased out in the United States and elsewhere. Lower brominated PBDEs, such as tetraBDE and pentaBDE congeners, are found throughout the environment and are found at low levels in air, sediments, animals, and food. The concentrations of lower brominated PBDEs in blood, breast milk, and body fat indicate that most people are exposed to low levels of these PBDEs. Concentrations of lower brominated PBDEs have been increasing in tissues and body fluids of individuals living in the United States. Currently, levels of lower brominated PBDE congeners in individuals living in the United States are greater than levels reported in other regions of the world. Highly brominated congeners, such as decaBDE, are not commonly found throughout the environment. They may be found at low levels close to places where they are produced or used. In 2001, PBDEs were detected in dust and smoke samples taken near the World Trade Center disaster site. Although no definitive studies in the United States have been conducted to identify the sources of exposure, people appear to be exposed to the lower brominated congeners of PBDEs by eating food that contains these PBDEs. In the United States, the concentration of PBDEs (primarily the tetra- and penta-brominated congeners of PBDEs) in outdoor air ranges from 2 to 77 trillionths of a gram per cubic meter (or 2-77x10 12 grams/m3), which indicates low levels of exposure of the general population to these PBDEs. Indoor air concentrations of PBDEs in lecture halls, indoor environments with computers, and rooms with computers or other electronic devices, such as television sets, also have low levels of PBDEs in suspended dust. Workers involved in the manufacture and production of PBDE-containing resins are exposed to higher concentrations of PBDEs. Occupational exposure can also occur in confined workplaces where plastic and foam products containing PBDEs are recycled, or where computer monitors containing PBDEs are repaired. People who live near hazardous waste sites may be exposed to PBDEs by breathing air containing PBDE-contaminated dust. However, PBDE eventually settles or washes out of the air, so this potential exposure route likely to be minimal.
1.4 How can PBDEs enter and leave my body?
The main source of exposure to PBDEs may be through foods, particularly those with high fat content, such as fatty fish. Some lower brominated PBDEs have been detected in air samples, indicating that people can also be exposed by inhalation. The ways that PBDEs might enter and leave your body depend on the chemical structures of the congener components. The higher brominated PBDEs, particularly decaBDE (the major PBDE in use today), act much differently in the body than do lower brominated PBDEs. If you breathe air that contains PBDEs, or swallow food, water, or soil contaminated with PBDEs, the lower brominated congeners are much more likely than decaBDE to enter your body through your lungs and stomach and pass into the bloodstream. If you touch soil containing PBDEs, which could happen at a hazardous waste site, it is highly unlikely that either lower or higher brominated PBDEs would pass through your skin into the bloodstream. Once PBDEs are in your body, the congeners might partially change into breakdown products called metabolites. DecaBDE might leave your body unchanged or as metabolites, mainly in the feces and in very small amounts in the urine, within a few days. Lower brominated PBDEs, generally tetra-, penta-, and hexaBDE congeners, might stay in your body for many years, stored mainly in body fat. The lower brominated PBDEs also tend to concentrate in breast milk fat, and can enter the bodies of children through breast feeding. PBDEs also can enter the bodies of unborn babies through the placenta.
1.5 How can PBDEs affect my health?
Scientists use many tests to protect the public from harmful effects of toxic chemicals and to find ways for treating persons who have been harmed.
One way to learn whether a chemical will harm people is to determine how the body absorbs, uses, and releases the chemical. For some chemicals, animal testing may be necessary. Animal testing may also help identify health effects such as cancer or birth defects. Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method for getting information needed to make wise decisions that protect public health. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. Scientists must comply with strict animal care guidelines because laws today protect the welfare of research animals.
