text:
Services on Demand
Related links
- Cited by Google
- Similars in Google
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research
On-line version ISSN 2219-0635
Print version ISSN 0030-2465
Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.79 n.2 Pretoria Jan. 2012
Tuberculosis cross-species transmission in Tanzania: Towards a One-Health concept
Erasto V. MbugiI, II; Bugwesa Z. KataleI, III; Sharon KendallIV ; Liam GoodIV; Gibson S. KibikiV; Julius D. KeyyuIII; Peter Godfrey-FaussettVI; Paul van HeldenVII; Mecky I. MateeI
IDepartments of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
IIDepartment of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
IIITanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
IVThe Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
VKilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Tanzania
VILondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
VIIDST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/MRC Centre of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
For centuries, tuberculosis, which is a chronic infection caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis has remained a global health problem. The global burden of tuberculosis has increased, particularly in the Southern African region, mainly due to HIV, and inadequate health systems which has in turn given rise to emergent drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) strains. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has also emerged as a significant disease with the tendency for inter-species spread. The extent of interspecies BTB transmission both in urban and rural communities has not been adequately assessed. The phenomenon is of particular importance in rural communities where people share habitats with livestock and wildlife (particularly in areas near national parks and game reserves). Aerosol and oral intake are the major routes of transmission from diseased to healthy individuals, with health care workers often contracting infection nosocomially. Although TB control has increasingly been achieved in high-income countries, the disease, like other poverty-related infections, has continued to be a disaster in countries with low income economies. Transmission of infections occurs not only amongst humans but also between animals and humans (and occasionally vice versa) necessitating assessment of the extent of transmission at their interface. This review explores tuberculosis as a disease of humans which can cross-transmit between humans, livestock and wildlife. The review also addresses issues underlying the use of molecular biology, genetic sequencing and bioinformatics as t tools to understand the extent of inter-species cross-transmission of TB in a 'One Health' context.
Humans and animals have had close interactions as long as we have historical knowledge of man. This interaction largely contributes to the evolution and ongoing transmission of shared infectious diseases. The need for a systematic global effort to monitor for emerging human is important since most major human infectious diseases are thought to have animal origins (Wolfe, Dunavan & Diamond 2007), examples being helminths, tuberculosis (TB), brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, leptospirosis, anthrax and Rift Valley fever (RVF). Studies on 1415 pathogenic diseases in human and animals (Cleaveland, Laurenson & Taylor 2001) have revealed 61.6% as multi-host pathogens, suggesting the need for monitoring these important infectious diseases.
Available data indicate that more than 80% of human and cattle populations of Africa live in an area with partial or no control of bovine TB (Cosivi et al. 1998; WHO/DFID 2006; WHO 2004). There is ample evidence that such lack of control and close contact of the two species contributes to TB transmission, mostly Mycobacterium bovis from cattle to humans. Perhaps the best-studied example and illustration of the effectiveness of control measures was the situation in Western Europe (Germany as a good example) prior to the 1950s, where M. bovis infection in cattle was common, and M. bovis was present in perhaps 15% of human cases. After strict control measures were introduced, M. bovis prevalence dropped effectively to zero in both species, with only the occasional reactivation case seen in the elderly, or in new immigrants coming from areas where M. bovis is not controlled. The extent of M. bovis infection and disease is not properly known in almost every environment. Many tests, for example, tuberculin skin test (TST) and assays based on gamma interferon response may indicate exposure, but neither indicates disease nor an indication of whether infection is from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, or possibly other mycobacteria, particularly those of the M. tuberculosis complex. The usual assumption is that if the test is done in a bovid, then the presence of or exposure to M. bovis is indicated, whereas if done in humans, then M. tuberculosis is indicated. However, this may not be true, since cross-reactivity does occur. At this stage, the gold standard for identification remains microbiological, whether culture or done by molecular techniques. Tuberculosis can present in many ways, and in humans, a frequent manifestation of bovine TB is extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Unfortunately, M. tuberculosis can also present in extra-pulmonary form, although less frequently. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis driven by M. tuberculosis can also occur more frequently in children and individuals who are immunocompromised, for example, HIV positive (Connolly et al. 2004; Heymann 2011). Therefore, although EPTB can be used as an indicator (or rather, index of suspicion) of M. bovis infection in humans, this should only be considered seriously in areas or individuals where exposure to bovine TB is likely or suspected. Nevertheless, EPTB prevalence can be used as an indicator of M. bovis in humans. The control of this disease clearly requires significant efforts on the part of both veterinary and human health care practitioners and this article will address this cross-species issue in particular.
Transmission at the human-livestock-wildlife interface
Transmission of bovine tuberculosis from animals to humans can occur most likely via aerosol exposure or through consumption of un-pasteurised milk and other affected animal products. Reports from Tanzania covering the period from 2008 to 2009 suggest that EPTB accounted for over 20% of the cases of TB and showed a marginal annual increment (National TB Control Program Report 2011, in preparation). This high level prevalence of EPTB plus other data (Cook et al. 1996) suggests the presence of mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis occur extensively in the Tanzanian population. We note that more extra-pulmonary cases are contributed by M. tuberculosis than M. bovis by total case load; however, such a high prevalence rate is unlikely to be due entirely to M. tuberculosis. A study by Cook et al. (1996) in Monze District of Zambia, reported for cattle in larger herds, in households with previously report of human tuberculosis cases (preceding 12 months) to be more likely tuberculin test positive (six times) than those without previous reported human TB case. This could reflect TB cross-transmission between species. In the same year, a variety of different mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis, were isolated from dairy cattle and milk in Tanzania (Kazwala et al. 1998). Studies in the Netherlands (Majoor et al. 2011) indicate mainly (58.9%) extra-pulmonary M. bovis infection in humans. Although individuals may develop the pulmonary form of M. bovis disease, person-to-person transmission is said to be unlikely, based on data from genotype analysis (Majoor et al. 2011). There are reports on elephant-to-human transmission of tuberculosis due to indirect exposure to aerosolised M. tuberculosis (Murphree et al. 2011). The infection has been exacerbated by delayed or inadequate disease control practices. Other reports have indicated M. tuberculosis as an emerging disease in Asian elephants in zoological collections (Mikota et al. 2001). Finally, there are unpublished reports that M. tuberculosis has been detected in a number of Ethiopian cattle, transferred from the human owners directly to the animals (Paul van Helden from D Young pers. comm., n.d.).
The implication, impact and challenges underlying zoonotic tuberculosis to both humans and animals has been repeatedly emphasised (Cataldi & Romano 2007; Cleaveland et al. 2005; Kazwala et al. 1998, 2001a; Michel 2002b; Michel et al. 2006; Michel, Muller & Van Helden 2010; Woodroffe et al. 2009). Yet diagnosis by acid fast smear is still widely used and often the only non-clinical diagnostic since it is affordable. But this test, despite being the keystone of tuberculosis diagnosis in Africa, does not permit differentiation between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, or any other mycobacterial species. Thus, it is essential that better diagnostics are applied in order that we may know the extent and nature of the problem at hand. In addition, the conventional means of control are difficulty to apply once the infection enters into wildlife species which are common maintenance hosts in most cases (Michel 2002a; Palmer 2007). Animals are regarded to be the main source of zoonotic tuberculosis infection in humans. However, as outlined above, reports also indicate that humans are not the only victims from cross-species infection by tuberculosis, but are also potential sources of infection, even to free-living wildlife at their interface (Alexander et al. 2002). This creates room for researchers to look at the disease from both sides of the coin. Aerosol and oral transmission are the major routes of transmission in patients, with health care workers contracting infection nosocomially. In wildlife, similar routes are proposed with carnivores and omnivores said to contract infections via scavenging of bovine tuberculosis infected carcasses and killing and consumption of infected prey such as antelope or wild bovids (Michel et al. 2006). This is evident from proven bovine tuberculosis in predators (Keet et al. 2001).
Intensification of animal-human contact enhances the likelihood of cross-over and an increased risk of transmission for both M. tuberculosis as well as M. bovis at the interface. Cross-transmission in infectious disease is not a newly emerging view but linked to the co-evolution of humans, the animals with which they co-exist and evolve and the microorganisms in their environment (Diamond 2002; Wirth et al. 2008). Once a pathogen has crossed over into a new species of host, for example from animal to human, it may transform into a specialised pathogen of humans Wolfe et al. (2007).
A number of studies have been done reflecting the impact bovine tuberculosis may pose to wildlife (Alexander et al. 2002; Cleaveland et al. 2005; De Garine-Wichatitsky et al. 2010; Michel et al. 2006, 2007). Others have focused on livestock alone (Aranaz et al. 2003; Cousins 2001; Durnez et al. 2009, 2011; Shirima, Kazwala & Kambarage 2003; Kazwala et al., 2001b) and others in humans alone (Kazwala et al. 1998; Mfinanga et al. 2004; Ngowi et al. 2008), mostly using conventional diagnostic and evaluation means of the disease. A review published recently (Michel et al. 2010) pinpointed bovine tuberculosis in particular, to be a disease of low-income countries with a multifaceted impact affecting the health of livestock, humans and the ecosystems. In the same review, it is also speculated that the disease is likely to increase in situations where HIV and AIDS occurs.
Recent work has characterised M. bovis isolates and reported that regional clonal complexes predominating in specific areas occur, for example Af1 M. bovis complex in west-central Africa (Muller et al. 2009), Af2 prevalent in East Africa (Berg et al. 2011) as well as European 1 with European origin (Smith et al. 2011). Thus we do not yet know for certain whether M. bovis is an endemic or alien disease to Africa, or whether it is endemic to some areas (e.g. some parts of West and East Africa) but alien to others. Certainly, there is no evidence to suggest that any form of M. bovis is endemic or indigenous to South Africa. Better unpacking of this information is needed, since it may impact on how we view this disease and respond to it. We do not know the relative frequency of the African and European type M. bovis in any area and it may be that the European variety dominates as an alien invasive organism. It may be that indigenous African cattle and wildlife in some areas are relatively resistant to bovine TB, which we may take advantage of in our responses to the disease.
Several studies and reviews surveying the zoonotic TB status in animals and humans have been published (Cataldi & Romano 2007). Different study designs, methods of analysis and various study-dependent objectives largely influence the outcome and interpretation of these studies. Differences in outcomes amongst these different studies nevertheless reflect the diversity of disease dynamics in different communities and methodological shortcomings have been revealed (Heldal et al. 2003; Murray & Alland 2002).
A new concern is that cross-species transmission may play a role in emergent drug resistant tuberculosis. Mycobacterium bovis is inherently resistant to pyrazinamide, one of the four first line antibiotics, and thus inadequate and/ or inappropriate treatment of apparent M. tuberculosis in a human can easily result in acquisition of further resistance in M. bovis. Drug-resistant M. bovis in human disease has already been reported in a number of countries (Blazquez et al. 1997; Hughes et al. 2003; Sechi et al. 2001). This is essentially risky for African populations due to a close association of TB with HIV and often poor patient adherence and problems with implementing a good DOTS programme as advocated by Word Health Organisation (WHO). Likewise, transmission of drug resistant M. tuberculosis to animals and back to humans is not impossible, although likely to be very rare. In rural communities, milk pasteurisation is not common and M. bovis survival in cow's milk is effective. Therefore, despite reports that humans are less susceptible to bovine TB than M. tuberculosis (De la Rua-Domenech 2006) we cannot ignore these known problems and complications.
Possible contributing factors to increased transmission at the interface
The main problem with identifying or quantifying the transmission of zoonotic tuberculosis at the human-animal interface is the failure to adopt appropriate diagnostic tools that can discriminate between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, or other species of mycobacteria at routine diagnostic settings, particularly in low-income countries. This is not surprising, given the huge burden of disease, particularly of M. tuberculosis and the low per capita income of those countries. A further reason for this problem is that many clinicians show no interest in differentiating the causative agent, since initial treatment is the same. As a result the contribution of mycobacteria such as M. bovis to the global human TB burden is almost certainly underestimated. Despite these problem and long before such discriminatory tests became available, the test-and-slaughter scheme has proven to be an efficient control method for bovine tuberculosis in developed countries, although it is considered expensive (Michel et al. 2010) and is not yet accepted by all farmers (Bennett 2009; Torgerson & Torgerson 2009). Consequently, the joint impact of these important pathogens to national and global economies is still unknown.
Different and inflexible policies guiding the practice of veterinary and medical practitioners are also potential barriers to what may be an immediate positive impact on zoonotic TB control strategies in most developing countries. The prevalence of human TB and livestock TB has been reported to correlate (Cosivi et al. 1998) despite contradicting reports on animal-human active transmission of zoonotic TB (Cousins, Williams & Dawson 1999; Dankner & Davis 2000; Dankner et al. 1993; Jalava et al. 2007; Romano et al. 1995, 1996; Zumarraga et al. 1999). The absence of genetic relatedness amongst M. bovis isolates leading to these controversies is in all likelihood simply a matter of incomplete sampling and reactivation disease (Mignard, Pichat & Carret 2006). This is supported by a report from Baker et al. (2006) who found many genotypes in human TB identical to patterns from farmed and wild animals. With the current advancement in molecular techniques for evaluation of infectious agents, exploiting these skills and using them for both epidemiological and evolutionary analysis of mycobacterial populations infecting humans and animals (Baker et al. 2004) and assessment of their cross-transmission amongst these species is possible and important.
Pathogen flow and disease dynamics of M. bovis has been broadly reported in South Africa's wildlife and livestock (Michel 2002b; Michel et al. 2006, 2010) showing that the African buffalo is the major reservoir of infection in wildlife in that ecosystem. Thus, although originally a naïve host and infected by cross-over from cattle initially, the buffalo have become a source of infection for many other species, through dissemination of bacilli in the environment or predation (Keet et al. 1996; Michel 2002a, 2002b; Michel et al. 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010). Although fairly the extensive studies have been done in the South African National Parks, little has been done in the large National Parks of Tanzania, such as Serengeti, Ruaha and Mikumi, where a large number of buffaloes are found. Unlike the South African parks, where there is little or no contact with domestic stock, in Tanzania infected buffalo could be reservoirs of bovine TB contributing to the increasing prevalence of tuberculosis in both humans and livestock, through mechanisms described below.
Some legal and controlled hunting is allowed in open areas, Game Controlled Areas (GCAs) and game reserves for game-meat in Tanzania but there is no established meat inspection to monitor TB or other infections in these game products. In addition, people around game reserves and national parks practice illegal or bush meat hunting and hidden sale of game meat in villages and therefore difficult to control or conduct meat inspection. The situation is worsened during extensive droughts when food becomes scarce, resulting in increased poaching activities. In such circumstances, the contact between species at their interface and probability of infected meat entering the human food chain may increase with consequent spillover and cross-transmission of infection amongst populations (Osofsky et al. 2005). In addition, the life expectancy of livestock held by small scale farmers is generally higher than in commercial livestock keeping and bovine tuberculosis as a chronic and progressive disease manifests itself more often in older animals, under nutritional or productive stress (Michel et al. 2006). This socio-cultural behaviour when combined with close proximity with wildlife is detrimental to either ecosystem in terms of tuberculosis cross-transmission.
Molecular epidemiological - diagnostic tools and their application in developing countries
The development of molecular tools for identification of M. bovis, the known zoonotic TB causing mycobacterium, and differentiation from other members of the M. tuberculosis complex have allowed the discovery of more cases in retrospective studies and have suggested new forms of transmission (Cataldi & Romano 2007). In addition, the usefulness of molecular tools in normal practices of prevention and control of tuberculosis has been addressed (McNabb, Braden & Navin2002). Genotyping of mycobacterial isolates in the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex has the ability to distinguish amongst clonal populations and provide key information on disease dynamics. However, this approach has been insufficiently applied in developing countries due to lack of facilities, resources and scarce skilled personnel. Molecular techniques such as PCR are powerful tools to identify mycobacteria and can potentially be used on cultured and original biological samples. Application of more than one molecular technique can complement each other in differentiating various strains or isolates and shed light on the phylogenetics and ultimately the transmission chains, thereby allowing for improved control or policy development (Michel et al. 2010).
Such actions require specific and dedicated support and government commitment for wide use and sustainability. Very few molecular epidemiological studies on tuberculosis have been done in Tanzania and even those few have been made possible mainly through collaborations. These studies have focused on the epidemiology of the disease in livestock or in wildlife, or have dealt with the disease in humans. As yet, tracking transmission across species using molecular tools such as RFLP (Michel 2002b) in Tanzania has been limited or almost non-existent.
One Health as a Disease control strategy
Management of diseases in wildlife is complex because the current wildlife policy in Tanzania does not generally advocate treatment or vaccination to control infection and disease. Treatment or vaccination is only allowed if a disease outbreak occurs in endangered wildlife species or the outbreak poses a threat to the species population. Of course it must also be acknowledged that vaccination is not effective in all diseases, TB being one such example. Moreover, the logistics and funding required for treatment or vaccination in wildlife also make it largely impractical because it is almost impossible to get all animals, except perhaps very rare species (Osofsky et al. 2005). In most of Africa, small scale farmer's livestock and their products are largely excluded from veterinary and veterinary public health control measures (Michel et al. 2004). Therefore, a change in policy and the political will that is necessary to support such recommendations will be necessary to reduce infection and disease. We need a two-pronged approach to address both technical and political issues to formulate a way forward. A policy that is focused on control of zoonotic TB and which addresses the need for a 'One Health' approach, through which veterinary and medical professions as well as social scientists and ecologists can work together to limit disease would be a new venture with a chance of success.
