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The Search for Extrasolar Planets
Extrasolar planets, as the name implies, are planets which orbit not our own Sun, but other stars in the Galaxy. In this lecture, I discuss five techniques which can be used to find extrasolar planets, and review the properties of the planets found to date. More information can be found in Universe, Sections 7.9.
Planets, Brown Dwarfs and Low-Mass Stars
Low-mass celestial objects may be divided into three classes:
- Low-Mass Stars are significantly less massive than our own Sun, yet still produce their own energy through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. These reactions will only occur in objects more massive than 0.08 solar; anything below this mass is a brown dwarf or a planet.
- Brown Dwarfs form from the contraction of nebula, much like a star; however, their mass is too small (below 0.08 solar) for nuclear fusion to commence, so they can be regarded as 'failed stars'.
- Planets form from a protoplanetary disk around a star (or, conceivably, a brown dwarf), as discussed in Lecture 1.
Clearly, the only distinction between brown dwarfs planets is in their formation processes.
The Significance of Extrasolar Planets
The search for extra-solar planets is considered important for four main reasons:
- To test our current understanding of the formation of (extra)solar systems.
- To further our insight into the formation of individual planets.
- To assist in the search for extraterrestrial life.
- To provide insight into complementary studies of brown dwarfs and low-mass stars.
Techniques for finding Extrasolar Planets
Extrasolar planets are incredibly difficult to detect. This is because they shine not by their own light, but by light reflected by the star which they orbit. As a consequence, they are much dimmer than their parent star (in the case of Jupiter, for instance, by a factor of 100 billion), and any attempts to detect them by their own light are doomed to failure.
Therefore, indirect methods must be used to find extrasolar planets. There are five principal techniques which are currently used:
- Pulsar timing
- Doppler spectroscopy
- Astrometry
- Transit photometry
- Microlensing
All of these techniques rely on the fact that a planet exerts a small influence on its parent star as it travels around its orbit. By observing changes in the parent star, the existence of the planet can be deduced. Since the changes become larger as the planet becomes more massive, it is always easier to detect Jovian planets than to detect terrestrial ones.
Pulsar Timing
A pulsar is a rapidly-spinning neutron star with a strong magnetic field (see Universe, Chapter 23). Radiation produced by the neutron star is focused into two oppositely-directed beams by the magnetic field. As the star rotates, the beam is swept across the sky; if the beam intercepts the Earth once per rotation, then brief but regular pulses of radiation are seen, much like a lighthouse.
When a planet is introduced, the mutual gravitational pull between it and the pulsar means that they both orbit about their common centre of mass. For two equal-mass objects, the centre of mass lies exactly halfway between them; in other situations, the centre of mass lies closer to the more-massive object. In the case of a pulsar and a planet, the centre of mass will lie very close to the pulsar, since it is much heavier than the planet. Therefore, during one orbit the pulsar will move a much lesser distance than the planet.
A star and planet orbiting around their common centre of mass
However, even thought the pulsar's 'wobble' is small, it has an effect on the timing of the pulses emitted by it. When the pulsar is moving away from the Earth, the time between each pulse becomes slightly longer; conversely, when the pulsar is moving toward the Earth, the time between pulses becomes slightly shorter.
By measuring these periodic changes in pulse timing, it is possible not only to deduce the existence of a planet orbiting around the pulsar, but also to estimate the semi-major axis of the planet's orbit, and place a lower limit on the mass of the planet.
To date, only one planet has been detected using this method, by Wolszczan in 1994. Detections of this sort are not of much interest in the search for extrasolar planets, since pulsars are created in supernovas, huge stellar explosions which would doubtless wipe out any life on nearby planets.
Doppler Spectroscopy
The wobble caused by an orbiting planet can also influence the light coming from a star. As the star is moving toward the Earth, the light becomes blue-shifted by the Doppler effect, much like the siren of an approaching ambulance appears higher pitched. Half an orbital revolution later, as the star is then moving away from the Earth, the light becomes red-shifted.
By making precise measurements of the frequency of absorption lines in the star's spectrum, it is possible to see this alternate blue- and red-shift effect, and infer the presence of a planet. As with the pulsar timing technique, the Doppler spectroscopy approach allows one to estimate the semi-major axis of the planet's orbit, and place a lower limit on the mass of the planet.
The principles of the Doppler spectroscopy approach
Beginning with the detection of a planet around the star 51 Pegasi, by Meyor & Queloz in 1995, the Doppler spectroscopy technique has been the most successful so far in finding extrasolar planets. However, it must always be used with caution: some types of star show Doppler effects in their spectra, even though there is no planet present. These effects are due to seismic activity in the star, which causes the star's surface to move around periodically. The resulting blue- and red-shifts in the star's absorption lines might be mistakenly attributed to the wobble caused by an orbiting planet.
A third technique which relies on the wobble caused by an orbiting planet is that of astrometry. This technique focuses on measuring how the position in the sky of a star varies as the star wobbles. If the extrasolar system is seen face-on, this variation will take the form of a circular motion; likewise, if the system is seen edge-on, the variation will appear as a back-and-forth motion on the sky.
The principles of the astrometry approach
The advantage of the astrometry technique is that, unlike pulsar timing or Doppler spectroscopy, it is possible to 'estimate the planet's mass directly', rather than merely being able to place a lower limit on it. However, astrometry has problems of its own. Rather than being able to measure the actual diameter of the star's wobble, it is only possible to measure the angular diameter. Due to the perspective effect, this angular diameter diminishes as one considers stars further and further from the Earth, even if the actual diameter remains the same.
As a consequence, the astrometry technique only works for stars close to the Earth, and even then requires extremely accurate equipment to measure the very small changes in a star's position. To date, only one extrasolar system has been found using this technique: Lalande 21185, discovered by Gatewood, and consisting of two planets orbiting a star (although, of course, there may be many more undetected planets hiding in the system!).
Transit Photometry
The technique of transit photometry relies on the fact that, if an extrasolar system is seen edge-on from Earth, then once every orbit the planet will cross the face of the star and cause a partial eclipse. For the duration of this transit, the star will appear less bright than it would otherwise, and detections of such periodic dimming can be used to deduce the presence of a planet.
The degree of dimming depends on the relative surface areas of the star and planet; therefore, even if the planet is Jupiter-sized, typically only a 1% change in brightness can be expected. Fortunately, however, this is well within the grasp of modern photometers, used measure the apparent brightness of celestial objects. In fact, with space-based telescopes equipped with a photometer, it should be possible to detect eclipses caused by Earth-sized planets; this is the aim of the upcoming Kepler mission planned by NASA.
The principles of the transit photometry approach
The orbital period of a planet discovered using transit photometry can be found by measuring the time delay between one eclipse and the next. Likewise, the orbital speed can be estimated from the duration of an individual eclipse. Knowing already that the extrasolar system is being viewed edge-on, it is possible to estimate the mass of the planet from these two pieces of information. From the time taken to go from brightness to dimness (stage 2 in the figure above), it is also possible to estimate the radius and the density of the planet, which are useful to know if we are interested in the composition of the planet.
The principal problem with the transit photometry technique is that it only works for those extrasolar systems which are viewed edge on. Since this configuration is rather unlikely, only a few planets have been discovered using this technique.
Microlensing is by far the most fancy of the five techniques discussed here. It relies on an effect predicted by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity: that light rays can be bent by a sufficiently-strong gravitational field. In the case of microlensing, light rays from a distant star are bent by the gravitational field of a nearby star, which happens to be situated in the line of sight. This bending means that more light from the distant star reaches the Earth than would otherwise be the case; the nearby star is behaving like a lens, whose focusing action makes the distant star appear brighter than it would otherwise be.
In almost all cases, the positioning of the lensing star on the line-of-sight to the lensed star is only temporary, since the two stars are moving relative to one another. This means that observations of microlensing (made using sensitive photometers) reveal a steady brightening of the lensed star, as the lensing star moves into position, followed by a subsequent dimming of the lensed star as the lens moves away again.
When a planet is orbiting the lensing star, its own gravitational field can contribute to the bending of light rays, and it behaves like a defect in the lens. This defect will produce a narrow spike in the brightness of the lensed star, which can be used to infer the presence of the planet.
[[Image:lensing.png|50%|center|frame|The simulated magnification of a star's brightness, caused by a lensing star with an orbiting planet"]
Unfortunately, microlensing events are very infrequent, and the microlensing technique has to date not managed to find any extrasolar planets. However, if a detection is made, it will be possible to establish the mass of the planet responsible for the defect, by measuring the height and width of the spike in the brightness of the lensed star.
Planets found To Date
So far, over 100 extrasolar planets have been found. Almost all of these have been discovered using the Doppler spectroscopy technique; therefore, only lower limits for their masses are currently established. The histogram below shows the distribution of these lower-mass limits, over the mass range 0-15 Jupiter masses (1 Jupiter mass is approximately 0.001 solar masses).
The distribution of the lower-mass limits of all currently-known planets
Clearly, the majority are concentrated around 1 Jupiter mass (although keep in mind that this histogram gives lower limits!). A few much-heavier planets have been found, up to about 70 Jupiter masses; none have been found higher than this limit, since at 80 Jupiter Masses (=0.08 Solar masses), nuclear fusion begins, and the extrasolar system becomes a binary-star system. No planets have been found yet with masses similar to the Earth.
A puzzling aspect of the planets detected so far is that most appear very close (about 1 AU) to the star they are orbiting. Given the fact that these planets are Jovian-like gas giants, it is difficult to reconcile their existence with the Condensation Model for the formation of the Solar System (see [link:diploma-1|Lecture 1]), which predicts no Jovian planets interior to about 4 Au. The solution to this conundrum is that the extrasolar planets may have formed at a distance from their parent star, but then, through interactions with the remaining protoplanetary disk, spiraled closer in. It is not yet clear how often this planetary migration scenario will occur, since the Doppler spectroscopy technique (which accounts for the majority of planets found) is most sensitive to planets close to the star, and is therefore automatically biased toward finding planets which have already undergone migration.


