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Raw Athletics necesitaba un nuevo diseño de impreso o envases y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 86 diseños de 8 diseñadores freelance.
Vapor Fresh -- Sports equipment cleaning and deodorizing spray based on all-natural active ingredients
Raw Athletics, LLC is dedicated to developing a line of sports consumer products. Raw Athletics' first product is a sports equipment cleaning and deodorizing spray based on all-natural active ingredients, called Vapor Fresh. Vapor Fresh comes in a 16oz and a 32oz trigger sprayer bottle. Vapor Fresh is currently being used by a number of high-profile collegiate and professional sports programs, and Raw Athletics is in the process of scaling up production to meet market demand. This project is to develop a new front & back label for Vapor Fresh.
Vapor Fresh is currently being used by a number of collegiate and professional ice hockey, football, lacrosse and soccer programs. Raw Athletics will be focusing on the collegiate and professional markets as well as the consumer and high school sports market. The 16oz bottle will be more for consumers, and the 32oz industrial sized bottles will be more focused on the collegiate and professional customers, but the label design should be the same for each.
Because we are focusing on athletes and athletic organizations, we would like the label to attract those individuals. The label you design should be clear and sharp. It should also contain a bit of the same style as other athletic companies -- such as Adidas, Nike and Under Armour -- but at the same time unique. Stylish but not too flashy.
The bottles are not the same color -- the 16oz is a clear blue plastic, the 32oz is solid white. The labels should be very similar, if not exact. You should be able to tell that the they are identical except for their size. Front & back labels needed.
See the attached picture of the bottles. Trigger sprayers have not been chosen yet -- this gives you freedom to choose any color sprayer to go with your design.
We would like the label to be clear sharp & sporty. It should look like it's meant to be in a locker room.
What we need on the label:
Vapor Fresh (R)
Play Hard. Finish Fresh.
Sports equipment cleaning and deodorizing spray
Original Scent
"32 FL OZ (1 QT) 946 ml" --OR-- "16 FL OZ (.5 QT) 473 ml"
UPC Code
No animal testing
Please recycle
"Warnings: Please keep out of the reach of children. Do not spray into eyes or mouth. Not intended for clothes."
"Ingredients: Water, proprietary blend of essential oils, nonionic emulsifier, tocopherols, preservative (less than 0.1%)"
"Directions: Shake well before use. Set nozzle to the "spray" setting and spray equipment until slightly damp on all sides. Allow equipment to dry completely before next use.
Questions or Comments? Please visit http://www.vaporfresh.com
Mfg. for Raw Athletics, LLC Somerset, NJ 08873 (C) 2010
Made in USA
You can include the Raw Athletics logo if you want to, but not necessary


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Evolution, like capital punishment or gun control, is one of those dirty issues that tends to polarize people. The very word "evolution" conjures up images of apes turning into men and atheists with hidden agendas. Creationism, like wise, brings up ideas of book burnings and backwoods fundamentalists. Both lead toward opposite ends of the perceived spectrum; you're either totally in one camp or the other. No middle ground exists. Any consenting towards the other side is seen as "giving in" and letting them get their collective "foot in the door". Soon, it is reasoned, we'll all be godless pagans or a theocratic dictatorship.
Reality, I've always found, lies somewhere in the gray middle. Not all scientific theories are comforting, but then again science never promises such. Perhaps life on Earth really is a random fluctuation of an infinite norm and there is no frame of reference in which we can ask the really big questions such as "why are we here?" though I doubt science in of itself can ever prove or disprove that. It is also true that there is a definite spiritual component to mankind that we can never truly deny. A universe of simple hydrogen atoms didn't have to become this complex. Perhaps there is an afterlife; I would prefer not knowing. Kind of like the American Indian belief in the "great unknown". I haven't seen any secular reason to believe that any particular religious franchise has a corner market on things.
This polarization can also have disastrous consequences. Denying knowledge accumulated by scientists is causing America to lose its competitive edge. Its as if there are gaps in our knowledge, areas posted "do not enter" in our intellects. In the early 20th century, the Soviet Union sought to sensor Mendelian genetics because it did not fall in line with communist credo of material dialecticism. The result; the Soviet Union severely began to lag behind the world in crop production. America now faces the same challenge; if we don't come to grips with the issues posed by evolution and stem cell research, other countries will (or will have had?) passed us by. The future may not belong to he who has the bullets and bombs, but the information and knowledge.
So, what does all this have to do with astronomy? Evolution dovetails with the topic of the big bang and cosmology, which in turn fall at odds with biblical literalism; some do not find comfort in a universe more than 6,000 years old. Evolution and astronomy also tie in to exo(or astro) biology, itself an emergent science. It we do discover aliens, be they microbes or demi-gods, it will surely trigger an instant re-write of both evolution and creation. Thus far, we have a biosphere of exactly one to draw conclusions from.
But who is to say that evolution isn't just a tool that a creator uses and operates by? Who is to say the conflicts in time-lines aren't metaphorical? As science gains ever more knowledge, a "God of the gaps" emerges. Granted, the circular logic used in most religious dogmas guarantee that they'll never be conclusively proven or disproven. "Proof denies faith," becomes the battle cry, and causes many a scientist to turn from public discourse on the topic. Carl Sagan noted that it's hard to verify the "dragon in the garage" hypothesis if every time you devise a test to detect him, a reason it will fail is discovered.
A "proof" of creationism reared its head recently that I'd like to illustrate. The rare Parrot Orchid of Thailand has the uncanny appearance of, well, a miniature parrot! How one might ask, could such a thing occur if no creator was evoked?
First, remember that evolution is basically the function of two forces; death and time. Lets say that millions of years ago (flowering plants appeared right after the Jurassic Era), an orchid emerged via random mutation that vaguely had the markings of a parrot. Now most mutations are detrimental, and only very occasionally does one emerge that is beneficial. But in this case, the markings prove attractive to a key pollinator; the jungle parrot. The genetic message is clear; the more you look like a parrot, the more likely you are to pollinate and spread your own genes. Orchids that do not attract pollinators leave no offspring. Eventually, a genetic arms race ensues; orchids are slowly shaped via occasional beneficial mutations to look more attractive to parrots.
Of course, flowers are not men; the issue of apes evolving into modern man is a bit more sensitive. To be sure, modern day chimps are not our ancestors; species that gave way to homo sapiens are long gone. In any event, most people confuse Darwin's Origin of Species with a later work, the Ascent of Man. Darwin, far from having an "Atheist's agenda" was actually an Anglican minister. Sometimes the truth hurts, although I fail to see that evolution, understood properly, cheapens life or makes reality any more bleak. If anything, I see only the sweet preciousness of the small sliver of time and space we now occupy.

