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|"Well, I think we should put it back in order for them, don't you?"
This article or section needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality.
- Harry Potter: "Do you really think there's going to be a war, Sirius?"
- Sirius Black: "It… feels like it did before."
- — Harry and Sirius at King's Cross Station[src]
The Second Wizarding War refers to the conflicts stemming from the Dark Wizard Lord Voldemort's second rise to power after his return in 1995. Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters, waged a violent campaign across both the wizarding and Muggle communities, seeking to topple the Ministry of Magic and subjugate Muggle-borns, with the eventual goal of conquering the entire wizarding world, and the Muggle world along with it. Harry Potter, prophesised as the "Chosen One" capable of bringing an end to Voldemort's power, took an active role in this war, alongside his peers in Dumbledore's Army and the members of the Order of the Phoenix. The Second War technically began on 24 June, 1995, though was not officially announced by the Ministry until 17 June, 1996, and ended on 2 May, 1998, at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, after the death of the Dark Lord.
First Wizarding WarEdit
- "Even my parents, they're Muggles, know something's going on."
- —Hermione Granger[src]
The First Wizarding War was fought for approximately eleven years, from 1970 to 1981. It included Lord Voldemort's rise to power, the induction of the Death Eaters, and the mass chaos that resulted in his reign of terror.
Several great wizards were murdered in this time — brothers Fabian and Gideon Prewett,[3] Marlene McKinnon,[3] the Bones family,[3] and Harry Potter's parents, James and Lily Potter.[3] Others, such as Alice and Frank Longbottom, were left permanently both physically and/or mentally injured, to the extent that they could no longer perform magic.[1]
On 31 October, 1981, Voldemort attacked the home of James and Lily Potter in hopes of preventing the prophecy regarding his downfall from ever coming to fruition.[3] However, his Killing Curse on their son, Harry, backfired due to the sacrifice Harry's mother made for him, and Voldemort, having lost his physical body and magical powers, fled to a forest in Albania as a wisp of a shattered soul.[1] The fragments of his soul stored in his Horcruxes (see below) prevented his actual death,[1][2] which should have occurred when the Killing Curse backfired. Death Eaters were arrested by the Ministry of Magic; others such as Lucius Malfoy claimed they had been enslaved by the Imperius Curse. The First Wizarding War ended and peace was temporarily restored to the wizarding world.
There was much speculation afterward concerning Voldemort's survival. Only Albus Dumbledore had any confirmation he was in Albania. However, some, including Rubeus Hagrid, believed he was still alive, as he "wasn't human enough to die."[32] As Dumbledore strongly suspected that the worst was not over, Harry Potter was taken into the care of his Muggle relatives, the Dursleys.[32] Dumbledore placed a protective charm on their home which would break on either:
- The day Harry came of age,[3] or
- The day Harry stopped calling 4 Privet Drive home (the day he left and never returned).[4]
Lord Voldemort waited patiently for ten years in Albania for one of his servants to come to his aid. He possesed the bodies of snakes and other animals to keep himself mobile,[1] but it was not until 1991, when Hogwarts professor Quirinus Quirrell visited Albania and was taken in by Voldemort's charisma. Voldemort possessed Quirrell and lived on the back of his head like a parasite, forcing Quirrell to feed off unicorn blood to give him strength. Voldemort attempted to steal the Philosopher's Stone from Gringotts Wizarding Bank and later Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry,[32] but was thwarted by the wit and courage of Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger. Voldemort's soul then fled back to Albania, leaving a terribly weakened Quirrell to eventually die.[1]
During that year, centaurs Ronan and Bane predicted through Astrology that since the planet Mars was shining directly above Scotland, war would come soon.[32]
Before his first downfall, Voldemort had split his soul into six fragments which he embedded into Horcruxes. He did this out of his terror and paranoia of death.[33][2] One such Horcrux was Tom Riddle's diary, which Voldemort, through his servant Lucius Malfoy (who was ignorant of the diary's true form, not recognising it as a Horcrux, but thinking it was some obscure Dark object his master had created), tried to use to regain a physical form in 1992.[34] This time his unsuspecting victim was Ginny Weasley, who unwittingly allowed the diary to siphon life from her to the preserved memory of Tom Marvolo Riddle.[34] However, once again this plot was foiled by Harry Potter, his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and Dumbledore's phoenix, Fawkes. The Horcrux was destroyed with a fang from Salazar Slytherin's basilisk.[34] This also led to Dumbledore having some proof of his belief that Voldemort had Horcruxes though not fully certain of it.[33]
In 1994, Ron's pet rat, Scabbers, was revealed to be Peter Pettigrew. Though thought to be dead, he was in hiding, due to the fact he was now a Death Eater and an accomplice. He had been hiding in his Animagus form of a rat since shortly after betraying the Potters to their deaths on 31 October, 1981.[35] His disguise was discovered by the part-Kneazle Crookshanks, Sirius Black, who had escaped from Azkaban in the Animagus form of a black dog named Padfoot, and Remus Lupin. Though not from lack of trying, Harry Potter failed to successfully turn Peter Pettigrew over to the Ministry of Magic, and Pettigrew escaped to return to service to Voldemort, though he later regretted it, where he made two complicated dark potions, one of which was the Regeneration potion, to return Voldemort to a body.[35][1]
Voldemort soon learned one of his loyal Death Eaters was alive and had escaped Azkaban. After a group of Death Eaters wreaked havoc at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup, Barty Crouch Jr. scared them off by launching the Dark Mark into the sky. Voldemort and Crouch then hatched a plan to bring Harry Potter to Voldemort. Using Polyjuice Potion, Crouch disguised himself as Alastor Moody, who would be returning to Hogwarts to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts. Using his position of authority, Crouch entered Harry Potter into the Triwizard Tournament, under the name of a false fourth school. During the final task, Crouch turned the Triwizard Cup into a Portkey, which then transported Harry to the Little Hangleton graveyard. Using Harry's blood, Voldemort was able to regain physical form and overcome the protective spell from Harry's mother. After a duel between the two, Harry managed to escape and report Voldemort's return to Albus Dumbledore.
Rebirth of Lord Voldemort (24 June,1995)Edit
- "Don't you turn your back at me, Harry Potter! I want you to look at me when I kill you! I want to see the light leave your eyes!"
- —Voldemort before the Duel in Little Hangleton[src]
In the beginning, there were casualties which went unnoticed by most. Bertha Jorkins, a Ministry of Magic official at the Department of International Magical Cooperation, was captured by Peter Pettigrew during her holiday to Albania in summer of 1994.[36] She was interrogated for information on the Triwizard Tournament and then murdered with the Killing Curse. Frank Bryce, Muggle caretaker of the Riddle family mansion, was murdered by Lord Voldemort with the Killing Curse on 20 August, 1994, after overhearing Voldemort's plans to murder Harry Potter.[37]
Barty Crouch Sr., head of the Department of Magical Cooperation at the Ministry, was murdered by his son Barty Crouch, Jr in May of 1995.[38] Barty had been previously incarcerated in Azkaban for the crime of taking part in the capture and, by means of the Cruciatus Curse, torture of the aforementioned Longbottoms.[39] Later, his father smuggled him out of prison to fulfill the dying wish of Mrs. Crouch. However, with the aid of Lord Voldemort and Peter Pettigrew, Crouch broke free of his father's Imperius Curse and took up the position of Defence Against the Dark Arts professor at Hogwarts, in an elaborate scheme to take on the identity of Alastor Moody. His father was subsequently put under the Imperius curse by Lord Voldemort, but when he escaped, he was killed by his son before he could reveal the truth to Dumbledore. However due to Harry's escape his identity was comprimised and his soul was destroyed by the Dementor's Kiss.[40]
On the same night, Cedric Diggory was murdered by Peter Pettigrew, who used the Killing Curse on Voldemort's orders, with Voldemort's yew wand.[12] Through a spell and potion, Voldemort regained his physical form, though under developed, and attempted to duel Harry Potter. He failed, as the "echoes" of his previous victims, including James and Lily Potter, Cedric Diggory, Bertha Jorkins, and Frank Bryce came to the scene at the accidental summoning of Priori Incantatem. They held back Voldemort's spell's power, allowing Harry to escape using the Triwizard Cup as a portkey back to Hogwarts.[41]
The Ministry of Magic's denial (1995-1996)Edit
The Ministry appointed Dolores Umbridge to Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts, and soon she became Hogwarts High Inquisitor, giving her enormous power over the students and the teachers and enforcing the Minsitry's agenda at Hogwarts. Harry was further alienated by students and friends, such as Seamus Finnigan, and even his friend Ron's brother Percy Weasley, who wrote Ron a letter saying that Ron should distance himself from Harry. Umbridge also punished Harry with sadistic, torture-like detentions for telling the truth by making him write "I must not tell lies" with a Blood Quill.
