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[Page 9]
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The way the administration partitioned the region, Bessarabia was divided into eight regions. At the head of every region was the capital city and its daughters, its villages and its farms: Akkerman, Bendery, Izmail, Orheyev, Soroki, Beltsy, and Khotin. Four more cities that were not in this jurisdiction: Bolgrad, Kiliya, Kagul, & Reni.
In 1812, this region was annexed to Russia, and that same year Kishinev was declared the capital city in the district of Bessarabia.
The Russian government found Jewish inhabitants who had lived here for a very long time, and it subjected them to the same taxes as the other inhabitants. But subsequently an order was issued which prohibited Jews and gypsies from holding government positions in this region.
In 1839 another edict was issued to evacuate the Jews who lived close to the border and to relocate them a distance of 50 kilometers from these borders. In 1842 the Jews were forbidden to purchase, from the estate owners, land that was cultivated by the local inhabitants. However, the Jews from Russia received permission to come to Bessarabia and settle with no restrictions.
The inhabitants of Bessarabia by religion and nationality:
Moldavians 47.6%, Malorussians 19.6% (ed. note: Little Russians), Jews 11.8%, Velikorussians 8% (ed. note: Great Russians), Bulgarians 5%, remainder of the peoples and the tribes 8%.The percentage of the inhabitants of the cities and towns:
Jews 37.4 %, Velikorussians 24.4%, Malorussians 15.7%, Moldavians 14.2%. The rest vary.The Jewish population in Bessarabia (according to the census of 1897) reached 228,528: 112,662 men, 115,866 women. The Jews made up 37.4% of the population in the cities; in the districts outside the cities and the towns Jews were 7.2% of the population.
In 1838 some settlements in Bessarabia grew from villages to towns, and the number of Jews increased.
Occupations of the Jews of Bessarabia:
Of the 112,000 men, half supported themselves and their families. Of 115,000 women, 10% were financially independent and the rest were dependent upon their families. Typically every provider supported an average of 2.5 dependents.The men were mainly tradesmen such as tailors, shoemakers, smiths and milliners, and the rest worked in the small manufacturing industries required in every city and rural municipality. Also 9% were engaged in the grain trade, 8% in the wood and lumber businesses, and 11% in other trades. The women were mainly engaged in sewing, housework, and as helpers in retail stores.
In this region there were also a few factories. Of 377 factories, 106 (28%) were owned by the Jews, and compared to other factories, those owned by the Jews were inferior. While every factory of a non-Jew in South Russia was mechanized and had 314 workers on average, a similar Jewish factory had only 21 workers.
|# of families
|# of people
|land size (in desaytins*)
|Provuslav *
|66% male
|66.7% women
|51% male
|47% women
|49% men
|24% women
|16% men
|4% women
Y. Ben-Asher
[Pages 12 - 17]
Translated by Rachel Weitz and Marsha Kayser
Unfortunately, the city of Orheyev was not discussed extensively in history books, and this leaves knowledge of her antiquity vague and the history of the Jews in this place unclear, with no way to investigate further.
Reb Israel, son of Shloyme (Shlomo), testified: 'I was here in Orheyev and I asked about the dead so several non-Jews here said that they had been drowned, and several said they were killed in the wood, and after that a few non-Jews also said that they died violently One of the gentiles wore the head scarf of the Jew Nisen and I immediately recognized it '
Menachem, son of Reb Avrum, testified: 'I was in Orheyev and I also saw the head scarf.'
Reb Shimon testified again: 'A gentile came to me in Soroki and told me: I was also in the place where they assaulted the Jews I saw how they tied them and led them with their money and and they answered me, the Burok from Orheyev ordered me to bring the Jews with their money to him'
Even though the date of the incident is missing here, it is known that it happened in the year 1613, and this kind of testimony passed from Bessarabia of those days through the Bet Din (ed. note: Court of Jewish law) in the city of Bar Padolin to the Bet Din of Lublin. Taking into account the rough roads and hardship of transportation in those days, we can imagine the special value of this document which survived all through the generations, from which we also learn about the relationship between the local gentile residents and the Jews, because the gentile in Soroki does not hesitate to tell Shimen the Jew (called the Reb) what he witnessed in Orheyev
And in addition to this incident, something that happened every day, every political upheaval or economic crisis naturally resulted in the Jews being its first victims - those Jews living here thanks to the privileges accorded them to fulfill the political or economic needs of the time or because of privileges for which the Jews paid a lot of money.
On top of that, the Jews experienced quite a few incidents of blood libel here. The Moldovian historians tell of nine incidents of blood libel in Moldova, and one of them occurred in the time of the Moldovian prince Michei Rokovitz, in order to extort money from the Jewish population that was under his dominion. He staged a blood libel in the district of Orgieev in the village of Onitskan, according to which a Christian child was found who was murdered by the Jews for religious purposes. News of this blood libel created outrage in the rest of the world, and thanks to the sage (chucham) Bashi in Kushta, the Ottoman empire interfered and sent a special messenger to Iasi. After many attempts the Jews were released from prison, and the sword of death was lifted from their heads.
The lack of assurances for people's safety here, as in all Moldovian principalities, for the very long period of 400 years, frequently forced the residents in general and the Jews in particular to flee across the Prut River and to wherever the wind would carry them. This caused the population to decline year by year, and when the Russians won Bessarabia from the Turks in 1812, all of Bessarabia was in ruins.
In the time of transition when Bessarabia changed from Turkish rule to Russian rule, we see a big drop in the Jewish population in Orheyev and in the district. The statistics for 1798 registered 450 shopkeeper taxpayers, and by following this estimate, the total number reached 4000 people. Then in the first census after the conquest in 1817, they found 345 families in general in several places in the district; there were no numbers for Jews in Orheyev. Panic from the war seems to have caused the Jews to flee to Romania and to other places, and the Jewish settlements dwindled. We see a radical change in the growth of the Jewish population at the end of the 19th century.
According to the census conducted among the Jews in 1847, to determine the number of young men eligible for the draft, there were 1,960 people in Orheyev and altogether 4,403 Jews (men 2,217, women 2,186).
According to the census conducted in 1897, the number in the entire district was 213,000, among them 26,699 Jews according to the following distribution:
|Other Settlements
A) Birth: In the survey period (1877-1926) there were 14,125 Jewish children born in Orheyev. Of those, 7,926 were boys and 6,499 were girls (55% boys, 45% girls).
B) Mortality: During this time 8,264 Jews died in our city, among them 2,111 children up to 1 year old (25% of Jewish deaths), 2,016 children 1-10 years old (24%). On average, for every year, there were 165 deceased. The smallest number of deceased was in 1881 (78 people) and in 1892 the biggest number of deceased (271).
C) Marriage age: In the period mentioned (1877-1926) 3,827 Jewish weddings were conducted, 78 per year. Of those, there were 2,889 Jewish weddings that were registered for the first time and 938 Jewish weddings registered for the second or third time, which makes 75.5% registered once, 24.5% registered two or three times.
Age of
Age of
Dr. Shlissel and his demographic research conclude: this count of the population is indeed a drop in the ocean compared to what needs to be done in coming generations regarding improvements in the process of physical maturation and in the health of the Jews in Bessarabia in general and in particular in our city. This adds another layer to the research of the demography of our people in the Diaspora. (Bessarabia AZE pamphlet 13-14)
Indeed, Dr. Shlissel unknowingly performed a considerable service when he presented the data that brought reliable testimony to the development of the demographical record of our community. Of course it did not occur to him that a day will come when this one layer (one brick) will testify about a community that existed and is no more and for that may his name be for a blessing.
Thanks to the gorgeous view of the area, the fertile land with thick woods, orchards, limestone quarries, and all the features that are needed for economic development, it is no wonder that Jews were drawn here and, for practical purposes, settled here and dealt in commerce and industry to earn their livelihoods. In 1834, twenty-two years after the conquest, Orheyev was declared the capital of the district. Every Sunday farmers would stream in to the market (bazaar) from the entire area, bringing their produce and grain and their farm animals to be sold in the Sinoyah Square next to the Church of the Holy Nicolai.
The Jews also made a living from trading the goods of the villages with merchants of different crafts like shoemaking, carpentry, metalworking (smithies), and so on. Indeed, the Jewish settlement at the time of the Russian occupation was very small but its growth began to accelerate year by year. We do not have well-based information about the make-up of the Jewish settlement from those days. We do not know which groups first came after the initial early settlement or where they came from, but it is known that besides the economic conditions that we mentioned, an increase in the settlement here was also caused by political factors (denying the civil rights of the Jews in the time of Ekaterina, the deportation of Jews from the villages, and the decree of the canton) and also the special rights the Russian government promised to the settlers who would come to the Bessarabian district to farm. Therefore many Jews who were interested in farming and raising cattle were the ones who were attracted to the area. In the summertime when the sheep gave birth, they would sell the lambs for slaughter and the skins to merchants, and the quality of the sheepskins and the lambs was so well recognized that it was known at the big fairs held in Birmlinitz and in Balta in the Ukraine. In Orheyev the merchants bought these skins wholesale to sell them abroad. Others also would make a living from the wood trades. This line of agriculture branched off to a few secondary industries that gave a serious push to the economic development of this region.
Tens of families in Orheyev made a living from the industry of hats and furs for local consumption and for marketing at the annual fairs. Another important branch of agriculture was the production of cheese from sheep's milk. The cheese (brinza) would be purchased by the farmers and city folks, and they would eat it with great relish along with the national dish of mamaliga (ed. note: a yellow cornmeal polenta) which was so loved by the Bessarabian population; the dairy industry also went far beyond the borders of Bessarabia.
There were also tenant farmers working on large estates who would grow grain for local settlements and for export. Well known at this time in Orheyev was the estate owner Leyb Reznik who had come here from Poland as a young man (in those days the government discharged, from military service and taxes, those Jews who settled in Bessarabia). Reznik at first made his living from a small shop and after accumulating some money began to cultivate some land. In time he purchased more land and developed a big farm. Although he was very successful in the grain market, he kept the shop. In a very short time his small shop became a large store selling a variety of goods and was well known in the entire region. After his death he left a lot of property, a big estate with thousands of hectares and many houses. We have to mention here that, despite his wealth, his name does not appear among the donors who gave for our city's public needs. The only enterprise he established while alive was the synagogue named after him.
Among other estate owners in a later period (from the 1890's to World War I) we should mention the families Averbukh-Barsutsky, Rozen, and Motl Reznik (the son of Leyb Reznik). In the later years more farms with different crops such as tobacco came into being as a means of livelihood. They also grew sunflowers for oil for the locals and for export, cultivated vineyards for wine, and grew orchards (apples, pears, plums, cherries, apricots, and nuts) that employed hundreds of people. In addition many families made their living from businesses that branched off from agriculture, and they reached respectable economic status.
