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In the year 1764 the Polish king proclaimed the closure the Council of Four Lands in Poland.
This council consisted of the leading kehillot (Jewish communities) in Lithuania and all the provinces and presided in Brest. The last committee of the five main kehillot consisted of::
Vilna, Grodno, Brest, Pinsk and Slutsk. It was in Slutsk that the last meeting was held and several rabbinical laws were introduced with the purpose of strengthening their autonomy, unaware that the Council was nearing its' demise.
It was then that the Chassidim appeared, who made concerted efforts to organize their own customs, especially synagogue services with public singing, which they introduced in addition to what had been traditionally accepted and sanctioned by the great 'Maharal' (Rabbi Loewy) of Prague. They made great efforts in reaching out and spreading their teachings to all levels of Jewish society. The old order that controlled the kehillot, and by the way, trivialized the synagogue traditions and the collective singing at weddings and other festive occasions was weakened, whilst the Chassidic movement kept on growing and strengthening.
The Lithuanian Rabbis came out to battle the agitators and destroyers''. At their head stood Eliahu, the Gaon of Vilna. The Chassidim had already extended their influence on the Lithuanian cities, in Pinsk, a city of orthodox Mitnagdim, the seeds of Chassidism were already taking hold through the great Rabbi Aharon, who was a pupil of the Mezricher rabbi and one of the authors of 'The Secret Chassidic Sect' in Lithuania and Russia.
From Karlin they pulled the thin threads that were woven into a net and spread out over many Lithuanian towns. In this town which was known for its' many Gaonim (sages) who had occupied the rabbinical seat, and it was there Rabbi Levi Yitzhak (the Magid of Mezrich) became head of the rabbinical court and head of the Yeshiva Holy congregation of Pinsk and district.
After the first excommunication ban was proclaimed by the Vilna Gaon and his followers in 1772 against Chassidim and Chassidism the Jewish masses in Pinsk were outraged and came forward with insults and curses against Rabbi Levi Yitzhak, and attacked him in his house, which was robbed and looted.
Also in Vilna the rabbinic stronghold of the Mitnagdim, the Chassidim succeeded in infiltrating their influence. And it was in Vilna, headed by the Gaon of Vilna and other religious leaders that the community decided to make a stand. In the year 1774, after Pesach, they proclaimed an excommunication order on the 'Chassidic cult. From Vilna they sent out letters to all the main communities in Lithuania and regions towns with a 'Kol Koreh'. That everywhere the Chassidim be excommunicated. On Rosh Chodesh Iyar, a letter signed by the Vilna Gaon, and 16 Dayanim (religious judges) of the Vilna community was sent to the Brest community addressed to Rabbi Avraham Katzenellenbogen, who was a Gaon but he had no understanding of the Chassidic spirit. Therefore, he resisted and fought it with all his might.
This 'Kol Koreh' (proclamation) was spread under the name of the 'Brest letter'. After this letter there was sent from Vilna a circular in which all these accusations were repeated and more accusations added, with a list of specific details. Also in this letter the Vilna fanatics requested that all the communities drive out the Chassidim and exile them as far as a Jewish hand could reach. To chase them out so that they could not even unite for a minyan, and especially not to allow them to pray in a minyan. In the meantime, there was published a collection of all the letters which had been sent out against the Chassidim this booklet was called the Songs of Tyrants and Jagged Swords. It was printed in the same year, 1776. This booklet was distributed at the request of the Vilna Gaon and the rabbis of Lithuania and Galicia.
The Chassidim bought the booklet widely, and burnt it.
It turned out that in Brest, there was no concentration of Chassidim as in other Lithuanian towns. There were several Chassidim but they did not have the nerve to publicly profess this.
The fanatical Rabbi Katzenellenbogen had already participated in the first polemic that year with the Chassidic leaders, and would often debate them. It is to his credit and should be noted that he did not follow the role of Avigdor the Informer, who was crowned rabbi in Pinsk, replacing the Chassidic rabbi. He had Rabbi Shneor Zalman of Lyady and other Chassidic rabbis betrayed to the Russian authorities, who arrested them. Only after much effort from leading personalities were the rabbis released.
Approximately nine years passed since the first excommunication order and in the month of Elul, 1781, in the days of the great market of Zelva, Grodno province, the rabbis and the leaders of the kehillot of Brest, Grodno and Slutsk, gathered in Zelva. Once again there was heard the shofar blowing, and again an excommunication order was read out in the same fashion as had been done in Vilna:
To chase them out and cause them troubles and uproot them like weeds and other instructions to add to the great excommunication so that the Chassidim do not have a place to pray, do not allow them to stay overnight, forbid their ritual slaughter, do not do business with them, do not marry with them, and if any of them dies, do not bury them .
Prior to this, there had been a meeting in Warsaw between Rabbi A. Katzenellenbogen of Brest and Rabbi Levi Yitzhak of Berdichev, for an open debate about Chassidism. This debate took place in the Warsaw suburb of Praga, attended by a huge audience. Rabbi Katzenellenbogen of Brest opened the debate, the majority of the audience was made up of his supporters and followers, and they encouraged him. Rabbi Levi Yitzhak answered all the questions of Rabbi Katzenellenbogen.
The Brest Rabbi then took out a proclamation, which was also signed in Zelva on the first day of Elul, 1781. And there we read these new words:
Listen to the mountains and to godly conflicts and seek if there is a greater pain than mine, because in the house of Israel I have seen various deeds spreading out like leprosy, the recent amassing of sinners to falsify God and his Holy bible men from the Chassidic community (may their names be struck out), who separated themselves deviates and heretics who have cancelled the honour of the Torah and the law of the Sages. Woe! Every heart trembles, every Jewish home cries when it becomes known in the whole of the land about that argument I had in the city of Warsaw and my victory over the hoodlum, the Chief Rabbi Levi Yitzhak Zelichower over the matter of the well that was dug by the wisdom of our Sages of Torah. The most highly esteemed leaders of the nation, men of wisdom and knowledge, these are the predecessors that straightened out the paths with customs and improvements.
Now he is stuffed full of unworthiness, and the same person was silent and twisted the expression from his lips, and became like a mule that cannot open his mouth. Frightened and wounded, when I proved his guilt to all, and the masses celebrated in Gods' victory, in the synagogue in the city of Praga. And I stepped forward and objected with my civil words to the band who call themselves 'the fighters for God', so that we can tell of their shame, a small group of them and their silly and foolish deeds . etc.
Thus spoke he that fought for our God today, Thursday, the second day of Elul, and all that witnessed were amazed.
Avraham Katzenellenbogen stayed in the Holy Congregation of Brest, mother of Israel. The book of the name 'Wars of God' of the Brest Rabbi was never printed. Apparently, the author wanted to publish the first debate but it did not work out for him. The second debate became available in pamphlets. Also Rabbi Levi Yitzhak held himself to have been the winner of the debate and let it be known to all that he answered all the questions that were put to him by his opponent. This angered and upset Rabbi Katzenellenbogen and he came forward, writing a letter to the Honourable Rabbi Levi Yitzhak of Zelichow. In this letter, he castigated the Chassidim for distancing themselves from the accepted rule of not deviating from beyond Gods' teachings. The famous Sages, the steadfast souls of this world, people of the highest morals and behaviour had set the highest standards. At the end of 1781 the Brest rabbi decreed that they would be put into excommunication this was called for in Vilna.
But with all that, he had still not calmed himself. He endeavored to defeat the Chassidic leader in a second debate, which was to take place in the presence of important people from both sides.
In the end, he suggested that the questions be put in writing to Rabbi Levi Yitzhak, and that the answers should be in writing, so that all could see who was in the right. Rabbi Levi Yitzhak agreed to this so around 1784 it came to a written battle (The War of The Writers).
On the 8th of Tammuz, 1784, Avraham Katzenellenbogen, the Rabbi of Brest and District, wrote from Warsaw to Rabbi Levi Yitzchak of Zelichow. After a long introduction, which contained punishing words about the 'crossings of the border' (breaking the rules) which had been delineated by our predecessors, and at the same time he included certain questions. In the second part of the letter, Rabbi Avraham Katzenellenbogen asked Rabbi Levi Yitzhak to repent of his sins and chastised him with restrained words: That every Chassidic custom is only according to Satanic evil inclination, which forced the Sages through verbal persuasion and advice to perform these transgressions under the guise of worshipping God.
According to his opinion, the new Torah (teachings) meant to overthrow the three pillars upon which the world stood: 1. Torah. 2. Work 3.Charity.