However, Harry found strength from within by forming a secret organisation with his friends called Dumbledore's Army to prepare themselves for the war that would soon follow. As Dumbledore's Army trained, disapperances continued to occur as Voldemort gained power, while the Ministry turned a blind eye to it. The Dementors guarding Azkaban started to move their authority to Voldemort and a large break-out occured, including the release of notoriously sadistic Death Eater Bellatrix Lestrange. Dumbledore was forced to flee the school when Dumbledore's Army was discovered and he took the blame for it, and Umbridge was appointed Headmistress of Hogwarts, though she did not get much help from the other teachers stopping the chaos that the students caused to distrupt her tyrannical regime.
Battle of the Department of Mysteries (18 June,1996)Edit
- "Things aren't going at all well with the Order…and these disappearances are just how it started before. Voldemort is on the move."
- —Sirius Black to Harry Potter, pointed out the comparison of the First War and the events in 1996.[src]
After leading Umbridge into the Forbidden Forest where she was carried away by centaurs after insulting them, Harry and fellow Dumbledore's Army members Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, Neville Longbottom, Luna Lovegood, and Ginny Weasley flew on Thestrals to the Department of Mysteries within the Ministry of Magic building to try to rescue Sirius. After obtaining the "Dark Lord's prophecy," they were confronted by Death Eaters Bellatrix Lestrange, Rodolphus Lestrange, Rabastan Lestrange, Crabbe, Nott, Avery, Jr., Augustus Rookwood, Walden Macnair, Jugson, Antonin Dolohov, Mulciber, and the group's leader Lucius Malfoy.[3]
The D.A. students quickly distracted the Death Eaters, scattering throughout the Department of Mysteries, and frequently encountering and duelling with the dark wizards. Neville had his face kicked and as a result could not perform spells;[3] Hermione, Luna, Ron, and Ginny were all incapacitated, as well as numerous Death Eaters, but there were no fatalities until five members from the Order of the Phoenix — Sirius Black, Kingsley Shacklebolt, Nymphadora Tonks, Remus Lupin, and Alastor Moody — arrived. They battled the Death Eaters before Bellatrix Lestrange suddenly blasted Sirius Black with her wand, causing him to fall and disappear through a mysterious veil, killing him instantly.[3]
Soon afterwards, Albus Dumbledore appeared and captured (through the use of an Anti-Disapparition Jinx) all the Death Eaters except Bellatrix, who ran out of the chamber chased by Harry Potter, and for the first time in his life Harry used an unforgivable curse and casted the Cruciatus Curse on Bellatrix. However the curse was too weak, because Harry was angry at Bellatrix for killing Sirius, rather than wanting to purely cause Bellatrix pain, and so gave Bellatrix only a small amount of pain. The two proceeded to exchange spells in the Atrium. Searching for Harry and Bellatrix, Dumbledore then came across Lord Voldemort himself. The two engaged in a duel of epic proportions which left the Fountain of Magical Brethren in ruins.[3] Realising he could not beat Dumbledore, Lord Voldemort attempted to possess Harry in the hope that Dumbledore would sacrifice Harry in order to kill Voldemort. When an army of Aurors arrived, Voldemort hastily fled, thus ending the battle and causing Fudge to finally believe Dumbledore and Harry's claims about the Dark Lord's return.[3]
Open WarEdit
There were numerous casualties of war in 1996. When Minister Cornelius Fudge refused to surrender the Ministry, Voldemort destroyed both the Brockdale[5] and the Millenium Bridges,[8] drowning many Muggles. Florean Fortescue and Garrick Ollivander both went missing and[17] Ollivander's shop was emptied, but there was no sign of struggle. Florean Fortescue's Ice Cream Parlour showed evidence of a struggle or fight, but no sign of him was ever found. A man named Octavius Pepper disappeared in the early spring. Igor Karkaroff was found dead under a Dark Mark after he deserted Voldemort.[17] Order of the Phoenix member Emmeline Vance and Head of Magical Law Enforcement Amelia Bones were murdered by unknown assailants.[5][16] These events allowed Head of the Auror Office Rufus Scrimgeour to replace Fudge as the new Minister for Magic.[10]
During this time, Voldemort also gathered the strengths of the giants,[4] Dementors,[4] and werewolves[4] to his cause. Voldemort also set a plan in motion to assassinate Albus Dumbledore, the leader of the resistance against him, striking a crippling blow against the wizarding world's morale as well as removing Harry Potter's strongest defender and mentor.
Battle of the Astronomy Tower (30 June,1997)Edit
At the close of the Hogwarts school year in June 1997, Albus Dumbledore was slain by Severus Snape's Killing Curse in the Hogwarts Astronomy Tower.[18] He had been previously sickened to the brink of exhaustion by the Drink of Despair. After convincing Draco Malfoy to forgo his plans to murder him, Severus Snape and four other Death Eaters came to the scene. Snape took over the task of killing Dumbledore.
Among the Death Eaters present were siblings Alecto and Amycus Carrow,[18] Bellatrix Lestrange,[8] Yaxley,[42] Thorfinn Rowle[43] and Gibbon,[4] along with werewolf Fenrir Greyback.[18] On the side of Hogwarts were siblings Ginny,[31] Ron,[44] and Bill Weasley,[31] Hermione Granger,[44] Luna Lovegood,[31] Neville Longbottom,[31] Remus Lupin,[31] Nymphadora Tonks,[31] Minerva McGonagall,[43] and Harry Potter.[18] Bill Weasley was attacked by werewolf Fenrir Greyback and received scars on his face, but because Greyback was not fully transformed at the time of the attack, Bill sustained only minimal lycanthropic symptoms.[31] On the Death Eaters' side, the only death was Gibbon, killed by a stray Killing Curse cast by Thorfinn Rowle.
The Death Eaters were forced to retreat once their task was accomplished. They were pursued by Harry, who duelled with Snape but was unable to prevent the Death Eaters' escape.[43] Much of the luck of the Hogwarts' defenders can be attributed to Felix Felicis, liquid luck, which was used by the students who were present.[31] Now that Voldemort was finally rid of Dumbledore, the only wizard he ever was afraid of, he could turn his attention to toppling the Ministry and finally killing Harry Potter.
Battle of the Seven Potters (27 July,1997)Edit
Also known as the Battle over Little Whinging, this battle occurred when the Order of the Phoenix was ambushed while attempting to remove Harry Potter from the Dursley home at 4 Privet Drive just before Harry's seventeenth birthday.[20] The "seven Potters" included Hermione Granger,[20] Fleur Delacour,[20] Ron,[20] Fred, and George Weasley,[20] and Mundungus Fletcher,[20] who all took Polyjuice Potion to take on the disguise of Harry Potter. Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody,[20] Bill[20] and Arthur Weasley,[20] Remus Lupin,[20] Nymphadora Tonks,[20] Kingsley Shacklebolt,[20] and Rubeus Hagrid[20] acted as escorts to various "Potters" to confuse any Death Eaters who might try to prevent them from reaching their destination of the Burrow. Immediately after takeoff, they were ambushed by at least thirty Death Eaters,[20] including Severus Snape,[20] Bellatrix Lestrange,[21] and Lord Voldemort.[20] Fletcher Disapparated as soon as he sensed danger,[21] and Hedwig and Moody were both slain by Killing Curses.[20][21]
All others safely arrived at the Burrow, with only George Weasley sustaining a great injury with his ear which was accidentally caused by Severus Snape's Sectumsempra curse.[21] Harry, however, was devastated by the death of his loyal pet owl.[21]
Fall of the Ministry of Magic (1 August,1997)Edit
On 1 August, 1997, the Ministry of Magic fell under the control of Lord Voldemort. The coup was described as "swift and quiet,"[22] but as Minister for Magic Rufus Scrimgeour and possibly Head Auror Gawain Robards were killed, this is disputable. Before Scrimgeour died, he was interrogated under use of the Cruciatus Curse about Harry's whereabouts; despite his knowledge, Scrimgeour's last act was to protect Harry from Voldemort.[22] Many of the Ministry's top officials were under the influence of the Imperius Curse when this battle took place, including Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement Pius Thicknesse,[22] who became Voldemort's puppet Minister after the take-over. Whether Death Eaters actually entered the Ministry and fought in person is not known. Regardless, some Death Eaters, such as Yaxley,[42] Travers,[45] and Selwyn[2] became employees in the new regime. They also quickly placed the Taboo curse on Voldemort's name as a way of spreading fear and locating enemies which later played an important role in the capture of Harry Potter, Ronald Weasley, and Hermione Granger.[46][25][26]
The Order was informed of the coup by Kingsley Shacklebolt's Patronus, which arrived at the Burrow during the reception for Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour's wedding.[47] Death Eaters arrived as Hermione Apparated herself, Harry and Ron to Tottenham Court Road. There, after unwittingly breaking the Taboo on Voldemort's name,[48] they were ambushed by Antonin Dolohov and Thorfinn Rowle. After the Luchino Caffe Duel, Hermione wiped their memories. Harry, Ron and Hermione then took to hiding in 12 Grimmauld Place.[48][49][22]
Meanwhile, Death Eaters interrogated those at the Burrow as well as other locations affiliated with the Order. Dedalus Diggle's house was burned down,[22] though he was not there at the time, and Ted and Andromeda Tonks were tortured for information.[22] The Death Eater regime soon established the Muggle-Born Registration Commission to round up and imprison Muggle-borns on charges of "stealing" magic. The new regime also asserted control over Hogwarts, attendance at which became mandatory, and installed Severus Snape as Headmaster.[22]
Infiltration of the Ministry (2 Septmeber,1997)Edit
On 2 September, 1997, Harry, Ron, and Hermione infiltrated the Death Eater-controlled Ministry under the disguise of Polyjuice Potion. They disguised themselves as Albert Runcorn,[42] Reginald Cattermole,[42] and Mafalda Hopkirk, respectively. They were looking for Salazar Slytherin's Locket, which they believed to be in the possession of Dolores Umbridge.[22] Not only did they manage to reclaim the locket, but Harry Potter also liberated Alastor Moody's magical eye from the front of Umbridge's office door. In addition, they assisted several Muggle-born wizards in escaping interrogation.[45] There were no known deaths or permanent injuries. However, they were forced to abandon 12 Grimmauld Place as a safe house after Yaxley forcibly Disapparated with them by grabbing Hermione's arm.[23]
Attack at Godric's Hollow (24 December,1997)Edit
On Christmas Eve of 1997, Harry Potter and Hermione Granger made their way to Godric's Hollow, both to visit the graves of the former's parents and to see if Bathilda Bagshot knew anything about the symbol on a book left to Hermione by Albus Dumbledore, and if she possibly had Godric Gryffindor's Sword.[50] After visiting the graves of James and Lily Potter, Harry and Hermione were spotted by Bathilda, despite being under Harry's Invisibility Cloak. They followed her back to her home, where Harry saw a picture of a young wizard he later learned was Bathilda's nephew, Gellert Grindelwald.[51]Bathilda beckoned Harry to follow her upstairs, and Hermione reluctantly remained on the lower floor.
