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A kindergartner at Nestor Language Academy, Violet Jaime, is taught just about everything in Spanish — reading, writing, math, music and what's on the menu in the cafeteria. So are her classmates, a combination of English and Spanish speakers.
English instruction will gradually increase to 50 percent by fifth grade, when most Nestor students typically achieve bilingual status.
At Lakeside's Riverview Elementary School, second-grader Leah Markworth's education is delivered in equal parts Mandarin and English, with regular supplements of Spanish.
Until recently, this kind of intensive language education has been a novelty in San Diego County, one that's been available in only a handful of public schools.
In little over a decade, the number of dual-language programs in the county has skyrocketed from nine in 2000 to 48 today — with 18 of them opening since 2009. This is one of the few areas in public education that is experiencing unprecedented growth amid California's relentless fiscal crisis, which has forced sweeping cuts in schools throughout the county and state.
The boom in language schools is meeting increasing demands of parents who want their children prepared for top colleges, promising careers and a global society.
Or, in Violet's words, "It is good because when you go to places you will know how to say hello and goodbye to the people in those places. You could even live in those places if you know how to talk to the people."
Dual immersion
The majority of language schools in this border region — and statewide — feature Spanish language instruction in a dual-immersion style that puts English speakers alongside native speakers. Mandarin programs are on the rise, a trend that could prepare a new generation of Americans for a projected shift in the global economy that puts China ahead of U.S. by 2025.
In dual-immersion programs, Spanish speakers benefit from learning the basics in their native language, research shows. At the same time, English speakers get the opportunity to learn another language with help from their teacher and their Spanish-speaking classmates.
Because English speakers generally take a couple of years to acclimate to instruction in a foreign language, test scores for language schools tend to lag in the early years. Nestor's state test scores fall behind the South Bay Union School District in second and third grades, but students catch up and then outperform their counterparts in the district by the time they reach fourth grade.
For example, last year 50 percent of Nestor's second-graders scored proficient or advanced on state math tests, compared to 60 percent of students in the district. In third grade, 59 percent of Nestor's students reached that mark compared to 63 percent districtwide. In fourth-grade, 73 percent of Nestor's students scored proficient or better, compared to 64 percent districtwide. By fifth grade, 70 percent of Nestor's students scored proficient or better, compared to 56 percent of students districtwide.
Single-immersion language schools in the county schools target only English-speaking students. In addition to Spanish, San Diego has French and German immersion schools. Two public Mandarin Chinese schools opened in 2010. Plans for new language schools are in the works, including one that would teach Hebrew.
A fairly inexpensive boost
Establishing language programs is a relatively inexpensive endeavor that can revive schools with dropping enrollment, said Randy Ward, superintendent of the San Diego County Office of Education. More importantly, language schools give parents what they want and students what they need.
"Parents want their kids to have the chance to learn another language, and they don't want to have to go to a $25,000-a-year private school to get it," Ward said. "What comes with learning another language is analytical thinking, collaboration, problem-solving skills and the understanding that you have to be able to adapt and be flexible."
This new rash of language schools also represents the new face of bilingual education, said Julie Sugarman, who studies language schools at the Center for Applied Linguistics, a research center in Washington, D.C.
"Used to be you had these immigrant students that came here and we would take their language away from them and then we would make them learn it in high school — it was ridiculous," Sugarman said. "The atmosphere in California got very chilly regarding bilingual education. Now it's starting to change."
For years, bilingual education was caught up in the debate over immigration in California. Many perceived it to be a crutch for native Spanish speakers, a public investment that critics said rarely paid off and often left students unable to master English or Spanish.
California voters approved a ballot measure in 1998 to all but ban bilingual education. Promoted by Silicon Valley businessman Ron Unz, Proposition 227 led to the demise of most bilingual education programs.
Parents can request a waiver to the law that bans most non-English instruction in schools. However, less than a third of English-language learners have requested bilingual services, according to the California Department of Education. The law allows for charter-school language academies.
The majority of native Spanish speakers learn "overwhelmingly in English," under the Unz law, yet the achievement gap between English learners and their fluent counterparts continues.
Research has shown that students who learn the three R's in their native language perform better than those who are thrust into English-only classrooms.
"We have a lot to prove"
The county Office of Education offers training and staff development for educators at dual-language schools that attracts participants from throughout the state. Last year, 204 educators from attended sessions. That's up from the 182 educators who attended workshops the prior year.
Last week, educators from San Francisco, Kern County and elsewhere visited Nestor for a series of workshops and a tour of one the county's oldest two-way immersion programs, which started with four classes in 1996.
As Nora Tapia, the principal of Delano's first dual-language school, toured the campus, she collected ideas she would take home. She is still trying to win over skeptics in Kern County's conservative ranching community.
"We have a lot to prove," Tapia said. "There are a lot of skeptics, a lot of people — Spanish speakers and English speakers — who could not understand why you would want to teach in Spanish in this country."
Educators in Lakeside had to overcome similar skepticism when they converted Riverview Elementary School into a language program — starting in 2006 with Spanish instruction. The school added Mandarin enrichment lessons in 2008 and opened a full-fledged Mandarin immersion program in 2010 that features Spanish as an enrichment language.
"There was a group that thought, why would you want to teach kids in Spanish — this is America," said Tina Brady, assistant superintendent at the Lakeside School District. "Now, we have waiting lists to get in."
Since it converted to a language school, Riverview's enrollment has gone from under 300 to 667. The school's Academic Performance Index of 859 is the highest in the district.
Riverview quickly won over the community and appeals to families throughout Lakeside and as far away as Temecula, Del Mar and Poway.
Riverview's original program immerses English speakers in Spanish, gradually increasing English instruction. Students get Mandarin as an enrichment language. Four years ago, the school started a charter program on campus that immerses students in Mandarin, with Spanish as the enrichment program. The school relies so much on technology — iPods, iPads and interactive computer boards — that educators refer to it as the "fifth language."
"I can order food at a Chinese restaurant," said Leah, a second-grader at Riverview. "People are always surprised."
The county superintendent, who lives in Del Mar, put his own two children in Riverview.
"I remember taking my daughter to her first day of kindergarten and the teacher only spoke in Spanish. My daughter had this look on her face that said, 'Daddy don't leave me here, I don't understand anything,' " Ward recalled. "Now she read and writes and sings in Spanish."


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Tampa Collector Car Appreciation Day Celebration Successful
Source Interlink Media, home of Mopar Muscle Magazine, celebrated National Collector Car Appreciation Day in a big way on Friday, July 12. After a heavy rain all morning, brave enthusiasts took a chance by shining up their vehicles for a few hours of fun.
The celebration took place at our Tampa, Florida headquarters and produced a large turnout of every kind of American muscle there is. While we had hoped for a better turn out by Mopar enthusiasts, the ones who did brave the weather were show-stoppers.
Attendees enjoyed viewing each other's cars, speaking with editors, viewing our shop, project cars, and of course, devouring 21 pizzas and 300 wings with ice cream for dessert!
Door prizes from Comp Cams and Meguiar's were raffled to over twenty very lucky guests as well.
Check out some of the pictures we took as the rain held out for us, and we'll see you at next year's Collector Car Appreciation Day celebration!