The period from the 1820's to the 1870's was marked by accelerated economic development. The Jews were permitted to live in the villages, purchase land under their own names, and were exempted from taxes and military service. Despite that, we cannot report satisfactory achievements for small businesses that had little income, for craftsmen and peddlers, and for many who barely made their living for lack of financial resources and who used their entire income to pay the interest on borrowed money. The big competition was against them, their work was exhausting, especially so for craftsmen with endless work hours and with the decline of their income due to the competition. The low social status of the craftsmen at this time also depressed them, as they were isolated in their own professional circles.
It became worse from the eighties on, which was a period of restrictions implemented by the emergency law of Russia - the Christian citizens expelled the Jews from commerce and cruelly made the terms of every negotiation a harsh burden. The government oppressed the Jews with heavy taxes that led to a drop in all types of commerce. The mandatory draft law uprooted the young from their families (for a period of four years) and also uprooted whole families from their homes because they were denied citizenship and were deported from the villages. All of this paralyzed the activities of the Jewish settlements here.
Regarding the deportations from the villages, Segev (ed. note: The Sublime or The Great) Shmuel Gershon Baru writes in Hamelitz (The Advocate) Number 177, July 27 1887:
Yesterday fourteen Jewish families were brought here from the village of Kobylka which is nearby. All of them are people who lived in the village for many years, before the famous May Laws were published, and their meager livelihood trading with the local peasants was strained. Also among the expelled were a few craftsmen and one old man who had lived in this village for thirty years and who had also had land and a vineyard. All of this happened to them due to the fault of the local clerk who had not registered them in the Jewish List kept for the people who lived in the villages a few years before. All the efforts of these miserable people at the district government offices, and also the testimony of the peasants of the village that they had lived there more than 10 years, did not help them. Many of them are planning to bring a complaint before the ministers and the legislators who sit in Peterburg. But what can those unfortunate people do before their case will be clarified? Where will they find their livelihood in our city where seventy-seven people will be crowded in the one available branch of business? And there will be too much competition which will collapse the trade, leading to their complete bankruptcy. On top of that there will not be enough craft work, which will lead to a lack of a means of support
It's not the same with Orheyev, there is only one legend about the first rabbi Reb Nakhumtshe, may he rest in peace. The rabbi once complained to the community that his salary was not enough for the survival of his family and he asked for a raise. Trying to be humorous, they answered him jokingly: Our dear rabbi, it is well known that our forefather Jacob crossed the Jordan with his cane and as long as our rabbi holds his cane may he, please his highness, go from house to house and ask for his salary from the homeowners.
Even though this is only a legend, there is no doubt that, as in any legend, there is some truth in it; we can learn from it how wretched the economic situation was and also about the makeup of the society that was composed of a mix of immigrants from different districts - people did not know each other and as a result, institutions and organizations to benefit the community's welfare suffered because the immigrants did not realize their importance and the dire lack of these public services.
It is worth mentioning that all the foundations that symbolize the public image of every Jewish community existed in Orheyev since its beginning from the Russian occupation until the holocaust. Also we should trust the story which the elderly from our city related - that the big synagogue on the Reat River, where the city began and from which it expanded, was already in existence in the first half of the 18th century. The Hadmur Rabbi Chanoch Zilberfarb related according to the elderly Reb Zelikel, may he rest in peace, that according to tradition, the Ba'al Shem Tov (ed. note: the owner of the good name, a title of esteem, from the name of the founder of Hasidism) visited here, and he immersed himself in the mikvah (ed. note: ritual bath) which was next to this synagogue. The elderly among us still remember this big synagogue where the wall leaned on a stone support with walls below the ground for at least one meter, and the structure of the building was extremely old, which was evidence of its antiquity.
The synagogue second in importance to this central synagogue on the Reat was called The Kloiz (ed. note: a small synagogue) and was also as old as the central synagogue. It contained about 200 seats in addition to a side room that was used during ordinary days for minyan, and on Shabbos simple Jews would gather here and Reb Zelikel, the old shoykhet (ed. note: a ritual slaughterer of kosher meat), or Reb Alter Menashes would teach and discuss with them the week's Torah reading portion.
As the settlement grew and developed, due to lack of space, more and more houses of prayer began to be added, for example Bet Homidrash, the synagogue of the Talna Hasids where not only the Hasids but also the educated townspeople would pray. In this synagogue there was a concentration of people who were the first to become active in service to the community in the first Hibat Zion organization (Fond of Zion), and in the period of political Zionism it was also a meeting place for the young Zionist members.
At the end of the previous century more synagogues were added, among them the Chabad Synagogue, the Synagogue of the Caretakers (Hashamashim), the Synagogue of the Market (The Shuk Synagogue), the Tailors' Synagogue, The Yeshiva, the Boineh Shul (named after the neighborhood with the municipal slaughterhouse), the Kafestra Synagogue named for the stall of the leather workers who made harnesses (kafestra): at this time the wealthy resident Reb Henikh Tabachnik, may he rest in peace, donated a plot of land and on it was built the Shoemakers Synagogue, so we had synagogues for all levels of society - people of Bet Homidrash, and Hasids, craftsmen, people involved in civic affairs and despite diverse social classes and other distinctions that existed in this community, public affairs were not affected, and people treated each other with fondness and respect.
This is how we see the city of Orheyev, its gradual development as a community, and its cultural and economic institutions, a community which after the time of the legendary rabbi was led by other famous rabbis and judges, for example Rabbi Moyshe Chayim Elkin, who excelled as a modest and learned person. He led his community for 30 years and died in the year 1902, and after him came his son Rabbi Avrum Yosef Elkin who was educated by his father in Torah, was taught to be a mentsh (fine person), and was also highly respected by the community. He wrote a book in his own hand about the Six Hundred Thirteen Mitzvot (ed. note: religious commandments), which survived and garnered the approval of the geniuses of the generation. Another tsadik (ed. note: Hasidic rabbi or pious man) who came to live in our city, the Hadmur Rabbi Chanoch Dov Zilberfarb, became very popular in the community, especially among the workers and the simple Jews. Highly respected, he lived in our city for a few years until he was fortunate when he got older to make aliyah with his family to Israel and settled in Tel Aviv.
The shokhtim (ed. note: plural of shoykhet) had an important role in our community, even though for practical reasons they sometimes had to do secular work that did not fit their religious position, but some of them excelled in helping their community and in loyal and devoted activities for the community's welfare. Here we have to mention the respected name of Reb Zelikel, Shoykhet ve bodek (ed. note: shoykhet specialist certified to inspect the animal for defects after slaughter in order to insure that it is kosher), in his position of moyel (circumciser) specialist who was fortunate to make a bris (perform circumcisions) for three generations and was a kosher Jew with a good and pleasant manner, so much so that we must point it out. There was also Shoykhet ve bodet Reb Moyshe, son of Rabbi Binyumin Yonovich, who became known by the name Rabbi Moyshe the Shoykhet, and who for a long time headed the religious program for progressive education. When a need for higher education in religious studies was felt, they established a yeshiva for gifted young men who also wanted to study the Gemara (ed. note: the commentary of the Talmud) and interpretation of Rashi (ed. note: a commentary named for the 11th century Talmudic scholar Rashi) and other editions. Even though not exactly like the yeshivas in Lithuania, a great effort was made to have the learning here concentrated on Talmud and the writings of rabbinical authorities.
To complete the public image of Orheyev in the 1880's we have to include the writings of the famous traveler Ephraim Reinard in 1877:
Orheyev - a small city in a valley, her houses built of wood, with about 4,000 inhabitants and about 1/3 of them Jews. Most of them in the dark, believing in the nonsense of the Hasidim but are practical people who are engaged in craft work and commerce and live a peaceful life, but the sparks of the enlightenment have started to penetrate the hearts of the young, the elite of the city, those who can understand Hebrew and Russian. They try as hard as possible to get educated in this village and also to attract their friends to learn, so there is hope that soon the new generations will benefit from the knowledge of their brethren in villages close by.And indeed after a relatively short time the hope of the traveler Reinard became true and not only did the new generation become more knowledgeable from its brothers in the villages but in a very short time the public life here changed almost in every way - the cultural, the social, the economic.
As the Jewish settlement grew and developed, the needs of the public as a community became more relevant. Differences in the settlement took shape, and people were more enthusiastic about volunteering in the community and public life, devoting their lives to public service and making a strong commitment. The institutions that existed here were improved and as needs developed, new institutions were established which we will discuss in upcoming chapters.
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|Submit your comments on this article
|Insurgent Leaders Captured in Afghan Operations
|[Tolo News] Two myrmidon leaders have been captured in joint Afghan and NATO
...the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It's headquartered in Belgium. That sez it all....
troop operations in Afghanistan, Isaf said Sunday.
"An Afghan and coalition security force placed in durance vile
Don't shoot, coppers! I'm comin' out!
a Taliban improvised bomb attack coordinator in Khanabad district, Kunduz province, Friday," Isaf said in a statement.
The enjugged
Book 'im, Mahmoud!
Taliban IED attack coordinator planned and executed attacks throughout Khanabad district. He is believed to have conducted attacks against government officials as well as security forces. The forces also seized IED-making materials during the operation, the statement added.
An Haqqani leader was captured in a joint forces operation in the Khost district of eastern Khost province
... across the border from Miranshah, within commuting distance of Haqqani hangouts such as Datta Khel and probably within sight of Mordor. Khost is populated by six different tribes of Pashtuns, the largest probably being the Khostwal, from which it takes its name...
on Friday.
The detained Haqqani leader is an IED expert and believed responsible for IED facilitation and attacks in Khost district. He is accused of coordinating the acquisition and transfer of homemade explosives, weapons and IEDs for use in attacks against Afghan and coalition forces, Isaf said.
The security force also detained one suspected myrmidon and seized multiple assault rifles as a result of the operation.
...back at the the precinct, Lieutenant Queeg was stumped. Who could be leaking Mahoney's information like that?...
two other hard boyz were captured in Baghlan-e-Jadid district of northern Baghlan province on Sunday.
|Posted by:Fred