Once upstairs, Bathilda asked if he was Harry Potter; he was not aware that she asked this in Parseltongue. When he confirmed that he was, he felt his scar burn — Bathilda had in fact been dead for some time, and Nagini was in her animated corpse.[24] She signaled Voldemort and then attacked Harry, biting and coiling herself around him. Hermione came running upstairs and tried to curse the snake while Harry felt Voldemort approaching. Hermione repelled Nagini from Harry using a Blasting Curse that also ended up breaking Harry's wand. Both jumped out of the window and Disapparated just as Voldemort arrived. Hermione managed to heal Harry's bite, but they had to share her wand until Ron Weasley returned to them, with a spare wand taken from Snatchers.[52]
Ambush at the Lovegood House (30 December,1997)Edit
On 30 December, 1997, shortly after Ron Weasley returned to his friends and destroyed the locket Horcrux,[52] Hermione Granger expressed a desire to visit Xenophilius Lovegood in order to question him about a mysterious symbol somehow connected to The Tales of Beedle the Bard, Albus Dumbledore, Gellert Grindelwald, and Godric's Hollow. It was also the symbol Xenophilius had worn to the wedding at the Burrow in the summer.[47]
In spite of Harry Potter's scepticism, the trio went to the Lovegood House. There, Xenophilius told them about the legend of the Deathly Hallows. They began to grow suspicious, however, when they saw a copy of The Quibbler that was no longer supportive of Harry and the Order of the Phoenix,[53] and when they deduced that Luna Lovegood had not been home for a long time. Xenophilius admitted that Death Eaters had taken her hostage against his good behaviour, and that he had alerted them to Harry's presence in his home.[53] He tried to hold them there, but ended up causing the erumpent horn in his living room to explode. The trio hid as Selwyn and Travers arrived and started to beat and torture Xenophilius,[53] thinking he had been lying to them. Hermione then engineered their escape so that the Death Eaters caught a glimpse of her and Harry but not of Ron, who was supposed to be home with spattergroit. That way, Ron's alibi was preserved and the Death Eaters would not punish Xenophilius or Luna.[25]
Skirmish at Malfoy Manor (April,1998)Edit
The small but bloody skirmish of Malfoy Manor occurred after Fenrir Greyback captured Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Griphook, and Dean Thomas after Harry broke the Taboo on Voldemort's name. Greyback and five Snatchers descended on their location around Easter of 1998 when Harry accidentally broke the Taboo.[25][26]
Opting to take Harry directly to Voldemort for the large reward, they Apparated to his headquarters of Malfoy Manor. Though Voldemort was elsewhere, the Malfoy family,[26] Bellatrix Lestrange,[26], and Peter Pettigrew[26] were present. Bellatrix stunned the Snatchers for their "lack of respect" towards her, and ordered Draco Malfoy to take all the hostages to the basement, where they met with Luna Lovegood and Garrick Ollivander. Bellatrix kept Hermione back for a while, and tortured her with the Cruciatus Curse for information on how they were able to get Godric Gryffindor's Sword. In spite of her great suffering, Hermione was able to concoct a bogus story, claiming the sword was a fake.[26]
- "You're going to kill me? After I saved your life? You owe me, Wormtail!"
- —Harry to Wormtail when he attempted to strangle Harry[src]
Dobby the house-elf was sent to Harry from Aberforth Dumbledore,[54] and Harry requested that he evacuate Dean, Ollivander and Luna using the elf's special brand of Apparition magic. The noise was overheard in the house above, and Peter Pettigrew was sent to investigate. He was ambushed in the basement when Harry and Ron took his wand and briefly battled him hand-to-hand.[26] However, when Harry reminded Pettigrew that he had saved his life, Pettigew hesitated to kill Harry and, despite of Harry's and Ron's efforts to stop it, Pettigrew's Voldemort-made silver hand turned against him and strangled him to death for the tiny, merciful impulse that Wormtail felt.[26]
The two boys then stormed the room where Bellatrix was holding Hermione. When Dobby reappeared, the group - Harry, Ron, Hermione, Griphook, and Dobby - Disapparated to the cottage of Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour. It was only then that they discovered Bellatrix had thrown a blade and stabbed Dobby, who died soon afterwards. Dobby was buried in the garden of Shell Cottage with the epitaph of "Here lies Dobby, A Free Elf."[27]
Gringotts Break-in (1 May,1998)Edit
While staying at Shell Cottage, Harry, Ron, and Hermione planned to break into Gringotts Wizarding Bank in order to steal an item from the Lestrange vault, as they suspected from Bellatrix's earlier panic that it was one of Voldemort's Horcruxes.[27] Using hair that had fallen onto Hermione's sweater when Bellatrix was holding her at Malfoy Manor, the trio brewed Polyjuice Potion so that Hermione could disguise herself as the Death Eater. She then transfigured various aspects of Ron's appearance and he took on the alias of "Dragomir Despard",[55] a foreign wizard. Harry and Griphook followed under the Invisibility Cloak.
With Griphook's help, and Harry using Confundus Charms and the Imperius Curse on Death Eater Travers and various bank employees, the trio got into the Lestrange vault. There, they struggled to get Helga Hufflepuff's Cup as the treasure turned hot enough to burn them and multiplied when touched.[55] Just as they obtained the Cup, Griphook took Godric Gryffindor's Sword from Harry and deserted them. Harry, Hermione and Ron escaped by flying the half-blind dragon that had been guarding the vault out of the bank.[55][56]
Battle of Hogwarts (2 May,1998)Edit
After learning his Horcruxes were being systematically hunted and destroyed, Lord Voldemort warned the Carrows that Harry might go to the Ravenclaw tower and ordered a massive attack on Hogwarts Castle, where his Horcrux was hidden as Rowena Ravenclaw's Diadem. Harry, Ron, and Hermione went into the Room of Requirement, followed close behind by Vincent Crabbe, Draco Malfoy, and Gregory Goyle. Crabbe set off Feindfyre, burning everything until Harry, Ron, and Hermione rescued Draco and Goyle and flew from the Room on broomsticks. Crabbe was unable to escape and perished.[7] Hogwarts fortified itself for the attack. Voldemort demanded that Hogwarts hand over Harry Potter but, despite his threats, they remained in support of Harry and refused.[7] Eventually, having been convinced to hand himself over by Snape's memories,[28] Harry surrendered himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest, convinced that his death would destroy Voldemort as well, for a piece of Voldemort's soul attached itself to Harry's soul when the Killing Curse backfired, turning Harry into an accidental Horcrux.
- "Harry Potter is dead. He was killed as he ran away, trying to save himself while you lay down your lives for him. We bring you his body as proof that your hero is gone. The battle is won. My Death Eaters outnumber you, and the Boy Who Lived is finished."