subset: commoncrawl


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One of the ANC's and government's fiercest critics, political economist Moeletsi Mbeki is accused by a senior staffer and prominent political analyst of being a double-dealer who criticises in public, but is willing to bend over backwards to protect his politically linked business interests behind closed doors.
Prince Mashele, the former chief executive of Mbeki's think-tank, the Forum for Public Dialogue (FPD), criticised Mbeki in a resignation letter addressed to the organisation's board of directors.
At the centre of the feud is a survey conducted among labour federation Cosatu's shop stewards. Its release was suppressed a few hours before a scheduled media briefing last month. Mashele accused Mbeki of assisting Cosatu to suppress the release of the study to protect what "appears to be a dirty BEE [black economic empowerment] deal with Numsa".
Mbeki responded angrily to Mail & Guardian questions emailed to him and even threatened legal action should the story be published.
"Before any formal response is possible, the board requires the circumstances of the M&G receiving the information on which it now seeks our comment," reads Mbeki's letter to the M&G on Thursday. "We would require advice from our legal team based on your response before any comment would be possible."
A source with knowledge of the details, however, said that in a moment of "frustration" with the Cosatu survey debacle last month, Mbeki mentioned the Numsa deal and how he had worked long and hard to make it a reality.
The release of the survey results was postponed just before the ANC's national conference in Mangaung after Cosatu told researchers it was "uncomfortable" about it. The study found that Cosatu shop stewards wanted the union federation to form a workers' party, had lost confidence in the South African Communist Party and would like to see the country's mines nationalised.
A different view Even more worrying to Cosatu was that the study also found that the majority of the more than 2 000 shop stewards surveyed did not support Jacob Zuma's re-election as ANC president, preferring instead his former deputy, Kgalema Motlanthe. This stance differed with the Cosatu leadership's decision to support Zuma's re-election at Mangaung.
Mbeki apparently gave in to Cosatu's pressure because he feared that failing to do that would jeopardise a business deal he is pursuing with metalworkers' union Numsa, a powerful Cosatu affiliate.
Mbeki is said to have approached Numsa Investment Company to get the union to partner with him and acquire a stake in Scaw Metals from the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC). Another source involved in the Scaw Metals deal confirmed Mbeki is in talks to acquire a stake in the company and has spoken to Numsa and the IDC about this.
Two sources said Mbeki suddenly offered Cosatu a blank cheque to decide if and when the survey results could be made public. Mashele and a senior researcher on the project, Brutus Malada, held a different view, but their boss insisted that the survey be suppressed.
Mbeki, who is the chairperson of the FPD board, suspended Mashele, apparently to remove him from the process while a solution was sought to make Cosatu happy. Mashele was officially suspended last week for insubordination and issuing a press statement without Mbeki's approval, but he resigned two days later, calling the charges "smoky".
In his resignation letter to the FPB board, Mashele said he had personally negotiated the terms of the survey with Cosatu general secretary Zwelinzima Vavi and that "the claim by Mbeki that the FPD needed permission from Cosatu before publishing findings of the survey is farfetched". Mashele's letter said there was an audio recording of a board meeting that made it clear that the FPD did not need Cosatu's permission to release the survey.
In the letter, Mashele accused Mbeki of prioritising his business interests.
Money matters "I know the real reason for my suspension is that the findings of the Cosatu study complicated Mbeki's business interests. He found himself in the tricky situation of having to choose between the FPD's independence or lose his money in what appears to be a dirty BEE deal with Numsa. Clearly money matters."
Mbeki is also known to be critical of the way BEE has been implemented in the country, calling it "legalised corruption".
"If you made me president of South Africa, the first thing I would do would be to scrap everything to do with black economic empowerment," Mbeki said in a 2009 Reuters interview. Mashele's letter implied that Mbeki was a hypocrite.
"The gap between what people say and what they do can sometimes be vast," he said. "As FPD matures into a respectable think-tank, I hope its independence will not be compromised by the financial interests of its staff or board members."
Mashele shared the letter with the think-tank's staff members on email because he did not want them to "fall prey to falsehood" about his resignation.
"I hope none [of you] will do anything to dilute your proud products, or to twist your products to suit non-FPD purposes," he said.
Asked whether he had read Mashele's resignation letter, Mbeki said: "There are many nut cases here in South Africa. If you, the Mail & Guardian, believes this is credible and it's true then you must go and get me the evidence before I respond to your questions."
Too early Mashele this week acknowledged the letter in an interview and said he stood by its contents.
He refused to answer specific questions about the souring of his relationship with Mbeki, saying: "I've left the FPD and any matter related to the FPD should be dealt with by people who are still there."
Numsa Investment Company chief executive Khandani Msibi did not deny that a deal was in the works, but said it was too early to discuss the company's business involvement with Mbeki or Scaw Metals.
"We really can't comment about that at the moment because we are still talking to people. If there is any news on these deals, we'll be prepared to share information. Why don't you wait for us to make an announcement?"
Msibi said it was "unfortunate" that Mbeki's problems with Mashele could have "reference to another thing that's not related to it".
Cosatu last month said there was nothing sinister about suspending the release of findings of the survey because the research was incomplete. It would be released this year. Vavi this week said Mashele's claim that he had negotiated the conditions of the survey directly with him was "nonsense" and that Cosatu had a say in the study. "The date of him releasing that study … yes, he discussed it with me, but not the terms of the survey."
Tweak or suppress Vavi refused to be drawn into allegations of Mbeki's business deals with Numsa.
Those close to Mashele, however, back his claim.
"The deal was that the FPD would not go public before Cosatu saw the findings, but it had no right to tweak or suppress the study once it had seen it," a source said.
An FPD source said senior researcher Malada had presented the survey's outcomes to Cosatu a day before the results were due to be released to the media.
"No one questioned the credibility of the study. Everyone was shocked and quiet," the source said. "The faction politics then started kicking in and they asked: 'Why are you in a hurry to release this stuff? By the way, this study was done by Prince, and we know how critical he has always been of Cosatu and the ANC.
"Cosatu didn't contribute a cent, therefore it had no right to tell us what to do with the study," the source said.
There are now fears within the FPD that the survey's findings may be "sanitised" before they are released next month.


text:
Due to the current outbreak of the Covid 19 Coronavirus Keeley Hire have temporarily closed the business for the safety of all staff and customers. Please note although our sales staff will have limited email access, the warehouse will be completely closed until further notice.
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Friday, January 11, 2013
Honest Anonymous, Adieu.
Sorry Frank and SCRN, but it's twenty spam comments a day and I haven't posted In a while.
Love what our President is doing though. He rocks.
2 comments:
You love what our President is doing?ReplyDelete
You mean Smoking?, me too, too bad it doesn't really cause Lung Cancer.
I am beside myself with all that is going on in our government and the fallout from it!!!!!!!!!ReplyDelete
Trying hard not to be jaded, scared and angry. Says a lot about it all considering I have always been a perky, upbeat glass half full kind of girl. My BP actually went up and face flushed when discussing politics with a LIKE MINDED friend the other day. I have never in m,y life seen a more DIVISIVE president. It's like he wants everything to fail. GOD HELP US with national security! Especially if HAGEL gets in. Russia and China are strengthening their military and reach around the world, while we continue to reduce. Strength is a deterrent and now I think they all smell blood in the water. Benghazi - so much larger than Watergate and more important ..press - silent. The press does not do their job. They don't report all the facts and if they did o would never have been elected either time but especially this time. And the voting irregularities - and republicans do nothing to fight. I've lost faith in them to as they are all a bunch of whimps - continually on defense. They have so much to counter with and they don't.
Sorry I digressed off health care. Now private ins premiums will triple by fall, IRS says the gov bronze care plan will cost family of 5 TWENTY thousand dollars - oh THAT will be affordable - NOT! It isn't even the best plan. Problem is those families won't qualify for the breaks poorer families do.
So ...prior to 2010 - most people had insurance and now so many will be losing it and will cost them more for lesser quality oh and we don't get to keep their doctors... if they can afford to even go.
There is a part in the bill that states hospitals who do LESS for elderly patients will be REWARDED! Death panel anyone?!
I feel for providers and patients. And we have always paid into our ins - a good one that is still affordable. But we are baby boomer age and where we thought we could count on it even into retirement - God only knows.
The ONLY thing that reassures me in any way is that I do believe God sees all and there must be some higher purpose.
It seems like what was always considered right is now considered wrong and if you disagree with anything you are labeled a racist, ignorant, intolerant, extremist - right wing, etc. and the voting public seems so dumb and/or apathetic. We all put up with it.
I recently heard Romney lost by 500,000.00 votes. To the people that stayed home - still think your vote doesn't matter? And if you read about those voting irregularites, votes for romney changing to Obama, heavily populated areas voted over 100% for Obama and not 1 vote for romney people being suspiciously bussed in from out of state and I could go on. WHY has no one contested? Romney just rolled over and gave up. And why the heck didn't they get tough with Hillary last week instead of wasting time hearing themselves talk. I am so on board for a conservative third party if a good leader ever arises. Politicians in Washington and the press have sold us all out.
I will or you can - delete this if you want - just had to vent!


text: Sijun Forums :: View topic - ok zabee hun Log in to check your private messages Sijun Forums Forum Index >> Archive : Sep99 - Dec00 View previous topic :: View next topic Author Topic : "ok zabee hun" Riskjunior memberMember #Joined: 26 Oct 1999Posts: 21Location: Colleyville,TX,USA Posted: Sat Nov 06, 1999 5:58 pm on your next update could you write DETAILED text's next to your steps on that darth maul process thing you posted?????????? Back to top Not One Of Usjunior memberMember #Joined: 04 Nov 1999Posts: 15 Posted: Sat Nov 06, 1999 10:40 pm What? that was detailed to me. I always thought you had to have a very special gift or take 10 years learnig how to draw. But after seeing that process it looks easy (well, not easy, but waaaaaaay easier than I thought. I could draw that now but it would take me months Back to top FunfetusmemberMember #Joined: 26 Oct 1999Posts: 343Location: West Covina, CA Posted: Sat Nov 06, 1999 11:52 pm The funny thing about art is that the STEPS usually aren't so difficult, but getting all the right colors in all the right places is damn tricky. ------------------ Funfetus iCE VGA Division http://www.funhousedigital.com Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Sijun Forums Forum Index -> Archive : Sep99 - Dec00 All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Digital Art----------------Digital Art DiscussionWork in ProgressGallery/Finished Work Miscellaneous----------------Random MusingsArchive : Sep99 - Dec00 You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Powered by phpBB © 2005 phpBB Group


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Here is a complete list of galleries available for this photographer. To narrow the list of galleries, you can filter by one of the following options below.
ACP, ACE, ACS are part of the ACParadise.com Network, Copyright © 2000-2020
""Genjitsu is the shiny pink Gundam, and Wayne is the bishie pilot""


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Falbala Sleeve Layered Chiffon T-shirts
Feel inconvenient when taking outdoor activities in dress? Looking for more ways to get in on the fun? Want to be totally free in this summer? So you come here and look for a wonderful T-shirt.Congratulations! This women layered chiffon T-shirt will be the exact clothes you are looking for. Just take one and put on to be cool.


