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Steps we're following:
The schedule:
- 1 Fedora Documentation
- 2 Documentation Licensing
- 2.1 What are the Licensing Goals for Fedora Documentation ?
- 2.2 What are the Licensing Terms of Fedora Documentation ?
- 2.3 What Restrictions Does the Licensing Impose ?
- 2.4 Why Not Use Another License, Such as a Creative Commons (CC) License, or the GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) ?
- 2.5 Doesn't Red Hat Documentation Use the OPL ?
- 2.6 How Does This Affect Previously Released Versions of Fedora Documentation ?
- 3 Contributing
- 4 Redistributing and Modifying Fedora Documentation
- 4.1 How Do I Obtain Fedora Documentation ?
- 4.2 May I Publish Fedora Documentation on an Intranet or a Public Website ?
- 4.3 May I Distribute Copies of Fedora Documentation ?
- 4.4 May I Reuse Fedora Documentation for Other Open Source Projects ?
- 4.5 May I Reproduce Fedora Documentation for Commercial Purposes ?
- 4.6 May I Include Fedora Documentation in My Own Linux Distribution ?
- 4.7 Is the Documentation Licensing "Viral" ?
- 5 For Inquiries and Further Information
Fedora Documentation
What Documentation is Managed or Provided by the Fedora Project ?
Fedora documentation consists of three types of content:
- The contents of the Fedora Wiki, contributed by members of the Fedora community, that has been licensed for distribution
- The formal documentation maintained by the DocsProject, such as the Release Notes and the Installation Guide
- The documentation maintained by individual subprojects, such as the Fedora Directory Server project
Fedora Core and Fedora Extras include many pieces of software developed by other projects. The documentation for these products is provided as the original developers supply it. Third-party documentation may use a variety of licenses and formats.
The Fedora Project only distributes documentation that is provided under a Free license.
Documentation Licensing
What are the Licensing Goals for Fedora Documentation ?
The goals for documentation licensing are the same for the Fedora Project. To create documentation that is perpetually free/libre.
Similarly, Fedora Documentation Project chooses freedom over convenience. It sometimes requires considerable effort to create and maintain something that is entirely free and open, but the resulting work is more valuable and useful because of it.
What are the Licensing Terms of Fedora Documentation ?
All Fedora documentation is provided under the terms of the Open Publication License (OPL).
This means that:
- You may freely copy and distribute all Fedora documentation
- You may modify copies of any Fedora documentation, and redistribute your modified versions
- You may reuse parts of Fedora documentation in your own work
These freedoms apply for all purposes, commercial and noncommercial, and all types of media.
In other words, this license provides you with the four basic freedoms of the GNU Free Software Definition .
What Restrictions Does the Licensing Impose ?
The files provided by the Fedora Documentation Project on the public web site include the correct legal notices - you may freely copy and distribute these without having to do anything further.
If you modify copies of the documentation, or reuse portions in another document, you must acknowledge the copyrights and the license by including the appropriate notice in your work, as described in section I of the OPL. Section IV of the OPL explains how to correctly attribute the author and the Project in your work.
If you are publishing documentation in paper form (such as a book), section I of the OPL also describes how to credit the author and the Project on the cover of your publication.
Section V of the OPL provides some useful guidelines for those distributing documentation on disc or as hard copy. Note that the items in Section V are not required.
The Fedora Project does not use any of the options in Section VI of the OPL.
Why Not Use Another License, Such as a Creative Commons (CC) License, or the GNU Free Documentation License (FDL) ?
The legal counsel for the Fedora Project carefully examined all of the well-known content licenses, and concluded that only the OPL met all of the criteria for an unambiguous and enforceable license that would guarantee the freedoms of contributors and users.
Doesn't Red Hat Documentation Use the OPL ?
The documentation provided by Red Hat, Inc. is licensed under the OPL today, and has been using the optional clauses to prevent the documents being modified and published without permission.
Red Hat is going to remove those optional clauses and use the same license as Fedora Documentation. More details about this are forthcoming.
The licensing for Fedora documentation does not use these optional clauses - you may modify and reuse Fedora Project documentation without requiring permission.
Red Hat documentation that uses the same OPL licensing is going to be able to intermingle content with the Fedora community.
How Does This Affect Previously Released Versions of Fedora Documentation ?
Copies of documents distributed under the FDL remain under the FDL, but all Fedora documentation is now licensed under the OPL. The master copies in CVS and the files on the public web site are provided under the OPL, and not the FDL.
Existing documentation needs to be re-licensed or dual-licensed by the copyright owner under the OPL without optional clauses.
In practice, anyone simply using files previously provided by the Documentation Project is not affected by this change - all Fedora documentation may be copied and used freely.
Do I Have Absolute Control Over My Work ?
You have copyright over all of the material that you contribute to the Fedora Project.
In order to ensure that documentation may be continue to be maintained and distributed, the process of submitting content, including on the wiki, to the Fedora Documentation Project includes a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) that gives Red Hat, on behalf of the Fedora Project, an copyright license for the work. This does not affect your own rights in any way.
May I Contribute Documentation Under Alternative Licenses ?
In order to provide the guarantees we make for all of our documentation, the Fedora Project may not accept documents under licenses other than the OPL.
May I Use My Contributed Work for Other Purposes ?
Yes. As the copyright holder you may provide copies of your work to anyone, under any licensing terms that you wish.
Redistributing and Modifying Fedora Documentation
How Do I Obtain Fedora Documentation ?
The Fedora project publishes formal documentation on the web site, and will also provide the documentation as packages in Fedora Extras. The contents of the Wiki are accessible from the Wiki site itself.
To obtain source files for the formal Fedora documentation for use with your own projects, we recommend that you download the latest copies from our CVS repository, and use the provided scripts to generate HTML files.
For instructions on downloading the DocBook source files and build scripts, please refer to our web site .
May I Publish Fedora Documentation on an Intranet or a Public Website ?
If you provide copies of documentation files on your own web site we recommend that you join the documentation mailing list or check our web site regularly, in order to be aware of changes and new versions.
May I Distribute Copies of Fedora Documentation ?
Yes, you are welcome to distribute Fedora documentation through any media that you wish.
Section V of the OPL provides some useful guidelines for distributing documentation on disc or as hard copy. Note that the items in Section V are not required.
May I Reuse Fedora Documentation for Other Open Source Projects ?
Yes, absolutely. Note that if you use a modified version of the Fedora software the trademark guidelines apply.
The DocBook master copies of Fedora documentation use variables (referred to as entities) for Fedora trademarked names. This means that you may replace the trademarked names by changing the variables in the file docs-common/common/fedora-entities-en.ent before generating the documentation.
Fedora documentation standards specify that screen-shots and references to specific software version numbers should be kept to a minimum, but you should check the documentation that you use to ensure that it matches your product.
May I Reproduce Fedora Documentation for Commercial Purposes ?
Yes. You may use Fedora documentation as part of your own articles, books, web sites, presentations, training materials etc., with no royalties required. You may also quote or reuse parts of Fedora documents.
The OPL requires you to acknowledge the license, and attribute the authors and the Fedora Project - the earlier question on restrictions explains this in more detail.
If you are using Fedora documentation as a significant part of a commercial activity you may wish to contact the Documentation Project to discuss your requirements, or arrange joint development - see the question below for details.
May I Include Fedora Documentation in My Own Linux Distribution ?
Yes. See the earlier question on reusing the documentation for more information on how to do this.
Is the Documentation Licensing "Viral" ?
No. This is a quote from section III of the OPL:
Mere aggregation of Open Publication works or a portion of an Open Publication work with other works or programs on the same media shall not cause this license to apply to those other works. The aggregate work shall contain a notice specifying the inclusion of the Open Publication material and appropriate copyright notice.
In other words, you must abide by the terms of the license when you reuse the documentation in your own work, but you are not obliged to change the overall licensing of your document or any other work.
For Inquiries and Further Information
For General Inquiries
To discuss Fedora documentation, please post to the public mailing list of the Fedora Documentation Project.
To discuss the Fedora Project Wiki, or other Fedora web sites, please post to the websites public mailing list .
Legal Queries
If you have any legal or licensing queries that are not addressed by either this document or the text of the OPL itself, please contact us at email@example.com and we can forward relevant legal questions on to the Fedora Project Board.