Our Sages who wrote the Torah She Baal Peh consider the people of this new sect to be peasants and worthless people. Their prayers are tasteless and made idiotic. In particular the changes to the prayer, Tefillat Keter, which the Chassidim introduced by Tefillat Mussaf on the Sabbath, and which can be said, according to Kabbala in the Holy Land, but not in the Diaspora. He admitted that the spirit of peace had been destroyed because of this conflict that made the Diaspora into a flame of fire. At the end of this letter he appealed to the heart of his opponent and implored him to return to the righteous path, without any personal motive, and with all his efforts to avoid the desecration of the Holy One. He asked his opponent to desist from his ambitions and admit the truth that he had erred. He should endeavor to go along the path and not split the nation into two camps. According to the testimony of one who lived in those days, this letter from the Brest rabbi was delivered to Rabbi Levi Yitzhak in Zelichow.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to establish whether Rabbi Levi Yitzhak answered this letter.
The witch hunt did its' work. As the Chassidic prayer gatherings in the Lithuanian cities sprang up, they were shut down. There is no doubt that in those early days the numbers of the Chassidic prayers meetings were reduced, or held in secret. After a time, they were able to re-emerge and repair the damage; many began to support the Chassidim, seeing that they were truly Orthodox. Also Brest opened up its' gates to the Chassidic movement.
The Chassidic movement has been able to find writings, which have accused them wrongdoings in their behaviour and publications, and in the way they spread their Chassidism.
Many of the Misnagdim had encircled and verbally abused them. Others poured on them their wrath and frustration, and interfered with the Chassidim. We don't have much information about Rabbi A.Katzenellenbogen's personality, only what was written about him in the book 'Ir Tehila (City of Glory) by A.L. Feinstein, published in 1886 by the printing press of Rabbi Yechiel Halter in Warsaw. This was the only book that contained material about the story of Brest. Rabbi Avraham Katzenellenbogen was the son of Rabbi David Katzenellenbogen, the head of the Beth Din in Keidani and the son of Rabbi Yehezkel Katzenellenbogen, author of the book Knesset Yehezkel. Earlier (1746) he had been the Rabbi of Slutsk, and later wrote a letter from Slutsk to Rabbi Yonasson Eybshutz regarding the question of Kameot (amulets). When he was only 6 years old his name was mentioned in the book Aliyah Eliahu, which was written about the Vilna Gaon. As the head of the Beth Din in Slutsk in 1752 he signed as the head of the sages of his generation his approval for the book called 'Luchot HaBrit'.
From 1760 until his death (some time after 1787) he was the Chief Rabbi of Brest. During that period, he issued many approvals for books that were published in his time including: Mayim Amukim, Minchat Aharon, Kochvei Yaakov, Beth Avraham, Seder HaDorot, and Tiferet Israel Zuta. Rabbi A.K. had 8 sons, most of who became rabbis of various cities. Their names are as follows:
1). Rabbi Joseph Katzenellenbogen who took over his father's position in the rabbinical chair in Brest.On his tombstone in the ancient cemetery in Brest we can read the following:
2). Rabbi Shaul Katzenellenbogen K. of Vilna
3). Rabbi Yehezkel Katzenellenbogen K., head of the Beth Din in Swisloch.
4). Rabbi Nachum Katzenellenbogen K., head of the Beth Din in Birsz.
5). Rabbi Joel Katzenellenbogen in Komarowka.
6). Rabbi David Katzenellenbogen in Wolkowitz.
7). Rabbi Moshe Katzenellenbogen.
8). Rabbi Ephraim Katzenellenbogen.
Here is buried the rabbi and Gaon, our teacher and rabbi, Rabbi Avraham, son of Rabbi David, who was the Rabbi of the Holy Congregation of Brest. The remaining details about him have been erased and are very difficult to read.
His son, Rabbi Joseph, had taken over as the Rabbi of Brest whilst his father was still alive, according to a document signed and ratified by the King when he visited Brest. An approval was granted for the book 'Resuhe Galim' and the book ' Chidush Mahary'. From the engravings on his tombstone we read that he was head of the Beth Din and Yeshiva in Brest.
Next to his grave is the grave of his wife, Echsa, who passed away on the 2nd of Adar Bet, 1772. From Rabbi Joseph Katzenellenbogen the dynasty passed to the third generation to his son Rabbi Aryeh-Leib Katzenellenbogen, who was crowned with the title ' Gaon and Prodigy Aryeh'. His books include: Shiloh, Midrash Tanchuma, A New Joseph, Vilna Grodno, Roar of the Lion, and Sefer Torah Or, all of which mention the name of the Vilna Gaon.
The name of the Gaon is also mentioned in these books:
Keren Shlomo, Mincha Belula, Shelot Ve Tshuvot from the Gaon Rabbi Shimon of Slonim, and the book 'Sheva Einayim'.According to the book Ir Tehila (City of Glory) he was unique in his generation and his congregation. A generation of world famous righteous men owes their honour to him. From him originated the rules and regulations that every Brest Jew was obligated to give an annual donation on the eve of Passover to the value of 1/6th of their own. This money was used to distribute matzo meal - only those who donated 10 roubles had fulfilled their obligation, even if their incomes were was much higher.
Rabbi A.L. Katzenellenbogen conducted the rabbinate in Brest for almost 40 years and died on the 13th August 1837. (A great tragedy for the Jews of Brest).
We see that Rabbi A.. Katzenellenbogen established three generations of Brest rabbis, one after the other. All lived dedicated and rich lives, and each had had a great influence on the life of the city and its' surroundings. And their names were engraved amongst their congregation with love and blessings.
The original Mitnagdim obeyed all of God's laws as they were written in the Shulchan Aruch (book of laws listing all the rules and customs) according to their own interpretations and the interpretations of their commentators. They trembled at every word that had any reference to obeying the mitzvoth. Every law, every custom, everything that was permitted and forbidden, every small warning that was transmitted through their lawmakers (poskim) this all belonged to the Torah in it's entirety and without deviation. The Mitnaged is by his nature very strict and easily offended. To say the least, he never smiled with a full mouth to be a Mitnaged was not an easy thing to be
In the following generations the strength of the Mitnagdim resistance evaporated.
They became more moderate in their behaviour. Brest became a city of learning and spiritual activities. The resistance to anything new and anything that needed to be renewed weakened and in the end it showed thus: between the Mitnagdim and the Chassidim the only difference was in a tzadik (a religious leader or teacher).
After all, they were very similar to each other. The Mitnagdim opposed the Chassidim with a Chassidic (messianic) fervor! With the same ecstatic enthusiasm that the Chassidim accepted and absorbed the rebbe's teachings the Mitnagdim would annul it. Even further they were as ready to punish the Chassidim just as the Chassidim were to punish them. It was no coincidence that Rabbi Simcha Soleveitchik learned Torah from the Chassidic Rebbe Avraham Weinberg (this is before he became the Slonimer Rebbe).
There was some who remarked that the Mitnagdim showed themselves as human beings with hearts that had poetic juices instilled in them. They are dry outside and moist inside if you delve inside them with understanding you will find warm Jews with a rich spiritual life. The Mitnagdim were in reality Chassidim who did not believe in 'Rebbes'. This is what differentiated them the orthodox Brest was divided into kinds of Chassidism, those with a rabbi, those without. And because of that, it was not too difficult for the Chassidim to try their luck and occupy various influential positions in Brest.
In Brest, the rabbinical city of the fanatical Mitnaged Rabbi. A. Katzenellenbogen, the Chassidim opened up their own prayer houses. The Rebbe's courts of Lithuanian Poland - of Karlin, Stolyn, Kobryn, Radzyn, Niezvitch, Kotsk, Novo- Minsk and so on all opened up Chassidic branches in the prayer halls which were led by prayer leaders accompanied by many Chassidic melodies. Prayers were led with warm soulful songs, with excitement and heart-rending melodies. Their righteous sages would visit Brest from time to time, and their followers were overjoyed to find themselves amongst these composers of their new melodies that were to the liking of their rabbis and had spread widely amongst the Chassidim. These melodies were used on the Sabbath and the high holidays, as well as in the singing of prayers and also the rabbi's prayer celebrations.
In Kamenetz near Brest there was a Chassidic composer, Reb Yisroel, who was a Kotzer Chassid, and he would compose to order. For example, he composed music in honor of the visit of the rabbi of Slonim, Rabbi Avraham to Kamenetz, to welcome him. His melodies touched the hearts of all the Chassidim who would swoon with pleasure at his melodies.
Upon the uprising of the Poles against the Russians in 1863, he wrote a special melody, a march for the victory of the Poles. Two of his marches were openly mentioned in Yehezkel Kotik's book 'Zichroines' (Memories). He also composed a Cossack march for the daughter of the Karliner Rebbe to the son of the Trisker Rebbe. This march was also sung by the Cossacks of the Stolyner Rebbe whilst riding to accompany the groom as he met his bride.
This same march was later sung in Kamenetz every year on Simchat Torah.
The influence of the Chassidim in Brest had grown, but had not engulfed all it's inhabitants, and the two streams in Brest each streamed quietly along as if there had always been an eternal peace between them. The Chassidim typified the longing for the Land of Israel, they produced loyal and community minded officials who worked for the public, occupied themselves with Zionists causes, helping pioneers make Aliyah. Those pioneers, who had been brought up in a Chassidic home and had absorbed the chassidic warmth, did much work for their communities, even far from Brest.
