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An indignant Barbara Chase-Riboud filed a $10 million copyright-infringement suit against Steven Spielberg and the makers of Amistad in October, claiming that the movie contained characters and scenes unique to her historical novel about the slave rebellion. In 1991, she brought a similar suit against a playwright and won. Last week, the New York Times accused Chase-Riboud herself of pinching several paragraphs from a nonfiction work for her 1986 book, Valide: A Novel of the Harem. Chase-Riboud acknowledged her debt to the previously published work, but claimed that she had done nothing wrong because the book was a "reference" and her novel was intended to be a "seamless narrative using both documents and fiction."
When Did Borrowing Become Theft?
Prior to the 18th century, writers borrowed freely from each other without shame or punishment. (The Latin word plagaria referred only to the act of physical kidnapping.) Shakespeare borrowed passages from Plutarch and contemporaries. Books were copied by hand prior to the rise of the printing press, and amanuenses were given liberty to rework texts. England passed the first copyright laws in 1709, as mechanical reproduction of works and new ideas about individuality became widespread. These laws provided legal remedies for authors–writers and composers mainly–who believed their works had been unfairly lifted. The U.S. Constitution required Congress to pass similar copyright laws.
Copyright laws prohibit plagiarism. The courts have ruled that a work cannot be legally copied if it is 1) an original, creative product–not merely a fact or something found in nature, like the sound of the wind, or 2) written or recorded–not just an idea. Fifty years after authors die, their works enter the "public domain" and are no longer protected by law.
Plagiarized? Prove It!
Proving plagiarism in the United States requires the plaintiff to show that 1) the defendant had access to the earlier work and 2) the defendant's work bears a "substantial similarity" to the plaintiff's original. It sounds like a legal blur because it is. Different courts have different opinions on what constitutes "substantial similarity." For example, jazz drummer Bernard "Pretty" Purdie filed a copyright-infringement suit against a rapper who lifted a lone cymbal crash from one of Purdie's recordings. He claims that his cymbal crash–a single beat–is so recognizably his that any use of it violates his copyright.
When Is Borrowing Just Borrowing?
Parody–as long as it is immediately recognizable as parody–is largely exempt from charges of copyright infringement. Also, the doctrine of "fair use" allows writers to quote limited sections of a work, as long as it is germane, properly attributed, and doesn't undercut sales of the original. The courts ruled that The Nation exceeded its fair-use rights in 1985 when it excerpted key sections of Gerald Ford's memoir in an article that was published slightly before Ford's book reached stores. The courts can be as fuzzy about what constitutes fair use as they are about what constitutes substantial similarity.
I Think I've Been Plagiarized and I Wanna Sue. What Are My Chances of Winning?
Slim. In practice, the courts find infringement only in instances where language, images, or music were lifted wholesale. They rarely consider cases in which a character was copied or a plot was stolen. Thousands of writers bring suit each year claiming their copyright has been violated, but almost none win satisfaction in court. However, the courts strictly police the unlicensed "sampling" of music (the insertion of a passage into another artist's musical collage). Book and software pirates are prosecuted under the copyright laws, but pirates are not really plagiarists.
Who's Minding the Store?
Most professional and academic groups (Writers Guild of America, American Bar Association, American Historical Association, etc.) investigate formal charges of plagiarism. Reprimands can come from the associations or from colleges and universities themselves. Accusations of plagiarism seem to be the greatest deterrent.
Some say accusations of plagiarism fly too freely. In a celebrated case, Abraham Lincoln biographer Stephen Oates was said to have ripped off a widely read 1952 Lincoln biography by Benjamin Thomas. In 1991, the American Historical Association criticized Oates for not adequately footnoting his use of Thomas' book. No legal charges were brought. (Click for a comparison of passages that the historians considered most damning.)
Plagiarism on the Silver Screen
Most copyright suits in the entertainment industry are nuisances, but not all. A biographer of William Randolph Hearst claimed that Citizen Kane screenwriters Orson Wells and Herman Mankiewicz plagiarized him. The author of a 1941 nonfiction book about swindlers filed copyright-infringement charges against the screenwriter of The Sting in 1973. Look Who's Talking screenwriter/director Amy Heckerling was accused of stealing whole passages of dialogue from a screenplay shown to her three years before her film's release. These cases, like most credible suits brought against the studios, were settled out of court.
To ward off lawsuits, directors and producers avoid signing rejection letters, making it difficult to prove that they had prior access to the material, a legal prerequisite to prove copyright infringement. (As a gesture of kindness, the actor/producer Michael Landon signed rejection letters, some of which became the basis for expensive litigation against him.) Still, examples of Hollywood's sloppiness and disrespect for intellectual-property rights abound, as Film Comment magazine proved with this prank in the '80s: It shipped the screenplay of Casablanca to 85 agents. Only 33 of them recognized it as the basis for the Bogart film; 3 agents offered to represent it.
Many alleged victims of plagiarism are later accused of having plagiarized. For instance, David Lodge accused a romance writer of stealing the plot from his novel Nice Work. Later he admitted that he had borrowed it himself from a 19th-century novel.
Author Thomas Mallon argues that plagiarism is pathology, akin to kleptomania. Accused plagiarists are often repeat offenders. Stephen Oates faced accusations of plagiarism in his biographies of Lincoln, William Faulkner, and Martin Luther King Jr. Poet Neal Bowers was plagiarized by a writer who submitted a half-dozen of his poems to different publications. Plagiarists want to get caught. Most steal from obvious sources (from their colleagues or authoritative works). Academics plagiarize more regularly than nonacademics, prompting Mallon's theory that professors are let off the hook to plagiarize again because their colleagues are too embarrassed to punish them.
Meanwhile, Back at the Amistad Case
Chase-Riboud's suit claims that the film's screenwriters read her historical novel about the slave rebellion, Echo of Lions, and appropriated its fictionalized characters and plot twists. In a legal brief, her lawyers claim that:
1) Credited screenwriter David Franzoni received a copy of Echo of Lions.
2) Franzoni worked with Punch Productions for six to eight months as a writer on the "Echo of Lions Project" while Punch was licensed to use Chase-Riboud's book and helped pitch this project to Warner Bros.
3) Franzoni's screenplay for Amistad contains historical "errors" also contained in Echo of Lions, including:
a) a letter from Queen Victoria to President Martin Van Buren;
b) the portrayal of the interpreter as a person that speaks near-perfect English; and
c) the number of children Cinque had.
4) Amistad and Echo of Lions contain the same fictional character–a wealthy, erudite black man involved with the printing of abolitionist literature.
5) An early Amistad shooting script was titled "The Other Lion."
A motion to block the opening of Amistad was shot down by a U.S. District Court judge who found that 1) the similarities between the two works were not substantial 2) fictional characters cannot be copyrighted, and 3) Amistad's screenwriters rendered the similarities irrelevant.
The judge ruled that the suit has virtually no likelihood of success.


text: Mention that you are planning to go to college and one of the first questions friends, teachers, neighbors, parents and other relatives will ask you after "Where are you going to go to college?" is: "What are you going to major in?" You may be wondering, "What exactly is a major?" and "How do I decide?". The following is a list of frequently asked questions about college majors that should help reduce some of the confusion.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hi, my name is Mark Rosengarten, and I have been teaching high school chemistry for the last 21 years. I am the host of New York State's review TV show "Regents Review Live", and have won numerous awards for my teaching. I have tweaked, modified and improved my course over that time, and have finally reached the point where I am ready to share my work with the broader world.
I design my course to be self-paced. I give out packets for each unit that contain everything the student needs to be able to know and do for that unit. There is a homework packet that goes along with every unit. I have had many students that have used the packets to teach themselves the course, so I thought it might be useful for home schooling!
My packets are available for download on my web site www.markrosengarten.com in PDF format. They are absolutely free of charge. They are available in Honors and Regular levels. If you want the answer keys for all 130+ pages of worksheets, there is a charge for that, but buying it is completely optional. All I ask is that you give me feedback on how my course has worked out for you and your child.
An entire course in high school chemistry available...
Plant, animal, or mineral?
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An entire course in high school chemistry available...
The only things that keep us from realizing our hopes and dreams are our fears and self-doubts. Conquer those, and there is no limit to what you can accomplish.
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I plan my course to act naturally paced. I give out bundles for each one unit that hold everything the understudy needs to have the capacity to know and accomplish for that unit. There is a homework bundle that jives with each unit. I have had numerous learners that have utilized the bundles to show themselves the course, so I thought it may be helpful for self-teaching!
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Rick Santorum's used his speech at CPAC 2012 to again reject the idea of anthropogenic global warming, as well as dismiss concerns about hydrofracking.
This year's Conservative Political Action Conference was sponsored in part by fossil fuel industry giant Koch Industries, along with a slew of organizations supported by billionaire brothers David and Charles Koch, including the American Legislative Exchange Council, Americans for Prosperity, and Charles Koch Institute.
Transcript of Rick Santorum's comments on global warming and hydrofracking at CPAC 2012:
Of course, one of the favorite things of the left is to use your sentimentality, your proper understanding and belief that we are stewards of this Earth, and that we have a responsibility to hand off a beautiful Earth to the next generation.
And so they use that, and they've used it in the past, to try to scare you into supporting radical ideas on the environment.
They tried it with this idea, this politicization of science called man-made global warming.
And President Obama, you may remember, tried to pass cap and trade and tried to get control not only of the healthcare system, but of the energy industry, the manufacturing industry.
Another two big sectors of this economy, and using this façade of man-made global warming.
Well I stood up and fought against those things.
Because they will destroy the very foundation of prosperity in our country.
You look at any country in the world and you look at their energy consumption and the cost of energy, and their quality of life, their standard of living.
The more energy consumption, the higher the standard of living.
That's just the bottom line.
We need an America, if we're going to fuel a great and vibrant economy, we need affordable energy.
And this administration has gone out and not only has it attacked us with cap and trade and global warming, but now that that has been thrown on the dustbin of history, now they're going after hydrofracking.
Now, I come from Pennsylvania.
We're doing a little bit of that in Pennsylvania, thank God.
And guess what?
Of course, now that we're doing hydrofracking near the population centers, the boogie man comes out.
Ooh! Look at what it's going to do to you.
Do you know how many wells have been hydrofracked in the United States?
Oh, about seven or eight hundred thousand.
Where's been all the noise?
Ladies and gentlemen, they scare you to intimidate you to trust them, and to give them more power.
We need someone who is going to go out on these big issues of the day and draw contrasts.A full video of Rick Santorum's speech at CPAC 2012 can be found on C-Span.org


