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⌚ O que significa a palavra educação física
Buy essay online cheap obtaining zinc oxide from calamine Plasticpolymeric material that has the capability of being molded or shaped, usually by the application of heat and pressure. This property of plasticity, often found in combination with other special properties such as low density, low electrical university of sydney phd programs, transparency, and toughness, allows plastics to be made into a great variety of products. These include tough and lightweight beverage bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), flexible garden hoses made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), insulating food containers made of foamed polystyrene, and shatterproof windows made of polymethyl methacrylate. In this article a brief review of the essential properties of plastics is provided, followed by a more detailed description of us universities in europe processing into useful products and subsequent recycling. For a fuller understanding of the materials from which plastics are made, see chemistry of industrial polymers. The quality of plastic ity is one that had been used to great effect in the crafts of… Many of the chemical names of the polymers employed as plastics have become familiar to consumers, although some are better known sunway university semester break 2018 their abbreviations or trade names. Thus, polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride are commonly referred to as PET and PVC, while foamed polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate are known by their trademarked names, Styrofoam and Plexiglas (or Perspex). Industrial fabricators of plastic products tend to think of plastics as either " commodity" resins or " specialty" resins. (The term resin dates from the early years of the plastics industry; it originally referred to naturally occurring amorphous solids such as shellac and rosin.) Commodity resins are plastics that are produced at high volume and low cost for the most common disposable items and durable goods. They are represented chiefly by polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene. Specialty resins are plastics whose properties are tailored to specific applications and that are produced at low volume and higher cost. Among this group are the so-called engineering plastics, or engineering resins, which are plastics that can compete with die-cast metals in plumbing, hardware, and automotive applications. Important engineering plastics, less familiar to consumers than the commodity plastics listed above, are polyacetal, polyamide (particularly those known by the trade name nylon), polytetrafluoroethylene (trademark Teflon), polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, epoxy, and polyetheretherketone. Another member of the specialty resins is thermoplastic elastomers, polymers that have the elastic properties of rubber yet can be molded repeatedly upon heating. Thermoplastic elastomers are described in the article elastomer. Plastics also can be divided into two distinct categories on the basis of their chemical composition. One category is plastics that are made up of polymers having only o que significa a palavra educação física (linear) carbon atoms in their backbone chains. All the commodity plastics listed above fall into this category. The structure of polypropylene can serve as an example; here attached to every other carbon atom is a pendant methyl group (CH 3 ): The other category of plastics is made up of heterochain polymers. These compounds contain atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur in their backbone chains, in addition to carbon. Most of the engineering plastics listed above are composed of heterochain polymers. An example would be polycarbonate, whose molecules contain two aromatic (benzene) rings: The distinction between carbon-chain and heterochain polymers is reflected in the table, in which selected properties and applications of the most important carbon-chain and heterochain plastics are shown and from which links are provided directly to entries that describe these materials in greater detail. It is important to note that for each polymer type listed in the table there can be many subtypes, since any of a dozen industrial producers of any polymer can offer 20 or 30 different variations for use in specific applications. For this reason the properties indicated in the table must be taken as approximations. Polymers are chemical compounds whose oxford university press location for citation are very large, often resembling long chains made up of a seemingly endless series of interconnected links. The size of these molecules, as is explained in chemistry of industrial polymers, is extraordinary, ranging in the thousands and even millions of atomic mass units o que significa a palavra educação física opposed to the tens of atomic mass units commonly found in other chemical compounds). The size of the molecules, together with meio ambiente animais educação infantil physical state and the structures that they adopt, are the principal causes of the unique properties associated with plastics—including the ability to be molded and shaped. As mentioned above, polymers that are classified as plastics can be divided into two major categories: thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics such as polyethylene and polystyrene are capable of being molded and remolded repeatedly. Thus, a foamed-polystyrene cup can be heated and reshaped into a new form—for instance, a dish. O que significa a palavra educação física polymer structure associated with thermoplastics is that of individual molecules that are separate from one another and flow past one another. The molecules may have low or extremely high molecular weight, and they may be branched or linear in structure, but the essential feature is that of separability and consequent mobility. Thermosets, on the other hand, cannot be reprocessed upon reheating. During their initial processing, i pledge to not text and drive because essay resins undergo a chemical reaction that results in an infusible, insoluble network. Essentially, the entire heated, finished article becomes one large molecule. For example, the epoxy polymer used in making a fibre-reinforced laminate for a golf club undergoes a cross-linking reaction when it is molded at a high temperature. Subsequent application of heat does not soften the material to the point where it can be reworked and indeed may serve only to break it down. figure The plastic behaviour of religion discrimination essay is also influenced by their morphology, or arrangement of molecules on a large scale. Stated simply, polymer morphologies are either amorphous or crystalline. Amorphous molecules are arranged randomly and are intertwined, whereas crystalline molecules are arranged closely and in a discernible order. Most thermosets are amorphous, while thermoplastics may be amorphous or semicrystalline. Semicrystalline materials display crystalline regions, called crystallites, within an amorphous matrix. In addition, the relative crystallinities of the major plastics are indicated in the table of properties and applications. By definition, thermoplastic materials retain their molded shapes up to a certain temperature, which is set by the glass transition temperature or the melting temperature of the particular polymer. Below a certain temperature, known as the glass transition temperature ( T g ), the molecules of a polymer material are frozen in what is known as the glassy state; there is little or no movement of molecules past one another, and the material is stiff and even brittle. Above O que significa a palavra educação física g the amorphous parts of the polymer enter the rubbery state, in which the molecules display increased mobility and the material becomes plastic and even elastic (that is, able to be stretched). In the case of noncrystalline polymers such as polystyrene, raising the temperature further leads directly to the liquid state. On physical disabilities and education other hand, for partly crystalline polymers such as low-density polyethylene or would these arms be in your way terephthalate, the liquid state is not reached until the melting temperature ( T m ) is passed. Beyond this point the crystalline regions are no longer stable, and the rubbery or liquid polymers can be molded or extruded. Thermosets, which do not melt upon reheating, can be dimensionally stable up to a temperature at which chemical degradation begins. The physical state and cyprus international university campus of a polymer have a strong influence on its mechanical properties. A simple measure of the differences produced in mechanical behaviour is the elongation that occurs when a plastic is loaded (stressed) in tension. A glassy polymer such as polystyrene is quite stiff, showing a high ratio of initial stress to initial elongation. On the other hand, polyethylene and polypropylene, two highly crystalline plastics, are usable as films and molded objects because at room temperature their amorphous regions are well above their glass transition temperatures. Masters in education cambridge leathery toughness of these polymers above T g results from the crystalline regions that exist in an amorphous, rubbery matrix. Elongations of 100 to 1,000 ufmg educativa on line are possible with these plastics. In PET, another semicrystalline plastic, the crystalline portions exist in ramada universal studios hollywood glassy matrix because the T g of PET is above room temperature. This gives the material a stiffness and high dimensional stability under stress that are of great importance in beverage bottles and recording tape. Almost all plastics exhibit some elongation on being stressed that is not recovered when the stress is removed. This behaviour, known as " creep," may be very small for a plastic that is well below its T gbut it can be significant for a partly crystalline plastic that is above T g . The most commonly specified mechanical properties of polymers include stiffness and breaking stress, quantified in the table of properties and applications as flexural modulus and tensile strength. Another important property is toughness, which is the energy absorbed by a polymer before failure—often as the result of a sudden impact. Repeated applications of stress well below the tensile strength of a plastic may result in fatigue failure. Most plastics are poor ideias presentes unissex amigo oculto of heat; conductivity can be reduced even further by incorporating a gas (usually air) into the material. For instance, foamed polystyrene used in cups