The stubbornness of the Mitnagdim and the warmth of the Chassidim became positive factors in bringing the people together into one national loyalty in Brest. They put their stamp upon the Brest Jewish community, the various Diaspora lands, and the State of Israel.
The cantor belonged to the holy class, which was included into the expression Rachash - rabbis, chazanim (cantors) and shamashim.(beadles). From the several tables of rules this existed we establish an opinion about the significance of the cantor, and his standing among the people who took upon themselves the strictness of keeping kosher. The cantor would also occupy himself with community work outside of his profession because being a cantor would not have provided him with sufficient income for his needs.
In the regulations it is stated that there should not be any compromises when they choose arbitrators, rabbis, cantors or beadles. To protect the positions of the cantors they would use the old excommunication system from the olden times. In electing a rabbi, a cantor or a beadle, the decision making power lay with the elders, rabbinical judges (dayans) and the honorary synagogue officials the most respected in the congregation.
Among the taxes collected through the Lithuanian Land Council, which presided in Brest, there existed a special tax, which was called the chuppah geldt - a tax was collected from marrying couples. This tax was collected as a percentage of the brides' dowry, not only from cash, but also from silver and gold items. It was agreed that these chuppah monies were to be used to support the rabbis, cantors and beadles of the town.
A poor man who married off his daughter was exempt from this tax. The cantor would receive only half of this sum as was determined by the size of the dowry.
Amongst the rules, which touch upon the activity of the cantors, it was determined by decree and law that no cantor was permitted to sing more than three melodies on Shabbat, at Shacharit and Mussaf also on Shabbat Rosh Chodesh and at weddings .
The strivings to be stricter and more dominant in this restrictive life between the four walls of the prayer house caused conflicts between the synagogue officials and the holy men- the rabbis. Grim and unchanging was the situation of the cantor who tried to specifically please his followers, the people that had appointed him, and his critics.
In Brest it was forbidden for the cantor to sing from music notes so that he would not forget in keeping with 'Know before Whom you stand'. There were many famous Brest rabbis in whose books one could find descriptions of the conditions of cantorial singing and cantors in the synagogues, for better and worse.
The majority of these rabbis frowned upon the custom of cantors imitating Christians by using melodies taken from Christian music. Rabbi Joel Sirkis, who was a rabbi in Brest was not overzealous about this adoption from Christian melodies and did not issue warnings against it. However, he did speak out against cantors for bringing into the prayers 'children from foreign lands', which referred to theatre music.
Rabbi Shlomo Luria, known as the Marshal, who was also a rabbi in Brest, mentions in his book 'The Two Tablets of the Covenant' the cantors who took on other jobs such as teachers, scribes and shochets.
Cantors were very closely associated and involved with general everyday life. The majority of the cantors came from the middle class, amongst them some exceptional individuals in whose hearts burnt with a holy flame and were blessed with great musical talents. After all, in the end, their names have been forgotten, as we don't have the most minimal information about these famous cantors of Europe. Specifically before the massacres of 1648-9 which tore at the hearts and the necessity of music to reduce people's anguish.
We hear of a cantor during the summer pogrom of 1648 from Reb Nathan (Nuta) Hanover:
The four kehillot, men women and children, approximately 4000 people who fled to the Tartars and amongst them was a cantor with the name of Reb Hirsh Zhutov. When they neared the Tartars the cantor began to lament and sing in a strong voice 'El Male Rachamim' for their murdered brethren and the entire people with him broke out in an anguished cry. Their cry surely must have been heard in the heavens, and their captors were filled with mercy and compassion for them.This is the first time a cantors name was mentioned in the history of our nation in this area.
The typical cantorial music in Eastern Europe was created on the foundations of Oriental music, and originated in the south, in the Ukraine, especially Podolia, Serbia, Wolyn, and the shores of the Black Sea. From there it came to Lithuania. In every single generation there were in Brest cantors who did not use written melodies and could not read musical notes. Their cantorial skills were inherited from their teachers and they created their own tunes and melodies. Because of the incomplete and inaccurate list of cantors that were in Brest, it is impossible to describe their characters and their histories over the first centuries since Jews settled in Brest.
At the beginning of the 18th century there were outstanding cantors in Eastern Europe who laid the foundations of synagogue singing and had a lasting influence on the style of prayers in later generations. The highest level of cantorial artistry was reached in the 19th century. Also in Brest there were cantors who protected these traditions and were very famous throughout Europe. The great synagogue in Brest hosted a long history of cantors, but we do not know their names or have any information about these cantors. In the book 'Ir Tehilah' by A.L.Feinstein, there is mention of a cantor who lived in the year 1690, however, there are no details of him. We should mention some of the outstanding ones:
Weintraub was appointed as Cantor by the city of Zamosc, and then he came to the Great Synagogue of Brest. He had a unique and original style. His high and low notes and quavers came out of his throat with astounding clarity. He would awake a holy shiver in the congregation. The cantors of that time have remained legendary because of their great musical accomplishments. He was a man of Torah and principles. An orthodox Jew that knew his worth and position, and an artiste that valued and treasured his craft. Koshton was one of the greatest cantors in the Jewish world and the only one who understood how to unite emotion with prayer.
His book 'Shirei Shlomo' (The songs of Shlomo) contains heartrending melodies that have become famous, and there is not one cantor who has not used his beautiful creations. He was the first to write down his musical compositions on paper. He died in Durno in Kislev 1829.
He began his career as cantor in Karlin, then went to the great synagogue in Kovno, and was later invited to Brest, where he was very highly regarded. Despite his greatness as a cantor, he remained a pauper. From Brest he went to Kamenetz-Podolsk. However, he died in Brest in 1871.
Reb Noah played violin and wrote compositions that were very successful and sung in the whole Jewish world. He heft behind a manuscript in book form titled 'The prayers of Noah and the worship of Elijah'.
His Hebrew songs 'Go to Zion, Miracle and Flag', 'The Eternal Jew', 'What happened to you, My Soul, that you fell asleep', etc. were very popular with the people but the name of the composer has been forgotten. He belonged to the most important cantors in Russia who could unite prayer and emotion in the synagogue. He was not only a cantor but also a teacher of cantors and conductors. Hundreds of his students today occupy important positions as cantors and conductors in various countries. He went to live in Kalish from Brest and there he died.
The appointment of the cantors in Brest was in the hands of the gabbays the synagogue trustees who were lovers of singing. Of them we should note the following: Shmuel Pomerantz. The last gabbey of the great synagogue in Brest.
Benjamin Padua. A gabbay of the great synagogue who was a lover of music.
Isser Gvirtzman. Chairman of the burial society (Chevra Kadisha) and a gabbey of the great synagogue. He died in Kiryat Motzkin.
In Brest there were some individuals that decided on the hiring of the cantors such as Zev Dov Begin who was the secretary of the kehilla (community council). In the synagogues there were also choirs that accompanied the cantors in their singing. The synagogue choir occupied the highest place amongst them we should note:
Berel the bass a second hand clothing dealer.There were over 40 different participants in the choir including many children. The cantor would also conduct the choir. Only in the time of Menachem Zapovitch was there a special conductor Yehoshua Katz. The choir would perform at religious festivals such as Channuka and Purim. There were no non-religious choirs in Brest until closer to W.W.2, when the Poale Zion and the General Zionist formed the first secular choirs.
Meier the tenor a shoemaker.
Yehoshua Katz the conductor a tailor. He was occupied with training the choir between one meal to the next. Murdered in the Brest ghetto.
Let us be reminded of the best of the Brest prayer leaders:
Kwiatkowski, he was the prayer leader at the Rabbi's prayer house, he was a Chassid.
Pollig, he was the head shammes and prayer leader in the Greener prayer house. In the same prayer house there was another prayer leader, Reb Hershel Alyenik, an oil merchant.
Reb Yakov Wishikowitz, a Stolin Chassid.
Reb Moshe der Groisser (the Tall), a Stolin Chassid.
Reb Reuven Kanel, a Stolin Chassid.
Reb Gershon who was the Shammes and prayer leader in the Koskles prayer house.
Reb Mordechai Beinish, a prayer leader in the Rabbi's prayer house.
Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Bleiweiss, who was a Dayan (religious judge).
Zalman Hauft, the Shammes and an exceptional prayer leader in the Pauper's prayer house.
Reb Yitzchak Bruchin, a businessman he possessed a beautiful voice. He prayed in the Ox Traders synagogue.
Reb Bobel the Shammes and Reb Itche Stoliner, who both prayed in the Funeral Society prayer house - a prayer house of the common folk where they prayed all day long without interuption from early morning until the middle of the night.
Reb Moishe Laizerovitch, the preacher at the Tailor's prayer house. (He was the father of the journalist Laizerovitch of the Heint newspaper).
