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Style Crush: Samantha Barks (a.k.a. Eponine in Les Miserables)
Samantha Barks has gone from Who's That Girl to It Girl. Ever since her breakout role as Eponine in the Oscar-nominated film Les Miserables, we've been keeping tabs on our new favorite Brit rising style star (we'll never forget about you, Kate and Pippa). And she's impressed, steadily. She's perfecting both her red carpet looks (like the plunging V-neck Valentino gown she wore to the Oscars or her fuchsia Roland Mouret number) and her more casual ensembles (like in a black leather skirt and summer white Reiss LBD). Keep your eye out for more impressive looks from the 22-year-old actress, who first really hit big in England as Eponine in the Les Mis production on London's West End. Lately, she's attending more events on the arm of fashion model boyfriend David Gandy and her second feature film The Christmas Candle with Susan Boyle, is due out this year. Click to see some of her best looks yet.


text: My favourite medium is the humble coloured pencil,and drawing (along with Photography) is my passion. I do not have a favoured subject but like to keep things interesting , thoughtful and above all else colourful. My drawings are generally in A4 foremat , which if anyone was to order a copy would really be the best size to order as that is the size that they were created.I am originally from Birmingham UK , but have resided in Somerset for the last 11 yearsSince living in Somerset i have become more interested in Photography too, again i love anything that is interesting,beautiful or colourful and i will endeavour to show what i see at it's very best.I hope that you like and take pleasure in viewing my work , be it Drawings,Craft or Photography.Thank you for your views and your time.Ian G

subset: commoncrawl


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Whether you are beginning on your path deciding to homeschool, or you are a veteran homeschooler, you probably have questions that need to be answered. We've compiled all the information you need to successfully homeschool in Vermont.
Getting Started Why Homeschool? Where to Begin Legal/Homeschool Laws History of Homeschooling
How to Homeschool Methods Curricula Teaching Aids Testing Online Resources
Beyond the Basics Real Life Homeschooling Making It Fun Practical Homeschooling High School Colleges & Careers
Support Events Local & State Resources Publications Humor
Looking for homeschooling information for another state?
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Copyright 2003-2014 HomeschoolinginAmerica.com


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Positive reinforcement in the form of a treat is an irreplaceable part of training for your dog. Look forward to training becoming much easier with these (semi-moist) Chewies bone treats. The little bone-shaped goodies have been specially developed with the help of dog schools and trainers. The high proportion of fish in this treat makes it popular with dogs and is ideally suited to training. The Chewies bone treats, thanks to their size of approx. 2 cm, can be given whole or broken up to your dog. The soft consistency means you can break the bone treats without any problem. The size also means that your dog is not long distracted chewing, and so training can quickly get going again. The meaty indulgence of the Chewies bone treats will give you dog energy and make training into a true pleasure! Chewies bone treat come in several different, tasty varieties – a great treat with no added sugar.
Bargain Deal: £2.49
|Click for Deal


text: UMass Memorial Hospice is offering ongoing bereavement support groups open to the public and free of charge. The evening group meets the 3rd Tuesday of each month, 7-9 p.m. at 650 Lincoln St., Worcester, and a daytime group the 2nd Monday of each month, 10-11:30 a.m. at the Shrewsbury Senior Center, 98 Maple Ave. No registration required. For more information, contact Carol Recchion at 508-754-0052 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Hitman: Absolution is, for the most part, a serious game. It's a great game. But there's definitely some lowbrow humor at work.
Kirk's not the biggest fan of the back-to-back, incessant appearance of nasty jokes. But, and maybe it's because I haven't actually played the game yet, I find it hilarious in Achievement Hunter's video above where they compile a bunch of "bromance" scenarios.
There's some cuddling, some hand-holding, and then some more rated-R-implied content.
I know, I know. It's like I'm five.


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Still no knitting.
It's time to feast!
What was the very last song you listened to?
If You're Going Through Hell by Rodney Atkins. I love this song and some days it's exactly what I need to hear.
What is one company/store/corporation you would recommend that people stay away from?
I don't tend to be too vocal about this kind of stuff, but I have never purchased anything at Starbucks. I don't think I've even been inside one of their stores. I give my business to the local coffee chain.
On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being highest, how much do you enjoy having your picture made?
I assume this would mean having my picture taken and that would be a 3.
Main Course
Besides a bookmark, what is something you've used to keep your place in a book?
Postcards and photographs.
Name a food that you like that most people don't.
This is tough. I am a very picky eater and like pretty basic stuff. I do dip my potato chips in mustard, but I don't think that's very odd.
Speaking of food, I just took some banana bread out of the oven:
It smells sooooo good. I may have to have a piece before I go to bed.


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Wash beans, place in a bowl and cover with 3 inches of cold water. Let soak 6 to 8 hours or overnight. Drain the beans and discard soaking water. Place kombu, soaked beans and 1 1/2 cups water in a heavy pot. Bring to a boil. Reduce the flame to medium-low and simmer 10 minutes, skimming off and discarding any foam. Cover the beans and simmer on low for 1 hour or until 80% done. If more water is needed during cooking, add a small amount as needed to just keep the beans covered. Add sea salt, cover and simmer another 10 to 20 minutes until tender.
Per serving - 113 calories, 0 g fat (3% calories from fat), 7 g protein, 21 g carbohydrate, 11 g fiber, 0 mg cholesterol, 148 mg sodium


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Ronald H. Colston Sr., 73, a retired coach and physical education teacher at Chestnut Hill Academy, died Oct. 17.
Mr. Colston had been a faculty member at the school for more than 25 years before retiring in 2011.
A lifelong Philadelphian, he received his bachelor's degree from Cheyney State University and a master's degree from Temple University. In college and as an alumnus, he was active with the Omega Psi Phi Fraternity.
Mr. Colston was a committed educator, mentoring hundreds of young people and never settling for mediocrity. "Pops", as he was known by his former players at CHA, was remembered as an outstanding role model and mentor, pushing players hard on the field, but always willing to lend a sympathetic ear to anyone. Among the many jobs Mr. Colston held at CHA, one in particular was of great importance to him and the school. Each morning he would greet Lower School students at drop-off, looking each in the eye (and expecting the same in return) and shaking each boy's hand in greeting.
The school's alumni association recognized him for his commitment to the school by naming him an Honorary Alumnus in 1999.
Mr. Colston is survived by his wife of 18 years, Jean Denise Henderson; eight children from a previous marriage; 20 grandchildren; 21 great-grandchildren, and a host of other loving relatives. Memorial donations may be made to Precious Gems Supportive Services, P.O. Box 27431, Philadelphia, PA 19118.