- —Voldemort after Harry's apparent death[src]
Voldemort's use of the Killing Curse on Harry merely sent Harry's soul into a Limbo where he had a brief conversation with Dumbledore before reawaking in the forest.[57][11] To maintain his safety, Potter feigned his death. Ordered by Voldemort to confirm Harry's demise, Narcissa Malfoy discovered that Potter was in fact alive, but kept it secret in exchange for information from Harry concerning the welfare of her child Draco[11] (she no longer cared who won, she just cared whether or not Draco was alive and well). Rubeus Hagrid was forced to carry Harry back to the Castle, where the Hogwarts community believed he had been killed and Voldemort claimed that he had been caught trying to escape and save himself. In the ensuing commotion, Harry concealed himself with the Invisibility Cloak, and witnessed Neville beheading Nagini, Voldemort's last remaining Horcrux[11].
- —Molly Weasley to Bellatrix Lestrange after a killing curse cast by Bellatrix missed Ginny by an inch.[src]
Morale renewed by Longbottom's bravery, the final battle included the house-elves,[11] the residents of Hogsmeade;[11] the friends and families of every remaining student,[11] a few returning Slytherins,[11] a flock of Thestrals,[11] a herd of centaurs,[11]and the outlaw Hippogriff Buckbeak.[11] Death Eaters were either cut down or forced to surrender. In the Great Hall of Hogwarts, the crowd congregated around Voldemort battling Kingsley Shacklebolt, Minerva McGonagall and Horace Slughorn all at once, and "his last, best lieutenant," Bellatrix Lestrange, fighting Hermione Granger, Ginny Weasley, and Luna Lovegood. After Bellatrix nearly killed Ginny, Molly Weasley stepped in, killing the Death Eater.[11] Voldemort blasted his three opponents away from him and turned on Molly, but Harry Potter revealed himself at that moment [11].
The Duel in the Great Hall (2 May,1998)Edit
The crowd retreated and watched then as the two great enemies, Lord Voldemort and Harry Potter, bantered and circled each other. Harry dared Voldemort to feel remorse,[11] to which Voldemort responded by shooting a Killing Curse from the Elder Wand. Harry simultaneously fired his own signature spell, the Expelliarmus, using Draco Malfoy's wand. However, because the Elder Wand rightfully belonged to Harry, the Killing Curse rebounded and ended Voldemort's life once and for all, restoring peace to the wizarding world. Harry then, shortly after, used the Elder Wand to repair his own broken wand, and then placed it back in Dumbledore's tomb, hoping the wand's power would die with him.[11]
The Second Wizarding War was over with a decisive victory for the Order of the Phoenix and Dumbledore's Army.[11] Few members of the Order survived, but most the Death Eaters and allies were either killed or imprisoned after the war, except the Malfoy family.[11][58]
After the defeat of Voldemort, 20 or more Death Eaters were killed. The rest were imprisoned, with the exception of the Malfoys. Approximately 55 soldiers of the Order and the D.A. were killed in the final battle.[11] Kingsley Shacklebolt was named interim Minister for Magic, and later took the position on permanently. Minerva McGonagall became headmistress of Hogwarts. Celebrations were held in the Great Hall of Hogwarts.
In the years following the Second Wizarding War, the Ministry of Magic was massively reformed in order to put an end to prejudice based on blood status and to better combat Dark Wizards in the future.[59] In addition to the reforms of Minister Shacklebolt, Harry Potter revolutionised the Auror Office and Hermione Granger advanced the rights of magical creatures and eradicated the old pro-pure-blood laws from high up in the Department of Magical Law Enforcement.[59] Ron Weasley joined his brother George at Weasleys' Wizarding Wheezes, which became an enormous money-spinner.
Known casualtiesEdit
Behind the scenesEdit
- Although the deaths of Quirinus Quirrell, Bertha Jorkins, Frank Bryce, and Barty Crouch Sr. can all be directly attributed to either Lord Voldemort himself or his Death Eaters, they all died before the Second Wizarding War officially began with Voldemort's rebirth.
- In the film version of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, the Millennium Bridge shown to be attacked in lieu of the Brockdale Bridge. The events of the story occur in 1996, and the Millennium Bridge was not built until 1998, however, the film does not explicitly state the time the events took place.
- Barty Crouch Jr. technically wasn't killed in the Second War, but he was given the Dementor's Kiss by a Dementor bodyguard brought by Cornelius Fudge.
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (video game)
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Motorbike Escape
- Harry Potter for Kinect
Notes and referencesEdit
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 1, "The Other Minister")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Chapter 5, "The Order of the Phoenix")
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 31, "The Battle of Hogwarts")
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Chapter 34, "The Department of Mysteries")
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 3, "Will and Won't")
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 36, "The Flaw in the Plan")
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Chapter 32, "Flesh, Blood, and Bone")
- ↑ Harry Potter and Order of the Phoenix (Chapter 25, "The Beetle at Bay")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Chapter 35, "Beyond the Veil")
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 4, "Horace Slughorn")
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 2, "Spinner's End")
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 6, "Draco's Detour")
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 27, "The Lightning-Struck Tower")
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 1, "The Dark Lord Ascending")
- ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 4, "The Seven Potters")
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 5, "Fallen Warrior")
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 11, "The Bribe")
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 14, "The Thief")
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 17, "Bathilda's Secret")
- ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 22, "The Deathly Hallows")
- ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 23, "Malfoy Manor")
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 24, "The Wandmaker")
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 33, "The Prince's Tale")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 34, "The Forest Again")
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 32, "The Elder Wand")
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 31.9 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 39, "The Phoenix Lament")
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 23, "Horcruxes")
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Chapter 33, "The Death Eaters")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Chapter 1, "The Riddle House")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Chapter 35, "Veritaserum")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Chapter 30, "The Pensieve")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Chapter 36, "The Parting of the Ways")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Chapter 34, "Priori Incantatem")
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 12, "Magic Is Might")
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 28, "Flight of the Prince")
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Chapter 25, "The Seer Overheard")
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 13, "The Muggle-Born Registration Committee)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 20, "Xenophilius Lovegood")
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 8, "The Wedding)
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 9, "A Place to Hide")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 10, "Kreacher's Tale")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 16, "Godric's Hollow")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 18, "The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore")
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 19, "The Silver Doe")
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 21, "The Tale of the Three Brothers")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 28, "The Missing Mirror")
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 26, "Gringotts")
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 27, "The Final Hiding Place")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 35, "King's Cross")
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Chapter 37, "Epilogue: Nineteen Years Later")
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 "A transcript of a web chat with J.K. Rowling" from The Leaky Cauldron


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Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2004 News Releases > April 2004 > Wayland student plans to continue chasing storms
Wayland student plans to continue chasing storms
PLAINVIEW - Across this part of the country, when dark clouds move in and winds begin to whip around at breakneck speeds, West Texans typically run for cover. The sometimes volatile weather across the panhandle and south plains has been known to drive people into their homes or storm shelters.
Jason McLaughlin is the exception. When severe weather hits, that's usually his signal to head out on the road. McLaughlin is a storm chaser and weather aficionado, operating from his home in Plainview.
A native of Wichita Falls, McLaughlin will graduate on Saturday from Wayland Baptist University with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics, with a minor in physical science. And though the end of his undergraduate career means the end of one stage in his life, it also means he's that much closer to realizing his lifetime dream.
After graduation, McLaughlin will begin graduate work at Texas Tech University in their atmospheric science department, with dreams of one day working in storm research.
McLaughlin's interest in weather began at an early age, he recalls.
"I was always interested in storms as a young child," he recalls. "I used to drive my parents crazy talking about weather. I kept wanting to learn more about it."
As soon as he could read, young Jason began absorbing all the information about storms and weather he could find, reading library books and visiting weather research centers with his father. In the seventh grade, when the science curriculum called for a lesson on weather, McLaughlin took the pulpit, more well-read on the subject than his teacher.
During his eighth-grade year, he began storm chasing with a group in Wichita Falls, traveling all over the region following severe weather. Once he could drive, the chasing became a solo effort, which he preferred. He also obtained a ham radio license that allowed him to maintain communication with the National Weather Service offices while on the road. He also began attending severe weather conferences offered at the NWS offices in Norman, Okla. each year and regular storm training classes offered to the general public.
McLaughlin said there's never been any doubt in his mind what his career pursuit should be, given his strong love for weather. In the fall of 2000, he moved to Plainview to work on his bachelor's degree at Wayland. The storm chasing continued, and he began to build up an arsenal of radar equipment and other instruments at his home, soon evolving with technological advances into high-powered software that tracks weather patterns.
In the early years, his storm chasing vehicle was an old jeep outfitted with several gadgets on the back. Nowadays, the gadgets have shrunk down to handheld models he can take in a regular automobile. McLaughlin points out that his equipment is very similar to what TV weathermen use to keep viewers informed on weather conditions.
That capability and his expertise landed him a partnership with KCBD-TV NewsChannel 11 out of Lubbock a few years back that will continue through his graduate work at Tech. He first visited with the station in 2002 about serving as a remote spotter in Hale County and the northern and eastern reaches of the station's coverage territory. Nothing formal came of the meeting, but when McLaughlin showed up in early May 2002 with video footage of the tornado that struck the town of Happy, KCBD took notice. They purchased the tape and asked Jason to chase storms for them.