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Courtesy Carnitas
Our Top 20 list starts off with a tie between the East and West Coasts. Representing the west, we have san Diego, where the growing food scene is one of the hottest in Southern California. Get your fill of local seafood at La Jolla mainstay George's at the Cove, or nab a seat at Sushi Ota's sushi bar. Chef Hanis Cavin's Carnitas' Snack Shack (pictured), a favorite newcomer, is your best bet for gourmet-casual fare_. —Valentina Silva_
zack bowen
Just as the city of Portland has transformed itself from scruffy to sophisticated, so too has its cuisine—which explains why it finds itself on our Top 20 list, tied with San Diego. Yes, there's still ample opportunity to chow down on a fresh lobster roll by the water at old-school institutions like DiMillo's, but bolder seafood options await around every corner. Sam Hayward's Fore Street is the restaurant that kicked off Portland's food revolution nearly 20 years ago and continues to be one of its great innovators with a daily changing menu of locally sourced items, prepared rustic-style in a wood-burning oven. While (relative) newcomers like Eventide Oyster Co. (pictured), a tribute to the old-fashioned raw bar, and the Miyake family of Japan-meets-Maine eateries are a testament to the city's increasingly adventurous palate._ —Jennifer M. Wood_
Stunning mountain scenery, exclusive ski resort, sophisticated seclusion—this historic hamlet wrapped in 14,000-foot peaks has it all while retaining just enough of its mining-boomtown roots to keep it rowdy. Start your feast with a late lunch at Bon Vivant, an alfresco perch elevating French comfort food to match the San Juan views; pair a sharp Alsace Pino Gris with the gruyere-smothered onion soup dunked with a slow-braised short rib. The ski slopes tumble into town where the après scene stays cool at There by Nobu alum Andrew Tyler. The ramshackle-hip hut filled with mountain bric-a-brac combines craft cocktails and choice Colorado-Asian fusion small plates like crispy duck breast steamed buns and rare Wagyu steak served with four dipping sauces. Dinner is served at 221 South Oak where Top Chef alum Eliza Gavin's locally sourced game sausages and extensive wine list are served in a cozy restored Victorian home. Unruly dudes and famous faces alike have sidled up to the historic New Sheridan Bar since 1895, and these days the hotel preserving it is a perennial Readers' Choice fave. All the better, then, to wrap your night here with a pint Telluride Brewing's Face-Down Brown Ale, a Great American Beer Festival gold-medal brew._ —Alex Pasquariello_
Given its tropical climate and Gulf of Mexico perch, you're going to get at least one seafood option at almost any restaurant you visit in Naples. And if that's why you're here, the boat-to-belly offerings at Truluck's—including their famous stone crabs—are some of the area's freshest. But Naples is a cosmopolitan city, and as such has a vast number of impressive international eats. For French Provencal, there's Claudio Scaduto's Côte d'Azur; for Spanish tapas off-the-beaten path, try IM Tapas. Caffe dell'Amore is a top choice for Italian, while Inca's Kitchen serves up authentic Peruvian dishes like lomo saltado (sautéed beef loin) in a comfortable setting. If you can't choose just one, Mereday's offers an eclectic mix of flavors from around the world (think mussels with Indian madras curry and coconut milk)._ —Jennifer M. Wood_
Bonjwing Lee
Austin has never been short on good food (take, for example, the piled-high pulled pork at Franklin). But these days, chefs are adding all sorts of culinary twists to the Texas capital. At his new namesake restaurant (pictured) Paul Qui—of East Side King clout—offers Southwestern staples like short ribs covered in Thai herbs, followed by a decadent cheddar cheese ice cream for dessert. And the East Austin food truck scene deserves a Zagat guide unto itself. —Laura Carroll
RWP / Alamy
Now that Paula Deen's waterfront hub Uncle Bubba's Oyster House is closed, what, pray tell, will anyone talk about? How about the arrival of James Beard Award winner and Top Chef judge Hugh Acheson, who makes his Savannah debut in May with Italian restaurant Florence? Or the continued excellence of The Olde Pink House (pictured), where diners can enjoy a juicy bourbon-molasses grilled pork tenderloin with collard greens and sweet potatoes in an 18th-century mansion, followed by a beer downstairs in a bar that seems plucked from the colonial era? Or how about the fact that Savannah was ranked third-friendliest city in the U.S. by our readers? Clearly, it seems there's plenty to keep travelers talking about this southern city. —Laura Dannen Redman
Michelle Gardella
Though there are fish shacks aplenty in this tony New England city—Flo's Clam Shack is a 78-year-old institution—Newport's most noteworthy eateries offer more upscale takes on seafood in more formal settings. Which makes sense, given Newport's island location and former life as a Gilded Age playground. At Castle Hill Inn Dining Room overlooking Narragansett Bay, chef Karsten Hart emphasizes local ingredients in dishes like broiled cod with smoked seaweed butter. At Spiced Pear, fine diners line up for the New England Tasting Menu, which—if you're lucky—will include chilled local oysters with horseradish bacon sorbet._ —Jennifer M. Wood_
Courtesy of Shanik
Yes, Seattle has (excellent) coffee and salmon, and the fishmongers will toss the fresh catch of the day for your amusement in Pike Place Market, but the city is so much more than its stereotypes. Chefs walk the walk here, showing true dedication to local ingredients and innovation, from James Beard Award nominee Renee Erickson's soul-cleansing oysters at The Walrus and the Carpenter to the lamb popsicles at Shanik (pictured), sister restaurant to the famed Vancouver, B.C., Indian eatery Vij's. Ethan Stowell is another of Seattle's James Beard Award nominees, and his family-style Italian Sunday dinners at Tavolàta (which, dare we say it, rival our grandmother's) are not to be missed.—Laura Dannen Redman
Ann McCarthy
Headliners of the stage aren't the only big names in Vegas. In recent years, celebrity chefs have set up their own culinary residencies in Sin City's biggest casino hotels. The star-studded list includes Michelin-starred French chefs like Joel Robuchon at MGM Grand and Pierre Gagnaire at the Mandarin Oriental, while Jose Andres experiments with Mexican and Chinese cuisine side by side (not fused together) at China Poblano at The Cosmopolitan (pictured). For sushi lovers, chef Nobu Matsuhisa opened his first Nobu hotel at Caesars Palace, serving green tea waffles and specialty bento boxes through room service.
And then there are the TV chefs: Bobby Flay, Gordon Ramsay, Tom Colicchio, Buddy V a.k.a. The Cake Boss, and Giada de Laurentiis, who will serve simple Italian plates at her firstever restaurant at The Cromwell, opening next month. As for the answer to the ageold Vegas question, "Where's the best steakhouse?," there's no right or wrong choice nowadays, thanks to Wolfgang Puck's CUT, Mario Batali's Carnevino, Charlie Palmer Steak, Steve Wynn's SW Steak, and NYC's Old Homestead. —Juliana Shallcross
Courtesy Aspen Brewing Company
America's premier winter playground adds another celeb-chef notch to its belt this spring with the opening of David Burke Kitchen. Executive chef Matt O'Neill (poached from The Little Nell) will lend the place his locavore cred—don't miss the local elk, lamb and beef that will be prepared in a custom dry aging room. For seafood, hit Iron Chef Nobu Matsuhisa's sushi outpost, an eternally a hot table for A-listers and X-Gamers alike. Aspen's après scene isn't just about food though; locally made beers add to the city's culinary cred. Toast a powder day at [Aspen Brewing Company's Tasting Room](http://aspenbrewingcompany.com/tag/beer-tasting-room/" t "blank) over pints of Independence Pass Ale, Pyramid Peak Porter and Conundrum Red Ale. A stylish speakeasy-slash-restaurant in the historic wheeler Opera House, Justice Snow's is the spot to sample locally distilled spirits in craft cocktails by "Lead Libation Liaison" Joshua-Peter Smith including a Chepita cobbler with Woody Creek Colorado Potato Vodka, Carlson Plum Wine, honey, a muddled peach, cherries and bit of tarragon shaken with crushed ice. —Alex Pasquariello_
kristin teig
While history may associate Boston dining with such old-school (and often bland) dishes as brown bread, baked beans, and clam chowder, there's been a changing of the guards in recent years. Chefs who have spent years studying under the city's most notable cooks are breaking out and opening up their own joints, which couple upscale eats with laidback vibes. In the South End, Merrill & Co. promotes sharing plates of fried oysters in a squid ink aioli, cast iron mussels with red curry and ginger, and pork belly with baby carrots and za'atar. In Harvard Square, Alden & Harlow (pictured) does the gastropub trend proud with a 'secret' burger that is packing crowds in. While in Downtown Crossing, The Merchant is putting a New England spin on the American brasserie, serving up everything from green curry mussels to fish and chips into the wee hours of the morning. —Jennifer M. Wood
Mariko Reed
Ask any twenty- or thirty-something in the Bay Area to name their favorite city in California wine country, and chances are you'll hear Healdsburg's name. Like the locals, the food scene is friendly and welcoming, with an impressive range of creative talent for such a small place. Chalkboard has a contemporary vibe and house-made pastas with accents like duck fat breadcrumbs. And SHED Café (pictured) serves delightfully simple and seasonal brunches in an airy, indoor-outdoor setting. —Stacy Adimando
Courtesy Compound
An introduction to New Mexican cuisine usually starts with a declaration of allegiance: green chile or red chile? Start by sampling both at The Shed, a James Beard Award–winning restaurant that's been managed by the same family since 1953, and serves some of the city's best chicken enchiladas, wrapped in blue corn tortillas and smothered in red and green chile sauce. But the Santa Fe experience has grown beyond the chile war to embrace fusion fare: Mark Kiffin's Compound (pictured) blends Southwestern and Mediterranean flavors, while Restaurant Martín** **dishes out 'progressive American cuisine'—Southwestern and Asian influences with French technique._ —Laura Dannen Redman_
John Elk III/Alamy
This coast city's quaint downtown area is a perfectly walkable size, which means you can cover a lot of ground (and some notable restaurant newcomers) in just one weekend. Mundaka, a Spanish tapas bar, has a rotating paella of the day and a new, next-door café pouring Ritual coffee. The attentive staff at Akaoni (24381 San Juan Rd, 831-620-1516) serves top-quality, traditional sushi, and La Bicycletta spins out inventive thin crust pizzas with combos like butternut squash and speck. Some say the three are among the best spots to dine in all of Monterey County. —Stacy Adimando
Derek Richmond
The Second City's food scene has never been hotter, thanks to a healthy ratio of stalwart restaurateurs—notably Paul Kahan (posh Italian spot Nico Osteria (pictured) is his newest; perennial New American favorite Blackbird is his calling card) and Brendan Sodikoff (High Five Ramen opens in May; flattop burger joint Au Cheval is the favorite)—and a smattering of ethnic eateries reflecting the city's diversity. In this town, to-die-for taquerias like L'Patron are just as popular as molecular-gastronomic mainstays like Next. —Lauren Viera
Martin Thomas Photography
This food-obsessed city is constantly redefining its local flavor, perfecting beignets and gumbo while experimenting with the latest from nearby farms. New French Quarter restaurant Eat serves comfort food—chicken and dumplings, red beans and rice, fried green tomatoes—with the freshest ingredients; while Isaac Toups proves he's a master of Gulf shrimp, dirty rice and pork skin cracklins at Toup's Meatery. Pork paradise Cochon (pictured) delivers traditional Cajun fare in a renovated warehouse in the Lower Garden District. And we'll follow creative Chef Ian Schnoebelen from fine-dining restaurant Iris, which (sadly) closes in May, to his Italian-inspired Mariza in the Bywater._ —Laura Dannen Redman_
Andrew Cebulka
Our readers' favorite city in America (and the one they also voted the friendliest) has gone way beyond standard-issue Southern in recent years, with restaurant creativity to rival much larger cities' and, in the form of a local edition of the food blog Eater, the discriminating diners that go with it. New restaurants like The Ordinary (pictured)—where local oysters are shucked inside a former bank vault—and Xiao Bao Biscuit—where Lowcountry riffs make Asian recipes sing—prove that the trendsetting Husk—while still a winner—is far from the only game in this electric eating town._ —Paul Brady_
Travis E. Smith
There's no doubt SF has earned its reputation as one of the top food cities in the U.S., thanks to culinary destinatons like the 18-course seasonal-fare spot Saison (which started out as a pop-up) and off-duty-chefs' favorite Rich Table. But to experience the rustic, farm-to-table dining that helped put it on the map, have lunch at Delfina Pizzeria. Start with young fried favas or Sonoma-derived duck conserva with giardiniera, and don't miss the housemade fennel sausage pie, which comes out perfectly charred and bubbly. Speaking of pie, head to the unfussy corner spot Mission Pie (pictured) for dessert. Plop down with a rhubarb-filled slice and do an hour of people watching among the hipster patrons. —Stacy Adimando
Courtesy Goose&Gander
It wasn't always a foodie destination, but locals will tell you the food scene across Napa Valley (which is loosely collected into a "city" for our Readers' Choice Survey) is improving every day. Of course, it started with a bang, thanks to Thomas Keller's French Laundry. And now, there's plenty more to taste. To experience a new world example, eat at the bar at Goose and Gander (pictured). The dim-lit pub-like interior is a fun contrast to the bright, fresh food and exquisite seasonal cocktail list by Scott Beattie. Don't miss out on the more classic fare, like Model Bakery's light as air English muffins, a dream come true when slathered with butter. —Stacy Adimando
It's no surprise that New York landed in the No. 1 spot on our readers' list of America's top food cities. This is, after all, a city of culinary experts and of culinary upstarts. It's the foodie mecca where other chefs come to learn to be chefs, and where regular citizens learn to be food critics. This is where David Chang, April Bloomfield, Daniel Boulud, Wylie Dufresne, Bill Telepan, Tom Colicchio, and Marcus Samuelsson ply their trades. This is where you can eat burgers at Shake Shack, indulge in authentic curry in Queens, and throw back oysters and cocktails at Maison Premiere. But it's not all about famous chefs in this town—it's about authentic international cuisine and small mom-and-pop kitchens too. Oh, and desserts. It's definitely about dessert. After all, this is the town where the cronut was created. _—Billie Cohen
Agree? Disagree? Vote now in our Readers' Choice Survey.
More Readers' Choice Awards:
The Friendliest and Unfriendliest Cities in the U.S.
The Best Shopping Cities in the U.S.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wheel Alignment
To prevent vibration, skidding, noise, and abnormal wear, wheel alignment inspection is necessary.
The Importance of Wheel Alignment
The purpose of wheel alignment is to adjust front-wheel handling while driving. If wheel alignment is off, the tyre life is shortened whilst car and mileage performance also decreases.
Aspects of Wheel Alignment
- Caster
Caster angle settings when compared (from the side) allow the vehicle manufacturer to balance steering effort, high speed stability and front end cornering effectiveness. Increasing the amount of positive caster will increase steering effort and straight line tracking as well as improving high speed stability and cornering effectiveness, whereas decreasing positive caster results in less steering stability.
- Camber
The camber prevents tyre abrasion and increases steering manipulation. According to the angle at which the top or bottom portion of a tyre pulls inward or outward when the car is on a flat surface, there are three types of camber: positive, negative and neutral.
With the development of suspension and auto technology, most vehicles today have negative camber. In the case of negative camber, the car tilts when cornering due to centrifugal force. The outer tyres area of contact with the road surface increases, which allows for safe cornering.
- Toe
The toe refers to the directional difference between the front and back of a tyre formed by the upper part of an axis on a flat plane. There are two types of toe: toe-in and toe-out. Toe-in indicates the tyres front part pulled inward and toe-out indicates the tyres front part pulled outward. In the case of severe toe-out, abrasion occurs on the tyres inner surface. In the case of severe toe-in, abrasion occurs on the tyres outer surface. Both cases experience a high degree of resistance from the road surface, which results in decreased drivability and greater fuel cost. A controlled degree of toe-in increases safety in straight line driving and offsets inner abrasion that occurs due to negative camber.
When to Check Wheel Alignment
An inspection is required when,
- The car has been in an accident.
- After tyre replacement.
- When there is abnormal tyre wear on the tyres shoulder.
- When the handling is unstable and/or wobbles.
- When ride quality has become rougher or fuel economy has declined.