text:
An error occurs when an administrator attempts to create a new user
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text:
Black lungs: Easy to check for radon
Environmental Health Consultants, Inc.
Q. I heard radon levels are high in the wintertime. How do I know if my home's radon levels are unhealthy?
A. With cold weather ahead, every householder must think about radon levels. In the winter, homes are more closed up, and as you heat the house, heat rises and pulls radon out of the ground. Especially if you have cracks in your basement or crawl space, radon will likely circulate throughout your house.
Both odorless and colorless, radon will poison the air– a serious danger to your family. Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer (behind smoking) and is responsible for 21,000 lung cancer deaths every year. Smokers are particularly at risk with radon.
For a preliminary test, you can check radon levels on your own. Purchase a test kit from any home improvement store. These tests will give you a general idea of your radon levels. Just follow the instructions– expose some type of medium to the air, close it back up, and send the sample to the laboratory for analysis. The cost usually runs around $50, which includes the lab fees.
When the results come back (after three days), look at the number of picocuries (units of radiation) per liter of air. If the number is above 4 pCi/L, you are above the recommended level.
Be sure to read the instructions on test placement. Homeowners often ignore these precautions and jeopardize the accuracy of the results. Look for a centrally located area in the lowest occupied place in the house, or the lowest floor that you would be living in. Do not place the kit next to any air movement like ceiling fans, air ducts, or air conditioners.
In general, these home measures are not as accurate as professional readings. If you are anywhere near the danger level, you may want to get a professional reading. Because of the accuracy, many buyers and sellers require professional accreditation before they sign a contract. The above recommendations are for short-term devices. These tests, however, span only 2-4 days and may be affected by the weather. Stormier weather leads to higher radon levels.
The most accurate reading– recommended for homes with near-dangerous levels of radon– is the long-term test. These tests take 3-12 months. Professionals place an alpha-trak detector in your house. The device averages out all the weather effects over time.
Most homeowners do not need to worry about annual radon testing. Test the house at the time you buy or build the house, and after you perform any renovations. Also, if the foundation of the house settles, or if you see new cracks in your basement, you should probably test for radon again.
And if the house falls above the 4 pCi/L threshold, you need to hire a professional to perform radon mitigation– basically, they drill a hole on your bottom floor, use a pipe to suck out the radon and prevent the gas from entering the house.
About 1 in 10 houses in the Charlottesville/Albemarle area have dangerous radon levels. As you go north, there are more failed radon tests. The soil is rockier up north, and radon can move up to ground level more easily. If you're worried, just pick up a home kit, find out your radon level, and work from there.
Joel Loving of Environmental Health Consultants