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Traffic Alerts & Detours (August 22nd - 26th, 2011)
FRAMINGHAM, MA - Roadwork on several major capital improvement projects in town will continue this week, (Monday through Friday, August 15th through August 20th, 2011).
Delays due to traffic and detours around some of the work sites can add to driving times, so motorists should plan accordingly.
The Town of Framingham's Department of Public Works / Highway Division / Capital Projects website offers residents and visitors to Framingham helpful information about current and upcoming construction projects.
You can view up to date traffic alerts, maps of project work sites and traffic detours, and sign up to receive email alerts for all or any of the currently listed projects, (see link below for more info).
The email traffic alert for the week of August 22nd - 26th, 2011 indicates that: ...[read more]


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Heartland to host its first-ever TEDx event
Send a link to a friend
03, 2014]
NORMAL — Be one of a select
group of attendees to hear about creative disruption from speakers
in the fields of academics, world politics, sociocultural response,
gaming and more at Heartland Community College's first-ever TEDx
event. Only 100 tickets are available for the TEDx event at
Heartland, scheduled for April 12, 2-7 p.m.
Featured speakers are Richard Seehuus on "How to be a
Disruptive Student"; Doan Winkel on "College Can Prepare You for the
Real World, but it Doesn't"; Kelly Keogh on "The Keys to
International Relationships Post 9/11"; and Ankur Singh on "The
Standardized Testing Epidemic."
Through the presentations, attendees will learn how to break
existing patterns to compose new and more effective ways to create
change and make progress.
[to top of second column]
To apply as an attendee, visit
https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/Tedxhcc. Tickets are $25.
For more information about Heartland's TEDx event, contact Kevin
Shackley at
email@example.com. For more information about Heartland
Community College, visit
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text:
Scientific Articles - PTR-MS Bibliography
Scientific Articles - PTR-MS Bibliography
Welcome to the new IONICON scientific articles database!
Please use the search feature and filter options below to access our extensive collection of PTR-MS related literature.
Are you missing a relevant paper? Please tell us and we'll add it.
Link: http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/9709/
Link: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es101780b
Link: http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/9/81/2009/acpd-9-81-2009.pdf
Link: http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/6681/2008/acp-8-6681-2008.html


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The Nourishing Moisturiser in Jasmine & Gardenia combines Australian goats milk cocoa butter, shea butter and coconut oil to nourish and smooth dry, sensitive skin.
- Free from parabens and SLS
- Free from colour
- Not tested on animals
Contains skin-loving ingredients like:
- Goats Milk: Contains high fat molecule content making it extremely moisturising. The PH is also very similar to human skin. This helps to protect skin from bacteria and chemicals which may trigger a flare up of dry, irritated skin.
- Shea butter: The concentration of natural vitamins and fatty acids in Shea butter makes it incredibly nourishing and moisturising for skin. It is commonly used as remedy dry skin and to help protect the skin's natural oils
- Sweet almond oil: Being a mild, hypoallergenic oil, it moisturizes the skin to keep it soft and hydrated without causing irritation
- Cocoa seed butter: Rich in antioxidants including oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. These fatty acids actually are a benefit to your skin, because they will provide a layer of protection from skin stressors and free radicals.
Free shipping is available right across Australia for orders over $60. If your order is under $60 we charge a flat rate fee of $6.95. Delivery takes approximately 2 - 5 business days depending on your location. Please allow a few extra days for deliveries to remote areas. International shipping is also available on all orders for a flat fee of AUD $40.00.
At Billie Goat, customer satisfaction is our number one priority. If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase for whatever reason, please get in touch. Please note: you must contact us within 30 days of receiving your order to be eligible for refunds, replacements or exchanges. If you believe an item is missing please contact us within 30 days of placing your order.
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Nearly 14 months after photographer Chris Hondros died while covering the conflict in Libya, a foundation created to honor his legacy has awarded its first major grant to photographer Andrea Bruce, who, like Hondros, has covered conflict through much of her career. The $20,000 Getty Images and the Chris Hondros Fund Award was created to help photographers further their pursuits; a $5,000 runner-up award will be given to emerging photographer Dominic Bracco, based in Mexico City.
"Chris was always working with students and was very involved in mentoring within the photo world," says Christina Piaia, board member of the Chris Hondros Fund and the late photographer's fiancé. "We kept coming back to this idea that he was so impressed and humbled by his colleagues that it would be most fitting that some of these brave photographers and journalists be recognized with this award."
Unlike other awards that ask candidates to submit work, Piaia and three other judges (Pancho Bernasconi, Vice President for Getty Images US News and Sports Division, Jeff Swensen, freelance photographer and Todd Heisler, staff photographer for The New York Times) sought nominations from photo directors and other leaders within the industry. One of the main criteria was that the work bring attention to the human experience—a hallmark of Hondros' career.
Piaia said she saw a direct parallel between Hondros and Bruce, who has documented last year's Arab Spring, the Iraq war and female circumcision, among other topics. "She has tirelessly gone back to conflict zones with great risk to herself and great sacrifice to her personal life—and her drive has no end," she said. "Her pictures are so powerful, yet she brings sensitivity to a picture in a way that even novice viewers can feel moved. Andrea is quite literally shaping the visual history of our world."
The Chris Hondros Fund was created to support and advance the work of photojournalists and raises awareness of the issues facing those reporting from conflict areas. Follow their efforts on Twitter @hondrosfund.


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Danami necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 107 diseños de 23 diseñadores freelance.
PB&J Productions
PB&J Productions is a new business grounded in a life-long passion for photography. PB&J was founded last year by two recent retirees (an experienced hobby photographer and an educator) who want to see the world and photograph it, while creating lasting images to share (sell) to others. While PB&J started with photographs of old barns across the country, it now includes a great deal of nature scenes (wildlife, flowers), candid shots of people, fine art images, etc.
The name PB&J was chosen for its fun, all-American approach to life. PB&J founders enjoy travel, life, photography. We want the logo to be fun, easily remembered and convey a simple, beautiful life. ("PB&J" is referencing the classic Peanut Butter and Jelly sandwich enjoyed by many - we're using it as a symbol or icon of Americana.)
We are primarily looking for a design for a logo that will be used on business cards, an anchor for the website, letterhead, etc. The target audience is everyday people who come across our images at art shows, local shops, websites, etc. The image should be catchy and easily remembered - pop and attract attention, but not gaudy.
Our images are medium to large format and cost ranges between $250 - $1000.
We want our company, and our logo, to project fun, the spirit of the American people; our photographs are meant to nourish the spirit and the mind. Through photography, we wish to capture and share the inspiration and emotion of everyday American life.
A first thought was a cartoon image of a photographer with an old-time camera taking a picture; with the cartoon character in black and white with a color flash. The photographer might be silly - have big feet or something "fun" (so that it is not the actual image of a person). We would also like the name "PB&J Productions" to be included either as part of the image or as part of the overall logo. Some part of the logo, either the picture, the company name or a mix should include some burst of color.
PB&J's logo should be whimsical and light-hearted, but not "cutesy".
HOWEVER, we are open to other ideas and would love to see what you can visualize. This was just our first thought. We would really love to tap into the creative energy, talent and ideas of the design community.
The logo should use web-safe colors and the image needs to be made available as a raw image file and a jpeg.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Exonerated inmate shares story with students
Michael Austin spent 27 years in prison on murder charge
A Baltimore man who was wrongly convicted of first-degree murder and spent 27 years in prison shared his story with school students Wednesday.
Michael Austin spent 27 years in prison after being convicted of the killing of a convenience store security guard in east Baltimore in 1975. Austin, who was 26 at the time, was arrested based on mugshot identification by a clerk at the store who also wrongly identified him in court as the shooter.
Austin finally gained his freedom in December 2001 after the nonprofit organization Centurion Ministries took on his case and was able to produce new evidence showing he was innocent.
Since his release, Austin has spent time helping former convicts adjust to life after prison.
On Wednesday, he visited Mount St. Joseph High School to talk with students about his prison ordeal and how he coped with it.
"Never giving up and never giving in and believing that justice will prevail, and that's basically what kept me going and helped me maintain my sanity," Austin told the crowd.
For the students, the event was part of the social justice curriculum at Mount St. Joseph.
"Michael has a great message that you've got to make the best of your situation and that you are in charge of yourself, and there are certain things within your control," said Brian Murphy, the school's director of students.
Austin spoke to different classes throughout the day, sharing a message to the students that they have control over their life.
"What I try to encourage these kids to do -- not only the young men, but the young ladies, too -- is to take control of your life, make decisions that are going to be the best for you in the future, and just try to stay focused," Austin said.
Austin said speaking to students hopefully helps them, but he knows it helps him.
Austin received a full pardon from Gov. Robert Ehrlich in 2003. In 2004, he was awarded $1.4 million for his wrongful imprisonment.