subset: commoncrawl


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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
versão On-line ISSN 2078-5135
versão impressa ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.101 no.9 Cape Town Set. 2011
Weight evolution and perceptions of adults living with HIV following initiation of antiretroviral therapy in a South African urban setting
E HurleyI; A CoutsoudisII; J GiddyIII; S E KnightIV; E LootsV; T M EsterhuizenVI
IMB ChB, DCH (SA), DA (SA), MMed (Fam Med). Department of Family Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
IIPhD. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal
IIIMB ChB, MMed (Fam Med). Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal
IVMB ChB, FCPHM (SA). Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal
VMB ChB, FCS (SA). Department of General Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal
VIMSc. Programme of Biostatistics, Research Ethics and Medical Law, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal
BACKGROUND: Obesity and undernutrition are common in South Africa and influence the health outcomes of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). Aim. To describe the anthropometric changes and perceptions of body weight in adults initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART).
METHODS: A cohort of 230 PLHIV was enrolled at an HIV clinic in Durban. Changes in their body mass index, and waist and hip girth were measured 6-monthly in the 12 months following initiation of ART. Data on demographic and socio-economic variables, CD4 counts, opportunistic infections and drug regimens used were recorded. Perceptions of body weight and desire to change these were ascertained.
RESULTS: Weight perceptions of respondents were incongruent with their body mass index, with the trend being to judge themselves as weighing less than their actual weight. Those wanting to gain weight gained an average of 7.8 kg - 2.8 times more than those satisfied with their weight (p<0.001). After 12 months on ART, there was a statistically significant increase in anthropometric measurements (p<0.001) with 43 of the 110 women having waist circumferences that increased their risk of cardiovascular disease; the incidence of lipodystrophy was 35% (62/177) (95% confidence interval 27 - 42%), 36% (64/177) were overweight and 22% (39/177) were obese, compared with 21% (49/230) and 12% (28/230) respectively at baseline (p=0.002).
CONCLUSION: There is a strong association between PLHIV's perception of body weight, their desire to gain weight and their actual weight gain on ART. Lipodystrophy, weight gain and truncal obesity are common among PLHIV after initiating ART.
Obesity and undernutrition are common in South Africa and affect the health of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV).1-3 Weight gain and other anthropometric markers including changes in body shape are common among those on antiretroviral therapy (ART); some who are underweight become obese on therapy.4
Excessive weight gain is a risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and dyslipidaemia.4,5 Central obesity is a stronger predictor of metabolic syndrome than body mass index (BMI).6 Obesity is also a risk factor for the development of lactic acidosis, a potentially life-threatening adverse effect of ART. Lipodystrophy is a complication of ART that presents as truncal obesity, enlarged breasts and peripheral wasting of the buttocks, limbs and face.7-9 Factors that influence anthropometric perception and behaviour of PLHIV regarding their weight include culture, socio-economic status, education and the stigma surrounding HIV infection.10,11
PLHIV lose lean mass with disease progression, which further impairs their immune system and increases their predisposition to opportunistic infections and mortality risk.2
A cohort study design is a useful way to track changes in BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist:hip ratio (WHR). Internationally, significant increases in anthropometric markers in PLHIV have been reported; however, larger samples are required to validate South African study findings.4,7,12
BMI and waist and hip circumference measurements are simple, quick to perform, reliable (after training in the technique) and suitable for evaluating nutritional status of subjects in resource constrained settings. Their utility is enhanced if done together with dietary history, plasma albumin, haemoglobin levels and bioimpedance analyses. Monitoring trends is of more value than single measurements.13
An analysis of more than 600 PLHIV on ART in the USA that compared WC and WHR and used magnetic resonance imaging to assess adipose tissue deposits, found a strong association with increases in these anthropometric markers and indicators of metabolic risk (p<0.001). The researchers concluded that, despite HIV-associated lipodystrophy, measuring WC and WHR remains a highly effective nutritional screening tool in resource constrained settings.13
Monitoring of anthropometric markers in PLHIV initiating ART potentially enables earlier recognition of lipodystrophy, timeous lifestyle counselling and, if necessary, adjustment of drug regimens.9 Many lipodystrophy body changes are not reversible, underscoring the importance of a baseline measurement to facilitate earlier detection.7
Dietary counselling and promoting a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of developing obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases.14 Patients who are undernourished require dietary counselling, supplementation and close monitoring to detect opportunistic infections.2,3
We studied the evolution of anthropometric markers and perceptions of body weight in adults living with HIV in the first 12 months after initiating ART at an HIV clinic in Durban to determine predictors of these changes in order to improve nutritional and healthy lifestyle promotion. Since weight perceptions are likely to influence weight gain, we studied patients' body weight perceptions and their aspiration to gain or lose weight, and compared these with their actual anthropometric changes.
We used an observational, descriptive cohort study design, and enrolled 230 consecutive HIV-positive outpatients initiating ART between June and October 2009 and followed them up for 12 months at the Sinikithemba HIV Clinic at McCord Hospital in Durban. This is a state-aided, semi-private, urban hospital where patients pay R140 (US$20) monthly for comprehensive HIV care, including psychosocial support to improve adherence and nutritional advice to promote a healthy lifestyle. ART-naïve adults between the ages of 18 and 50 years commencing ART were included. Pregnant women and those unable to speak isiZulu or English were excluded. Approaching all eligible patients for recruitment during the study period minimised selection bias. Only 5 declined.
Height, weight, and waist and hip measurements were measured at baseline and the latter three again at 6 and 12 months. Baseline demographic data and health status variables including CD4 count, haemoglobin level, co-morbid illnesses, opportunistic infections including tuberculosis, and drug regimens used were obtained from medical records. Drug substitutions, inter-current opportunistic infections, CD4 counts and viral load were recorded at 6 and 12 months. A questionnaire, administered by a trained isiZulu-speaking research assistant, was used to collect data on income, education level, number of dependants and the respondents' perceptions of body weight, desire to change this, and reasons for wanting to change. Information bias was reduced by in-depth training and weekly supervision of field workers by the hospital dietician. Measurement bias was reduced by using calibrated instruments and standard anthropometric techniques.
Height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer. Subjects were weighed without shoes and in minimal clothing, with a calibrated electronic scale to the nearest 0.1 kg. Waist and hip circumference were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a flexible, non-elastic tape measure (Seca) with the patient standing upright with feet together and arms at their sides. Waist measurement was measured at the mid-point between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, and hip circumference as the maximal circumference over the buttocks. Both were performed twice and their mean was calculated.
BMI was calculated in kg/m2 and categorised as underweight (BMI <18.5), normal (18.5<BMI< 25), overweight (25<BMI<30), and obese (BMI>30). WHR was calculated as the ratio of the waist girth to the hip girth. Lipodystrophy was diagnosed with a WHR >0.95 in males and >0.85 in females or if other characteristic changes associated with lipodystrophy, including truncal obesity, enlarged breasts, buffalo hump and peripheral wasting in the buttocks, limbs and face, were reported. A WC >88 cm in women and >102 cm in men identified those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Active tuberculosis (TB) was recorded if TB had been diagnosed within the 3 months before initiating ART or during the 12-month study period.
Data were analysed using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago). Baseline characteristics were compared between males and females using non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests in the case of continuous non-normally distributed or ordinal variables and Pearson's chisquare tests for categorical variables. Associations between predictor variables including time and the anthropometric change were assessed using population averaged generalised estimating equation (GEE) models to account for some missing data at 6 and 12 months' follow-up. Age, gender and other socio-economic variables and the presence of TB were controlled for in the analyses by using them as covariates or factors in the models. Exchangeable correlation matrices were specified. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests compared mean weight change over 12 months with the respondents' desire to gain weight, lose weight or remain the same.
The University of KwaZulu-Natal Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BF 154/08) and McCord Hospital provided ethical approval for the study. Written informed consent was obtained from participants.
Baseline cohort characteristics
The cohort comprised 230 black PLHIV commencing ART, of whom 144 (63%) were female; their median age was 35 years (interquartile range (IQR) 29 - 39). TB was diagnosed in 90 (39%) in the 3 months before initiating ART and in a further 30 (13%) in the 12 months thereafter. The median baseline CD4 count was 97 cells/ mm3 (IQR 44 - 169); 65 (28%) patients had a CD4 count <50 cells/ mm3. Twenty-three (10%) patients were underweight (BMI <18). All participants were initiated on standard stavudine- and lamivudine containing regimens with 206 (90%) on efavirenz and 24 (10%) on nevirapine as the third drug (Table I).
Of the 230 enrolled patients, 210 (91%) had 2 sets of measurements recorded, and 177 (77%) had anthropometry at all 3 time points (Fig. 1); 28 (12%) changed their service provider, 12 (5.2%) were lost to follow-up, 11 (4.8%) died, and there was one pregnancy and one defaulter. One hundred and thirty-one (74%) gained weight, and those who were underweight at baseline (13/15, 87%) had the highest proportional increase (Table II).
The mean baseline BMI was 21.9 kg/m2 for males and 25.0 kg/ m2 for females. BMI increased significantly over time with a mean increase of 2.4 kg/m2 (95% CI 1.7 - 3.1) between baseline and 12 months in males (p<0.001) and 2.2 kg/m2 (95% CI 1.5 - 2.9) in females (p<0.001) (Table III). Increase in BMI was positively associated with age (p=0.001) and negatively associated with current TB in females (p=0.018) (Table IV). After one year on ART, 64 (36%) of the remaining cohort (177) were overweight and 39 (22%) were obese compared with 49 (21%) and 28 (12%) respectively at baseline (p=0.002).
The mean baseline weight was 63.6 kg for males and 63.5 kg for females. Weight increased significantly over time (p<0.001) with a mean adjusted increase of 6.8 kg in males and 5.6 kg in females between baseline and 12 months (Table III). Increase in weight in these females was positively associated with the age of the study participant (p=0.008) and negatively associated with them currently having TB. Females who started ART with TB and those who developed TB during the study period both gained significantly less weight in 12 months (6.2 kg less, p=0.021 and 6.5 kg less, p=0.015 respectively) compared with those who did not have TB, after controlling for age, education level and income bracket (Table IV).
Among patients who wished to gain weight, 83% (94/113) achieved this with a mean increase of 7.8 kg. Of those who wanted to stay the same weight, 60.7% (34/56) gained, with a mean weight gain of 2.7 kg (Table V).
The mean baseline WC was 77.3 cm for males and 77.2 cm for females. WC increased significantly over time, with a mean increase of 7.2 cm in males and 7.8 cm in females between baseline and 12 months (p<0.001) (Table III). Increase in WC was positively associated with age in women (p=0.003) and men (p=0.006) (Table IV). There was a significantly higher proportion of women (39.1%, 43/110) with WC >88.0 cm compared with men, in whom 5 (7.5%, 5/67) had a WC >102.0 cm after 12 months of ART (p<0.001).
The mean baseline hip circumference was 87.4 cm for males and 96.9 cm for females. Hip circumference increased significantly, with a mean increase of 7.7 cm in males and 6.9 cm in females between baseline and 12 months of ART (p<0.001) (Table III). Increase in hip circumference in females was positively associated with their age (p=0.017) and negatively associated with having TB (p=0.04) (Table IV).
The mean baseline WHR was 0.89 in males and 0.80 in females (Table III). Overall, 62 (35%, 95% CI 28 - 42%) of the participants developed lipodystrophy within 12 months of commencing ART. Of these, 50 participants (81%) were diagnosed according to WHR measurements and 12 (19%) were according to self-reported symptoms. Nine (15%) of the 62 who developed lipodystrophy according to their WHR were not diagnosed by the attending clinician or reported by the participant. There was a significant increase in WHR of 0.086 (95% CI 0.065 - 0.107) in males and 0.082 (95% CI 0.065 - 0.1) in females who developed lipodystrophy (p<0.001) (Table IV).
Participants' baseline perceptions of bodyweight
At baseline, 93 (40%) of all participants felt that they were underweight, 117 (51%) said that they were 'just right', and 15 (6.5%) that they were overweight.
Baseline weight perceptions were compared with actual baseline BMI categories and, of those who were underweight, 74% (17/23) assessed themselves correctly. In those with a normal BMI, 46% (59/128) assessed themselves as being underweight, and 53% (68/128) felt that they were just right. In the overweight BMI category, 61% (30/49) felt that they were just right and 25% (12/49) assessed themselves as being underweight. Among obese patients, 26% (7/27) felt that they were overweight, 19% (5/27) that they were underweight, and 48% (13/27) that they were just right. Therefore, respondents' perceptions of their weight were not congruent with reality, the trend being to judge themselves as being less than their actual weight, which was not objectively accurate (Table VI).
Regarding their desire to change their current weight status, 152 (66%) (N=230 at baseline) wanted to gain weight, 9 (3.9%) to lose weight, and 69 (30%) to remain the same. Correlating desire to gain weight with actual baseline BMI, only 13% were underweight, 64% were in the normal BMI category, 18% were overweight, and 5% were obese. Among those wanting to remain the same weight, 48% were in the normal BMI category, 28% were overweight and 22% were obese.
The main reasons given for desiring to change weight included wanting to return to their 'normal weight' (55%), to be 'healthy' (45%), problems with ill-fitting clothing or finances related to purchasing new clothes (29%), stigma surrounding HIV (24%), and feeling unhealthy (8.7%).
Our findings build on studies of anthropometric evolution in PLHIV on ART in South Africa and on studies of patients' perceptions of their weight and how these influence weight gain.7,15 We aimed to describe anthropometric change in a larger South African cohort of PLHIV along with their perceptions regarding body weight.
Consistent with other studies, weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumference increased significantly in all PLHIV commencing ART, although WHR only increased significantly in patients with lipodystrophy.4,7,15
There is a high incidence of lipodystrophy among PLHIV on stavudine-containing regimens (35% after a year of ART), as measured by a WHR >0.95 in males and >0.85 in females or by their report of symptoms. Lipodystrophy caused by stavudine should be actively screened for to identify and manage this adverse effect. Baseline and repeated waist and hip circumference measurement can facilitate its identification. Metabolic changes accompanying lipodystrophy increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in PLHIV on ART, an important consideration in their long-term management.7,9
PLHIV wishing to gain weight significantly increased their weight, underscoring the importance of eliciting their desire to gain weight and the reasons for this, when counselling about dietary and lifestyle modification; stigma remains an underlying reason for this.11 The significant proportion of patients who became overweight or obese is a concern as PLHIV on ART are at increased risk for developing a range of chronic non-communicable diseases.5,15
There is a mismatch between the baseline BMI and PLHIVs perception of whether their weight was 'normal'. The reasons include cultural norms regarding ideal body size and stigma surrounding HIV, in which weight loss is an important external marker of the disease. Appropriate counselling is needed to address perceptions among PLHIV about their weight and health so as to counteract any misperceptions, since these appear to influence whether or not patients will gain weight.10,11,15
Potential confounding factors, including TB, age, socio-economic status and education levels of participants, were controlled for in the GEE analyses. Possible limitations to the study are that McCord Hospital is a semi-private hospital that may serve a different socioeconomic group to PLHIV obtaining ART from Department of Health clinics, which could compromise the generalisability of the data. Intensive training and close supervision of the 3 enrolled nurses who conducted the anthropometry should have reduced the inter-observer bias.
More research is needed into effective counselling methods to understand and address perceptions regarding weight that are applicable in the existing local cultural context. The stigma that surrounds HIV and incorrect concepts of 'health' and what is considered 'normal' weight remain driving factors in the desire that PLHIV have to gain weight. Educational campaigns and community involvement must be mobilised to bring about change in this area.
The need for a greater emphasis on lifestyle and dietary counselling for PLHIV on ART, by providers (including counsellors, nurses and doctors) is highlighted. Lipodystrophy (as an adverse drug effect of stavudine) has a high incidence and must be actively screened for, although this should become less of a problem in the future, with the new national ART guidelines recommending a change from d4T to TDF. Baseline and sequential waist and hip measurements are strongly recommended for all PLHIV initiating ART.
Acknowledgement. We thank the McCord dietician Mary-Jane Boyle, Angeline Sibisi (research assistant), Jasper Pons (data base solutions) and the staff at Sinikithemba for their contributions to this research. This study was supported by funding from the National Research Foundation.
1. Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D, et al. Obesity in South Africa: the South African demographic and health survey. Obes Res 2002;10(10):1038-1048. [ Links ]
2. Anabwani G, Navario P. Nutrition and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Nutrition 2005;21(1):96-99. [ Links ]
3. Salomon J, De TP, Melchior JC. Nutrition and HIV infection. Br J Nutr 2002;87 Suppl 1:S111-119. [ Links ]
4. Brown T, Wang Z, Chu H, et al. Longitudinal anthropometric changes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;43(3):356-362. [ Links ]
5. Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, Laubscher R, et al. Initial burden of disease estimates for South Africa, 2000. S Afr Med J 2003;93(9):682-688. [ Links ]
6. Shen W, Punyanitya M, Chen J, et al. Waist circumference correlates with metabolic syndrome indicators better than percentage fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14(4):727-736. [ Links ]
7. George JA, Venter WD, Van Deventer HE, et al. A longitudinal study of the changes in body fat and metabolic parameters in a South African population of HIV-positive patients receiving an antiretroviral therapeutic regimen containing stavudine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009;25(8):771-781. [ Links ]
8. Womack J. HIV-related lipodystrophy in Africa and Asia. AIDS Read 2009;19(4): 48-52,131-139. [ Links ]
9. Mutimura E, Stewart A, Rheeder P, Crowther NJ. Metabolic function and the prevalence of lipodystrophy in a population of HIV-infected African subjects receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007;46(4):451-455. [ Links ]
10. Faber M, Kruger HS. Dietary intake, perceptions regarding body weight, and attitudes toward weight control of normal weight, overweight, and obese Black females in a rural village in South Africa. Ethn Dis 2005;15(2):238-245. [ Links ]
11. Cloete A, Strebel A, Simbayi L, et al. Challenges Faced by People Living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa: Issues for Group Risk Reduction Interventions. AIDS Research and Treatment 2010;July:1-8. [ Links ]
12. Esposito FM, Coutsoudis A, Visser J, Kindra G. Changes in body composition and other anthropometric measures of female subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART): a pilot study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The South African Journal of HIV Medicine 2008;1:36-42. [ Links ]
13. Scherzer R, Shen W, Bacchetti P, et al. Simple anthropometric measures correlate with metabolic risk indicators as strongly as magnetic resonance imaging-measured adipose tissue depots in both HIV-infected and control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(6):1809-1817. [ Links ]
14. Kruger HS, Puoane T, Senekal M, van der Merwe MT. Obesity in South Africa: challenges for government and health professionals. Public Health Nutr 2005;8(5):491-500. [ Links ]
15. James PT, Leach R, Kalamara E, Shayeghi M. The worldwide obesity epidemic. Obes Res 2001;9 Suppl 4:228S-233S. [ Links ]
Accepted 3 March 2011.
Corresponding author: E Hurley (email@example.com)