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Programmer and self-proclaimed geek Mariya Lysenkova runs Verdage, a consultancy whose offerings include the CMS system Webist. Although happy with her roster of clients, including American Express Publishing and The Economist, she would love to build more websites for woman-owned startups.
sudo make me a sandwich
Go back to the kitchen!
No, that's not a haiku. Those are some of the comments I've come to expect as a girl with an arsenal of geek interests: programming, politics, and of course, silly internet memes. I'm not easily offended. Tits or GTFO. Ha ha ha.
Millions of battered women and I'm still eating mine plain?
Please post a nude pic in the Gone Wild sub-reddit, so we can determine if you are just an ugly angry pig or if you are attractive and therefore have a serious point to be considered.
Yet even these increasingly offensive comments are not enough to rattle me. After all, what would the interwebs be without trolls angling for the maximum shock value? Don't feed the trolls, as they say, and that means ignoring most of the blatant sexist nonsense left in the comments at Reddit.com and other social news sites.
Nor, in the interests of space, will I delve into my experience debating controversial topics: abortion, alleged IQ differences between men and women, appropriate punishments for false rape accusations, transgendered rights, legalization of female toplessness and so on. Suffice to say that my thoughts on these topics have prompted less than enlightened responses.
What really gets to me — I mean really, really annoys me — lies in longer threads, where the topic is too mundane and the exchange too long and nuanced to warrant trolling. That is to say, I'm shocked by what some average Joes think about the average Jane.
Take one hot topic that recently popped up on Reddit, my favorite social news site. The Onion, in typical Onion fashion, published this satirical piece about a girl who torments her lovesick male friend. It's a funny piece, especially since I've been on both sides of the lovelorn friend equation. But boy, what a misogynistic crapstorm ensued on Reddit. If a woman has a platonic friendship with a man, the consensus seemed to say, she is likely manipulating his sexual attraction to her. The comments ranged from "Girls are fucking retarded†to equating coquetry with rape. Never mind that a man might befriend a woman even if he is married, gay, or just not sexually attracted to her. Never mind that a truly unhealthy friendship can be ended by either party at any time. A man out there is not getting laid — and it's a woman's fault!
And when women aren't viciously cock-teasing their friends, they are, of course, busy cheating on their boyfriends, according to some other threads. "If the girl truly cared about her current boyfriend, she wouldn't maintain contact with her ex†wrote one poster. "Let's say 5% of women who hang out with their ex's still sleep with them,†noted another. "I do not like those odds and will not put up with it.†Sure, many couples break up precisely because the "spark is goneâ€, but remain great friends, but why put your new boyfriend through that? Apparently, the insecurities of a woman's current partner should determine whom she does and doesn't associate with.
Besides manipulation and philandering, no misogynistic portrait would be complete without greed. "How often have you or your female friends offered to pay for a first date, or even offered to pay your share of a first date?†asked one Redditor. "Would you expect a man to purchase a ridiculously expensive ring for you before marriage? Have you ever considered what it must feel like to be obligated to do something like that? Do you think you would forgo the jewelry or offer to help defray the costs of it?†Never mind that I'm currently cohabiting with my partner in Scandinavia, where couples are expected to split expenses 50/50, and that we have no intention of bringing diamond engagement rings into the equation. Never mind that this is the attitude shared by most of my female friends back in the U.S. No – this is how all women think, everywhere. Period.
The regular readers of social news sites are predominantly younger males, and it's troubling that the next generation of men are soaking in such caricatures of women, portrayed as something fundamentally different and even dangerous. Indeed, if one constructs a composite image of a woman based on comments seen online, she is a self-obsessed, manipulative, ball-busting harpy. With a penchant for expensive shoes, of course.
Our society has recognized that it's inaccurate and inappropriate to draw conclusions about a group based on the actions of a few. For example, "Muslims are terrorists†and "Blacks are violent†would make even the most immature Redditor cringe — and downvote. Yet comments like "Women are materialistic†and "Women are manipulative†get electronic nods. Generalizing about a gender is still acceptable.
Some women, of course, also make gross generalizations about men. But, just like our governments and other institutions of power, women are hugely underrepresented in the geekosphere. This is illustrated by the fact that my comments, under a gender-neutral Reddit username, are often met with, "Well played, sir!†So with women in the minority, a comment like "men are pigs†would be downvoted into oblivion, while "women are bitches†stands a damned good chance. And this makes it harder to open a dialogue on the subject. When I posted on Reddit about sexism on the site, only a handful of women responded, most of them through private messages. Bullying, it seems, can drive a minority opinion underground even in an anonymous setting.
But is online misogyny a real cause for concern? One man responded to my post with, "I treat women the same way I treat men; Like shit. Don't blame it on sexism.†It may well be that people in anonymous settings are, well, jerks. Penny Arcade thoughtfully illustrated this phenomenon:
Normal Person + Anonymity + Audience = Total Fuckwad
So what is a geek girl to do? My advice: make yourself heard online, but don't take any of it personally. In the words of one wise Redditor: "Getting offended at the attitudes of a bunch of teenage boys is like peeing into the wind. You're always going to get it in your face.†Never mind, of course, that not all Redditors can pee into the wind.

subset: commoncrawl


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Time To Buy Facebook? One Big Analyst Says Yes
Is Wall Street ready to embrace Facebook's ability to generate revenue through mobile devices? Marketwatch's Greg Morcroft says one large analyst has an optimistic view.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... what was beaten up stocks this year on Wall Street ... more than seven percent pop on Monday after analyst at Sanford Bernstein raised their rating on the stock to outperform from market perform and set a thirty three dollars share price target on the stock ... concern about revenue and particularly the company's ability to generate revenue from mobile devices ... is what's been holding back Facebook stock and it's also the basis of the firm's call ... the firm is expecting the company to produce better revenue growth during two thousand and thirteen and two thousand and fourteen than the average estimate on Wall Street ... it also says ... that revenue growth will be the main driver of the stock ... but we need to remember a couple of things ... let's keep in mind they put in thirty three dollars share price coal a year from now on the stock so if you buy that stock now if Sanford Bernstein is absolutely right ... the stock still going to be worth five dollars less than it was during its IPO to keep that in mind ...


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Kent State Fashion School to Screen "Versailles '73: American Runway Revolution"
The Fashion School at Kent State University will host a screening of fashion documentary "Versailles '73: American Runway Revolution" with an accompanying director's lecture, Saturday, Feb. 23, in Rockwell Hall Auditorium. The film is presented as part of campus programming for Black History Month. Rockwell Hall is located at 515 Hilltop Dr. on the Kent Campus.
The event opens with a VIP reception at 6 p.m.; the screening and lecture will begin at 7:30 p.m. Some of the fashion icons featured in the documentary will be in attendance at the screening, and the VIP reception will include opportunities to interact with the legendary models.
Directed by Deborah Riley Draper, the documentary details the iconic 1973 fashion show Le Grand Divertissement à Versailles. Fashion publicist Eleanor Lambert and Palace of Versailles curator Gerald Van der Kemp created the fashion show as a fundraiser for Versailles restorations. The show put French designers Yves Saint Laurent, Christian Dior, Hubert de Givenchy, Pierre Cardin and Emanuel Ungaro up against American underdogs Anne Klein, Stephen Burrows, Bill Blass, Oscar de la Renta and Halston in competition.
In front of an audience of 800 attendees, including Andy Warhol, Christina Onassis, Princess Grace of Monaco and Josephine Baker, the American designers claimed victory. The show changed fashion history by featuring African-American models and designers.
"The film is important to bring to Kent State because it was a groundbreaking event," says Tameka Ellington, assistant professor of fashion design and merchandising. "It was the first event where African- American designers and models were showcased, and it paved the way for African-Americans in the fashion industry."
The 1973 event featured grounding-breaking models of color Billie Blair, Pat Cleveland, Alva Chinn, Norma Jean Darden, Charlene Dash, Bethann Hardison, Barbara Jackson, China Machado, Jennifer Brice, Ramona Saunders and Amina Warsuma.
Cost for the event is $35 for admission to the pre-screening VIP reception, lecture and screening; $20 for admission to the lecture and screening; and $10 for student admission to the lecture and screening.
Tickets are available at the door, cash only. To RSVP for the VIP reception, please contact Tammy Cullen at firstname.lastname@example.com.
"Versailles '73: American Runway Revolution" uses photos, first-person accounts of the show and interviews with fashion historians, along with archival materials from the event, to bring the legendary showdown between American and Parisian designers to life.
The documentary was director Deborah Riley Draper's first full-length film with her production company Coffee Bluff Pictures. The film was screened at the Cannes Film Festival, was featured during New York Fashion Week and Toronto Fashion Week, and has had limited engagements in New York, Los Angeles and Atlanta. For more information on the film, visit http://versailles73movie.com.