In that role, McLaughlin covers from Clovis, N.M. south to Seminole, east to Matador and north to Tulia for the station. But he's been known to go further in any direction just for his own enjoyment. At times, his wife Jeana, a junior biology major at Wayland, will accompany him on the road.
He also began an email list service to employees and others on the Wayland Baptist University campus a few months back, using his software system to send automatic weather alerts and updates. The response was quite positive - he has about 78 people on the list now - and has gotten good feedback from others.
Over the years, McLaughlin said he's seen some great storms, mentioning Happy as one of the highlights from a weather perspective.
"I was parked about two blocks from the storm and saw some incredible things," he said. "The side winds off that tornado nearly blew my Jeep over."
Though most people fear severe weather, McLaughlin said he's never felt in great danger because he's learned to "read" the storms so well he knows how to get to safety. Only in one instance does he recall being a bit unnerved, and that was around a particularly volatile storm.
Forecasting weather is difficult, he explained, because there are so many variables at work that can change in an instant without warning. Sometimes those instant changes mean severe weather comes and sometimes it means weather conditions suddenly dissipate. McLaughlin said the chasing aspect of weather study is the most enjoyable part, though, because of the adrenaline rush. In fact, he said chasing is almost a form of relaxation for him because he can put all other worries away and focus solely on the severe weather.
"I like weather so much because you never know what's going to happen," he said. "It's the guessing that gives you the thrill."
Approximately 75 students will receive diplomas Saturday at Wayland Baptist University's commencement ceremony, slated for 2 p.m. in Harral Memorial Auditorium.

subset: commoncrawl


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March Madness has finally begun.
The Big Dance will kick off this weekend, as the NCAA Selection Committee chooses which teams will make it into the hallowed ranks of college basketball's elite -- and which school's bubble will burst, landing it quietly in the NIT.
As conference championships continue and the day of reckoning nears, here's who basketball's big shots say are the clubs to watch -- and the Cinderellas who could spoil the fun for the big dogs:
- The Georgetown Hoyas are riding a "meteoric" wave of momentum that could carry them through the NCAA tourney, a push that has made them the "hottest team in college basketball," Jason King blogs for Yahoo! Sports. Sure, the Big East tourney finalists have been inconsistent, dropping games to unranked opponents, but have also picked up "impressive" wins against projected No. 1 seeds Duke and Syracuse, King writes, a combo that could make Georgetown this year's Cinderella story. "The Hoyas are downright scary," King writes, "even if they're too caught up in the moment to realize it."
- It's not just one, but four teams, in the usually under-represented Mountain West Conference who are riding high as the tournament nears, Diamond Leung writes for ESPN's College Sports Nation blog. The MWC could get four bids on Selection Sunday, Leung writes, a surprise for the clubs -- New Mexico, San Diego State, UNLV and BYU -- who could see themselves waltzing into the Big Dance. "We think it's going to happen. The first sellout Mountain West Conference tournament crowd of 18,500 saw it for themselves," Leung writes.
- Top-ranked Kansas will get the opportunity this Saturday night to show the selection committee why it deserves its No. 1 seed in a showdown that could forecast another Final Four matchup, Andy Katz blogs for ESPN. The Kansas-Kansas State Big 12 final matchup will showcase not just a long-standing local rivalry but could also be a setup for the NCAA tourney's main event, Katz writes: "No other tournament title game can touch it this season."
- Bubble teams Illinois, Georgia Tech and Minnesota all helped their cases in their conference tourneys, Andy Glockner writes for Sports Illustrated. Illinois' "huge win" over Wisconsin in the Big Ten quarterfinal gave it a "better-than-average chance" of making the NCAAs, Glockner writes, while Georgia Tech gave itself a "terrific opportunity" and Minnesota proved it wasn't "dead yet" to the selection committee as each team inched closer to getting a bid.
- No matter which teams win, which teams lose, and which teams don't even get a ticket into the stadium, March is upon us -- and it's bound to be exciting, Kalani Simpson writes for Fox Sports. "Now come the big schools, the old powers, the titans. The rides continue; they've only just begun. This is why we love it. The Rides of March," Simpson writes. "This month comes in like a lion -- and then it roars."


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text:
It's day 10 in the McGuire household, Kevin Butler is getting into the peanut butter, and not even vuvuzelas can stop the family's matron from being one bad mamma jamma in Tiger Woods 11.
Reader No Computers In Texas points us towards this latest feat of Kevin Butlery, as Sony's VP of family showdowns adds the phrase "She's a bad mamma jamma," to the gamer vernacular. While most of the clip is entertaining enough, the final shot of Butler needs to be swiped and re-used at the end of any video showing a female doing something even remotely impressive.
Seriously. Do this now.


text:
Department of Health and Human Services
Participating Organizations
National Institutes of Health (NIH), (http://www.nih.gov)
Components of Participating Organizations
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), (http://www.nida.nih.gov)
Title: Pre-Application for the 2011 NIDA Avant-Garde Award Program
for HIV/AIDS Research (X02)
Announcement Type
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is a reissue of PAR-10-068.
Update: The following update relating to this announcement has been issued:
Announcement (PA) Number: PAR-10-287
NOTICE: Applications submitted in response to this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) for Federal assistance must be submitted electronically through Grants.gov (http://www.grants.gov) using the SF424 Research and Related (R&R) forms and the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.
This FOA must be read in conjunction with the application guidelines included with this announcement in Grants.gov/Apply for Grants (hereafter called Grants.gov/Apply).
A registration process is necessary before submission and applicants are highly encouraged to start the process at least four (4) weeks prior to the grant submission date. See Section IV.
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Number(s)
Key Dates
Release/Posted Date: September 23, 2010
Opening Date: January 11, 2011 (Earliest date an application may be submitted to Grants.gov)
Letters of Intent Receipt Date(s): Not applicable.
NOTE: On-time submission requires that applications be successfully submitted to Grants.gov no later than 5:00 p.m. local time (of the applicant institution/organization).
Application Due Date(s): February 11, 2011
Peer Review Date(s): April 2011
Council Review Date(s): Not applicable
Earliest Anticipated Start Date(s): Not applicable
Additional Information To Be Available Date (Activation Date): Not Applicable
Expiration Date: February 12, 2011
Due Dates for E.O.
Not Applicable
Overview Content
Executive Summary
Table of Contents
Part I Overview
Part II Full Text of Announcement
Section I. Funding Opportunity Description
1. Research Objectives
Section II. Award Information
1. Mechanism of Support
2. Funds Available
Section III. Eligibility Information
1. Eligible Applicants
A. Eligible Institutions
B. Eligible Individuals
2. Cost Sharing or Matching
3. Other-Special Eligibility Criteria
Section IV. Application and Submission Information
1. Request Application Information
2. Content and Form of Application Submission
3. Submission Dates and Times
A. Submission, Review, and Anticipated Start Dates
1. Letter of Intent
B. Submitting an Application Electronically to the NIH
C. Application Processing
4. Intergovernmental Review
5. Funding Restrictions
6. Other Submission Requirements
Section V. Application Review Information
1. Criteria
2. Review and Selection Process
3. Anticipated Announcement and Award Dates
Section VI. Award Administration Information
1. Award Notices
2. Administrative and National Policy Requirements
3. Reporting
Section VII. Agency Contacts
1. Scientific/Research Contact(s)
2. Peer Review Contact(s)
3. Financial/Grants Management Contact(s)
Section VIII. Other Information - Required Federal Citations
Part II - Full Text of Announcement
Section I. Funding Opportunity Description
Research Objectives
This award is designed to support individual scientists of exceptional creativity who propose cutting edge – and possibly transformative – approaches to major challenges in biomedical and behavioral research on HIV/AIDS that are relevant to drug abuse. The term "avant-garde" is used to describe highly innovative approaches that have the potential to be transformative. It is hoped that this high-impact research will open new areas of HIV/AIDS research and/or lead to new avenues for treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS among drug abusers. Proposed research should reflect ideas substantially different from those already being studied by the investigator or others. Biomedical and behavioral research is defined broadly in this announcement as encompassing scientific investigations in the biological, behavioral, clinical, social, physical, chemical, computational, engineering, and mathematical sciences. The award is meant to support individuals who intend to pursue research directions that are not readily supported by other NIH grant mechanisms. The program is not intended simply to expand the funding of an already supported research project, but rather to support highly creative researchers to pursue visionary concepts and approaches to research on HIV/AIDS.
This announcement utilizes the X02 mechanism for submission of pre-applications. Pre-applications are a necessary first step in applying for a 2011 Avant-Garde Award. Pre-applications will be evaluated by a group of external experts. Those investigators whose projects are judged to be the most outstanding will be notified of the opportunity to submit full (DP1) applications under RFA-DA-11-002.
Avant-Garde awardees are required to commit the major portion (at least 51% or 6.1 person months) of their research effort to activities supported by the Avant-Garde Award program. Those who will not be able to meet this requirement should not submit pre-applications.