Reb Alter, the proprietor of a soap factory, he was an outstanding prayer leader on the High Holidays at the synagogue of Reb Yitzchak Malish in the Brest suburb on the Mukhavets River. There was another prayer leader there by the name of Reb Yitzchak Fisher, a fish merchant.
Reb Zuske Pollak Rashkes, in the Novominsker synagogue.
Reb Baruch Hirsh, famous prayer leader of the Israel Wolf synagogue, and many more that are difficult for us to recall through the passage of time.
Also in Brest, a centre of Lithuanian Jewry, there were groups of Klezmer who were popular with the Gentile population of the city, inviting them to play at aristocratic weddings and celebrations. Not seeking fame, their individual names were never renowned. In the period before the Second World War, Brest was famous for it's Klezmer of which there were two groups:
1). Anschel and his son, both born in Brest. Anschel was the premier violin player.At Chanukah they would play in the synagogue. They were invited to play at weddings in Brest and the neighboring areas as well as further away. They were so popular with their sweet music that the Chassidim made every effort to benefit from the Brest Klezmer who they would use together with their own musicians and entertainers at weddings of wealthy people. They would invite the Klezmer from both Kobryn and Brest. Kobryn had a Shapses Klezmer Group which became renowned for it's beautiful music. The Russian Governor, Paskievitch, was made aware of his talent, and sent for him. Shapse played his violin for him. Paskievitch then proposed that Shapse convert to Christianity. Shapse became enraged and said that he would not forsake his religion, even if he made him a Count. For three days Shapse stayed at the home of the Governor who invited guests from the highest society to hear him play. Shapse would not eat the non-kosher food so Paskievitch ordered that food be brought to him from a kosher restaurant. In the end the Governor gave him 1,000 rubles and proposed that he introduce him to the Tsar, but Shapse declined. With the money Shapse bought himself a house and kept on playing at wealthy weddings, travelling all over Grodno Province..
2). Shedletzki and his sons who played wind instruments.
In Brest there were very popular melodies and folk songs about various events, even about the Chmelnitski pogroms (1648-9) as well as songs specifically about Yeshiva students and their lives sadly these were not preserved and over time have been forgotten.
[Page 143]
This matter was very difficult because most people had not stored more than their immediate urgent needs, but because of the efforts of several volunteer friends a lot was collected that had been stored away. The first transport had already left at midnight on Saturday, and I wanted to take the second transport with me on the above-mentioned Sunday. Dr. Bichowski, H. Zezinski, M.Shereshevski, and Luria had all donated to the food collection. An especially a large amount was brought in by Michael Shereshevski.
The train passed through many small stations at which it did not stop, all around it was a refreshing spring on the trees were already white sprouting flowers. The countryside did not vary much; the land around outside was flat and wide, steeped in quiet reflection. In Mrozi we stopped to take water for the engine. We arrived past 9pm. at the Brest railway station. Before our arrival, the passengers looked out the windows and could see the burnt out city. Nearing Brest, one of the passengers remarked that he could smell burning - this was not exaggerated.
The wind carried the smell over many miles, as we approached Brest we could already see flames, no-one believed it possible that Brest could still be burning. The fire had begun Saturday afternoon and on Sunday, 9pm, the city was still burning. As we neared the fires, the flames on the horizon became larger. There was no doubt that the fire was not yet extinguished. Also the smell was very distinct, almost tearing at the throat.
No one awaited me at the station. In fact, a telegram had been sent advising of my arrival, but those to whom it was sent never received it. In general there were very few people at the station . I thought that the townspeople were more likely to come to the trains that departed rather than arrive. I didn't know the streets and lanes of the city. However, I did remember the name Burshtein and that he lived on Topolowa St. I walked through the station, which was larger and more attractive than our stations. I took a droshky (horse and cart) that was much lighter than the ones we had but a lot more speedy, and requested that the driver take me to Burshteins' house on Topolowa St.
How could this fire happen? These were my first words. In the houses I passed I saw confusion and disorder. The reason was simple all household goods had been gathered together in order that they could be taken outside as soon as the fire threatened the house. The private home to which I came had become a public meeting place. An elderly Jew sat at the table, his eyes red and face swollen. He was not an exception, just one of the burn victims of the fire yesterday (Saturday). He was an honest businessman with a store and goods worth several thousands of roubles now he was left without any income. Who would give him a piece of bread?
The Present fire (1901) destroyed half of city, the most important part, and the part that had been left untouched by the previous fire. I was tired and exhausted by dragging my feet and the unnerving sights I had seen I needed to have a rest. Where was a place to stay overnight? Burshtein hosts visitors, but in his house there was no room to insert a needle. After a great effort and for more money then the grandest hotel or the most luxurious apartment I just managed to obtain a room in a guesthouse untouched by the fire. It was already 1.a.m.but who could sleep after such a panic? At the guesthouse I met a Mr. Horodiche, he was burnt out in the best way, he had managed to take with him his promissory notes and expensive belongings. He had fled with his with and children, leaving everything else he owned behind utensils, clothing, papers, and all the superfluous things that were in his beautifully arranged and elegant house everything was destroyed. He knew the city well and the possessions of its' inhabitants. He told me in great detail the extent of the damage, 1000s of people have lost their entire fortunes, the frightening situation and difficulties in obtaining aid. One wanted to help, but one is not sure how. It was he who had sent out the first telegram about bread. In reality we all thought the same way now that it was clear that the fallen must be helped to their feet. For this purpose, it was obvious that a huge amount of money needed to be raised.
The matter was hugely complicated; the majority of the fire victims were not insured with the insurance companies. Those who were insured had large debts to the banks, and the banks wanted to take those insurance monies and leave them with nothing. After the previous fire, the banks of the landowners had lent money to all that wanted to rebuild. This time the banks would not lend much. The banks sat on their money, their rules set firmly to a stalemate. Their doors were closed to those who needed to borrow. An enormous amount of aid was needed, for risky loans for new building. Here darkness and shock still reign. We still don't know whom or where to ask for help, but the situation is far worse than 6 years ago, this was obvious.
That was his entire belongings, also his books. With bitter irony he said: also my time was destroyed. He had been a teacher in a wealthy home, and that had burnt down, so he was left naked without any means of support Later on I found out hundreds of other hitherto unknown details, Neumark knew the town well, as he had lived there for many years, he knew the political parties, the people and the social issues, he saw everything from a Zionist point of view, and from the point of view nation building. They attack the Zionists and say that the society Linat Zedek has been infiltrated by Zionists, and say that Jews should not mix charity organisations with the volunteer firefighters. They say that Jews should not be involved with the volunteer firefighters that they are hotheads that have mixed everything together. The firefighters, the Zionists, the Linat Zedek society, the religious gabbeys (synagogue officials), and the bureaucrats don't feel that they have to fulfil their obligations. They fantasize and the religious fanatics put their heads together with the opponents of Zionism. Also the social activists did not do their duty - the community was full of fighting and conflicts and yet it all began to unravel. They were rich, middle class people with incomes and all of a sudden the fire. What will happen now? All was destroyed and in ruins. Whilst chatting an old man came to see me. He came in the name of many, they wanted me to go to the district Gaon (Rabbi), only he could oversee the relief work of the committee .
The whole of the commercial/business district was damaged, the entire foundations of the city were shaken and falling down. Rabbi Nadel spoke in an official style; he had already been present at yesterdays meeting with the Governor and other high-ranking officials. They had sent various telegrams informing of a new committee, it is even now formed, and Nadel was taking a count of the Christian and Jewish members. As Rabbi, he was a permanent member; besides him there were four more Jews. My guide, together with Rabbi Nadel, undertook to scrutinize individually the character of every member who was competent and who wasn't? Perhaps they would have to add several advisors. The second committee had already sent telegrams to the administrations of all the major cities
Nadel reported that there was already loud talk about those Jews who lit the fire with their own hands; possibly, during the fire there were such criminals. But it was proved that the fire did not originate this way, those who were suspects were proven not to have done so. On the other hand, according to general opinion, it later became clear that the accused arsonists were exploited, because of the opportunity and didn't cause the fire. These were additional tragic events, but not of great importance. About an organized relief system, the rabbi knew nothing. The committee would investigate, establish facts and make its' findings
From there we went to Dr. Steinberg, he was standing in the grounds of his home, amongst his broken and damaged belongings. Here was an expensive Venetian table with exquisite workmanship and here was a cupboard with volumes of books and manuscripts.
Here was a booklet that I had written about the previous fire. Soon you'll write a book about this fire. He invited us inside to the empty rooms. In addition to the burnt house he has suffered unheard of losses. We tell him that he was nominated to the new committee. He said that he would not take up this position, as he has not got the time or patience for community affairs, he has too much to do by himself. We knew that he would take up the position, but it was not possible to spend time with him in those distant moments, and we agonized with his dilemma. Zion was not burnt down, he said, and took out from a cupboard a container in which there were writings relating to Zion, there also were some bonds. Other people's bonds were burnt and destroyed. Brest generally was a big spender on bonds and shares to the sum of 25,000 rubles. Dr. Steinberg takes out from his garden wrapped copies of East and West (Ost and West), this I rescued with danger to my own person he said laughingly. This victim of the fire consoled us that maybe we would see each other again in better situations.