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text:
Easy Install Instructions
This is the home of Easy Install for the Citadel system. If you don't know what Citadel is, you're starting in the wrong place. Please go to the main Citadel web site.
Easy Install is a one-step installer which downloads, compiles, and configures a complete Citadel system on your computer. It basically does the same things you would do if you were building Citadel by hand, but with Easy Install, all of these steps are automated and performed in the correct order without your intervention.
Who should use this:
Anyone who wants to install the Citadel system but does not want to manually build it from source code. You can also upgrade Citadel using Easy Install, as long as Easy Install was used for the initial installation.
Easy Install is designed for Linux. It has been tested on several different distributions. Other unix-like platforms (BSD, Solaris, etc.) may work, but this has not been tested. If you have trouble with Easy Install on a non-Linux platform, please visit one of the Citadel support forums for help building from the source tarballs. You can find the Citadel support forums at Uncensored! BBS. After creating an account, please leave your support questions in the "Citadel Support" room (not in the Lobby, please).
To get started...
Log on to your Linux system as "root" and enter the following command at the prompt:
curl http://easyinstall.citadel.org/install | bash
Or if you don't have curl, try wget:
wget -q -O - http://easyinstall.citadel.org/install | bash
Easy Install will automatically initialize. Please note that we said "easy," not "fast." It will compile a lot of code and is therefore quite time consuming. In the future we will add pre-compiled binaries for some of the more popular host operating systems.
So, what's it going to do? When you begin Easy Install, the following things are going to happen:
- The Citadel server, the WebCit front end, Berkeley DB, libical, and libSieve will be downloaded from the Easy Install web site.
- All packages will be compiled and installed. This will take a long time. Citadel will be installed to "/usr/local/citadel", WebCit will be installed to "/usr/local/webcit", and the supporting libraries will be installed to "/usr/local/ctdlsupport".
- The "setup" program will initialize, and you will be asked a few questions about how you want the software configured. You will be offered the opportunity to disable any email and groupware software already installed on your system, and you will be offered the opportunity to have the Citadel services automatically initialized on startup.
- WebCit will be similarly configured. If you are not running some other web server (such as Apache), you can run WebCit on port 80; otherwise, pick some other port.
After Installation:
After installing Citadel, log in and create an account using the name you gave Easy Install. Although most of the settings for the server come with sensible defaults, you will probably want to use the web based administration functions to customize your system somewhat. Information on these settings and what they do can be found in the fine manual.
Have Fun!


text:
Obtenez votre premier livre audio gratuitement
The Black Stiletto: Black & White
It's 1959, and Judy Cooper, the Black Stiletto, sets out to confront a dangerous gangster known as the heroin king of Harlem, when the teenage daughter of her beloved martial arts instructor ends up a prisoner in an uptown narcotics den. The Stiletto has troubles of her own - a shady filmmaker is threatening to reveal her identity to the world - a close friend of her landlord and substitute father may be in cahoots with the Harlem criminals - she's fighting for racial equality - and she has fallen in love again, this time with an FBI agent who has standing orders to arrest her.
Meanwhile the Stiletto's son faces his own blackmail crisis when he finds out that there is a second copy of an 8mm film he found in his mother's strongbox - showing the Black Stiletto unmasked in a film studio dressing room. As he tries to stop the filmmaker's son's extortion plot, he learns that his daughter, Gina, has been brutally assaulted in New York City. The past and the present meet.
D'autres livres audio du même...
Ce que les membres d'Audible en pensent
Évaluations – Cliquez sur les onglets pour changer la source des évaluations.
Au global
- Jean
- 2013-08-05
Drug deal in Harlem
This is book two in the Black Stiletto series and it is already evident you must read these books in order. If you did not read Black Stiletto stop and do so before you start this book. This book picks up at the ending of book one. It also goes back and forth between the present day with Martin Talbot vising his mother Judy Cooper Talbot in the nursing home and current events in his life. The other part is 1959 with Judy Cooper telling her diary the newest escapes of the Black Stiletto. In this book she is after a drug dealer in Harlem who has her Japanese martial arts instructor's daughter held drugged in brothel. The dealer is also extorting money from her instructor to return the daughter. Judy goes into action and the problem is bigger and she discovers a crooked FBI agent. Do not let this description fool you the story is far from boring but is action packed, fast moving, some humor and romance, the story just flies. Raymond Benson writes with tight prose and grabs your attention. Martin daughter, Judy's granddaughter is attacked in New York City and is in hospital with a broken jaw. This gets me to wondering if in the future Gina may pick up her grandmother's role. Can not wait for the next book in the series. Book makes a nice relaxing fun read.
4 les gens ont trouvé cela utile
Au global
- Robin W.
- 2016-08-06
Excellent, EXCELLENT, E-X-C-E-L-L-E=N-T
loved it. The story, narration, made it one of my favorite books to date.
Au global
- Jenifer
- 2015-08-20
Absolutely hooked!
The voice actors do an amazing job at telling this fascinating story. It's so well written that I've been drawn in deeper with each word. I'm trying to pace myself as I go through the next 3 books in the series. I don't want the story to end yet!


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text:
The novel that imagined a Boston Marathon terrorist attack
According to a story in Tuesday's Boston Globe, a 2003 Massachusetts State Police report "warned that the [Boston] Marathon could be a 'possible prime terrorist target' because it involves such a large number of runners and spectators, draws a live worldwide television audience, [and] coincides with the Patriots Day holiday in Boston."
That idea didn't just occur to state police. In 2002, a writer named Tom Lonergan published "Heartbreak Hill: The Boston Marathon Thriller" -- a sort of Black Sunday set in the world of distance running. Here's the synopsis from the book's back cover:
The trouble with most terrorists is they think too small. This is the message Boston police receive days before fifteen thousand runners and two and a half million spectators descend on the city for the marathon. Even bin Laden only killed thousands. What if the target was larger? What if millions were at risk?
Sgt. Mike Quinn, Vietnam vet, homicide detective and addicted marathoner, is called in to help when domestic terrorists, looking to piggy-back onto the World Trade Center disaster, threaten a race day bloodbath. How real is the threat? On Sunday, October 28, 2001, six weeks after the attack on the World Trade Center, the Boston Globe printed a call-to-arms by Rocky Suhayda, the chairman of the American Nazi Party: "if we were one-tenth as serious as the bin Laden terrorists, we just might start getting somewhere."
Quinn is a divorced, forty-something year old history buff, who loves his city and its marathon. He's run the race six times. And when marathon director Ronnie Silk is killed, Quinn is assigned to protect Raven, the red hot rock 'n roll diva and the marathon's first-ever celebrity entrant. Raven is a magnet for trouble. And Quinn scrambles to keep up with her during the final miles of the race while trying to flush out the maniac terrorists.