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New Report Shows Inadequacies of Aid Investment in Nutrition
We're about to reach a critical moment in combating the hunger crisis. Key conversations will be happening. The maternal- and child-health focused 1,000 Days will host the Scaling Up Nutrition: Calling All Champions briefing in Washington on the eve of the G8 Summit, May 17th. President Obama has invited African leaders to join leaders at the G-8 at Camp David on May 19th for a discussion on accelerating progress on food security in Africa. 1,000 Days will also host a summit in Chicago on May 21st, where our Board Chair Ray Debbane will speak. These are critical conversations, and we have a whole lot to say—much of it anchored in our major new report, Aid for Nutrition.
The report shows that funding for undernutrition programs represents a mere one percent of the estimated $11.8 billion that is needed annually, funding levels that remained unchanged between 2005 and 2009. And 11 percent of government and international funding commitments went unfunded.
Action Against Hunger's latest report provides a detailed analysis on aid reporting systems, assesses the transparency, quantity and effectiveness of nutrition funding in recent years, and provides recommendations on what is needed to adequately address undernutrition.
Funding for nutrition programs that deliver the full package of direct nutrition interventions, which address the more immediate elements of undernutrition and have the greatest potential for reducing child mortality and future disease burdens associated with undernutrition, were severely underfunded, receiving only two percent of the total funding earmarked for nutrition. Evidence also showed that the aid could be better directed to where needed most in the worst-affected regions of Africa and Asia. Another finding was that much of the data used in the analysis was inaccessible due to poor reporting by government agencies, suggesting a lack of transparency in nutrition funding and highlighting the need for more accountability.
"Aid For Nutrition highlights the worrying lack of investment in direct nutrition interventions. If international donors are committed to scaling up nutrition interventions, they must act now and provide adequate funds to meet what is required."
—Sandra Mutuma, Senior Nutrition Advisor, Action Against Hunger UK
Another concern the report raised has to do with the reactive and short-term nature of those nutrition programs that are funded—largely in response to emergencies, with few resources dedicated to longer-term development programs that address structural issues alongside lifesaving activities.
Drawing from the evidence gathered in Aid For Nutrition, Action Against Hunger's recommendations include the following:
- Government funders must improve their reporting and transparency.
- Investments in nutrition-specific interventions must be dramatically increased. The links between health and nutrition need to be better understood and supported by donor and recipient governments.
- Greater investments are needed in the treatment and prevention of undernutrition in both emergency and non-emergency contexts.
- A comprehensive, independent annual review is needed to assess government investments in nutrition, both to ensure greater accountability and to monitor commitments to scaling up nutrition.
Publication: Aid for Nutrition
Tell Us What You Think
What results of the report do you find most compelling?