text:
Items where Author is "Clarke, Amanda"
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Clarke, Amanda, Martin, Denis, Jones, Derek, Schofield, Patricia, Anthony, Geraldine, McNamee, Paul, Gray, Denise and Smith, Blair H. (2014) "I try and smile, I try and be cheery, I try not to be pushy. I try to say 'I'm here for help' but I leave feeling… worried'': A qualitative study of perceptions of interactions with health professionals by community-based older adults with chronic pain. PLoS ONE, 9 (9):e10545. ISSN 1932-6203 (doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105450)
Schofield, Pat, Smith, Blair H., Martin, Denis, Jones, Derek, Clarke, Amanda, McNamee, Paul, Marsh, Ron, Morrison, Michael, Morrison, Rosemary, Fowler, Sheena, Anthony, Geraldine and Stewart, Carrie (2014) Systematically searching for and assessing the literature for self-management of chronic pain: a lay users' perspective. BMC Geriatrics, 14:86. ISSN 1471-2318 (doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-86)
Boyers, Dwayne, McNamee, Paul, Clarke, Amanda, Jones, Derek, Martin, Denis, Schofield, Pat and Smith, Blair H. (2013) Cost-effectiveness of self-management methods for the treatment of chronic pain in an aging adult population: A systematic review of the literature. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 29 (4). pp. 366-375. ISSN 0749-8047 (Print), 1536-5409 (Online) (doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318250f539)
Martin, Denis, Schofield, Patricia, Jones, Derek, McNamee, Paul, Clarke, Amanda, Anthony, Geraldine and Smith, Blair (2013) The effect of Stanford-type self-management programmes on pain and function in older people with persistent pain: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Pain Management, 6 (2). pp. 117-122. ISSN 1939-5914
Clarke, Amanda, Anthony, Geraldine, Gray, Denise, Jones, Derek, McNamee, Paul, Schofield, Patricia, Smith, Blair H. and Martin, Denis (2012) "I feel so stupid because I can't give a proper answer..." How older adults describe chronic pain: A qualitative study. BMC Geriatrics, 12:78. ISSN 1471-2318 (doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-78)