We meet Dr. Sherechevski, and active and pleasant man it's a pity that he was not elected to the committee. He himself was not amongst those who suffered, but was very close to many that had he stepped down from his carriage to talk to us and we
converse with him in the middle of the street. I take note that he has very good intentions and that he aims the critics in the right direction of order. He is a person close to the people, a type of community worker, and an intelligent and intellectual man who was a social activist through and through. He speaks emotionally and one can see that his words come from the heart. With not a moment to lose we proceed to the local Sage and Rabbi, we pass by a synagogue of which there is a legend it was built according to the design of Tsar Nicholas.
I like to ponder about the old synagogues and think of the new social institutions.
We are received by the Rabbi, a man in his middle years, short of stature and with large beautiful eyes, burning intensely a sign of a man with a good memory. His clothing was very modest. Without any excessive preliminaries he led us from one room to another. At the table sits one of his best pupils, his right hand, they say he is a prodigy. If it enters the Rabbi's thoughts and attitude about city affairs, then he is the living spirit of the planners.
I immediately approach the matter at hand. I ask the Rabbi about how to organize help for the present tragedy. I must admit that I approached the rabbi with certain misgivings. Already a long time ago, I had heard unpleasant stories about him that sounded not productive, his opposition to Zionism and his extreme piousness. But even those who talked about the Gaon's religious fanaticism at the same time added in hindsight that he had absolutely no interest in money matters. Some added that he was clean and uncorrupted, but that there was a possibility that he would be influenced by others close to him. There was a possibility that when he had the means in his hands that he would only support the pious Jews and not those whose religious opinions he does not agree with.
I do not want to comment here on what sort of relationship I have had with the system of extreme religious fanaticism in general, and with this system of this group of rabbis in particular. I made it clear a long time ago in my treatise Lemarnen VeRabbanim.
But in the instance of my meeting with one of these rabbis, I could not avoid telling him of what I had declared openly in print. But there are pressing matters where there is no place for antagonism and quarrelling. Where those in need request full assistance. This is why I went to the local Rabbi with mixed feelings, which I did not hide my attitude.
I must confess that I was pleasantly impressed with my conversation with the Brisker Rabbi. I have personally seen the rabbi's look of sincere concern about the situation of those who were burnt and affected by the tragedy. When others said to me that the fire affected mainly the rich and middle classes, I felt that they were wrong in their observations. I felt that something was missing from these remarks they did not understand the causes and they did not understand that even indirectly the fire would directly affect the poor, no less and perhaps more than the rich. This came out specifically in the conversation between the rabbi and myself. He pointed out that assistance was needed for the masses the tradesmen and laborers that were left without food. He also understood well the close relationship between the Jewish merchants/ shop owners and those tradesmen who did not own their own businesses only small-shared places where they could work and support themselves financially in the Jewish traditional manner. He also stipulated that the delivery of the bread was to be properly distributed 'there are those who are ashamed to take, but later they will not be ashamed to take' the rabbi said. One should deliver the bread to their homes'. The rabbi did not speak of the usual complaints about the previous committee. In his opinion, the previous committee handled what it inherited. We informed him of the new committee. The individual members did not interest him, the vital point being that there was a need for money and a huge aid operation to help the victims back on their feet. Bit by bit we were surrounded by many different types of people with various requests. Some burn victims, a rabbi from a neighboring town. The comments that were made there were not bureaucratic or formal, I recognized that they came from genuine people. During our conversation telegrams arrived for the rabbi inquiring about his health and wellbeing, and about what was happening in the city. There was no doubt that to some extent the rabbis' house was the center for lots of people. The rabbi did not have specific details, but he knew a great deal. He was knowledgeable and traditional. I regretted my previous conversation with him and before taking my leave I reminded the rabbi that I had known his father, the previous Sage . Yes, he had also seen me in Goldman's' printing shop, this was the truth, he remembered far more than I did .
It was a hot day, the air was full of smoke and dust it was difficult to breathe, the pressure and tumult were frightening. Here and there were still burning pieces of timber with flickering flames. People were digging and searching, jostling and quarreling.
At every step passed by a cart with broken goods. Feathers flew through the air, metal was melted, but the feathers were not burnt. One couldn't even collect a sack of coal; all was burnt and gone with the wind. At every step, one asked the other what's with you?
As you can see I came out empty. At every corner-weeping women stand. They tell of a man carrying the injured from a ruin, he panicked and fled to his village, when he arrived home, he collapsed and died. We went out from the marketplace to the avenues, the young trees were burnt, some half burnt, a terrible picture. We were not far from Finkelsteins house, we hesitated, to go to him or not? Over the course of one day, there has been havoc and chaos for him, we approach him, his face is pale and drawn, but he is braves and smiles at us: only the manuscripts and copies have been burned. Who knows if one will ever find a copy?
Overall, the estimated value of the damages was in the vicinity of five to six million rubles. The total population of Brest was about 50,000, of which 32-33,000 were Jews.
Apprentices would not suffer less than the shop owners and businessmen.
As far as we can detail the information in some order, the fire destroyed the following streets: Politzina, Topolowa, Bialostowka, Meadowa, Kshiva, etc. etc. The public high school burnt down, as did the nearby Jewish school. Various bureaus, both royal and military. From the Bank Vysaminikredit (managed by Finkelstein) all the money and promissory notes had been saved . Close by was the branch of the Moscow Bank, and the trading houses of Winograd and Soloveitchik and the merchant house of the Nadiesta Company, shops and trading houses whose annual turnover was over 150,000 roubles.
The Jewish 'Hakdash the destruction of which one can hardly complain because it was very old. About 10 Jewish religious schools, offices to the southwest, the prison the prisoners had been transferred to the fortress. Three pharmacies, four bookshops, four large printing presses, five photographic studios and twelve hotels.
The Colonels' two beautiful houses and widespread damages suffered by the following merchants: Winograd, Halperin, Kantrovitch, Rosenberg, Berlin, Barlas, Nierdevski, etc.etc. In the park we recognized many faces, we met and talked to Finkelstein and Neumark, my companions pointed out many details that a visitor like me would not notice. I wanted to meet the old man Rabbi A.L. Feinstein but it was impossible to find him. I was told that his home and large collection of books had been burned. Also the booklet that was in his possession was destroyed. Not long before David Yellin was in Brest and had implored Feinstein to give him the booklet in the 'Name of the Faithful'.
He refused and thus was lost the most important of memoirs; one cannot describe the worth of things until they are fully lost.
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text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
New Qt Creator IDE from Qt Software
News emerged recently that Qt Software (formerly Trolltech) were working on their first IDE
The Greenhouse project began as a research project within Trolltech.
Unusually for the dot, I have decided to look at the Windows install of
The initial download for Windows is pretty huge, over 200MB, however
The inital screen you see when running the IDE is very bare in
The getting started guide itself is pretty weak right now, and is
I will begin with the obvious - create a new project. We have a number
Now we have got a basic project, let's see if the IDE provided shell will
Double clicking the mainwindow.ui file in the file view brings up the
At the moment, Qt Creator seems to have quite a few rough edges in the
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
I'm profoundly uninterested in free as in beer projects.
Why? Because it is a product. There are many products out there that can be had with far less investment than free software involves. They work, are productive and cheap.
I am even less interested in the business model of Qt and Nokia.
I'm far more interested in the process of creating software. The process of proprietary software leads to monopolies. I remember the harm that came to users from the gradual dissolution of proprietary software choice. It is a natural monopoly business.
The process of free software has been able to break the strangleholds of monopoly power. And in a short time producing remarkable software.
It doesn't surprise me that the processes that have made free software so remarkable have been used internally in some companies. I would be surprised if they weren't. Having some nominally free interfaces to a controlled process, as I said above, is profoundly uninteresting.
Derek (who has finally been called a troll. I'll mark it on my calendar)
By Derek Kite at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
Derek, I never thought of you as a troll... but now it's all so clear to me. ;-) In case people don't know I'm kidding...
Seriously, they say it will be released with a GPL compatible license. I'm sure you remember KDE had serious issues when it was introduced and they were put to bed. It is likely that there are internal licensing issues and code audits that must be reviewed and releases signed before it can be properly licensed. They did say this didn't start out as a product, but just looking into it. It makes sense for them to have more software showing up on all platforms.
As for me I'm in total agreement with you on the importance of free, as in speech, software. I'm also painfully aware of the paradoxes in free software. KDE is so good because there is a professional organization with a financial incentive to maintain the toolkit. My impression from my interactions leads me to believe that this is not going got change under Nokia. Almost all the same KDE people are there still. I think they deserve the benefit of the doubt until the actual release.