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Healthy vagina is protected and lubricated by a clear, odorless discharge that is produced by the mucous membranes in the upper part of the vagina.
The lack of vaginal moisture can have a negative impact on your sex life because vaginal dryness can cause painful intercourse, itching, burning sensation and general discomfort. It often becomes an issue during the menopausal and perimenopausal years, however, it is not uncommon at any age.
Fortunately, relief can be achieved safely and naturally without visiting your doctor.
Vitamin E Is a Superb Moisturizer
Vitamin E is the most important fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant involved in the metabolism of all cells and required for the proper function of many organs in the body.
It has been proposed for the treatment of numerous health conditions and diseases, including painful menstruation, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, premenstrual syndrome, high blood pressure during pregnancy, etc.
Many women don't know that vitamin E is also acts as superb moisturizer and can treat vaginal dryness easily and effectively. The oil in the soft-coated vitamin E capsules can provide natural lubricant when needed.
How to Apply Vitamin E
You can apply vitamin E in three simple steps:
- #1 Examine the Capsule
First, you need to check the outer coating of the capsule to make sure there are no scratches or sharp areas, so that you don't scratch the vaginal area when inserting. Scratches on it might be a cause irritation in your vagina.
- #2 Insert the Capsule
Make sure you have no sharp nails which might cause scratching or irritation. Slowly push the capsule into your vaginal opening while lying down or standing with one leg elevated. You don't need to break open the capsule; thanks to the acidic pH of your body, your vagina will effectively absorb the casing, releasing the oil slowly over time.
- #3 Rub Vitamin E on the Outside of Your Vaginal Wall
You can pierce another vitamin E capsule with a pin, letting the oil to leak from the pinhole. Now, collect some of the oil on your fingers and apply it to the labial skin.
This is one of the least expensive, most natural and effective ways of treating vaginal dryness. Vitamin E can also be taken simultaneously as an oral supplement and applied to the vaginal skin in its oil-based form.