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text:
Duration: 13 nights / 14 days
Places Covered: Delhi - Goa - Mumbai - Cochin - Munnar - Periyar - Kottayam - Alleppey - Kovalam - Trivandrum - Mumbai / Delhi
Day 01: Arrive Goa
Transfer to the airport to connect flight to Goa. Upon arrival, the guests will be met & transferred to the hotel.
GOA - It's 450 years under Portuguese domination produced a unique, syncretic blend of East and West. Rest of the day at leisure.
Dinner and overnight at hotel .
Day 02: Goa
Fullday sightseeing our Goa - Visit Old Goa, the most important Cathedrals and churches - namely Se-Cathedral, Church of St. Francis Xavier, St. Catherine's Church, Arch of Vice Roy of Goa. Miramar Beach - This is the only beach close to any city and has a good view of the river Mandovi flowing into the sea. Also visit Dona Paula fishing village which is a small village at the tip of Panaji, the place has a very good viewpoint and a monument at the same place. Overnight at hotel
Day 03: Goa
Full day at leisure for own activities and to enjoy the facilities of the resort. Dinner & overnight at the hotel
Day 04: Depart Goa
Transfer to the airport for flight to Delhi or Mumbai
Day 05 - Arrive Cochin
Late night, arrive Mumbai and transfer to the domestic airport for your flight to Cochin by 9W 405 at 0545 hrs. On arrival in Cochin at 0730 hrs, assistance at airport and transfer to hotel. Rest of the day free.
Evening attend the Kathakali dance performance.
Overnight in Cochin.
Day 06 - In Cochin
Morning Guided city tour.Afternoon free.
Cochin - the palmgreen commercial town of Kerala has one of the finest natural harbours in the world.
The Chinese fishing nets can be seen at the entrance of the harbour. The Chinese through trade contact taught this technique of catching fish.
Overnight in Cochin.
Day 07 - Cochin - Munnar
Morning: Drive to Munnar (135 kms/04 hrs) enroute visit tea plantations. On arrival in Munnar, check in at hotel. Afternoon: Boat ride in the lake.
Overnight in Munnar.
Day 08- In Munnar
Full day free to visit the bazaars, plantations etc.
Overnight in Munnar.
Day 09 - Munnar - Periyar
Early Morning: Drive to Periyar (100 kms/03 hrs) and on arrival, check in at hotel. Afternoon: Boat ride in Lake Periyar to watch wildlife. Later visit Kumily spice market to see and buy spices.
Overnight in Periyar.
Day 10 - Periyar - Kottayam
Early Morning: Drive to Kottayam (120 kms/03 hrs) and on arrival, switch over to the House Boat and cruise along the backwaters, passing through paddy fields, villages, market etc.
The cruise is through `Kuttanad' literally meaning the land which is lower than the sea level but is kept intact by its bunds and dikes. It is the `rice bowl' of Kerala. The rice fields are very beautiful and this lush land and surrounds governs the placid way of life of the people who live on the backwaters.
Overnight on board HOUSE BOAT.
Day 11 - Arrive Alleppey - Kovalam
Morning: Drive to Kovalam (180 kms/04 hrs) and on arrival in Kovalam, check in at a beach resort. Rest of the day to relax at the beach or indulge in Ayurvedic massages.
Overnight in Kovalam.
Day 12 - Kovalam
Full day free on the beach.
Overnight in Kovalam.
Day 13 - Kovalam
Full day free on the beach.
Overnight in Kovalam.
Day 14 - Kovalam - Trivandrum - Mumbai - Depart
Morning: Assistance and transfer to Trivandrum airport (25 kms) in time to connect flight 9W 335 at 1335 hrs to Mumbai. On arrival in Mumbai at 1535 hrs, assistance at airport and transfer to city hotel for wash and change. Rest of the day free for last minute shopping/packing. Evening: After farewell dinner, assistance and transfer to International airport in time to connect your onward flight home.


text:
Tasting Notes
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text:
PS All-Stars is 'gateway' to hardcore fighting games, says Killian
PlayStation All-Stars: Battle Royale may have only debuted in the UK Charts at 38th today, but Sony Santa Monica's lead game designer Seth Killian hopes that the brawler will introduce many gamers to the fighting genre, and lead them to hardcore titles such as Street Fighter or Marvel Vs Capcom. Get the quotes below.
Speaking with Eurogamer, Killian responded to a question regarding PS All-Stars appearance at the next Evo fighting game tournament, stating that there would be a "Ten or fifteen per cent chance," of it being there, and adding, "I'm cynical about the audience, even though those are my people."
Regardless Killian remained confident and continued, "I hope it is for two reasons. One, because the game is interesting enough and fresh enough to deserve a place there. But that's also not how games are decided at Evo. The decision is also based on which games players want to play. So, it's got to find popular support in terms of the players.
"And two, this game is going to attract an audience that would not play a traditional fighter, or who would be either intimidated or just not interested. Maybe they start out as a fanboy of Ratchet & Clank or something and that's the only reason they pick up All-Stars.
"But then they discover there's all this stuff under the hood and they get into this game. That will hopefully lead them to fighters. It could be a great injection of new blood into the fighting game scene, which is critical to its continued success."
Trying to convince new players to sample the fighting genre is part of the reason Killian left Capcom to try his hand at a new challenge. He explained, "That's part of why I wanted to make a game like All-Stars for many years."
"It opens the door with a simple control scheme. That's critical to get new people into the door. I would love it if people who played All-Stars played Street Fighter and Marvel. You need a gateway drug."
PlayStation All-Stars: Battle Royale was met with a mixed critical reaction last week, and VG247 also offered its own take on the game. Check out our review score round-up here.


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Dream Tamboo – Skin Tambourine for Native Instruments Kontakt
Nanodreams Volume One: Dream Tamboo
Dream Tamboo is the first volume of the new Nanodreams serie, featuring sample libraries with a focused appeal and a small price, with the same sonic care and creativity expressed in all of our libraries.
Dream Tamboo offers all the percussive nuances of an italian hand made skin tamboo, an instrument offering a surprisingly wide array of sounds, from ethnic dance to epic embellishments. It also contains a selection of creatively processed patches
Not seeing the player? Click here
Please note: you need the FULL version of Kontakt 4.2.4 or above to use the product.
Dream Rythms 2.0
Dream Rythms 2.0, new interface, new features.
Dream Rythms is a modular library for Native Instruments Kontakt featuring more than one hundred combinable rhythms and sequences, including warped keys, guitars, synths, basses, kicks and percussive elements.
Elements can be layered to obtain complex rhythms and textures. The included multis are a great example of how Dream Rythms can be combined.
Dream Rythms works great for soundtracks, electronica and can be used on any other musical genre where twisted rhythms and sequences are requested.
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"Dream inside a Dream" courtesy of The Unfinished
Please note: if you are already a registered user for Dream Rythms you are eligible to a free upgrade to Dream Rythms 2.0. If you haven't received your upgrade email please send us an email to firstname.lastname@example.com
Dream Keys
Dream Keys is the new piano based library created as a toolbox for film composers, electronic and pop musicians. It offers a selection of carefully "designed" piano samples derived from two different piano sets.
Our goal has been to provide composers with a plug-n-play solution to get that typical ambienced/cinematic piano sound heard on movies and TV, plus a variety of creatively crafted patches great for styles like soundtrack, electronica, hip hop and a lot more. The piano sets have been processed using a specific effects chain in order to obtain a great ambient/soundtrack sonic flavour.
Audio Demos:
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"Your call is important to us" courtesy of Alastair King
Visit Alastair's profile on IMDB
"Dream inside a Dream" courtesy of The Unfinished
"Wintry Clockwork" courtesy of Roberto Soggetti
Please note: you need the FULL version of Kontakt 4.2.4 or above to use the product.
Dream Circle for Kontakt
Dream Circle is our new sample library features Hits and effect captured from a Small Handmade Brass Gong
Dream Circle captures the beautiful nuances of a small handmade brass gong, recorded using Hammer, Sticks, Metals and Brushes. Hits, athmospheric effects, tempo synced patterns, tuned and playable patches, reverses, swells and more. All patches and sounds including Dream Audio Tools signature sonic research and accuracy.
Selected patches walktrough
Audio demos
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"Inner Circle" courtesy of Blake Ewing Click here to read more about Blake Ewing
Please note: you need the FULL version of Kontakt 4.2.4 or above to use the product.
Dark Dreams
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Think dark. Think raw. Think playable. Metallic hits, Klangs, Slams, Bottoms, Ambience hits, Big hits, unprocessed bits and a large variety of designed patches for Kontakt 4 and above.
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"Dream inside a Dream" courtesy of The Unfinished
"Molded Demolition" courtesy of Arthur Hendriks
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text:
I just finished reading the short story The Magic Glasses from Vol. I of The Equinox, and even though it was a nice story, I am a little disappointed. The whole story could be summarized in one paragraph, and I feel that its message is quite obvious.
Since I have ~9.5 volumes left to read (and some other books) for the purpose of initiation, I wonder: how much of The Equinox is necessary for initiation? What parts of it are the most important? How well should I familiarize myself with its contents?