Due to differences in national policies which guide different sectors of the Tanzanian economy (health, livestock and wildlife), the immediate suggested approach would be to prevent contact between wildlife and livestock and to control the disease (TB) in livestock through introduction of a compulsory test and slaughter practice, a proven recipe in other countries. This will reduce the transmission of disease not only between livestock and humans, but also limit transmission of infection from wildlife and vice versa. The implementation should include a policy that strictly prohibits livestock introgression to national parks and game reserves by implementing a boundary, beyond which animal keeping is unlawful. This however, has a problem in that even if livestock are kept out of this zone, wildlife will not understand that zone and will move into it, such that the 'zone' will then move outwards to contact livestock again posing a big challenge on the strategy. The other remaining challenge is to convince policy makers and creating awareness in livestock keepers concerning the magnitude of the problem its consequences and the importance of disease control even impacts across international borders. The Serengeti National Park, for example, spans two countries and animal movement to the other side of the park into the Kenyan Maasai Mara might be contributing to an increased transmission risk not only to the wildlife in that country but also the livestock and humans in the neighbouring country. This is also applicable from Kenya to Tanzania, of course, as it would be for any transfrontier park.
Although some work has been done we still do not have any accurate estimate of the extent of human-animal cross-species transmission in Tanzania, possibly elsewhere, with regard to TB. Much of this is because of the technical complexity and cost of cultures and speciation. In addition, additional problems include bias in previous studies owing to sampling from urban areas and pulmonary samples as well as challenge of detecting infection rather than disease and attributing it to transmission, together with the assumption that it is a particular species of mycobacterium. Studies are currently underway in and around the Serengeti National Park under the umbrella of the Southern Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), to try to establish the clear trans-boundary interaction between human-livestock-wildlife and TB transmission. Once one has a clear understanding of these factors, it may be possible to suggest an appropriate 'One Health' approach to arrest pathogen flow and interrupt prevailing disease dynamics across species. In our opinion, research aiming to identify and characterise pathogens (not only mycobacterial species) of animals with potential to be infective to humans (Wolfe et al. 2007) should be prioritised in order to enable us know the potential source of diseases to become proactive and hopefully prevent or limit outbreaks. To successfully implement this strategy, a sustainable and efficient collaborative approach involving multiple stakeholders from various sectors and working groups is needed.
The SACIDS is acknowledged for providing a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship to EM. Financial support was received from the Wellcome Trust. Prof. Mark Rweyemamu, The Executive Director of SACIDS is acknowledged for stimulating the idea and advice. The London International Development Centre in the UK and staff are acknowledged for collaboration. Prof. Jeff Waage is particularly acknowledged for his dedicated efforts to provide complementary material support and encouragement during preparation of this manuscript. Sian Brown and Sue van Rensburg are acknowledged for the illustrative pictures used in this manuscript. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science, particularly, the School of Medicine and The Department of Biochemistry are acknowledged for providing time for preparation of this work.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this paper.
Authors' contributions
E.V.M. (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences) participated in reviewing the literature, conceptualising, drafting and writing the manuscript. B.Z.K. (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences) participated in initial drafting of the manuscript and critical manuscript review. S.K. (The Royal Veterinary College) participated in critical manuscript review. L.G. (The Royal Veterinary College) assisted in critical manuscript review and focusing of the manuscript. G.S.K. (Tumaini University) critically reviewed the manuscript. J.D.K. (Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute) conceived the idea, assisted in drafting and critical review of the manuscript. P.v.H. (University of Stellenbosch) assisted in critical review of the manuscript. P.G.F. (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) assisted in drafting the manuscript and critically reviewed the manuscript. M.I.M. (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences) directed the whole process of drafting and critical review of manuscript.
Alexander, K.A., Pleydell, E., Williams, M.C., Lane, E.P., Nyange, J.F. & Michel, A.L., 2002, 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An emerging disease of free-ranging wildlife', Emerging Infectious Diseases 8, 598-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0806.010358, PMid:12023916 [ Links ]
Aranaz, A., Cousins, D., Mateos, A. & Domínguez, L., 2003, 'Elevation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae Aranaz et al. 1999 to species rank as Mycobacterium caprae comb. nov., sp. nov.', International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53, 1785-1789. [ Links ]
Baker, L., Brown, T., Maiden, M.C. & Drobniewski, F., 2004, 'Silent nucleotide polymorphisms and a phylogeny for Mycobacterium tuberculosis', Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, 1568-1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1009.040046, PMid:15498158 [ Links ]
Baker, M.G., Lopez, L.D., Cannon, M.C., De Lisle, G.W. & Collins, D.M., 2006, 'Continuing Mycobacterium bovis transmission from animals to humans in New Zealand', Epidemiology and Infection 134, 1068-1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268806005930, PMid:16569268 [ Links ]
Bennett, R.M., 2009, 'Farm costs associated with premovement testing for bovine tuberculosis', Veterinary Record 164, 77-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.164.3.77, PMid:19151404 [ Links ]
Berg, S., Garcia-Pelayo, M.C., Muller, B., Hailu, E., Asiimwe, B., Kremer, K. et al., 2011, 'African 2, a clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis Epidemiologically Important in East Africa', Journal of Bacteriology 193, 670-678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00750-10, PMid:21097608 [ Links ]
Blazquez, J., De Los, E., Monteros, L.E., Samper, S., Martin, C., Guerrero, A. et al., 1997, 'Genetic characterization of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis strains from a hospital outbreak involving human immunodeficiency virus- positive patients', Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35, 1390-1393. PMid:9163450 [ Links ]
Brosch, R., Gordon, S.V., Marmiesse, M., Brodin, P., Buchrieser, C., Eiglmeier, K. et al., 2002, 'A new evolutionary scenario for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 3684-3689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.052548299, PMid:11891304 [ Links ]
Cataldi, A. & Romano, M.I., 2007, 'Tuberculosis caused by other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex', in Tuberculosis: From basic science to patient care, viewed n.d., from http://www.tuberculosis.textbook.com [ Links ]
Cleaveland, S., Laurenson, M.K. & Taylor, L.H., 2001, 'Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: Pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, 991-999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0889, PMid:11516377 [ Links ]
Cleaveland, S., Mlengeya, T., Kazwala, R.R., Michel, A., Kaare, M.T., Jones, S.L. et al., 2005, 'Tuberculosis in Tanzanian wildlife', Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41, 446-453. PMid:16107683 [ Links ]
Cook, A.J.C., Tuchili, L.M., Buve, A., Foster, S.D., Godfrey-Faussett, P., Pandey, G.S. et al., 1996, 'Human and bovine tuberculosis in the Monze District of Zambia: A cross-sectional study', British Veterinary Journal 152, 37-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1935(96)80084-4 [ Links ]
Connolly, M.A., Gayer, M., Ryan, M.J., Salama, P., Spiegel, P. & Heymann, D.L., 2004, 'Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: Impact and challenges', The Lancet 364, 1974-1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17481-3 [ Links ]
Cosivi, O., Grange, J.M., Daborn, C.J., Raviglione, M.C., Fujikura, T., Cousins, D. et al., 1998, 'Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries', Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, 59-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980108, PMid:9452399 [ Links ]
Cousins, D.V., 2001, 'Mycobacterium bovis infection and control in domestic livestock', Scientific and Technical Review of the International Office of Epizootics 20, 71-85. [ Links ]
Cousins, D.V., Williams, S.N. & Dawson, D.J., 1999, 'Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in the Australian population: DNA typing of isolates, 1970-1994', International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 3, 722-731. PMid:10460106 [ Links ]
Dankner, W.M. & Davis, C.E., 2000, 'Mycobacterium bovis as a significant cause of tuberculosis in children residing along the United States-Mexico Border in the Baja California Region', Pediatrics 105, e79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.6.e79, PMid:10835092 [ Links ]
Dankner, W.M., Waecker, N.J., Essey, M.A., Moser, K., Thompson, M. & Davis, C.H., 1993, 'Mycobacterium bovis infections in San Diego: A clinico-epidemiologic study of 73 patients and a historical review of a forgotten pathogen', Medicine (Baltimore) 72, 11-37. [ Links ]
De Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Caron, A., Gomo, C., Foggin, C., Dutlow, K., Pfukenyi, D. et al., 2010, 'Bovine tuberculosis in buffaloes, Southern Africa', Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, 884-885. PMid:20409396 [ Links ]
De La Rua-Domenech, R., 2006, 'Human Mycobacterium bovis infection in the United Kingdom: Incidence, risks, control measures and review of the zoonotic aspects of bovine tuberculosis', Tuberculosis 86, 77-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2005.05.002, PMid:16257579 [ Links ]
Diamond, J., 2002, 'Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication', Nature 418, 700-707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01019, PMid:12167878 [ Links ]
Durnez, L., Katakweba, A., Sadiki, H., Katholi, C.R., Kazwala, R.R., Machang'u, R.R. et al., 2011, 'Mycobacteria in terrestrial small mammals on cattle farms in Tanzania', Veterinary Medicine International 2011, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/495074, PMid:21785686 [ Links ]
Durnez, L., Sadiki, H., Katakweba, A., Machang'u, R., Kazwala, R., Leirs, H. et al., 2009, 'The prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis-infection and atypical mycobacterioses in cattle in and around Morogoro, Tanzania', Tropical Animal Health and Production 41, 1653-1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-93614, PMid:19437127 [ Links ]
García-Pachón, E. & Rodriguez, J.C., 2005, 'Molecular rpidemiology of tuberculosis: Main findings and their application in Spain', Archives of Bronconeumology 41, 618-624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60296-6 [ Links ]
Heymann, D.L., 2011, 'Control of Communicable Diseases Manual 18th edition: Tuberculosis', ICD-9 010-018; ICD-10 A15-A19, viewed n.d., from http://myph.org/html/CCDM_Tuberculosis.html [ Links ]
Heldal, E., Dahle, U.R., Sandven, P., Caugant, D.A., Brattaas, N., Waaler, H.T. et al., 2003, 'Risk factors for recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis', European Respiratory Journal 22, 637-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00019103, PMid:14582917 [ Links ]
Hughes, V.M., Skuce, R., Doig, C., Stevenson, K., Sharp, J.M. & Watt, B., 2003, 'Analysis of multidrug-resistant M. bovis from three clinical samples from Scotland', International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases 7, 1191-1198. PMid:14677895 [ Links ]
Jalava, K., Jones, J.A., Goodchild, T., Clifton-Hadley, R., Mitchell, A., Story, A. et al., 2007, 'No increase in human cases of M. bovis disease despite resurgence of infections in cattle in the United Kingdom', Epidemiology and Infection 135, 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268806006509, PMid:16740186 [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Daborn, C.J., Kusiluka, L.J., Jiwa, S.F., Sharp, J.M. & Kambarage, D.M., 1998, 'Isolation of Mycobacterium species from raw milk of pastoral cattle of the southern highlands of Tanzania', Tropical Animal Health and Production 30, 233239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005075112393, PMid:9760715 [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Daborn, C.J., Sharp, J.M., Kambarage, D.M., Jiwa, S.F.H. & Mbembati, N.A., 2001a, 'Isolation of Mycobacterium bovis from human cases of cervical adenitis in Tanzania: a cause for concern?', International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases 5, 87-91. PMid:11263522 [ Links ]
Kazwala, R.R., Kambarage, D.M., Daborn, C.J., Nyange, J., Jiwa, S.F.H. & Sharp, J.M., 2001b, 'Risk factors associated with the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the southern highlands of Tanzania', Veterinary Research Communications 25, 609-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012757011524, PMid:11767006 [ Links ]
Keet, D.F., Kriek, N.P.J., Bengis, R.G. & Michel, A.L., 2001, 'Tuberculosis in kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in the Kruger National Park', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 68, 225-230. PMid:11769355 [ Links ]
Keet, D.F., Kriek, N.P.J., Penrith, M-L., Michel, A. & Huchzermeyer, H., 1996, 'Tuberculosis in buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park: Spread of the disease to other species', Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 239-244. PMid:8917861 [ Links ]
Majoor, C.J., Magis-Escurra, C., Van Ingen, J., Boeree, M.J. & Van Soolingen, D., 2011, 'Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis disease in humans, The Netherlands, 1993-2007', Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, 457-463. PMid:21392437 [ Links ]
Mazet, J.A.K., Clifford, D.L., Coppolillo, P., Deolalikar, A.B., Erickson, J.D. & Kazwala, R.R., 2009, 'A "One Health" approach to address emerging zoonoses: The HALI project in Tanzania', PLoS Medicine 6, e1000190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000190, PMid:20016689 [ Links ]
McNabb, S.J., Braden, C.R. & Navin, T.R., 2002, 'DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Lessons learned and implications in the future', Emerging Infectious Diseases 8, 1314-1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0811.020402, PMid:12453363 [ Links ]
Mfinanga, S.G., Morkve, O., Kazwala, R.R., Cleaveland, S., Sharp, M.J., Kunda, J. et al., 2004, 'Mycobacterial adenitis: Role of Mycobacterium bovis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, HIV infection, and risk factors in Arusha, Tanzania', East African Medical Journal 81, 171-178. PMid:15884281 [ Links ]
Michel, A., De Klerk, L-M., Van Pittius, N., Warren, R. & Van Helden, P., 2007, 'Bovine tuberculosis in African buffaloes: Observations regarding M. bovis shedding into water and exposure to environmental mycobacteria', BMC Veterinary Research 3, 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-3-23, PMid:17900356 [ Links ]
Michel, A.L., 2002a, 'The epidemiology of M. bovis infection in South African wildlife', in Abstracts of the Veterinary European Network on Mycobacterium (VENOM) Symposium: DNA Fingerprinting of Bovine TB strains, October 24-26, 2002, Belfast, Northern Ireland. [ Links ]
Michel, A.L., 2002b, 'Implications of tuberculosis in African wildlife and livestock', Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 969, 251-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04387.x, PMid:12381600 [ Links ]
Michel, A.L., Bengis, R.G., Keet, D.F., Hofmeyr, M., De Klerk, L-M., Cross, P.C. et al., 2006, 'Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: Implications and challenges', Veterinary Microbiology 112, 91-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.035, PMid:16343819 [ Links ]
Michel, A.L., Meyer, S., McCrindle, C.M. & Veary, C.M., 2004, 'Community based veterinary public health systems, current situation, future trends and recommendations', FAO Expert Consultation on Community Based Veterinary Public Health Systems, viewed n.d., from http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/vph/events/expert_consult_report.pdf [ Links ]
Michel, A.L., Muller, B. & Van Helden, P.D., 2010, 'Mycobacterium bovis at the animal-human interface: A problem, or not?', Veterinary Microbiology 140, 371-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.029, PMid:19773134 [ Links ]
Mignard, S., Pichat, C. & Carret, G., 2006, 'Mycobacterium bovis infection, Lyon, France', Emerging Infectious Diseases 12(9), 1431-1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1209.060209, PMid:17073096 [ Links ]
Mikota, S.K., Peddie, L., Peddie, J., Isaza, R., Dunker, F., West, G. et al., 2001, 'Epidemiology and diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)', Journal of Zoology and Wildlife Medicine 32, 1-16. PMid:12790389 [ Links ]
Muller, B., Hilty, M., Berg, S., Garcia-Pelayo, M.C., Dale, J., Boschiroli, M.L. et al., 2009, 'African 1, an epidemiologically important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis dominant in Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad', Journal of Bacteriology 191, 1951-1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01590-08, PMid:19136597 [ Links ]
Murphree, R., Warkentin, J.V., Dunn, J.R., Schaffner, W. & Jones, T.F., 2011, 'Elephant-to-human transmission of tuberculosis', Emerging Infectious Diseass 7, 366-371. [ Links ]
Murray, M. & Alland, D.A., 2002, 'Methodological problems in the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis', American Journal of Epidemiology 155, 565-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.6.565, PMid:11882530 [ Links ]
Ngowi, B.J., Mfinanga, S.G., Bruun, J.N. & Morkve, O., 2008, 'Pulmonary tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS attending care and treatment in rural northern Tanzania', BMC Public Health 8, 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-341, PMid:18826574
Osofsky, S.A., Cleaveland, S., Karesh, W.B., Kock, M.D., Nyhua, P.J., Starr, L. et al. (Eds.), 2005, Conservation and Development Intervention at the Wildlife/Livestock Interface: Implications for Wildlife, Livestock and Human Health, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. [ Links ]
Palmer, M.V., 2007, 'Tuberculosis: A reemerging disease at the interface of domestic animals and wildlife', Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315, 195-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_9 [ Links ]
Rodriguez, J.G., Fissanoti, J.C., Del Portillo, P., Patarroyo, M.E., Romano, M.I. & Cataldi, A., 1999, 'Amplification of a 500-base-pair fragment from cultured isolates of Mycobacterium bovis', Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 2330-2332. PMid:10364607 [ Links ]
Rodriguez, J.G., Mejia, G.A., Del Portillo, P., Patarroyo, M.E. & Murillo, L.A., 1995, 'Species-specific identification of Mycobacterium bovis by PCR', Microbiology 141, 2131-2138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-9-2131, PMid:7496524 [ Links ]
Romano, M.I., Alito, A., Bigi, F., Fisanotti, J.C. & Cataldi, A., 1995, 'Genetic characterization of mycobacteria from South American wild seals', Veterinary Microbiology 47, 89-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(95)00103-H [ Links ]
Romano, M.I., Alito, A., Fisanotti, J.C., Bigi, F., Kantor, I., Cicuta, M.E. et al., 1996, 'Comparison of different genetic markers for molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis', Veterinary Microbiology 50, 59-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(95)00197-2 [ Links ]
Sechi, L.A., Zanetti, S., Sanguinetti, M., Molicotti, P., Romano, L., Leori, G. et al., 2001, 'Molecular basis of rifampin and isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated in Sardinia, Italy', Antimicrobial. Agents and Chemotherapy 45, 1645-1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.6.1645-1648.2001, PMid:11353606 [ Links ]
Shirima, G.M., Kazwala, R.R. & Kambarage, D.M., 2003, 'Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in different farming systems in the eastern zone of Tanzania', Preventive Veterinary Medicine 57, 167-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00214-3 [ Links ]
Smith, N.H., Berg, S., Dale, J., Allen, A., Rodriguez, S., Romero, B. et al., 2011, 'European 1: A globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis', Infection, Genetics and Evolution 11, 1340-1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/'.meegid.2011.04.027, PMid:21571099 [ Links ]
Torgerson, P. & Torgerson, D., 2009, 'Benefits of stemming bovine TB need to be demonstrated', Nature 457, 657-657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/457657d, PMid:19194427 [ Links ]
WHO/DFID, 2006, 'The control of neglected zoonotic diseases - a route to poverty alleviation. Report of a joint WHO/DFID-Animal Health Programme meeting with the participation of FAO and OIE', Geneva 20 and 21 Sept 2005, WHO, Geneva, viewed n.d., from http://www.who.int/zoonoses/Report_Sept06.pdf [ Links ]
WHO, 2004, 'Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases -in collaboration with the Health Council of the Netherlands', 03-05 May 2004, Geneva, Switzerland. [ Links ]
Wirth, T., Hildebrand, F., Allix-Béguec, C., Wolbeling, F., Kubica, T., Kremer, K. et al., 2008, 'Origin, spread and demography of the M. tuberculosis complex', PLoS Pathogens 4, e1000160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000160, PMid:18802459 [ Links ]
Wolfe, N.D., Dunavan, C.P. & Diamond, J., 2007, 'Origins of major human infectious diseases', Nature 447, 279-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05775, PMid:17507975 [ Links ]
Woodroffe, R., Donnelly, C.A., Cox, D.R., Gilks, P., Jenkins, H.E., Johnston, W.T. et al., 2009, 'Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers in localized culling areas', Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45, 128-143. PMid:19204342 [ Links ]
Zumarraga, M.J., Martin, C., Samper, S., Alito, A., Latini, O., Bigi, F. et al., 1999, 'Usefulness of spoligotyping in molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis-related infections in South America', Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, 296-303. PMid:9889207 [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Erasto Mbugi
PO Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Email: email@example.com
Note: Proceedings of the Conference of the Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance 'One Health' held at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, July 2011. This article was republished with the author's full affiliation