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Now that the GeoHistorian Project has been virtually completed, it is time to take stock and see what we accomplished. We were pleasantly surprised to find that the project yielded much more than we had originally anticipated, including a solid curriculum that can be replicated elsewhere, a host of presentations and publications, and above all, a set of almost 30 QR code markers that links historical sites in Kent, Ohio. Last but not least, the project was instrumental in building stronger relationships within the local community.
The details can be found in the GeoHistorian Project white paper, which can be downloaded here.


text:
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Hello, I'm new to Tennisopolis and have free most mornings. I would like to hit at least once or twice a week. Let me know if you or anyone you know is available. I have a tennis court at building where I live :)
Are you still playing or do you have any info on tennis meetings? I want to start playing regularly.
© 2020 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by


text:
- Original (pdf) 3 MB
ISPRS 2003 Visual Calculus of Perceptual Fribble? World Maps with Constant Scale Edges: A Novel Projection Method, Well-Suited to our Era
I introduce world maps with constant scale edges [cse], and show how cse encompasses both conventional projections and a new class of maps—world maps with constant scale natural boundaries [csnb]. Given context this, apparently, strains mathematics, rejoining a "battle" twixt numbers and geometry thought by some, perhaps, long-settled in favor of algebra. Here geometry betters its cousin, as when numbers, shy the idea of an irrational number, once lost the number-line's challenge. The idea of "natural boundary" mapping is simple, and in principle offers substantial advantage for studying natural, globular objects—dynamic and spherical planets like Earth and Venus, and odder things like Eros and Ios. But, such maps are difficult to make, and heretofore suffered the usual drawbacks of maps in general, e.g. distorted periphery and unintelligible edge. Computers would end the tedium of plotting points; and constant scale joined to natural boundary re-imagines maps.
- Mimetype
- application/pdf
- Filename
- Clark_isprs_mar03.pdf
- Publisher
- Author
- Chuck Clark
- Originator
- C. S. Clark
- Group
- Astrogeology
- Added to Astropedia
- 14 May 2012
- Modified
- 9 July 2013
- Geospatial Data Presentation Form
- Document
- Theme
- Cartography
Geospatial Information
- Quad Name


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text: Confectionary List Grid Map Order Order Results ByTitle (A-z)Title (Z-a)Date (Oldest First)Date (Newest First)NearestFurthest We have found 1 items matching your search. General Stores Database USA 623 Views / 5 Downloads Download our General Stores Database List. This database contains 24,622 unique records of all USA General Stores Listing as available on the yellow pages. This content database can be downloade $39.99 More Details 1 Page 1 of 1


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ZEISS coordinate measuring machines and ZEISS GEAR PRO software enable you to measure and analyze in accordance with standards of all common gear wheel types up to an outer diameter of 3 meters and weight of 16 tons.
We provide professional support for your measuring tasks thanks to our decades of experience in gear wheel measuring technology, and will find the right measuring procedure for each of your applications.
The measuring solution is based on each application. This can be a measurement with or without a rotary table and star stylus system, or a horizontal measurement with a fan stylus system.
The analysis of the gear measurement adheres to national and international standards, such as DIN, ISO, AGMA and JIS, or user-defined tolerances.
When provided with a CAD model, we can also use ZEISS METROTOM computer tomographs to generate a nominal/actual comparison of gears made of plastic, in addition to the standard gear wheel diagrams.
Involute gears and splines as well as splines with linear profiles can be measured. It does not matter if it is an external or internal gear, spur or helical. Special shapes such as conically corrected gears or beveloids as well as parallel key splines or serrated splines can also be analyzed.
A distinction is made between spiral and straight bevel gears. All variations such as pinions, ring gears and dies can also be measured. The nominal data can be generated in typical industry formats such as Gleason (GAGE) or Klingenberg (KIMOS), or can be imported from a CAD model. If there is no nominal data, the master gear method (or digitization) can also be applied.
All typical worm profiles such as ZI, ZA, ZN and ZK can be measured and analyzed in accordance with the standards.
For the measurement of rotors (screw compressors), male (primary rotor), female (auxiliary rotor) and straight rotors are supported. The nominal data for the measurement can be provided as a profile transverse section or as a CAD model.
Single and multiple-thread hobs for the production of involute gears can be measured. Full-profile hobs and block hobs, as well as hobs with turning plates are supported. Hobs with tangential cutting geometries can also be measured.


text:
The Case School of Engineering develops learning opportunities outside the classroom to offer all engineering students undergraduate and graduate incomparable real world experience while still in school.
Two out of three graduates have worked at least one seven-month cooperative education assignment, while others complete internships or offsite research projects at such places as The Cleveland Clinic, University Hospitals of Cleveland, and NASA Glenn Research Center. Employers notice the Case difference with 97 percent saying Case engineers produce faster than their peers.


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The Hormone Free
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The Today Sponge is a safe, hormone-free birth control alternative for couples that provides 24hr protection.
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February 20th, 2015
Here are a few important pieces of information for you to know to keep your vagina healthy.
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Here are a few tips to help you have more satisfying sex.
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Here are a few ways you can heat things up in the bedroom this Valentine's Day.