text: Marco Sullivan has been a member of the U.S. Ski Team since 2000. Over the past 13 years, Sullivan earned four World Cup medals, three national titles and made three Olympic teams. He finished ninth in downhill at the Salt Lake City 2002 Olympic Winter Games and 23rd in super G at the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games, and hopes to make his third Olympic appearance in Sochi. Follow Marco as he blogs about his experiences on his road to the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.


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Basic Finance ManagementThis plugin gives your Ultimate Client Manager the ability to manage your income and expenses in a basic easy to use manner. Receive notifications when recurring bills are due, forecast your earnings and see an overview of payments recorded through your system.
Finance Manager Features
- Schedule recurring expenses (eg: web hosting bill every month)
- Schedule recurring income (eg: adwords every 3 months)
- Dashboard notifications when a recurring expense or income is due
- Group your income and expenses in categories and account types.
- See an overview of all previous payments recorded in your system
- See a 6 month summary of upcoming recurring bills and income, with a basic running estimation of your bank account balance over those coming 6 months (you can adjust 6 months to whatever you like).
- Adds the "Expense" column to your dashboard summary page, quickly see and compare your expenses between the previous days and weeks.
Feature List and Product Comparison:
How to install
- Download and install the Ultimate Client Manager on your website
- Purchase this plugin
- Find your licence code for this plugin (click here for instructions)
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The writer of the June 14th Letter to the Editor entitled, "Weakening Elections" complains that introducing more regulations to the voting process is weakening voter character. I wonder how she feels about the 19th amendment?
The National Women's Suffrage Association spent years lobbying, marching, picketing, and even suffering imprisonment in their efforts to change voter registration. That change, called the 19th Amendment, gave women the right to vote. After the passage of the 19th Amendment, the NWSA changed its name to the League of Women Voters.
The League of Women Voters is a nonpartisan political organization whose goal is to educate voters on important issues. The organization has taken the lead on educating the public about the dangers of gerrymandering. Putting an end to gerrymandering will not change voter registration, as the writer believes, but will allow every citizen's vote to count. The reason the league feels this issue is important is because gerrymandering is partisan and a threat to American democracy.


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For the week ending 22 March 2003 / 18 Adar II 5763
A Spanish Tribute
Jerusalemites are familiar with the Raoul Wallenberg Square in the center of the capital. It was to be expected that the Jewish State would thus honor the Swedish diplomat credited with saving tens of thousands of Jews from the Holocaust.
But it came as a pleasant surprise to learn that the city council of the Spanish city of Monforte unanimously voted to name a street in the towns old Jewish Quarter "Rua de Raoul Wallenberg".
An official street-naming ceremony is scheduled to take place during the next few months.


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Police nab suspected Ypsilanti bank robber
Police: 50-year-old Ypsilanti man arrested after officer recognizes him after bank robbery
YPSILANTI, Mich. – Police arrested a man suspected of robbing a TCF Bank in Ypsilanti.
The robbery happened Saturday at a branch on W. Packard Road.
Police say the suspect walked into the bank and announced a hold-up before fleeing on foot with an undisclosed amount of cash.
Sunday, a Ypsilanti officer recognized the suspect from the bank surveillance photographs.
The 50-year-old Ypsilanti man was arrested and police were able to recover some of the stolen money.
The suspect is currently being held at the Washtenaw County Jail and will be arraigned Monday.
His name wasn't released pending the arraignment
More Headlines:
- Romulus officer ran over, shoots suspect
- Planes collide at Metro airport
- Red Wings' Quincey out with broken cheekbone
- Michigan lawmaker introduces school attendance bill
- Driver leads Downriver police on chase
- Wayne County prosecutor says cuts endanger public safety
- Vet school professor enters plea in neglect case
- Thief swipes donation jars meant for girl fighting leukemia


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Today is Norway's national day, a day usually celebrated properly if you compare it against the Swedish National Day is celebrated. We salute our neighbours by playing a Norwegian song.
TNT is a Norwegian hard rock/glam metal band from Trondheim, formed in 1982. The band has released twelve studio albums, three EPs and two live albums while going through numerous line-up changes since its formation. Guitarist Ronni Le Tekrø is the only consistent member of TNT.
Todays tune "10,000 Lovers (In One)" is a single taken from their 1987 album Tell No Tales.
The song was written about a girl who TNT's vocalist at that time, Tony Harnell, knew. It reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart in America, and earned the band a Norwegian Grammy.
In 2006 TNT recorded a new version of the song together with the Norwegian rapper Vinni from the band Paperboys. This version included newly written and controversial rap lyrics, which fueled Harnell to make a statement.
Vinni joined TNT for a couple of performances of the new version in concerts and on national TV shows. It was scheduled to be included on a compilation of Norwegian hits, but it was cancelled due to unknown problems.
More info @
Official TNT Web
Listen to "TNT - 10000 Lovers" on Spotify here!


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Laboratory methodologies for testing the antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses
The need for surveillance of antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses has grown in recent years. The laboratory methodologies described below have been developed and reviewed by an Expert Working Group on Antiviral Susceptibility for the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). They are intended for National Influenza Centres in GISRS and other laboratories that test for influenza antiviral susceptibility.
M2 ion channel inhibitor
Neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI)
- Overview of amino acid substitutions in influenza neuraminidase associated with resistance or reduced susceptibility to NAIs
- Genotyping: molecular-based assays
- Phenotyping: neuraminidase inhibition assays


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It's not like us to take sides with a Spice Girl or even really care what they think. But we will draw the line with the recent mistreatment of five-month preggers Scary Spice. We haven't seen a pregnant sister treated so poorly since Billy Crudup left 7-month pregnant Mary Louise Parker for a much younger Claire Daines.
Mel B says she got her walking papers from rude boy Eddie Murphy when she heard it on the tellie and up until then she had planned to spend Christmas with him. And to top it off Murphy told a Euro talk show host he didn't know whose child she was carrying until she got a blood test. If Eddie had his fertile rod (five kids with his ex wife) within a mile of Miss Melanie Brown, he should have the common courtesy to keep the matter between him and Scary.