Nothing definite is known about the health effects of PBDEs in people. Practically all of the available information is from studies of laboratory animals. Animal studies indicate that commercial decaBDE mixtures are generally much less toxic than the products containing lower brominated PBDEs. Because of its very different toxicity, decaBDE is expected to have relatively little effect on the health of humans. Rats and mice that ate food containing moderate amounts of lower brominated PBDEs for short periods of time had mainly thyroid effects. Rats and mice that ate smaller amounts over several weeks or months developed effects in the liver and in the thyroid. It is speculated that many of the thyroid effects of PBDEs are specific to the species of test animals, suggesting that they are less likely to occur in humans. Subtle behavioral changes have been observed in animals exposed to PBDEs as infants. One possible explanation for the behavioral effects might be related to changes in the thyroid, because development of the nervous system is dependent on thyroid hormones. PBDEs have not caused other kinds of birth defects in animals, but more studies are needed to determine if PBDEs can impair reproduction. Preliminary findings from short-term animal studies suggest that some PBDEs might impair the immune system. Animals exposed to PBDEs by skin contact showed signs of skin irritation only if they had been scratched.
We don't know if PBDEs can cause cancer in people, although liver tumors developed in rats and mice that ate extremely large amounts of decaBDE throughout their lifetime. On the basis of evidence for cancer in animals, decaBDE is classified as a possible human carcinogen by EPA. Lower brominated PBDEs have not yet been tested for cancer. Neither the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) nor the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have classified the carcinogenicity of any PBDEs.
We don't know whether the effects found in animals exposed to PBDEs would also occur in people exposed in the same way. The amounts of PBDEs that caused health effects in animals are much greater than levels of PBDEs normally found in the environment. Long-term exposure to PBDEs has a greater potential to cause health effects than does short-term exposure to low levels because of their tendency to build up in your body over many years. Additionally, the lower brominated commercial pentaBDE and octaBDE products are much more likely to cause health effects than is decaBDE.
1.6 How can PBDEs affect children?
This section discusses potential health effects in humans from exposures during the period from conception to maturity at 18 years of age.
Children are exposed to PBDEs in generally the same way as are adults, probably mainly by eating contaminated food. Because of their smaller weight, children's intake of PBDEs per kilogram (or pound) of body weight may be greater than that of adults. The most likely way that infants might be exposed to PBDEs is from breast milk containing lower brominated congeners, although fetuses in the womb could also be exposed. DecaBDE is poorly absorbed in the body and, therefore, is unlikely to be found in breast milk or the fetus to any significant extent. Children who live near hazardous waste sites might accidentally eat some PBDEs by putting dirty hands or other soil/dirt covered objects in their mouths, or through eating without washing their hands. Some children also eat dirt on purpose. It is also possible that children could be exposed to PBDEs following transport of the chemical on clothing from the parent's workplace to the home.
As indicated above, children can be exposed to PBDEs-mainly the lower brominated congeners-both before birth and from breast milk. The lower brominated PBDEs are much more likely than decaBDE to be stored in the mother's body and released during pregnancy, cross the placenta, and entering fetal tissues. Because lower brominated PBDEs dissolve readily in fat, they can accumulate in breast milk fat and be transferred to babies and young children. Lower brominated PBDEs have been found in breast milk. In most cases, however, the benefits of breast-feeding outweigh any risks from exposure in mother's milk. You should consult your health care provider if you have any concerns about PBDEs and breast feeding. The nervous system and thyroid are still developing in the fetus and child. That means the effects of lower brominated PBDEs on these systems might be more significant if exposure occurs during the periods before and soon after birth. That suggests that fetuses and children are more susceptible to PBDEs than adults.
1.7 How can families reduce the risk of exposure to PBDEs?
If your doctor finds that you have been exposed to substantial amounts of PBDEs, ask whether your children might also have been exposed. Your doctor might need to ask your state health department to investigate.
PBDEs are currently in widespread production and use. However, production of commercial pentaBDE and octaBDE products will soon begin to be phased out in the United States and elsewhere. You and your children may by exposed to lower brominated PBDEs by eating fish or wildlife from contaminated locations. Children who live near hazardous waste sites should be discouraged from playing in the dirt near these sites because they could contain PBDEs. Children should also be discouraged from eating dirt, and careful handwashing practices should be followed.
As mentioned in Section 2.3, workplace exposure to PBDEs can occur during the production of commercial PBDE mixtures and of PBDE-containing plastic products. Workers involved in recycling plastic products, or who repair computers in confined workplaces can also be exposed to PBDEs. If you are exposed to PBDEs while at work, you may carry them home on your clothes or body. Your occupational health and safety officer at work can tell you whether the products you work with may contain PBDEs and whether those are likely to be carried home. If this is the case, you should shower and change clothing before leaving work. Your work clothes should be kept separate from other clothes and laundered separately.