text:
As I take a look at what was once my home for 20 years-plus for a second time, I still am trying to piece back together a broken heart that was ripped and torn by Hurricane Katrina. Even to this day, I can not express the words I feel deep down inside.
My home was built by my grandfather back in 1960 after my grandfather and grandmother moved from northern Mississippi to the Gulf Coast. It was a pretty nice brick home that holds a lot of memories. I was watching my mother as some guys were throwing away pieces of furniture. We took a deep breath and hugged each other close as guys threw away the headboard of her bed. My grandmother gave birth to my mother in that same bed back on New Years' Eve of 1961. Years later, my mom unable to make it to the hospital due to troubling weather, gave birth to me in that same bed.
On Thursday afternoon after our arrival, the guys helped my neighbor across the street take a skill saw and work on the walls which over the years hung many pictures of family and friends. As the blade first penetrated the wall, my heart was in pain; however, I had to gather myself and realize that the walls are material objects which can be replaced over time. More importantly, my family is doing well.
Memories now must rest in the hearts and minds of many families that share the same devastation. Many of you can not relate with what is going on. All I ask of you is to pray for assistance to the Gulf Coast areas of devastation so as time progress, many communities will be able to be rebuilt better and stronger than before.
I would like to thank the Malcolm X Institute, Wabash College Administration, and especially all of you who sacrificed a couple days and hours of your time to help families and communities who are in much need.
Thank you!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Looking for tips to get fitter? Want to learn about better lifestyle habits? Our videos can help. Click here to have a look.
Detect worries before they occur. Choose our Health Check Packages at affordable prices.
Copyright © 2020 MANIPAL HEALTH ENTERPRISES PVT LTD - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Hello ! You can escalate your issues by writing directly to me.