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FAYETTEVILLE — Missouri hadn't experienced success in Bud Walton Arena entering Tuesday night's game, suffering six losses in the building's existence.
Guards Earnest Ross made sure the struggles ended Tuesday.
Ross made the biggest basket of the night — a 3-pointer with 1:08 remaining — to lead Missouri to a 75-71 win in front of an announced crowd of 14,102 in Bud Walton Arena. The senior broke open a tie game with the outside shot and the Razorbacks had no answer, failing to come up with key plays down the stretch.
It led to Missouri's first win in Fayetteville since the 1991-92 season, snapping a six-game losing streak Arkansas. It also added to the Razorbacks' misery in Southeastern Conference play and further damaged its thinning NCAA Tournament hopes. Arkansas is now 13-7 overall, 2-5 in the SEC with a pair of home losses.
"It's kind of unchartered territory for us," Arkansas coach Mike Anderson said. "We've done a good job of defending the home court. … Let's give Missouri some credit. I thought (coach) Frank (Haith) had his guys really charged up. I thought they brought more energy, and I thought in the end, they wanted it a little bit more than we did and their guys made plays for them going down the stretch."
Ross and guard Jabari Brown — two-thirds of Missouri's dangerous three-guard lineup — scored 24 points apiece to lead the Tigers (16-4, 4-3 in SEC). Arkansas knew defending the trio — which also included point guard Jordan Clarkson — would be critical. But the Razorbacks couldn't slow them when it mattered Tuesday.
Ross and Brown carried the scoring load in the second half, combining for 35 of Missouri's 39 points. They were the only Tigers to knock down shots in the second half, too, accounting for each of Missouri's nine field goals.
Most of the baskets answered Arkansas' charges in the second half.
"I think it's extremely important, particularly on the road in keeping their crowd out of it," Haith said. "I thought we answered when they made a run. I thought we did a great job of answering their baskets."
None was bigger than Ross' jump shot, which came on the possession after Arkansas guard Ky Madden tied the game with a 3-point play with 1:59 left.
The Razorbacks go a stop when Clarkson missed a short jumper, but Ross grabbed an offensive rebound over Madden. Haith called a timeout to draw up a play, which resulted in Clarkson driving the lane and kicking the ball out to Ross.
Ross — who began his career at Auburn — didn't miss the open 3-pointer.
"When Jordan is able to create and get into the lane like that, the kick out is always going to be open," Ross said. "Just have the confidence to knock it down."
Arkansas still had time to respond on the next possession, but Madden hurried a shot in the lane and it missed the mark. Missouri grabbed the rebound, Ross was fouled and made two free throws to push the lead to five with 46 seconds left.
The Razorbacks missed 3-pointers on their next two possessions, watching the Tigers polish off a successful night at the free-throw line. Missouri was 8-for-8 from the free-throw line in the final minute and 16-for-16 in the second half.
"Obviously, it was a great win for us," Haith said. "I thought we showed great toughness to come into this building, which is one of the great buildings in the country, and Arkansas is a great team. So, I'm proud of our kids, how they held it together and we were able to come out of here with a, 'W.'"
Arkansas, meanwhile, was left lamenting another missed opportunity.
"It hurt. It hurt bad," said Ky Madden, who led the Razorbacks with 20 points on 5-for-15 shooting. "Not just the loss at home. The loss in conference period."
Anderson believed his team was missing its usual intensity in Bud Walton Arena and it was evident early, when the Razorbacks fell into a 10-3 hole after missing eight of its first nine shots against Missouri's zone defense.
Arkansas' only offensive success in the first half came from behind the 3-point line, going 8-for-17 from long range. The Razorbacks were 2-for-10 inside. But the struggles against the zone didn't cripple Arkansas, which trailed 36-34.
Rebounding did. Missouri dominated Arkansas on the boards Tuesday, holding a 42-26 advantage. The Tigers had 16 offensive rebounds that led to 15 points.
"I feel like we lost focus," said Michael Qualls, who snapped out of his slump to 16 points on 6-for-13 shooting. "We had been focusing on winning the rebound battle, but (Tuesday) I felt we lost focus. We got killed on the boards and it was big."
Anderson, who is now 45-6 in home games at Arkansas, said his team was hurt in the locker room after falling at home for the second time this season.
The Razorbacks knew they needed to string together wins after falling into an early 1-4 hole in conference play. But the Razorbacks couldn't follow Saturday's 19-point win against Auburn with another victory in Fayetteville.
Anderson was asked about Arkansas' fading NCAA Tournament hopes, but wouldn't look at the big picture. Instead, he was more concerned about making sure his team was ready for another road game at LSU.
"I'm more concerned about us continuing to get better, Anderson said. "I thought we took a half-a-step back from what we've been doing (Tuesday)."


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Welcome! Explore this area to access resources including Pastor Rick Warren's Daily Hope free email devotional, 42 audio messages for you to learn your purpose, and leadership courses that will take you deeper into a purpose driven life.
Welcome to the Diving Deeper area where you can learn more about Discipleship.
Discipleship is the process of becoming more like Christ. God doesn't just want you to know about Jesus, he wants you to become like Jesus.
Refer back to this page for sermons and resources that can further develop your life long journey through Discipleship.
"Give thanks in all
circumstances; for this is God's will for you in Christ Jesus." (1
Thessalonians 5:18 NIV)
In the U.S.,
we celebrate a day of thanksgiving once a year. But God wants us to be
intentional about our thankfulness every day. He wants us to develop this
spiritual habit, one that is reflected in the life of a radical believer. The truth
is, the more deeply you understand God's love, the more grateful you're going
to be.
So what does
it mean to be radically grateful?
The Bible
says in 1 Thessalonians 5:18, "Give
thanks in all circumstances; for this is God's will for you in Christ Jesus" (NIV).
That's radical gratitude. In all
circumstances give thanks, because it's God's will for you.
You can thank
God in every circumstance because God is in control. He can bring good out of
evil. He can turn around the stupid mistakes you've made. No matter what
happens, God isn't going to stop loving you. There are a hundred things to be
thankful for in any circumstance, even when the circumstance stinks.
gratitude — being thankful in all circumstances — is God's will because it
creates fellowship.
What do I
mean by that? Gratitude always builds deeper relationships between you and
other people and between you and God.
Whoever you
want to get closer to, start expressing gratitude to that person. If you've
moved away from your husband or your wife, you need to start doing what you did
when you were dating: Express gratitude. Write little notes of kindness and
encouragement. Make calls or text during the day, just to tell him or her that
you're thankful. Do the things you did at first. The reason you've lost that
lovin' feeling is because you stopped doing the things that created that lovin'
feeling early on, and you take each other for granted.
Do you want
to build your small group? Don't just go to small group. During the week, text
them, email them, call them, write them. Say, "I'm grateful for you, and here's
why." You'll find that the more grateful you are for your group, the more your
group will bond.
The Bible
tells us to "encourage one another and
build each other up" (1 Thessalonians 5:11). As you build others up, you'll
find that God builds into your life as well through your deep relationships
with him and others.
Talk It Over
Purpose Driven © 2012