1.8 Is there a medical test to determine whether i have been exposed to PBDEs?
Special tests can determine whether PBDEs are in the blood, body fat, and breast milk. These are not regular or routine clinical tests, but could be ordered by a doctor to detect PBDEs in people exposed to them in the environment and at work. If your PBDE levels are higher than the normal levels, this will show that you have been exposed to high levels of the chemicals. However, these measurements cannot determine the exact amount or type of PBDEs that you have been exposed to, or how long you have been exposed. Blood tests cannot distinguish between recent or past exposures to PBDEs because these chemicals remain in the body a long time. Although tests can indicate whether you have been exposed to PBDEs to a greater extent than the general population, they do not predict whether you will be harmed. Blood tests are the easiest, safest, and probably the best method for detecting recent exposures to large amounts of PBDEs. Results of such tests should be reviewed and carefully interpreted by physicians with a background in environmental and occupational medicine. Nearly everyone has been exposed to pentaBDE commercial mixtures because they are found throughout the environment. That means people are more likely to have detectable amounts of the lower brominated PBDEs in their blood, fat, and breast milk. Recent studies have shown that levels of lower brominated PBDEs in the general population of the United States continue to rise. The U.S. levels are 10-100 times higher than levels in individuals living in Europe.
1.9 What recommendations has the federal government made to protect human health?
The federal government develops regulations and recommendations to protect public health. Regulations can be enforced by law. The EPA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are some federal agencies that develop regulations for toxic substances. Recommendations provide valuable guidelines to protect public health, but cannot be enforced by law. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are two federal organizations that develop recommendations for toxic substances.
Regulations and recommendations can be expressed as "not-to-exceed" levels, that is, levels of a toxic substance in air, water, soil, or food that do not exceed a critical value that is usually based on levels that affect animals. Those levels are then adjusted to levels that will help protect humans. Sometimes these not-to-exceed levels differ among federal organizations because they used different exposure times (an 8-hour workday or a 24-hour day), different animal studies, or other factors.
Recommendations and regulations are also updated periodically as more information becomes available. For the most current information, check with the federal agency or organization that provides it. Some regulations and recommendations for PBDEs include the following:
EPA requires that companies that transport, store, or dispose of p-bromodiphenyl ether (a particular PBDE compound not found in any commercial PBDE product) follow the rules and regulations of the federal hazardous waste management program. EPA also limits the amount of p-bromodiphenyl ether put into publicly owned waste water treatment plants. To minimize exposure of people to p-bromodiphenyl ether, EPA requires that industry tell the National Response Center each time 100 pounds or more of p-bromodiphenyl ether have been released to the environment.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2004. Toxicological Profile for Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBBs and PBDEs). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Where can I get more information?
If you have questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or:
For more information, contact:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop S102-1
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO · 888-232-6348 (TTY)
Email: Contact CDC-INFO
ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances.
- Page last reviewed: January 21, 2015
- Page last updated: January 21, 2015
- Content source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry


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Maccabiah athletes and their families gathered June 30 at Temple Beth Zion-Beth Israel in Center City for a send-off party in anticipation of their journey to Israel.
Sarah Sall has traveled around the world — to Cuba, Brazil and Trinidad, among other places — as a massage therapist for the U.S. men's national rugby team, but she has never been to Israel.
She'll check that country off her list later this month when she travels to the Jewish State as a member of the medical staff for the U.S. men's rugby teams competing at the 19th Maccabiah Games.
Sall was among about 50 athletes, staff and family members who gathered June 30 at Temple Beth Zion-Beth Israel in Center City for a send-off party in anticipation of the quadrennial Jewish games. There was a buzz in the room as those who had traveled to Israel previously or participated in past Maccabiah Games shared their experiences with newcomers.
Sall, a former rugby player who had to stop playing because of injuries, said taking in other countries' customs and traditions is a big reason why she enjoys working with the men's national team. (At the Maccabiah Games, three players from the national team will represent the United States, which will compete in teams of seven and 15 players.)