text:
Thirteen Colonies
Part of a series on the
History of the
United States
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The Thirteen Colonies were the Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Jersey were formed by mergers of previous colonies. All the colonies had similar political and legal systems, with a high degree of self-government. Most white men could and did vote for local and legislative officials. The colonies were all prosperous and had high growth rates based on immigration from Britain and Germany, together with ample food supplies and land for new settlers. Most families operated subsistence farms. All the colonies had legal slavery, with slave-based plantations in the South producing valuable exports such as tobacco and rice. The Northern and Middle colonies concentrated on trade. The frontier districts often confronted Indian wars, but by 1700 the colonists greatly outnumbered the Indians. The British officials in London practiced a policy of mercantilism, and believed the colonies should be operated for the benefit of the mother country, while the colonists after 1760 resisted British demands for more control especially over taxes. The colonies were religiously diverse, though overwhelmingly Protestant[1] with the Anglican Church of England officially established in most of the South, but there were no bishops and the churches had only local roles. Education was widespread in the northern colonies, which had established colleges such as Harvard and Yale, while the College of William and Mary trained the elite in Virginia.
- The Thirteen Colonies 1
- Growth 2
- Other divisions prior to 1730 3
Population 4
- Slaves 4.1
Government 5
- Economic policy 5.1
- Legislation prior to 1763 5.2
- Coming of American revolution 5.3
- Other British colonies 6
- See also 7
- Notes 8
References 9
- Government 9.1
- Primary sources 9.2
The Thirteen Colonies
Each of the thirteen colonies developed its own system of self-government, based largely on independent farmers who owned their own land, voted for their local and provincial government, and served on local juries. In some of the colonies, especially Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia, there were also substantial populations of African slaves. Following a series of protests over taxes in the 1760s and 1770s, these colonies united politically and militarily in opposition to the British government and fought the American Revolutionary War, 1775–1783. In 1776, they declared their independence, and achieved that goal with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783).
Before independence, the thirteen were among two dozen separate colonies in British America. Those in the British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war (although Spain reconquered Florida before the war was over). Although there was a degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of them, their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation.[2] Especially in the case of Quebec and Florida, the British crown had only recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them.
British colonies in North America, c. 1750. 1: Newfoundland; 2: Nova Scotia; 3: the Thirteen Colonies; 4: Bermuda; 5: Bahamas; 6: British Honduras (was Spanish c. 1750: became British in 1798); 7: Jamaica; 8: British Leeward Islands and Barbados
North American colonies 1763–76, illustrating territorial claims
In 1775, the British claimed authority over the red and pink areas on this map and Spain claimed the orange. The red area is the area of settlement; most lived within 50 miles of the ocean.
State land claims based on colonial charters, and later cessions to the U.S. government, 1782–1802
Contemporary documents usually list the thirteen colonies of British North America in geographical order, from the north to the south.
- Province of New Hampshire, later New Hampshire, a crown colony
- Province of Massachusetts Bay, later Massachusetts and Maine, a crown colony
- Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, later Rhode Island, a crown colony
- Connecticut Colony, later Connecticut, a crown colony
- Province of New York, later New York and Vermont,[3] a crown colony
- Province of New Jersey, later New Jersey, a crown colony
- Province of Pennsylvania, later Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony
- Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on Delaware), later Delaware, a proprietary colony
- Southern colonies
- (Virginia and Maryland comprised the Chesapeake Colonies)
- Province of Maryland, later Maryland, a proprietary colony
- Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later Virginia, Kentucky, and West Virginia, a crown colony
- Province of North Carolina, later North Carolina and Tennessee, a crown colony
- Province of South Carolina, later South Carolina, a crown colony
- Alabama and Mississippi, a crown colony
Other divisions prior to 1730
- Dominion of New England
- Created in 1685 by a decree from King James II that consolidated Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Province of New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey into a single larger colony. The experiment collapsed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, and the nine former colonies re-established their separate identities in 1689.
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Settled in 1630 by Puritans from England. The colonial charter was revoked in 1684, and a new charter establishing an enlarged Province of Massachusetts Bay was issued in 1691.
- Province of Maine
- Settled in 1622 (An earlier attempt to settle the Popham Colony in Sagadahoc, Maine (near present day Phippsburg and Popham Beach State Park) in 1607 was abandoned after only one year). The Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed the Maine territory (then limited to present-day southernmost Maine) in the 1650s. Parts of Maine east of the Kennebec River were also part of New York in the second half of the 17th century. These areas were formally made part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691.
- Plymouth Colony
- Settled in 1620 by the Pilgrims. Plymouth was merged into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691.
- Saybrook Colony
- Founded in 1635 and merged with Connecticut Colony in 1644.
- New Haven Colony
- Settled in late 1637. New Haven was absorbed by Connecticut Colony with the issuance of the Connecticut Charter in 1662, partly as royal punishment by King Charles II for harboring the regicide judges who sentenced King Charles I to death.
- East Jersey and West Jersey
- Settled as part of New Netherland in the 1610s, New Jersey was captured (along with New York) by English forces in 1664. New Jersey was divided into two separate colonies in 1674, which were reunited in 1702.
- Province of Carolina
- Founded in 1663. Carolina colony was divided into two colonies, North Carolina and South Carolina, in 1712. Both colonies became royal colonies in 1729.
Population(Note: the population figures are estimates by historians; they do not include the native tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies; they do include Natives living under colonial control, as well as slaves and indentured servants.)[4]
By 1776 about 85% of the white population was of English, Irish, Scottish or Welsh descent, with 9% of German origin and 4% Dutch. These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate throughout the 18th century primarily because of high birth rates, and relatively low death rates. Immigration was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830. Over 90% were farmers, with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire.[5][6]
Slavery was legal and practiced in each of the Thirteen Colonies. In most places it involved house servants or farm workers. It was of economic importance in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland, and the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina.[8] About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies, or 2% of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa. The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. Combined with a very high birth rate, the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths, reaching nearly 4 million by the 1860 census. From 1770 until 1860, the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England. However, Tadman attributes this to very high birth rates: "U.S. slaves, then, reached similar rates of natural increase to whites not because of any special privileges but through a process of great suffering and material deprivation".[9]
British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system, yet by doing so without a land-owning aristocracy they created a broad electorate and a pattern of free and frequent elections that put a premium on voter participation. The colonies offered a much broader franchise than England or indeed any other country. White men with enough property could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature, and in Connecticut and Rhode Island they could even vote for governor.[10] Legitimacy for a voter meant having an "interest" in society – as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716, "it is necessary and reasonable, that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly."[11] Women, children, indentured servants and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head. The main legal criterion for having an "interest" was ownership of property, which was narrowly based in Britain, and nineteen out of twenty men were controlled politically by their landlords. London insisted on it for the colonies, telling governors to exclude men who were not freeholders (that is, did not own land) from the ballot. Nevertheless land was so widely owned that 50% to 80% of the white men were eligible to vote.[12]
The colonial political culture emphasized deference, so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen. But sometimes they competed with each other, and had to appeal to the common man for votes. There were no political parties, and would-be legislators formed ad-hoc coalitions of their families, friends, and neighbors. Outside Puritan New England, election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry, politick, shake hands with the grandees, and meet old friends, hear the speeches and all the while toasting, eating, treating, tippling, gaming and gambling. They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk, as supporters cheered or booed. Candidate [13]
The actual rate of voting ranged from 20% to 40% of all adult white males. The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York, where long-standing factions, based on ethnic and religious groups, mobilized supporters at a higher rate. New York and Rhode Island developed long-lasting two-faction systems that held together for years at the colony level, but did not reach into local affairs. The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections, however, had little basis in policy or ideology. Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl, and based on personality rather than long-lived factions or serious disputes on issues.[10]
The colonies were independent of each other before 1774 as efforts led by Benjamin Franklin to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 had failed. The thirteen all had well established systems of self-government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen, which they were determined to protect from imperial interference. The vast majority of white men were eligible to vote.[14]
Economic policy
The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system, where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire, and trade with other empires was forbidden. The goal was to enrich Britain—its merchants and its government. Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London, but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies.[15]
Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch.[16] The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.[17]
Legislation prior to 1763
Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French, Spanish or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts, which Americans avoided as often as they could. The royal officials responded to smuggling with open-ended search warrants (Writs of Assistance). In 1761, Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists. He lost the case, but John Adams later wrote, "Then and there the child Independence was born."[18]
However, the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade, they only opposed legislation which was thought to impact them internally.
On December 1, 1763, at Hanover Courthouse,[19] Patrick Henry argued the Parson's Cause in the Colony of Virginia, where the legislature had passed a law and it was vetoed by the king. Henry argued, "that a King, by disallowing Acts of this salutary nature, from being the father of his people, degenerated into a Tyrant and forfeits all right to his subjects' obedience".[20]
Following their victory in the French and Indian War in 1763, Great Britain took control of the French holdings in North America, outside the Caribbean. The British sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French, and keep them separated from the American frontiersmen. To this end, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains as this was designated an Indian Reserve.[21] Disregarding the proclamation, some groups of settlers continued to move west and establish farms.[22] The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement, but the fact that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation angered the colonists.[23]
Coming of American revolution
Beginning with the intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765, the Americans insisted on the principle of "no taxation without representation", representation being understood in the context of Parliament directly levying the duty or excise tax, and thus by-passing the colonial legislatures, which had levied taxes on the colonies in the monarch's stead prior to 1763.[24] They argued that, as the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament, it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them. Those other British colonies that had assemblies largely agreed with those in the Thirteen Colonies, but they were thoroughly controlled by the British Empire and the Royal Navy, so protests were hopeless.[25]
- Kavenagh, W. Keith, ed. Foundations of Colonial America: a Documentary History (6 vol. 1974)
- Sarson, Steven, and Jack P. Greene, eds. The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783 (8 vol, 2010); primary sources
Primary sources
- Andrews, Charles M.Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689 (1904) full text online
- Dinkin, Robert J. Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776 (1977)
- Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution (1943)
Osgood, Herbert L. The American colonies in the seventeenth century, (3 vols 1904–07).
- Osgood, Herbert Levi (1907). The American colonies in the seventeenth century. Macmillan vol 3 online.
- Osgood, Herbert L. The American colonies in the eighteenth century (4 vols, 1924–25)
- Adams, James Truslow (1922). The founding of New England. Atlantic Monthly Press; full text online.
- Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923)
- Andrews, Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History (4 vol. 1934–38), the standard political overview to 1700
- Chitwood, Oliver. A history of colonial America (1961), older textbook
- Cooke, Jacob Ernest et al., ed. Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. (3 vol. 1993); 2397 pp.; comprehensive coverage; compares British, French, Spanish & Dutch colonies
- Gipson, Lawrence. The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes, 1936–1970), Pulitzer Prize; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World
- Greene, Evarts Boutelle et al., American Population before the Federal Census of 1790, 1993, ISBN 0-8063-1377-3
- Greene, Evarts Boutell (1905). Provincial America, 1690–1740. Harper & brothers; full text online.
- Hawke, David F.; The Colonial Experience; 1966, ISBN 0-02-351830-8. older textbook
- Hawke, David F. Everyday Life in Early America (1989) excerpt and text search
- Middleton, Richard, and Anne Lombard. Colonial America: A History to 1763 (4th ed. 2011), the newest textbook excerpt and text search
- Taylor, Alan. American colonies (2002), 526 pages; recent survey by leading scholar
- Vickers, Daniel, ed. A Companion to Colonial America. (Blackwell, 2003) 576 pp.; topical essays by experts
- ^ http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297a/The%20History%20of%20Religious%20Conflict.htm
- ^ Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds. '"A Companion to the American Revolution (2004) ch. 63
- ^ The present state of Vermont was disputed between the colonies of New York and New Hampshire. From 1777 to 1791, it existed as the de facto independent Vermont Republic.
- ^ Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth, 1790–1900 (1909) p 9
- ^ Greene (1905) is basic
- ^ Smith, Daniel Scott (1972). "The Demographic History of Colonial New England". The Journal of Economic History 32 (1): 165–83.
- ^ Source: Miller and Smith, eds. Dictionary of American Slavery (1988) p . 678
- ^ Betty Wood, Slavery in Colonial America, 1619–1776 (2013) excerpt and text search
- ^ Tadman, Michael (2000). "The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas". The American Historical Review 105 (5): 1534–75.
- ^ a b Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776 (1977)
- ^ Thomas Cooper and David James McCord, eds. The Statutes at Large of South Carolina: Acts, 1685–1716 (1837) p 688
- ^ Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote (2000) pp 5–8
- ^ Daniel Vickers, A Companion to Colonial America (2006) p. 300
- ^ Greene and Pole, eds. '"A Companion to the American Revolution (2004) quote p. 665
- ^ Max Savelle, (2005) pp. 204–211Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind
- ^ George Otto Trevelyan, The American revolution: Volume 1 (1899) p. 128 online
- ^ William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755 (Praeger, 2000) p, 54.
- ^ Stephens, Unreasonable Searches and Seizures (2006) p. 306
- ^ http://www.vahistorical.orgs/default/files/uploads/sov_americans.pdf
- ^ John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (1943)
- ^ Colin G. Calloway, The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (2006), pp 92–98
- ^ W. J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker (2004). "America's promise: a concise history of the United States". Rowman & Littlefield. p.92. ISBN 0-7425-1189-8
- ^ Woody Holton, "The Ohio Indians and the coming of the American revolution in Virginia," Journal of Southern History, (1994) 60#3 pp 453–78
- ^ J. R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic (London; Melbourne: Macmillan, 1966), 31, http://www.questia.com/read/89805613.
- ^ Donald William Meinig, The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492–1800 (1986) p. 315; Greene and Pole, Companion ch. 63
- ^ T.H. Breen, American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People (2010) pp 81–82
- ^ Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (Oxford History of the United States) (2007)
- ^ Lawrence Gipson, The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes, 1936–1970)
- ^ Meinig pp. 313–14; Greene and Pole (2004) ch. 61
- ^ Meinig pp 314–15; Greene and Pole (2004) ch 61
- ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean (2000) ch 6
- ^ Meinig pp 315–16; Greene and Pole (2004) ch 63
- ^ Meinig p 316
- ^ P. J. Marshall, ed. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (2001)
- American Revolution
- Atlantic history
- British colonization of the Americas
- Colonial American military history
- Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies
- Colonial history of the United States
- Economic history of the United States § Colonial economy
- New England Colonies
See also
East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred to Britain during the French and Indian War from Spain by treaty. The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers. After 1775, East Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South, especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina.[33] However, Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781, then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783. Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819.[34]
In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports. There was increasing sympathy for the American cause, including smuggling, and both colonies were considered "passive allies" of the United States throughout the war. When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder, the colony gave no resistance at all.[32]
In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica, Grenada, and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation, but the others were quite loyal. Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations (many of whom lived in London); in turn the planters' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts. The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands. During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships.[31]
Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade. The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire, and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England. The American grievances over taxation had little relevance, and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances. Even so the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in 1775. Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause.[30]
Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England, and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men. The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of "neutrality." In any case, the island-like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible.[29]
Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question. It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies. It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances.
At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America: Newfoundland, Rupert's Land (the area around the Hudson Bay), Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, East Florida, West Florida, and the Province of Quebec. There were other colonies in the Americas as well, largely in the British West Indies. These colonies remained loyal to the crown.[28]