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Ten years ago, when Jane Coloccia posted her first profile at Match.com, online dating was in its relative infancy, with just five years of history under its virtual belt.
"Since then I've dated 200 guys, including stalkers, men who were thinner or older than they wrote, and a garbage man who, after four break ups, literally dumped me," said Coloccia, author of "Confessions of An Online Dating Addict: A True Account of Dating and Relating in the Internet Age."
Coloccia, a New Jersey-based marketing consultant, told Discovery News that she became addicted to receiving up to 100 emails daily "from men saying things like, 'Oh, you're so pretty and I want to date you,'" which sometimes led to three different dates in a day over breakfast, lunch and dinner.
"It feeds a neediness of wanting someone to love you," she explained.
While Coloccia's experiences may show the more extreme side of online dating, millions of other people have found relationships over the Internet. But are those relationships any more successful than those started the traditional way? Is this form of dating really the hotbed of love and romance suggested by the catchy television commercials?
Statistics on the success of online dating remain questionable, but research has shown that if people can navigate the sometimes murky arena of online dating, it can prove to be a helpful tool for finding life partners.
Not necessarily tall, dark and handsome
Online dating can be misleading from the get-go, starting with people's dating profiles, research shows.
Nicole Ellison and her colleagues measured the difference between dating profile "facts" and reality by comparing posted information with what was on the test subject's drivers' license. She told Discovery News the study revealed "most people lie about at least one characteristic."
Ellison is an assistant professor in the Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies and Media at Michigan State University.
About 52.6 percent of the men in the study lied about their height, as did 39 percent of the women. More women, on the other hand — 64.1 percent — lied about their weight. Age in profiles is also suspect, since 24.3 percent of the men and 13.1 percent of women were untruthful about their age. Despite such fibbing, the researchers were surprised that it wasn't more rampant.
Co-author Jeffrey Hancock said, "Participants balanced the tension between appearing as attractive as possible, while also being perceived as honest."
Irresistible to married people
If mister or miss right does surface, he or she might already be married.
"Never before has the dating world been so handy for married men and women looking for a fling," said Beatriz Avila Mileham, who studied online infidelity while at the University of Florida. "With cybersex, there is no longer any need for secret trips to obscure motels. An online dating liaison may even take place in the same room with one's spouse."
Eighty-three percent of Mileham's study participants said they did not consider themselves to be cheating. One married man, for example, wrote: "I'm not going to cheat. I'm just capturing back some of those butterflies we feel when we're young and start flirting and dating."
It remains to be seen, however, if such online flirtations relieve marital stress and strengthen existing relationships.
Al Cooper, author of the book "Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians," suggests they don't. He said, "We are hearing from therapists around the country reporting online sexual activity to be a major cause of marital problems."
Some singles benefit
Despite the pitfalls of online dating, experts say certain people may benefit.
Ellison, for example, said she "interviewed one woman who worked in the fashion industry in Los Angeles, where most of her professional contacts were gay men." Ellison added, "I think people that are most likely to benefit from online dating are those that have exhausted their traditional social circles, such as friends of friends, and those that are in professions, or (have) other constraints, that limit their ability to encounter new people on a regular basis."
Andrew Fiore, a University of California at Berkeley researcher who studies online dating, says, "members of minority groups looking for people like themselves might find online dating more useful than others."
He pointed out that some sites cater to specific groups, such as Jewish people or Indians/Indian-Americans. "JDate has a field for the particular sect of Judaism, and Shaadi.com lets users indicate their caste and skin complexion, variables not included in most mainstream dating sites," he said.
Fiore's team also recently determined what factors predict whether or not any one person receives a reply from someone contacted through an online dating service.
"By far the most important predictors were whether you are within the preferred age range and whether you belong to a preferred ethnicity of the person you contacted, as indicated on his or her profile," he said.
Fiore and his team also discovered that "popular people," or those who receive unsolicited attention from others on the site, were less likely to reply. "In a bar or at a party, it's obvious if someone is surrounded by a crowd of people," he said. "Maybe you would approach somebody slightly less magnetic but more available. Online, you can't tell."
Questionable marriage statistics
EHarmony's internal research group is one of the few to compare the success of traditional matchmaking with Web services, Fiore said.
A 2004 study presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society by eHarmony's Steve Carter and Chadwick Snow shows "significantly higher levels of relationship satisfaction for married couples who met through eHarmony as compared to a group who met offline," according to Fiore, who added that the conclusion is flawed.
As it turns out, "the eHarmony couples had known each other for about nine months total at the time of the study, as compared to five years for the offline sample," Fiore told Discovery News. "Of course the couples who have been dating for less than a year are going to be more satisfied than those who have been dating longer — it's the 'honeymoon effect.'"
In 2005, University of Bath researcher Jeff Gavin and his team proclaimed that Internet dating is "much more successful than thought," after conducting a survey of U.K. dating site users. Perhaps the analysts went in with low expectations since, by the end of the survey, only 39 percent of the relationships were still active, with just 8 percent of that group in matches that had lasted over two years.
Whether relationships began traditionally or online, those who are getting married, for the most part, aren't staying married.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has tracked the ratio of annual divorces to marriages over the years. While the rate has mostly held steady in the United States, there was an upswing in numbers of U.S. divorces per marriages during the five years after Match.com ushered in the online dating scene, according to the bureau's report "Marriage and Divorce Rates by Country: 1990 to 2005." Though there's no data on whether the two are linked.
A tool, not a replacement
Since 1995, Match.com has attracted millions of members, according to InterActiveCorp, which owns the site. The company boasts that these "millions turn to" the service "to fix their dating troubles and transform dating slumps into romantic bliss."
Ellison tempers such enthusiasm. "I think online dating can be a great tool for individuals, but it's not the only tool and will be more helpful to some," she said.
If "love at first email" doesn't happen, relentless persistence may provide the key to happily ever after, if relationship satisfaction and long-term pairings are the goals.
After her hundreds of dates, Coloccia finally found the man of her dreams, Victor. They will marry in May. After hitting it off with Victor over the Internet, Coloccia discovered that they often crossed paths "frequenting the same Barnes & Noble, the same Starbucks and other favorite stops."
Online services don't have to worry about losing her business, however. She and Victor have already posted their gift registry at the Wedding Channel.
© 2012 Discovery Channel