text:
I know, it sounds ironic, how are you going to SAVE money by using your credit card more often?
Well all the credit card companies have a variety of programs that allow small businesses to be rewarded by using their credit card.
On my Small Business Technology Tour I was pleasantly surprised to get some cash back every time I used Fedex Office to print my local tour program in each of the 6 cities I visited. I used my credit card and got money back.
One of the new programs launched is by MasterCard and it's the MasterCard Business Network.
By signing up with the Network you can save money at over 65,000 merchants, and also use it as a central portal to book and manage travel and create expense reports.
Members of MasterCard Business Network get free shipping on all orders as well. (This is one thing I really, really liked about Amazon Prime membership as well).
Business travel is not always easy, but if you can save money and make it easier to do, then do it and consider your credit card as one of the first places to consider capturing those savings.
Here's a few other ways you can save money or just be more productive:
- Use Tripit to manage your travel when on the go – their app is powerful
- Use Concur to manage your staff's travel expenses and travel claims
- Download the app of your favorite airline(s) for even smoother travel
- Ensure you know how to save money with your frequent vendors – every little bit of money back matters
Read more posts on Ramon Ray & the Smallbiztechnology.com Team »


text:
Can be used for all BMX Bikes, Posture Control Walkers and the Hybrid Gameframe
Choice of 4 colours
Black - Lime Green - Red - Royal Blue
With many of the products in the Quest 88 range it is necessary for the product to be demonstrated to ensure the correct level of support is attained. Quest 88 have Product Specialists available to provide demonstrations/assessments either at home, School, in Therapy Centres, Children's Centres or anywhere with suitable facilities. All assessments are carried out by Quest 88 staff.
Therapy Equipment, Including Walkers and Standers*
Quest 88 provide demonstrations of therapy, mobility and supportive equipment at schools, centres and homes across the UK. We also provide FREE Clinics for walker repairs and service.
Adaptive Bikes
Adaptive bikes and trikes such as the Hase range; are normally assessed and demonstrated at our Inclusive Cycling Hub, in a beautiful setting by the river in the market town of Shrewsbury. It is advisable to book an appointment to ensure the product you are interested in is available. We also offer demonstrations at schools and cycling schemes around the UK for Draisin Wheelchair Tandems and Side by Sides, however we have a limited number of demonstrators available.
Quest 88 Therapy Tricycles (Kitten, Colt, Panther etc.)
These are demonstrated and assessed nationally by our Product Specialists at schools, childrens centres and homes. This service is free and ensures that the tricycles are totally suitable for your needs.
RaceRunners & Gameframes
Quest 88 provide 'Sports Taster Sessions' for clubs and inclusive leisure facilities (UK-wide). In many cases we will do this in collaboration with CP Sport and other Clubs. You can find more information on our News & Events Page as well as on Facebook and CP Sports Events Pages.
Non-assessment Products
* Try before you buy is not available for Therapy Benches, Tripods, Quads, Crutches and Rollators. These items can be seen at 'In Service' presentations on request.
For online purchases a delivery charge will be added prior to checkout. For other purchases delivery charges will apply and can be requested from our Sales team on 01952 463050 with the exception of our Kaye Posture Control Walkers (when purchasing a complete frame with front and rear leg/wheel options) which qualify for FREE carriage.
Unfortunately we are unable to respond to enquiries from the USA at this stage. Depending on the product range, Quest 88 may have global distribution rights or exclusivity restricted to the UK and Ireland only. Wherever possible we will direct emails from countries outside of our remit to the manufacturers concerned.
For information on our International Distributors for other countries including the EU, please contact our Sales Team on 01952 463050
Thank you for your understanding.