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Hope College's annual major dance concert, Dance 39, will continue on Thursday–Saturday, March 7-9. All performances start at 8 p.m. at the Knickerbocker Theatre in downtown Holland.
Dance 39 is a concert of choreographic work by the Hope dance faculty and featured guest artists Anne-René Petrarca and Sharon Wong, danced by Hope students.
Sharon Wong premieres "Ain't Life Grand," inspired by the music of the late 1930s and early 1940s and featuring jazz vernacular influenced by social dances of the era.
Anne-René Petrarca describes her work as "the layers of life's intimacies unfolding, propelling us into the expansion of life."
Matthew Farmer premieres "Elysium Garden," with music by Arvo Pärt. Farmer describes the piece is inspired by the Greek myth, noting, "There perhaps is a place called the 'Elysium Garden' where the souls of those who pass before their time ascend and wait. They wait until we have accepted their death, and only then are they permitted to continue their journey in the afterlife."
Crystal Frazier premieres a tribute to Michael Jackson through the art of tap and hip hop dancing.
Steven Iannacone premieres "Strange Arrangements." Iannacone states, "This work is a movement experience influenced by dolls, high fashion, butoh and the quote from Shakespeare's 'Macbeth': 'Fair is foul, and foul is fair.'" The dancers experimented with hyper-reality, exaggeration and distortion to create a world of interchangeable "episodes." These "episodes" will be re-arranged by the dancers each night to create a new and different "strangeness" for each performance. Also, the sound score will be mixed live each night in an improvisational response to their movement subtly changing the texture of the work.
Julie Powell has reconstructed "Waltz of the Hours" from the ballet "Coppélia" choreographed by Marius Petipa and Enrico Cecchetti in 1884. Powell states, "This is classical ensemble work at its finest... clean, precise and elegant."
Angie Yetzke, in collaboration with Katherine Sullivan of the Hope art faculty, blends visual art, vocal sound, and movement to present a no-filter process to art interpretation. In researching this project the dancers each chose one of Sullivan's "Seascape" paintings for free-writing, free-speaking, and free-moving. Personalizing their responses to color, texture and imagery, the dancers join abstract language and gesture to bring mystery to familiarity and familiarity to mystery.
Tickets for Dance 39 are on sale at the ticket office in the main lobby of the DeVos Fieldhouse, and cost $10 for regular admission, $7 for senior citizens and $5 for students, and are free for those 12 and under. The ticket office is open weekdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., and can be called at (616) 395-7890. Tickets are also available online at tickets.hope.edu/ticketing/
Tickets will be available at the Knickerbocker Theatre on performance nights directly preceding the performance time.
In addition, complimentary tickets are available to area dance studios interested in learning more about the college's department of dance. More information about the opportunity is available through the ticket office.
The DeVos Fieldhouse is located at 222 Fairbanks Ave., between Ninth and 11th streets. The Knickerbocker Theatre is located at 86 E. Eighth St.