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Board seeks relicensing money to pursue sewer repairs
Trustees in the Village of Lewiston voted 4-0 Monday to lessen the tax burden on residents. Board members (minus an excused Bruce Sutherland) adopted a local law amending Section 20-139 of the municipal code to lower the sanitary sewer rate from $4.65 per 100 cubic feet of consumption to $4.59. They also approved an amendment to Section 20-194 reducing the water rate from $3.55 per 100 cubic feet to $3.49. Finally, trustees voted to remove the $5-per-billing-cycle capital water/sewer improvement surcharge.
These changes will take effect July 1.
Trustees adopted a resolution to ask the Town of Lewiston for New York Power Authority relicensing money. The board is eyeing $298,500 worth of capital improvements. Areas targeted for improvement include North Ninth Street (replacing the 6-inch water main line with a 12-inch replacement; cost: $200,000); East Lane (working with the town to replace 300 linear feet of 8-inch sanitary sewer; $55,000); North Fourth Street, from Oneida Street to Chicora Road (installing approximately 1,200 linear feet of 12-inch storm sewer; $25,000); Guard Street (water line replacement; $16,000); and Mohawk Street near West Lane (locate and repair sewer lateral; $2,500).
Mayor Terry Collesano said the village would look to cover any expenses not covered by the Town of Lewiston with a bond.
Joshua Maloni contributed to this report.


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President Obama dodged an awkward political issue at a New York community college, while declaring such schools hold the key to transforming the American workforce and digging the nation out of recession.
"This is a place where anyone with a desire to take their career to a new level or start a new career altogether has the opportunity to pursue that dream," Obama told students and faculty at Hudson Valley Community College.
The event was attended by several state leaders, including Gov. David Paterson. Over the weekend, reports surfaced that Obama is seeking to coax the unpopular Paterson, who was thrust into office when Eliot Spitzer resigned amid a hooker scandal, into not seeking reelection. That would clear the path for state Attorney General Andrew Cuomo to seek the Democratic nomination for governor.
U.S. & World
Obama introduced both, sidestepping a potentially awkward moment.
"A wonderful man, the governor of the great state of New York, David Paterson is in the house," Obama said. "Your shy and retiring attorney general, Andrew Cuomo, is in the house. Andrew's doing a great job enforcing the laws that need to be enforced."
Obama said training at schools like Hudson Valley will allow American workers to repair the nation's infrastructure, retrofit homes and buildings with solar panels and build an environmentally friendly energy grid.
Obama, who was introduced by Jill Biden, wife of Vice President Joe Biden and a community college teacher,said his administration has increased Pell Grant funds, created a $2,500 tax credit for tuition and established a G.I. Bill of Rights that can help returning military men and women get training for new jobs. He said community colleges will play a big role in the new programs.
"We're going to reform and strengthen community colleges to help an additional five million Americans earn college educations in the next decade," Obama said.
The president also worked in a plug for his health care reform, which is working its way through Congress. He said his plan will help small businesses, which he note creat "13 times more patennts per employee than large businesses.
"Health insurance reform will be good for business and especially good for small business," Obama said.
Later tonight Obama will top a weekend health care media blitz with a TV appearance on "Late Show With David Letterman."
Obama then pivots to foreign policy for a United Nations session that begins on Tuesday in New York. During the U.N. session, Obama will become the first U.S. president to lead a Security Council meeting and will focus on nuclear proliferation, according to the AP. He will also reportedly broker a meeting between the leaders of Israel and Palestine on Tuesday.


text:
In praise of pizza
Crusty, tasty and usually topped with cheese, pizza is more than just a popular comfort food; it's a ceremonial object, a cultural artifact and an ambassador of peace
Delicious Discovery
Pizza was invented some 200 years ago when southern Italians began topping their baked flatbread with olive oil, oregano and slices of tomato.
Definition Dilemma
Pizza in Chicago is made in a pan and has a fluffy crust, pissaladière from Nice has lots of onions and Lebanese zaatar manoushe uses no tomato sauce.
Proposterous price
The world's most expensive pizza to date was the Pizza Royale 007, which cost 3850 euros and was topped with caviar, lobster and gold dust. Chef Domenico Crolla from Glasgow created it in 2009 and auctioned it off for a good cause.
Space stunt
In 2001, Pizza Hut sent a pepperoni pizza to the Russian cosmonauts on board the International Space Station. The American pizza chain paid the Russian space agency Roskosmos a cool one million dollars for the rocket delivery and PR campaign.
Strict specifications
The Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana is dedicated to preserving the Neapolitan pizza and has an eightpage rulebook setting out exactly how it should be prepared. The dough has to rest for at least eight hours and when rolled out, should be at most four millimeters thick.
Drone delivery
The pizza chain Domino's wants to start using a hexacopter to deliver pizza in New Zealand. It will navigate using GPS and let the pizza down on a rope.
Its top speed: 30 kilometers an hour.
Pizzeria premieres
The very first pizzeria was Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba, which opened in Naples in 1830. Outside Italy, Lombardi's was the first to open – in New York City in 1905.
Animal attraction
"Leoparding" is what pizza bakers call the brown, slightly burnt spots that can appear on the crust and base.
Asian ancestry
The precursors to the pizza originated not in Italy but in the Middle East, where people were baking thin flatbreads with no topping more than 2000 years ago – to test the temperature of their ovens.
Bona-fide bakers
657 pizzerias in 38 countries bear the "Vera Pizza Napoletana" seal. Two hundred are in Italy and 54 in Japan. In Germany, the restaurants Malafemmena in Berlin and the Pergola in Kaufbeuren are the only ones to hold this distinction.
Dubious deal
The Pizza Connection was a drug ring operated by the Sicilian Cosa Nostra. It smuggled heroin into the United States from Sicily (often in tomato cans) and distributed it through its own pizzerias
Crazy collection
The Pizza Brain museum in Philadelphia has the world's largest collection of pizza artifacts, including tree decorations, record sleeves and a pizza cutter shaped
like the starship Enterprise.
Full-bodied fruit
The best tomato sauce is evidently made from the San Marzano variety, a sweet plum tomato with low acidity. It is grown near Mount Vesuvius, roughly half an hour's car ride from Naples.