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Edna St. Vincent Millay
Edna St. Vincent Millay (22 February 1892 – 19 October 1950 / Rockland / Maine / United States)
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When I Too Long Have Looked Upon Your Face
When I too long have looked upon your face,
Wherein for me a brightness unobscured
Save by the mists of brightness has its place,
And terrible beauty not to be endured,
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Secretary of State Mark Ritchie, who is being drawn into court for his proposed change to the title of the marriage amendment question, also proposed changing the title of the photo ID amendment.
On Monday, the same day marriage amendment backers filed suit against him for changing the title of the ballot question to define marriage, Ritchie announced he planned to change a separate amendment from the Legislature's title of "Photo Identification Required for Voting" to "Changes to in-person & absentee voting & voter registration; provisional ballots."
Late last month, Ritchie announced he would change the title of the marriage amendment from "Recognition of marriage solely between one man and one woman" to "Limiting the status of marriage to opposite sex couples."
Both amendment questions are due to be before voters on their November general election ballots.
Backers of the marriage amendment sued over Ritchie's title change, asking the Supreme Court to change the amendment's title back to what the Legislature passed. (See the legal papers below.)
Ritchie has already been hauled into court over the photo ID amendment by its opponents. Foes of that amendment say that the question presented to voters is too vague because it only be speaks of photo ID, rather than including other changes that would also be forced by the amendment. Ritchie, a photo ID opponent, declined to defend the question. The Legislature and others, however, are defending it.
The court will hear oral arguments on that case on July 17.
Ritchie's new proposed photo ID title underscores the point the amendment opponents made to the supreme court -- that the amendment does far more than just require voters to present photographic identification.
Ritchie, backed by the state's attorney general Lori Swanson, says that state law dictates that the Secretary of State "shall provide an appropriate title" for constitutional questions. He has also said that Gov. Mark Dayton's symbolic veto of the constitutional marriage question negated the title the Legislature proposed. Dayton similarly symbolically vetoed the photo ID question.
Ritchie, Swanson and Dayton are all Democrats. The Legislature is controlled by Republicans, who gave the vast majority of the votes to approve the two amendment questions.


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Years ago, the city began moving forward with implementing a comprehensive 20-year plan to deal with municipal waste.
The goal of the plan was to ensure that all neighborhoods do their part in handling municipal waste to correct an unforeseen consequence of closing the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island.
When the landfill closed, the city did not have a comprehensive plan in place to deal with shipping waste out of state, and land-based transfer stations – where garbage trucks transported collected waste so it could be loaded on even bigger trucks and transported to landfills – became prevalent in several areas around the city.
Not only did this mean that these neighborhoods, such as Jamaica in Queens and East Williamsburg in Brooklyn, begin to be overburdened by garbage trucks, the system meant that thousands of large 18-wheelers were on the city's roads and expressways.
The solution? Try to utilize barge and rail more effectively. So for years, the city worked with local elected officials to come up with an equitable way to handle waste, and as you can imagine it was not an easy plan to iron out.
No neighborhood in the city wanted to be on the receiving end of a new marine or rail transfer station, but they all realized that it was the fair thing to do, and in the long run would be best for New York City as a whole.
All but one, that is.
Residents of the Upper East Side continue to fight the construction of a marine transfer station near 91st Street on the East River, despite the fact that this plan was vetted for years at City Council hearings and public meetings – we know, we were at a lot of them – and eventually approved.
This week, the city received approval and permits from the Army Corps of Engineers to begin construction on the facility. Cue the "outraged" politicians who are now vowing to fight the facility in court, holding up a plan that will benefit all of New York, and only asks that all neighborhoods contribute their fair share to the problem of handling the city's garbage.
Seems like a pretty reasonable thing to ask.
The Department of Sanitation in conjunction with the city's elected officials worked for a long time to come up with this plan, and at the time residents from the Upper East Side expressed their displeasure. Their concerns were heard and considered, but ultimately the City Council voted in favor of the plan.
The time for fighting is over.


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The small video and pictures resurfaced showing us that the new Nexus 7 has slimmed down tremendously. It still has a single USB port, power button and volume rocker and soft buttons on the screen. The resolution should go up to 1080p, but this is something to be confirmed and the back of the tablet got a rear camera with a 5-megapixel sensor. There is still a front facing 1.2-megapixel camera for all the chatting available as well as 3.5 mm headphone jack. The rear camera is placed at the left upper corner and we haven't spotted a flash in the video.
The processor of choice is Qualcomm's APQ 8064, last year's offer of Nexus 4 fame and not the latest-greatest Snapdragon 600 as some have suggested. The APQ 8064 ends up faster than the first generation Nexus 7 based on Nvidia's venerable Tegra 3, but it doesn't actually leave it in the dust. The Snapdragon 600 would have really made a huge difference, but it would probably affect the price as well.
We can only assume that the highly hyped Android 4.3 operating system and a few tweaks are on the way with it. Remember, the date is Wednesday 24 of July 2013.
You can read more here.


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Mom! Dad dropped the AOL in the toilet again!
Dear Word Detective: With the recent release of a number of "tablet personal computers," my colleagues and I got to discussing the word "tablet." The reason that tablet computers are called that is reasonably clear. Why, oh why, do we call some of our pills "tablets"? They are not slabs, nor is there much space to write on them. Can you clear up this conundrum? — Mark Wujek, Tokyo.
Hmm. Tablet computers? Land O' Goshen, what will they think of next? My laws, I suppose such a contraption is possible…. Oh wait, are we talking about that iPad thing? Yeah, I played with one in an Apple store a few months ago and instantly wanted one. Fortunately, it was insanely expensive, so I dodged the Apple Zombies and left without one. The funny thing is that as soon as I left the store I stopped wanting one, and couldn't remember why I ever had. People say it's just the famed Apple Reality Distortion Field at work, but I swear there's something in the air in those places. Maybe aerosolized psilocybin. That would explain everything.
I know, of course, that there are other tablet computers out there and have been for quite a while. I wish them well, but I don't want them either. Part of my problem with "tablet computers" is that the name has always struck me as strangely clunky and unappealing (which is why "iPad" is brilliant). "Tablet" for me conjures up the iconic image of Charlton Heston waving the Ten Commandments on those big stone tablets, not a handy little notepad.
"Tablet" first appeared in English around 1300 (adopted from the Old French "tablete") with the meaning "A smooth stiff sheet for writing on, usually one of two or more fastened together, originally made of clay or wax-covered wood, later of ivory, cardboard, etc.; a number of such sheets fastened together" (Oxford English Dictionary). That "tablete" was a diminutive form of the Old French "table," which meant "table" as well as "slab," "writing surface," "plank" and other things of similar form and function. Not surprisingly, English also adopted the parent word "table" from the Old French, but it came ultimately from the Latin "tabula," meaning "plank, table, slab, etc."
Although "tablet" initially meant "writing pad" in English, other meanings began to appear by the mid-14th century, and "tablet" eventually encompassed just about anything flat, squarish and relatively small, from roofing tiles to flat ornamental jewelry ("He hastily drew from his bosom, where it hung suspended from his neck, a large flat tablet of remarkably beautiful onyx," Thomas de Quincey,1832).
Given that "tablet" in English was being used for anything small, flat and rectangular, it's not that surprising that it came to mean "A small, flat, or compressed piece of a solid substance, originally of rectangular form; specifically a measured quantity of a medicine or drug, compressed into a small disc or lozenge and designed to be swallowed whole; a pill" (OED). What is somewhat surprising is that this usage first appeared way back in the early 15th century and has been in constant use since then ("It is yet in use, to wear little bladders of quicksilver, or tablets of arsenic, as preservatives against the plague," Francis Bacon, 1626). So folks have been gobbling (or wearing, I guess) "tablets" of medicine for roughly 500 years.
"Tablet computers" aren't quite that old, of course, although one probably could have applied the term to an abacus, which is usually small, flat, and can be used to do fairly complex math. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first use of the term "tablet computer" in print to 1984 ("Shostak said battery-operated tablet computers will be available 'within six months of this election'," UPI Newswire), although Wikipedia points to a device called a Teleautograph (a primitive fax device utilizing telegraph lines) patented in 1888 as "an electronic tablet used for handwriting." Um, OK.
Incidentally, "tabloid" was originally formed as a trademarked term for medicine tablets in 1884 by Burroughs, Wellcome, & Co., a British pharmaceutical company, by combining "tablet" with the suffix "oid" (usually used in scientific contexts to signify "having the form of"). By the 1890s, "tabloid" was in general use meaning "a concentrated version of something." When newspapers appeared at the beginning of the 20th century having pages half the size of the standard "broadsheet" and featuring popular and often sensationalist news stories, the name "tabloid" for the journalistic genre was a natural fit ("Go into any bus or train or lunch room at any hour of the day or night and you see men and boys and women and girls taking and enjoying their tabloids," 1901).