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Pornchai Mittongtare
This is more sweet than spicy, because the chiles are softened in brown sugar and vinegar before stuffing.
- Yield
- Makes 6 servings
- 3 cups water
- 9 ounces piloncillo*
- 1 cup distilled white vinegar
- 1 2-inch piece canela** or cinnamon stick
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 6 large ancho chiles
- 1 pound red-skinned potatoes
- 1 pound 1-inch-thick ahi tuna steaks
- 1/2 cup olive oil
- 1/4 cup chopped white onion
- 3 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley
- 2 tablespoons whipping cream
- 2 tablespoons mayonnaise
- 1 tablespoon fresh lime juice
- 2 tablespoons apple cider vinegar
- 1 tablespoon chopped fresh cilantro
- 4 ounces mixed baby greens
- 1 large avocado, halved, pitted, peeled, cut into 12 slices
- Bring 3 cups water and piloncillo to boil in medium saucepan. Add white vinegar, canela, and salt; simmer until piloncillo has dissolved, stirring often, about 1 minute. Remove from heat. Add chiles and soak until softened, occasionally pressing to submerge, about 1 hour; drain. Pat chiles dry; slit lengthwise and remove seeds.
- Cook red-skinned potatoes in pot of boiling salted water until skewer easily pierces centers, about 35 minutes. Drain. Cool, peel, and cut potatoes into 1-inch cubes.
- Prepare barbecue (medium-high heat). Season tuna with salt. Grill until light brown at edges but pink in center, about 3 minutes per side. Cut tuna into 1-inch cubes. Whisk together 1/4 cup oil and next 5 ingredients in large bowl. Fold in potatoes and tuna. Season with salt. Fill chiles with tuna-potato mixture.
- Whisk remaining 1/4 cup oil, apple cider vinegar, and cilantro in medium bowl. Season with salt. In large bowl, toss greens with 2 tablespoons vinaigrette to coat. Divide salad among plates. Top with chiles and avocado slices; drizzle with some of remaining vinaigrette.
- *Mexican raw sugar shaped into hard cones. Smaller chunks are sometimes labeled panocha. If neither is available, substitute and equal weight of packed dark brown sugar.
- **Mexican cinnamon sticks with a delicate, floral flavor.
Related Video
Nutritional Info
- Calories652
- Carbohydrates71 g(24%)
- Fat32 g(49%)
- Protein24 g(48%)
- Saturated Fat5 g(26%)
- Sodium202 mg(8%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat6 g
- Fiber10 g(39%)
- Monounsaturated Fat19 g
- Cholesterol37 mg(12%)


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So like most people, feeling the cold, I longed for something rich and hearty. The kind of grub that sticks to the ribs. I looked in my store cupboard at the dwindling food supplies and my eyes fell upon a packet of vegetable suet (suitable for vegetarians and vegans), and a tin of Welsh Laverbread (cooked seaweed). Immediately I was inspired to make some suet puddings. I think the last time I made some was last year.
Traditionally steamed suet puddings contain meat. Of course you will not find any meat in these. In fact the filling in these steamed savoury puddings is very similar to the Welsh Laverbread Pies: containing mushrooms and Puy lentils. Oh before I forget to mention it, I also put a teaspoon of seaweed into the suet pastry for visual effect.
Welsh Laverbread Suet Pudding
Makes around 6, maybe 7 mini steamed puddings
Ingredients for the Laverbread, Mushroom filling
200g Portobello mushrooms
1 generous tablespoon olive oil
1 medium onion, finely sliced
1 teaspoon plain flour
100ml vegetable stock
50g Puy lentils, cooked
100g - 120g Welsh Laver bread
Salt and pepper to taste
Wipe clean the mushrooms. Slice or quarter each mushroom. Heat the oil in a large pan and sauté the onions until soft and translucent, but not brown. Sauté for 1 minute before adding in the mushrooms. Keep the heat high and cook the mushrooms, stirring frequently until softened.
Gradually add the flour and stir until evenly combined. Add the vegetable stock and stir, over high heat until the sauce thickens, before stirring in the puy lentils and laverbread. Continue to cook for a couple of minutes, then remove from the heat and cool to room temperature.
For the Suet Pudding
300g self-raising flour
1 teaspoon baking powder
Salt and pepper to taste
100g vegetable suet
Cold water
For the suet pudding
Mix all the dry ingredients and the herbs in a large bowl. Mix in enough cold water to make a firm dough.
Divide the filling between the pudding basins. The filling should be 1cm below the rim. Take each pudding in turn and with a sharp knife trim off the excess pastry level with the rim. Re-roll this excess pastry and cut out 5 circles big enough to cover the tops. Place the pastry tops on top of the filling and press the edges together to make a firm seal. Trim off any excess. *My pudding basins have lids, but if yours do not, cover with foil and tie with a jute string. Then place the puddings into a large steamer. Cover with the lid and steam for for 30 - 40 minutes, or until the pastry is cooked.
Leave to cool for a few minutes and then ease a small knife around each pudding and turn them out.


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Holy crap!! I actually thought it WAS someone in costume!!I might have to start selling off my Barbie collection, this line is just too sweet to pass up!!
anyone buying 2 to place them behind vader?
This is awesome so where do I get one and how much cause it kicks a$$ and it needs to be in my collection.
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Throwback LMFAO Clip Of The Week: Man Catches The Holyghost During His Wedding! "OH Glory"
This man was extremely happy. Old clip had to add it back up
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Living in London – Cost of Living
You are now living in London and are still working out how to use pounds instead dollars when ordering a Big Mac and wondering whether it's cheaper here or in the US. London is not a cheap city in contrast and living there you will realise that your biggest expenditure is your new London apartment.
Food prices vary depending on where you buy for example a week's groceries will cost you about £40. A MacDonald's meal is around £4; a restaurant meal could cost you £15+ and a pub lunch £8-15. The same goes for drinks and entertainment where a pint at the pub can cost you around £3.50 and buying at the off-licence at six pack of lager you could spend between £5-£6; supermarket wine goes for about £6. So it's best to consider your options on where to buy when doing your shopping.


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#Pharma #crm
Industry Solutions
Oracle's Siebel Customer Relationship Management (CRM), the world's most complete CRM solution, helps organizations achieve maximum top- and bottom-line growth and deliver great customer experiences across all channels, touchpoints, and devices.
Only Oracle can deliver complete, end-to-end customer lifecycle solutions. Siebel CRM delivers transactional, analytical, and engagement features to manage all customer-facing operations. With solutions tailored to more than 20 industries, Siebel CRM delivers comprehensive on-premise and on-demand CRM solutions that are tailored to industry requirements and offer role-based customer intelligence and prebuilt integrations.
Siebel CRM plays an important role within the Oracle Customer Experience (CX) portfolio, delivering customer experience across mobile, in-store, and field service, and leveraging a wide range of Oracle foundation tools.
Oracle's Siebel Sales applications maximize sales effectiveness in real time by accelerating the quote-to-cash process, aligning sales channels, increasing pipeline and win rates, and raising average transaction values.
Oracle's Siebel Enterprise Marketing is a comprehensive closed-loop solution that empowers B2B and B2C organizations across industries to achieve excellence in marketing. Tailored to the needs of business and consumer marketers across more than 20 industries, Siebel Enterprise Marketing delivers actionable insight to all members of the marketing organization.
Oracle's Siebel Customer Order Management solutions simplify the complex and often frustrating process of tracking thousands of products across multiple catalogs and systems. They deliver deep customer insight that enables businesses to dynamically present targeted product bundles, offer intelligent cross-sell and up-sell opportunities, and achieve optimal prices for products and customer segments. At the same time, they give employees the information they need to take decisive action and conduct intelligent interactions with customers. As a result, companies see greater revenues, reduced operating costs, and higher customer loyalty.
Oracle's Siebel Contact Center and Service product family helps businesses deliver quicker, better, and more-efficient customer service. Whether a company needs hosted, mobile, or on-premise solutions, these applications provide optimal resource deployment, speedy issue resolution, one-and-done request handling, and powerful tracking and analytics capabilities. As a result, businesses can increase customer satisfaction while cutting costs at all touch points around the globe.
Siebel CRM provides an open integrated framework for Social Media giving customers the ability to use Oracle Social Relationship Management (SRM) cloud services with their Siebel CRM implementation.
Siebel CRM Technology
Oracle's Siebel CRM Technology provides the server framework to support Siebel Applications. It delivers solutions for: Development, Deployment, Diagnostic, Integration, Productivity, and Mobile services.


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Dirty Rik Takes A L: Victim's Mother & Gillie Da Kid Speaks out On The Pedophile? "Why You Pled Gulity. If You Aint Molest Your Step Daughter" The Investgation Continues Pt. 2 [Not A Good Look For Rik. Ouch]
Don't know whats going on. If this really is true thats some sick sh*t. Gillie Da Kid is def exposing Rik. Part 2 of the investigation
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## Choosing Sensors Often the first step is to look for a sensor for what you're hoping to measure. Below we're collecting info on different kinds of water quality sensors, and their: * cost * sensitivity/accuracy * links and documentation Can you afford a sensor? Can it detect what you're looking for? Where can you learn more about it? Read more about choosing a sensor **** ## Air sensor projects [wikis:air-sensors] [notes:air-sensor-projects] **** ## Questions [questions:air-sensors]
1 posts by 114 contributors | 7 followers
No results found; try searching for 'air-sensors':
Public Lab is open for anyone and will always be free. By signing up you'll join a diverse group of community researchers and tap into a lot of grassroots expertise.


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The largest private employer in Memphis will now offer health care benefits to same-sex domestic partners, reports The Commercial Appeal.
"FedEx will offer health insurance benefits for same-sex domestic partners starting Jan. 1, 2012. The shipping giant, which already offers the benefits in California and to FedEx Office employees, said the change comes at the request of employees. 'Employees have been asking for the benefit,' said spokeswoman Sandra Munoz. It won't go into effect sooner because FedEx needs time to rebuild benefits that were cut as part of a belt-tightening to help weather the recession, Munoz added. Munoz said details will be worked out before employees get the option of choosing the benefit during health insurance enrollment in the fall of 2011. The benefit will not apply to heterosexual domestic partners"
Adds FOX13: "A company spokeswoman said it will take time for FedEx to add the benefit to a package that was cut to deal with the recession. It will be extended to all 225,000 domestic employees. Here in Memphis, that means about 30,000 people."
Will Batts, the executive director of the Memphis Gay and Lesbian Community Center, adds that the benefits would only make Memphis competitive with better-educated employees."'One of the things we've learned about cities is that the more diverse they are the more they attract creative people, the more they attract people that are innovative and motivated to improve their communities,' said Batts. A creative class would only help to move Memphis to another level, he added."