You're not a troll, but I should buy you a beer so you can relax. ;-)
By Eric Laffoon at Sun, 2008/11/02 - 5:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
That's not what he is saying, Eric, he said he did not care if it was GPL or not, as long as something is developed by paid developers he is not interest. He's not a troll, he's an outsider who tells computer scientists like me that I should do something different for a living if I like free software. At the same time he misunderstands the mechanics of the free software community completely. Try to remove everything that was contributed by institutions and companies from the free operating system and see what you are left with. Either I'm completely misunderstanding him, or what he says is very disturbing.
By Matthias Ettrich at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
Matthias, you are misunderstanding him. His criterium is not money, but openess. As things stand right now, for anyone outside Nokia, Qt Creator is an opaque piece of software. Maybe that is a good thing for a quick and decisive start, maybe it is the right thing to do for the interests of Qt generally, maybe things are going to change very soon or most likely a bit of all that together. You will know, because you are an insider. Outsiders, like Derek and me however perceive things very differently : closed development whose fruits currently are not free (as in spirit) software.
Full disclosure : I am a professional programmer who uses Qt with a commercial license besides writing open source also based on Qt. Speaking with my commercial hat on, my team will surely evaluate Qt Creator when it has matured. But it also has to be said that an IDE is not exactly the development tool that I'd have liked Nokia to focus on. With my open source hat on, I think Derek reflects my sentiments exactly : Qt Creator is just not interesting right now...
By Bart at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
I meant "outsider" as in "not a C++ programmer, not the target audience of a C++ IDE". We've made it pretty clear that the code will be available under a GPL compatible license. All his points about this being uninteresting closed source are mood. A valid question would have been: why didn't you release the source code right away? My answer to that: because we didn't want to wait any longer with showing the community (commercial and open source) what we work on.
By Matthias Ettrich at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
I think you were conveniently dodging the point of openess in this case, it's not just the availability of source code at some point but also the history, decision makings and design thoughts involved in the making of it (not all of which can be garnered from the pure code). At another part of this page you talked about the "greater communities" of webkit, which incidentally is also more of an opaque project were the publically available date (source code, some public blogs and mailing lists) don't tell the whole picture. Mozilla also had and still to some degree has this issue. At its core it's a rather philosophical issue of documentation: as soon as you have company involved the people representing it or being paid by it don't get the free bonus of trust like people contributing out of free will get. Such companies usually have to build this trust for every of its products/projects, which they tend to dodge as unnecessary parts of community-making. Then when the flamings start the consequential exchange of "you have no idea how it works at our company" versus "of course not, you don't show us" appears like on this page.
By anon at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
Hm, which makes me wonder if you could motivate more developer to work for Qt Software if you were (even) more open about how things works at your place. From outside there's just some typical programmers' blogs as well as a well known head who tends to be bitchy not unlike the equally bitchy creator of Linux. Must be in the genes. =P
By anon at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
You miss my point.
I posit that Trolltech, Qt and the profits of the sale to Nokia wouldn't exist if there wasn't a free desktop that used, promoted, generated a market for, and trained developers of Qt. A symbiotic relationship if there ever was one, and one for the history books.
I don't begrudge anyone their paycheque. I enjoy mine. I fully understand the challenges of managing a software business. From that standpoint, I fully understand why you did what you did.
That is exactly my point. If I have to worry if my investment of time and energy and money in developing using a platform depends on someone's business decisions and success, then the solution is obvious; Microsoft, with their billions in cash. I've learned, developed on and lost all that time and effort on two platforms already.
You see, KDE and much of free software, especially the desktop, doesn't make sense from a business standpoint. That is why it has broken the monopoly of Microsoft. Anyone who depended on cash flow or investment to challenge Microsoft just plain starved, and disappeared. Free software has different motivations, when pooled together equal more than the sum of it's parts.
As for the goodwill among KDE developers who work for Nokia, fine. What about the ones who write their paycheques?
Things have changed. Trolltech was sold to someone. It is very very common for large businesses to purchase smaller ones, run them awhile to see what benefit there can be, then drop them, subsume them, cherry pick the value and sell them. Where would that leave KDE?
What is the symbiosis, the dependence of Nokia on KDE? The way this was released shows me that the relationship is unclear at least. Is no one insulted that a beta is released without source? Does Nokia not need KDE anymore? Or is it just a low cost apprenticeship system?
I'll ignore the mood comment. Otherwise I may be convinced of ill intent.
By Derek Kite at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
You can't just dismiss him because he is 'not a C++ programmer', since I very much agree with him and mot definetly am part of your target audience. Someone else argued already the releasing source is not the same as being open. Even when that is said, I find your reason about having to wait really strange. In my experience it takes far more time to make a binary release than to pur a tarball out there. So if your consideration really was time-to-audience only, you'd just have opened your source repository the very first month this project started, no?
By Bart at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
I could ask in what way does releasing a closed source beta contribute to free software.
My real question is how does it benefit Nokia?
It's developers who are going to be using it. Don't you think that they may be able and willing to provide bug reports with, god forbid, code?
The free software community is far more powerful and provides far more opportunity than any one company, institution or individual could create. Would IBM be as strong as they are without it? Google? Novell? Probably not.
They would be fools to fight against what has allowed them to thrive.
But fools exist. Nokia released a beta development tool without source code. Said tool designed for a library that is open source.
Don't think too hard. It's not that complicated.
I was hoping my stated disinterest would be seen as it is; disdain.
By Derek Kite at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am
I don't really see whats wrong
Having the sources open for anyone to contribute to isn't how all open source software works from the beginning. I think thats just fine. I'm thinking of Quassel which didn't go public for a year or two.
Anyways I think your confusing style with philosophy.
By Ian Monroe at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: I don't really see whats wrong
Having source open and ability to contribute doesn't always mean
By SadEagle at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: I don't really see whats wrong
True but this project is just starting, was my point. Not wanting contributions until there's some direction for the project established by the creators seems fine to me.
By Ian Monroe at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the Dot
"Sad thing, you will probably also never find out." Sad thing Nokias shares arent going up. :D
By n at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Why is closed source software announced on the
Good I am not owning any :-D But seriously, developing software in a company isn´t all that different from developing in the open source community, at least not in Qt Software. We do a bit more pair programming because we share offices, and we have more channels to actually figure out what the customers really want (and not only the vocal minority on community lists and channels). But in the end, non of us would write a single line of code if we didn´t believe this was the right thing to do. The job market for computer scientists is way too good to work for a bad company. Did I mention we have open positions?
By Matthias Ettrich at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
I already quite like it,
By Mark Hannessen at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Nice
Yes, QtJambi support would great...
By Matthias Lechner at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Nice
And Python's PyQt :-)
By Birger at Wed, 2008/11/05 - 6:00am
Kdevelop VS Qt Creator for Qt beginner.
I'm trying to learn Qt. Which IDE do you think will help me more to get a better understanding of Qt faster. I know, books are great, but I've always found that a good IDE helps me understand things faster.
By Nikos at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Kdevelop VS Qt Creator for Qt beginner.
I'd say for learning it is not that good to use an IDE. In my opinion the best way to learn is from a simple text editor. This way it may be a bit harder to write code but your brain will train better this way. In a sense it is similar to maths in school. Using calculator would be a lot easier but you use paper and pencil, the hard way, and in this way you learn better.
By Gal at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Kdevelop VS Qt Creator for Qt beginner.
Well, I think you are both right and wrong in different aspects. Using a simple editor is of great help while you are learning to think in a certain way. But when you have a certain mindset, abstracting the "already acquired knowledge" away helps you focus on a more mature understanding of things.
By Nikos at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Kdevelop VS Qt Creator for Qt beginner.
Well, the problem of learning on IDEs is the autocomplete, it will make you lazy..
But, I think Qt Creator's integration with QtAssistant would be a great aid for you
By Paulo C at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
I'm reading "a GPL compatible license". Could some one specify which one?
By Emily at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: License
I'm afraid that they haven't been any more specific yet.
By Richard Moore at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: License
You should be please it will be a "GPL compatible one" ;-)
By superfan! at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: License
Thats pretty specific already. It means GPL or a more permissive license like BSD.
I'm guessing GPL since BSD would be a signal they want to make it a multi-corp project like Eclipse, I don't see that happening.
By Ian Monroe at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Would be perfect if this could be extended to allow cross platform KDE development. Please make it happen :-)
By ac at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Not the first attempt
Funnily this is already the fourth attempt to offer an IDE solution by the Trolls:
1. There was a simple C++ editor inside Designer for Qt 2 - dropped
By Bob at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: Not the first attempt
There was an IDE like thing for QSA I think. Can't really call it an IDE. The new QtScript debugger is its replacement, expect to see more of that with Qt 4.5.
By Ian Monroe at Sat, 2008/11/01 - 5:00am
Re: But...