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WOW: Black Israelite Street Preachers Tell Some Jewish Guy He's Not A Jew, Debate Over Being Pale "I Told You Im Not Pale, Your The One Thats Pale". Plus Disrespects/Spits At A Woman!
These Israelite street preacher continue to degrade woman and people in the streets of New York. Watch how they disrespect this woman at the end of video
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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"Stranger Things" S03E09 Episode #3.9 legendas
Visitors of SubtitlesBank have given a rating of 0/10 for "Stranger Things" S03E09 Episode #3.9 legendas . Subtitles of different languages may be downloaded for free as a .zip file from our site. Inside, you'll find an .srt file, which is actually what adds the translation to your video. HD-quality versions are also available.
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A Florida man trying to prove his innocence by commenting on a Pasco Sheriff Office's Facebook post about himself led authorities right to him.
Matthew Oliver, 23, was the sheriff's office Facebook page's "Fugitive of the Day" Wednesday for his connection with a robbery. He commented on the post later that day and continued to comment, which ultimately led to his arrest on Friday.
"You guys are going to pay for A. Believing a crack head. and B. Slandering my name," Oliver wrote on Wednesday. "I already heard about this whole thing and I was in the hospital the day of."
Eight minutes later he commented again.
"I get out of the hospital for 2 months and I have to come back to this sh**. I swear on everything I own Pasco County WILL be held responsible for this."
As of Monday morning, the original post has been shared more than 400 times and has about 400 comments.
One Facebook user commented, "Really!?!? You're not doing a good job hiding." Another user wrote, "He'll be on "World's Dumbest Criminals" in no time..."
Even the Pasco Fugitive Warrants, another Facebook account associated with the sheriff's office, commented.
"Matthew Oliver if you would like to discuss your active warrant, please call the Fugitive Warrants Unit at 813-235-6064."
Deputies said Oliver became a fugitive in December when he and a friend punched a man in the face and stole a wallet containing $260, the Tampa Bay Times reported.
However, Oliver posted that his warrant was inactive, and he was in the hospital being treated for an infection during the time in question.
The Pasco Fugitive Warrants commented again Friday verifying that Oliver was in the hospital, and he should call them "if he feels he does not fit the definition of the word 'fugitive.'"
Later that day, Oliver had been arrested.
"Members of the Fugitive Warrants Unit observed Matt Oliver as he walked into an apartment wearing a T-shirt," the Pasco Fugitive Warrants commented on the post. "Moments later he came back outside where it is 80 degrees, wearing a camouflage jacket with the hood up. He was apprehended without any resistance."
His comments helped lead deputies to him, the Tampa Bay Times reported. Before being arrested, Oliver had 15 comments on the post.
Oliver is still being held in jail on a $5,000 bond for robbery by sudden snatching, according to online jail records. It was not immediately known if he had an attorney.
Right before Pasco Fugitive Warrants commented that Oliver was arrested, one user said "this has been an entertaining couple of days for sure."
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>Kareena Kapoor pronounced [kəˈriːnaː kəˈpuːr]; born on September 21, 1980),often informally referred to as Bebo, is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood films. During her career, Kapoor has received six Filmfare Awards and has been noted for her performances in a range of film genres; these include her work from contemporary romantic dramas to comedies, period films to major Bollywood productions, as well as less publicised independent films.
Born into a family where her parents, Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and elder sister Karisma were actors, Kapoor faced the media spotlight from a very young age, but did not make her acting debut until the 2000 film Refugee. Her melodrama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham… became India's highest-grossing film in the overseas market in 2001, and is one of her biggest commercial successes to date. After receiving negative reviews for a series of repetitive roles, Kapoor accepted more demanding parts in order to avoid being typecast, and was consequently recognized by critics for displaying greater versatility as an actress. Her portrayal of a sex worker in Chameli (2004) proved to be the turning point in her career and she was later noted for her performances in the critically acclaimed Dev (2004) and Omkara (2006)
In 2007, Kapoor received her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in Jab We Met, a romantic comedy directed by Imtiaz Ali. She went on to play the lead female role in the thriller Kurbaan (2009), for which she earned critical acclaim, and the drama 3 Idiots (2009), which became the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time.Having done so, Kapoor has established herself as a leading actress of the Hindi film industry. In addition to movie acting, Kapoor is a regular stage performer and has launched her own clothing line in association with being the brand ambassador for the retail chain Globus. Her off-screen life, including her relationship with actor Saif Ali Khan, is the subject of wide media coverage in India.


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Hi all. We are in Central OR, breaking away from the not-so-fast pace of city life to give the hubby some one-on-one time with our not-yet-finished house renovation because I oh-so-badly want to move in. OH so badly.
I forgot my camera cable thing-y otherwise I'd be showing scenes of desert life, mainly us all snugged up indoors while the weather outside has a freakout. We planned on leaving tomorrow but I'm terrified of snowy mountain driving so may stay an extra day or two…or seven depending on the elements. I really hate driving in snow.
I don't have my crafty provisions here, but I'm having fun vignette-ing with Photoshop (thanks Tracy for the tip!) Recognize those socks, steph? Yes, they're yours and no, you can't have them back. I'm holding them ransom until you hang out with me again :-P
I have been semi-productive: I wrote a letter to Martha Stewart informing her that the recent smattering of High Fructose Corn Syrup ads in her magazines are definitely not a "good thing" and that I'm willing to discontinue my
And speaking of crafty love, I'm excited to participate in Amy's virtual quilt festival next week. Check it out, and join in if you have a favorite quilt + story!