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DOT Library
- Strategic Plan
- Policy Documents
- Community Presentations
- Measuring Results
- Studies and Reports
- Traffic and Crash Data
- Bridges & Tunnels
- Research Papers and Presentations
- Rules and Specifications
- New York City Mobility Report
- Don't Cut Corners: Left Turn Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Study
- Bike Lane MPT Guidelines
Strategic Plan
Strategic Plan 2016: Safe + Green + Smart + EquitableNew York City is bigger and more bustling than ever and the strains on our transportation system are evident to all who live, work, and visit here: sidewalks are overflowing, subway trains are packed, and our streets are full of pedestrians, cyclists, cars, trucks, and taxis. NYC DOT's Strategic Plan 2016 is our response to these and other challenges. The plan reiterates our commitment to improving traffic safety and public health, expanding travel choices for all New Yorkers, supporting the City's efforts to fight climate change, doubling cycling, and maintaining our streets and bridges in a state of good repair. NYC DOT Strategic Plans
Policy DocumentsBicycle Ridership and Safety
Safer Cycling is a comprehensive study that analyzes growth of cycling and NYC's bicycle network, noting that as the number of regular bicyclists has increased, cycling has grown dramatically safer. Created in cooperation with agency partners at the New York City Police Department (NYPD) and the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH), the study describes the progress New York City has made in improving cyclist safety, presents a detailed analysis of the factors that contribute to serious crashes involving cyclists, and lays out a comprehensive action plan to further improve cycling safety. Cyclist fatalities and severe injuries resulting from crashes with motor vehicles were analyzed, employing cyclist fatality data from 1996 through 2016 and cyclist killed and severely injured (KSI) data from 1996 through 2014. Learn about Safer CyclingElectric Vehicle Advisory
The Electric Vehicle Advisory Committee Report of Recommendations for calendar year 2014 was prepared pursuant to Local Law 122 of 2013. The report examines the current state of the electric vehicle market and makes recommendations for future activity. Read the Electric Vehicle Advisory Committee Report: 2016 RecommendationsRead the Electric Vehicle Advisory Committee Report: 2015 RecommendationsStreet Design Manual
The New York City Street Design Manual provides policies and design guidelines to city agencies, design professionals, private developers and community groups for the improvement of streets and sidewalks throughout the five boroughs. It is intended to serve as a comprehensive resource for promoting higher quality street designs and more efficient project implementation. Learn more about the Street Design ManualUrban Street Design Guide
The Urban Street Design Guide is a published by National Association of City Transportation Officials, or NACTO. It charts the principles and practices of the nation's foremost engineers, planners, and designers working in cities today. From Bus Rapid Transit to bikeways and public seating, the Guide showcases a new model for streets that work better for people, bikes, transit and cities. The Guide outlines both a clear vision for complete streets and a basic road map for how to bring them to fruition. Read the Urban Street Design GuideNYC Street Works Manual
The NYC Street Works Manual clearly presents the procedures that govern work of New York City's streets. The Manual's clear presentation of permit procedures is designed to deliver higher quality street surfaces, fewer transportation capacity reductions and a more efficient construction environment to the people and businesses of New York City. Visit the online Street Works ManualNew York City Pedestrian Safety and Action Plan
This landmark study is the largest of its kind ever undertaken by a U.S. city. Researchers analyzed over 7,000 crash records of to identify the causes, common factors and geographic distribution of pedestrian crashes in New York City. DOT aims to cut all traffic fatalities in half by 2030 (over 2007 levels), and pedestrians accounted for 52% of all traffic fatalities from 2005-2009. DOT will use this data to inform future projects, as outlined in the Action Plan portion of the report Learn more about the Pedestrian Safety and Action Plan and download the report (August 2010).
Active Design Guidelines
The Active Design Guidelines are the City's first publication to focus on designers' role in tackling one of the most urgent health crises of our day: obesity and related diseases including diabetes. The Guidelines were developed by a partnership of City agencies, working with leading architects and planners, to complement other City publications, such as the DDC's series of handbooks for architects and urban designers and DOT's Street Design Manual. The Guidelines are part of the vision of a more livable and hospitable NYC promoted in Mayor Bloomberg's Design + Construction Excellence Initiative. The goal of the Guidelines is to make New York City an even greater place to live, by creating an environment that enables all city residents to incorporate healthy activity into their daily lives. Visit the Active Design Guidelines websiteGreenlight: Sustainable Street Lighting for NYC
DOT operates the largest municipal street-lighting system in the country, with 262,000 lights on City streets, bridges and underpasses, 12,000 in parks and 26,000 on highways. In 2009, DOT tested LED lighting on streets and sidewalks in Central Park and along the FDR Drive. DOT is partnering with the US Department of Energy and the Climate Group to develop an LED pilot program for new technologies that will further reduce the City's greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency. Data collected from New York City's LED installations will quantify the performance of LEDs and assist other cities interested in the conversion to LED fixtures. This report provides more background on the current state of DOT's program and efforts to make it an international leader in green lighting. Download the Greenlight report (pdf) Read the press releaseWorld Class Streets: Remaking New York City's Public Realm
A summary of DOT's public realm strategies, as part of the agency's efforts to place New York City at the forefront of urban development. This report is grounded in the findings from a Public Space/Public Life Survey conducted by world-renowned Gehl Architects/Urban Quality Consultants in the fall of 2007. Download World Class Streets (screen resolution pdf) Download World Class Streets (print resolution pdf)New York City Interagency Road Safety Plan
New York City is the safest large U.S. city and is getting safer, with 62% fewer traffic fatalities per 100,000 than the average of the 24 next-largest cities. Traffic fatalities decreased 31% from 2001 to 2010 to historic lows. The New York City Interagency Road Safety Plan (pdf) describes programs and initiatives to further reduce traffic fatalities, injuries and crashes, improve compliance with traffic laws and improve road safety in New York City. This plan builds upon Sustainable Streets and the Pedestrian Safety Study and Action Plan, and helps satisfy requirements of Local Law 12, signed into law by Mayor Bloomberg in February 2011.
Community Presentations
DOT generally presents projects at community board meetings where the public can ask questions and provide feedback. To find upcoming meetings, check the events calendar or contact your local Community Board. View a list of DOT's current projects View community presentations grouped by topic: bicycle routes, pedestrian network, Neighborhood Slow Zones, Select Bus Service, Safe Streets for Seniors View projects grouped by year: 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007
Maspeth Queens Truck Impact Reduction Project Phase 7
Maspeth Queens Truck Impact Reduction Project Phase 7 is intended to evaluate traffic operations in Maspeth, Queens, and to develop ideas for a master plan to reduce the impact of truck traffic on residential communities and better direct freight to the "Maspeth Bypass" truck route. This visioning exercise will inform potential future NYCDOT projects in Maspeth.
Heavy truck traffic on Grand and Flushing Avenues in Maspeth Queens created negative impacts on the residential areas in this neighborhood. DOT has been working with the community and local stakeholders to create the "Maspeth Bypass" project to route trucks off Grand and Flushing. This partnership culminated in the implementation of the Maspeth Bypass in Sept 2011. DOT has continued to build on this effort through ongoing outreach, studies and discussions. Download the Maspeth Queens Truck Impact Reduction Project (pdf) (June 2016)
DOT is proposing safety improvements on Vernon Blvd between 46th Ave and 30th Rd. The safety improvements including the installation of jersey barriers at key locations along the existing two-way path to create a physical separation between path users and moving traffic. Download the Vernon Blvd Update and Safety Improvements Presentation(pdf) (Presented to Queens CB1 and CB2 – October 2014)Mobility Improvements on 3rd Avenue
DOT is proposing mobility improvements on 3rd Avenue that will extend two-way operation on the Avenue one block uptown from E. 24th Street to E. 25th Street. This will provide an additional southbound option for motorists who exit FDR Drive at E. 25th Street.
Measuring ResultsVision Zero DOT & NYPD Accomplishments - 2016 - 2018
This report contains summary data describing the annual core outputs (street design, enforcement and safety education) and core outcomes (traffic fatalities) relevant to Vision Zero, Mayor de Blasio's initiative to reduce traffic fatalities and severe injuries to zero. Download the Vision Zero 2018 DOT and NYPD Accomplishments (pdf) (March 2019) Download the Vision Zero 2017 DOT and NYPD Accomplishments (pdf) (January 2018) Download the Vision Zero 2016 DOT and NYPD Accomplishments (pdf) (February 2017)Cycling at a Crossroads: The Design Future of New York City Intersections
This study provides a comprehensive look at NYCs Protected Bike Lane (PBL) intersections. The report contains background on the different PBL intersection design treatments used by NYC DOT, an analysis of the safety and comfort of these treatments, and recommendations on their use in different street contexts. Additionally, it evaluates new pilot treatments to be included in the PBL intersection toolbox. Download Cycling at a Crossroads (pdf) (September 2018) Download Cycling at a Crossroads Appendix (pdf) (September 2018)
Offset Crossings are one of the designs DOT uses at intersections with protected bike lanes. This design separates a bike lane up to an intersection, often with a pedestrian island, roadway markings and rubber speed bumps to slow a drivers turning path. This treatment creates clear sight lines for turning drivers and cyclists. Turning drivers should always yield to cyclists and pedestrians.
Protected Bicycle Lanes in New York City
Animation description: A blue car approaches an intersection, while a cyclist bikes in a green parking protected bike lane, parallel to the blue car. Driver slows down, turns left around pedestrian island with yellow markings and speed bumps, and stops while the cyclist slows down and then rides straight through intersection in a green dashed bike lane.
Since 2007, New York City Department of Transportation has installed over 30 miles of protected bicycle lanes throughout the city, including several parking protected bicycle lanes on various avenues in Manhattan. This report contains an analysis of how some of these Manhattan routes have impacted safety, mobility, and economic vitality. Download Bicycle Path Data Analysis (pdf) (November 2014)The Economic Benefits of Sustainable Streets
New York City has been a leader in transforming the city's streets into more efficient and welcoming spaces for all users. DOT has developed a powerful set of metrics to evaluate these planning and engineering efforts, particularly for safety and mobility impacts. This report introduces a robust new metric for assessing the local economic impacts of street improvements. DOT examined changes in sales tax receipts in areas around improvements, finding convincing evidence that the improved accessibility and more welcoming street environment created by these projects led to increased retail sales. Download The Economic Benefits of Sustainable Streets (16 MB pdf), released December 2013Making Safer Streets
Over the past decade, New York City has seen a 30% decline in traffic fatalities, the lowest level since records were first kept in 1910, making New York City's streets the safest of any big city in the United States. This report focuses on how smart and innovative street design can dramatically improve the safety of our streets. The results reported here are based on "before and after" comparisons of crash data for projects implemented in the last seven years. This analysis is the largest examination of the safety effects of innovative roadway engineering conducted in a major American city, or perhaps any city globally. Download Making Safer Streets (pdf), released November 2013Safe Streets NYC: Traffic Safety Improvements in New York City
DOT has accelerated its efforts to improve pedestrian and traffic safety at locations that have repeatedly been the site of traffic or pedestrian-related crashes. These efforts have sharply reduced the number of traffic-related crashes and fatalities, which are now at historic lows. This, released in January 2009, document details DOT projects and results in all five boroughs. Citywide Projects, Introduction, Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island Past Safe Streets Reports: 2007, 2006 , 2005Measuring the Street
Cities need to set new goals for their streets to meet the needs of a growing population and to address vehicle crashes, traffic congestion, under-performing bus and bike networks, and environments that are inhospitable for pedestrians. The projects described in this report demonstrate how New York has been able to transform its streets by blending new technologies with time-tested tools. The metrics shown in the report are used to measure success and inform the design of future projects. Download Measuring the Street (pdf)New York City's Green Dividend
Because New Yorkers drive substantially less than the average American, they realize a staggering $19 billion in savings each year—money that their counterparts in other metro areas spend on auto-related expenses. And because they spend so much less on cars and gasoline—money that quickly leaves the local economy - New Yorkers have much more purchasing power to spend locally, stimulating the city's economy. This is New York City's Green Dividend. Read the full report by CEOs for Cities.Downtown Flushing Mobility & Safety Improvement Project Evaluation
DOT, working with elected officials, Community Board 7, local businesses, MTA and New York City Economic Development Corporation, developed a pilot program to improve mobility and safety for everyone on the streets of Downtown Flushing—pedestrians, transit riders and motorists. While Downtown Flushing was a thriving community, the area's sidewalks are overcrowded, the traffic network is clogged, and certain intersections were dangerous for both pedestrians and vehicles, particularly Union Street and Northern Boulevard, the most dangerous intersection for pedestrians in the borough in 2009. In July 2010, DOT implemented the pilot program to modify traffic and pedestrian flows. This report evaluates the efficacy of those changes. Download the Downtown Flushing Mobility & Safety Improvement Project Evaluation (pdf)
Studies and Reports
Access to Opportunity: A Transportation and Housing Study in the Eastern RockawaysThis multi-year study, completed by DOT in collaboration with The Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD), addresses the improvement of multimodal transportation access in the Eastern Rockaways; the area between the Cross Bay-Veterans Memorial Bridge and the Nassau County line in the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens. The study and final report give particular emphasis to improving residents' access to goods, activities, services, and destinations, by studying roadway, transit, walking and cycling improvements and accessible land use recommendations. Download the final report (pdf)
Distraction Shouldn't Be DeadlyAs mobile device ownership has become more prevalent, concerns about the dangers of "distracted walking" have grown. In 2017, New York State passed a law (Chapter 306 of 2017) directing NYCDOT to study and report on its efforts to educate pedestrians and drivers about 1) the dangers of being a distracted pedestrian who is texting or using a mobile device and 2) the necessity for motor vehicle operators to watch for distracted pedestrians. Reports of device distraction are scarce in the New York City and national fatality data, and estimates of annual mobile device-related injuries are dwarfed nationally by pedestrian injury estimates where pedestrian distraction was not cited. In short, despite growing concerns, DOT found little concrete evidence that device-induced distracted walking contributes significantly to pedestrian fatalities and injuries. Download Distraction Shouldn't Be Deadly (pdf)
Bicyclists Use of Leading Pedestrian Intervals: Pilot Program ResultsLeading Pedestrian Intervals (LPIs) are a signal timing technique which provide people on foot a head start of at least seven seconds to cross the street at signalized intersections before drivers may proceed into the intersection or make turns through crosswalks. This treatment, an integral component of Vision Zero street engineering, has been proven to reduce serious injury and fatal pedestrian crashes. This pilot initiative from NYC DOT evaluates potential impacts of allowing bicyclists to also benefit from the conflict-free head start by installing temporary signage at 50 intersections that already have LPIs. Download the Bicyclists Use of Leading Pedestrian Intervals: Pilot Program Results (pdf)