"Everywhere you go, you're experiencing a new culture," said Sall, a 35-year-old who lives in Villanova. "I'm excited to do that in Israel."
Aden Ohayon, 16, is the son of Israeli parents and has traveled to Israel almost every year of his life. The Philadelphia soccer player also competed at the 2011 Pan American Maccabiah Games in Sao Paulo, Brazil, so he knows to expect fierce competition at the games later this month.
At the Maccabiah Games two years ago, Ohayon said he expected to face teams like those that he played against at the annual JCC Maccabi Games. Opponents were far better than he had thought, and his team lost to Brazil in the finals. This time around, he hopes to win and advance his goal of playing soccer at the college level.
"Representing the United States, it's an honor," he said. "It's an achievement."
His teammate, Zach Arnold, 17, has never been to Israel before and is looking forward to talking with Israelis around his age.
"Next year, I'm thinking about college; they're preparing to go to the military," said Arnold, of Fort Washington. He said he admired Israelis' service and their "national pride."


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If you're reading this, you're either planning to hit the road this Memorial Day weekend or already in traffic.
The Maryland Transportation Authority recommends drivers hit the highways before 10 a.m. or after 10 p.m., so make sure you have a cup of coffee (or two) at hand.
Most roadwork in the District, Virginia and Maryland was cleared to ensure an easy drive, but those traveling on Route 50 eastbound Friday afternoon weren't so lucky.
Delays of approximately 20 miles were reported on Route 50 eastbound toward the Chesapeake Bay Bridge early Friday afternoon.
Despite Friday's chilly temperatures, don't forget your sunglasses and sandals! Temperatures throughout the coast will warm up Saturday and Sunday and hover around 70 degrees. Monday will be the sunniest day, with temperatures reaching into the mid-70s throughout the region.
News4's transportation reporter Adam Tuss took the trip to several area beaches to test the commute, roadwork and atmosphere. Check out his reports here:


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Tag Archives: celebration
When In France…
What do video producers give very (very very) good friends as a wedding gift? Yip you guessed… a video! We managed to resist wasting a damn fine day and dodged producing their official wedding video on the big day. That … Continue reading
Posted in Memories Tagged ahead of the action, alcohol levels, celebration, corinthian club, coverage, customary post shoot pint, delighted with their gift, edit, event, events coverage, every frame crammed with action, film, filming, filming from scripts, final film, format of the day, france, glasgow, groom, happy couple, highlights film, lager, lager on tap, making programmes, new year party, official wedding video, produce a short film of the event, professionalism, rumble, shots, staging shots, the big day, video, video producers, video production, video production company, wedding, wedding gift, wedding video, wedding video guys, weeks to edit, work to a formula, years of experience Leave a comment


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The bride arrived in a white limousine. On April 16, 2013, at 7 p.m., Craig Stegall and Karen Castrischer exchanged romantic wedding vows at A Amore Weddings in Cape Coral. Their three little doggies were in the wedding party. Two dogs waited at the podium with the groom. The bride made her entrance down the aisle to wedding march music with the third dog. The dogs - Kissey, Darcey and Fancy - were well-behaved little attendants during the ceremony for the bride and groom.
Immediately following the ceremony, the couple shared a champagne toast and photos were taken of Craig and Karen cutting the wedding cake. After the photographer took other photos, the entourage left in the limo and all went to the Cape Coral beach to take additional sunset wedding photos.
Lee Flowers, ministerial notary officiate and owner of A Amore Weddings SWFL in Cape Coral, performed the marriage ceremony and provided wedding accessories. Pete Fournier Freelance Photographer provided the couple with wedding photos on CD. Their entire wedding was also captured on video by the photographer.
Article Photos
Craig Stegall marries Karen Castrischer
Family, friends, and the public can view the couple's wedding photo album on the last page of www.amoreweddingsswfl.com.


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After a week in Arizona, the Rapids returned to training at Dick's Sporting Goods Park on Tuesday morning with a few new faces.
All but one of the players that took part in the Tucson portion of preseason were at Colorado's morning session, including MLS Supplemental Draft Picks Brenton Griffiths and Marcello Castro, who first joined the group in Arizona. Joining them for his first practice was fellow Supplemental Draft Pick Machael David.