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|Working Group I: The Scientific Basis
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8.7.3 Monsoons
Monsoon constitutes an essential phenomenon for a tropical climate (see Chapter 7, Section 7.6.3). The monsoon precipitation simulated by AGCMs has been evaluated in AMIP (Sperber and Palmer, 1996; Zhang et al., 1997; Gadgil and Sajani, 1998). The seasonal migration of the major rain belt over the West African region is well simulated by almost all models. However coarse resolution climate models generally fail to give satisfactory simulations of the East Asian, East African and North American monsoons (Stensrud et al., 1995; Lau and Yang, 1996; Semazzi and Sun, 1997; Yu et al., 2000b). For example, models have excessive precipitation in the eastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau. Increase of horizontal resolution can improve the precipitation details, but may not be sufficient to remove large-scale model biases (Kar et al., 1996; Lal et al., 1997; Stephenson et al., 1998; Chandrasekar et al., 1999; Martin, 1999; also see Section 8.9.1).
Interannual variations of Nordeste (north-eastern Brazil) rainfall are well captured with atmospheric models with prescribed interannually varying SST (Potts et al., 1996; Sperber and Palmer, 1996). This is also the case for the South American monsoon (Robertson et al., 1999) and the West African monsoon (Rowell et al., 1995; Semazzi et al., 1996; Rocha and Simmonds, 1997; Goddard and Graham, 1999). The precipitation variation over India is less well simulated. However the models show better skill in reproducing the interannual variability of a wind shear index over the Indian summer monsoon region, indicating that the models exhibit greater fidelity in capturing the large-scale dynamic fluctuations than the regional scale rainfall variations.
More recent atmospheric models with revised physical parametrizations show improved interannual variability of the all-India rainfall, Indian/Asian monsoon wind shear, Sahel and Nordeste rainfall (Figure 8.23) (Sperber et al., 1999). Improvement in the simulation of interannual variability is associated with a better simulation of the observed climate by the models (Sperber and Palmer, 1996; Ferranti et al., 1999; Martin and Soman, 2000). The observed rainfall/ENSO SST correlation pattern is better simulated by those models that have a rainfall climatology in closer agreement with observations (Gadgil and Sajani, 1998).
Coupled climate models that simulate El Niño-like SST variability in the tropical Pacific indicate a strong connection between ENSO and the strength of the Indian summer monsoon in qualitative agreement with observations (Meehl and Arblaster, 1998; Kitoh et al., 1999; Latif et al., 1999). Besides the ENSO time-scale, the South Asian monsoon reveals a strong biennial oscillation. Coupled models can reproduce this tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) (Meehl, 1997; Ogasawara et al., 1999).8.7.4 Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO)
MJO is a 30 to 60 day oscillation that moves eastward in the tropical large-scale circulation, and affects both mid-latitude atmospheric circulation and the Asian-Australian monsoon. Slingo et al. (1996) showed that nearly all of the AMIP models have power in the intra-seasonal time-scale of equatorial upper troposphere zonal wind at higher frequencies than the observation. They also show that most models underestimated the strength of the MJO. Slingo et al. (1999) show that the HadAM3 model forced by the observed SST displays a decadal time-scale variability of MJO activity as observed, implying a possible link between long-term changes of tropical SST and MJO activity, and also the ability of a current atmospheric model to simulate it.
Recent studies suggest an important role of air-sea interaction on the intra-seasonal time-scale phenomena (Flatau et al., 1997; Waliser et al., 1999; Li and Yu, 2001), thus a possible improvement in reproducing the MJO by coupled climate models. This warrants a need to evaluate the MJO in coupled climate models, but this is yet to be undertaken.8.7.5 The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO)
The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a regional mode of variability over the North Atlantic, while the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is a hemispheric mode of variability which resembles in many respects the NAO (see Chapter 7, Section 7.6.4). Coupled climate models simulate the NAO quite well, although there are some differences in its amplitude (Delworth, 1996; Laurent et al., 1998; Saravanan, 1998; Osborn et al., 1999). Atmospheric models with prescribed SST also simulate the spatial pattern of NAO variability fairly well (Rodwell et al., 1999), although coupling to an interactive ocean does seem to produce the most realistic NAO pattern. A realistic AO is simulated in the CCCma (Fyfe et al., 1999), GISS (Shindell et al., 1999) and GFDL (Broccoli et al., 1998) climate models. The AO extends into the mid-troposphere to lower stratosphere where it is associated with variations in westerly wind speed (see Chapter 2, Section 2.6.5 and Chapter 7, Section 7.6.4). This coupled troposphere-stratosphere mode of internal variability has been reproduced in the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) coupled climate model (Kitoh et al., 1996; Kodera et al., 1996).
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Say what you will about Red Faction: Armageddon, but Volition's third-person shooter packs some truly fantastic toys. Sure, it has all the usual shotguns, assault rifles and rocket launchers, but alongside them you'll find mighty hammers that can smash whole buildings apart, hulking, heavily-armed exoskeletons, nano-guns that disintegrate creatures and objects into their constituent atoms, and nano-units that can build them back up again.
We get grenades, remote grenades and energy beams, and - best of all - a magnet gun where you fire at point A, fire again at point B, and a beam of energy drags the two together. Allied with the series' signature Geo-Mod technology, which pioneered the idea of making all the scenery destructible, this armoury makes for a brilliant toolkit for creative destruction. Creature over there giving you trouble? Why not literally bring the house down on him? Or why not knock heads together by wiring two vicious critters together with the magnet gun, and watch them accelerate towards each other at deadly speed.
In theory, this should be great fun, but the thing about a brilliant toolkit is that it needs a brilliant world in which to work, or all that ingenuity gets pretty dull, pretty quickly. This, sadly, is where the latest Red Faction falls apart.
This is a shame. The previous effort, Red Faction: Guerilla, wasn't entirely successful, but its marriage of first-person-shooter, open-world and mega-destruction was reasonably innovative and enjoyable. Armageddon, by contrast, seems to settle for being a by-the-numbers action game with only its exotic weaponry to recommend it. It's an old story - space marine meets hostile inhabitants of planet - with the only real twist being that this marine is an engineer, the action takes place on a colonised Mars, and that it's sort-of his fault that those particular hostile inhabitants have been set loose. It's little more than a basic premise for a linear series of missions designed to put your hero in close proximity with horde after horde of insectoid Martian varmints.
There's nothing wrong with that if the game still works, but Armageddon starts off dull, steadily gets fun, then goes back to its default setting of, erm, dull. You've seen it. You've done it. You stopped wearing the T-Shirt several years ago and it's lurking at the bottom of your wardrobe. While Volition has made an effort to create a varied roster of baddies, each with their own moves, attacks and quirks, very few encounters are staged with much panache, and it's really only the weapon set that keeps the combat interesting. Soon one samey mission blends into another, whatever pretext there is to keep you moving from one place to another, and as the game progresses, the principal idea seems to be to up the numbers or just throw more of the more tricky Martian critters into the mix. Unless you think frustration is better than boredom, this isn't the way to go.
Armageddon also looks drab. Arguably, Volition's biggest mistake has been to set the whole game underground (a previous disaster, also caused by our hapless hero, has taken Mars's terraforming tech offline). You'd have to go back to the days of Quake II to see a game so uniformly brown, grey and unspectacular, packed with industrial decor and enlivened with only the occasional touch of scenic grandeur. The aliens themselves are spectacularly generic, as if the team had spent weeks researching what aliens look like in other games in order to come up with a collection that look just the same. Honestly, Armageddon couldn't be any less distinctive if it tried.
Of course there are good things to say, and we really should mention them. Obviously, all those cool weapons count for something, and the destructible scenery is fun. The music is consistently good, and some decent voice actors do their best to make the cinematic cutscenes dramatic (though there's only so much you can do with this stuff). We're also going to dish out a whole extra point - maybe two - for the Infection multiplayer mode. It might just be another spin on the classic "four-men against a mass of nasties" theme, as seen in Gears of War's Horde mode or Halo: Reach's Firefight, but it's a good spin, made frantic and hilarious by all those weapons and all the chunks of scenery flying around. The secondary Ruin mode, where you have a time limit to smash things up in, is a nice showcase for the game's destruction, but nothing more.
Look, it's 2011 now. Do you really need another unremarkable shooter in your collection? Have you exhausted all the other sci-fi action epics to the extent that you really must have something new? Well, Red Faction is a perfectly acceptable genre effort with a great set of weapons, but one that that still gets stale with time. While it has its moments and the multiplayer is fun, so many other games have done this so much better, and with so much more drama and excitement.