What about MOC is not real C++? On my system I have a real C++ compiler. And it manages to compile each and every Qt application. So they must be composed of real C++ source code!
By David Johnson at Sun, 2008/11/02 - 5:00am
Re: But...
Qt apps are precompiled by moc. (Do you use make? I think it calls moc in this case.)
Btw I don't think moc is a problem, if it makes the language better.
By Grósz Dániel at Sun, 2008/11/02 - 5:00am
Re: But...
> Qt apps are precompiled by moc.
No, moc generates code based on hints the programmer put into their classes.
It is always possible to write all that code manually, just not even remotely as convenient.
By Kevin Krammer at Sun, 2008/11/02 - 5:00am
Re: But...
True. Too many C++ "purists" misunderstand what Qt is doing. It adds three macros, not keywords. And two of those macros expand to nothing. MOC sees those macros and generates what is in essence a publish/subscribe backend. All of the magic happens because of a QObject/QMetaObject hierarchy that implements reflection. There's nothing "illegal" about it.
By David Johnson at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: But...
But these macros are inhibiting the use of some C++ features that, in 2008, should be considered as elemntary parts of the language. Neither nested classes nor class templates can be QObjects.
By Elad Lahav at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Re: But...
The macros are not the problem as one can do without them and manually write the code they expand to or equivalent code.
Or even come up with one's own code generator.
If one finds the Qt signal/slot system to be limited for ones purpose, one can still choose to use a different model, e.g. boost signals.
I think for templated signal/slot parameters one can use QVariant as the transport type and add the real data type as a QMetaType
By Kevin Krammer at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am
Re: But...
> I hope that at some point the extra features of Qt (I believe that it boils down to the signal/slot mechanism) can be implemented in a more C++-conforming way.
1. It does not boil down to signals/slots. Even without these, QObjects would have the nice introspection features that are for example used in Qt Designer to implement a generic property viewer, or which are absolutely necessary in QtDbus, QtScript, or the QXmlToQObjectConverter (or similar) that is coming soon.
2. About signals/slots implementation, you can actually do this with templates. ClanLib does that. But you have to implement the templates separately for each parameter count (unless you would like to fiddle around with the ... operator in C++), and you cannot get all the goodies that Qt's meta objects offer (to name two, signal transfer across threads or DBus message busses, and automatic argument omission, i.e. connect signal with 3 arguments to slot with 1 argument etc.).
Actually, one might be able to get these features without a separate precompiler, but that would require C++ to include Design By Contract at least.
By Stefan Majewsky at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am
Re: But...
Bjarne Stroustrup is happy enough to use it, I'll take his vote over yours Anonymous.
By Richard Moore at Sun, 2008/11/02 - 5:00am
Too late
Anjuta kicks its ass.
By GNOMEr at Sun, 2008/11/02 - 5:00am
Usefull for Qt Beginners
Personally I think that Qt Creator will be usefull for Qt Beginners, Because when I brought 2 Qt Books in order to start developping and searched for an IDE, I tried Kdevelop. I must admit that it was really a pain, you had to configure a lot of things in order to get it work (Code completion, etc.), and I didn't found an easy tutorial like "Everything you need to setup in order to start Qt Programming". So maybe Kdevelop is only missing some good starter guides, but if I would start developping right now I would go with Qt Creator, which does not mean that after being a little more comfortable with Qt I won't change to Kdevelop.
By End User at Mon, 2008/11/03 - 6:00am
Why So Long?
What I'd like to know is, why on Earth did it take so long for the Trolls to figure out that they should have a focused IDE for Qt development, using Qt? We got Qt Designer which was sort of a halfway-house, and then people had to resort to other fuller IDEs for code development such as KDevelop, Eclipse or Visual Studio on Windows.
By segedunum at Tue, 2008/11/04 - 6:00am


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Government yet to take any decision on raising LPG supply cap: Moily
Published: 12th December 2012 11:50 AM | Last Updated: 12th December 2012 11:50 AM | A+A A-
A day after Election Commission rap, Oil
Minister M Veerappa Moily today said the government has not yet taken any
decision on raising cap on supply of subsidised LPG cylinders and the EC would
have been informed before announcing any decision.
"If the proposals had been concretised and it was to be announced or decision was to be taken... I would have definitely written to Election Commission of India," Moily told reporters here.
Moily said the government had consistently maintained that the decision to cap supply of subsidised cooking gas (LPG) to six cylinders per household in a year is under review following widespread demands and he had reiterated the same position in reply to media queries on sidelines of a CII function here yesterday.
"Not that I would like to do anything for political gain behind the back of Election Commission. That is not our intention. We are very clear about it. We are very transparent and objective about it," he said.
Election Commission had taken a strong exception to Moily's statements ahead of the elections in Gujarat, that the cap would be increased to nine cylinders, and sought his explanation.
In his formal response, Moily said: "The Government is yet to take a decision in the matter. As such my response to media queries... should not be treated as an announcement regarding decision of the government."
"I would like to assure you that due regard to the applicable rules and procedures of the Election Commission of India shall be given as and when a decision in this regard is taken by the government," he wrote.
Talking to reporters, Moily said there have been widespread demands including from about 100 Congress MPs, several chief ministers and union ministers, for revisiting the decision as only six cylinders per household was "not practical and away from reality".
"Concerns had to be addressed today or tomorrow. But at the same time, I am conscious that I would not have done anything without writing to the Election Commission of India," he added.


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Quote:Naihanchi has encountered less "drift" than other classical kata, with the main difference being the stance which, when deepened for aesthetics and training, upsets the mechanics of the kata. Differences in movement, however, are minor and mostly irrelevent.
Quote:Hi.Shorin ryu, of course. And ALL THREE You can`t have much time to raseyour legs Shorin ryu! Easy! Short! Effective...Troubles will be in your moves. They are too short.Power you can find in relaxation !!! And VERY-VERY short SPEED moves. Twitch your... claster(?) raseme(?) with maximus relax and speed. And stop it. Your can understandshort moves.Br.
Quote:Alejandro,My take on the differing Naihanchi versions is they are terribly different, including using different energy generation mechanisms.I believe the resemblence is superficial, but inside the variations there is as much difference as there is in the 15 variations of Patsai, or Seisan or whatever.And as in everything else, I strongly suspect all of them are quite practical, just different.The tidal drift on Okinawan kata remains a constant.
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Casting: Natalie Portman and Kevin Costner Eye Crazy Action Movies and More
Lots of casting updates today – including the latest news about Natalie Portman and Kevin Costner's upcoming projects.
Costner, who was at one point attached to Tarantino's Django Unchained, has now officially joined the cast of McG's upcoming untitled action thriller, according to Coming Soon. The actor will headline the new feature, which has piqued our interest since it's based on a script from Luc Besson. Could this be Costner's version of Taken?
The actor is set to play a secret service agent who retires when he discovers he's dying. However, the government lures him back into action with the promise of an experimental drug that could save him... if he completes one more mission for them. Costner agrees, but struggles to deal with his family, the job and the drug's hallucinatory side effects.
No word on when we might see this one begin filming, but with the main star cast, expect the rest of the pieces to start falling into place.
Natalie Portman courted for multiple projects
Oscar winner Natalie Portman is often in the running for multiple high-profile roles, and today is no exception. The actress is currently being courted for several new productions.
Paramount would reportedly love the Black Swan actress to headline its new action drama Code Name Sasha – which is being billed as a "female Training Day crossed with La Femme Nikita." We're gonna just go ahead and say that we'd watch that film right now.
Meanwhile, Fox is eyeing Portman for its upcoming project Last Witness, wherein the actress would play a psychologist working with the sole survivor of a café bombing in Boston who also has amnesia. Fox Searchlight is also allegedly courting Portman for the role of Jackie Kennedy in the upcoming film Jackie. That one sounds like it could be a potential awards project.
Of course, Portman's dance card is already crowded – the actress is attached to Marvel's Thor sequel, an untitled Terrence Malick project and Jane Got a Gun. It's good to be busy, apparently. [via The Wrap]
A Many Splintered Thing rounds out its cast
Finally, we've got several new additions to Justin Reardon's A Many Splintered Thing.
The film has added multiple supporting cast members to the project, which is based on a Black List award-winning script and being compared to Amelie.
Indiewire reports that Anthony Mackie, Giovanni Ribisi, Topher Grace, Philip Baker Hall and Aubrey Plaza will join Chris Evans and Michelle Monaghan in the story of a man who attempts to woo an engaged woman by posing as a philanthropist. Sounds pretty predictable to us, but perhaps the cast can make it stand out in a glutted romantic-comedy market.
Filming on A Many Splintered Thing begins at the end of the month.
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2020 FANDANGO MOVIES.


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Texas Gov. Rick Perry has to decide whether it's too late for him to run for the 2012 GOP presidential nomination.