text:
So wise up, folks, pack a case, and head off to some foreign place
So wise up, folks, pack a case, and head off to some foreign place
A lucky charm for Buddhists, for this Stella McCartney bag, a stylish goldfish.
Talismanic: a metal dragon pendant on a chain of ribbed beads by Hermès.
A 100-percent merino wool sweater by Moschino with a good-luck troll on the front.
20 I 20 by J.F. Schwarzlose Berlin is a feel-good scent for a brand-new decade.
Edward Hopper (1882–1967) is a master of American Realism. Some 60 pieces of his are showing at the Fondation Beyeler art museum in Basel, Switzerland.
My favorite photo I met these schoolboys in Childara, a mountain village 200 kilometers or so east of Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. When I held up my camera questioningly, the international way of saying "May I take your picture?" they agreed, although shyly at first.
From the terrace, you take in the fjord, the Lofoten Islands and the horizon. Uredd, designed by Haugen/Zohar Arkitekter, is a rest stop along Norway's National Scenic Route Helgelandskysten.


text:
Foresight Archives
Foresight Background 2, Rev. 1
Accidents, Malice, Progress, and Other Topics
© Copyright 1987-1991, The Foresight Institute.
Accidents, Malice, and "Gray Goo"
The novel power of nanotechnology springs from two sources: the ability of assemblers to make almost anything and their corollary ability to make copies of themselves. Self-replicating molecular machines will bring novel power to do good, obviouslythey will enable us to produce material abundance using clean, unobtrusive processes, and they will give new tools to science and medicine. Equally obviously, they will bring novel power for doing harman abundance of conventional weapons could be destabilizing, and new weapons, such as programmable germs, could make possible whole new kinds of warfare.
A commonly discussed form of harm, though, is quite different from a military threat. Engines of Creation warns that "Tough, omnivorous 'bacteria' could outcompete real bacteria: they could spread like blowing pollen, replicate swiftly, and reduce the biosphere to dust in a matter of days." It refers to this threat as the "gray goo problem" (though the dusty version wouldn't be very gooey) and states that "we cannot afford certain kinds of accidents with replicating assemblers." This may be true, but should this kind of accident be a major focus of concern? Our attention is a limited resource and we need to allocate it wisely.
Nanotechnology has analogies to genetic engineering: both fields involve self-replicating molecular machines. in the early days of genetic engineering, the scientists involved became so concerned about the possible consequences of the escape of altered, independent replicators that they declared a moratorium on research, to give a chance for thought. Genetic engineers fiddle with natural organismsthat is, with organisms evolved to survive in the world outside the laboratory. This naturally raises concern about what might happen when altered organisms return to the outside world. As descendants of competitive organisms, but different, might they not compete, but better?
In practice, after consultation with microbial ecologists, genetic engineers realized that success at living in the natural world is no easy thing. Nature had been doing recombinant DNA experiments on bacteria for billions of years, "trying" to make the fiercest, most competitive possible bugs. Genetic engineers are unlikely to improve on this even if they tried, much less by accident, while trying to do something else. Further, laboratory bacteria are adapted to laboratory conditions, weakening them for ordinary life. Just to be sure, genetic engineers typically work with bacteria that are made yet more dependent on laboratory conditionswith bacteria lacking the ability to make many compounds, giving them a need for many special "vitamins." Concerns remain. Even dependent, laboratory bacteria can exchange genetic material with independent, wild bacteria. New genes might then find their way into competitive organisms, and maybe (just possibly), do them good instead of simply burdening them with wasted metabolic effort.
What about nanoreplicators? They will differ greatly from existing organisms, and this cuts both ways. It means that they could be built to outcompete any bacterium, spreading vigorouslybut it also means that they could be built to be utterly unlike anything that can survive in nature. It was plausible that genetic tinkering might accidentally make a superior wild replicator, because it begins by fiddling with descendants of wild replicators. But for a nanotechnologist, starting from scratch, to make an independent replicatorthis would be no accident, but the result of a long and difficult engineering process.
Imagine you are an engineer designing a replicator. Is it easier to design for a single, stable environment, or for a whole set of diverse environments? Is it easier to design for an environment rich in special raw materials, or for one containing some haphazard mix of chemicals? Clearly, design for a single, special, stable environment will be easiest. The best environment will likely be a mix of reactive industrial chemicals of a sort not found in nature. Thus, regardless of concerns for safety, the most straightforward kind of replicator to build would be entirely safe because it would be entirely dependent on an artificial environment.
In reality, there will surely be an active concern for safety. Any replicator developed with these concerns in mind can be checked to ensure that it is, in fact, dependent on a mix of raw materials not found in nature. This will be easy, like checking to make sure that a car won't run on sap, mud, or seawaterthat it needs gasoline and oil and transmission fluid and...
If nanoreplicators can be utterly unlike living things, they can be utterly unlike anything that can survive independently. If dependent replicators are easiest to build, then we can easily avoid building anything like a "gray goo" replicator. We need only avoid solving the challenging problems posed by building replicators that can operate in the alien, unpredictable environment of nature. Rather than ensuring that elaborate, reliable safeguards are build into every replicator (to keep danger chained like the energy of a nuclear reactor) we can simply avoid building in any dangerous capabilities in the first place. And the chance of a dependent replicator somehow accidentally gaining the abilities needed for independent operation would be about the same as the chance of a car accidentally gaining the abilities needed to fly to the Moon.
But what about the advantages of building things using natural raw materials? There will be incentives to build assembler systems that can convert natural raw materials into useful products, but these systems need not build copies of themselves. Dependent replicators in vats of chemicals could build assembler systems able (given enough cleverness in design) to operate in nature, if we want such things. It is hard to imagine a practical application of nanotechnology that would demand independent replicators; for its success or practicality.
There are real threats from nanotechnology, butgiven a trace of sense and controlthese threats have nothing to do with accidentally creating gray goo. The real threats stem not from accidents, but from deliberate abuse. The gray goo threat, though a fine symbol of the destructive power of nanotechnology, is likely to receive too much attention rather than too little. A policy that treats it as primary will be a policy that misdirects efforts and may lead to dangerous decisions, such as attempting to block advances and thus relinquishing leadership to others with fewer concerns.
When asked, "What about accidents with uncontrolled replicators?" the right answer seems to be "Yes, that is a well recognized problem, but easy to avoid. The real problem isn't avoiding accidents, but controlling abuse."
For more on safety and abuse of nanotechnology, see Policy Issues.
Dimensions of Progress
Progress in technologymeaning "increasing abilities," for good or illis not a one-dimensional thing like time. It has as many dimensions as there are distinct characteristics of materials, devices, and systems. Progress can push back the frontiers of material strength, transistor speed, aircraft fuel efficiency, or a frontier falling across any one of a host of other dimensions.
N-dimensional spaces are hard to draw, and progress is often pictured as one-dimensional, so a crude picture showing two dimensions of progress may have something to contribute. The article "Will Change be Abrupt?" (Foresight Background No. 1) shows graphs of a more typical sort, with one dimension depicting technical progress and the other depicting time. Figure 1 of this article shows two dimensions of progress, in design ability and in fabrication ability, and attempts to represent states of technology in terms of these. The point marked "today" represents our current levels of design and fabrication ability, and the block marked "current capabilities" represents everthing that can be done within these levels of ability. It includes chipping flint, building supercomputers, and flying to the Moon.
This graph has obvious handicaps. Design is not a single dimensiondifferent abilities are needed in designing supersonic aircraft, software, and molecules. Likewise, different abilities are needed to fabricate ceramics, semiconductors, and molecular assemblers. This means that there is no obvious way to decide how to order different bundles of abilities along either of these axes, much less to decide what a scale might mean. Worse, solving fabrication problems is often a matter of design, muddying the distinction between the axes. Still, as abilities accumulate, we clearly move toward greater design and fabrication abilities, and there are important landmarks in both of these directions.
In moving along the fabrication dimension, we will eventually reach the threshold of assembler technology and move into the domain of nanotechnology beyond. This threshold is fuzzy, since early assemblers may be extremely crude and limited, and since progress in assembler technology will continue long after powerful abilities have been achieved. In practical terms, however, there is reason to think that the threshold will be fairly distinct: assembler technology is highly self-applicable, encouraging the use of assemblers to build better assemblers. This suggests that we can expect to cross this band fairly rapidly, once we enter it.
If we remain limited to using ordinary matter, the fabrication dimension will be limited: one cannot do better than the ability to arrange atoms as one wishes. This limit is represented by a vertical bar to the right.
In moving along the design dimension, we will eventually reach the threshold of artificial intelligence (which is chiefly a software design problem). As usual in these publications, artificial intelligence (AI) refers to what is known in the computer community as "strong AI"systems that can genuinely think and learn, rather than simply following a set of laboriously engineered rules. This threshold is again fuzzy, but again fairly distinct. We can expect to cross it fairly rapidly, once we reach it, because AI will be a highly self-applicable technology. Since design deals with complexity, to which there seem no obvious limits, no bar is shown across the top of the graph.
Figure 1 labels several regions. The region without assemblers or AI (including all of today's impoverished abilities) contains class 1 technologies. Developing assemblers without Al would carry us into the region of class 2 technologies; developing AI without assemblers would carry us into class 3. Eventually, the development of AI and assemblers will carry us into class 4.
Figure 2 plots some technologies within this conceptual framework; details of relative location should be taken with a large grain of salt. In class 1, protein machines are within our ability to fabricate (hence they lie to the left of the fabrication-edge of "current capabilities"), but they are currently beyond our ability to design (hence they lie above the design-edge of "current capabilities"). Nonprotein molecular machines (based on novel polymer systems) seem less challenging to design, but their fabrication will require some problem-solving. Improvements in software design and computer design and fabrication will give us powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems, speeding further progress in design.
Class 2 technologies include all assembler-built systems of a degree of complexity that can be managed by conventional means. Unlike borderline systems (such as crude assemblers) these systems will be built by assemblers, relieving designers of the challenge of designing self-assembling molecular components. Thus, advanced assemblers are shown as being easier to design than crude assemblers, though based on more sophisticated fabrication technologies.
Class 3 technologies include genuine Al systems and anything that requires Al-aided design (but not assemblers). The speed of AI systems will depend on fabrication ability for computers. Since it seems likely that AI-aided design would swiftly lead to improved Al and to assemblers, it is natural to consider this region as no more than a transition to region 4.
Class 4 technologies include very fast Al systems; on physical grounds, it seems that assembler-built Al systems can operate at least a million times faster than brains. Powerful design and fabrication capabilities will make possible such ambitious goals as general-purpose systems for repairing tissues and organs cell-by-cell and molecule-by-molecule. With a large investment in design, gaming, and analysis, they should even enable the construction of lasting active shieldsdesigned with large enough margins of safety to give a good chance of stabilizing peace in the face of any feasible attack.
As technology advances, it may follow any of a number of paths, even in the simplified picture shown here. As shown in Figure 3, advance may lead to genuine Al first, leading to class 4 technologies via class 3, or assemblers may come first, to class 4 via class 2. Other (less likely?) paths would lead through both transition zones simultaneously, piling revolution on revolution.
For thinking clearly about nanotechnology, AI, and the future, a mental map like this seems useful. It emphasizes that not all nanotechnologies are in the same categorythat some will be simple, some will be as complex as computers and automated factories, and that others will be more complex and challenging to design than anything yet attempted. Further, it reminds us of the unknowns on the path ahead. Even a knowledge, however imperfect, of what sorts of revolutions lie ahead does not tell us in what order they will occur. The transition to nanotechnology will look different if it is aided by Al designers; the transition to Al will look different if it occurs on a foundation of abundant assembler-built hardware.
Atoms, Bits, and Mechanisms
by: K. Eric Drexler
Originally published in 1988
When faced with something as novel as nanotechnology, it makes sense to look for familiar analogies. Previous publications have compared nanomachines to conventional macromachines, but in important ways nanomachines more closely resemble software systems. Consider the properties of software and conventional machines, then the parallels with assembler-built nanomachines.
Macromachines are made of parts which contain vast numbers of atoms in ill-defined patterns. Having so many atoms, these parts can be made in what amounts to a continuum of sizes and shapes, formed by continuous, analog techniquesmolding, cutting, grinding, etching, and so forth. These parts are always imprecise. Machines are made by fitting parts together; in a good design, imprecisions won't add up to exceed overall tolerances. In operation, parts typically change shape slowlythey wear out and fail.
Software mechanisms differ radically. Their parts consist of discrete bits in defined patternsthey do not form a continuum. There is no need to make bits, as there is to make mechanical parts. The fabrication of bit-patterns is a precise, digital process; it is either entirely correct or clearly wrong, never "just a little off." The position of one bit with respect to another is as precise as the mathematical position of "two" with respect to "three."
The digital mechanisms which underlie this precision are made of imprecise devices, but these devices have distinct patterns of interconnection and distinct "on" and "off" states. Failures in the underlying devices can cause sporadic errors in memory and logic, yet if the devices operate within their design tolerances, errors (give or take an occasional cosmic ray) will be completely absent. Digital precision emerges from imperfect devices through a process like that of the automatic alignment found in many computer graphics programs: a device in any state that is nearly-right snaps into a neighboring state that is entirely-right. Each entirely-right state follows from a previous entirely-right state, with no buildup of small errors in, say, the size or alignment of the bits.
Nanomechanisms do have obvious similarities to conventional mechanisms. Unlike software, they will be made of parts having size, shape, mass, strength, stiffness, and so forth. They will often include gears, bearings, shafts, casings, motors, and other familiar sorts of devices designed in accord with familar principles of mechanical engineering. In most respects, nanomechanical parts will resemble conventional parts, but made with far, far, fewer atoms. They will little resemble the algorithms and data structures of software.
And yet their similarity to software and digital mechanisms will be profound. As software consists of discrete patterns of bits, so nanomechanisms will consist of discrete patterns of atoms. Atoms, like bits, need not be made; they are both flawless and available without need for manufacture. The parts of nanomechanisms will not form a continuum of shapes, built by inaccurate analog processes; they will instead be chosen from a discrete set of atom-patterns, and (like bit patterns) these patterns will be either entirely correct or clearly wrong. In stacking part on part, there will be no buildup of small errors, as there is in conventional systems.
As in digital circuits and computer graphics programs, a principle of automatic alignment comes into play. When an assembler arm positions a reactive group against a workpiece, forcing a reaction, imprecision of the arm's alignment won't cause imprecision in the position of the added atoms. In making a well-bonded object, molecular forces will snap the atoms either into the proper position, or into a clearly wrong position. (As Marvin Minsky remarks, quantum mechanics doesn't always make things more uncertainquantum states can be extraordinarily definite and precise.) Assembly can with high reliability yield a perfect result.
And again like software, nanomechanisms won't wear out. So long as all the atoms in a mechanism are present, properly bonded, and not in a distinct, excited state, the mechanism is perfect. If an atom is missing or displaced (say, by radiation damage) the mechanism isn't wornit is broken.
In their shapes and functions, nanomechanisms will be much like ordinary machines. But in their discreteness of structure and associated perfectionto say nothing of their speed, accuracy, and replicabilitynanomechanisms will share some of the fundamental virtues of software.
Nanometer Molecule-Zapping
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Issue 114, volume 12
p.139 - 154
01 of 44
02 of 44The starting grid at The Standard, Hollywood
03 of 44You never have to wait too long for service in a Porsche...
04 of 44...and it's practically instant in a McLaren
05 of 44Poised for action: the tipping could start here
06 of 44The Standard's retro valet uniforms could almost read, "Valvoline"
07 of 44Flattery will get you anywhere
08 of 44Pink's: a parasol-and-plastic-chair set-up
09 of 44Signed, sealed, delivered?
10 of 44Please never change
11 of 44Crown jewels in car keys sit under this clock
12 of 44They've got it all sewn up
13 of 44"Good afternoon, sir"
14 of 44Just the essentials
15 of 44Give him a part, dammit
16 of 44Old-school way to show you paid your way
17 of 44The Sunset Tower's gilded welcome
18 of 44Only 88 spaces left to fill
19 of 44Driving a Roller can do strange things to your self-perception
20 of 44We've seen shorter menus than the Four Seasons' valet ticket
21 of 44The nerve centre of the hotel's valet operation
22 of 44Your standard gleaming Merc; above-standard valet work
23 of 44Thanks Michael; just don't go on TV in that suit
24 of 44Seoul's walkie-talkies are a little sleeker than California's
25 of 44Awaiting a VIP (everyone is here)
26 of 44Uniforms are a big deal at the Galleria department store
27 of 44Back to the bulky technology in Beirut, of course
28 of 44The hat's usually just ceremonial, obviously
29 of 44Someone will later be reprimanded for this improper use of the key hooks
30 of 44Hello sunshine
31 of 44"I've got a tip for you: don't park here"
32 of 44This guy can park an S-Class in his sleep
33 of 44You can live well on tips
34 of 44Smartly does it
35 of 44"Left-hand down"
36 of 44Just the essentials here
37 of 44You won't see a snazzier set of keyrings
38 of 44Density ensures valets remain vital in the city
39 of 44We got Knight Rider's brother, boys
40 of 44Beirut in the golden hour
41 of 44Black is always the new black
42 of 44Clearly the conga took a while to get going
43 of 44Like a cat on a hot reinforced-steel roof
44 of 44In Beirut, no-one says "get outta my grille"
Ride-sharing and the threat of driverless cars could challenge the future of the movie staple – the valet parker. But there's hope...
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Changing Bags
Shop our selection of baby changing bags made from leather with check detailing. Designs are fit for purpose, equipped with adjustable handles, detachable straps, multiple pockets and a zip compartment. A roll-out changing mat is also included.
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A bi-monthly publication by Gordon Bean and William Goodwin
Finally! The magic publication that you have been waiting for is here, and it was definitely worth the wait. What other magic publication can offer contributions from magicians like Stewart James, Phil Goldstein, Roy Walton, Ray Kosby, Michael Weber, Guy Hollingworth, John Carney and Allan Ackerman (and that list is just from the first two issues!). Bill and Gordon promise future offerings from Lee Asher, Simon Aronson, John Bannon, Ernest Earick, Bob Farmer, Chris Korn and Mark Setteducati just to name a few. Each bi-monthly issue of Penumbra is handsomely produced and printed on glossy, 8.5" by 11" paper.
Issue Two - July/August 2002
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On entering the Caves, long winding passages lead deep underground for over half a mile, through the great Banqueting Hall and past various chambers. In these you will find statues of various members of the Hell-Fire Club.
The final destination is the Inner Temple, which is reached by crossing the River Styx. You are now several hundred feet below the Church on top of the hill with its Golden Ball.