North Williamsburg Transportation StudyDOT has completed the North Williamsburg Transportation Study which sought to identify existing and future travel needs and enhance safety for all street users while addressing community concerns. The study area was bounded by Newtown Creek to the north and east, Broadway and Flushing Ave to the south and by Kent Avenue to the west. The study evaluated transportation conditions in the area to identify short and long-term safety and circulation improvements. Study area demographics, land-use, traffic congestion, pedestrian & bike safety, truck activity and accidents were studied in detail. The recommendations and improvement measures that have been generated include one way conversions, roadway geometry changes, parking regulation changes and pedestrian safety enhancements. Download the full Study (pdf) (March 2019) Download the Study Appendixes (pdf) (March 2019) Download the Findings and Recommendations Presentation (pdf) (June 2018) Download the Existing Conditions Presentation (pdf) (March 2017)
South Williamsburg Transportation StudyDOT has completed the South Williamsburg Transportation Study which sought to identify existing and future travel needs and enhance safety for all street users while addressing community concerns. The study area was bounded by Broadway to the north, Park Avenue to the south and by Kent Avenue to the west. The study evaluated transportation conditions in the area to identify short and long-term safety and circulation improvements. Study area demographics, land-use, traffic congestion, pedestrian & bike safety, truck activity and accidents were studied in detail. The recommendations and improvement measures that have been generated include roadway geometry changes, parking regulation changes and pedestrian safety enhancements. Download the full Study (August 2016) Download the Third Public Meeting Presentation (pdf) (Presented in June 2016) Download the Second Public Meeting Presentation (pdf) (Presented in November and December 2015) Download the First Public Meeting Presentation (pdf) (Presented in January 2015)
Brooklyn Bridge Promenade StudyThe Brooklyn Bridge Promenade Study was undertaken with the goals of greatly reducing conflicts between and enhancing the safety of cyclists, pedestrians, and vendors on the promenade; relieving overcrowding of existing promenade; enhancing the visitor experience of the iconic and historic Brooklyn Bridge promenade; and determining the structural feasibility of expanding the promenade deck. NYC DOT analyzed and modeled pedestrian and cyclist conditions on the promenade and hired AECOM as a consultant to determine the structural feasibility of the promenade expansion. Short and long term next steps were identified to achieve study goals and are detailed in the attached report. Learn more about the Brooklyn Bridge Promenade Study
Exclusive Pedestrian Signal Phase Treatments StudyThis study is an evaluation of Exclusive Pedestrian Signal Phase treatments prepared in response to Local Law 92 of 2017. It contains an overview of signal timing in New York City, the history of Barnes Dances in New York City, a literature review of research, results of a DOT study, considerations for implementation, discussion of additional tools for reducing conflicts at crossings and recommendations. Learn more about the Exclusive Pedestrian Signal Phase Treatments Study
DOT's Speed Camera programNYC DOT launched the Speed Camera program in 2013, and in 2014 the State Legislature expanded it to include 140 school zones Citywide. Through December 2016 speed cameras at these locations have reduced speeding, on average, by 63 percent. Crashes involving pedestrians decreased by 23 percent at the locations and overall crashes with injuries declined over 15 percent. Over 80 percent of drivers do not get another speeding summons after receiving their first. This report was prepared to comply with State law, which granted the City the authority to operate a Speed Camera program. Learn more about DOT's Speed Camera Program
Downtown Jamaica Transportation StudyDowntown Jamaica has become the focus of revitalization and development through the efforts of many agencies. In support of this effort, DOT initiated the Downtown Jamaica Transportation Study to assess traffic and transportation conditions and improve traffic operations and safety for all modes in the area. The success of the revitalization effort depends on maintaining access, enhancing mobility, and improving safety. The study seeks to develop a plan of short and long-term improvement measures to attain these goals. Learn more about the Downtown Jamaica Transportation Study
Springfield Gardens/JFK Transportation StudyThe Springfield Gardens/JFK Transportation Study was conducted in response to community and elected officials requests to address traffic and transportation challenges in the study area. The community identified traffic congestion, excessive truck activity on residential streets, safety and poor roadway conditions among others in the study area bounded by North Conduit Avenue to the north, Springfield Boulevard to the east, and Rockaway Boulevard/Nassau Expressway the southwest. The study assessed existing and future traffic conditions and developed recommendations to reduce congestion, improve traffic operations, manage truck traffic and enhance safety for all road users. The recommendations include street directional changes, geometric changes, improved traffic controls and parking management. Springfield Gardens/JFK Transportation Study – Final Report (December 2016) (pdf)
Laurelton /Rosedale Transportation StudyThe Laurelton/Rosedale Transportation Study was conducted in response to community request to address safety and traffic congestion. The objectives of the study was to assess the existing and future traffic conditions and to develop recommendations to address community concerns, improve traffic operations, and enhance safety for all road users in the area bounded by 130th Avenue to the north, Hook Creek Boulevard to the east, 147th/149th Avenues to the south, and Francis Lewis Boulevard to the west. Laurelton /Rosedale Transportation Study – Final Report (March 2015) (pdf)
Queens Village/Jamaica Avenue Transportation StudyThe Queens Village/Jamaica Avenue Transportation Study was conducted in response to community and elected officials requests to improve traffic operations and enhance safety in the study area bounded by Hillside Avenue/Braddock Avenue to the north, Cross Island Parkway to the east, Murdock Avenue to the south, and Francis Lewis Boulevard to the west. The study includes recommendations to improve traffic operations and address safety concerns in the study area. Queens Village/Jamaica Avenue Transportation Study – Final Report (March 2015) (pdf)
Highland Park-East New York Transportation StudyThe Highland Park-East New York Transportation Study was undertaken with the goals of improving safety and mobility for motorists, pedestrians, and cyclists; reducing congestion; and complementing other transportation and planning initiatives in the study area. It assesses current (2012) and future (2022) travel conditions and proposes improvement measures to address identified problems. The study process involved extensive collaboration with other city agencies (Department of City Planning and New York City Transit) as well as other stakeholders such as the Local Development Corporation of East New York (LDCENY).
The study area is bounded by Bushwick Avenue and Highland Boulevard on the north, Cleveland Street on the east, Sutter Avenue on the south, and Mother Gaston Boulevard and Eastern Parkway Extension on the west. It falls in Community Districts 5 and 16 and is predominantly residential with over 30,000 residents; however, industrial uses are also dispersed throughout the area with the bulk of it in the East Brooklyn Industrial Business Zone.
Recommendations were developed to enhance safety and improve traffic operations at some locations in the study area. These recommendations include geometric, parking and signal timing changes as well as bus circulation and pedestrian safety improvements. Highland Park-East New York Transportation Study – Final Report (June 2015) (pdf)
Far Rockaway Central Business District (CBD) Traffic StudyDOT has completed the Far Rockaway Central Business District (CBD) Traffic Study. The study was conducted to assess and document existing traffic and transportation conditions, identify constraints and opportunities, and to support the development of the Central Business District urban design and revitalization plan. The study area is bounded by Horton Avenue/Minton Street/Alonzo Road to the north, Beach 9th Street/Caffrey Avenue/Beach 17th Street to the east, Seagirt Boulevard/Beach 25th Street to the south and Pinson Street/Beach Channel Drive/Rockaway Freeway to the west. Learn more about the Far Rockaway Central Business District (CBD) – Traffic Study (Draft Report) (pdf)
New York City Motorcycle Safety StudyThe New York City Motorcycle Safety Study is a comprehensive study which examines the state of motorcycle safety within the five boroughs. The New York City Department of Transportation ("DOT") carefully examined the available data to determine the who, when, where and how of motorcycle crashes in New York City. The report authors worked closely with partner agencies and DOT staff to craft a set of goals and recommendations aimed at increasing safety and reducing the number of serious injuries and fatalities resulting from motorcycle crashes. Download the New York City Motorcycle Safety Study report (pdf)
DOT's Red Light Camera programNew York City launched the nation's first program in 1994. Since then, over 500 American municipalities have established similar programs, preventing red light running related crashes, injuries and deaths across the country. The purpose of the Red Light Camera program is to encourage all motorists to obey traffic signals, and the program has in fact contributed to a 85% drop in red light running events at intersections with the camera. The success of this program has made New York City residents safer. This report was prepared to comply with State law, passed in 1988, which granted the City the authority to launch the first Red Light Camera program. Download the DOT's Red Light Camera program report (pdf)
Commercial Bicyclist Outreach SummaryThis report outlines DOT's efforts to promote safety for commercial bicyclists with the nation's largest commercial cycling education and safety campaign. DOT went door-to-door to advise businesses, hosted forums for delivery cyclists, and produced multilingual informational material for owners and employees. Download the Commercial Bicyclist Outreach Summary report (pdf) Learn more about commercial bicyclist safety
NYC Bike Share: Designed by New Yorkers
In preparation for the arrival of New York's newest travel option, bike share, DOT undertook an unprecedented public planning process. This report documents the community participation, which took the form of community board meetings, online suggestions, consultation with elected officals, and demonstration events. Download the Bike Share outreach report (pdf) Learn more about bike share in New York City
Soundview Areawide Transportation StudyThe Soundview Areawide Transportation Study resulted from a community request to address traffic congestion and safety on the Soundview peninsula. The study focused on the area bounded by East Tremont Avenue to the north, Castle Hill and Zarega Avenues to the east, O'Brien Avenue and the East River to the south, and the Bronx River Parkway to the west. The study recommends several measures to improve traffic operations and enhance safety, including signal timing changes, converting two-way streets to one-way, and adding turning lanes on Castle Hill Avenue and Bruckner Boulevard. Download the Soundview Areawide Transportation Study report (pdf) (July 2013)
Jerome Avenue Transportation StudyThe Jerome Avenue Transportation Study was initiated at the request of Bronx Community Boards 4 and 5 in response to growing traffic congestion in the area and to improve internal traffic circulation and streetscape, and enhance safety for all street users. The study assessed existing and future traffic and transportation conditions and developed various improvement measures to address congestion and enhance safety in the area bounded by 181st Street to the north, 172nd Street to the south, Grand Concourse to the east and Macombs Road/Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard to the west. The improvements include several intersection reconfigurations with streetscape elements, signal timing modifications, parking regulation changes, bus stop relocations, and conversion of Mt. Eden Avenue from two-way to one-way. Download the Jerome Avenue Transportation Study report (pdf) (May 2013)
West Side Manhattan Transportation Study
This study of a traffic and transportation on the Upper West Side sought to improving traffic operations and pedestrian safety. The study projected traffic conditions for 2018 and made short- and long-term recommendations for improvements throughout the neighborhood. Learn more about the West Side Manhattan Transportation Study
City Island Transportation StudyThis study assessed existing and future traffic conditions on City Island and the surrounding area (Orchard Beach and the northern parts of Pelham Bay Park), and was made at the request of the Bronx Community Board 10. The study recommends several measures to improve traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance safety in the study area. Download the City Island Transportation study (pdf) (2013)
Maspeth Bypass and Intersection NormalizationDOT is examining traffic flow in Maspeth, Queens, with a particular focus on the movement of trucks. The study's findings are helping DOT to improve traffic circulation and enhance safety in the industrial and residential neighborhoods bounded by Grand Avenue, the Long Island Expressway (I-495) and the Brooklyn Queens Expressway (I-278). Learn more about the Maspeth Bypass and Intersection Normalization
Parking Conditions Study for Yankee Stadium and Atlantic YardsThis report presents findings from parking studies conducted in the fall of 2011 around Yankee Stadium in the Bronx and Atlantic Yards in Brooklyn. The study examined the implications of different approaches to curb management generally and a residential parking permit program in particular. This report provides a comprehensive assessment of parking conditions in these areas as a basis for public discussion and future planning. Download the study on Parking Conditions for Yankee Stadium and Atlantic Yards(pdf) (July 2012)
In 2013, DOT collected on-street parking occupancy, turnover, and vehicle registration location data around the Barclays Center during event and non-event days. Download a presentation on the results (pdf), given to the Atlantic Yards Quality of Life Committee on Sept. 16, 2013
Bowery Houston Bleecker Transportation StudyDOT has completed the Bowery Houston Bleecker Transportation Study which sought to improve traffic circulation and enhance safety for all road users while addressing community concerns. The study area was bounded by Clinton Street and Avenue B to the east, Mercer Street to the west, East 4th and East 8th Streets to the north and Spring and Delancey Streets to the south. The study assessed traffic and transportation conditions in the area and identified short and long-term safety improvements. Issues such as land-use, traffic congestion, pedestrian & bike safety, truck activity and accidents were studied in detail. The recommendations and improvement measures that were generated include roadway geometry changes, parking regulation changes and pedestrian safety enhancements. Download the Future Conditions and Recommendations Report (Sept 2014) Download the Third Public Meeting Presentation (Nov 2013) Download the Second Public Meeting Presentation (Feb 2012) Download the Existing Conditions Report (Dec 2011) Download the First Public Meeting Presentation (May 2010)
Harlem-Morningside Heights Transportation StudyThis study was a collaboration between DOT and the Department of City Planning, conducted in response to community concerns about development trends, increased congestion and changes in neighborhood character. The purpose of the study was to assess current and future land use development, transportation needs and traffic congestion in the area. The Final Report (2015 Future Conditions and Recommendations) presents a comprehensive analysis of traffic conditions and recommends traffic improvement measures to alleviate congestion as well as improve mobility and safety for all street users. Download the Draft Final Report (pdf)
Northern Brownsville Transportation StudyDOT conducted this study at the request of Brooklyn Community Board 16 to address congestion, parking and safety for all street users. The study examined traffic congestion, circulation, parking demand and supply as well as safety in the area. The study recommends measures to improve traffic operations, relieve congestion, and safety. It also recommends loading/unloading zones along Pitkin Avenue commercial strip. Download the Northern Brownsville Transportation study (pdf)
Red Hook Streetcar Feasibility StudyDOT conducted this study to determine the feasibility of a running a streetcar route in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Red Hook. The study was funded through a Federal Transit Administration grant secured by U.S. Representative Nydia Velázquez and has long had the support of the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce. The study was completed in September 2011. Learn more about the Red Hook Streetcar Feasibility study