text:
Vilnius – One city, two faces
Ice and snow are perfect for skating and snowmobiling, and Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, is a winter wonderland at this time of year. But the city also has it hot spots despite the frigid temperatures. We take a look at both sides.
Skating lake
Go out and practice your pirouettes on Lake Galve, west of Vilnius, against the magnificent backdrop of Trakai Island Castle.
Frosty outlook
Don't miss the superb view from the castle tower on Gediminas Hill – although the wind up there can be particularly icy.
Hipster heaven
First it was neglected, now it's a trendy hot spot: Artists have discovered the old Užupis district – and even proclaimed it a republic.
Ice-cold excursion
Explore the snowy woodlands around the city by strapping on a pair of cross-country skis or hopping on a snowmobile.
Blast from the past
Two monuments to Soviet dictators Lenin and Stalin once graced the center of town. They can now be viewed in Grutas sculpure park.
Sweeping sport
Curling is a little weird to watch but fun to play. Beginners will need about two hours of instruction on the ice before feeling comfortable.
Hot tip
Although it's usually drunk cold, it will give you a warm, fuzzy feeling inside. Mead, wine made from honey, is Lithuania's national drink.
Culture factory
Hip-hop, indie and jazz bands generate plenty of heat on the dance floor at Loftas, a live music club located in a former factory space.
Warming ideas
Need some wool socks? Or perhaps sultry new underwear? Gediminas Prospekt is a pop-ular shopping street with just about everything the heart could desire.
Sweat the small stuff
There's nothing like a sauna to help you through the winter. Don't miss the Lithuanian variety, which features a honey peeling.
The great escape
Solve the puzzles and you can leave anytime. Escape-room role plays are currently very popular in Vilnius.
A lofty experience
Vilnius is as pretty as a postcard in the winter. The snow-covered roofs of the old town are best viewed from above. So why not treat yourself to a ride in a hot-air balloon!
Getting there from Germany
Find out all about affordable flights to Lufthansa's city of the month now and in the coming months – as well as to other selected Lufthansa destinations:


text:
DURHAM — Time was running out, so Kayleigh Hinkle let 'er rip.
And it worked out big time for the University of New Hampshire women's lacrosse team.
Hinkle scored a goal as time expired to lift the Wildcats to a thrilling 12-11 win over Columbia (N.Y.) on a snowy Wednesday afternoon at Memorial Field.
"The worst that could happen was overtime," Hinkle said. "I was just hoping the clock was out and it was actually in."
It was UNH's second straight win after an 0-5 start to the season.
"We came out a little tentative," said first-year UNH coach Sarah Albrecht said. "We tried to get everything out of our minds here, and by the end of the game I felt we were scratching a little bit. It was good to see Kayleigh stepped up and was able to take the ball and felt confident with it."
The Lions (1-6) trailed by four goals midway through the second half, but rallied and tied the game 11-11 with 1:29 left.
After a timeout, Hinkle had the ball knocked out of her stick with about five seconds to go, but she scooped it back up, moved toward the left side of the net and fired it into the far side past Columbia goaltender Colleen Packer for the win.
"We've lost two games within the last five seconds," Hinkle said, "so I think winning one like this will help boost our momentum."
Jenny Simpson led UNH with three goals, while Rachael Nock and Laura McHoul scored two apiece. Wildcat goalie Kathleen O'Keefe recorded 11 saves.
It was the fourth one-goal game of the season for UNH and fifth decided by two goals or fewer, and the Wildcats were on the wrong end of all of them until Wednesday.
"We're jelling a little bit more," Albrecht said. "They're understanding the systems and what we need to do from the start. It's been a roller-coaster ride with games, but hopefully (we're) on the uphill."
UNH jumped out to a 4-0 lead before the game was four minutes old and led 6-2 at halftime. Simpson's third goal of the game put UNH up 10-6 with 13:18 to go in the contest, and the Wildcats were in solid position to earn their first home win of the season.
But Columbia had other plans. Three different players scored in a span of less than three minutes to cut the UNH lead to 10-9. Nock scored an unassisted goal with 4:51 to go to give the Wildcats a little insurance, but that was gone 11 seconds later when Ashley Rinere scored for the Lions.
"We fought until the last second there," Columbia coach Liz Jackson said. "I was impressed with our ability to hang in mentally."
Fans who arrived at the field early found it buried underneath close to a foot of snow thanks to a storm the previous day, but crews worked diligently to get the field playable. A light snow fell throughout most of the second half.
UNH begins America East conference play on Sunday at Albany (N.Y.).


text:
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Psychology 2012-07-20 Aaron, Rachel Vickery Demystifying alexithymia: An empirical approach and roadmap for remediation Psychology 2016-06-10 Abdelaziz, Hamzah Ahmed A Data-Driven Approach for Modeling, Analysis and Control of Stochastic Hybrid Systems using Gaussian Processes Electrical Engineering 2018-01-11 Abernathy, Claire Elizabeth Legislative Correspondence Management Practices: Congressional Offices and the Treatment of Constituent Opinion Political Science 2015-06-22 Abiria, Sunday Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Anchoring to L-type Ca2+ Channels by the Beta Subunits Enhances Regulatory Phosphorylation at Thr498 Neuroscience 2010-03-11 Abkowitz Brooks, Kendra Julie Assessing the Vulnerability of Park System Infrastructure to Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: A Tennessee Application Interdisciplinary Studies: Environmental Management and Policy 2015-04-02 Ables, Travis Evan A Pneumatology of Christian Knowledge: The Holy Spirit and the Performance of the Mystery of God in Augustine and Barth Religion 2010-03-31 Abrego, Perla Espacio social y representacion literaria de la frontera en la literatura mexicana contemporanea Spanish and Portuguese 2011-11-27 Abreu, Maria Mercedes C/EBPbeta3 (LIP) induces cell death in breast cancer cells. 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Tell Baratkama, the treasurer, Tarkawiš says: "28 karša, 61⁄2 shekels of silver, is to be issued to plasterers(?) whose apportionments are set by Ramazitra. Sheep/goats and wine are its (the silver's) counterpart. [They made] … at(?) Hiyamazika(?) from month x to [month y]. [… …] [14 men, x shekel and y] liulith each is to go to them, 9 men, 1 shekel and 1 liulith each is to go to them. 9 men, 1 shekel each is to go to them. Total 32 men. Pidapirma and his companion(s) made the accounting(?) of that silver."
ARTA: Achaemenid Research on Texts and Archaeology, 2008:1