See Section VIII, Other Information - Required Federal Citations, for policies related to this announcement.
Section II. Award Information
1. Mechanism of Support
This FOA will use the X02 mechanism for submission of pre-applications. Pre-applications are a necessary first step in applying for a 2011 Avant-Garde Award. Pre-applications will be assessed by a group of external reviewers. Those applicants whose pre-applications are identified as being outstanding (individuals of exceptional creativity with highly innovative projects that are not suited to standard grant mechanisms) will be notified of the opportunity to submit full applications under RFA-DA-11-002 (DP1). The Project Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) will be solely responsible for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project.
Funds Available
All awards will be made under RFA-DA-11-002. No awards will be made under this FOA.
NIH grants policies as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.
Section III. Eligibility Information
Eligible Applicants
1.A. Eligible Institutions
The following organizations/institutions are eligible to apply:
Foreign (non-U.S.) organizations are not eligible to apply.
1.B. Eligible Individuals
Any individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research as the PD/PI is invited to work with his/her organization to develop an application for support. Individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups as well as individuals with disabilities are always encouraged to apply for NIH support. Investigators who have not been previously involved in drug abuse research are encouraged to consider the scientific opportunity to contribute to this field.
Investigators at all career levels who meet the eligibility criteria and are currently engaged in research are eligible to submit applications. The research proposed need not be in a conventional biomedical or behavioral discipline; if the individual's experience is in non-biological areas, however, he/she must demonstrate a commitment to exploring topics of biomedical or behavioral relevance to HIV/AIDS and drug abuse.
This initiative is to support investigators who intend to pursue new research directions – research that is distinct from that currently or previously conducted by the investigator. Applications for projects that are extensions of ongoing research should not be submitted. DP1 awardees are required to commit the major portion (at least 51% or 6.1 person months) of their research effort to activities supported by the Avant-Garde Award program. Those who will not be able to meet this requirement should not submit pre-applications.
Investigators who were not selected for an award in prior years may submit pre-applications this year; however, all pre-applications must be submitted as "new" applications regardless of any previous submission to the program.
Only one PD/PI (i.e., no multiple PDs/PIs) may be designated on the pre-application. NIH intramural investigators are not eligible for support under this program.
2. Cost
Sharing or Matching
This program does not require cost sharing as defined in the current NIH Grants Policy Statement.
3. Other-Special Eligibility Criteria
Number of Applications. An individual may not submit more than one application. There is no limit to the number of applications institutions may submit.
Resubmissions. Resubmissions of applications are not allowed.
Renewals. Renewals applications are not permitted under this FOA.
Section IV. Application and Submission Information
download a SF424 (R&R) Application Package and SF424 (R&R) Application
Guide for completing the SF424 (R&R) forms for this FOA, use the "Apply for
Grant Electronically" button in this FOA or link to http://www.grants.gov/Apply/ and follow the directions provided on that Web site.
Appropriate registrations with Grants.gov and eRA Commons must be completed on or before the due date in order to successfully submit an application. Several of the steps of the registration process could take four weeks or more. Therefore, applicants should immediately check with their business official to determine whether their organization/institution is already registered with both Grants.gov and the Commons. All registrations must be complete by the submission deadline for the application to be considered "on-time" (see 3.C.1 for more information about on-time submission).
A one-time registration is required for institutions/organizations at both:
PDs/PIs should work with their institutions/organizations to make sure they are registered in the NIH eRA Commons.
Several additional separate actions are required before an applicant can submit an electronic application, as follows:
1) Organizational/Institutional Registration in Grants.gov/Get Registered
2) Organizational/Institutional Registration in the eRA Commons
3) Project Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) Registration in the NIH eRA Commons: Refer to the NIH eRA Commons System (COM) Users Guide.
Both the PD(s)/PI(s) and AOR/SO need separate accounts in the NIH eRA Commons since both are authorized to view the application image.
Note: The registration process is not sequential. Applicants should begin the registration processes for both Grants.gov and eRA Commons as soon as their organization has obtained a DUNS number. Only one DUNS number is required and the same DUNS number must be referenced when completing Grants.gov registration, eRA Commons registration and the SF424 (R&R) forms.
Request Application Information
Applicants must download the SF424 (R&R) application forms and the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide for this FOA through Grants.gov/Apply.
o Note:
Only the forms package directly attached to a specific FOA can be used. You
will not be able to use any other SF424 (R&R) forms (e.g., sample forms,
forms from another FOA), although some of the "Attachment" files may
be useable for more than one FOA.
For further assistance, contact GrantsInfo -- Telephone 301-710-0267, Email: email@example.com.
Telecommunications for the hearing impaired: TTY: (301) 451-5936
2. Content and Form of Application Submission
Prepare all applications using the SF424 (R&R) application forms for this FOA through Grants.gov/Apply and in accordance with the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/424/index.htm).
The SF424 (R&R) Application Guide is critical to submitting a complete and accurate application to NIH. Some fields within the SF424 (R&R) application components, although not marked as mandatory, are required by NIH (e.g., the "Credential" log-in field of the "Research & Related Senior/Key Person Profile" component must contain the PD/PI's assigned eRA Commons User ID). Agency-specific instructions for such fields are clearly identified in the Application Guide. For additional information, see "Frequently Asked Questions – Application Guide, Electronic Submission of Grant Applications."
The SF424 (R&R) application has several components. Some components are required, others are optional. The forms package associated with this FOA in Grants.gov/APPLY includes all applicable components, required and optional. A completed application in response to this FOA includes the data in the following components:
Required Components:
SF424 (R&R) (Cover component)
Research & Related Project/Performance Site Locations
Research & Related Other Project Information
Research & Related Senior/Key Person
PHS398 Cover Page Supplement
PHS398 Research Plan
PHS398 Cover Letter File
PHS 398 Cover Letter File should be submitted only when submitting a Changed/Corrected Application after the submission date, and should include an explanation for the late submission.
IMPORTANT: Special instructions for the Avant-Garde X02 pre-application are given in Section 6 (Other Submission Requirements).
3. Submission Dates and Times
See Section IV.3.A. for details.
Submission, Review and Anticipated Start Dates
Opening Date: January 11, 2011 (Earliest date an application may be submitted to Grants.gov)
Application Due Date(s): February 11, 2011
Peer Review Date(s): April 2011
Council Review Date(s): Not applicable
Earliest Anticipated Start Date(s): Not applicable
3.A.1. Letter of Intent
A letter of intent is not required for the funding opportunity.
3.B. Submitting an Application Electronically to the NIH
To submit an application in response to this FOA, applicants should access this FOA via http://www.grants.gov/web/grants/applicants/apply-for-grants.html and follow Steps 1-4. Note: Applications must only be submitted electronically. PAPER APPLICATIONS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. All attachments must be provided to NIH in PDF format, filenames must be included with no spaces or special characters, and a .pdf extension must be used.
Application Processing
3.C.1 Submitting On-Time
Applications may be submitted on or after the opening date and must be successfully received by Grants.gov no later than 5:00 p.m. local time (of the applicant institution/organization) on the application due date(s). (See Section IV.3.A. for all dates.) If an application is not submitted by the due date(s) and time, the application may be delayed in the review process or not reviewed. All applications must meet the following criteria to be considered "on-time":
Please visit http://era.nih.gov/electronicReceipt/app_help.htm for detailed information on what to do if Grants.gov or eRA system issues threaten your ability to submit on time.
Submission to Grants.gov is not the last step – applicants must follow their application through to the eRA Commons to check for errors and warnings and view their assembled application!
3.C.2 Viewing an Application in the eRA Commons
Once any eRA identified errors have been addressed and the assembled application has been created in the eRA Commons, the PD/PI and the Authorized Organization Representative/Signing Official (AOR/SO) have two weekdays (Monday – Friday, excluding Federal holidays) to view the assembled application before it automatically moves forward to NIH for further processing.
Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the Center for Scientific Review, NIH. Incomplete applications will not be reviewed.
There will be an acknowledgement of receipt of applications from Grants.gov and the Commons. The submitting AOR/SO receives the Grants.gov acknowledgments. The AOR/SO and the PI receive Commons acknowledgments. Information related to the assignment of an application to a Scientific Review Group is also in the Commons.
Note: Since email can be unreliable, it is the responsibility of the applicant to check periodically on their application status in the Commons.
The NIH will not accept an application in response to this FOA that is essentially the same as one currently pending initial merit review unless the applicant withdraws the pending application. The NIH will not accept an application that is essentially the same as one already reviewed.
4. Intergovernmental Review
This initiative is not subject to intergovernmental review.
5. Funding Restrictions
6. Other Submission Requirements
Pre-applications with Multiple PDs/PIs are not allowed.
The following instructions are specific to the Avant-Garde Award X02 pre-applications and are exceptions to the general SF424 instructions. Pre-applications that do not conform to the specific instructions detailed below will not be assessed.