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March 4, 2010Thursday, March 4th, 2010
Greene Street, Soho, New York, as of this morning.
Greene Street, Soho, New York, as of this morning.
I had the chance to dine at Momofuku Ko a couple of weeks ago, and I still can't get the experience out of my head. It was a deliriously good time. You see, recently, I've been thinking a lot about food and its relation to design. I was first made aware of this connection years ago, when it seemed every other successful, interesting restaurant was run by a former architect. This was the case with such famous restaurants such as The Slanted Door in San Francisco (run by chef Charles Phan, with an architecture degree from UCBerkeley), Freeman's in NYC (run by Taavo Somer, who did a stint at Steven Holl's office), BarBao (run by former architect Michael Bao) in NYC, and several others.
I've also been reading about food almost exclusively lately, most recently Heat, by former New Yorker editor Bill Buford, and the life-changing book by Michael Pollan, the Omnivore's Dilemma. I highly recommend both to anybody.
I don't really know where to begin in talking about how interconnected I feel are the pursuits of food-making and architecture. I could talk about the work that is involved in making something so seemingly simple–in Bill Buford's book, an entire lifetime isn't enough to learn how to make pasta properly, and analagously, architects often lament/boast about the extended hours demanded by the profession (and rightly so). Ambitious chefs pay for expensive schooling, then intern in foreign locales for no pay, and then work 16 hour days for many years in the kitchens of famous chefs. Architects do almost exactly the same thing. But this isn't exclusive to architecture and cooking; especially in New York City, it's easy to see so many people who are working so hard for such varied passions, food and design among them.
There is also something incredibly holistic about both fields, if seen through the right lens. Michael Pollan, in the first few chapters of The Omnivore's Dilemma, manages to directly link agri-business to the military-industrial complex (and all of its geopolitical machinations). And it's not far-fetched once you go through the logic of his argument. In essence, it has to do with commercial fertilizer, because fertilizer is a petroleum product. So he can successfully argue that the culinary and gustatory choices we make have wide-ranging implications on the world around us. Alice Waters and others have argued similar ideas. And I totally back it.
Architecture, once you become attuned to the way in which it is connected to people and goverments and environments, operates in much a similar way. Design choices can take on the weight of a moral imperative, and I don't mean this lightly or glibly, any more than saying that what you eat has political and philosophical ramifications. Architecture, at its most fundamental level, involves how we interact with our environment. It is a mediated interaction, and careful practitioners of architecture have argued beautifully for a wide-ranging spectrum of sociopolitical and philosophical imperatives, of which I believe they are fully justified in doing so.
But this is all much heavier than I wanted this discussion to turn out. I began by talking about the joy of eating at Momofuku, and I guess this moment would be a good time to talk about the real, fundamental reason why I think architects and food often go together: because both are just such wonderfully sensual endeavors. Both architecture and eating involve a multiplicity of sensual stimulation. The experience of space involves something, that to me, seems like more than the sum of our five senses could register. The experience of a human body in the environment is the medium of the architect. The inverse is the case with food–cuisine is about the feel of the environment within us. A well cooked meal or a sumptuously built space is as profound an experience as is available to human being, and that is enough said.
P.S.: The food images are courtesy of Tina, who runs a wonderful blog called The Wandering Eater. She graciously let me use her beautiful photos. Here is her post on her experience at Ko. Tina explains what exactly goes into a typical meal at Ko. Those ingredients, that preparation, and the execution: it is all so simple, yet carries so many ideas.
P.P.S.: At one point, I wanted to talk about David Chang, the chef at Momofuku, a Korean-American, and the vibrantly Asian-French-American food at Momofuku. In this way, it is tangentially related to my Film Architecture theme, "The Future is Asian." The Momofuku restaurants are a phenomenon that seems an uncannily prescient sign of the times and the place (New York City). As one restaurant critic said about Momofuku, "only in America."


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MURRAY, Ky. – Junior Naomi Wells returned to form on Friday night rattling off 22 kills in 3-0 sweep of Murray State.
The reigning OVC Co-Offensive Player of the week posted a season high in kills (22) and her second best hitting percentage of the year (.571). Wells also added three blocks to bring her point total to 23.5 on the night.
Wells' was aided by a solid performance from senior setter Erika Moss who recorded her second best assist total of the year, with 52 helpers. Her assists led to four Tigers recording eight or more kills. Both freshman Arijana Anderson and junior Sherryce Butler picked up 10 kills, with junior Taylor Swayzer providing eight kills.
Moss paired her offensive performance with 11 digs for her eleventh double-double of the season. Junior Ileanushka Maldonado led Tennessee State in digs with 19. Moldanado and Moss were joined at the double-digit dig plateau by Jamie Cooper, who finished the night with 12 digs.
Tennessee State got behind early in the first set, trailing Murray State 13-11. The Tigers used a 6-1 run to take a 17-14 lead, capped by a Butler kill. Both teams traded points, with Murray State eventually knotting the frame at 20-20. From that point the two OVC teams had eight lead changes and seven ties, with the last tie coming at 28-28, after a Murray State service error.
Big Blue capitalized with the service in their favor, tallying two straight points to take the set 30-28. A combo block from Arrijana Anderson and Butler gave TSU a 29-28 lead. Anderson followed up her block with a kill to take the set.
In the frame Wells picked up nine kills on 10 attacks for a hitting percentage of .900. Butler posted five blocks to go along with four kills in the stanza.
The Tigers raced out to a big start in the second set grabbing the 12-2 lead. In the span Wells picked up four kills to lead the charge. Big Blue would extend its lead out to as many as 11 in the set at 19-8. Murray State closed within eight points on three different occasions but the Tigers fended off the attack to win the set 25-16.
Coming out of the break the Racers gave Tennessee State a battle from the start. With the Tigers holding the 8-6 lead, Murray State used a 6-0 run to grab a 10-8 advantage. Tennessee State responded with an 8-3 run to regain the lead, 16-13.
Murray State closed within one on two occasions, with the last time coming at 21-20. From there the Tigers closed out the set and the match on a 4-0 blitz. The run was ended with an exclamation with Wells' 22nd kill.
Taylor Olden led the Racers in kills with 10 on the evening.
Tennessee State returns to action next Friday when they take on Morehead State, first serve for the contest is slated for 6 p.m.


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BryanM necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 157 diseños de 25 diseñadores freelance.
Just Kids Medical
Need a logo for http://www.JustKidsMedical.com a new web site that sells children's health products. Logo will be used on web site, catalog and other marketing materials. Logo must incorporate an existing element "Just" previously developed that we use on all of our corporate online stores.
This site is targeted toward parents of children 1 to 16 years old. We like the idea of primary crayon like colors that say "products for children here", but are open to other designs.
We are a company that sells medical and home health products to customers through catalogs and online stores. Each online store focuses on a specific niche. This contest is for a logo for just Kids Medical – one of our web stores.
IMPORTANT: The logo must use the "just" element already developed. The color of the just element should be suggested by you – but must be one solid color. We prefer a color that works with the blue website header background. (see the web site).
FONT STYLE: we are interested in a "child like" font for the word Kids
FONT COLOR: open to ideas, we like primary colors to communicate a children's theme
FILE: .AI file with just portion of logo is attached.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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I remember that in our first programming class with Java, while explaining data types, the following occurred (kinda):
Professor: So, what data type would you choose if your program needs to store the user's gender?
Someone: How about a boolean? You know, true for male and false for female.
Professor: Sure, that may work, but some people may hesitate about that. There have been disputes about calling men "true" and women "false" in the past...
*laughter *
He ended up recommending us to consider chars (like
'm' and
'f') although booleans should be fine.
I tried searching a bit if there has been any kind of historical entry regarding a major dispute based on this programming practice with no luck.
I'm not asking what data type to use for gender nor if it is fine or not to use booleans. I'm asking if, historically, there has been a dispute regarding the usage of booleans to determine the gender in programming because of the apparently "wrong" (I'm not saying it is wrong - I don't care about that) behavior of calling a woman "false" as the professor seemed to suggest.
Searching around related questions, the results happen to be only about software efficiency.


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Hi all,
I am building a non-profit informational website for the company that I work for and am using the DDLevelsMenu Script found HERE
I have used this script before, and it works GREAT!, however, my current project requires that I remove the down arrow from the top level menu, the horizontal arrow is still ok to keep.
In the JS code, I believe the variable that needs to be edited / removed is downarrowpointer. I have attempted to remove this from the code, but when missing / altered, the drop down menu no longer works.
Is there anyone out there that could help me with this problem? I know virtually nothing about Javascript, Thanks in advance for all your help.