In addition, Colombian forward David Giraldo also arrived for a trial (pictured above). The 28-year-old had previously played in his native country with Once Caldas and Millonarios as well as in Brazil with Internacional de Porto Alegre.
Honduran forward Walter Martinez was released following his week trial with the Rapids in Tucson.


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House for a Musician / Atelier Branco Arquitetura
© Ricardo Bassetti
Architects: Atelier Branco Arquitetura
Location: São Paulo, Brazil
Category: Houses
Lead Architects: Matteo Arnone, Pep Pons
Area: 240.0 m2
Project Year: 2018
Photographs: Ricardo Bassetti
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23-05-2020 19:25
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Mercado Libre Office in Buenos Aires / Estudio Elia Irastorz
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Shenzhen Haixi Primary School / AUBE CONCEPTION
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Hip replacement, also called total hip arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to replace a worn out or damaged hip joint with a prosthesis (an artificial joint). This surgery may be an option after a hip fracture or for severe pain due to arthritis.
Various types of arthritis may affect the hip joint:
The goal of hip replacement surgery is to replace the parts of the hip joint that have been damaged and to relieve hip pain that can't be controlled by other treatments.
A traditional hip replacement involves an incision several inches long over the hip joint. A newer approach that uses one or two smaller incisions to perform the procedure is called minimally invasive hip replacement. However, the minimally invasive procedure is not suited for all people who need hip replacement. Your doctor will determine the best procedure for you.
Hip replacement surgery is a treatment for pain and disability in the hip. The most common condition that results in the need for hip replacement surgery is osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis causes loss of joint cartilage in the hip. Damage to the cartilage and bones limits movement and may cause pain. People with severe pain due to degenerative joint disease may be unable to do normal activities that involve bending at the hip, such as walking or sitting, because they are painful.
Other forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis and arthritis that results from a hip injury, can also lead to degeneration of the hip joint.
Hip replacement may also be used as a method of treating certain hip fractures. A fracture is an injury often from a fall. Pain from a fracture is severe and walking or even moving the leg is difficult.
If medical treatments are not effectively controlling arthritis pain, hip replacement may be an option. Some medical treatments for degenerative joint disease may include:
There may be other reasons for your healthcare provider to recommend a hip replacement surgery.
As with any surgical procedure, complications can occur. Some possible complications may include:
There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider prior to the procedure.
Hip replacement requires a stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your doctor's practices.
Hip replacement surgery is performed while you are asleep under general anesthesia or sedated under spinal anesthesia. Your anesthesiologist will discuss this with you in advance.
Generally, hip replacement surgery follows this process:
After the surgery you will be taken to the recovery room for observation. Once your blood pressure, pulse, and breathing are stable and you are alert, you will be taken to your hospital room. Hip replacement surgery usually requires you to stay in the hospital for several days.
It is important to begin moving the new joint after surgery. A physical therapist will meet with you soon after your surgery and plan an exercise rehabilitation program for you. Your pain will be controlled with medication so that you can participate in the exercise. You will be given an exercise plan to follow both in the hospital and after discharge.
You will be discharged home or to a rehabilitation center. In either case, your healthcare provider will arrange for continuation of physical therapy until you regain muscle strength and good range of motion.
Once you are home, it is important to keep the surgical area clean and dry. Your healthcare provider will give you specific bathing instructions. The stitches or surgical staples will be removed during a follow-up office visit.
Take a pain reliever for soreness as recommended by your healthcare provider. Aspirin or certain other pain medications may increase the chance of bleeding. Be sure to take only recommended medications.
Notify your healthcare provider to report any of the following:
You may resume your normal diet unless your healthcare provider advises you differently.
You should not drive until your healthcare provider tells you to. Other activity restrictions may apply. Full recovery from the surgery may take several months.
It is important that you avoid falls after your hip replacement surgery because a fall can result in damage to the new joint. Your therapist may recommend an assistive device (cane or walker) to help you walk until your strength and balance improve.
Making certain modifications to your home may help you during your recovery. These modifications include, but are not limited to, the following:
Your healthcare provider may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation.