NOTE: Letters of reference are not required and will not be accepted with pre-applications. Reference letters will be required of those applicants submitting full (DP1) applications to RFA-DA-11-002.
Item Number1 Type of submission: Must be "Pre-application"
Item Number 4.b Agency Routing Identifier: Enter science Area Designation: Designate one area of science from the list below by entering the one-digit code and name of the scientific area (e.g., 1 Natural History and Epidemiology)
1 Natural history and Epidemiology
2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
3 Microbicides
4 Vaccines
5 Behavioral and Social Science
6 Therapeutics
Item Number 8. Type of Application: Must be "New"
Item Number 12. Proposed Project: Enter start date: 9/30/2011; Enter end date: 07/31/2016.
Item Number 15a. Total Federal Funds Requested: Enter $0.
Item Number 15b. Total Non-Federal Funds: Enter $0
Item Number 15c. Total Federal and Non-Federal Funds: Enter $0. (See note below.)
Item Number 15d. Estimated Program Income: Enter $0.
NOTE: $0 is entered for all budget items. No awards will be made under this pre-application FOA.
2. RESEARCH & RELATED PROJECT/PERFORMANCE SITE LOCATIONS COMPONENT: Complete as appropriate.
Item 1. Are Human Subjects Involved?
Check "No."Detailed plans regarding protection of human subjects, inclusion of women and minorities, targeted/planned enrollment, and inclusion of children are not required and should not be submitted with this pre-application. This information will be required from only those individuals who submit a full application in response to RFA 11-002.
Item 2. Are Vertebrate Animals Used?
Check "No." Detailed information regarding the use of vertebrate animals is not required at the time of submission. This information will be required only from those individuals who submit a full application in response to RFA 11-002,
Items 3-6b. Complete as appropriate.
Item Number 7. Project Summary/Abstract: Attach an abstract (not to exceed 30 lines) describing the goals of the project. Text only – no figures, animations, or Web links are allowed.
Item Number 8. Project Narrative: Attach Public Health Relevance Statement: In 2-3 sentences written in plain language describe how the proposed research can positively impact HIV/AIDS treatment or prevention among drug abusers.
Item Number 9. Bibliography & References Cited: Do not use. Reference citations are not required, but may be included in the essay and would be included in the five-page limit.
Item Number 10. Facilities & Other Resources: Upload a brief statement (1 page maximum) of the facilities to be used for the conduct of the research.
Item Number 11. Equipment: Do not use.
Item Number 12. Most Significant Research Accomplishment : Attach a description of no more than one page of the applicant's single most significant publication or research accomplishment. Applicants should submit one single accomplishment, not a summary of several accomplishments, multiple publications, or background narratives. Publications or other documents will not be accepted.
Profile – PD/PI – Attach Biographical Sketch: Complete only for Project Director/Principal Investigator. Do not submit profiles for other senior/key personnel. Attach the two-page biographical sketch using the format shown in the Application Guide, Section 4.5, omitting Sections A and D. The biosketch should contain Section B (Positions and Honors) and Section C (peer-reviewed publications or manuscripts in press in chronological order). Do not include Section A (Personal Statement) or Section D (Research Support). Do not exceed the two-page limit.
Profile – PD/PI – Attach Current and Pending Support: Attach a list of Current and Pending Support from all sources, including current year direct costs and percent effort devoted to each project. A statement must be included that, if chosen to receive an award, the applicant will commit a minimum of 51% or 6.1 person months of his/her research effort to the project supported by the Avant-Garde Award.
Profile – Senior Key Person 1: Do not use.
5. PHS 398 COVER PAGE SUPPLEMENT: Complete all fields.
Field 2. Research Plan Attachments
2.2 Specific Aims attachment is required and limited to 1 page.
2.3 Research Strategy-upload 5-page Essay here,
Detailed Instructions for Essay:
In five pages maximum, describe the applicant's innovative vision for, and the significance of, the HIV/AIDS biomedical or behavioral problem to be addressed, and his/her qualifications to engage in groundbreaking research. The essay should describe the individual's view of the major challenges in HIV/AIDS biomedical or behavioral research to which he/she can make seminal contributions. No detailed scientific plan should be provided since the research plan is expected to evolve during the tenure of the grant. The essay should include the following sections in the order given with the headings as shown below:
Science area: The area of science must be included at the beginning of the Essay (e.g., 1 Natural history and Epidemiology). Applicants must choose a research area from the following list taken from the Trans-NIH Plan for HIV-Related Research:
1 Natural History and Epidemiology
2 Etiology and Pathogenesis
3 Microbicides
4 Vaccines
5 Behavioral and Social Science
6 Therapeutics
The areas of science are used by NIDA staff to assist in assigning pre-applications to the most appropriate reviewers. Include the area of science at the beginning of your essay.
Project title: The project title must be included at the beginning of the essay.
Project description: What is the scientific problem or challenge that will be addressed, and why is this important? What are the pioneering, and possibly high-risk, approaches that, if successful, might lead to groundbreaking or paradigm-shifting results?
Evidence of innovativeness: What concrete evidence can you provide for your claim of innovativeness? For example, qualities common to many highly innovative people include an interest in, and the ability to integrate, diverse sources of information; an inclination to challenge paradigms and take intellectual risks; persistence in the face of failure; an ability to attract the right collaborators; and the energy and concentration necessary to plan and execute effective strategies for accomplishing goals.
How the planned research differs from your past or current work: Describe how the project represents a new and distinct direction for your research.
Suitability for Avant-Garde Award program: Why is the planned research uniquely suited to the stated goal of the Avant-Garde Award program, rather than a traditional grant mechanism?
Information on collaborations may be included in the essay. Literature references are not required, but, if included, must fit within the five-page limit. Figures and illustrations may be included but must also fit within the five-page limit. Do not include links to websites to provide further information. No animations (movies) are allowed in any documents.
7. PHS 398 Cover Letter File (Optional):
Cover letters should be included only when submitting late applications or Changed/Corrected applications after the submission deadline. Do not submit cover letters for initial submissions or for changed/corrected applications submitted before the submission deadline. The cover letter should contain only the following information:
1. PD/PI name.
2. Funding Opportunity Title: Pre-application for 2011 NIDA Avant-Garde Award Program for HIV/AIDS Research (X02).
(See full instructions for submitting the Cover Letter Component in Section 5.2 of the Application Guide. Note: Items 3 – 6 of the Guide do not apply to Avant-Garde Award pre-applications.)
PD/PI Credential (e.g., Agency Login)
The NIH requires the PD(s)/PI(s) to fill in his/her Commons User ID in the "PROFILE – Project Director/Principal Investigator" section, "Credential" log-in field of the "Research & Related Senior/Key Person Profile" component.
Organizational DUNS
The applicant organization must include its DUNS number in its Organization Profile in the eRA Commons. This DUNS number must match the DUNS number provided at CCR registration with Grants.gov. For additional information, see "Frequently Asked Questions – Application Guide, Electronic Submission of Grant Applications."
Appendix Materials
Appendices are not allowed and will not be accepted
Resource Sharing Plan(s)The following resource sharing policies do not apply to this FOA:
Section V. Application Review Information
1. Criteria
Only the review criteria described below will be considered in the review process.
2. Review and Selection Process
Review Process
Pre-applications that are complete will be evaluated by a multidisciplinary group of outside experts convened by NIDA with expertise in HIV/AIDS and drug abuse, who will evaluate pre-applications based on the criteria listed below. PIs with the most outstanding pre-applications (best address the review criteria) will be notified of the opportunity to submit full applications for the Avant-Garde Award in response to RFA-DA-11-002. Please note that RFA-DA-11-002 includes additional review criteria of significance, investigator(s), innovation, approach, and environment.
In particular, reviewers will evaluate:
Additional Review Criteria
Additional Review Considerations
3. Anticipated Announcement and Award Dates
Not Applicable
Section VI. Award Administration Information
Award Notices
Not Applicable
2. Administrative and National Policy Requirements
Not Applicable
We encourage your inquiries concerning this funding opportunity and welcome the opportunity to answer questions from potential applicants. Inquiries may fall into three areas: scientific/research (program), peer review, and financial or grants management issues:
1. Scientific/Research Contact(s):
Jacques Normand, Ph.D.
Director, AIDS Research Program
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institutes of Health
6001 Executive Blvd
Rm 5274 MSC 9581
Bethesda, MD 20892
Telephone: 301-443-1470
Fax: 301-594-5610
Email: email@example.com
2. Peer Review Contact(s):
Swieter, Ph.D.
Extramural Affairs Branch
Office of Extramural Affairs
National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS
6101 Executive Boulevard, Suite 220, MSC 8401
Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8401
Telephone: (301) 435-1389
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
3. Financial/Grants Management Contact(s):
Carol Alderson
Grants Management Branch
National Institute on Drug Abuse/NIH/DHSS
6001 Executive Blvd., MSC 9541
Rockville, MD 20892-9541
Telephone: 301-933-6196
Fax: 301-594-6849
Email: email@example.com
Section VIII. Other Information
Required Federal Citations
Use of Animals
in Research:
Recipients of PHS support for activities involving live, vertebrate animals must comply with PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/PHSPolicyLabAnimals.pdf) as mandated by the Health Research Extension Act of 1985 (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/hrea1985.htm), and the USDA Animal Welfare Regulations (http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/usdaleg1.htm) as applicable.