Perry's top political advisor, David Carney, tells Ronald Brownstein at the National Journal that his candidate is determined to run a national campaign for the 2012 GOP presidential nomination.
That will require a massive fund-raising and organizational effort, which presidential campaigns usually start building years in advance of when the first primary votes are cast.
Gov. Perry is way behind what would be considered a "normal" time-table for a national campaign. And some Republican strategists are skeptical that Perry — a self-described "10th Amendment conservative" — and his 'Texas exceptionalism' can broaden his regional appeal.
But Carney is adamant that Perry can be competitive with Republican and independent voters across regions and across the conservative spectrum — not just among the social conservative base. Carney, who is based in New Hampshire, declares that Perry would be a serious candidate in the state's first-in-the-nation primary.
The fact that Perry's team is already laying out a campaign strategy in the pages of the National Journal indicates that Gov. Perry is serious about running for the 2012 GOP presidential nomination. But it may well be too late. The National Journal points out that Perry has always been able to raise large donations as a result of Texas' famously loose campaign finance laws.
Raising $100 million under Federal campaign law is very, very hard to do quickly. Federal law limits presidential primary campaign contributions to $2500 per person.


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I'm really excited to be able to announce my "Improving Your Statistical Inferences" Coursera course. It's a free massive open online course (MOOC) consisting of 22 videos, 10 assignments, 7 weekly exams, and a final exam. All course materials are freely available, and you can start whenever you want.
In this course, I try to teach all the stuff I wish I had learned when I was a student. It includes the basics (e.g., how to interpret p-values, what likelihoods and Bayesian statistics are, how to control error rates or calculate effect sizes) to what I think should also be the basics (e.g., equivalence testing, the positive predictive value, sequential analyses, p-curve analysis, open science). The hands on assignments will make sure you don't just hear about these things, but know how to use them.
This content was tried out and developed over the last 4 years in lectures and workshops for hundreds of graduate students around the world – thank you all for your questions and feedback! Recording these videos was made possible by a grant from by the 4TU Centre for Engineering Education at the recording studio of the TU Eindhoven (if you need a great person to edit your videos, contact Tove Elfferich). The assignments were tested by Moritz Körber, Jill Jacobson, Hanne Melgård Watkins, and around 50 beta-testers who tried out the course in the last few weeks (special shout-out to Lilian Jans-Beken, the first person to complete the entire course!). I really enjoy seeing the positive feedback:
I can recommend the Coursera course on statistics by @lakens - I learned a lot. I particularly like that it provides options not dogma.— David J Bishop (@BlueSpotScience) October 5, 2016
This is the best MOOC in statistics EVER! Enroll and learn a lot. https://t.co/r5osVuPHWL— Lilian Jans-Beken (@lilianjansbeken) October 6, 2016
Tim van der Zee helped with creating exam questions, and Hanne Duisterwinkel at the TU Eindhoven helped with all formalities. Thanks so much to all of you for your help.
This course is brand new – if you follow it, feel free to send feedback and suggestions for improvement.
I hope you enjoy the course.


text:
First Time User? Sign Up Now
First Time User? Enroll now.
Home > Fitness & Health > Health Library > Torn or Detached Nail
It can be very painful to tear or rip your nail from the nail bed. A nail may separate from the nail bed (detach) for many reasons, including:
After a nail separates from the nail bed for whatever reason, it will not reattach. A new nail will have to grow back in its place. Nails grow back slowly. It takes about 6 months for a fingernail and up to 18 months for a toenail to grow back.
Home treatment often helps relieve pain, promote healing, and prevent infection. Treatment may involve removing the nail, keeping the area dry to prevent infection, and waiting for a new nail to grow. The infection or skin condition that caused the separated nail will also need to be treated.
To prevent infection:
Have a doctor trim your nail if you:
Current as of: October 31, 2019
Author: Healthwise StaffMedical Review: William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency MedicineAdam Husney, MD - Family MedicineMartin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine
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Current as of: October 31, 2019
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine
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Sovereign Rating
Sovereign credit rating is the result of credit analysis, issued by regulated rating agencies, attaching scores to a given sovereign debt issuer. Those agencies evaluate the capacity and the willingness of a sovereign to honor, timely and fully, its debt payments. The rating is a relevant instrument for investors, since it provides an independent opinion about the government's debt credit rating.
Officially, Brazil has contracts with rating with the following agencies: Standard & Poor´s (S&P), Fitch Ratings (Fitch) and Moody´s Investor Service. Additionally, other international agencies regularly monitor the credit rating of the country, such as Dominion Bond Rating Service (DBRS-Canada), the Japan Credit Rating Agency (JCR), Rating and Investment Information (R&I-Japan), NICE Investors Service (South Korea) and Dagong Global Credit Rating (China).
The credit rating agencies usually attribute grades for the short and long term debt, in local and foreign currency. The grade for the issuance of long term in foreign currency is the most common used with reference to represent the credit rating of the country. The scales used by the agencies can be represented by letters, numbers and mathematical signals (+ or -) and normally go from 'D' (lowest grade) to 'AAA'(highest grade). Those grades are ranked, by market participants, in two groups: Speculative Grade (D to BB+) and Investments Grade (BBB- to AAA).
Brazil's Credit Rating
Although technically sovereign ratings directly apply to sovereign fixed income securities, with considerable implications for their pricing, their importance stretches far beyond that. The sovereign rating has other following critical implications for a country:
- To the extent that it impacts the cost of sovereign borrowing, a rating could greatly affect the government's fiscal flexibility;
- In most cases, the sovereign rating sets either a ceiling or a guideline vis-à-vis all corporate and financial sector ratings in a country, thus affecting overall private sector borrowing costs in the market;
- It determines counterparty risk pricing for bank loans (many international banks rely on public ratings for their risk charge assessment) which, in turn, frequently affects the pricing for trade lines;
- It gives guidance to regulated institutional investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies, on whether they are allowed to invest in a country;
- The sovereign rating, along with the publicity associated with it, serves as a common reference point for foreign investors at large, and as such, impact foreign direct investment flows.
- It generates an important part of overall external perceptions about a country and its trends;
For Ratings History, click here.


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Jessica O'Donnell
e: email@example.com
t: +353 1 222 5558
Jessica O'Donnell
e: firstname.lastname@example.com
t: +353 1 222 5558
Children's Area and Learning Resource Centre
While the Gallery is temporarily closed we hope you enjoy some of our art digital art activities which can be found here
Children, teachers, families and adults can participate in innovative and enjoyable learning opportunities that explore the collection and temporary exhibitions in the Gallery's children's area and Learning Resource Centre. To date, the collection has been explored by children aged three to adults in their eighties during successful and popular programmes. This new programmed, multi-purpose space allows for additional experimentation.
For details of upcoming art workshops for children please go to http://www.hughlane.ie/childrens-workshops/forthcoming or view the Gallery's Education Programme pdf. Where advanced booking is required or where there is a workshop fee, places are booked through eventbrite.ie
Please note:
Parents must stay with their children for the 3-6 year old workshops. Please arrive in good time as it may not always be possible to admit late comers to an art workshop.


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The White House is trying to tamp down concern over a new intelligence report showing North Korea could arm a ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead.
White House spokesman Jay Carney says Pyongyang has not demonstrated the capability to launch such a nuclear armed missile. He says it "is not simple" to take that step.
However, Carney says North Korea continues to express a desire to seek nuclear weapons capabilities. That, he says, is a "matter of concern" for the United States.
The Defense Intelligence Agency says in a newly revealed report that it has "moderate confidence" that North Korea knows how to deliver a nuclear weapon on a ballistic missile.


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dseldon necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 110 diseños de 18 diseñadores freelance.
Get 2 Links To Your Site From My Sites (Google PR 3 & PR 4 - over 50,000 visitors / month)
Browse around the site and you'll see that the homepage is a blank slate, the site deals with very big ideas and issues, and it needs design help! The new design needs to project simplicity, seriousness and credibility. Anything the least bit cheesy is a no-no. Everything from graphics to the fonts and all of it needs to project calmness, confidence.
We have no preconceptions about how the re-designed site will or should look, aside from the comments above. As long as the new design adheres to "what I want / don't want", all ideas are welcome.
The winning designer will get 2 links back to their website, one from http://cosmicfingerprints.com which has a Google Page Rank 3 and an additional link from the owners main site, which has Google Page Rank 4. The traffic obtained by these two sites is consistently well in excess of 50,000 unique visitors each month.
- Simplicity
- Seriousness
- Credibility
- Calmness
- Confidence
- CHANGED - Existing "navigation" (the very small links at the bottom of the homepage) appear at the bottom of the page primarily to encourage site visitors to sign up to the email list - however in the revised site design this is not required - designers are free to modify the placement / size of the navigation links as they see fit. CHANGE - Designers are encouraged to place the navigation links either at the top area of the design, or on the left side.
- Cheese
- Cheesy-ness
- Anything the least bit cheesy