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Facility History
The Rockville Correctional Facility is a medium security adult female facility located on approximately 52 acres, one mile northwest of Rockville, Indiana. The facility began its existence as a radar base for the U.S. Air Force in the early 1950's, was deserted approximately 10 years later when its mission ended, and was resurrected by the Department of Correction as a juvenile male facility In 1970. In 1992, after moving through stages from young juveniles, to older juveniles, to co-ed with adolescent makes and adult female offenders on the same grounds, to adult females alone, the facility became the largest female facility in the Department of Correction.
The 1995 Indiana General Assembly approved the Department's plan to rebuild the Rockville Training Center, as it was called then, to fit its new mission as a 600 bed facility for females. Following a master plan completed in 1990, the State Office Building Commission began the design and construction process in 1995. Over the course of the next three years, 23 structures were demolished, 5 were converted to stand alone heating systems and upgraded in other ways, 13 new buildings were constructed, and the whole of the facility's infrastructure was replaced.
There are a total of 22 buildings within the facility proper and 2 residences. Dorm 1 houses 128 offenders participating in our PLUS Program. Dorms 2, 3, 4 and 5 are virtually identical in configuration with Dorm 2 being the prototype for the other three. Dorm 2 houses 272 offenders and serves as the intake unit for the Department of Correction female population. Dorm 3 houses Recovery While Incarcerated (RWI) participants. Dorms 4, and 5 have a capacity of 272 each and house general population. The facility segregation unit, Secure Quarters, houses 24. The building contains two ranges, each with 12 single cells. Dorm 2 was constructed in 1993 and the rest of the offender housing was completed in 1997. The facility is a customer of the Town of Rockville for both water and sewage services. REMC provides electrical service to the facility. Vectren and Energy USA provide natural gas to the facility.


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It's official – she is part human, part water monkey. My wife and I took Isabella down to the pool while on our trip to Chicago and she LOVED the water; splashing and yelling as we took turns savoring the joyous moment.
The mere mention of "pool" or "swimming" made her body shake with excitement. Her hands waved back and forth as if she were already splashing in the pool and a smile took up most of the real estate on her face.
We changed into our swimsuits faster than a pitstop in NASCAR and hurried to the pool.
The scent of chlorine filled the hallway – we knew we were close. Finally, there it was. No one was around. The hum of the jacuzzi on low provided the perfect white noise. Everything was calm and quiet…but not for long.
The water introduction was slow; cautious. We didn't know how she would react.
Splash! Splash! Slash!
She wasn't shy. She loved it! Screams of excitement filled the peacefully quiet pool area.
Hands waving- feet kicking- smiling from ear to ear. She literally looked like a monkey in water the way she splashed and screamed at the fun she had.
Bringing her for water rides around the perimeter wasn't just a ride as Isabella began to kick, unprompted. We don't know if it was natural water form or sheer excitement but we really don't care because the look in her eyes and the smile on her face was satisfaction enough to know that she loves the water and loves us for sharing in that moment.


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Google plans to build on 9.4 acres in Mountain View to make room for its more than 6,500 new employees, according to reports.
Google agreed to pay the city of Mountain View $30 million for a 53-year lease on the city acreage near Shoreline Boulevard, the San Jose Mercury News reported. The search giant has also hired Ingenhoven Architects, a German company that specializes in green and sustainable designs, to create plans for around 600,000 square feet.
Google has so far been mum on the deal, but city officials said that preliminary plans should be filed later this month and construction could start as early as next year. Google is also looking to lease a couple of buildings in downtown Mountain View.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
With Google openly looking to recruit mobile developers and other employees, it makes sense that it's looking to expand an already full Googleplex. If the hiring continues like last year, than another 6,500 bodies will join the company and there's no more room to put them -- especially when the workforce has already expanded by a third.


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"What a genius! His spatial conception is magnificent, even after 100 years."
"But all his buildings leak!"
I used to give a talk to University of Illinois architecture students in which I told them the quickest way to go out of business is to be sued. The quickest way to be sued is to have a building allow moisture intrusion. If he were alive today, Frank Lloyd Wright—God rest his soul—would be in jail (and a few current architects may be well on their way). Owners are not very kind when their "babies" leak.
Many roof termination interfaces are never even thought about by designers and are left to the roofing contractor to work out. This is not a recommended practice. One such condition—that every architect should be able to detail—is how the roof base flashing terminates at a masonry wall that has through-wall flashing and weeps at the base of the wall above the roof. I believe so fervently that architects should be proficient in detailing these conditions that I believe it should be required to procure their license.
The interface of roof base flashing and masonry through-wall systems occurs on a majority of commercial construction projects. If this transition is not performed correctly, moisture intrusion behind the roof base flashing to the interior will occur (see Photo 2). When this occurs, besides angering owners, it befuddles the architect. Photo 1 (left) shows a nice through-wall flashing drip extended out from the wall, weeps and roofing terminated with a termination bar and sealant. What could be wrong?
The exposed brick above the termination bar and below the stain- less-steel drip of the through-wall flashing is susceptible to water flowing down the surface of the brick. Water passing through the brick above is supposed to be weeped out; however, at the exposed brick above the termination bar, the water moves into the wall and has nowhere to go but inward.
The cost to repair these conditions can be, depending on the conditions, expensive. Repairs often require brick removal and through-wall flashing mitigation. In this particular case, be- cause there is a stainless-steel drip, my team recommended a stainless-steel counterflashing be pop-riveted to the drip and extended over the termination bar.
Why is the interface of roof base flashing and masonry through-wall systems so difficult for architects and roof consultants to detail? I believe it is because they have no clue it needs to be detailed as an interface, especially because detailing of appropriate through-wall systems is so sporadic. I endeavor in this article to change at least the knowledge part.
The detailing of this condition not only requires the ability to interface two building systems, but also requires considerable time to ensure specification of wall sectional details and roofing details are appropriately placed where the responsible trades will see them.
New construction provides us a clean slate to "do it right the first time". The first order of business is to determine the height of the base flashing. This can be tricky with tapered insulation and slope structures with saddles. Let's consider the following examples (see Detail 4, page 3):
We are dealing with a flat roof, tapered insulation, cover board and bead-foam insulation in ASHRAE Climate Zone 5, which has an R-30 minimum.
- The roof drain is 32-feet away from the wall. Code requires 5.2 inches of insulation at 4 feet from the drain, so let's assume 5 inches at the drain.
- 1/4-inch tapered starts at 1/2 inch at 32 feet. That's 8 inches, plus the starting thickness of 1/2 inch, which equals 8 1/2 inches.
- Cover-board thickness is 1/2 inch.
- Bead foam thickness is 3/16 inch for each layer. Let's assume five layers, so 1 foot of bead foam.
Thus, the surface of the roof at the wall will be 15 inches above the roof deck.
Because you would like to work at the masonry coursing level and given that concrete masonry units (CMU) are nominal 8 inches, you are looking at placing the through-wall flashing 24 inches above the roof deck.
This 24-inch dimension of where to place the through-wall flashing needs to be placed on the building section and/or wall section because the mason, which will be onsite prior to the roofing contractor, will need to know this information.
This 24-inch height begs another termination question: What occurs at the roof edge with this height? Hold that thought for now. Terminations at intersections will be discussed in future articles.


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Bioshock 2 Official Rapture Metro DLC Trailer
on May 2, 2010 at 9:02 am
Posted In: Uncategorized
Bioshock 2 New Dowloadable content. Here's the trailer of what you can expect. More areas to shoot your disgusting splicer friends in. Sure Splicer's aren't zombies, but they fill the role that zombies usually take in most games. That is[…]↓ Read the rest of this entry…