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Browsing by Author "Campbell, John L."
Now showing items 1-5 of 5
Et projekt under udviklingCampbell, John L.; Pedersen, Ove K. (Frederiksberg, 2009)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7988
Files in this item: 1ove_kaj_pedersen_CBP.pdf (98.39Kb)
Denmark and the United StatesCampbell, John L.; Pedersen, Ove K. (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Despite high taxes, a large state budget and welfare state, much economic regulation, and a very open economy, Denmark continues to compete successfully against the other advanced capitalist economies. Hence, Denmark presents a paradox for neoliberalism, which predicts that these policies will hurt national competitiveness under conditions of economic globalization. Following the varieties of capitalism literature, this paper argues that Denmark's success has been based in large part on its institutional competitiveness–its capacity to achieve socioeconomic success as a result of the competitive advantages that firms derive from operating within a particular set of political and economic institutions. The institutional basis for successfully coordinating labor markets, vocational training and skill formation programs, and industrial policy are examined for Denmark and the United States—two countries that are very different institutionally. The analysis shows that there is no one best way to achieve success in today's global economy, except perhaps for reducing socioeconomic inequality; that the type of capitalism known as coordinated market economies are oversimplified in the literature; and that high taxes, state spending, and economic regulation can actually enhance socioeconomic performance. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7329
Files in this item: 1institutional_comp_21.pdf (251.6Kb)
Campbell, John L.; Pedersen, Ove K. (København, 2008)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Comparative political economy has been dominated since the 1970s by two waves of research. The first one examined how different types of policy-making regimes affect policy making and, in turn, national economic competitiveness (e.g., Katzenstein 1978). The second one studied how different types of production regimes affect national competitiveness (e.g., Hall and Soskice 2001). Absent from all of this is much discussion about knowledge regimes. Knowledge regimes are sets of actors, organizations, and institutions that produce and disseminate policy ideas that affect how policy-making and production regimes are organized and operate in the first place. Knowledge regimes are important because they contribute data, research, theories, policy recommendations, and other ideas that influence public policy and, thus, national economic competitiveness (Baab 2001; Campbell 1998; Pedersen 2006). URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7352
Files in this item: 1wp cbp 2008-48.pdf (176.0Kb)
The paradox of the Danish and Irish Responses to the Financial CrisisCampbell, John L.; Hall, John (Frederiksberg, 2014)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper presents a paradox to the "Varieties of Capitalism" school of comparative political economy. Proponents of this approach typically describe Denmark as a coordinated market economy in which the state works with centralized corporatist institutions to coordinate economic activity. In contrast, Ireland is seen as a liberal market economy in which state intervention is limited and corporatism largely absent, with market forces dominating economic activity instead (Hall and Soskice 2001, p. 19; Soskice 2007). This leads one to expect that the Danish state would have shouldered the costs of rescuing the banking sector during the financial crisis, which began in 2008, while private actors in Ireland would have done so. Yet the opposite was true. Resolving this paradox requires attention to literatures that rarely speak to each other. The first concerns size. Katzenstein (1985) argued that small states are especially vulnerable due to their dependence on international trade and their need to navigate geopolitical seas dominated by larger states (see also Cameron 1978; Garrett 1998; Jones 2008). Fear concentrates minds whilst small size allows close linkages. There was an elective affinity between this situation and corporatism—defined best as a centralized system of interest groups, decision making through continous political bargaining between business, labor, the state, and political parties, and a national ideology of social partnership. Much has been written about the first two points (e.g., Becker and Schwartz 2005; Hemerijck et al. 2000; Ó Riain 2004; Schwartz 1994, 2001), but little about the ideology of social partnership. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8921
Files in this item: 1Campbell_2014.pdf (187.8Kb)
Denmark in the Global EconomyCampbell, John L.; Pedersen, Ove K. (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Proponents of the varieties of capitalism literature maintain that capitalist countries whose institutions best fit either the liberal market economy or coordinated market economy types will perform the best. Countries whose institutions are more mixed will perform less well. This paper challenges that assertion by focusing on Denmark—a country that has performed at least as well as many other advanced capitalist countries during the 1990s, including those that fit much more closely either the pure CME or LME types. Denmark has recently developed a more hybrid form than is generally recognized. The dynamic interaction of elements found in both liberal and coordinated types of capitalism have contributed to its success. This is demonstrated by analyses of the institutions that coordinate Danish labor markets, vocational training, and industrial policy. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7351
Files in this item: 1
Now showing items 1-5 of 5


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Marcus1081 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 36 diseños de 3 diseñadores freelance.
I'm an education affiliate, I am looking to have a new design built for an existing website. The goal is to market online with search engines, and use seo techniques to drive traffic to the website. Once a user is on the site the user will want to find a school and fill out the form for the school to contact them.
Users mostly in late 20s and up, male and female, looking to continue their education. Some interested in taking online courses and some interested in going to a nearby college campus. I am targeting people interested in continuing their education in criminal justice. A lot of these people are already employed and just want to changes their careers.
--- I couldn't fit this into requirements, ,but you can use stock imagery from fotolia.com just try to stay under 100 credits. Be sure to provide me the list of stock images I will need to purchase.
Design a site specific to criminal justice education. It will list only criminical justice schools and programs.
You can look at http://www.best-online-degree-school.com which is still being built, but is partly a demo site for you to base your work on. My site will have some of the same data elements as http://www.degreetree.com, for example i have a small and large logo for all school, and a list of programs for each school with some details about the program.
I'd like to see a home page design.
I'd like to see a search/browse page design to find a degree program, an example would http://www.best-online-degree-schoo…gpage.aspx After you make your third selection you will see a short text about each school
I'd like to see a favicon.
I'd like to see a schools list page design: example: http://www.best-online-degree-schoo…grees.aspx
I'd like to see an article page design, example: http://www.best-online-degree-schoo…res-2.aspx
I'd like to see a new design for the form, however the forms are controlled by a third party so all changes to the form have to be possible with only a css file, i can't modify the form html.
You are free to come up with your own colors, pages, ideas and designs, the name of the site is criminal-justice-degree.info


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Welcome to the Eswire website
Eswire Oü has a strong know-how in electronic, wiring harness and system assemblies and it complements the extensive production technology and high automation units which operate in Finland.
Operating in Estonia, Eswire enables primarily manually operated working phases in a cost-efficient manner without relocating production in far-off countries. Quality control and fast connections guarantee an optimal execution of project-specific manufacturing processes. Located in Estonia, Eswire Oü is a part of the Ouneva Group.