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South African Journal of Education
On-line version ISSN 2076-3433
Print version ISSN 0256-0100
S. Afr. j. educ. vol.28 n.4 Pretoria Nov. 2008
Preadolescent leaders: critical reflections from a well-being perspective
Johan Liebenberg
IClinical Psychologist and has been in full-time private practice since 1991, with an interest in the interface between institutional practices and the developing child. He specialises in the psychotherapeutic relationship with preadolescents, adolescents, and adults. He is a member of The Ship Foundation. E-mail: email@example.com
IIAssociate Professor in the Department of Psychology at North-West University. Her research focuses on exploring enabling contexts, relational well-being, and older persons. Her belief that the cultural context informs dynamic processes in complex interactions has led to the development of the MmogoT method, which assists in discovering the meanings that people attach to experiences. E-mail: email@example.com
Very little information is available on the impact of leadership practices, in South African primary schools, on the development of preadolescent learners. Leadership in primary schools focuses mainly on the roles, tasks, features, identification and development of "leadership". Leadership practices, as currently applied in most primary schools in South Africa, challenge preadolescent development, with serious consequences. Our purpose in this study was to reflect critically on the appropriateness of existing leadership models for the preadolescent from a well-being perspective. A qualitative research method, which follows an inductive, exploratory approach, was selected because this method acknowledges the complexity of the phenomenon. Data were collected by means of focus groups and written assignments. The six components of psychological well-being, namely: self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, and autonomy are used in discussion of the findings. The findings confirmed that the current social phenomenon of preadolescent leadership contributes to negative evaluations of the self and personal experiences, early identity foreclosure, disrupted peer group interactions, distorted relationships with adults, and a limited environment for the development of self-determination.
Key words: development; leadership practices; leadership values; preadolescent; psychological well-being; qualitative investigation
Very little information is available on the development of learners' councils in South African primary schools. Moreover, this practice is also not reported in the developmental psychology literature (Berger, 1994; Hook, Watts & Cockcroft, 2002; Kail & Cavanaugh, 2000; Shaffer, 2000; Yamaguchi, 2001).
The significance of leadership in primary schools that have a white Afrikaner tradition should be understood against the socio-political background where, prior to 1994, the Christian-National philosophy of educational institutions was dictated by legislation (De Wilzem, 1988; Follet, 1985; Strydom, 1970; Tierney, 1996; Weber, 1985). The objective was to produce leaders who would ultimately realise and preserve the adultist and ideological view of leadership, which was regarded as a means to hold onto power within a specific political system (Bell & Bromnick, 2003; Bowie, 2000; Tierney, 1996). Based on this view, leadership in primary schools focused on the skills, roles, tasks, features, identification and development of "leadership", not children. The meaning attached to the leadership role was furthermore superficially amplified and inflated by primary school level objectives and values such as achievement, competition and social comparison (Yamaguchi, 2001), as well as monetary considerations.
In this context, the term leadership refers to the inducement and management of change, taking critical decisions, and promoting and maintaining the school's values and integrity (Barker, 1997; Gibbons, 1992; Rost, 1991;1993). Management refers to the maintenance of the status quo and stability (Barker, 1997; Gibbons, 1992; Rost, 1991; 1993). Leadership skills and duties among children in a school context refer to management skills which relate specifically to the maintenance of stability in the institutional system. Child leaders appear to be a vital part of the management function of any school and serve as substitutes for teacher supervision (De Beer, 1992; De Wilzem, 1988). For example, learners are appointed and held responsible for maintaining discipline among fellow learners, performing duties with regard to general order, and acting as messengers for teachers, as substitutes for teachers when they are not present and as traffic officers on school grounds (Buscall, 1994; De Beer, 1992; Follet, 1985; Smith, 1991). Leaders very seldom (and in some instances never) have a say in the way things are done.
Opposed to the adultist and ideological viewpoint are the scarcely researched opinions of the children who are involved on ground level. From this perspective the obvious objective of leadership seems to be different, which will be illustrated in this research. When the special development needs of the preadolescent are taken into consideration, the misalignment between leadership and the developing preadolscent becomes evident.
The Carnegie Council (in Wavering, 1995) defines preadolescence as the age group between 10 and 15 years of age. Other sources refer to the group of children between 10 and 14 years of age, or 11 and 14 years of age (Stafford, 1982; Wiles & Bondi, 2001). The exact age group, however, is not that important. It is far more important to take into consideration the remarkable emotional, social, intellectual and physical changes that occur and needs that arise during this critical developmental phase (Berger, 1994; Hook et al., 2002; Kail & Cavanaugh, 2000; Newman & Newman, 1997).
Physical changes represent the most obvious development taking place, and are often followed by other developmental dimensions (Walker, 1995). Preadolescence is characterised by rapid physical growth and sexual awareness. Preadolescents are particularly vulnerable when it comes to the emphasis on the importance of physical appearance, which affects in particular the perceptions of the peer group and the teachers (Berger, 1994; Kaplan, 1998, Newman & Newman, 1997). Preadolescents who develop faster than their peers are more inclined to be selected as leaders in their class, sports teams and other group activities. Those who develop late, or at an average rate, are not nearly as popular (Berger, 1994; Peterson, 1996). Sigelman (1999:280) concludes that "the rate of maturation sometimes leads to events that determine the path of the rest of one's life".
Current findings indicate that development of the brain during the preadolescent and adolescent period is just as important as that which occurs during the first two years of a child's development (Minden, 2004). Areas in the brain that control aspects such as self-control; planning and the development of strategy; organising; initiation of focus and attention; ending, starting and shifting attention; emotions; ability to make a judgement; intelligence and identity (i.e. the frontal and temporal lobe and the corpus callosum) continue to develop until the age of 18 to 25 years (American Bar Association, 2003; Gied et al., 1999).
Psychosocial development refers to the preadolescent child's identity and self-awareness with regard to the sexual, moral and psychic growth within a specific socio-cultural context. The context refers to the experience and development of the self within the application of a primary school's leadership policy (Newman & Newman, 1997). The dominant psychosocial development tasks of children aged 6 to12 are competence, which refers to the unlimited practise of concrete reasoning skills, physical skills and intelligence in the completion of tasks and reliability, which refers to the ability to be committed and loyal to individuals and groups with reference to friendships, self-evaluation and the development of identity (Kaplan, 1998; Newman & Newman, 1997).
The preadolescent continuously experiments spontaneously with social power and abilities and calibrates his/her self against the group to explore his/her unique individuality. The self/identity is defined by means of the group. Social comparison, especially in the school, generates feelings of inferiority (Newman & Newman, 1997; Shaffer, 2000; Sigelman, 1999). The characteristics of early developers correspond with the symptoms of identity foreclosure (Peterson, 1996; Schwartz & Dunham, 2000; Sternberg, 2004).
Preadolescence represents the start of a period of extensive self-analysis and evaluation which later culminates in the development of a comprehensive and integrated identity (Erikson, 1980). Marcia (in Kail & Cavanaugh, 2000; Sternberg, 2004) identifies the concepts of exploration and commitment from the work of Erikson. The process whereby the identity is formed entails the exploration and testing of alternative ideas, beliefs and behaviour. From this follows a process of committing the self to a specific set of goals, values and beliefs which were selected during a process of conscious and purposeful decisions (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2000; Sigelman, 1999; Sternberg, 2004). The characteristics of early developers correspond with the symptoms of identity foreclosure (Peterson, 1996; Schwartz & Dunham, 2000; Sternberg, 2004).
An important interface between the school and the child refers to the effect on the moral development of the child. The school is a micro community in which the broader community is represented. In the school environment children learn how things work in real life and they gain the opportunity to define themselves in relation to the world in which they live (Berman, 1997; Wiles & Bondi, 2001). This implies that the preadolescent leader/non-leader must be able to evaluate his/her daily activities within the omnipresent leadership model within a wider context and be aware that behaviour has certain social and political implications. This means that the preadolescent has to have the ability to act in a way which is consistent with learned behaviour.
The essence of the appointment of primary school leaders is based on values such as popularity, success, achievements, competition (Hendrikz, 1983; Follet, 1985), and a climate that encourages the egocentric hunger for power and status (Berman, 1997; Du Plessis, 1994). These are all aspects that have a normative influence in the lives of Grade 7 learners. An event is normative when it occurs in a similar way for most people in a given group, and when that experience is shared in a similar way by the same group or cohort (Hook et al., 2002). The leadership event in primary schools is normative because it is a planned institutional social occurrence which no Grade 7 learner in hundreds of schools can avoid. Leadership roles are attached to learners in a mutually exclusive way. Learners are either included for being a leader, or are excluded.
Our purpose in this research was to reflect critically on the appropriateness of existing leadership models for the preadolescent from the perspective of the child's well-being, as described by Ryff and Keyes (1995). The dimensions of environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, autonomy, self-acceptance, and positive relations with others will be discussed. These dimensions were derived from the synthesis of theories of lifespan development (e.g. Erikson, Buhler, Jung, Neugarten), clinical accounts of positive functioning (e.g. Allport, Maslow, Rogers), and descriptions of positive mental health (e.g. Jahoda, Birren).
A qualitative research method that follows an inductive, exploratory approach was selected because this method acknowledges the complexity of the phenomenon of leadership (Creswell, 1998; Parry, 1998). This complexity comprises the multidimensional intra-psychological and behavioural components of preadolescents and the interpersonal and organisational aspects of the leadership phenomenon (Conger, 1998).
Research context
The primary school studied is situated in an affluent city environment. It is in a transitional process regarding leadership models, and the school's governing body had requested assistance in assessing two leadership models, namely, a traditional model and a new proposed leadership model. The traditional model comprises the allocation of permanent leadership roles the so-called prefects to a group (15 boys and 15 girls) of senior primary school learners for the duration of a year. The learners are chosen by means of a democratic selection process, in which the senior grade learners (Grades 5- 7) and the teachers vote for candidates, who are identified by the teachers and the principal of the school. The prefects function as a small, select subgroup in the school context, and their purpose is to serve the school.
The new leadership model comprises eight committees (buildings and grounds, culture, events, sports, tidiness, scholar patrol, contingency, and media) including all the children in Grade 7, on a rotating system. The committees represent the main task or fields where the school has traditionally needed the help of learners to make school organisation easier. Every committee chooses a boy and girl chairperson who serve on an executive committee. The executive committee chooses from their members a boy and girl chairperson.
Data collection
Written information was obtained from learners in the traditional model through the following question:
Your Grade 7 year is nearly a thing of the past. During your Grade 7 year some children were selected to be leaders and some were not. This has been a custom at the school for many years. Write a letter to someone you feel confident about talking to and tell this person about your experience of being selected as a leader, or not being selected as a leader. Tell this person everything you think and feel about this experience.
Altogether 30 learners were selected as leaders, and 29 protocols (96.5 %) were returned. Furthermore, 87 children had not been selected as leaders and 82 protocols (94.25%) were returned.
Data were also collected, during the next year, from learners who participated in the new proposed leadership model by means of 12 focus groups, as well as one focus group consisting of the school's management team. The 12 focus groups comprised 85 learners from the entire Grade 7 group of 140 learners (61% participation). Seven individual interviews were conducted in the middle of the year and five at the end of the year, just before the school closed.
Consent was obtained from the Department of Education, the school's management team, the parents of the learners, and the learners themselves. Learners were assured that information would be treated confidentially at all times and any learner who wanted to withdraw from the research process, at any stage, could do so.
The reliability of this study was ensured by the following processes: literature triangulation; detection of detailed and complete electronic audit trace, by means of Atlas.ti 5 work table; the mechanisation of data (Neuman, 2000); providing complete descriptions by participants (Creswell, 1997; Miles & Huberman, 1994); and constant comparison (Strauss & Corbin, 1998; Silverman, 1993) of analysis of data collection, data analysis and conceptualisation (Parry, 1998).