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Tax Foreclosure Sales
- Current Tax Foreclosure Sales
last modified: 10/4/2016 11:29:08 AM
Information regarding Buncombe County Tax Records is published to the web. Parcel information regarding foreclosures can also be found using thetax information system.
General Information about the Tax Collection Foreclosure Process
The Tax Department takes tax foreclosures very seriously. Before proceeding with any legal action, notice is given to the taxpayer by phone, letters, notices, etc. The Tax Department only forecloses if there is no response from the taxpayer after action is taken or if the taxpayer does not follow through with an agreed upon payment arrangement made with the Tax Department. A tax foreclosure can begin at any date after January 5th of the current year that is being collected.
Tax foreclosure sales may be processed by one of two procedures:
- In-Rem Foreclosures: The Tax Department and the County Attorney's office will handle all aspects of the foreclosure proceedings. More defined information on this style of foreclosure can be found by reviewing the general statue (G.S.§ 105-375)
- Mortgage Style: The County will refer the account to an outside attorney who will handle all aspects of the foreclosure proceeds. The tax liens on real property in North Carolina are subject to foreclosure in a manner similar to #bank foreclosures. More defined information on this style of foreclosure can be found by reviewing the general statue (G.S.§ 105-374).
Other helpful information regarding Tax Foreclosures
- Notice of Sale: All sales will be advertised in a news paper that meets the requirements of general circulation as required, prior to the sale date. Additional information may be posted to the County's website to assist with advertising the sale and opening bid.
- Location on Sale: Foreclosure sales will be handled by a public auction on the front steps of the county courthouse scheduled at the discretion of the assigned commissioner conducting the sale. Sales will be made to the last and highest bidder and each property will be sold "as is" and without warranty. Each sale may be subject to further outstanding taxes and any local improvement assessments against the property not included in the judgment.
- Bidding on an auctioned property: You can bid on any property by attending the sale on the courthouse steps the day the sale is to take place. The price for each property has an Estimated Opening Bid set prior to the date of the sale. This is the approximate amount required for the opening bid. The person conducting the sale will announce the actual opening bid for each property at the time of sale. A deposit of up to twenty percent (20%) of the bid will be required following the sale, and the balance of the price bid must be paid at the end of the ten day period and confirmation of the sale.
- Upset Bid process: A person interested in making an increased bid should go to the Office of the Clerk of Superior Court on the first floor of the Buncombe County Courthouse. The increased bid must exceed the current bid by five percent (5%) or $750.00 whichever is greater. To make an increased bid a deposit of five percent (5%) of the amount of the new high bid, or a minimum of $750.00, must be delivered to the Clerk of Superior Court by cash or certified check or cashier's check satisfactory to the Clerk.
**North Carolina does not sell Tax Liens or Tax Certificates over the counter.
via https://www.buncombecounty.org/Governing/Depts/Tax/LegalDivision_Tax.aspx


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10 Cats and Babies Riding Roombas
Technology can be really confusing sometimes. Take the Roomba, for example. It's a vacuum that basically does all the work on its own, cleaning the floor at the click of a button. While we're not entirely sure how the whole thing works, there is one hilarious thing that comes out of the invention-- babies and cats love riding them.
When you combine a strange technological advancement with completely unassuming, adorable munchkins and furballs, the result is YouTube gold. They're just as confused by the smart vacuum as we are, but when kitties and babies are riding them, it's flat-out cute. All the riders are sort of scared, sort of amused and all-around entertaining. Did we just stumble upon a marketing jackpot? Check 'em out below!


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If you talk to anyone in New York about the Giants this week, you're sure to hear talk about 2007.
Everyone around town is convincing themselves that this year's Giants team is a spiritual heir to the team that came into the playoffs with low expectations before rattling off three road wins to take the NFC, including a win at Lambeau Field.
Once in the Super Bowl, they knocked off the unbeaten Patriots -- and players pointed to a 38-35 loss to them in the regular season as a reason why they were able to pull through.
The fact that these Giants lost to the Packers 38-35 in early December only adds fuel to the fire. The existence of that game makes it a bit silly to reach all the way back in time for talking points.
As similar as this Giants team might be to their 2007 champions -- strong pass rush, Eli Manning, Tom Coughlin -- the Packers are a totally different team.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
Aaron Rodgers in his prime is miles ahead of Brett Favre in his retirement drama, as evidenced by the way the Packers quarterback shredded the Giants en route to the winning field goal.
The Packers offense, with Jermichael Finley and Jordy Nelson, is much deeper than the one they had that day, and Clay Matthews is a defensive playmaker that they didn't have back then. The Giants look a lot like the team that won that day, but the Packers bear almost no resemblance.
That's not to say that keeping the focus on the here and now means we can't talk about a Giants win. They proved that they could keep pace with the Packers on the scoreboard in that matchup, mostly because the Packers secondary is vulnerable to a team with a quarterback playing as well as Manning is playing right now and because of a defense that can make even Rodgers uncomfortable.
There are differences this time around. The venue has shifted, the Packers have two starting linebackers that were injured last time around and the Giants have Osi Umenyiora back in the lineup. But if you're looking to history as a guide, you should be using that December game and not the 2007 version to give some insight into what will happen this weekend.
And what insight do we glean? These two teams are pretty closely matched with every reason to believe they are going to play another thriller.
History isn't the only storyline to watch, however. Here's four more that could impact who advances to the NFC title game.
Momentum vs. Rust - These two teams are perhaps the biggest reasons why there's a belief in some circles that it is better to be the road underdog in this round than it is to be a team that's been at the top of the conference all season. Both of their Super Bowl runs consisted of three straight road victories, building up the notion that it is better to have a head of steam than it is to be at home after a week of rest.
Since 2001, teams with a first-round bye are 25-15, and that's about as good as it gets in the NFL, but they are just 12-12 over the last six years. Home teams in the Wild Card round were just 21-19 heading into last weekend when all four of them won their games so, basically, the numbers tell us nothing.
The death of Packers offensive coordinator Joe Philbin's son - This is a bit of a third rail because the outcome of a football game means nothing compared to what Philbin and his family are going through right now and because you can't possibly figure out what it does to the mindsets of so many different individuals, but it is clearly part of the story leading up to Sunday afternoon's game. While it has added something to the Packers' plate, they seem to be well-equipped to handle the jolt. Mike McCarthy is an offensive guy, Aaron Rodgers is in complete command and the team is experienced enough that they aren't likely to be rattled by a the different week of preparation.
Did The Chiefs Provide a Blueprint? - When a team wins 21 of 22 games, it is only natural to look to the one loss for an idea of how to beat them. The danger of doing that is that the Packers who lost to the Chiefs in Week 15 were missing wide receiver Greg Jennings and both starting offensive tackles while playing on the road. All three players will be in the lineup this weekend at Lambeau Field, which means that it makes more sense to use the previous Giants game as a guide to how the Packers can lose.
You Down With JPP? - The rise of Jason Pierre-Paul this season has been fascinating to watch, as he went from a situational pass rusher to one of the best defensive linemen in football. Pierre-Paul just about won the key game against the Cowboys in Week 14 by himself and he's been almost unstoppable over the second half of the season. The Packers love going with five wideouts to attack defenses, but JPP can thwart those plans by himself if the Pack isn't careful about blocking him.


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모바일 체크인
Check in with your smartphone
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Search for "EVA Air" on the App Store or Google Play and you can download it for free.
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If you are EVA Air or UNI Air international flight passengers, you can log in to the EVA Mobile app or operate the mobile website(Does not support IE browser) ;to check in and obtain your boarding pass or Check-in Confirmation between 48 and 1.5 hours prior to departure at our app to save time at the airport.
- With a Check-in Confirmation, you must report to the airport counter, obtain your boarding pass and check your bags no later than 1 hour prior to departure.
- If you have your e-boarding pass and do not have bags to check, please arrive at the gate no later than 30 minutes prior to departure and have your travel documents inspected by our officials. (The customs clearance time may vary depending on airport operations. Please refer to the airport information of our website.
The following situations are not able to print the boarding pass on their own when the online check-in is completed.
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Please arrive at the gate no later than 30 minutes prior to departure and have your travel documents inspected by our officials. If you have any baggage to be checked in, please check it first at EVA Air's online check-in counter at the airport; our staff will give you a baggage claim slip.
Follow the steps below to save the e-boarding pass on your cellphone (make sure it is sufficiently charged!) for security checks at the boarding gate:
- Check-in via EVA Mobile app: save your e-boarding pass under EVA Mobile app's "My Pass" for offline viewing. (Please note that e-boarding passes saved in "My Pass" will be automatically deleted after 14 days.) If you are an iPhone user, you can also use the "Add to Apple Wallet" function to store your e-boarding pass.
- Check-in via EVA Mobile Website: download the e-boarding pass on your phone and save it to your internal storage or photo album.
Step 1 : Purchase ticket of EVA AIR and find your booking.
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EVA Airways offers self-service baggage drop in Taoyuan Metro A1 Taipei Main Station and Taoyuan Airport T2 counter 16.17.
The self-service process will provide you with more efficient and easier way to check your bag.
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Drum Dirt
Tub of drum washing machine rotates 360 degree. The agitator inside lifts and drops clothes for a complete washing.
This means that the appliance can make noise if button or zipper of clothe hits inside of the drum.
Basically, noise are created when foreign materials (coin, key, hair pin, memory wire) are touched the drum.
- In order to avoid damage and not create noise from the agitator, zip up or fasten a button of laundry and
turn clothes inside out
- Before washing, always remove all foreign materials
- Review the label on washing to see if the clothes that you are washing is machine-washable
Be careful not to damage clothes by accessory
Wire of female lingerie is
stuck Zipper Materials in pocket