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The British mosque is a teasingly unrestricted archetype: onion-domes and minarets are cultural, not religious
We've seen them popping up on the streetscape of every major town and city in Britain, but few people who are not Muslim know anything about the British mosque.
Recent high profile mosque controversies have brought this building type to wider attention, but the mosque in Britain has a little-known 120-year history. Current research commissioned by English Heritage is now bringing this history to light, and an architectural narrative of the British mosque is emerging that is entwined with a century of Britain's architectural movements, from Victorian Orientalism, to Modernism through to Postmodernism and Historicism. This article provides a glimpse of that narrative for the first time.
There is no definitive figure for how many mosques there are in Britain today, although the best estimate is in the region of 1,500. Of these, approximately 200 are purpose-built, the rest being either converted houses or other non-residential conversions. The Muslim population of Britain grew incrementally in the years after the second world war, and the spiralling number of mosques reflected this population increase.
It's important to see the mosque in context of other religious architecture in Britain, which tends to be dominated by the church. The English church emerged in the 7th century AD, and until the 16th century acknowledged the authority of the pope in Rome. In the 17th century, dissenting Christian groups emerged outwith the law, until the Toleration Act gave them legal existence in 1689. The Church of England remains the established church with various privileges, but grants religious and civil rights to other Christians and those of other faiths. It is within this aegis, that the mosque in Britain exists today.
Apart from Christianity in its various forms, the other religious group to make a substantial impact on the religious architecture of Britain has been Judaism. The mosque in Britain, therefore, picked up on this tradition of community-led religious buildings, often built against concerted opposition and through the determination of religious communities, which has been a characteristic of British social and architectural life for some three hundred years.
A mosque has an exceptionally simple programme, needing only an open space that is clean, in which people can face Mecca and offer their prayers. Along with running water for ritual ablution before prayer, there is no other spatial, liturgical or sacred requirement. This means that every formal and architectural representation of the mosque we see beyond this is a cultural accretion accumulated across time and culture.
This also means that the mosque is a teasingly unrestricted archetype. In theory, it can take on any architectural form and express almost any visual language. What we generally see, however, and especially in the post-war era of mosque building, is the continuous return to known architectural motifs, domes, minarets and pointed arches. One explanation for this is that the mosque in Britain is relied upon to represent the religious and cultural identities of its commissioners in an immediate and assertive way.
Post-war Muslim immigration to Britain predominantly brought workers to supply labour to industries across the country. Muslim communities, therefore, emerged in the inner-cities of towns and cities and it is here that Muslim social and religious institutions were subsequently established. As industry declined, these Muslim communities suffered spirals of unemployment, deprivation and discrimination. As grassroots community projects within this context, mosques, apart from serving a primary religious function, have come to represent a certain empowerment of marginalised working class communities who have bypassed the establishment to fashion part of the city in their image.
The mosque, therefore, perhaps more than any other building type in our cities today, is intimately connected to social and cultural identities, and presents one of the most nuanced and layered architectural readings around. Furthermore, mosques are perhaps the most contested building type in the city, provoking debate – sometimes fierce – on issues of identity, social change, race, politics, style and taste.
This architectural narrative of the mosque offers insights into the genealogy of these debates, shows them to be historical, and suggests where they may go next.
Woking, Surrey 1889
Britain's first purpose-built mosque was commissioned in 1889 by Jewish Hungarian academic, Gottfried Leitner, in the grounds of an educational institute he established in leafy Woking, Surrey. The architect was William Chambers, a local and little known architect, who is said to have referenced every element of the building from an Islamic source.
The mosque is an elaborate and expressive affair, and reflects late-18th century Mughal style in India. Architectural elements of the onion dome, central portico entrance, arched doorways and niches were prevalent throughout the Mughal period, and in later buildings become noticeably more sculptural. Such buildings were familiar in late-19th century England through popular engravings and exhibitions.
The Shah Jahan mosque almost perfectly captures this spirit of late-19th century Orientalism. It was a time when, for curious Europeans, there was a mysterious and fantastical place called 'the East'. It was a place of strange customs, flamboyant dress and exotic women. Woking mosque could be considered the architectural equivalent of this Orientalist fantasy. It sits alongside similar examples such as the Brighton Pavilion, 1825 and Leighton House, 1864, both examples of exotic flamboyance. However, to simply categorise these buildings as stylistic oddities would be to miss an important point about how they actually represent the very real cultural transfer that was taking place throughout the 19th century between Victorian England and the countries of the Middle East and India, experienced through colonisation, trade and conflict.
Woking mosque has the longest and one of the most significant Muslim histories of any mosque in Britain. It represents the cultural transfer that was taking place throughout the 19th century between Victorian England and the colonies. Architecturally, it represents the very first manifestation of the mosque as a building type, and representation of Islam, in Britain.
Fazl, Southfields (1925)
The second mosque in Britain came 36 years later in the expanding suburbs of south-west London at Southfields. Officially named the Fazl mosque, it also came to be known as the London mosque.
Built by architects Thomas H. Mawson and Sons, who were better known for landscape designs, the mosque is simple and carefully proportioned. It comprises a single prayer hall, which measures 7 x 10m and stands 5.4m high, with the apex of the dome approximately 10m-high. On the side elevations, tall, narrow windows with rounded arches are located within each bay between vertical piers. At each corner of the building are simple cupolas, which are a characteristic element of Indian Mughal architecture.
The London mosque, however, treats these elements in a way that starts to depart from the Oriental imagery that characterised its predecessor at Woking. From here the idea of the London mosque as a British Islamic building influenced by contemporary trends in Modernism and Art Deco can be explored.
The dome sits on a square base with a square buttress at each corner, following the work of Edwin Lutyens whose work in New Delhi was seminal in modernising traditional Mughal styles. And indeed, Lutyens' Presidential Palace in New Delhi, the Rashtrapati Bhavan, carries a dome that is perhaps a more direct formal reference for the dome and base at Southfields. The language of a stripped back Classicism fused with Mughal influence that Lutyens explored is evident in the architecture of the London mosque.
Fazl mosque is architecturally significant in that it marks a departure from the high Victorian Orientalism of buildings such as Woking, the Brighton Pavilion and Sezincote House, and presents instead a restrained Islamic language infused with a sense of contemporary 1920s Art Deco. Fazl was therefore a radical and progressive departure that helped mark the end of exotic architectural representations of the 'East', and so the end of the Orientalist genre in British architecture.
Peel Street, Cardiff (1946)
The first settled Muslim communities in Britain emerged in the port cities of South Shields, Liverpool, east London and Cardiff from the mid-19th century. These communities were made up of Yemeni, Somali or Bengali seamen, who worked the coal ships that plied the shipping routes from Britain across its empire. By the early 20th century these seamen had formed settled and thriving communities, which in Cardiff were located in the Tiger Bay area along the docks, renowned at the time for being vibrantly multicultural.
The mosques established here were the next to be built in Britain after London's 1925 Fazl mosque. The Peel Street mosque started life as three terraced houses that were initially converted to serve as the mosque. Eventually, as funds allowed, the houses were demolished and a purpose-built mosque built in their place.