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Eu Legislation
Return Fund (2008-2013)
Decision No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 establishing the European Return Fund for the period 2008 to 2013 as part of the General Programme "Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows".
This decision defines the objectives of the Return Fund and the rules for its management. It also establishes the available financial resources for the fund and the criteria for their allocation.
The fund is aimed at persons enjoying (or applying for) international or temporary protection and those illegally resident in a European Union (EU) country.
Eligible actions
The fund can be used to finance national and transnational actions or actions at EU level.
National actions are directed towards designing integrated return management * in EU countries and enhancing cooperation between EU countries in this area. In addition, these actions are designed to promote uniform application of the European legislation on integrated return management.
Transnational actions and actions of interest to the EU include actions that:
- further cooperation at EU level in implementing EU law and good practices;
- support the development of statistical tools;
- support transnational awareness-raising campaigns;
- support the creation of a handbook on best practices in this area;
- provide for assistance to EU countries in emergency situations;
- support the setting up of pilot projects and transnational networks of bodies responsible for facilitating the exchange of information and good practices.
Principles governing the fund's actions
In line with the priorities and objectives laid down by the EU, the fund will provide grants to support actions of a non-profit nature already co-financed by public or private sources. Support from the fund may not exceed 50% of the total cost of national actions. The EU contribution is increased to 75% in countries covered by the Cohesion Fund and for projects addressing specific priorities identified in the strategic guidelines.
The Commission will adopt strategic guidelines for the period 2008-13, defining EU level priorities for each of the objectives of the fund.
On the basis of these strategic guidelines, each EU country will prepare a multiannual programme setting out a strategy for and a description of the actions designed to achieve their objectives, as well as additional indications regarding project financing. It will also define the annual programmes implementing the multiannual programme.
Committee, review and repeal
The Commission is assisted by the Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows Committee. This decision must be reviewed by the European Parliament and the Council by 30 June 2013.
This decision carries forward the preparatory financial actions implemented under the Hague Programme, which are themselves part of the EU return policy instituted by the Return Action Programme of 28 November 2002. With resources totalling Ђ676 million for this period, the fund is part of the general programme "Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows", established by the communication of 6 April 2005.
|Entry into force
|Deadline for transposition in the Member States
|Official Journal
|Decision No 575/2007/EC
OJ L 144 of 6.6.2007
Commission Decision 2008/458/EC of 5 March 2008 laying down rules for the implementation of Decision No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the European Return Fund for the period 2008 to 2013 as part of the General programme Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows as regards Member States' management and control systems, the rules for administrative and financial management and the eligibility of expenditure on projects co-financed by the Fund [Official Journal L 167 of 27.6.2008].
Commission Decision 2007/837/EC of 30 November 2007 implementing Decision 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the adoption of the strategic guidelines for 2008 to 2013 [Official Journal L 330 of 15.12.2007].
This decision sets out the strategic guidelines for the period 2008-13, defining the EU level priorities and specific priorities for EU countries to address in order to receive an increased financial contribution from the Return Fund.
The decision provides four priorities with one or more specific priorities for each:
- support EU countries in developing a strategic approach to return management. The integrated return plans should focus on assisted voluntary return programmes, cash incentives and measures to deal with the specific situation of vulnerable returnees, and the return of non-EU country nationals or stateless persons who are not covered by EU or national bilateral readmission agreements to countries with which cooperation is difficult;
- support EU countries' cooperation on return management. Projects should in particular address integrated return plans that have been designed and that will be applied in collaboration with EU countries and possibly with the European External Borders Agency, non-governmental and/or international organisations;
- support specific innovative national or international tools for return management. Projects should propose innovative measures for informing and counselling potential returnees on the situation in the countries of return or other innovative incentives for increasing voluntary returns and test new working methods that will quicken the process of documenting returnees in collaboration with non-EU countries' consular authorities and immigration services;
- support EU level standards and best practices on return management. Projects in this area should address evaluations for measuring progress in all aspects of return programmes and national level measures that ensure the fair and effective application of the common standards on return.


text:
Căutarea dvs. nu corespunde niciunui rezultat
Pentru a găsi ceea ce căutaţi, vă sugerăm să încercaţi următoarele:
Întrebări frecvente
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Stay connected to your projects and jobsite processes, anytime, anywhere. Easily managed from any mobile device.
Engage a Sales Expert


text:
mgportland necesitaba un nuevo diseño de otro y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 51 diseños de 9 diseñadores freelance.
TransitSherpa lets you buy a bus or mass transit ticket from your mobile phone.
We are a mobile software development company focusing on providing mobile payments for public transportation and parking for riders.
Users of smart phones (iPhone and Blackberry to start) who ride public transportation and would like to use their phones to purchase to purchase their tickets and see the trip schedules
We are looking to design a mobile ticketing solution for both parking and mass transit. The tickets on the mobile devices should be clean images with 3 distinct features (a color box, unique code, and unique image) besides the standard (date, time, zone and type of pass)
The ticket design should have the following elements:
a small image in the left hand bottom of the ticket - this can be anything (tree, cat, dog, abstract)
a section of the ticket should have a unique color which is different than the rest of the ticket
the ticket should have a unique 4 character code (of numbers and letters such as 3Af9)
These three items above would be uniquely generated for different types of tickets.
The ticket should also include the date and a zone indicator (which just tells what area ticket is valid for. (example: Zone A)
The ticket design should be sized to fit on an iPhone and Blackberry screen (portrait).
Please use any transit tickets that you use a inspiration of how these tickets could be translated to a mobile phone.
The front of the ticket should have the following items
- * A four character code (numbers and letters) - like 4A1I
- * A small image in the bottom left hand corner (can be an abstract image, tree, dog, car, etc.)
- * A portion of the ticket should have a color box (the color should be different from the color of the ticket
- * Should show a date
- * A zone where the ticket can be used (Zone A)
- Include a animation strip under the small image so that when the picture loads it shows a type of animation
- Show the ticket in several different colors
The back of the ticket should have the following:
- The back of the ticket, which would show a verification number (VRX-9843A2345:B1)
Please look at existing tickets that you may use and design and size to fit an iPhone and Blackberry screen (use older Blackberry's with small screens).
See the following ticket as a starting point: http://trimet.org/fares/1monthpass.htm
- Item 1...


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Can anyone suggest the best way to go about adding a 'mega menu' to my wordpress navigation without using a plugin?
The content in the mega menu itself does not need to be editable via the CMS HOWEVER does need to be active when the user hovers over a certain li in the main navigation.
I've looked on Google but everything is geared towards the plugin route, which I'd liek to avoid.


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Earth from Space: Pine Island cracked
This image from the Envisat satellite shows the Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica.
Pine Island is the largest glacier in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and one of the fastest ice streams on the continent, flowing into Pine Island Bay in the Amundsen Sea.
Ten percent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet drains out to the sea by way of this glacier.
Scientists have found that the flow of Pine Island, along with other ice streams in Antarctica such as the nearby Thwaites Glacier, has accelerated in recent years. A melting of these two glaciers alone would contribute to global sea-level rise of over a metre.
The image reveals a crack in the glacier's tongue about 25 km long.
Envisat saw a similar crack in 2007 which then gave birth to a new iceberg 34 km long and 20 km wide.
Iceberg calving occurs in Antarctica each year and is part of the natural lifecycle of the ice sheet.
This image was acquired by Envisat's radar on 6 April 2012, just two days before contact with the satellite was lost.
Over its ten-year lifetime, Envisat's radar imagery was constantly used to monitor ice in the Antarctic. Satellite radars are particularly useful over polar regions because they can see through clouds and darkness.
The Image of the Week is featured on ESA Web-TV, broadcast online every Friday at 10:00 CEST.


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Need Help?
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Saturday 04/13/2013, 8:30 am - 11:30 am
Skill LevelIntermediate
Class Hours3
TeacherCandace Eisner Strick
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Tuck, Twist and Roll with Candace Eisner StrickTiny little details can add huge amounts of interest to any knit garment. Some are super easy to do; others require gymnastics! But all will keep you on the edge of your seat waiting to see the outcome. We will start with a cool twisted cast-on, just the thing every knitting book cautions you not to do, then go on to do splits, tucks, and twists.
Supplies2 ozs each of 2 highly contrasting colors of worsted weight yarn and two 5mm/US 8 circular needles 24" or longer.
Sharp scissors, notebook, pen or pencil with an eraser, stitch markers, blunt tapestry needles (large and small), flexible tape measure, small calculator, and needles & crochet hooks of various sizes.