text:
来自拉丁语 suicidium,自杀,来自 sui,自己的,词源同 self,-cid,杀,词源同 herbicide,homicide.
Even in 1749, in the full blaze of the philosophic movement, we find a suicide named Portier dragged through the streets of Paris with his face to the ground, hung from a gallows by his feet, and then thrown into the sewers; and the laws were not abrogated till the Revolution, which, having founded so many other forms of freedom, accorded the liberty of death. [W.E.H. Lecky, "History of European Morals," 1869]In England, suicides were legally criminal if of age and sane, but not if judged to have been mentally deranged. The criminal ones were mutilated by stake and given degrading burial in highways until 1823. Suicide blonde (one who has "dyed by her own hand") first attested 1921. Baseball suicide squeeze is attested from 1937.
[ suicide 造句 ]


text:
Oakland Live, a weekly party taking place at Club Anton, has quickly grown into a in-demand showcase for music artists in Oakland and beyond in a town with few outlets for such positive creativity.
The event's founders have a few decades of local industry experience between them: Mistah F.A.B. (Stanley Cox) is an established rapper, and DJ Twelvz (Clemente Pena) is a disc jockey, producer, and engineer with an extensive discography. The pair keep an ear to the street for talent and also sort through lots of artist submissions, resulting in bills that often intermingle those who are aspiring with well-established artists.
Tonight (Dec. 12), veteran local rappers Philthy Rich, who hails from Oakland, and San Francisco's San Quinn take center stage at Oakland Live. Doors open at 10 p.m. and admission is $10 before 11 p.m. ($15 after). The 21 and over event is hosted by Mistah F.A.B., with DJ Twelvz behind the wheels of steel.


text:
Pablo Mastroeni will become the fifth player inducted into the club's Gallery of Honor, a Rapids' source told The Denver Post.
The Rapids plan to celebrate their first-year head coach's playing career on July 25, as the club hosts Chivas USA at Dick's Sporting Goods Park.
Mastroeni was the Rapids' longest-tenured captain, wearing the armband from 2004 through June 16, 2013, and is the club leader in games (225) and minutes (18,669) played.
He will join Marcelo Balboa, Paul Bravo, Chris Henderson and John Spencer in the Rapids' Gallery of Honor, and is the first inductee since August 2009.
Mastroeni represented the United States in two World Cups, in 2002 and 2006.The Gallery of Honor, located above the west stands at Dick's Sporting Goods Park, was established in 2003 to "forever honor outstanding former members of the Colorado Rapids."
After more than a decade with the Rapids, Mastroeni was traded in June 2013 to Los Angeles Galaxy, where he finished his playing career.
He guided the Rapids through the 2014 preseason in an interim role after the departure of Oscar Pareja to FC Dallas and was officially named the Rapids' head coach in March.
Rapids' O'Neill suspended
Rapids defender and Fairview High School product Shane O'Neill has been suspended one game and fined an undisclosed sum for his play Saturday against the Philadelphia Union.
The league said Tuesday that O'Neill endangered an opponent during the 11th minute.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


text:
Hello all! Have I got some pretty spaces for you today! It's time to link up your before and afters, but first I have to share these beautiful spaces.
Oh by the way, the overwhelming majority of you wanted to keep this party as a monthly thing, so I will keep it as such, at least for now. I just know there's SO many of these going any more and I didn't know if they were still something you wanted to see every month here at TDC. You said yes so it will stay. :)
As I was looking through the links this month I was taken with how much COLOR is being used again and it makes me so happy. I love a beautiful neutral space, believe me, but I'm a color girl at heart for sure. Love these rooms!
First up, Beth used touches of coral in her guest room and it turned out so pretty and fresh:
I loved it paired with the light gray walls. I also love that she carved an office space out of this room too – and you'll have to check out the bed! It makes me want to go stay for a week or so. :)
Amy used a pretty green color on the walls and then decorated with neutrals in her office:
LOVE the kitchen table as a desk!
OK, Vel's kitchen isn't super colorful, but I had to include it because I'm drooling over it:
You MUST to go see the before to truly appreciate it! Love it all.
We've talked about the power of a neutral wall before – I loved the color Sarah was able to add to this room with just pillows: A neutral wall sure does make it so easy to change up a room down the line. I'm trying to do this more and more in our house.
I thought Karianne's kitchen redo was SO fun!:
AND it was done on a budget. Such a fun space!
Linda's living room is painted in a deep navy blue and white, but still looks bright and pretty with tons of color:
I think blue is the new neutral – there's very few colors that don't look good with it, don't you think?
And finally, at first glance Chelsea's cute pantry may look like just another organizing project:
But you HAVE to go see the beautiful door they made for the pantry too. It is awesome!
Now it's time for you to link up again! If you'd like to be considered for the recap next month I would love a link back or you can use my cute button:

Have fun – I can't wait to see what you've been up to!


text:
Thank you for your interest in licensing this image. Please fill out the firm below completing all applicable fields. The more information you can provide about your needs, the more accurate a quote I can provide.
This form will request a price quote for the image. You are not placing an order and pricing will not be final until you are contacted by email or phone.
Fees are calculated fairly for your actual usage of the image. They are negotiable. Unfortunately, I cannot grant free commercial or professional use solely in exchange for credits or links. If your project has a definite budget constraint, please let me know in the details of the form below.
If you have any questions or wish to license multiple images, please provide details below. Discounts are available for multiple licenses. Additional information is available here.
By continuing to use the site, you agree to the use of cookies. more information
The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this.


text:
VI SEMF Christmas Edition's programme and tickets released 20 October!
Thursday 19 October 2017
In the midst of the rush, SEMF Christmas Edition offers an oasis, a wonderful afternoon and evening and your very own experience of early music in the spirit of Christmas season, with prominent international and Swedish artists in the field. Enjoy the sparkling sounds of the boundless early music in the amazing acoustics of the beautiful German church. Exciting special performances from Iran (Zhouan Ensemble) and Lithuania (Canto Fiorito) constitute the festival program together with skilled Swedish musicians (Näsbom & Edlund Duo). And do not forget to step into the mystery world of the puppets! Everything happens Saturday 16 December 3.30-10.15 pm. Programme and tickets: www.semf.se from Friday 20 October.


text:
NEWPORT BEACH, CA – 14 Jul, 2017 – Introducing ZEROi, a comfortable and stylish hat with built-in bone conduction speakers that lets users make hand-free phone calls and listen to music while enjoying outdoor activities. Its uniquely designed visor houses a microchip, switch, controller and wires that help users attain the ultimate audio experience. ZEROi has four compact bone conduction speakers hidden inside of the body of the hat to prevent noise leakage from the speakers.
"Most people today still listen to music and answer phone calls with wired earphones. With ZEROi, we want to offer an advanced approach," says Founder and CEO Teaky Oh, who has leveraged a background in audio electronic technology and fashion to bring a fresh perspective to the wireless speaker user experience. "We have created a hands-free device that allows for Bluetooth pairing and optimal sound quality."
While bone conduction technology is becoming popular, early adopters have already reported problems ranging from low sound quality to noise leakage. Most other bone conduction devices are limited, and they are simply targeted to transmit to the eardrum. Yet, ZEROi offers enhanced audio, as the hat covers the skull completely, and its four-way vibration system provides consistently crisp and clear sound.
ZEROi is designed both as a personal sound system as well as an attractive fashion item. Since the original idea for ZEROi was conceived in early 2016, the team has worked diligently to create a product that exceeds expectations. Made with top-notch all-cotton fabric and a special oil coating to avoid water damage, ZEROi is comfortable and durable.
"ZEROi is not just another hat with a speaker," explains marketing director Brian Yoon. "Every aspect of this smart fashion item has been handcrafted with great attention to detail. Not only does it look nice, but we also incorporated advanced IoT functions to be hidden in our sleek visor. Simply press on the visor with your finger, and you'll be able to enjoy awesome sound!"
ZEROi comes in handy when users are walking, running, riding bikes, or enjoying other outdoor activities. The hat allows for open ears to help users avoid accidents and is oil-coated to prevent water damage. The device comes equipped with a convenient magnetic battery charger and offers five hours of battery life.
The design is unisex, comes with an adjustable strap, and is available in two styles: snap back and baseball cap. Three different colors are also available: black, white, and blue.
Pre-order of ZEROi is available from July 11 to August 24 on Kickstarter, and it is a consumer-ready product. Those who have tested the device report positive experiences, and several of these testimonials can be seen on the product's Kickstarter page (http://kck.st/2uLjL37). When the Kickstarter campaign funding goal is achieved, the company anticipates manufacturing and delivery to be complete in December of this year.
During the Kickstarter Campaign, the product can be pre-ordered starting at $79, with retail pricing expected to be $129.
About ZEROi, Inc.
ZEROi Labs is a California-based startup developing stylish and innovative hats. The products are designed and developed in Newport Beach, California and are manufactured in Seoul, Korea. ZEROi Labs was founded by a team of experts and engineers who are dedicated to merging the concepts of fashionable hat designs and IoT wearable technologies.
Contact: Sung Hun Lim
t. 707-843-0244
Media Contact
Company Name: Altos Business Group
Contact Person: Hanjin Park
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 408-761-4216
Country: United States
Website: www.zeroilab.com