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Linkages Online Newsletter Spring 2014
CHHS Inaugural Hall of Fame Inducts Three FACS Alumni
The Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (FACS) is proud to announce that three FACS alumni were inducted into the inaugural class of the College of Health and Human Services (CHHS) Hall of Fame on Friday, May 2. The inductees were:
Dr. Mary Heltsley, a1960 Home Economics Education graduate, is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Minnesota, served as Associate Vice President for Outreach in the Office of the Executive Vice President and Provost, Interim Provost for the University of Minnesota-Rochester and Dean of the College of Human Ecology. Dr. Heltsley served as program director for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research Service. While at the University of Minnesota, she received praise for securing funding to provide a lasting home for the School of Social Work and was the guiding force behind the creation of a technology center designed to aid both faculty and students. Dr. Heltsley received the University of Minnesota Women's Leadership Award and the Osborne National Teaching Award from the National Council on Family Relations.
Dr. Martha Jenkins, a 1959 Home Economics Education graduate and FACS faculty emeritus, has been a persistent advocate for WKU and the FACS Department for over 50 years. She has served in multiple leadership roles in the Dream Factory, Inc. of Bowling Green, International Textiles and Apparel Association, Kentucky Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, the Costume Society of America, Phi Upsilon Omicron at WKU and is a past National President of Phi Upsilon Omicron. Dr. Jenkins was instrumental in getting the Beta Delta chapter of Phi Upsilon Omicron established at WKU in May of 1966, and she was a founding member of the Home Economics Alumni Association for the department in 1989.
Mr. Joseph Micatrotto, II, a 1997 Hotel, Restaurant, and Tourism Management graduate, is the President and Chief Executive Officer for MRG Marketing & Management, Inc. and has overseen the development of Raising Cane's Chicken Finger brand throughout Nevada and Arizona. He is active in the Las Vegas Executives Association, the Nevada Restaurant Association, the United Way of Southern Nevada, the United Way Valley of the Sun, and the University of Nevada Las Vegas Foundation and President's Advisory Council. He is the Vice Chairman of the Nevada Restaurant Association's Education Foundation and is Founding Chairman of the United Way's Young Philanthropist Society. In 2008, he was named Restaurateur of the Year by the Nevada Restaurant Association and was selected as one of In Business Las Vegas magazine's "Top 40 Under 40" and received the 2010 Executive of the Year award. In 2014, Mr. Micatrotto was named as Director Emeritus of the Nevada Restaurant Association.
Mr. Joseph Micatrotto and Dr. Martha Jenkins
(Dr. Mary Heltsley was unable to attend this event)
All three of these alumni were named in 2011, during the Department's 100th year, as one of the 100 FACS alumni and friends of the department who have made a significant contribution to their career fields, their communities, and to WKU.
FACS graduate named Kentucky Young Dietitian of the Year
Kaitlin Harrison, 2009 dietetics alumni, has been named Kentucky Young Dietitian of the Year for 2014 by the Kentucky Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The Morgantown, Ky., native is currently the director of nutrition services at Twin Lakes Regional Medical Center in Leitchfield, Ky. Learn more about Kaitlin and her service to her career field in the Living, Learning, Leading article below.
FACS Students Earn Scholar of the College Honors
Three FACS students were named among the Scholars of the College in 2013. Jan R. Clausen, Audrey T. Kaelin, and Ethan J. Mattingly, all Hospitality Management and Dietetics majors, are the most recent FACS students to earn this designation. FACS students have been awarded this honor 15 times since 2002. Congratulations to these students!
FACS Students Honored at College Awards Banquet
The following FACS Students were honored on April 5, 2014 at the CHHS College Awards Banquet, held in the Main Ballroom of the Carroll Knicely Center:
Ashley N. Wise of Elizabethtown, Ky. - Outstanding Child Studies Senior
Brianna Poynter of Glasgow, Ky. - Outstanding Early Childhood Education Student
Katie L. Meers of Rineyville, Ky. - Outstanding Family and Consumer Sciences Education Student
Emily G. Allen of Campbellsville, Ky. - Outstanding Fashion Merchandising Senior
Shelby E. Hooper of White House, Tn. - Outstanding Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism Management Senior
Mallory T. Scanlon of Louisville, Ky. - Outstanding Interior Design Student
Jamey L. Rice of Madisonville, Ky. - Outstanding Nutrition and Dietetics Senior
Katherine N. Miller of Louisville, Ky. - IIDA Leadership Award
Aaron L. Armstrong of Bowling Green, Ky. - Phi Upsilon Omicron Outstanding New Initiate Award
Caitlynn R. Oberhausen of Auburn, Ky. - Phi Upsilon Omicron Excellence in Service and Phi Upsilon Omicron Academic Excellence Awards
Jamey L. Rice of Madisonville, Ky. - Phi Upsilon Omicron - Excellence in Leadership Award
Wilson Authors Book
Travis Kelly Wilson, Architect and Interior Design faculty member, is helping to spark youngsters interest in his areas of expertise through the book he authored: "The Aspiring Architect: An Activity Book for Kids". The book helps kids to learn what architecture is, how it helps us to understand our past and provides a fun way for them to become more interested in the art of architecture. This book is available from several book sellers such as Barnes and Noble and Amazon.com.
Silfies Retires
Patty Silfies, Hotel, Restaurant, and Tourism Management instructor, is retiring from WKU at the end of the Spring 2014 semester. A retirement reception was held on May 14 to honor her 19 years of service and was well attended by current students, alumni and CHHS faculty and staff. She will be returning to Pennsylvania to live near her family and has plans to travel once she is retired.
Living, Learning, Leading - the FACS Legacy
This article is a snapshot of how the faculty, students, and graduates of the FACS department are living out the FACS Legacy in 2014.
Susan Harper, Child Studies alumni, is a perfect example of how graduates of FACS programs are living out the legacy. Susan is utilizing her background in Child Studies in her current position as a graduate assistant for the Talley Family Counseling Center housed in Gary Ransdell Hall, where she is serving the local community with family, individual and couples counseling. The counseling services are provided free to the client and are available for anyone in the WKU and Warren County communities. Susan states she always had an interest in working with children and families and that her Child Studies degree helped her to understand the development of children and family dynamics throughout the lifespan, which has helped her to understand potential clients and their presenting issues. The advice she would give students who might be thinking of a major in FACS is to get to know the faculty in the department, including the department head, and to be open and honest with them about your future plans, so they can best guide your choice of courses to best fit your educational goals.
Anessa Chumbley, dietetics alumni, has been asked to be the spokesperson for the national grocery chain, Albertson's, and recently filmed a series of videos for the chain, entitled: "12 Roasts of Christmas," which were aired in-store and on the web. This alum is utilizing the education and skills she received at WKU to enhance not only her own life and family, but to also demonstrate to others
Kaitlynn Oberhausen, a Nutrition and Dietetics student, is using her personal experience and knowledge of diabetes gained in her Dietetics courses to help educate young children about this disease. Kaitlyn said that when she was diagnosed with diabetes, she found that there wasn't a lot of age-appropriate information for young people who develop this life-changing disease , and she wanted to help children better understand what was happening to their bodies. Kaitlynn is the author of a short book entitled, "The Truth About Type 1 Diabetes: The Myths Exposed." This book was part of a class assignment and was written to help children understand their disease, to address the myths that abound about Type 1 diabetes, and to provide a basic understanding of what living with Type 1 diabetes is like. This book may be purchased for those who are interested in learning more about this disease.
The Interior Design IDFM 302 Studio IV class has spent part of this semester working of a project that has taken them out of their comfort zone. The class was assigned a project entitled "Sacred Spaces," which involved preparing a redesign for the Cottage Chapel Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Bowling Green, which was established in 1891 and is the third oldest African American Seventh-Day Adventist Church. The church meets in what was once the boys and girls club building with the sanctuary being built in 2006. After touring the facility, talking with the pastor, Pierre Quinn, and preparing their designs, three student groups presented their design ideas to the pastor for the consideration of the church. After the presentation, Pastor Quinn said, "We can take elements from each one [design] and each group can feel they have their "signature." The students said they learned a great deal from completing this project for a real client rather than just as a "made-up assignment."
This same group of IDFM 302 students were asked in Fall, 2013, to help in the renovation of the Cave City (Ky.) Welcome Center, using recycled materials such as wooden pallets, old ladders, large wire spools, and shutters. The students presented their designs to the Cave City Tourism and Convention Commission and the City Council of Cave City in November, 2013. The designs were then put into place during the renovation of the facility. The newly-renovated Cave City Welcome Center held it's grand opening in April 2014 and prominently displays the interior design work of the FACS students.
Kaitlin Harrison, dietetics alumni, as reported above has been honored with the Kentucky Young Dietitian Award for 2014, but she is also living out the FACS legacy by supervising and mentoring WKU Dietetic Internship students as they get real-life experience in her facility. This WKU Herald article demonstrates how this alum is using her FACS degree to lead in her field. http://wkuherald.com/news/article_79514782-d0bf-11e3-ab6f-0017a43b2370.html
Dr. Doris Sikora, FACS Department Head, had the honor of attending the Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) National Convention in Las Vegas, NV, in December, 2013, as a Kentucky delegate. ACTE is the only national association for teachers and professionals in the field of Career and Technical Education (CTE), which encompasses Family and Consumer Sciences, Agriculture, Business and Marketing and other educators. This organization provides a voice for CTE teachers with state and national legislators concerning specifically Carl Perkins funding and issues affecting the field. Officers of state executive boards are eligible to become delegates, but only a select few from each state are allowed to attend this meeting where delegates administer the business of the organization, including by-laws, slate of officers for election by the general membership and making recommendations to the national Board of Directors regarding future goals and policy. As President of the Kentucky Association of Career and Technical Education (KACTE), Dr. Sikora represents the interests of the general membership of KACTE members. The advise Dr. Sikora would give to teachers and professionals in CTE areas is: Become a member of this professional organization, as it gives you a voice with legislators that determine what direction your career may take because of decisions they make regrading public policy and funding. Participating in this organization is a way to give back to your profession and to gain knowledge of current issues and curriculum that directly affect you as a CTE professional. It is also a great way to network with your peers, which is invaluable as you advance in the field.
Each of these individuals are part of the proud legacy of Living, Learning, and Leading through Family and Consumer Sciences. The article Living, Learning, and Leading will be an ongoing feature in the Linkages newsletters, so if you have a story that demonstrates these any of these characteristics, please share them with the Lauri Warden (270-745-4352 or email@example.com) for possible inclusion in future editions of Linkages.
Connie Wiley Graham, a 1943 graduate of the FACS department, passed away on December 9, 2013. She was the wife of Dr. Lewis W. Graham.
FACS Alumni
Would you like to receive e-mail notification when a Linkages Online Newsletter is published, so you don't miss any of the FACS department news? If so, please e-mail your correct e-mail address to: email@example.com and you will be included on the newsletter notification list
Accreditations achieved within the Applied Human Sciences Department
Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) - Nutrition & Dietetic Undergraduate and Graduate programs
National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) - Early Childhood Education Associate Degree
National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD) - Interior Design program
Department of Applied Human Sciences, Academic Complex 302 , phone 270-745-4352
Some of the links on this page may require additional software to view.


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UKFur.org (originally UKFur.net) is the most popular UK centric furry website on the internet with an excess of 7,500 members (as of July 2013). It is intended as a friendly forum where adult members of the community can meet likeminded individuals as well as facilitating the arrangements of meets; however, it is strictly not a dating site.
The main area of the site has been under redevelopment since 2004, however the forums are still highly active. The site carries a 16+ age rating[1]. Adult material is strictly prohibited in the AUP.
The site has been targeted a number of times by researchers for furry related documentaries, most notably a documentary producer for Channel 4, as reported in the first edition of The Furtean Times. A large number of forum-goers were also featured in the Bizarre magazine article on the furry fandom.
The site provides web hosting and email; however, this service is no longer advertised.
- Address: http://www.ukfur.org/
- Administrators: Kytheraen, Myst, Nybras
- Moderators: BhavFox, Branded Bunni, Kyyanno, Plucky
- Ran from/to: September 2002 - present
- Administrators (responsible for the site as a whole): Kytheraen, Myst, Nybras
- Global Moderators (a 'second level' of administrators with responsibility for all forums): BhavFox, Branded Bunni, Kyyanno, Plucky
There are also a number of forum moderators, each responsible for one or more individual forums.
The UKFur forums contains regional sections for each furmeet group where meet plans and discussion are usually made. In addition it also contains specialist forums concerning fursuiting, artwork, gaming and conventions (such as RBW and Confuzzled), as well as general forums to discuss general news events and offer technical advice etc.
Regional Forums[edit]
- England:
Each furmeet organisation is independent from each other, so there is a tendency for meet dates to overlap.
Special interest forums[edit]
In mid-2008 UKFur started to add forums for specific subsections of the fandom, so they could discuss events and topics without the fear of the public or other forum members finding out. As of July 2008, two such forums exist: for babyfurs and fatfurs.
Oekaki Board[edit]
The UKFur Oekaki Board was set up in early 2008, as a place where British furs could show off their skills. It was run by Articuno and HelenBaby, but was closed at the end of October 2010 due to inactivity[2]
- ↑ The UKFur Forum Rules - http://forum.ukfur.org/index.php?act=boardrules
- ↑ http://forum.ukfur.org/topic/8107-the-ukfur-oekaki-board/page__pid__789044__st__71
External Links[edit]
|United Kingdom
BristolFurs · Cambridgefurs · Furs Against Furs · HantsFurs · Hull Furs · KentFurs · LeedsFurs · LondonFurs · MidFur · NI Furs · NorthernFurs (UK) · NoTzFurs · PlymouthFurs · Scotfurs · SouthFurs · WelshFurs · UKFur.org