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Rays Announce First 4 Rays Summer Concert Series Acts for 2014
Today the Tampa Bay Rays announced the first 4 musical acts that will make up the 2014 Rays Concert Series schedule. As always each concert will be free with the purchase of a game ticket for that date, and the music will fill the tilted roof of the Trop after the conclusion of the game.
As has been the tradition, Rays fans can also get a bit "up close and a little personal" with an additional charge for field access passes or wristbands that can be bought before the concert dates on raysbaseball.com/concerts for an additional fee .
One of the early highlights to the Rays 2014 Concert series schedule has to be the announcement of LA-band Weezer invading Tropicana Field after the Saturday, June 7th game against the Seattle Mariners (4:10 First Pitch). Weezer, who has produced and released 9 studio albums over their tenure will definitely have a "Sweater brigade" section down on the Trop's turf due to their epic tune, "Undone-The Sweater Song".
Not to be outdone, Weezer will also entertain the Rays faithful with their tunes "Island in the Sun", Say it Ain't So" and a crowd favorite "Beverly Hills". Weezer has sold over 9 million copies worldwide since their inception in 1992. The band has delivered iconic music since their debut release, "The Blue Album" to their 2010 triumph "Hurley" which debuted at #6 on the Billboard 200 chart which gave the band an unheard of 6th straight Top 10 album in a row.
But hold your horse, the Rays did not stop there also bringing in one of the best rhythm and Blues act to ever hit vinyl as the O'Jays will strut on the stage on Saturday, June 21st (4:10 First Pitch)after the Rays vs the Houston Astros matchup.
The O'Jays have been dancing into the heart of music lovers for over 40 years and have achieved 10 Gold albums with 9 hitting the Platinum level and have produced 10 #1 hits from the classic "Backstabbers", "I Love Music", "Love Train" and the song most people associate with the TV series, "The Apprentice"…."For the Love of Money". The group also received one of music highest honors being inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2012.
But the fun doesn't all belong to the adults and tens this Summer, the Rays have also remembered their youngest supporters by bringing in two kid-eccentric musical groups that will definitely have more than a few fans hoping for a nap after their energetic sets and musical numbers.
Within the foursome of groups announced today one group, The Wiggles will join Z Z Top, Train and 3 Doors Down as a returning Rays musical act asked to return to the Tropicana Field turf on Sunday, September 7th after the end of the Rays and Baltimore Orioles (1:40 First Pitch) afternoon contest.
After being together for a remarkable 23 years together, The Wiggles, who have since their self-titled debut album in 1991. Different from their last visit to the Trop, the group realigned themselves in late 2012 and the former all-male line stepped aside and let another generation take over their kid-errfic fun production. Now you will see Anthony, Lachy, Simon and Emma doing the groups classic numbers and even a few more designed for the ensemble.
Amazingly, The Wiggles have performed over 6,000 show in their career and to put that into a wild perspective, the iconic band, The Rolling Stones have performed just over 1,000 shows in almost double the years as this energetic kid musical group.
But before the Wiggles invade the Trop in September, kids and those kids at heart will get a visit by the Imagination Movers on another Sunday Family Fun Day concert event on July 27th after the Rays and Jays (1:40 First Pitch) concludes. The game will embrace the Rays quest to celebrate Christmas in July with the humorous and all too familiar songs from their great Disney Junior TVas well as holiday classics hoping to transform Tropicana Field into a winter wonderland…for 1 afternoon.
For more than a decade the foursome has tried to emulate the iconic up-tempo stylings of rock legends the Red Hot Chili Peppers as they sing about healthy snacks, beating those bedtime fears and the baseball classic moment of playing catch. Band member Scott Smith said of their performance energy, " We hope everyone leaves needing a nap".
So we have the first 4 announced bans that will highlight an early release of the 2014 Rays Concert Series schedule with a few more to be announced at a later date. We can imagine 1 of those announcements will feature a 80's band to coincide with the Rays August 2nd Saturday tussle with the Angels.
All 4 band speak to different Ray's Republic segments with some excited about Weezer, other wanting to see the legendary O'Jays and all kids young and young-at-heart eager to dance about to The Wiggles and Imagination Movers. This early announcement might not be a Home Run blast, but the team definitely produced a solid double with this foursome and possibly could score a run across Home Plate with another well placed band announcement in the future. I can't wait.


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Apartments for Rent near Big Rapids High School - 104 Rentals available
$435 - $530
Prim Property Management, Inc.Last updated 6 Jun 2020
- 4 Beds
- 2 Baths
19500 14 Mile Road, Big Rapids, MI 49307$370
- 4 Beds
- 4 Baths
$470 - $630
Prim Property Management, Inc.Last updated 6 Jun 2020
- 2-5 Beds
- 2-4 Baths
Big Rapids High School Overview21175 15 Mile Road, Big Rapids, MI 49307 , Tel: +1 (231) 796-7651 Big Rapids Public Schools
- GreatSchools Rating
See latest reviews
Type: Public High School
Grades: 9-12
School data provided by GreatSchools School data provided by GreatSchools. The GreatSchools Rating is a simple tool for parents to compare schools based on test scores, student academic growth, and college readiness. It compares schools across the state, where the highest rated schools in the state are designated as 'Above Average' and the lowest 'Below Average'.
Big Rapids High School Ratings & Reviews
Big Rapids, MI Education Statistics
- No High School3%
- Some High School36%
- Some College21%
- Associate Degree19%
- Bachelor Degree13%
- Graduate Degree8%
Apartments and homes for rent near Big Rapids High School
Your child's education is your top priority. We know that because—well, you're looking at this page, aren't you? If you think your kid would feel right at home at Big Rapids High School, and you are contemplating moving closer so the little rascal will never miss a class, we have some good news for you and your family. Commute will never be an issue if you pick an apartment within 5 miles of Big Rapids High School, and that should not be hard as you can currently choose from 104 apartments for rent available in this part of Big Rapids. Not familiar with rent prices in the area? The cheapest apartment near Big Rapids High School is currently at University Parke Suites, renting for $370 per month, but if $630 is still within your budget, check out the more luxurious offers at Tioga Park Apartments . Or just do what most other parents do and go for the middle ground—that's where you get the best value for money most of the time.
Things you should know about Big Rapids High School
Find more apartments for rent near high schools in the area
Find more apartments for rent near other schools in the area


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Google Android operating system will dominate the smartphone market, beating out Apple for the No. 1 spot by 2012, a new report says.
The Android OS has been growing exponentially, from its 6 percent market share in 2009 to its 28 percent share in 2011. By 2012, that number is expected to reach 31 percent, one percentage point above Apple's iPhone. Apple is expected to hold steady for the next year, according to eMarketer, a digital marketing and media research firm.
The reason for Android's higher numbers are based on a few things, namely that the Android OS works on a variety of different smartphones, manufacturers and carriers. However, now that the iPhone is available on Verizon, and not just on the much-maligned AT&T, those numbers could lower in the coming year.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
Apple, which also likes to have more control over its devices and operating system, is also considered to have more of a walled garden approach to its smartphone and application development. The Android OS, on the other hand, seems to revel in its laissez faire environment where more freedom can create more innovation as well as failures. Users of each operating system seem to have differing views of the handhelds and buy them based on those views.
Looking at the eMartketer information, I notice that Apple users will stay steady for the next year as they have since 2009, a testament to its brand loyalty. The big gain Android will be getting seems to be not from Apple users, but from Research in Motion BlackBerry users, which have been steadily dwindling.
Android will likely win in numbers because of its numerous handheld models, partnerships with manufacturers and carriers. Apple, even with a good smartphone, lacks the diversity to appeal to a broad range of people. Android has the edge by offering phones at different prices, with different capabilities and all the latest bells and whistles.


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Thursday, April 4, 2013
Di-2 disc brake 'cross frame almost ready for buildup
Posted by swiggco world at 8:09 AM
1 comment:
- Unknown said...
Hi, Paul; great to talk and catch up some yesterday. Too bad we didn't hook up earlier; there was something in the iCD manual booklet I wrote concerning the water bottle placement, relative to the honkin' Di-2 battery. Sorry 'bout that. Re: another subject, I have a 24"/61 cm c2c Raleigh "Grand Sports" double-butted 531 sport touring frameset, circa 1973 I think, in very decent shape. Would you be at all interested, or know anyone that might? You can find me in LinkedIn, or just give me a call @ 831.239.eightzerothreeone.
Daniel Green (nee "flaming phoenix" :-)
- April 4, 2013 at 3:53 PM
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ROCHESTER — A historic mural, painted by a former inmate of the Portsmouth Naval Prison, will be on display at Mel Flanagan's Irish Pub and Cafe this Saturday.
The large mural, depicting inmates sewing uniforms and one inmate getting fitted for his uniform, is believed to date back to the early 1900s.
Two years after the Portsmouth Naval Prison closed its doors in 1974, Walter and Mel Belville purchased the mural at a flea market, and until recently, the mural hung in Belville's home in Somersworth.
According to Mel, the man who sold the Belvilles the painting informed them that the work of art came from the Portsmouth Naval Prison. For many years, he believed it was one of the four murals that hung in the prison, but it wasn't until the Belvilles spoke with a former guard of the prison that the history of the painting began to emerge.
Mel said that according to Barnstead resident Louis Dall, former guard at the Naval Prison, the mural, painted by an inmate, hung in the office shared by the art teacher and tailor of the prison, and there was only one such mural at the prison.
"I would love to know who the inmate was," said Mel.
She said the mural was painted on old sail cloth in the early 1900s.
The mural has no signature on it, only a circled "1" written on the back of the painting with chalk.
The framed mural, which is more than 6 feet by 9 feet, now hangs at the back of Mel Flanagan's, where visitors can to view it on Saturday from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m.
Mel said that Dall and his wife have been invited as guests of honor to the exhibit, and might be able to provide additional history to the mural.
"I'm hoping people like it — we've obviously loved it for 36 years," said Mel.
Mural by former naval prison inmate to be on display Sat. in Rochester
ROCHESTER — A historic mural, painted by a former inmate of the Portsmouth Naval Prison, will be on display at Mel Flanagan's Irish Pub and Cafe this Saturday.


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"Must we not acknowledge…that in each of us there are the same principles and habits which there are in the State; and that from the individual they pass into the State?"
What does it mean to be good? What enables us to distinguish right from wrong? And how should human virtues be translated into a just society? These are the questions that Plato sought to answer in this monumental work of moral and political philosophy, a book surpassed only by the Bible in its formative influence on two thousand years of Western thought.
In the course of its tautly reasoned Socratic dialogues, The Republic accomplishes nothing less than an anatomy of the soul and an exhaustive description of a State that both mirrors and enforces the soul's ideal harmony. The resulting text is at once mystical and elegantly logical and may be read as a template for the societies in which most of us live today.
Vintage Classics are quality paperback editions of the world's greatest written works. They are durably bound and are printed exclusively on acid-free paper.