Data analysis
The qualitative analysis was done by means of computer-aided analysis software. The Atlas.ti 5 is essentially a code-and-retrieve programme (Conger, 1998). This allows the researcher to work through the text, break it up into subcategories by attaching codes to each category, and then re-organise the codes in groups. General features suggested by various authors (Berg, 1998; Charmaz, 2002; Conger, 1998; Creswell, 1998; Neuman, 2000; Strauss & Corbin, 1998) were used as a guideline for the content analysis of the data.
Data analysis in qualitative research entails searching for patterns or themes in the data (Neuman, 2000; Seale, 2002). The course of the data analysis process can briefly be described as follows.
Step 1: The data are fragmented through a process of open coding and divided into as many meaningful subcategories as possible.
Step 2: During the process of axial coding, the broad categories, which were created during open coding, are grouped according to themes to illustrate a central idea.
Step 3: During selective coding the categories are integrated, refined and illustrated with quotations.
The discussion of the data is supported by relevant quotes from all the participants.
In the discussion of the age appropriateness of leadership models in the preadolescent life phase, the model of Ryff and Keyes (1995) is conceptualised by the creation of a context (environmental mastery) that informs personal growth, purpose in life, autonomy, self-acceptance and positive relations with others. The reciprocal interaction between the individual and the environment co-creates environmental mastery, or the lack thereof, which again contributes or limits the other dimensions. It is proposed that all the other dimensions are embedded in the context of the environment.
An environment in which preadolescents have a sense of mastery and competence in managing themselves, their relationships and the contexts is characterised by an accessible, interactive, negotiated space. In this space they should have opportunities to exercise control over their environment, and learn to draw on available resources (human relationships as well as physical resources in the environment) to make optimal use of opportunities and to develop their cognitive, emotional, social and moral potential. This type of environment should be accessible to the preadolescent so that learning opportunities can facilitate growth in learners, thereby enabling them to choose contexts suitable to their developing needs and values (Follet, 1985).
The preadolescent leaders and non-leaders in this study perceived both the traditional and the new leadership models as very limiting in that there was a lack of control to change or improve their interpersonal and contextual environments. Due to the specific developmental phase of preadolescent children, they are still in a learning process and need to be given opportunities to learn different skills, such as competence in mastering interpersonal skills. They also need to develop their intrapsychic abilities and to explore different contexts (Sternberg, 2004). In both leadership models the development of these tasks was distorted and limited.
The context is limited by the underlying assumptions on which these leadership models are based, developed and implemented such as competition, achievement, status and rewards (Follet, 1985). These assumptions co-create a context in which unfairness flourishes. Such a context is characterised by competition and comparison, exclusion and deprivation of the natural environment in which preadolescent children naturally experiment with leadership roles, as illustrated by the following quotes:
All of the children have leadership potential . Yes, [but] not everyone has the potential like high profile leaders. I suppose not everyone can become the prime minister.
It is simply not possible for everyone to be the winner.
Children will also be excluded later on in life (Member of the Management team).
The obvious criteria for preadolescent leaders include that they should be willing and have the ability to perform the required duties, be an example to others and be hard-working. The reality, however, is that the democratic selection process is based on popularity that is achieved by sport achievements, intellectual abilities and physical appearance. This finding is also supported by Buscall (1994) and Newman and Newman (1997).
If you are not popular, you will not become a chairman. Your academic performance does not matter and it does not matter whether or not the teachers like you. If you are popular, you will be selected as a leader.
Being an example to others, performance, hard work and having intellectual ability will help you to be selected.
An unnatural environment of a forced division is created whereby children's natural social processes are disrupted by a superficial allocation of roles and responsibilities based on an adultist model of leadership. The best defence mechanism for the preadolescent against inclusion in, and exclusion from, the group, due to the appointment of leaders, is the positive relationships with friends. With the appointment of leaders a small select subgroup is formed and the group norms and social values of the spontaneous friendship groups are transformed by a new set of norms that are fostered by individual attention, training camps and special meetings. Previous existing group formations are split by the process. One participant expressed it as follows:
I am unhappy because sometimes the prefects form a group and spend time on their own. Unfortunately all of my friends became prefects. As a result I feel on my own without any friends. For instance, when I wanted to visit N**s on Friday, they had a prefect meeting. The next Friday he had to get ready for a party. The next morning I heard that all of the prefects had learned to dance with girls! completely like a group of insane matric boys.
The power of friendships is extremely significant for the developing preadolescent (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2000; Newman & Newman, 1997; Sigelman, 1999; Thompson, Grace & Cohen, 2001; Sullivan, 1969). This context that has been created by the leadership models does not allow for any natural way of dealing with interpersonal loss and personal validation (Adler & Adler, 1998; Kail & Cavanaugh, 2000). Friendships have to be specially nurtured in preadolescents because preadolescence represents a so-called sensitive period or "teachable moment" in the development of the child (Havinghurst in Newman & Newman, 1997).
The preadolescent life phase is the time during which children are most ready to acquire new skills (Newman & Newman, 1997; Sigelman, 1999). Skills related to personal growth are reflected in the preadolescents' evaluation of the leadership models. Children described what they felt to be a limiting environment because they felt bored by the reality of the demands of leadership tasks. In time they became uninterested in pursuing the leadership responsibilities since these responsibilities invaded their school life, free time and friendships.
The way I see it, leaders are a waste of time. If you are selected as a leader, your responsibility would for instance be to stand at the toilets and tell children that they are not allowed to go in after break. How on earth could this develop your leadership qualities?
After a while it did not bother me any more because leaders have many responsibilities and their duties are certainly not pleasant.
In addition, the developing preadolescent does not have the ability to apply the power associated with their leadership positions responsibly:
Because they pick on and make fun of the children they do not like.
They tell the children exactly what to do, e.g. 'I need to stand in front of you, because I am a leader', 'Carry my school-bag', etc.
Sometimes they are rude and they pull and tug and push and shove as they wish.
They are so arrogant, it 'sucks'. I lost two friends because they are leaders and they regard themselves as superior.
A positive feature is that children experience personal growth in the assignment of the leadership title since it contributes to their self-confidence, perceived status and acknowledgement by the community, parents and teachers.
I learned how to work as a team; to trust others; not to allow others to walk all over me; what it meant to be obedient and patient with less important duties such as watching the toilets; to be independent and stand on my own feet; to take decisions; to have perseverance; to be responsible.
Teachers, school children, parents and the community regard leaders as children with high status. Being a leader is quite an achievement. You feel and are important when you are a leader. Leaders are more important than those who are not leaders.
However, very little involvement of teachers in the facilitation of constructive learning opportunities has been observed. Fixed roles are applied by the teachers to the children, without any negotiation with the children. Teachers are perceived as absent and it was felt that the teachers in fact contribute to the unfair practices.
At some of the meetings, in fact most of them, the teachers are not even present. Then you can not control the children at all. You stand in front and no one listens to you, you just waste your time.
No, and then we don't do it properly and they scold us because we did it wrong. But the teachers never told us how it is supposed to be done.
In the preadolescent life phase children should be guided. Processes should be facilitated to nurture their development to allow for the development of personal skills. Participants perceived that leadership positions contributed to their purpose in life. For instance, a person who is not a leader in primary school will have less chance to be a leader in high school. They also perceive that leadership will help a person to obtain a job in future. One of the participants verbalised it as follows:
Then it creates a good impression with the children when they go to high school, because perhaps later in life again they will have the opportunity to become a leader. It might perhaps help you to get a job and you/she could even one day become the boss.
The whole process of leadership assignment (to be or not to be a leader) is interpreted by preadolescents in relation to their identity. This illustrates the sensitivity of this developmental phase. Preadolescents do not have the cognitive ability to understand that the assigned identity is only one interpretation of the power relationship between the school and the child, or to distinguish between the assigned role and the self (Mottier, 2000; Burr, 1995). These intrapsychic and interpersonal processes contribute to early leadership and personal identity foreclosure, with little space for the development of exploration and commitment (Schwartz & Dunham, 2000; Sternberg, 2004).
When you are a leader, it means that you have to be a role model for other children. This gives others somebody to look up to. Leaders are selected by the children; they know who can take the lead and accept it. Leaders are superior to other children and those who are not leaders can look up to the leaders.
The preadolescent who has not been selected as a leader has more opportunities to develop autonomy, since the rigid procedures as well as the narrowly defined tasks and responsibilities of the leadership role do not have the power to limit the child's developing self. Emotions that typically arise from the impaired level of self-acceptance were expressed by both leaders and non-leaders, indicating impaired levels of self-acceptance.
But [I] am sad about the fact that if you do not perform well in something, you are nothing.
It took me a lot of courage to say what I am about to tell you. When I was selected as a leader I was delighted, but when I saw the other children crying I felt really bad and thought that it was unreasonable and unfair.
Very few participants dissociated themselves from the process in a manner that would indicate their ability to resist social pressures and to regulate themselves according to their personal standards (Ruini & Fava, 2004).
Now I don't understand why the children selected the leaders, because when it comes to recognising leadership qualities, they do not have a clue. They merely selected the children they liked the most. I really do not care, because I enjoy my life the way it is.
Both of the leadership models did not contribute to the well-being of preadolescent development. The following recommendations are made to promote the well-being of preadolescents. The Department of Education should take responsibility for the co-creation of enabling school environments by facilitating learning opportunities, such as workshops that include both teachers and children to share alternative approaches that would assist them to optimise this critical learning phase of preadolescent development. Management of schools should use the existing opportunities in which preadolescents can participate and involve all the children in activities that will facilitate the development of their cognitive, emotional, social and moral potential. For example when children are expected to assist with the organisation of social, cultural or sports events, children can take turns in assisting with the planning and executing of various tasks. It is however of critical importance that adults guide the children, e.g. to identify available resources; to model appropriate behaviour in terms of utilising the resources; to determine what specific tasks need to be attended to; to determine priorities and to ensure that all the responsibilities have been met. By applying an inclusive approach everybody gets an opportunity to exercise skills and by allowing children to take control of certain aspects of their lives, guided by adult-facilitators, the natural social processes of preadolescent development would be optimally supported. This approach would also endorse principles of inclusion and fairness that contribute to the well-being of school communities in general.
The study showed that preadolescent leadership does not promote well-being on an individual, interpersonal, or contextual level. On the contrary, it contributes to negative evaluations of the self, disrupted peer group interactions; distorted relationships with adults; and limited environments for self development. From a well-being perspective the educational system should be revised to create more opportunities for developing creativity, empathy, optimism, and hope.
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by Vine Designs
This quilt was inspired by a brick pattern on a Petoskey, Michigan elementary school. It uses strips and squares in a Bright Hopes style of blocks using your fabric scraps that are coordinated with sashing. The cover quilt is constructed with batik scraps but any style of fabric will work. Instructions are included for Throw size to Queen size. Designed by Cathy Frick.