text:
You have no items to compare.
Would you pay up even a fraction of a cost for obscene celebrity endorsements & humungous advertisement budgets running from thousands to millions of euros or dollars? We bet you wouldn't want to. That's why we are here. We are able to offer you unbeatable prices on major sports nutrition products. By buying directly from the world's leading ingredient manufacturers, eliminating ALL middlemen (distributors, retailers and other commission agents), we are able to offer rock bottom prices on all major sports nutrition products. We shop around the world to provide you with the very best in business, something even big brands don't bother to.
We offer world's finest quality proteins, flavouring systems, amino acids and standardised herbal extracts to our customers. You won't find us spiking out proteins with cheap amino acids such as Lysine (which is used as pig feed) and creatine monohydrate to spike up the protein levels. Major companies do that to add more profit margins by adding these cheap amino acids (while using inferior quality protein such as WPC30 or WPC70 in just about every protein product they get their hands on while marketing them as "Highly Anabolic Formula". What you see is what you get from us. 100% pure protein with absolutely zero additives added to it. The protein percentage depicted on the label is for real. A certificate of analysis of every products is available on request.
We offer some of the largest range of products that actually work! All the ingredients what we have on offer have undergone extensive scientific human trials on their safety as well as effectiveness.
We don't want our customers to lurch in dark when it comes to knowing how much of a particular ingredient is actually inside the bottle he/she has just bought. No pixie dust amounts to make a product look like "Damn! It's Loaded with SO MANY ingredients". Everything is clearly put down and included in legitimate quantities as per as scientific studies.
r-BGH & ANTIBIOTICS FREE PROTEINS
We make sure that the milk proteins you're using are derived from cows/buffaloes which are NOT treated with r-BGH/Antibiotics, are grass fed, free range (and not tied up year along chugging down GMO Corn feed). We guarantee that all the milk proteins (including whey protein concentrate, isolate, hydrolysate, micellar casein, milk protein isolate, hydrolysed casein) are sourced from leading dairies in Denmark, Switzerland and Germany. One simply cannot get a better quality milk from anywhere in the world than these countries.
Did you know that most branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplements are made with synthetic amino acids, derived from human hair or bird feathers? Because eating human hair or duck feathers is disgusting, we make sure that all amino acid products we carry are manufactured from 100% natural, raw ingredients (vegetables) of non-animal origin. Guaranteed 100% Vegan Amino Acids with near 100% purity. Impurities found in other brands of amino acids can be as much as six times higher.
All the products are manufactured and packaged at our state of manufacturing facility located in the state of Sachsen, Germany - typical to very high German standards - true to it's "Made in Germany" heritage before exported all the way to India. Due to our centralised manufacturing location in Europe and even shorter lead times, we're able to formulate, manufacture and ship the product at a very fast rate which leads to unparalleled product freshness before it reaches your doorstep.
95% or more sports nutrition products in the market are currently loaded with potential harmful artificial flavours, sweeteners, colours and preservatives. Potential side effects may include diminished sex drive, gastrointestinal problems, seizures, dizziness, and migraines, blurred vision, allergic reactions, blood sugar increases and weight gain. Taking products that are loaded with artificial colours, sweeteners and potentially dangerous chemicals seems like we are taking a step back from our ultimate goal - to feel and look great. That is why we choose to create only the best, using evidence-based nutrients from the world's top suppliers, in researched doses without any unnecessary, unproven ingredients making sure that they are naturally flavoured and sweetened to perfection.
Many of us knowingly or unknowingly consume non-veg shiny shells derived from cows, pigs and other animals. Approximately 70% of the companies use gelatin capsules which are cheap. Gelatin is an animal by-product that is formed from collagen, a protein obtained from connective tissues, as well as certain organs of animals, which majority of our consumers see as a major drawback. So, absolutely no religious sentiments to play with, we make sure that all of our capsule products are guaranteed 100% vegetarian/vegan and made from pine-derived plant cellulose, or fermented tapioca – 100% safe and traceable while preservative-free, GMO & gluten free, 100% biodegradable and wholly sustainable. Additionally, unlike gelatin capsules, vegetarian capsules have no known potential health risks, even when consumed in a long term scenario as they are 100% natural and nontoxic.
Cricket is a long game with various requirements: explosive power, speed, agility, strength and recovery speed. All of these factors are heavily influenced by what you eat.
Food is fuel and if you fuel your body right it will keep you at the optimum level for playing cricket but special supplements can make all the difference when it comes to overpowering your opposition in batting, bowling and fielding. Whether it's SIX out of the ground by sheer power or uprooting the middle stump courtesy of a blistering 150 Km/H yorker or flash run out, it's all about big show on that given day.
You do need to know what works best and special supplements that increase power, endurance and focus on that given big day, can make all the difference!


text:
The holiday season is upon us, and everyone is shopping for the perfect gifts for friends and family. But, before you put your bags in the backseat of your car, remember: Thieves are shopping too.
The holiday season is upon us, and everyone is shopping for the perfect gifts for friends and family. But, before you put your bags in the backseat of your car, remember: Thieves are shopping too.
Law enforcement in Onslow, Jones and Carteret counties are working to make sure shoppers are safe when shopping and loading their purchases.
�The holiday season is here again, and shoppers are heading to our stores to get the latest gadgets and buy gifts for friends and family,� Carteret County Sheriff Asa Buck stated in a press release.
However, when walking out of retail outlets, shoppers tend to not question their safety, he said. According to Buck, this time of year attracts more criminal activity to retail areas because of extended store hours and larger crowds. On top of that, shoppers are distracted while looking at possible purchases, creating a more favorable environment for petty thieves and offenders.
For this reason, the Jacksonville Police Department Holiday Task Force will return on Friday, Nov. 23, and proceed through the holiday season, wrapping up on Dec. 31, according to a press release from the JPD.
The task force is made up of teams of officers who patrol shopping areas on foot, bike and in patrol cars to deter criminal activity, while plain clothes officers scan retail areas for shoplifters, the release stated.
This is the 13th year for the task force.
�The high visibility of the police presence concentrated in and around our major shopping areas is one of the best tactics we have to deter criminal activity,� Admin. Lt. Randy Nordstom of the JPD stated in a press release. �It takes the help of concerned citizens and the cooperation of merchants to make the task force successful.�
Credit card and gift card fraud are also issues during this time of year.
�During this time of year, busy holiday shoppers become careless and vulnerable to other crimes as well,� Jones County Sheriff Danny Heath said via press release. �Credit card fraud and gift card fraud are on the rise.�
Heath said those who are planning to shop online should make sure the webpage is secure through SSL (Secure Socket Layer). A gold lock or key icon at the bottom corner of the browser window will indicate it�s secure.
Internet customers should also never submit information if they are not comfortable. Heath said to instead contact the seller over the phone and give information that way. Shoppers should never send credit card information via email.
�Unfortunately, when shopping, people have a tendency to let their guard down,� he said. �However, paying attention and taking precautions can help eliminate their chances of being victimized.�
In the end, it is all about being vigilant in your surroundings.
�Be aware of your surroundings and remember to lock your vehicles, keeping valuable items out of sight,� Chief Mike Yaniero of the JPD stated in a press release. �A few simple precautions may help to ensure a safe holiday season for all.�
Contact Daily News Reporter Tabitha Clark at 910-219-8454 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter at @TabithaLClark or friend her on Facebook.
Tips for shopping safety during the holiday season:
� Park in well-lit areas
� Shop in groups
� Conceal packages in trunks
� Report suspicious people or activities immediately
� Carry bags or purses in your hands rather than on your shoulder or back
� Don�t leave purses in shopping carts
� Don�t carry large amounts of cash, and if paying with cash, be discreet
� Lock your vehicle
� Shop during daylight hours, if possible
� Dress casually and avoid wearing expensive jewelry
� Pay attention to your surroundings, both in a store and in a parking lot
� When returning to your vehicle, check around it and in the back seat
� Use the panic alarm on your car to attract attention if you are approached by a suspect
� If you feel uneasy returning to your car alone, find a security guard or store employee and ask them to walk you to your car
Tips to avoid credit card fraud:
� Keep close watch on your credit card every time you use it and get it back as soon as possible
� Never write your PIN number on your credit card or leave your credit card lying around
� Shield your card number so that others around you can�t copy it or capture it on a camera
� Only carry cards you absolutely need
� Shred anything with a credit card number on it
� Check out the company. Only do online business with companies that provide a physical address and phone number
� Keep good records of all online products or services purchased
Tips to avoid gift card fraud:
� Never buy gift cards from online auction sites
� Only buy gift cards directly from the store issuing the gift card or a secure retailer�s website
� Don�t buy gift cards off of publicly displayed racks in retail stores. Buy them at the sales terminal from the cashier
� Examine the front and back of the card for any tampering
� Always ask the cashier to scan the card in front of you to verify the balance and validity
� Keep receipt as proof of purchase as long as money is on the card
� If possible, register the card at the store�s website