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Lendl to help replace Connors on tennis tour
CHICAGO – While Andy Murray basked in the glow of his first major championship, his coach celebrated the U.S. Open title with a few rounds of golf with his buddies.
There was little talk of tennis, and that was just fine with Ivan Lendl.
"I'm just with my friends, and we have a good time," he said Wednesday night in a phone interview.
It's a well-deserved break for Lendl, who was on hand Monday when his pupil Murray beat defending champion Novak Djokovic 7-6 (10), 7-5, 2-6, 3-6, 6-2 in the Flushing Meadows final.
It was Britain's first major men's tennis title since 1936, and Lendl said it went to a worthy champion.
"It's very nice to see when somebody who wanted to work hard and is willing to put the work in gets rewarded for it," he said.
Now Lendl is returning to the court himself to sub for Jimmy Connors on four stops in an upcoming series of matches around the country featuring several former Grand Slam champions.
Andre Agassi, John McEnroe and Pete Sampras also are in the group of competitors scheduled to take part in the four-player mini-tournaments. Each event will feature one-set semifinals and a one-set title match.
"I enjoy playing every now and then," the 52-year-old Lendl said. "I don't want to play too much. It's too hard on my body."
Connors is out with a hip injury, so Lendl is planning to compete in Chicago, Detroit, Boston and San Jose, Calif. Michael Chang will fill in when the series comes to Surprise, Ariz.; Tampa, Fla.; and Atlanta.
Formerly known as the Champions Series, the PowerShares Series begins Oct. 13 in Surprise, and the final day is Nov. 30 in Anaheim, Calif. The players will earn points over the course of the schedule, with the top three finishers splitting a $1 million purse.
Lendl won eight Grand Slam singles titles and 94 tournaments overall during a 17-year career on the ATP Tour. He spent 270 weeks at No. 1 in the world rankings.
He got involved with Murray when Darren Cahill called him in December and said he was helping the Scot with his search for a coach.
"I said, 'Have Andy call me.' We chatted a little bit and we both decided ... to sit down face to face and talk about it more," Lendl said.
With Lendl's help, Murray made it to the Wimbledon final, where he lost to Roger Federer in four sets. But Murray turned around and had a breakthrough a month later when he beat Federer in the Olympic final at the All England Club.
Then came the U.S. Open win — which Lendl thinks could make it easier for Murray to add another major title to his resume.
"Once you win, you have no doubt that you can win," said Lendl, who, like Murray, lost the first four times he reached a major final. "So you have gone through it once and you can do it again."
Jay Cohen can be reached at http://www.twitter.com/jcohenap


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Various Soft-Top models of VolksWagen vehicles are available. Here are some examples.
Via Canonico Michael Gamper 12
39100, Bolzano
Tel. +39/0471/970177
Fax +39/0471/970247
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Sunday School – 10:00 am
Worship Service – 11:00 am
Bible Study – 12:15 pm
Wednesday Bible Study - 6:30 pm
12859 Martin Road Spur
Northport, AL 35473
Watering the Tulips
July 17, 2013
"The wicked shall be turned into hell, and all the nations that forget God" – Psalms 9:17
One will search the Old Testament far and wide to find where God punished the nation of Israel due to bad economic policy. Surely, we see the chastening hand of God on His chosen earthly people numerous times in the Bible. And yet, in each and every instance, their punishment was due to their refusal to acknowledge Him and His holy Law. Israel forgot God. As a result, they were continually facing judgment in the form of plagues, famines, captivity and numerous other ways.
It is with great sadness that I listen to the debates on the floor of the House and Senate in Washington. Though both sides may present well thought out, logical answers to this nation's problems, one thing is missing from the platform of both political parties today. Often we, as believers, have even put aside faith for politics. Many in Christendom today seem far more concerned about high taxes or national healthcare than they do about God and His values in the leaders they vote for. Let this be stated plainly – no matter how conservative our approach to the economy and the national debt may be, "all the nations that forget God" will fall. America is no exception.
Psalms 33:12 says unmistakably, "Blessed is the nation whose God is the Lord". The harmony between this verse and our text couldn't be more apparent. God is going to bless the nation that is spiritually sound. God is going to judge the nation that forgets Him. There are no other factors listed here. There's nothing about national healthcare. There's nothing about taxes. There's nothing about social security. Obviously, these policies are affected by the spirituality of those in office. But the bottom line is, if we are faithful to God, He will bless us. If we are not, He will judge us.
Can a nation really expect to be blessed by economic policy despite its spiritual wickedness? The Antichrist will take this world over in such a way. "Through his cunning, he shall cause deceit to prosper under his rule" (Daniel 8:25). Seemingly, the world will prosper under the Antichristian regime despite having the most corrupt, wicked leader it has ever known. And yet, Bible believing Christians know that his empire will be short lived. Jesus will return and destroy it less than 7 years after the Antichrist comes to power.
This article does not mean to dismiss the importance of good, sound policies. However, these must be the outpouring of a spiritually strong people…a thing which America simply is not today. Christians, wake up. The words in our text verse are as true today as they were when they were penned. The nation that forgets God will be turned into hell. If America continues down this road, despite whatever conservative fiscal policy of the leaders, we will fall. Pray for your leaders. Cast your vote for spiritually sound men. Do not waste your vote for a candidate who denies the Lord in all that he does.
Watering the Tulips is brought to you by Sovereign Grace Baptist Church in Northport, AL. For more information, please visit www.sovereigngrace.net. "Your App to the Gospel" is available in iTunes, Google Play and the Windows Phone Marketplace. Please download it today!


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To all my blog followers…
First off, I wanted to thank all of you out there who have helped to make the Creative Dreamers blog a success, at least by my humble definition. Your comments, views, likes and of course follows are always deeply appreciated.
That being said, if any of you fellow bloggers out there could use a guest poster, I'd be glad to do the job. Providing your content need is in my wheelhouse of course. All I ask is at least one do-follow contextual backlink for my effort.
If interested, just send me an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or leave a comment with info.
And as always, we welcome guest posters too.


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Department of History
Graduate Program Co-ordinator: Blaine Chiasson, PhD
The Department, together with the departments of History at the University of Guelph and the University of Waterloo, offers a joint program leading to MA and PhD degrees. Students in the program register at one of the three universities but may complete course work and use faculty and library resources at all participating universities. Students are governed by the university in which they are registered and their degree is granted by the home university.
The Tri-University Graduate Program uses a self-administered application process in which the onus is on the applicant to collect and submit all required documentation and material. Only students who are graduates of accredited universities and colleges are eligible for admission. Applications are considered by the co-ordinating committee and a recommendation for admission or rejection is forwarded to the dean of Graduate Studies at the proposed home university.
Department Information on this page
Program Information
As far as possible, each program attempts to provide a full range of core courses and electives. However, every course listed in this Calendar is not available in every session or every year.
Students are encouraged to consult the program/department to inquire about course offerings each year.
Academic & Related Dates 2019/2020
Other Calendars


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Digging Up Hohokam History
Lee Allen
The Pima Indian word for the Hohokam peoples translates to "all used up" or "the finished ones," but archaeologists digging in Arizona's University Indian Ridge Ruins continue to find evidence of a once vibrant population. And they're making their work known during March, which is Arizona Archaeology & Heritage Month.
Once as large as a square mile, the former indigenous settlement in Tucson is now concentrated on 13 acres of desert scrub surrounded by urbanity. "We're been digging here since the early 1930s, finding numerous artifacts and wall structures that confirm this as a Classic period [AD 1150-1450] Hohokam site," says Dr. Paul Fish. "Now that this spot is on the National Register of Historic Places, it has taken on a national level of significance." Fish and his wife, Suzanne, are anthropology professors at the University of Arizona, which owns the land where the ruins are and uses it for student training purposes.
Native leaders chose their ultimate destination wisely, at the crux of two washes, building villages close to the streams in order to farm the rich soil in the flat low-lying area while hunting and gathering in the surrounding desert and nearby mountains. "The village served as a public focal point for a much larger community of inter-related and dispersed populations living in surrounding hamlets and small villages," according to area guide Paul Heydt.
At the center of the property is a large earthen platform mound with a smaller adjacent platform where excavation of two adobe structures that are perhaps a thousand years old has offered an opportunity to investigate intentionally-enclosed rooms.
"Once the mound was created, elevated buildings were constructed on top of it perhaps for use as a sacred location to hold religious ceremonies or a lookout point for intruders," Heydt tells visitors. This was a departure from subterranean pit houses into large groups of adobe rooms with shared walls.
"From all we can tell based on the architecture we're finding, this was a viable functioning community of upwards to a thousand inhabitants," Dr. Fish notes. "We're learning about the people who lived here by discovering artifacts—everything from bison bones to arrowheads, pottery shards, ceramics—the bread and butter of archaeology—exotic chert [rock resembling flint], and obsidian [volcanic glass rock] that came from long-distance sources. These people had far-ranging contacts and engaged in trade with other tribes."
"We're using ground penetrating radar that allows a computer to create a three-dimensional image for us, like a CAT scan of the ground, that will help us map the layout of building walls," Larry Conyers, a Colorado anthropology professor from the University of Denver, who has been meticulously working the site for several years, said. "While a quick glance shows nothing more than alluvial high terrace, there's a lot of houses out here used by a ton of people for a long time."
"I've been here for four years getting a suntan and digging holes in desert hardpan," site supervisor Matt Pailes said. "Those who lived here were full-time sedentary people committed to living in one spot for hundreds of years. As we map and dig, we expect further discoveries. Archaeology is a slow-moving science, but we're definitely fitting together some pieces of the giant jigsaw puzzle."
Why the Hohokam ultimately left is still a matter of conjecture. While the National Parks Service notes, "Towards the end, changing climate conditions including repeated flooding destroyed much of their irrigation system and necessitated the abandonment of the land," Pailes says: "Most people look for one big singular force that ended things here, but essentially they decide there is no great explanation of why the Hohokam disappeared the way they did."