Downtown Brooklyn Surface Transit Circulation StudyThe Downtown Brooklyn Surface Transit Circulation Study evaluated existing surface transit routes in Downtown Brooklyn and the potential for new or modified services. The goal of the study was to maximize the effectiveness of Downtown Brooklyn's surface transit network. The study was completed in August 2011. Learn more about the Downtown Brooklyn Surface Transit Circulation study
Reduced School Speed Limit StudyResults of a pilot study conducted by DOT to determine the efficacy of reduced speed zones (with 20mph reduced speed limit signs accompanied by flashing beacons that operate during school hours) in reducing vehicle speeds aroundschools. Download the Reduced School Speed Limit Study (June 2008)
Court Street Signal Modification AnalysisIn response to community concerns about traffic speeds and pedestrian safety on Court Street in Brooklyn, the Department modified traffic signals, which resulted in reduced vehicle speed and more opportunities for pedestrians to cross Court Street. Download the Court Street Signal Modification Analysis report (June 2005)
Park Slope Alternate Side Parking Suspension StudyDuring the Summer of 2008, DOT suspended alternate side parking in Park Slope, Brooklyn. The Park Slope Alternate Side Parking Suspension Study finds the suspension caused minimal impact on traffic and parking conditions in that neighborhood. (December 2008)
Downtown Brooklyn Transportation BlueprintThe Downtown Brooklyn Transportation Blueprint was initiated in response to the City's 2004 rezoning of downtown Brooklyn and major developments such as Atlantic Yards and Brooklyn Bridge Park. Despite Downtown Brooklyn's excellent mass transit access, the area suffered from roadway congestion. The success of future projects depends on maintaining access and mobility and continuing to improve safety and health. The blueprint lays out a comprehensive set of multi-modal transportation treatments and innovations that can be implemented as needed over time to address existing congestion and the needs of future growth. Learn more about the Downtown Brooklyn Transportation Blueprint Download the Blueprint Technical Memorandum (part I, part II) Download the project fact sheets (pdf) Download the implementation framework (pdf)
Placard Parking Usage in Lower ManhattanThe New York City Economic Development Corporation and DOT commissioned this study to understand how placards are used in Lower Manhattan and assess the availability of curb frontage relative to placard activity.
The streets of Lower Manhattan are a valuable public asset where different user groups compete for limited road space. Curbside parking spaces are highly valued and competition for those few spaces is fierce. A significant portion of the more than 1,300 block faces of curb frontage is allocated to authorized users—vehicles with agency placards displayed in their windshield that permit them to park in designated areas.
The results of this study, published in January 2008, are intended to help the City accurately consider existing policies in the context of the future of the Lower Manhattan street network. This study was made possible in part by a grant from the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, which is funded through Community Development Block Grants from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Executive Summary Final Report Appendix 1A, Appendix 1B, Appendix 2, Appendix 3
College Point Transportation StudyDOT conducted the College Point Transportation Study to address community concerns related to traffic and transportation issues arising from new large scale commercial retail developments on the peninsula. Major recommended improvements that have been completed include widening Linden Place at the Whitestone Expressway, widening 20th Avenue between Whitestone Expressway and Parsons Boulevard, creating free flow U-turns between the Whitestone Expressway Service Roads at Linden Place and at College Point Boulevard, and constructing a pedestrian underpass under the Whitestone Expressway at Linden Place. Major future improvements include extending Linden Place from 28th Avenue to 20th Avenue and improving the connections between the commercial retail centers located on 28th and 20th Avenues. Download the report on the College Point Transportation Study (pdf) (December 2006) Download a summary of the report (pdf)
Ridgewood Transportation Planning StudyThe Ridgewood Transportation Planning Study area is located on the Brooklyn/Queens border. The goal of the study is to assess the existing and future traffic and transportation conditions, identify any problems and generate recommendations to develop a package of improvement measures to accommodate future transportation needs. Executive Summary, Introduction, and Demographic Analysis, Land Use and Zoning, Traffic and Transportation, Public Transportation, Safety Analysis, Conclusion (March 2007)
Coney Island/Gravesend Sustainable Development Transportation StudyInitiated by DOT in response to community concerns about the increase in traffic congestion and the safety of motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists this study links transportation with land use while emphasizing sustainability. Download the report on the Coney Island/Gravesend Sustainable Development Transportation Study (May 2004)
Central Park
Closure of Central Park and Prospect Park Park DrivesReport on the pilot project to further limit the number of hours that motor vehicles can utilize the park drives of both Central Park and Prospect Park. The goal of this project was to minimize potential conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians in the parks and to provide additional space for recreation. Download the report on the Closure of Central Park and Prospect Park Park Drives (February 2007)
The Gates: Traffic Impacts and AnalysisIn February 2005, The Gates, a temporary public art work was on view for 16 days in Central Park, consisting of 7,500 gates bearing saffron-colored fabric panels. The Gates required the full closure of the Central Park Drives to set up and dismantle the exhibit, and partial closure during the exhibit. This report documents the traffic impacts associated with the closures of the park drives during this exhibit. Download Part I Download Part II Appendices
2004 Holiday Traffic Plan: Central Park Drive ImprovementsAs part of the 2004 Holiday Traffic Plan, DOT and the Department of Parks and Recreation implemented an ambitious program to improve the overall usability of the Central Park Drives. DOT closely monitored the impacts of this initiative to determine the impacts. Download the report on the 2004 Holiday Traffic Plan: Central Park Drive Improvements (May 2005)
Reauthorization of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21)This report describes the City's accomplishments using Federal transportation funding and lays out a plan for future use of these funds. Download the report on the Reauthorization of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (February 2003)
Traffic and Crash Data
Seasonal Variations in Pedestrians Killed or Severely Injured (KSI) (2010-2014)Pedestrian fatalities follow a very strong seasonal pattern; September through January, fatalities are ~50% more frequent than other months. Pedestrian KSI follows both a seasonal and temporal pattern, with the "hottest" periods being in the early evenings in fall and winter. See a Heat Map of Seasonal Pedestrian KSI (pdf)
Bicycle Crash DataAs required by Local Law 13 of 2011, DOT compiles the total number of bicycle crashes reported by city agencies. The Bicycle Crash Data report contains information on crashes involving only bicycles, between bicycles and motorized vehicles, and between bicycles and pedestrians. This data includes the number of injuries resulting from such crashes and is grouped by borough and by police precinct. Download the 2014 Bicycle Crash Data report (pdf) Download the 2013 Bicycle Crash Data report (pdf) Download the 2012 Bicycle Crash Data report (pdf) Download the 2011 Bicycle Crash Data report (pdf), covering October 1, 2011 through December 31, 2011
DOT collaborated with the departments of Health and Mental Hygiene, Parks and Recreation, and Police on this report, which describes the factors that contributed to the deaths and serious injuries of bicyclists over a decade. Download Bicyclist Fatalities and Serious Injuries in New York City, 1996-2005 (September 2006)
High Pedestrian Crash Locations: Pedestrian Safety Improvements at the Top 20 IntersectionsThis report, in response to Local Law 11, addresses DOT's ongoing commitment to improve safety at high pedestrian crash locations. The law requires DOT to identify the twenty highest crash locations based upon a ranking of the total number of crashes involving pedestrians. The number of locations in each borough is based on the proportion of citywide pedestrian injuries by borough. Safety improvements have been recently implemented at all, with additional improvements scheduled for the near future. Download the 2014 report (pdf) Download the 2013 report (pdf) Download the 2012 report (pdf) Download the 2011 report (pdf) Download the 2010 report (pdf) Download the 2009 report (pdf) Download the 2008 report (pdf) Download the 2007 edition (pdf)
New York City Bicycle CountsIn addition to the several indicators of cycling growth that are compiled in our Cycling in the City Report, DOT also publishes our regular bike counts. Data on this page shows trends in both general and commuter cycling in New York. Learn more about Bicycle Counts
New York City Screenline Traffic Flow ReportThis report presents vehicular volumes and historical comparisons across the Bronx-Westchester, Queens-Nassau, Manhattan-New Jersey, Staten Island-New Jersey, and Brooklyn-Queens screenlines. Download the 2015 Report (October 2016) Download earlier reports: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2005 Transit Strike: Transportation Impacts and AnalysisThe 2005 transit strike presented daunting challenges in maintaining mobility and access for City residents, businesses and visitors. The increased demand on the remaining operating transportation systems required a comprehensive and coordinated plan. This report, published in February 2006, describes how the City's Transit Strike Plan succeeded in maintaining mobility within the City. Part I: Executive Summary, Preparing for the Transit Strike, and Traffic Management Strategies. Part II: Analysis and Findings, Conclusions and Appendices.
Bridges and Tunnels
Annual Bridge and Tunnel Condition ReportThis annual report describes DOT's work in maintaining the 794 City bridges and tunnels. Read the 2018 Report (September 2019) Read the 2017 Report (June 2018) Reports for the years 2000-16 are also available
Manhattan River CrossingsThis report, published annually by DOT since 1972, presents vehicular volumes, classification, and trends for all bridge and tunnel facilities serving Manhattan. Read the Manhattan River Crossings Reports from: Download the 2015 report (pdf) (October 2016) Download earlier reports:2001 (summary), 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
New York City Bridge Traffic VolumesSince 1948, DOT has monitored traffic flow on 47 bridges operated by the City of New York. This report summarizes vehicular volumes, classification data, and trends for the 47 bridges that cross over water, as well as the nine bridges and tunnels operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and the six bridges and tunnels operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Read past New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes reports: Download the 2016 report (February 2018) Download earlier reports: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Harlem River BridgesThis report describes the eight Harlem River bridges, the rehabilitation projects that are either under way or planned, and the importance of obtaining Federal funding through reauthorization of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). Download the report on Harlem River Bridges (January 2004)
DOT Research Papers and PresentationsDOT staff are frequently invited to give papers and presentations at a variety of professional and academic conferences across the country and around the world. Below is a small sample of recent ones.
- Urban Road Diets, In 2016, the New York City Department of Transportation participated in the Northeast Region Road Diet Peer to Peer Exchange and shared their experience implementing Road Diets (lane reductions) in the last nine years. This presentation covers Road Diet basics, their benefits and a variety of examples from New York City.
- NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide - Lanes & Cycle Tracks, presented at the Transportation Research Board 2012 Annual Meeting
- Left Turns and Pedestrian Safety, presented at the Transportation Research Board 2012 Annual Meeting
- Prospect Park West Traffic Calming & Bicycle Path, presented at the Transportation Research Board 2012 Annual Meeting
- Coney Island/Gravesend Sustainable Development Transportation Study, Presented by DOT's Traffic Planning Staff at a NYMTC Brown Bag Lunch in September 2011
- DOT Bicycle & Pedestrian Programs: Retrofitting Bicycle, Pedestrian, and Green Street Facilities, presented to the APA 2011 National Planning Conference
- Bridge Strike Mitigation in the New York City Region, presented to Transportation Research Board 2010 Annual Meeting
- Select Bus Service on the Bx12: A BRT Partnership Between the New York City DOT and MTA New York City Transit, presented at Transportation Research Board 2010 Annual Meeting
- Integrated Adaptive Traffic Signal Control with Real-Time Decision Support, poster presented at Transportation Research Board 2010 Annual Meeting
- A Tool for Long-Term Change: An Overview of The NYC Street Design Manual, Transportation Research Board 2010 Annual Meeting
- Building Long-Term Innovation: The NYC Street Design Manual and DOT's Capital Program, Transportation Research Board 2010 Annual Meeting
- New York City's Congestion Pricing Experience and Implications for Road Pricing Acceptance in the United States, paper given to Transport Policy 2010 Annual Meeting
- New York City's Congestion Pricing Experience & Implications for Road Pricing Acceptance in the United States, presented to Transportation Research Board 2010 Annual Meeting
- Using Event-Based and Social Marketing to Promote Cycling in NYC, presented to Transportation Research Board 2010 Annual Meeting
- Congestion Pricing & Parking Policies for New York City, Transportation Research Board 2009 Annual Meeting
- World Class Streets, Transportation Research Board 2009 Annual Meeting
- A Street Management Framework for Lower Manhattan: The Downtown of the 21st Century - paper given at the Transportation Research Board 2009 Annual Meeting
- Microsimulation Model Design in Lower Manhattan: A Street Management Approach - presented to Transportation Research Board 2009 Annual Meeting
- Thinking (and Building) Outside the MUTCD/AASHTO Box: Ninth Avenue Complete Street and Bicycle Path - Pro-Bike/Pro-Walk 2009
- Ninth Avenue Bicycle Path and Complete Street, Paper, presented to ITE 2008
- Ninth Avenue Bicycle Path and Complete Street, Presentation, presented to ITE 2008
- Downtown Brooklyn Traffic Calming Project: Calming Clinton Street with the Traffic Engineering Toolbox, presented to ITE 2006
- Street Design Implementation & Innovations for Pedestrians and Cyclists, Women's Transportation Seminar 2009
Rules and Specifications
New York City Traffic RulesInclude rules on traffic signals, pedestrians, restrictions on turns, speed restrictions and rules for parking, stopping, and standing. The rules also cover buses, taxis and for-hire vehicles, truck routes, parkways, limitations on dimensions and weight of vehicles, and other information. Learn more about Traffic Rules
New York City Highway RulesIncluding permits for street construction, fee schedules, permits for street furniture, and requirements for sidewalk, curb, and roadway work. Learn more about Highway Rules
Street Furniture and Street Lighting Rules
Revocable ConsentsFind out more about the process for granting revocable consents, needed if you intend to install a structure on, under or over a City street or sidewalk.
Newsracks RulesDOT has enacted rules regulating the placement, installation, and maintenance of newsracks on City sidewalks.
Distinctive Street LightingDOT's Street Lighting Catalog lists the distinctive street lighting lampposts and luminaires, that meet DOT's standards and are appropriate for use on the City's streets, and are an alternative to standard New York City street lighting fixtures. Learn more about distinctive street lighting
- Infrastructure design standards are available from the NYC Department of Design and Construction.
- Standard Drawings for Street Lighting (December 2019)
- Specifications for Traffic Signals and Intelligent Transportation Systems Construction and Equipment (June 2018)
- Standard Drawings for Traffic Signals (December 2013)
- New York City Advanced Traffic controller (ASTC) Procurement Specification (June 2013)
Pavement Marking SpecificationsColor Surface Treatment for Bicycle Lanes, Bus Lanes and Walking Facilities Standard Typical Markings Specifications (January 2018) Preformed Thermoplastic Water Blasting for Surface Preparation & Marking Removal Polyurea Grooving Resin Bonded Stone Surfacing Extruded Thermoplastic
The following documents are available for purchase from the Office of the Agency Chief Contracting Officer, 55 Water Street, Ground Level, New York NY 10041. For further information, call 212-839-9435.
- Specifications for furnishing all labor and material necessary and required for the installation, removal or relocation of street lighting equipment in the City of New York, 1992. $50.00.
- Standard Specifications, Bureau of Highway Operations, June 1986. $5.00.
- Standard Details of Construction, Bureau of Highways, Roadway Design, August 1988 (revised 1999). $10.00.