text:
A theme that appears anytime the cloud is discussed in the context of IT is security. The general direction of this concern is the prevention of unauthorized access to cloud-hosted data and apps. If the topic is pursued, rather than just acknowledged as an issue, it generally forks into two main threads: preventing access by outside parties (hackers, crackers, protesters, and the like) and preventing access by inside parties, such as unauthorized employees. Both issues are problems and in both cases the cloud platform vendors offer an assurance that is, at first blush, comforting. Namely, that providers deliver better security of the hosted data than most data centers can provide. The primary reason for this is that they have many full-time, dedicated resources watching security, monitoring threats, and enforcing access control. Moreover, the staff members know what to do in the event of a violation. It is true that this pool of expertise especially at large cloud providers is likely to significantly exceed the capabilities of most small-to-medium IT organizations and even some of the larger IT shops. And the few reports of any break-ins at cloud providers tend to support the view of good security.
What is not clear from the cloud providers' contention, however, is that there is a third possible source of access, which the providers will not protect against: Access by the provider itself either on its own initiative or at the request of government agencies. Let's look at these.
Cloud providers vary widely with respect to the access they grant themselves to your data. However, none forswears all access. Many of the companies, such as Dropbox, use encryption, but have a backdoor to decrypt anything they've encrypted. (To quote, "Dropbox cooperates with United States law enforcement when it receives valid legal process, which may require Dropbox to provide the contents of your private Dropbox. In these cases, Dropbox will remove Dropbox's encryption from the files before providing them to law enforcement.") A reaction I see frequently to this common policy is, "If I'm doing nothing wrong, I shouldn't mind the scrutiny." This view is, of course, intensely naïve. Even if you have done nothing wrong, the government agencies examining your files have no contractual obligation to you to keep them safe, nor even to get rid of all their copies once they've determined you're not guilty or that they pulled the wrong party's data. In other words, by a simple bureaucratic error of accessing the wrong account, government agencies can disseminate your information more or less freely.
Some hosts, such as Box.Net, do not even encrypt your data unless you purchase a plan that specifically includes encryption. Right now, that's only their most expensive plan, despite the company's advertisements that seem to imply all data is encrypted it is not.
Earlier this week, Microsoft announced that foreign customers were not immune from similar provisions. Namely, that the U.S. Patriot Act forces it to provide access to any data hosted anywhere by a U.S. company even if that data resides outside the United States.
This is a major concern. Two parties the government and the cloud provider have access to the data, even if it's encrypted. In the former case, the access is unfettered. The cloud provider will not defend your data on your behalf, but will turn over whatever is asked for by government request (no posted policy I've seen requires a subpoena). In the latter case, the access is nearly as unfettered. The provider is free to change the terms of their privacy policies at any time and your only choice is to remove your data a possibly enormous cost if your infrastructure depends on the cloud application.
The safest path out of this conundrum is to keep sensitive data within the data center. Then, if government agencies want access, they must come to you with a request; and your counsel can begin the necessary dialogue, manage the scope of the demand, and so on.
The other alternative is the one I expect will gain the most traction: IT organizations must encrypt their data. By encrypting data themselves, using software with no backdoor, sites can assure themselves of privacy. The cloud provider, government officials, and hackers cannot get at the data in usable form.
The problem with encryption is that it's expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to use in transactional contexts. But companies, in my view, have no choice but to use automatic encryption for data traveling to and from the cloud. The data will exist in decrypted form only on local servers or, for very brief periods, on the cloud when a transaction is in process.
The technologies to do this are in place only in a crude way. The dream of real-time encryption and decryption is still a ways off, but I expect that as the cloud gains traction as an important solution for IT organizations, the gating factor to its adoption will be encryption, and so progress will begin to be made quickly.
Andrew Binstock
Editor in Chief
[email protected]
Twitter: platypusguy


text:
Gretchen Crews, a retired librarian, teacher and club manager, died Dec. 27 at the Maryland Shock Trauma Center of injuries sustained in a fall at her Towson home. She was 83.
Born Gretchen Matthews in Baltimore and raised in Wyman Park, she was the daughter of Howard Matthews, a state auditor, and his wife Gretchen, a home economics teacher and homemaker. She attended Margaret Brent School in Charles Village and was a 1947 Eastern High School graduate. She earned an English degree at Goucher College and later received a library science degree at Towson University
She taught English in the city public school system and later was a librarian, both in the school system and at the old Bay College at Howard and Centre streets. She was assistant manager of the Mount Vernon Club on Mount Vernon Place for 13 years and retired in 1992.
She was a member of P.E.O., a group dedicated to the education of women. She was also active in her college sorority, Alpha Gamma Delta, and was a national officer. She belonged to the Woman's Club of Roland Park.
"She was a quick wit and was widely read. She was also known for her generosity and kindness," said her daughter, Virginia M. Crews of Baltimore.
A memorial service will be held at 11 a.m. Monday at St. David's Episcopal Church, Roland Avenue and Oakdale Road, where she was a life member. She was a member of the altar and flower guilds and volunteered at its nearly new shop.
In addition to her daughter, survivors include her husband of 60 years, James R. Crews, a retired electrical engineer who worked in technical sales; two other daughters, Gretchen Louise Catlin of Baltimore and Katharine Crews Rossman of Kingsville; and six grandchildren.


text:
CDC: Flu activity decreasing nationwide
(CNN) — The flu was a big deal at the beginning of January, when nearly all states were reporting widespread influenza activity.
It's still out there, with elevated levels in most states, and can have serious consequences. But the reported activity of influenza-like illness has decreased nationwide.
The most recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, released Friday, concludes that "influenza activity remained elevated in the United States, but decreased in most areas" in the week of January 27 to February 2, for which the latest information is available.
In the latest report, 38 states reported widespread influenza activity, down from 42 the week before.
Although the proportion of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness, 3.6%, is still above the national baseline of 2.2%, it is lower than the previous week's estimate of 4.2%.
The disease is still claiming lives, however.
"The proportion of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) was above the epidemic threshold," the report said.
The number of pediatric deaths from influenza rose by 14, for a total of 59 this season. While that is more than the 34 pediatric deaths for all of last year's season, it is much lower than the 153 pediatric deaths in the 2003 to 2004 season, which saw a similar H3N2 virus responsible for a lot of illness, for example. Adult deaths due to flu are not tracked by the CDC.
Populations most at risk of serious illness from the flu should see their doctor if they become ill, CDC director Dr. Thomas Frieden said previously. These include very young children, senior citizens and people with underlying health conditions.
If a patient is short of breath or can't keep fluids down because of nausea, these are signs of a problem that needs immediate attention, said Dr. David Zich, internal medicine and emergency medicine physician at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago.
But most patients should not go to an emergency room, he said. Just get plenty of rest and take painkillers to help with muscle aches, Zich said.
The flu vaccine is about 62% effective, but it's the best tool available to prevent the illness, health officials say.


text:
Gauntlet: Dark Legacy
Game Boy Advance
What do you need help on? Cancel X
Gauntlet's hack-and-slash gameplay continues in Gauntlet: Dark Legacy. You and up to three of your friends must work as a team through eight dangerous worlds. As one of eight different characters, you'll vanquish creatures, evade traps, and search for treasure. Character-based power attacks, magic potions, new power-ups, and combination moves add to the mayhem. The game save system allows players to transfer evolving characters from their own machine to a friend's to take on the dungeon together.
Popular Recent Questions
Game News
Game List Statistics
Now Playing
0 Users
Wish List
15 Users
Hot List
0 Users


text:
Law & Order returned after what seemed like an endless hiatus due to NBC's Olympic coverage with a double header, the first being a solid episode, "Steel-Eyed Death." It opened with a gruesome murder of the Morgan family – gruesome for Law & Order but standard fare for many other crime shows like CSI, where they go out of their way each week to show stomach turning scenes. The music they were playing while Detectives Lupo (Jeremy Sisto) and Bernard (Anthony Anderson) were going over the crime scene reminded me a little of the 1970's film "French Connection." This episode was devoid of stunt casting but did include a surprise visit by Dr. Emil Skoda (J.K. Simmons) who seems to have been missing in action from Law & Order for an eternity. He's my favorite shrink in the Law & Order universe, and J.K. Simmons is an excellent actor who does well no matter what role he's in. It's also nice to see that Lt. Anita Van Buren (S. Epatha Merkerson) seems to be coping with her cancer as her illness wasn't even apparent. She has to get in her 2 cents about the clean shaven detectives, telling them it makes them look 5 years younger, Bernard quipping that this would make Lupo about 12. The look may take me some getting used to, as I think I like the scruffy look better on both detectives. It was a little jarring, however, for Van Buren to make the comment about the beards right after the bloody murder scenes. Likewise with Lupo in the men's room appearing worried about the look of his tie.
As I mentioned, this episode opens with the bloody murder of the Morgan family, mother, father, son, and daughter, Zoe. The investigation leads the detectives to tattoos, "juggalos," and then a girl named Bonnie (Emily Meade), an apparent runaway and friend of the murdered Zoe Morgan, and also to her boyfriend Justin Sax. Lupo and Bernard trace down Bonnie, Bernard finding himself in a stairwell defending himself against an axe-wielding Justin, while Lupo is in the apartment where Bonnie is holding a young girl at knifepoint. Bernard is able to disable Justin and Lupo uses calming words to get Bonnie to let the girl go and eventually deter her from killing herself.
It turns out, though, that Bonnie is not her real name, she's Amanda Evans, and her parents hire a high powered lawyer to defend her. Dr. Emil Skoda (J.K. Simmons) questions Amanda about her claims of amnesia. He later tells DA Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston), EADA Michael Cutter (Linus Roache), and ADA Connie Rubirosa (Alana De La Garza) that her claims are a "crock" and she clearly still knows right from wrong.
In court, Amanda's father tries to explain that Amanda had a concussion and was never quite the same afterwards. Cutter makes sure everyone knows that it didn't seem to affect her ability to tell the difference between right and wrong. Later, Cutter convinces them to plead Amanda as non-responsive due to mental disease or defect, and to be sent to a mental facility until she is deemed well. Of course, he expects her to testify against Justin, but when she does so, her credibility is immediately questioned by the defense attorney, Miss Masters (Rebecca Creskoff) . But the judge doesn't see it her way, and eventually Masters is forced to serve notice that Justin suffers from PTSD, seemingly over 9/11. Later, she also defers cross examination of Detective Lupo to a later time, something which rattles Lupo. When he confronts her outside the courtroom, Lupo seems to recover his own memory that he knows Masters from a previous multiple murder case. Without telling Cutter his reasons, Lupo begs Cutter to not let Masters stray while he is under cross.
Later, under pressure from Bernard, Lupo admits that he knew Masters when she defended a man charged with the multiple murders. Lupo was traumatized by the case and eventually turned to drinking, and not only did he show up to testify for that case while drunk, his drinking also cause his work partner to be killed on the job. (This incident was something that came up in some of Lupo's early days at the 2-7.) Bernard reassures Lupo that he will be there for him when he testifies, and Lupo gets on the stand and tells the truth about the matter. Lupo also admits that his trauma over the multiple murder 10 years ago, besides causing him to drink, also meant he needed to be treated for several months for PTSD. Cutter, meanwhile, has done his homework and already managed to find the connection between Lupo and Masters, and deftly brings out the fact that Lupo didn't go out of control as Justin had done from Justin's alleged PTSD. Cutter also reveals that Masters already tried the same defense she is using for Justin on the case Lupo worked years ago, and the jury didn't buy it then, either.
At the end of the episode, as Lupo and Bernard arrive at what may be another horrific crime scene, Bernard tells Lupo that Justin took 30 to life and they will be at every parole hearing. When Bernard asks if Lupo is OK, he indicates that he is as the episode closes.
All Text Content (Recaps, Review, Commentary) © allthingslawandorder.blogspot.com unless otherwise noted
Check out my blog home page for the latest Law & Order information, on All Things Law And Order, here.
Also, see my companion Law & Order site,These Are Their Stories.