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If you read Ryuichi Abe (Shingon pov) and Paul Groner, you (Tendai pov) you'll find the former asserting that Saicho received initiation into the two mandalas by Kukai, but Groner points out that Saicho himself asserted that he received initiation in China.Coëmgenu wrote:]Well, there is Tendai vs Tiāntāi (and Tiāntāi vs the nascent works of its founders), and myriad stages of evolution for both.
The discourse on the mandalas reminds me of in Shingon, the "doctrine of the non-duality of the two mandalas" or something of the like, I think it was called, relating to the Diamond and Womb Realm mandalas. Did Tendai get this from cultural contact with Shingon, or is this the Tendai schools's own native system of interpretation of these mandalas that is different from Shingon discourse?
though Groner thinks he did not receive the Taizokai.
I just looked at Ryuichi Abe's The Weaving of Mantra
Abe says since there were unbridgeable differences: Saicho wanted the Esoteric teachings to be incorporated into The Tendai school and to integrate them into the exoteric Lotus sutra. And Kukai regarded the Mahavairocana Sutra and Vajrasekhara Sutra as paramount. Also Kukai maintained that the esoteric teachings required different hermeneutical and pedagogical methods. 44
Later Ennin of Tendai shu went to China during 37-848 to study and brought back a wealth of esoteric material and Shingon monks studied it as well. It's best to think of Shingon and Tendai as study groups and disciples went back and forth and learned and took transmissions from the others' materials.
Really Rev. Jikai is the one to ask, as he's a Tendai priest and Ajari, all I'm posting is just scholarly material from books.
A really interesting topic to discuss!


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Time Out says
There's a joke recounted in Evita: Argentine first lady Eva Perón, on a diplomatic tour of Europe, complains that Italians have been calling her a whore. "But Señora Perón," replies her host, "It's an easy mistake: I'm still called an admiral, yet I gave up the sea long ago." Andrew Lloyd Webber has a similar issue: The composer hasn't had a box-office hit on Broadway since 1988's The Phantom of the Opera, but people still think of him as the epitome of the Great White Way. Michael Grandage's lucid if muted revival of Lloyd Webber's 1979 pop operetta may prompt a warm wave of nostalgia, but also serves as a reminder that, once upon a time, bombast and flash were enough to secure theatrical success.
Empty spectacle is what Grandage studiously avoids in this swift and handsome production, which forgoes vocal power for a modicum of psychological complexity. This is not an Evita that will blow you away with its glam anthems or overwrought emotional climaxes (although "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" still sends chills). As Eva and Che, Elena Roger and Ricky Martin cannot banish the vocal ghosts of Patti LuPone and Mandy Patinkin, who welded their names to the roles in the show's first Broadway outing. Roger has a tremulous low register—which served her well playing Edith Piaf in London—but she goes squeaky and thin during Eva's high notes. Martin is charming but lightweight, stuck in a blandly cheerful emcee mode as he narrates the ascent and death of Eva, the singer turned wife and political goad to dictator Juan Perón (Michael Cerveris). For his part, the intense Cerveris endows Perón with almost too much warmth and humanity.
Grandage (who smartly retires Harold Prince's concept of styling Che as Che Guevara) delivers a scrupulous production that makes you forget how leaden Tim Rice's libretto is, while Rob Ashford's sinuous choreography breathes life into the static dramaturgy. Lloyd Webber was at the height of his powers when he wrote Evita, and the magpie score (pseudoclassical! soft rock! tango!) is flamboyant fun. The Street has moved on since then; but it was good to Lloyd Webber, so we won't cry for him.—David Cote
Follow David Cote on Twitter: @davidcote
|Event website:
|Event phone:
|Venue name:
|Marquis Theatre
210 W 46th St
New York
|Cross street:
|at Broadway
|Subway: A, C, E to 42nd St–Port Authority; N, Q, R, 42nd St S, 1, 2, 3, 7 to 42nd St–Times Sq


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More than 200 people remained missing a day after a boat capsized in the waters off of Sierra Leone.
The wooden boat was carrying at least 268 people, many schoolchildren from the African nation, when it tipped on Wednesday. At least eight were known to be dead, while 39 were rescued, police official Ibrahim Samura said. The boat was traveling from the village of Shenge to Tombo, near Freetown, when the accident occurred Wednesday. In addition to the at least 268 people aboard, the Teh Teh was carrying goods.
Another police official said investigators believed the incident may be linked to "overloading or engine failure." Hundreds of relatives rushed from the boat's departure point to Tombo.
Most passenger and fishing boats that usually ply the waters off Sierra Leone have remained on shore due to strong winds and poor weather. West Africa is currently being battered by the seasonal rains and storms that have killed about 160 people on land and displaced tens of thousands more, prompting governments across the region to seek international assistance.
Get more: MSNBC


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By Augusta Chronicle Editorial Staff, Sunday, March 23, 2014
It's one of the few things most liberals, moderates and conservatives are agreeing on: Common Core is a terrible idea.
The national K-12 education initiative – promoted by the Obama administration to replace a hodgepodge of state standards with a single set of learning goals – is designed to supplant the much-maligned No Child Left Behind Act.
But critics from all points on the political spectrum share similar Common Core concerns: It undermines student individuality and teacher autonomy; puts too much emphasis on standardized tests; and sets the stage for a federal takeover of education.
[Full Story »]


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Ceramitec 2012 preview - finalising your plans for 22–25 May
Manufacturers, users and scientists from across the clay industry will come together at the New Munich Trade Fair Centre this May for an exhibition and conference covering all areas of clay and ceramics.
The exhibition will be divided into four main sections covering:
- raw materials and additives, powders, production materials and aids
- refractory materials, firing aids, kilns and equipment/research
- machinery, plants and equipment for heavy clay ceramics
- machinery, plants and equipment for fine and refractory ceramics and powder metallurgy
A supporting programme of presentations and panel discussions will run throughout the event, including:
- Powder metallurgy day
- Heavy clay day
- Technical ceramics day
- ThinkIng for students
This initiative gives students a chance to speak with leading companies to discuss a career in clay. Engineers, electrical technicians and process technicians will give students advice on the industry and the kinds of jobs available, giving companies a chance to speak to prospective employees and new talent. Further information on the kinds of courses suitable for those wishing to work in clay will also be given.
Heavy clay day - Wednesday 23 May
The heavy clay industry has been a victim of the recession. As a result, CERAMITEC is dedicating a whole day to the sector in 2012, looking to the future resurgence of the industry. Experts will deliver a series of talks on the topic 'conservation of natural resources and energy efficiency'. The European Ceramic Technology Suppliers working group will also hold a discussion on this theme. Topics covered under this theme will include:
- new machinery
- energy efficiency
- innovative products
- raw materials
Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency will be a major theme at the event. The fair aims to encourage a dialogue between ceramics manufacturers and their suppliers in order to find new solutions to the problems of energy efficiency in the clay industry. Discussion topics will include:
- reducing the toxicity of raw materials
- increasing the energy efficiency of end products (for example, houses or bathrooms)
- manufacturing with fewer carbon emissions Main topics covered at the event:
- raw materials and additives, production materials and ancillaries
- storage
- conveying
- feeding, batching
- weighing
- crushing, grinding, milling
- grading, screening, separation
- mixing, blending
- moulding, shaping
- glazing, decorating, surface treatment
- heat treatment
- measurement and control
- analysis and laboratory equipment
- plant construction, engineering
- dust extraction, filtering
- handling, packaging, automation
- tool, spares, replacement parts
- protection of the environment
- technical ceramics, advanced ceramics, components and services
- research and training, technology transfer
- trade and specialist literature, associations and organisations
Running at the same time, and in the same venue as CERAMITEC, is the Automatica exhibition on automation and mechatronics. This event is aimed at everyone working in manufacturing and could be worth visiting during your time at Munich.
For more information, visit: www.automatica-munich.com/en
Tourist information
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Actress Cameron Diaz has stepped up her relationship with rocker Benji Madden after introducing him to her whole family as they celebrated the Independence Day holiday weekend.
The couple, who reportedly began dating in May, travelled from Los Angeles to Florida to attend a Diaz family reunion and it appears the actress' relatives are big fans of her new beau.
A source tells Eonline.com, "They flew into Orlando and then drove to Tampa where they met up for a reunion. They also spent a few days at the beach on Anna Maria Island, where Cameron's family has a house.
"It was a great vacation and they had a blast spending time with Cameron's nieces and nephews. Cameron and Benji are like big kids themselves. They were having a great time jumping over waves and splashing in the water. They were giving the kids piggyback rides and seemed like the best babysitters ever.
"The kids all couldn't wait to hang out with Cameron and Benji was right there with her having fun."
The insider adds, "He fit in well. Everyone hung out together for several days and seemed bonded by the end of the trip."
Diaz's previous boyfriends include Justin Timberlake and Jared Leto, while the Good Charlotte rocker famously dated socialite Paris Hilton.