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Volleyball Drops OVC Opener to EKU 3-0
NASHVILLE, Tenn. – After battling late in all three sets Eastern Kentucky proved to be too much for Tennessee State as they downed the Tigers, 3-0 (22-25, 21-25, 20-25).
Once again junior outside hitter Naomi Wells led the Tigers in kills racking up 17 on the evening to a tune of .225 hitting percentage. Wells was joined by freshman outside hitter Arijiana Anderson who tallied eight kills in the match highlighted by a .462 hitting percentage.
Senior setter Erika Moss picked up 27 assists to continue her strong play after being named to the all-tournament team at 49er Invitational last weekend. Moss also led the team in digs with nine followed by junior libero Ileanushka Maldonado who picked up seven digs of her own.
The first set began with each team trading points. With Tennessee State trailing by just a point, 13-12, Eastern Kentucky went on a 7-1 run to separate the two OVC teams. Coming out of the run the Colonels would hold the 20-13 advantage. TSU continued to battle trimming the lead to 23-17 when Coach Kathy Roulhac's group put in a run of their own. The Tigers would outscore the Colonels 5-1 in the next six points cutting the EKU lead down to just 24-22 with back-to-back service aces from freshman setter Taylor Patterson. Eastern Kentucky would close out the first set one point later with a kill from all OVC hitter Ashley Edmond to close the first set 25-22.
After dropping the first set the Tigers came out rolling in the second stanza rushing out to an 8-3 advantage. Junior Taylor Swayzer recorded two kills and a service ace in the run to propel Tennessee State in the early-goings. The Colonels chipped away at the Tigers lead cutting the advantage down to 16-13. Eastern Kentucky would once again rally for a 9-2 run grabbing a 22-18 lead late. A lead that would propel the Colonels to a 25-21 set win and giving EKU the 2-0 set advantage heading into the break.
In the third and final set the two OVC rivals went back and forth early with Tennessee State taking the lead 14-12. The Colonels then used a 9-2 run to bust the set wide open. EKU's Ashley Edmond notched two kills in the rally. TSU would rally late but the Eastern Kentucky lead proved to be too large as they took the set 25-20 and winning the match 3-0. The set was highlighted by a nine kill effort from Naomi Wells.
Tennessee State will return to action tomorrow as they take on three-time defending regular season champion Morehead State at Kean Hall with first serve set for 2 p.m.