Flanked on each side by small terraces of Victorian workers' housing, the mosque stood out as an oddity. It comprised a single-storey white-washed wall on the street front, with an arched entrance door and cuboid two-storey mosque behind, emphasised on each corner with small domes and square turrets.
Peel Street mosque was designed by the Cardiff architect Osborne V Webb, and presented a simple and formal building, with hints of traditional Islamic motifs, without being dominated by them. Its arrangement of front wall with building set back, is perhaps a reference to the urban typology of traditional Islamic cities, bringing this alternative urban arrangement to a very British terraced street. It is also a variation on the mosque themes explored at both Fazl and Woking, coming at a time when Modernism had not yet taken hold in Britain, and with Ornamentalism past, it in some way captured this period of ambiguity before the post-war building boom.
The Peel Street mosque stood until 1988, by which time Tiger Bay had been redeveloped and its terraces replaced with post-war apartments, when it was replaced by a new mosque, which is little more than a brick box.
Alice Street, Cardiff (1967)
A few hundred metres from the Peel Street mosque, another Yemeni mosque was established at a site in Alice Street. The former warehouse was pulled down and here Britain's fourth purpose-built mosque was erected in 1967.
This building was also designed by Osborne Webb, some 20 years after his mosque at Peel Street and was a radical departure from that earlier mosque in the way it embodied the stylistic shift that had taken place in contemporary architectural design, as well as the architect's own evolution.
The Alice Street mosque was determinedly contemporary, reflecting the design influences of post-war British Modernism that had been emerging since the early 1950s. The plan was a simple arrangement of a circular prayer hall, with an offset rectangular two-storey residence linked back to the prayer hall with a single storey entrance lobby. The prayer hall was topped with a concrete shell roof with glazed side panels and glazed flat roof infill sections. This was a contemporary reinterpretation of the traditional dome, and draws from the heroic Modernist architecture of the 1950s and 1960s. The prayer hall and lobby were rendered, and the residential block brick-faced. The only concessions to traditional Islamic styles were in the detailing of the entrance doors and lobby windows, which had ogee-arched framework. A series of smaller windows in the lobby were triangular, neither strictly traditionally Islamic nor Modernist, but cleverly acceptable to both.
This casting off of tradition shows a great deal of confidence, and while it seems the experiment did not pay off – the building being demolished 10 years later – it nevertheless stands as the first modernist exploration of the mosque in Britain and remains to this day one of the most contemporary examples of a British mosque.
Regent's Park, London (1977)
This was Britain's first monumental landmark mosque, and was built to represent Islam in Britain on a world stage.
An international competition was held in 1969 to find a suitable design and was won by Sir Frederick Gibberd, one of the first generation of British Modernist architects and very much a member of the architectural establishment at the time.
Gibberd won the competition just two years after completing Liverpool Cathedral, a radical and avant-garde expression of the Catholic Church in the city centre. Regent's Park mosque, therefore, was Gibberd's second monumental religious building and completed just over a decade after Liverpool. It received criticism at the time for reverting to traditional Islamic elements of the dome, minaret and pointed arch. However, Gibberd's argument was that these symbols gave the building near universal meaning for Muslims, and were an important element, especially as this was the first major mosque in the UK.
The mosque incorporates and interprets these traditional Islamic motifs in a way that is neither traditional, nor overtly abstract. The forms are recognisable, but contemporised mainly through their materiality, which was thoroughly of its time. The facade units were precast concrete panels mixed with Derbyshire spar aggregate and white cement, giving a smooth, deep-ground finish. The minaret also rises as a thick concrete column alongside a copper dome. Internal floors are polished terrazzo.
Gibberd's design was required to sit comfortably with John Nash's Cumberland Terrace on the south-western edge of the park, as well as represent Islam in Britain, and respect the majestic setting of Regent's Park. This complex context required the mosque to dance to a set of differing tunes and the result is a stately building that rises from mature trees on the park's edge, as both an Islamic icon and an encapsulation of the tail-end of Britain's Modernist era.
Wimbledon, London (1977)
This quirky building at the end of a terrace of suburban houses in south London was one of the first generation of post-war purpose-built mosques, and it strikes an incongruous note in an otherwise sedate London street.
The mosque started life in a converted house nearby. It then moved to this site, once a car garage, which was demolished to make way for a simple two-storey plain building erected to serve as the mosque. Soon the adjacent house was purchased, also demolished, and the mosque extended over the site. Later, six short minarets were added and the building was clad in white tile. The roof extension was added within the last year.
The building was designed by local Wimbledon architect Jack Godfrey-Gilbert, who probably had no experience of Islamic architecture before this time. It is a plain building except for the short minarets along each face, which give it an exotic air and sense of 'otherness'.
This mosque represents an early example of a newly emerging post-war Muslim community establishing a mosque incrementally, from house-mosque to purpose-built, which is a pattern that would be repeated across the country over the following decades.
With Wimbledon mosque, the visual language of the minarets can be seen to replicate traditional Islamic architecture of the late Mughal period in India. This is the first time such ornate and literal translations of Islamic ornament had been seen in Britain since the Woking mosque of 1889. Unlike Woking mosque, where the design was influenced by its Victorian Orientalist context, Wimbledon has no such wider cultural scene. As such, it could be identified as the forerunner of a pastiche style, the indiscriminate lifting and applying of traditional Islamic motifs that would become the conventional approach of almost all mosques built in Britain for the next 40 years.
Preston, Lancashire (1984)
The Lancashire mill towns were the destination of a significant number of migrants arriving from Pakistan and India in the 1960s and 1970s. Preston, Bolton and Blackburn consequently acquired large Muslim populations, who quickly established religious institutions. Today these towns have some of the highest concentrations of Muslim residents, and mosques, in the country.
The Preston mosque was designed by Thomas Hargreaves, who ran a successful northern practice with George Grenfell-Baines before the latter went on to found BDP in 1961. Hargreaves was in his later years at the time, and had said that if there was one building he would like to design, it would be a mosque. Like many mosques of the period, it started life as two converted houses on the same site, which were subsequently demolished to make way for the new building.
There is no dome and no single minaret; the Islamic identification is contained in four small spire-minarets along the front facade and a crescent motif over the main entrance. Hargreaves has explored language and materiality, layering the front facade with forticrete blockwork, a recessed layer of which is riven. The building carries overtones of a medieval castle with its square turrets, stepped buttresses and battlements.
Completed in 1984, Hargreaves' mosque came at the high point of Postmodernism and this may have influenced the metaphorical strategies he employed, mixing references of English medieval revival with an Islamic twist. However, he implemented this not with irony, but with a certain level of articulation and sobriety.
With post-1960s Muslim migration and the mass mosque building that followed, this mosque stands out as one of the few that continues the tradition of Regent's Park and the Alice Street mosque in Cardiff and does not rely on literal translations of Islamic architectural history, but instead explores the idea of what the mosque is and could be in a new British context.
Burnett Place, Bradford (1988)
This is a small house mosque in Bradford which represents the way in which most mosques were first established in Britain, and indeed a significant number of mosques remain in converted houses to this day.
The house conversion was the easiest and most direct way in which a mosque could be established. A local community would raise funds among themselves, purchase a house and make rudimentary alterations to enable the building to function as a mosque. Usually this would mean adapting existing bathrooms to create ablution facilities, and combining rooms to create prayer halls. Usually the house would be incrementally extended and adapted over time to improve or increase facilities as the congregation grew. In some cases, the house would be demolished to make way for a larger purpose-built mosque, or the community would move to another larger site where new mosque could be established.