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Peanut Wizard: George Washington Carver and Science & Invention in America by Cheryl Harness
Noted biographer Cheryl Harness's The Groundbreaking, Chance-Taking Life of George Washington Carver and Science and Invention in America (Cheryl Harness Histories) (National Geographic, 2008) tells the incredible life story of a little black boy, born a slave, whose love for nature and thirst for education took him from his first school in Neosha, Missouri, to a professorship at the University of Iowa and on to Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute.
George Carver was a baby when his mother Mary, slave to Moses and Susan Carver, was abducted to Arkansas during the Bushwhacker/Jayhawk Wars following the Civil War. Mr. Carver located baby George and his brother Jim after his mother died, and trading a good horse for their return, he became a foster father to the two orphan boys. Sickly after the whooping cough, at first George helped Susan at home with her washing, weaving, and gardening, eventually becoming the "plant doctor" for neighbors all around. When he was twelve, George was allowed to leave for a town eight miles away to go to the colored school there, and from that point he began his wandering in search of education. A stint on a sodbusting homestead in Kansas was followed at last by a chance to attend Simpson College in Iowa and then on to Iowa State University, where he drew attention for his mastery of botany and his paintings, which were exhibited in Chicago at the 1893 Colombian Exposition.
But it was his relocation to Tuskegee Institute where Carver found his lifelong vision.
Forty-five years later, old George would still remember his first impression of the sunny South. There was "not much evidence of scientific farming anywhere." As far as he could see, "everything looked hungry: the land, the cotton, the cattle and the people."
Professor Carver threw himself into his work in Alabama, devising and then teaching what is now called organic farming, rotating crops and nourishing the land by composting vegetation into the exhausted soil, planting legumes, including the peanut he made so famous, to enrich the land further. Always more of an idea man than meticulous scientist, Carver created hundreds of products from what he was able to coax out of the earth in Tuskegee's agricultural station's fields--dyes and oil from peanuts, plastic from soybeans, flour from sweet potatoes. Carver's agricultural bulletins helped replace the South's boll weevil-blasted cotton with other marketable crops, and his "power alcohol" became the first bio-fuel. But it was as a visionary advocate for scientific farming and biochemical development of products that Carver became most famous. A gifted speaker and salesman for his ideas. always attired in his shabby suit with his ever-present flower in lapel, he testified before Congress and was a friend of Franklin Roosevelt and his secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace, whom he had known as boy in Ames, Iowa.
In a chatty, casual narrative style, Cheryl Harness weaves George Washington Carver's amazing life story in and out of the events and personages of his times--from that other idea man, Thomas Edison, to Adolf Hitler. A clever feature of this biography is a progressively scrolling timeline at the bottom of each page to let the reader know what was going on in Carver's world at each stage of his life--the capture of Geronimo, the sinking of the Lusitania, the writing of Winnie the Pooh, the landing of Lucky Lindy, the disappearance of Amelia Earhart, and the Fermi team's first nuclear chain reaction at the Manhattan Project--a device which provides a window for young readers into the history of Carver's time. Back matter includes a "G. W. Carver Chronology," a timeline, "Science and Invention March On," and a full index. Cheryl Harness' fine pencil and ink drawings illustrate the text prolifically. The author sums up Carver's lasting contributions to American life thus:
More than anything, George was a teacher. He taught by example how an individual could live with dignity in an unfair world and how all individuals could practice good Earth-keeping. He was "green" before today's eco-champions were born. He showed folks how to recycle and build up their land naturally instead of using it to death, then standing helpless when soil washed or blew away. He showed how nature and mankind could co-exist in harmony....
Labels: (Grades 4-8), African American Biographies, George Washington Carver--Biography


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(CNN) — Fifty years ago this weekend, a four-piece guitar band from Liverpool touched down at Kennedy airport in New York and changed the course of popular culture in the twentieth century.
That much we can be sure of, and since the days of Beatlemania that guitar band has been credited with changing music, fashion, culture and everything else that really counted in the sixties.
The trans-Atlantic entertainment industry is gearing up for an avalanche of tributes and events to commemorate this anniversary. The dyspeptic rock critic Lester Bangs once railed against the never-ending re-release of the Beatles catalog by asking: "I'd like to know what I have missed by not missing the Beatles."
The answer over the next few weeks is plenty: concerts, exhibits, panel discussions, documentaries, conferences and a pre-recorded Grammy tribute featuring a "reunion" of Paul and Ringo.
For that generation lucky enough to be swept along by Beatlemania, it was a unique event, a turning point for some.
There are still plenty of Americans of a certain age who can tell you exactly what happened when they first saw the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show that chilly February night: "I was two inches from the screen, screaming."
The run-up to this anniversary feels a little like the preparations for the Beatles arrival in 1964, when there was a continual stream of tidbits, teasers and promotions which announced "The Beatles are Coming!"
But instead of radio bulletins, high-school gossip, and those flyers that Capitol records distributed to record stores nationwide, this time the news comes to us on mobile phones and lap tops, in web casts and posts on the internet.
If you miss the rebroadcast of the Ed Sullivan show this weekend you can easily retrieve it from numerous sites on the world wide web, but back in 1964 you had to wait a whole week for the next Ed Sullivan Show. This of course added to the tension and increased the expectation of another television event which could not be missed.
If a note of self-congratulation enters into the celebrations, you can hardly blame the record and television companies for waxing nostalgic for a time when Americans were locked into watching three channels and still buying records.
In the fractured and endlessly expanding digital world, nobody will be able to recreate the excitement of Beatlemania because it is no longer possible to completely command the media as the Beatles did back in 1964.
The triumph of Beatlemania was essentially a triumph of the record — the seven inch vinyl disc — and a demonstration of its potency in diffusing culture and creating value.
Beatlemania's anniversary might be the time to mark an end of that era, when records were something you treasured. In the digital world sound recordings are cheap and disposable; you won't be able to relive the giddy excitement of returning home with that priceless copy of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" with an MP3 download.
The anniversary of Beatlemania will doubtless see more praise heaped on the musicians and their timeless music. But who were the architects of Beatlemania?
Brian Epstein planned the campaign, perfected the look and made the deals (some strokes of genius, others not). Above all he saw the American market as the pinnacle of success: "We knew that America would make us or break us as world stars…In fact, she made us."
How ironic that what began as an exercise in American exceptionalism ended in a "British Invasion" of imported music, fashion and design that swept all before it and made the sixties look and sound like the sixties.
Beatlemania marked the ascendancy of British-based television producers who created a new type of music program — live, frenetic, engaging — and made the Beatles its most able practitioners.
Beatlemania was powered by radio: not crystal-clear broadcasts from corporate headquarters but crackling, crummy AM, with crazed disc jockeys like Murray the K providing a running commentary of Beatlemania and whipping the fans into a frenzy.
Those tiny transistor radios that the girls carried with them connected them to a larger community of Beatle lovers, a radio family who dressed alike, thought alike and shared the same obsession.
Fifty years on that community sees Beatlemania as a special moment in time. There was an air of expectation in the crowd awaiting the Beatles at Kennedy: "At the airport you could really feel that something was happening…you felt like this was the beginning of the earthquake." And it was.
The Beatles touched teenagers like no other band before or after, lifting their fans' gaze above the buying and selling of a commodity to an aura of hope and a state of transcendence. In 1964 music could change your life. The Beatles proved it.


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HelenS necesitaba un nuevo diseño de impreso o envases y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 65 diseños de 21 diseñadores freelance.
Helen Street
I am a psychologist specializing in motivation and goal setting. I work in schools carrying out various tasks including the writing of this book for which I need a cover. Once the cover and contents have been approved I will be seeking a complete design layout for the book
School students aged 12 - 15, 70% boys and 30% girls. The book will be for young people to read and use. However, bear in mind that it will be teachers and parents who make the decision to purchase the books.
I need a cover for the book so that it can be promoted in forthcoming conferences and workshops. Once the book is finished I will approach the same designer for a full book layout.
The book cover will need to show the title of the book: 'SMART Skills for Learning'
It will also need to show the author: Helen Street PhD
And the publisher: A Wise Solutions publication
I need the cover to be in full color. To be modern and edgy with wide ranging appeal. I like strong colors and sharp lines with a leaning towards a masculine appeal. The book will initially be sold in Australian schools and colleges. It will be spiral bound, A5 size.
The book will describe five skills using the acronym SMART that will help student to develop motivation and focus towards their goals, avoid procrastination and achieve successful educational outcomes. S = specific, M = motion, A = approach, R = resiliency, T = take action now.
I would prefer the final design in Adobe Illustrator Document (extension ai). A 2mm bleed is required around the document.


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Vylash wrote:first game was okay, not interesting enough for me to wanna continue with the series though
Continue with the series only if you're a Pixar masochist, ie you like cute and awesome things that will wring every last tear from your eyes.
Or if you like swordfights. Because the second and fifth games contain severely badass ones.