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Minnesota Toyota Dealers:
Buyatoyota.com is the place to discover exciting Toyota Special Offers & Inventory in the Land of 10,000 Lakes. From Fergus Falls, to the Twin Cities, to Winona and everywhere in-between we've got the list of Toyota cars, trucks, minivans, SUVs, and hybrids for sale throughout the state of Minnesota. Surf Buyatoyota.com with your computer, smartphone, or tablet and find everything you'll need to put you in the driver's seat: Discover new and used vehicles. Locate dealers convenient to you. View inventory and explore your options. Request a quote, or simply get directions to nearby dealerships. The comprehensive inventory of Toyota vehicles for sale in Minnesota is at your fingertips, at Buyatoyota.com.


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Outline 4D
Outline 4D
Starting at: $54.95
A remarkable outlining program that lets you brainstorm, create, structure, and organize your ideas in outline and timeline views.
3 activations per purchase!
• Free online training video: http://www.LearnOutline4D.com
It's a remarkable new visual outliner that lets writers brainstorm, create, structure, and organize their ideas. Usually, I don't buy into the software developers' self-aggrandizing hype; but it turns out they are being modest. For writers, this program rocks!
Script magazineLearn More | Add to Compare


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Amazingly affordable 100% reversible corner sofa w/ double stiching in black tufted leather match.
Model: Targa
SKU: 70160Measurements:
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For stock information please call/email or use check stock feature in a shopping cart since stock changes every day.
Mainline Inc is NJ-based primary importer of fine classic and modern furnishings. Great quality, affordable pricing and wide selection Synergy in design and values.


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Revelations that the National Security Agency has cracked the encryption technology that was supposed to protect Internet users� privacy is a nightmare not only for consumers but for the America�s high-tech makers in Silicon Valley.
Revelations that the National Security Agency has cracked the encryption technology that was supposed to protect Internet users� privacy is a nightmare not only for consumers but for the America�s high-tech makers in Silicon Valley.
At stake are trust and the future of Internet commerce. Tech firms need to work with Congress and the Obama administration to reassure people that companies such as Google, Yahoo and Facebook are reliable stewards of private information.
Google is trying to combat the NSA�s hacking. That�s good news. Others should join in pressing the NSA to publicly clarify the tech industry�s role in surveillance, and companies need to inform users of the extent to which they have gone to prevent hacking � government or otherwise. They should disclose whether they have given the NSA backdoor access to information, and if they have, what justification they required.
In July, Yahoo persuaded the secretive U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to declassify legal briefs explaining Yahoo�s effort to protect consumers from government surveillance. It was a significant win for transparency. But it�s increasingly clear that Americans are in the dark about the extent to which both technology firms and the government are tracking our everyday lives.
Silicon Valley in Northern California has spent four decades cultivating its image as the place to get rich inventing technology and gadgets that make people�s lives easier and make the world a better place. That last point won�t hold up if consumers believe the NSA is using the tech industry for what may be illegal government espionage on Americans. It�s a short leap to think the companies themselves are exploiting data people were led to believe is protected by solid encryption.
It�s one thing for tech companies to help federal agents track potential terrorists when shown sufficient cause. It�s another if they�ve given government spies the unlimited ability to pry into users� private emails, see where they go and who they meet and launch fishing expeditions into their medical and financial records.
The obvious question is: If the government can do this, why not others?
Tech firms need to show that it�s possible to combat real terrorist threats while protecting Americans� legitimate right to privacy. They need to be on consumers� side by trying to prevent unnecessary and illegal intrusions into private information.
If they can�t do this, people might pull back from posting information and doing business online.


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Acidosis is a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids. It is the opposite of alkalosis (a condition in which there is too much base in the body fluids).
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The kidneys and lungs maintain the balance (proper pH level) of chemicals called acids and bases in the body. Acidosis occurs when acid builds up or when bicarbonate (a base) is lost. Acidosis is classified as either respiratory acidosis or metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory acidosis develops when there is too much carbon dioxide (an acid) in the body. This type of acidosis is usually caused when the body is unable to remove enough carbon dioxide through breathing. Other names for respiratory acidosis are hypercapnic acidosis and carbon dioxide acidosis. Causes of respiratory acidosis include:
Chest deformities, such as kyphosis
Chest injuries
Chest muscle weakness
Chronic lung disease
Overuse of sedative drugs
Metabolic acidosis develops when too much acid is produced or the kidneys cannot remove enough acid from the body. There are several types of metabolic acidosis:
Diabetic acidosis (also called diabetic ketoacidosis and DKA) develops when substances called ketone bodies (which are acidic) build up during uncontrolled diabetes.
Hyperchloremic acidosis is caused by the loss of too much sodium bicarbonate from the body, which can happen with severe diarrhea.
Lactic acidosis is a buildup of lactic acid. This can be caused by:
Exercising vigorously for a very long time
Liver failure
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
Medications such as salicylates
MELAS (a rare genetic disorder that affects energy production)
Prolonged lack of oxygen from shock, heart failure, or severe anemia
Other causes of metabolic acidosis include:
Kidney disease (distal renal tubular acidosis and proximal renal tubular acidosis)
Poisoning by aspirin, ethylene glycol (found in antifreeze), or methanol
Severe dehydration
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Signs and tests
An arterial blood gas analysis or serum electrolytes test, such as a basic metabolic panel, will confirm that acidosis is present and indicate whether it is metabolic acidosis or respiratory acidosis. Other tests may be needed to determine the cause of the acidosis.
Treatment depends on the cause.
Expectations (prognosis)
Acidosis can be dangerous if untreated. Many cases respond well to treatment.
Complications depend on the specific type of acidosis.
Calling your health care provider
Although there are several types of acidosis, all will cause symptoms that require treatment by your health care provider.
Prevention depends on the cause of the acidosis. Normally, people with healthy kidneys and lungs do not experience significant acidosis.


text: I have laid down tracks through Iowa and three of us will head out on dual sport bikes at the end of may to confirm the route and check it for fun factor. If all goes well at the end of May we might have a new dual sport route. This route has ALLOT of gravel since Iowa has allot of gravel roads. It has minimum maintenance roads (dirt) scatter through out the route. It will take in the gothic house (from the painting American Gothic), the bridges of Madison county, Knoxville raceway, Pella, Amana Colonies, camping on rivers, lakes, some bridges from the registry, a park with a bunch of caves, and hopefully some pretty cool back road riding. The ride will start at and end at Sabula Iowa and will be a loop through the southern part of Iowa and loop through the middle of Iowa. Might include a short excursion into Northern Missouri. Time to get Iowa on the map!