The house at Burnett Place was converted to a mosque in 1988 and the rear extension added in 2004. The form of the extension follows a traditional closet wing of a Victorian terrace, but in this case it has been marked out with a dome and a pair of stunted minarets. This shows the enduring significance attached to such symbols, where even the slightest opportunity on a restricted site was exploited to reinscribe domestic architecture as religious.
This process of very private and local establishment of religious sites was typical of the way in which migrants had been creating their religious infrastructure in Britain for centuries. Catholics communities in the 18th century, and Jewish settlers in the 19th had been through exactly the same trajectory of piecemeal development as communities grew. Non-conformist Christians had also been through similar processes of self-initiating religious sites across the country. The process of establishing Muslim places of worship that has expanded since the 1960s is simply a historical continuation of the emergence and institutionalisation of religious communities in Britain.
Ghamkol Sharif, Birmingham (1993)
Birmingham's inner-city district of Small Heath has a Muslim population of 62 per cent, predominantly originating from the northern regions of Pakistan. Small Heath was an industrial heartland and therefore attracted migrant settlers from the 1960s who were required for cheap labour.
The Ghamkol Sharif mosque is a landmark building situated on a prominent road network that bears the hallmarks of having been created through the clearance of Victorian streets. Indeed, the mosque itself stands on the former site of 40 derelict houses purchased by the Muslim community from the council in 1990. The mosque is typical of grassroots community projects that evolved incrementally from house mosques, to larger converted premises, then to the final destination of a large landmark mosque. This mosque was initiated by a spiritual leader from north Pakistan who came to Birmingham in the 1960s and established his first mosque in the converted house where he still lives.
Ghamkol Sharif is representative of many mosques of the 1980s and 90s, which we can call the heyday of mosque building in Britain, as over this time the number of mosques across the country increased exponentially. The building embodies a conjoining of vernacular and Islamic architectural languages, creating a new hybrid of somewhat uncomfortable relationships. A pitched, tiled roof is topped with a brown GRP dome, while a brick minaret starts with a large hexagonal base with narrower sections as it rises in a seemingly stunted mixture of local red brick and green pointed arches.
This is a substantial building on the urban landscape, playing a significant social and religious role in the Muslim community. It is an example of the way in which Muslim space and institutions have been re-inscribing the landscape with new combinations of architectural typologies. Through mosques such as this one, in inner cities that may otherwise decay, are injected with considerable community investment and so continue to serve as important and vibrant centres for many generations of residents.
Jameah Mosque, Leicester (2010)
Over the last decade the number of new build mosques appears to have been declining after its rapid rise through the final 30 years of the 20th century. This could point to a saturation point, where Muslim religious infrastructure had begun to meet the needs of the population. The mosques that have been built since, however, indicate a new direction in mosque architecture.
In the 1980s and 90s mosques, were typified by their combination of seemingly incongruous architectural languages welded together in often piecemeal and iterative ways, resulting in buildings that struggled to hold themselves together. This was partly a result of the practical reality of limited funds, which only allowed for buildings to be assembled over time.
Within the last few years, a series of mosques, both completed and in progress, have been emerging that are designed as coherent spaces. This represents a maturing of Muslim communities, where buildings are professionally designed and procured and where funding streams have improved.
What results is a trend towards a more complete historicism, a move away from earlier pastiche as the mosques no longer borrow a series of Islamic motifs from different sources, but present one particular historic language and express it fully and logically.
The Jameah mosque is one such building, designed by architects from the UAE as the mosque felt there was no UK architect with the requisite specialism in Islamic design. The building is highly ornate, articulating the language of Islam's architectural past. Through the increase in human and financial resources within Britain's Muslim community, a style that had few roots or connections to local architectural traditions was sought. The building encapsulates an architectural 'otherness' and, perhaps through this, represents some of the cultural differences that constitute one of the valuable dialogues within contemporary British life.
The British Mosque: a social and architectural history, by Shahed Saleem will be published later this year by English Heritage
Readers' comments (3)
Interesting article. The fact that the only modernist mosque that was built was soon torn down say a lot about the inadequacies of modernism. The comment on the last mosque is interesting, treating the importing of foriegn architects and architectural
culture in a positive light as a furtherenhancement of 'successful' multculturalism. As a Muslim convert myself, I know that Islam is not an Arab or Pakistani religion but claims and puports to be a universal religion. This universality was expressed much better in the early years of Islam when the faith was exported to places like China which adopted it whilst retaining their own culture. For us in the UK the question remains, what does British Islam look like? This article could have addressed that question, but the author seems happy with the current state of affairs whereby Islam remains a pastiche 'curiosity' however full and logical. HAving said that, it is possible to go too far in the other direction. The fate of the modern cardiff mosque shows that in developing a language for a new culture, you have to take people with you. The proposed Mangera Yvars Mosque was a step too far along the path of 'modernity' in my view.
Shaheed's survey is very well done and informative. She is right to point out that there is more to Islamic architecture than the caricature of domes and minarets. There is also more to Muslims and Islam than mosques. Islam does not separate the spiritual from the worldly and the concept of treating the earth and all its creatures responsibly is fundamental in the teachings of the Quran.
If Muslims really want to be true to their faith then their homes, offices, mosques and community buildings should be designed with the highest environmental standards. Look at any typical Islamic building from Zanzibar to Granada and beyond and you will see many of the features we are struggling to incorporate into our Code 6 houses or Passivhaus buildings. There are a whole spectrum of environmental techniques including rainwater collection tanks; courtyards which form an integral part of the passive heating and cooling systems; hydroscopic finishes which temper humidity and temperature; sun-shading screens , waterless toilets, gardens with fruit and shade trees etc etc. There is also a very clever use of water and water features and a strong geometry and inspiration from nature resulting in a timeless beauty. The sound of gently running water, birds and bees is just as important as the call to prayer.
Much to reflect on!
A much needed study that will help position the architecture of British Muslims firmly part of British architectural history. As a typology, the mosque is much more than its architecture. It is a sacred space laden with meaning, memory, and a sense of belonging to a local community as well as the umma, the wider global community. Metaphorically, the mosque transcends space. Yet, the way mosques had been designed during the heyday of Muslim expansion from Arabia in the 8th-16th century, showed a growing ambition and pride to create a visible reminder of Islam. This confidence exemplified in the strength and creative genius of detailing, ornamentation, form, and use of indigenous materials and building traditions. The UK picture lacks the confidence of the predecessors of historic mosque building. Is it politics and Islamophobia, is it lack of leadership and architectural vision, or is it a lack of creativity? For whatever reason, the authentic, indigenous British mosque has yet to blend together its unique context with its specific identity in a new vernacular that is not associated with pastiche or imitated styles. True inspiration should be sought from the Aga Khan Award for Architecture where the best examples of the architectural dialogue between the local and universal nature of Islam is recognised.
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