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Whether you are planning a fundraiser, entertaining corporate clients or looking to get together with friends and family, let the New York Yankees make your next group outing a memorable experience. By organizing a group of 10 or more people, you can take advantage of one of many group ticket specials, and receive a variety of benefits, including the following:
Sign up for the Yankees Group Newsletter and get the latest updates on group ticket specials, fundraising ideas, special group leader events and much, much more!
Team up with the 27-Time World Champion New York Yankees and bring your team, league, school or organization out to Yankee Stadium in 2016. Community groups and 501(c)(3) charitable organizations may choose from select 2016 regular season home games and receive up to 50 percent off the advance ticket price.
Take advantage of a fantastic opportunity to host your next fundraiser at Yankee Stadium. Through the sale of Yankees tickets, organizations will be able enjoy a game at the Stadium and raise funds at the same time. Apply the fundraising fee of your choice to a discounted ticket price and start raising funds for your cause.
For more information or to speak with a Yankees representative, please call (212) YANKEES or email email@example.com.
Remember to ask about food and beverage options for your event as well as private party areas. Get ready to host the event of a lifetime.
Host your next birthday party, bar/bat mitzvah, anniversary or other special occasion at the Stadium. Do not miss out on a terrific opportunity to commemorate your next celebration with the Yankees and your closest friends and family. Contact the Yankees Group Sales & Service department today and begin planning your special occasion.
* The term "Premium Game(s)" is defined as the Opening Day game, the Old-Timers' Day game, the games scheduled for August 13 (1996 World Series Champions 20th Anniversary Celebration) and August 14 (Mariano Rivera Monument Park Plaque Dedication Day), all home games played against the Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets and San Francisco Giants, and such other games during the regular season, as may be designated as premium games, on no less than seven days' notice, no later than the first day of each month during the regular season.
Tickets for Majestic Little League, School, Scout and Camp Games must be purchased with a school or organization check, as applicable, to receive a discount for the group.
Please be aware that New York State law governs the resale of discounted and/or complimentary tickets offered to certain targeted groups.
All seat location, group ticket specials and game date(s) are subject to availability, as determined by the Yankees in their sole and absolute discretion.
Time, opponent, date and team rosters and lineups, including the Yankees' roster and lineup, are subject to change.
NOTICE: For the safety of every Guest, all persons specifically consent to and are subject to metal detector and physical pat-down inspections prior to entry. Any person or property that could affect the safety of Yankee Stadium, its occupants or its property shall be denied entry. Guests may bring into the Stadium one soft-sided bag no larger than 16 inches by 16 inches by 8 inches.
WARNING: For the safety of everyone in Yankee Stadium, all Guests must stay alert and be aware of their surroundings at all times, as during all batting practices, fielding practices and warm-ups and throughout the course of all baseball games and the baseball game experiences, hard-hit baseballs and bats and fragments thereof may be thrown or hit into the stands, concourses, walkways, concessions areas, Monument Park and all other publicly accessible areas within the Stadium. Further, Guests concerned with their original ticketed location by reason of the foregoing, at any time before or during the baseball game or the baseball game experiences, should contact a Yankees ticket representative; however, please remember that: (a) any requested relocation is subject to availability; (b) any alternate seat or standing location may be in a section and/or level of the Stadium and/or within a price category that is not in the same section and/or level and/or price category of the Guests' original ticketed location, regardless of their original ticketed location; and (c) any Guest requesting relocation is responsible for paying the incremental price increase, if any, of the ticket price for the available alternate location. Relocation to a seat or standing location at a lower price than the price of the original ticketed location will not result in a refund or credit.
NOTICE: The Yankees reserve the right, with or without refunding any amount paid by the ticket holder, to refuse admission to and/or eject any person who: (a) is or appears to be impaired; (b) deliberately conceals alcohol, illegal substances or other prohibited items while attempting to enter Yankee Stadium; (c) uses foul or abusive language; or (d) wears or fails to cover obscene or indecent clothing. Ticket holders acknowledge and agree that the Yankees' ban on foul/abusive language and obscene/indecent clothing does not violate their right to free speech and/or expression and that such time, place and manner of the restrictions are reasonable to ensure the safety of all Guests and game or event participants and to preserve the enjoyment of the game or event for all Guests. In addition, ticket holders further acknowledge and agree that by entering the Stadium, they hereby consent to the ban on foul/abusive language and obscene/indecent clothing and waive, to the fullest extent they may legally and effectively do so, any objection they may now or hereafter have to such ban and the penalties that the Yankees may impose for any violation of the same.


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Product Overview
Poly-tainer are injection molded for strength and rigidity. This sturdy container is strong enough for shipping and attractively styled for selling. Poly-tainer cans are available in #1 to #6 sizes and a variety of shapes including square, squat, and round.
Strong and rigid
Tier stacking
Tag slots available on some sizes
Stack count: 80


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|Emeric the Evil
|Biographical information
Middle Ages
Middle Ages
|Physical information
|Magical characteristics
- "Binns droned on and on while they scribbled down names and dates and got Emeric the Evil and Uric the Oddball mixed up."
- —Description[src]
Emeric the Evil was a short-lived but exceptionally aggressive wizard. He was once the master of the Elder Wand and, with it, he terrorised the south of England in the early Middle Ages. He was "slaughtered" in a ferocious duel against Egbert the Egregious.[2]
During their History of Magic lessons with Professor Binns, the Hogwarts students often mixed up Emeric the Evil with Uric the Oddball.[3]
The name "Emeric" is a Germanic name, in which the second element is ric meaning "power". The first element may be ermen "whole, universal" (making it a relative of Ermenrich), amal "work, labour" (making it a relative of Amalric) or heim "home" (making it a relative of Henry). It is likely that several forms merged into a single name.
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Mentioned only)
- The Tales of Beedle the Bard (Mentioned only)
Notes and referencesEdit
- ↑ It is most likely that he owned another wand before the Elder Wand.
- ↑ The Tales of Beedle the Bard (real) - Albus Dumbledore on "The Tale of the Three Brothers"
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone - Chapter 8 (The Potions Master)


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DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODS FOR SLICED VELOCITY MAP IMAGING. STUDIES OF OVERTONE-INDUCED DISSOCIATION AND ISOMERIZATION DYNAMICS OF HYDROXYMETHYL RADICAL (CH2OH AND CD2OH) by Mikhail Ryazanov A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL PHYSICS) December 2012 Copyright 2012 Mikhail Ryazanov
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|Development and implementation of methods for sliced velocity map imaging. Studies of overtone-induced dissociation and isomerization dynamics of hydroxymethyl radical (CH₂OH and CD₂OH)
|Ryazanov, Mikhail
|Author email
|Doctor of Philosophy
|Document type
|Degree program
|Chemistry (Chemical Physics)
|College of Letters, Arts And Sciences
|Date defended/completed
|Date submitted
|Date approved
|Restricted until
|Date published
|Advisor (committee chair)
|Reisler, Hanna
|Advisor (committee member)
Wittig, Curt F.
Haas, Stephan W.
|An experimental setup for sliced velocity map imaging (SVMI) of H fragments produced in photodissociation of small molecules and radicals is designed, constructed and characterized experimentally. The setup uses an ion-optical arrangement consisting of an accelerator that allows creation of variable electrostatic field geometries near the photodissociation region (where the studied fragments are produced) for initial acceleration and focusing of the ionized fragments and an additional electrostatic lens inside the drift tube for independent control of the optical magnification. This approach permits largely independent control of the radial and temporal characteristics of the velocity mapping, making it possibile to achieve time-gated slicing with selectable relative thickness for a very broad range of fragment kinetic energies (from a fraction of an electronvolt to a few electronvolts)—an important capability not available in other SVMI setups described in the literature. At the same time, the kinetic energy resolution (∼1%) obtainable in a large part of the operating range is comparable to that of the best known SVMI setups. ❧ Two methods for analysis of the raw data produced in VMI and SVMI experiments are developed and implemented. The first method is intended for correction of small distortions of raw velocity map images. It is shown that correction of these distortions, easily achievable by processing of the image using this method, might significantly increase the effective resolution for the speed or kinetic energy distribution extracted from the image. In addition, artifacts in angular distributions, produced by the distortions, are eliminated in the corrected images. The method is universal, being able to correct almost arbitrary distortions, and can be applied to full-projection and sliced velocity map imaging data represented as coordinate lists and as raster images. ❧ The second data-processing method allows reconstruction of SVMI data recorded with slicing pulses of arbitrary shape and relative thickness (including the fullprojection VMI as a trivial particular case). This ability permits to exploit the improved signal-to-noise ratio of the SVMI method and at the same time achieve the best resolution over the whole imaged velocity range, impossible with finite slicing without reconstruction. Testing of the method on synthetic and experimental images demonstrated that the results obtained by reconstruction of sliced images outperform the results from sliced images without reconstruction and from Abel inversion of full-projection images in terms of the resulting signal-to-noise ratio and resolution simultaneously. ❧ The developed and implemented setup and methods were successfully used in studies of overtone-induced dissociation and isomerization dynamics of hydroxymethyl radial CH₂OH and its isotopolog CD₂OH. While these studies, at first glance, largely repeat the previous work, the new experimental capabilities in the present work, significantly improving the resolution and detection efficiency, allowed to obtain quantitative and qualitative results at a completely new level. In particular, interaction of the third O–H stretch overtone (4v₁ level) with a combination of O–H and antisymmetric C–H stretches (3v₁ + v₂ level) was observed for the first time. Dissociation of the vibrationally excited radical to formaldehyde and hydrogen fragments (CH₂OH→CH₂O + H) was observed from both of these levels. In case of CD₂OH excitation (for which only the 4v₁ level was observed), in addition to the H products, a small amount of D fragments correlating with CHDO cofragments was observed for the first time, providing an explicit experimental demonstration of the CD₂OH→CHD₂O→D + CHDO decomposition through isomerization to the methoxy radical. Analysis of the vibrational distributions of the formaldehyde products in all reactions suggests that while O–H bond fission is responsible for the major part of the produced H fragments, a noticeable part of them in CH₂OH and CD₂OH decomposition is also due to the isomerization pathway. The relatively high kinetic energy resolution in the present experiments allowed an accurate direct determination of the hydroxymethyl dissociation energies: D₀(CH₂OH→CH₂O + H) = 10160±70 cm⁻¹, D₀(CD₂OH→CD₂O + H) = 10135±70 cm⁻¹, D₀(CD₂OH→CHDO + D) = 10760±60 cm⁻¹.
|hydroxymethyl radical; inverse Abel transform; isomerization; sliced velocity map imaging; vibrational predissociation
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|University of Southern California dissertations and theses
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|Ryazanov, Mikhail
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|DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODS FOR SLICED VELOCITY MAP IMAGING. STUDIES OF OVERTONE-INDUCED DISSOCIATION AND ISOMERIZATION DYNAMICS OF HYDROXYMETHYL RADICAL (CH2OH AND CD2OH) by Mikhail Ryazanov A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL PHYSICS) December 2012 Copyright 2012 Mikhail Ryazanov