Before you agree to the test or the procedure make sure you know:
Online Medical Reviewer: Foster, Sara, RN, MPH
Online Medical Reviewer: Freeborn, Donna, PhD, CNM, FNP
Date Last Reviewed: 1/30/2014
© 2000-2016 The StayWell Company, LLC. 780 Township Line Road, Yardley, PA 19067. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions.


text:
Andrea L. Dennis
B.S., University of Maryland
J.D., New York University
Criminal Law
Criminal Procedure II
Lawyering for Children
Children in the Legal System
Family Law
Andrea L. Dennis joined the University of Georgia School of Law faculty in 2010, was promoted to full professor in 2017 and was appointed to the John Byrd Martin Chair of Law in 2019.
She came to UGA from the University of Kentucky College of Law, where she taught courses in criminal law and procedure, children and the law, and family law. Dennis received the University of Kentucky Alumni Association Great Teacher Award in 2010. Nominations for the award are submitted by students, and candidates must have superior knowledge of their subject matter, employ original and innovative classroom presentations, and demonstrate concern for students both inside and outside of the classroom. Dennis has also taught legal analysis and writing and research at the University of Maryland School of Law.
Previously, Dennis served as an assistant federal public defender in the District of Maryland. She also worked for the Office of the Corporation Counsel prosecuting child abuse and neglect cases on behalf of the District of Columbia. At Covington & Burling in Washington, D.C., Dennis practiced corporate and patent litigation and antitrust law as an associate. She has also served as a judicial clerk for Judge Raymond A. Jackson of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. In addition to her legal experience, Dennis was a senior associate in the National Office of Job Corps for the U.S. Department of Labor, where she engaged in strategic analysis and planning for national vocational training programs for at-risk youth.
Her scholarship explores criminal defense lawyering, race and criminal justice, criminal informants and cooperators, youth advocacy, legal socialization of youth and the cradle-to-prison pipeline. She has published works in the American Criminal Law Review, the Catholic University Law Review, the Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts, the Howard Law Journal, the Marquette Law Review, the Nebraska Law Review, the Nevada Law Journal and the Journal of Legal Education. State courts nationwide have cited her research on rap lyrics as criminal evidence, and she has been quoted in The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times about pending cases concerning the issue.
Dennis earned her B.S. in engineering with a psychology concentration from the University of Maryland and her J.D. from New York University, where she served on the Annual Survey of American Law.
Rap on Trial: Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America (2019) (with E. Nielson).
Decriminalizing Childhood, 45 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1 (2017).
Criminal Law as Family Law, 33 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 285 (2017).
Black Contemporary Social Movements, Resource Mobilization, and Black Musical Activism, 79 Law & Contemp. Probs. 29 (2016).
Talk Don't Touch? Considerations for Children's Attorneys on the Physical Touch of Clients, 65 Cath. U. L. Rev. 253 (2015).
Good Cop-Bad Cop: Police Violence and the Child's Mind, 58 How. L.J. 811 (2015).
Encouraging Victims: Responding to a Recent Study of Battered Women Who Commit Crimes, 15 Nev. L. J. 1 (2014) (with Carol E. Jordan).
Teaching "The Wire": Crime, Evidence, and Kids, 64 J. Legal Educ. 111 (2014).
A Snitch in Time: An Historical Sketch of Black Informing During Slavery, 97 Marq. L. Rev. 279 (2013).
Prosecutorial Discretion and the Neglect of Juvenile Shielding Statutes, 90 Neb. L. Rev. 341 (2011).
Collateral Damage? Juvenile Snitches in America's Wars on Drugs, Crime, and Gangs, 46 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1145 (2009); reprinted in Adam M. Gershowitz, The Wire: Crime, Law, and Policy 372 (Carolina Acad. Press 2013).
Poetic (In)Justice? Rap Music Lyrics as Art, Life, and Criminal Evidence, 31 Colum. J.L. & Arts 1 (2007); reprinted in Hip Hop and the Law: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement (Pamela Bridgewter, andre douglas pond cummings, & Donald Tibbs eds., Carolina Acad. Press 2014)
Note, Because I am Black, Because I am Woman: Remedying the Sexual Harassment Experience of Black Women, 1996 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L. 555.