Human Subjects
Federal regulations (45 CFR 46) require that applications and proposals involving human subjects must be evaluated with reference to the risks to the subjects, the adequacy of protection against these risks, the potential benefits of the research to the subjects and others, and the importance of the knowledge gained or to be gained (http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm).
Data and Safety
Monitoring Plan:
Data and safety monitoring is required for all types of clinical trials, including physiologic toxicity and dose-finding studies (Phase I); efficacy studies (Phase II); efficacy, effectiveness and comparative trials (Phase III). Monitoring should be commensurate with risk. The establishment of data and safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) is required for multi-site clinical trials involving interventions that entail potential risks to the participants ("NIH Policy for Data and Safety Monitoring," NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not98-084.html).
Research Data:
Investigators submitting an NIH application seeking $500,000 or more in direct costs in any single year are expected to include a plan for data sharing or state why this is not possible (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing). Investigators should seek guidance from their institutions, on issues related to institutional policies and local institutional review board (IRB) rules, as well as local, State and Federal laws and regulations, including the Privacy Rule.
Policy for Genome-Wide
Association Studies (GWAS):
NIH is interested in advancing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify common genetic factors that influence health and disease through a centralized GWAS data repository. For the purposes of this policy, a genome-wide association study is defined as any study of genetic variation across the entire human genome that is designed to identify genetic associations with observable traits (such as blood pressure or weight), or the presence or absence of a disease or condition. All applications, regardless of the amount requested, proposing a genome-wide association study are expected to provide a plan for submission of GWAS data to the NIH-designated GWAS data repository, or provide an appropriate explanation why submission to the repository is not possible. Data repository management (submission and access) is governed by the Policy for Sharing of Data Obtained in NIH Supported or Conducted Genome-Wide Association Studies, NIH Guide NOT-OD-07-088. For additional information, see https://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/.
Sharing of Model Organisms:
NIH is committed to support efforts that encourage sharing of important research resources including the sharing of model organisms for biomedical research (see https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/model_organism/index.htm). At the same time the NIH recognizes the rights of grantees and contractors to elect and retain title to subject inventions developed with Federal funding pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act (see the NIH Grants Policy Statement. Beginning October 1, 2004, all investigators submitting an NIH application or contract proposal are expected to include in the application/proposal a description of a specific plan for sharing and distributing unique model organism research resources generated using NIH funding or state why such sharing is restricted or not possible. This will permit other researchers to benefit from the resources developed with public funding. The inclusion of a model organism sharing plan is not subject to a cost threshold in any year and is expected to be included in all applications where the development of model organisms is anticipated.
Access to Research Data through the Freedom of
Information Act:
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-110 has been revised to provide access to research data through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) under some circumstances. Data that are: (1) first produced in a project that is supported in whole or in part with Federal funds; and (2) cited publicly and officially by a Federal agency in support of an action that has the force and effect of law (i.e., a regulation) may be accessed through FOIA. It is important for applicants to understand the basic scope of this amendment. NIH has provided guidance at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/a110/a110_guidance_dec1999.htm. Applicants may wish to place data collected under this funding opportunity in a public archive, which can provide protections for the data and manage the distribution for an indefinite period of time. If so, the application should include a description of the archiving plan in the study design and include information about this in the budget justification section of the application. In addition, applicants should think about how to structure informed consent statements and other human subjects procedures given the potential for wider use of data collected under this award.
Inclusion of Women And Minorities in Clinical
It is the policy of the NIH that women and members of minority groups and their sub-populations must be included in all NIH-supported clinical research projects unless a clear and compelling justification is provided indicating that inclusion is inappropriate with respect to the health of the subjects or the purpose of the research. This policy results from the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 (Section 492B of Public Law 103-43). All investigators proposing clinical research should read the "NIH Guidelines for Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research" (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html); a complete copy of the updated Guidelines is available at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/women_min/guidelines_amended_10_2001.htm. The amended policy incorporates: the use of an NIH definition of clinical research; updated racial and ethnic categories in compliance with the new OMB standards; clarification of language governing NIH-defined Phase III clinical trials consistent with the SF424 (R&R) application; and updated roles and responsibilities of NIH staff and the extramural community. The policy continues to require for all NIH-defined Phase III clinical trials that: a) all applications or proposals and/or protocols must provide a description of plans to conduct analyses, as appropriate, to address differences by sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic groups, including subgroups if applicable; and b) investigators must report annual accrual and progress in conducting analyses, as appropriate, by sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic group differences.
Inclusion of Children as Participants in Clinical
The NIH maintains a policy that children (i.e., individuals under the age of 21) must be included in all clinical research, conducted or supported by the NIH, unless there are scientific and ethical reasons not to include them.
All investigators proposing research involving human subjects should read the "NIH Policy and Guidelines" on the inclusion of children as participants in research involving human subjects (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/children/children.htm).
Required Education on the Protection of Human Subject
NIH policy requires education on the protection of human subject participants for all investigators submitting NIH applications for research involving human subjects and individuals designated as key personnel. The policy is available at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-00-039.html.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC):
Criteria for Federal funding of research on hESCs can be found at http://stemcells.nih.gov/index.asp and at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-09-116.html. Only research using hESC lines that are registered in the NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry will be eligible for Federal funding (http://escr.nih.gov/). It is the responsibility of the applicant to provide in the project description and elsewhere in the application as appropriate, the official NIH identifier(s) for the hESC line(s) to be used in the proposed research.
NIH Public Access Policy Requirement:
In accordance with the NIH Public Access Policy, investigators funded by the NIH must submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central (see http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/), an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication. The NIH Public Access Policy is available at (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-08-033.html). For more information, see the Public Access webpage at http://publicaccess.nih.gov/.
Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued final modification to the "Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information", the "Privacy Rule", on August 14, 2002. The Privacy Rule is a federal regulation under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 that governs the protection of individually identifiable health information, and is administered and enforced by the HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR).
Decisions about applicability and implementation of the Privacy Rule reside with the researcher and his/her institution. The OCR website (http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/) provides information on the Privacy Rule, including a complete Regulation Text and a set of decision tools on "Am I a covered entity?" Information on the impact of the HIPAA Privacy Rule on NIH processes involving the review, funding, and progress monitoring of grants, cooperative agreements, and research contracts can be found at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-025.html.
URLs in NIH Grant Applications or Appendices:
All applications and proposals for NIH funding must be self-contained within specified page limitations. For publications listed in the appendix and/or Progress report, Internet addresses (URLs) or PubMed Central (PMC) submission identification numbers must be used for publicly accessible on-line journal articles. Publicly accessible on-line journal articles or PMC articles/manuscripts accepted for publication that are directly relevant to the project may be included only as URLs or PMC submission identification numbers accompanying the full reference in either the Bibliography & References Cited section, the Progress Report Publication List section, or the Biographical Sketch section of the NIH grant application. A URL or PMC submission identification number citation may be repeated in each of these sections as appropriate. There is no limit to the number of URLs or PMC submission identification numbers that can be cited.
Healthy People 2010:
The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of "Healthy People 2010," a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. This FOA is related to one or more of the priority areas. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of "Healthy People 2010" at http://www.health.gov/healthypeople.
Authority and Regulations:
This program is described in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance at http://www.cfda.gov/ and is not subject to the intergovernmental review requirements of Executive Order 12372. Awards are made under the authorization of Sections 301 and 405 of the Public Health Service Act as amended (42 USC 241 and 284) and under Federal Regulations 42 CFR Part 52 and 45 CFR Parts 74 and 92. All awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.
The PHS strongly encourages all grant recipients to provide a smoke-free workplace and discourage the use of all tobacco products. In addition, Public Law 103-227, the Pro-Children Act of 1994, prohibits smoking in certain facilities (or in some cases, any portion of a facility) in which regular or routine education, library, day care, health care, or early childhood development services are provided to children. This is consistent with the PHS mission to protect and advance the physical and mental health of the American people.
Loan Repayment Programs:
NIH encourages applications for educational loan repayment from qualified health professionals who have made a commitment to pursue a research career involving clinical, pediatric, contraception, infertility, and health disparities related areas. The LRP is an important component of NIH's efforts to recruit and retain the next generation of researchers by providing the means for developing a research career unfettered by the burden of student loan debt. Note that an NIH grant is not required for eligibility and concurrent career award and LRP applications are encouraged. The periods of career award and LRP award may overlap providing the LRP recipient with the required commitment of time and effort, as LRP awardees must commit at least 50% or 6 person months of their time (at least 20 hours per week based on a 40 hour week) for two years to the research. For further information, please see: http://www.lrp.nih.gov/.
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