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Criterium Inc. is a full-service contract research organization. We offer technology-driven clinical research solutions for the pharmaceutical, medical device, biopharmaceutical, and CRO industries.
With broad therapeutic expertise and an arsenal of innovative technology solutions, Criterium can handle any size clinical research project.
Criterium has experienced and dedicated staff located in New York, California, Florida, Canada, South Africa, India, Russia, and Israel.
Criterium's mission is to deliver every job to every client done right, on time, and on budget.


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FSU opens ACC play with rout of Wake Forest
Tallahassee, FL – Chris Thompson racked up 197 rushing yards and a pair of touchdowns on just nine carries, as the No. 5 Florida State Seminoles rolled over Wake Forest, 52-0, at Doak Campbell Stadium.
"What a difference a year makes," FSU coach Jimbo Fisher said. "It's amazing. It can't happen to a better young man. I'm very proud of him today. I'm very proud of our team."
Thompson's outburst came 11 months after he suffered a career-threatening broken neck in a 35-30 loss at Wake last October.
EJ Manuel threw for 176 yards and two scores on 15-of-24 efficiency, also contributing 48 yards and a rushing score for the Seminoles (3-0, 1-0 ACC), who had beaten Murray State and Savannah State handily to begin the year.
Kenny Shaw and Rodney Smith posted TD receptions as Florida State accumulated 612 yards of total offense.
Tanner Price was limited to 82 passing yards on just 8-of-22 passing for the Demon Deacons (2-1, 1-1 ACC), who posted narrow wins over Liberty and North Carolina to kick off the season.
Wake Forest suffered the worst defeat against its conference foe since a 72-13 setback on Oct. 14, 1995.
The Seminoles' opening score was aided by excellent field position following a Wake Forest punt late in the first quarter. Stationed on their opponent's side of midfield, it took three plays and 47 yards to make it 7-0, thanks to Manuel's 16-yard run. Thompson carried on the first two plays, gaining 31 yards total.
After a three-and-out from the visitors, Rashad Greene raced 60 yards up the middle on a punt return for a 14-0 game, and Thompson punctuated an FSU drive early in the second with a 74-yard touchdown run along the right side.
Thompson had an even longer run, an 80-yard dash to the end zone, on the first play of the hosts' ensuing series, and the advantage ballooned to 28-0.
"I didn't know if I'd ever play again. I didn't know if I'd be walking straight," Thompson admitted.
The lead was increased by three after a 19-yard make from Dustin Hopkins, and a 20-yard connection from Manuel to Smith closed out the half at 38-0.
Shaw managed to get one foot in bounds at the back of the end zone for a 17- yard score inside the final minute of the third period.
Debrale Smiley's 18-yard scamper made it 52-0 early in the fourth to cap the rout.
Game Notes
Florida State also recorded 50-plus-point victories over Wake Forest on Nov. 15, 1997 (58-7) and Oct. 30, 1993 (54-0) ... The Seminoles lead the all-time series 24-6-1, including a 17-3-1 mark in Florida's capital ... Saturday's victory marked FSU's sixth by shutout over the Demon Deacons, following similar results in 1963-65, 1993 and 2010 ... Wake Forest picked up just seven first downs, 43 yards rushing and 126 yards of total offense.


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[Verse 1: T.I.]
I'm on my grind, Grand Hustle
Got the mind and the muscle
50 carats in the crown just to shine on you suckas
I still tote the Glock 40 for the haters and the bustas
Fuck probation, if a nigga try to play me I'mma bust him
Ion't need no security, reaching for my jewelry
Get you niggas popped quick, filled full of hot shit
Fresh out the box Tip hopped in a drop 6
Made a quarter mil' in the pen givin' stock tips
Haters wanna stop Tip, mad 'cus they not Tip
Ball every summer so your baby mama jock Tip
You don't no drama pimp, I promise I do not slip
Chrome 4-5th, hid well if the cops trip
Bought my girl a Hummer with the chrome right in front of dat
5 carat stones with the platinum all up under dat
Rap beef I ain't gonna participate in none of dat
I'm aimin' at your fitted cap and you ain't gonna want none of dat
(Asap asap asap...)
A nigga try to play me, I'mma blow him off the map A-S-A-P
Ask anbody who runnin' a G, bet they finna say me A-S-A-P
Niggas hatin' on P.S.C. get straightened A-S-A-P
A nigga try to play me, I'mma blow him off the map A-S-A-P
[Verse 2: T.I.]
I know a lot of rappers don't like me, but they won't fight me
Feds swear I sell dope, well why they won't indict me?
Advances on the throne, I ain't never take it lightly
But all that tongue-wrestlin' hatin' while I'm gone don't excite me
How many rappers you know that could hold they own on Rice Street
East steady talkin' on the cell phone nightly
Normal population, half the jail just like me
Polices think I'm crazy, scared a nigga gon' strike me
Contrarily, a nigga tryin' me is unlikely
They barkin' don't bother me, I'll be bombin' 'fore they bite me
They just shocked to see my rap's exactly how my life be
Sheisty, with a conversation quite pricey
My fist so rocky and and wrist so icey
Might be, thrown off my rocker just slightly
Feisty, flamin' hot temper don't ignite me
I'm only gonna ask ya find the exit once politely
[Verse 3: T.I.]
Flip, say who known to the land and the people
My plan is to keep you at least 2, levels under me where I need you
I'mma take advantage of my chance to defeat you
Your true colors done shown, now it's on when I see you
I'm grown nigga, so let it be know we ain't equal
You sadly mistaken if you thinkin' I can't reach you
Beat you, to a fuckin' pulp if I need to
The very spot ya standin' in then is where I'll leave you
Seen on the scene white tees and Evisu
O.G. status, I don't beef unless I need to
Sissy you way outta line and you runnin' outta time
Hang behind closed do's when ya heard I got some time
Yeah I know you were thinkin' outa sight and outa mind
But I'm the wrong one for you to try if you were tryna shine
Listen nigga this shit here is more than just a lotta rhymes
I don't know what ya do for your respect, but I'mma die for mine


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Maccabees (books of the Bible)
Maccabees, two books included in the Septuagint and placed as the last two books in the Old Testament of the Vulgate; they are not included in the Hebrew Bible and are placed in the Apocrypha in Protestant Bibles. First and Second Maccabees are both historical narratives. First Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew and is usually dated c.100 BC It begins with the rebellion of Mattathias (c.167 BC) and ends with the murder of Simon (135 BC). The book relates the struggles of the Maccabees, led by Judas Maccabeus, against Antiochus IV of Syria. The restoration of the Temple under Judas' leadership is described as the high point of his career. The careers of his brothers Jonathan and Simon, both high priests, are also narrated. First Maccabees is the best source for the period of history that it treats; it is careful in citing and dating. It includes an interesting account of the reputation of republican Rome and of Maccabean relations with that power. Second Maccabees was probably composed in Greek late in the 1st cent. BC Claiming to be the condensation of a history of the Maccabees by one Jason of Cyrene, it is a devout treatment of Judas Maccabeus' career and of Jews persecuted at the hands of Antiochus. The book begins with an apparently extraneous letter, from Palestinian Jews to Jews in E Egypt, referring to the feast of the restoration of the Temple in 165 BC A literary preface follows. An account of the troubles leading to the persecution is followed by two accounts of martyrdom. Finally Judas' glorious career is treated in a long passage that includes the horrible death of Antiochus and a vision of Judas. Second Maccabees sheds light on Jewish beliefs of the period—on creation, resurrection, prayers for the dead, and the ability of God's anger to be slackened in the face of suffering by Jewish martyrs. Third and Fourth Maccabees, also found in the Septuagint, were not included in St. Jerome's Vulgate and are usually classified among the Pseudepigrapha.
See studies by J. A. Goldstein (1976, 1983); J. H. Charlesworth, ed., Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (Vol. II, 1985).