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Hundreds of B.C. doctors have been running afoul of professional and ethical standards by treating family members and then billing taxpayers for it.
An audit of doctors' billings has revealed that 757 B.C. doctors were caught billing the taxpayer-funded Medical Services Plan a total of about $100,000 in the past four years for treating themselves or family members.
It's an ethical, professional standards matter the College of Physicians and Surgeons of BC takes seriously. Last year, it sent letters of reprimand to about eight doctors who treated family members and then billed for it.
Providing medical care or prescribing a prescription to a family member may be convenient but it can also be problematic because of potential conflicts of interest and compromised medical care. For example, there may be difficulty taking or accessing a detailed medical history. Family members may conceal some information, or may not seek a second opinion for fear of offending the doctor in the family. Conducting sensitive examinations (of family members' genitals, for example) is entirely inappropriate but in a standard doctor-patient relationship with true boundaries, such examinations may be necessary in order not to miss a diagnosis, according to College deputy registrar Dr. Ailve McNestry.
The College and the Canadian Medical Protective Association both state that sub-standard care can arise from situations when doctors provide medical care to family members.
While there may be exceptions — in emergencies, for example, or minor mishaps — doctors are still never supposed to bill the government for care provided to these family members: a spouse, son or daughter, stepson or stepdaughter, parent or step-parent, mother-in-law or father-in-law, grandparent, grandchild, brother or sister, and anyone living in the physician's household.
McNestry said in an interview there are numerous pitfalls to interactions between doctors and patients with emotional and personal affiliations. For that reason, doctors should only treat a family member in an emergency, when the issue is minor, or when no other help is around. Doctors are then supposed to transfer care to an unrelated medical professional as soon as possible.
She said she recalls about eight cases last year when the College sent letters of reprimand to doctors who treated family or household members. While some cases were detected by an audit showing bills that matched the same names, other cases arose when disgruntled family members complained to the College.
In one case, a doctor prescribed medication to a family member who didn't disclose he or she was taking a drug for a mental health problem; the combination of a narcotic with an anti-psychotic medication caused a severe reaction.
About half the time, said McNestry, doctors said they didn't realize their medical office assistants had submitted bills for the services.
"Billing for these kinds of visits is like shining a flashlight on (the misconduct)," she said, referring to the fact that it makes it all that much easier to get caught doing something wrong and then facing the "humiliation" of a College investigation.
She said it's possible that some doctors don't realize they shouldn't be treating family members and billing for it. And in some cultures, there may be expectations that family members who are doctors will provide medical service. That's something that she hears about when she gives instructional sessions on professionalism and ethics to international medical graduates.
One of the more common occurrences is doctors who write prescriptions for family members for sedatives.
"It might only be 20 to 30 sleeping pill tablets to counteract jet lag but (it) is still inappropriate," she said, noting that episodic prescriptions for family members are potentially disastrous, especially when doctors don't know about all the prescriptions a family member is taking or even much about their medical history and status.
The issue is addressed in the current BC Medical Journal by Dr. Keith White, chairman of a Doctors of BC (formerly called the BC Medical Association) committee called Patterns of Practice.
"Billing for family members raises an ethical flag, which can lead to increased attention from the Billing Integrity Program — something most doctors would like to avoid. Billing a $30 visit for a family member is not worth the risk of being audited," he said.
Doctors have been warned that if future audits find that billings for family care exceed more than $1,000, they will automatically be reported to the College for an investigation. The $1,000 threshold was chosen because it demonstrates that the billings are not one-off accidents, according to government spokesman Ryan Jabs.
Dr. Bill Cavers, the newly elected president of Doctors of BC, said he's glad the issue is receiving attention because some doctors may be naive about the rules and therefore require education. In other cases, there are practical constraints which make it nearly impossible to avoid treating family members such as in very small communities with few doctors.
Cavers said he once had to put some stitches in his daughter's bloodied hand. He didn't bill for it "but she's still complaining bitterly about the fact that I did that," the Victoria doctor said.
Sun Health Issues email@example.com


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Do you like adorable things? Good! So do I!
Check out this video of four Tasmanian devil joeys born in Sydney's Taronga Zoo crawling around and being adorable. According to Zooborns, their birth is important due to the fact that a deadly facial cancer could wipe out Tasmanian devils within the next 15 years,
Field monitoring has shown a dramatic fall in the population of devils since the disease emerged in 1996. After getting the disease, devils generally do not live longer than six months.
In spite of the challenges facing the species, these little devils are doing just fine.
"They all look fantastic. Their condition is really amazing, so it's a testament to Nina, who is a first-time mother, to be able to confidently parent these young. She is certainly very defensive to us every morning and that's the response we want to see — Nina protecting them — so she's definitely doing a very good job."
Tasmanian Devil Quartet: Three Boys and One Adorable Little Girl [Zooborns]