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I'm having issues identifying a particular non-human bone element. The bone itself possesses several distinguishable characteristics. The only issue is I have no clue what it's function is. I have looked around and found that it may represent a tarsal or carpal, but again, I can't be sure about that. The element is small (as demonstrated in photos) and unusual in shape. There are three possible articular facets present, a judgement based entirely on my perception. There are some porous canals, which to me, resemble the morphology of the human inner auditory meatus. The opposite side of the bone, which is on the posterior of the bone (for purposes of identifying, it is not to suggest an orientation), is very smooth. The sharp point that appears on one end is simply a result of post-mortem breakage and could represent a large feature that has been lost.
This remain in particular was found in Colorado. Where in Colorado, I can't rightly say. Perhaps the location itself will narrow down possible suspects?
Any and all help given would be extremely appreciated! Thank you for your time!
Looks a bit arthritiky to me. Especially if you think it's a knuckle bone! Your ear bone guess seems better- from a whale. Testing specific gravity might help.


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Pom Pom Charm Pink
Pom Pom Charm Pink
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Product : Love, love, love this! Perfect
Product : Beautiful, scarf. Very elegant and wearable. I would love to buy more in different colours. A great design.
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View More Florence BridgeBags
Meet The Designer
FLORENCE BRIDGE is a London based fashion label founded in 2013 and focused on creating classic contemporary womenswear. Specialising in digitally printed silks, patchwork leather and shearling textures, all Florence Bridge pieces are hand crafted in London with our specialists teams. In fact, all aspects of our production are sourced within the UK – from the digital printing of our silk to the silver embossing on our leather accessories. We aim to keep our carbon footprint down to the minimum by undertaking all our production within the UK. All the leather, sheepskin and Mongolian lambswool used in Florence Bridge products are genuine and sustainably sourced from responsible companies within the UK.
We believe in slow fashion and have a commitment to using only natural fibres within our products. We aim to use zero 'man made' plastic fibres to reduce plastic pollution and the damage that plastic and synthetic fabrics cause the environment. Florence is from London. She studied fashion design at Nottingham Trent University and the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York graduating in 2012 with a first class degree. Before setting up her own label she worked for a number of luxury womenswear designers gaining experience in pattern cutting, embellishment, and production.


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FRANKFURT (Reuters) - Deutsche Bank (DBKGn.DE) co-Chief Executive Juergen Fitschen said Europe's banking sector remains too dependent on extraordinary support measures taken by the European Central Bank.
"Some banks are staying alive because the European Central Bank has made available cheap money. Without this it remains to be seen whether all banks have a sustainable business model," Fitschen told a banking conference in Frankfurt on Monday.
Fitschen further urged for banks around the world to maintain momentum for implementing tougher capital rules, known as Basel III.
"It cannot be that we re-open the debate now," Fitschen said, referring to recent moves by regulators to question the viability of a timetable to implement tougher capital rules.
Basel rules are meant to be phased in from January 2013 but U.S. regulators have recently cast doubt on the timeframe due to a flood of industry comments on the proposals.
Basel III rules were drawn up in response to the 2007-09 financial crisis and would force banks to triple the amount of basic capital they hold in a bid to avoid future taxpayer bailouts.
Reporting By Edward Taylor and Arno Schuetze


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Article content
MONTREAL — Ever wonder who invented Tupperware parties? Me neither, but there's going to be a movie about this gripping moment in history, all the same.
The Hollywood Reporter says Sandra Bullock is in talks to star as Brownie Wise, the woman who cooked up the concept back in the 1950s. Tate Taylor, who made The Help, will direct. This project has no studio home yet, but the Reporter says Disney may be a good bet.
A guy named Earl Tupper invented the airtight plastic food-storage containers, but they didn't sell until Wise invented the parties, for in-home woman-to-woman selling. (Yes, it was pretty much all women in those days.) She became the first woman to make the cover of Business Week mag, but later the two feuded and she was pushed out. She died in 1992.
– – –
E! News got to Nick Clooney, George Clooney's father, who laid any doubts to rest: the actor is indeed engaged to lawyer Amal Alamuddin.
"We are very pleased," Nick Clooney said, speaking for himself and George's mom, Nina. "We like Amal and we are very excited for our family and thrilled for them."
Alamuddin's U.K. law firm, Doughty Street Chambers, confirmed it, too, by offering congrats.
Meanwhile, George has resigned from his gig as a United Nations "messenger of peace." He has travelled to South Sudan and the Congo in the role, drumming up publicity for UN efforts, but maybe Amal doesn't want him going to such dangerous places anymore.
Or maybe she thinks that's her turf: as a lawyer, she specializes in international-law matters.
Nick is 80.
– – –
Sure, Selena Gomez and Orlando Bloom are an odd couple. Yes, it seemed strange when they turned up all nuzzly and cuddly at Chelsea Handler's standup show in L.A. on Saturday night. Yup, they're far apart in age.
But does anybody really believe that they teamed up just to spite their exes? That's the theory TMZ.com is advancing.
Bloom, you'll recall, is going through a divorce from Miranda Kerr, while Gomez and Justin Bieber are no longer an item.
Kerr and Bieber were caught sort of close together, all touchy-feely backstage at a Victoria's Secret show in 2012 (prompting hundreds of millions of men to say, "Really, Miranda?"), and now TMZ builds that, and the recent Gomez-Bloom outing, into a big theory.
Sounds a little thin to me.
Selena is 21. Orlando is a wrinkly 37. Justin is 20. Miranda is 31.
– – –
Many viewers of late-night TV are not at their most alert, if you know what I mean, and it's getting more confusing all the time: Craig Ferguson says he will leave his CBS Late Late Show in December. Evidently CBS was not exactly fighting to renew his contract, and Ferguson jumped before he was pushed. He's had the gig since 2005.
"CBS and I are not getting divorced," Craig said, "we are 'consciously uncoupling,' but we will still spend holidays together and share custody of the fake horse and robot skeleton" — two frequently used props on the show.
– – –
Zac Efron is out publicizing his new movie Neighbors, and a British TV interviewer asked him if he's in the market for a lady friend at the moment.
Efron, always pretty reserved about his relationships, has dated Vanessa Hudgens and actress/model Lily Collins, daughter of Phil Collins, among others. Most recently he's been linked romantically, as the saying goes, with his Neighbors co-star Halston Sage, formerly best known as a Nickelodeon starlet.
Anyway, here's what he said: "I'm not really sure I'm in the market. … I'm not investing. My money's out!"
He's 26. Sage is 20.


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PR Chairperson necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 125 diseños de 22 diseñadores freelance.
Crisis Center, Inc. (serving Hall, Hamilton, Howard & Merrick counties) http://www.gicrisis.org/
We are a non-profit agency providing 24 hour emergency and supportive services for victims of family violence and sexual assault. We offer the following services: Safe Shelter, Emergency Transportation, Support Transportation, Medical Assistance, Legal Assistance, Food/Clothing, Child Care, Advocacy, Court Support, Peer Support Groups & Support Group Meetings. We are probably best known locally for our three shelters.
This logo will become the new primary image for our agency. We are looking to attract potential corporate donors and larger donors from the private sector through our new signature fundraiser, so the logo needs to look professional and organized as well as symbolize our mission; "Crisis Center is committed to the safety & empowerment of victims & survivors of domestic violence & sexual assault by providing shelter, advocacy & education; building stronger families & promoting a safer community. " Our new motto is "Working to Break the Cycle", but it's not necessary to include this in the logo.
What we want:
A logo that works well in web & print materials
Positive imagery
Simple (not visually "busy")
Our name included in some way
Your creativity….we want a wide variety to choose from.
What we do NOT want:
A simple house symbol although we would possibly like some
version of a house included
A "generic" logo that looks like other non-profits
Small type
A design that simply uses our name in a unique typeface
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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3 for 1 Wedding Invitations | Cheap Wedding Invitation Sets
Shopping for affordable wedding invitations can sometimes reveal some unexpected costs, like the added expense of response cards and reception cards. Our 3 for 1 wedding invitations, however, include everything you need with zero surprises! These invitation bundles come with the wedding invitation, a reception card and a response card, all on one sheet for one low price. The response cards are perforated for easy separation and all the necessary envelopes are included.
Are you worried about quality? Don't be! These affordable wedding invitations are printed on quality paper you would never expect for such a great price. Not to mention you get to choose from a huge variety of stylish designs. You won't be disappointed in these invitation bundles. Our 3 for 1 wedding invitations have it all: style, affordability and convenience.
If the clever design and great price of 3 for 1 invitations interest you, we also recommend browsing our collection of Seal 'n Send wedding invitations. Seal 'n sends are designed to be affordable through efficient use of space and a unique layout. You'll find a variety of stylish designs to choose from, whether you're looking for classic and elegant or modern and contemporary.