text:
More high school students in San Diego County and statewide graduate within four years, and fewer are giving up on their pursuit of a diploma, the California Department of Education reported Tuesday.
Schools have until spring of 2020 to meet the state's graduation target of 90 percent — a goal that some districts are steadily approaching, a few have surpassed and others have a long way to go before reaching it.
Graduation report
In releasing data for the 2011-12 school year, state officials also highlighted gains made by Hispanics, blacks and English learners when it comes to declining dropout rates and rising graduation rates. While progress has been made narrowing the achievement gap between some student groups, educators acknowledge more work is needed.
San Diego County's graduation rate came in at 78.4 percent (slightly lower than California's 78.5 percent), based on students who began as freshmen in 2008. That's up from 77.5 percent in the county in the prior year.
Sally Bennett-Schmidt, assessment director for the San Diego County Office of Education, said the progress reflects efforts by districts to better serve students at risk of dropping out.
"School districts are more aggressive in hanging on to students and recognizing their needs," she said, adding that schools face potential sanctions by the federal government for falling short of graduation goals and other targets.
Six county districts boast graduation rates above the 90 percent goal — Carlsbad, Coronado, Poway, San Dieguito, San Marcos and Valley Center-Pauma. The same districts reported dropout rates below five percent.
The San Diego Unified School District, the second-largest in California, continues earn a top graduation rate — especially when it comes to large urban districts where students more often face the challenges of poverty and language acquisition.
San Diego Unified's 86.9 percent graduation rate is up from 85.3 in the prior year. The dropout rate was virtually unchanged at 6.2 percent, from 6.3 from the prior year. The state's 13.2 percent dropout rate is 1.5 percent lower than the prior year.
State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson said San Diego Unified has done much to support students, such as establishing campus health clinics and parent and community outreach efforts.
"In San Diego, I've seen a district that is very progressive in looking at the whole child," Torlakson said on Tuesday.
A comparison of other big-city districts shows that only Garden Grove has a higher graduation rate (87.8) than San Diego Unified, the only large urban district with a dropout rate below 10 percent (San Francisco is at 10).
The San Marcos Unified School District scored the lowest dropout rate in the county at .9 percent. The district's graduation rate of 96.6 percent was bested only by Coronado (97 percent).
Superintendent Kevin Holt said it's important that students aren't banished to alternative schools to make up failed classes.
"Our goal is to keep kids at their own school and give them a comprehensive experience," Holt said.
San Marcos' numbers are significant because its student demographics are considered challenging: 48 percent qualify for subsidized lunch and 19 percent are English language learners.
The graduation data came as a disappointment to the Grossmont Union School District, where Superintendent Ralf Swenson wasted no time meeting with administrators to discuss improvement plans.
"We were concerned to see the number where it is," he said about the dropout rate of 12.7 percent, the highest in the county. The graduation rate of 76.7 percent is the fifth lowest in the county.
The state data came two days after Grossmont was recognized by the state for attendance gains and dropout prevention.
Swenson said the incongruous ratings could be due to problems tracking students who transferred to charters, and Chaldean refugees who moved into Grossmont from Iraq in 2008 with little schooling or English skills and who were approaching graduation age. Graduation and dropout rates don't add up to 100 percent because the figures exclude students who are in special-education, pursuing a GED, or are still in high school after four years.
Students who continue to pursue a diploma after four years are included in the state's "still enrolled" category. Countywide, 9.2 percent of students who started high school in 2008 are still enrolled in an extended education program. Statewide, 7.2 percent of students are still enrolled. English learners and special-education students were most likely to pursue diplomas beyond their graduation date, with nearly two in ten continuing for a fifth year of high school.
Staff writer Gary Warth contributed to this report


text:
Platform: Commodore 64
Developer(s): Codemasters
Publishers(s): Codemasters
ReleaseDate: 1989-01-02
Players: 4
Co-op: No
It's BMX 2, featuring up to four players at the same time! Choose your rider and customize your own bike. The burns, bumps and ramps really work! Ten action-packed courses plus ACTION REPLAY with SLO-MO. BMX 2 is so realistic, it makes the other games eat dirt!
Genre(s): Racing


text:
EMF is the Eclipse Modelling Framework. It is based on the Ecore metamodelling language. Also have a look at GMF for the Graphical Modelling Framework. Also see openArchitectureWare.
- Combine Multiple Ecore Models Together
- Using EOpposite in GMF
- Getting IDs on EMF model elements
- Using XPath to find EMF elements
- Improving EMF Model Loading Performance
- Loading EMF XSD Models at Runtime
- Dynamic Templates in EMF
- Extending Ecore to define a new M3
- Resolving Proxy EMF Elements
- EMF Validation Framework
- Other pages tagged as "emf"
Upper Bound in EMF
To set the upper bound of an association to unbounded/unlimited, instead of using "*" or "many" or "n", use "-1". :roll:
Convert ecore_diagram to ecore
It doesn't appear that you can export an ecore_diagram file to an ecore file, but that's because the ecore_diagram file is already based on an existing ecore file. For example, editing the default.ecore_diagram file automatically updates default.ecore with the model changes.
Convert ecore to xsd/XML Schema
- Right click on the .genmodel and select Export Model, and you should be able to export it there.
- If you set Model > Generate Schema to true in the .genmodel, the XSD files will be automatically generated when you Generate Model Code. (ref)
- If you get the message that no model exporters exist, try installing the XSD features from Eclipse. (ref)
Meaning of Ecore Attributes
- Volatile means that no variables/fields are generated and you will write all the accessor methods by hand. (ref)
- Transient means it will not be serialized, i.e., it's not persistent. (ref)
- Derived features are assumed to be computed from other features and hence are typically transient as well. Derived features are not copied by EcoreUtil.copy. (ref)
- Resolve Proxies means, at least, that if the model element is moved into a new resource (model file), the eContainer will be preserved. (ref)
- org.eclipse.emf.ecore.provider.EcoreEditPlugin: part of the org.eclipse.emf.ecore.edit plugin.
- org.eclipse.emf.codegen.ecore.genmodel.provider.GenModelEditPlugin: part of the org.eclipse.emf.codegen.ecore.ui plugin.
EMF Documentation annotations
To add documentation to your generated EMF classes, add an EAnnotation with the following details:
Source: http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/GenModel
And to this EAnnotation, add a details entry:
Key: documentation
Value: Any documentation you'd like included
If you want to access this information at runtime (e.g. EClass.getEAnnotation) you will need to set Model > Suppress GenModel Annotations in your .genmodel to true.
Cannot create a resource for XXX; a registered resource factory is needed
I got this message while developing a JUnit Plug-in Test for Eclipse. You can either register an external Resource factory, or if your source model is using XMI, you can just add the org.eclipse.emf.ecore.xmi plug-in as a dependency of your current plugin.
Extending Ecore
I had an interesting experience trying to extend another Ecore model: in particular, I was trying to define a MyClass extends Custom, which was loaded from another Ecore model in the environment.
The generating implementation class file was extending EObjectImpl and not CustomImpl, meaning that a lot of fields were duplicated and some operations were not implemented, as they were in CustomImpl.
The problem was that my object was extending other objects. Only the first element is used as the base class for the implementation class. Moving Custom as the first superType meant that MyClassImpl extended CustomImpl and not EObjectImpl.


text:
Last week, Ken broke up with Barbie after finding out some of the paper in her packaging comes from a Singapore company, Asian Pulp & Paper (APP), they accuse of clearcutting rain forests and destroying endangered tiger habitats. In the animated video put out by Greenpeace, he shrieks after seeing video of Barbie chainsawing the forest and laughing like a mad woman, and shouts, "It's over!" before punching the camera. Later, activists rappelled down the side of Mattel's headquarters to unfurl a banner announcing the breakup, and Barbie herself showed up in her bright pink "Dream Dozer" before the cops arrested her. Now in response to the campaign, Mattel announced they're cutting APP out of their supply chain. [More]
Why You Shouldn't Buy From Ikea
has named Ikea "the least sustainable retailer on the planet".


text:
Alamance County Human Resources
About the Human Resources Department
The Alamance County Human Resources Department provides personnel services for Alamance County departments and employees in the following program areas:
- Recruitment and Selection
- Position Classification and Pay
- Personnel Records
- Training and Development
- Benefits Administration
- Employee Relations
It is the focus of the Alamance County Human Resources Department to provide our employees with quality services and benefits. We embrace the concept of integrity and teamwork to provide the citizens of Alamance County excellence in public service.
Contact Information
124 West Elm Street
Graham, NC 27253
Phone: 336-570-4034
Fax: 336-513-5559
Office Hours: Monday – Friday, 8:00am – 5:00pm
Sherry Hook, Human Resources Director