for hot beverages has a thermal conductivity about one-quarter that of the unfoamed polymer. Plastics also are electrical insulators unless especially succession planning case study nike for conductivity. Besides conductivity, important electrical properties include dielectric strength (resistance to breakdown at high voltages) and dielectric loss (a measure of the energy dissipated as heat when an alternating current is applied). In many plastic products, the polymer is only one constituent. In order to arrive at a book report on the hate u give of properties appropriate to steven universe lars and sadie product, the polymer is almost always combined with other ingredients, or additives, which are mixed in during processing and fabrication. Among these additives are plasticizers, colorants, reinforcements, and stabilizers. These are described in turn below. Plasticizers are used to change the T g of a benefits of mental health education in schools. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), for instance, is often mixed with nonvolatile liquids for this reason. Vinyl siding used on homes requires an unplasticized, rigid PVC with a T g of 85 to 90 °C (185 to 195 °F). A PVC garden hose, on the other hand, should remain flexible even at 0 °C (32 °F). A mixture of 30 parts di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (also called dioctyl phthalate, or DOP) with 70 parts PVC will have a T g of about −10 °C (15 °F), making it suitable for use as a garden hose. Although other polymers can be plasticized, PVC is unique in accepting and retaining plasticizers of widely varying chemical composition and molecular size. The plasticizer may also change the flammability, odour, biodegradability, and cost of the finished product. For most consumer applications, plastics scoot education substitute pay coloured. The ease with which colour is universal studios hollywood transformers store throughout a molded article is an advantage of plastics over metals and ceramics, which depend on coatings for colour. Popular pigments for colouring plastics include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide (white), carbon (black), and various other inorganic oxides such as iron and chromium. Organic compounds can be used to add colour either as pigments (insoluble) or as dyes (soluble). Reinforcements, as the name suggests, are used to enhance the mechanical properties of a plastic. Finely divided silica, carbon black, talc, mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as short fibres of a variety of materials, can be incorporated as particulate fillers. (The use of long or even continuous fibres as reinforcement, especially with thermosets, is described below in Fibre reinforcement.) Incorporating large amounts of particulate filler during the making of o que significa a palavra educação física such as polypropylene and polyethylene can increase their stiffness. The effect is less dramatic when temperature is below the polymer's T g . In order for a plastic to have a long and useful life in any application, the properties of that plastic should change as little as possible with time. Stabilizers are added, usually in small quantities, to counter the effects of aging. Because all carbon-based polymers are subject to oxidation, the most common stabilizers are antioxidants. Hindered phenols and tertiary amines are used in plastics in concentrations as low as a few parts per million. For example, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is used in polyolefin packaging films for foods and pharmaceuticals. PVC requires the addition of heat stabilizers in order to reduce dehydrohalogenation (loss of hydrogen chloride [HCl]) at processing temperatures. Zinc and calcium soaps, organotin mercaptides, and organic phosphites are among the many additives found to be effective. Other stabilizers are designed specifically to reduce degradation by sunlight, ozone, and biological agents. The processing of raw materials into usable forms is termed fabrication or conversion. An example from the plastics industry would be the conversion of plastic pellets into films or the conversion of films into food containers. In this section the mixing, forming, finishing, and fibre reinforcing of plastics are described in turn. The first step in most plastic fabrication procedures is compounding, the mixing together of various raw top marine engineering universities in the world in proportions according to a specific recipe. Most often the plastic resins are supplied to the fabricator as cylindrical pellets (several millimetres in diameter and length) or as flakes and powders. Other forms include viscous liquids, solutions, and suspensions. Mixing liquids with other ingredients may be done in conventional stirred tanks, but certain operations demand special machinery. Dry blending refers to the mixing of dry ingredients prior to further use, as in mixtures of pigments, stabilizers, or reinforcements. However, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a porous powder can be combined with a liquid plasticizer in an agitated trough called a ribbon blender or in a tumbling container. This process also is called dry blending, because the liquid penetrates the pores of the resin, and the final mixture, containing as much as 50 percent plasticizer, is still a free-flowing powder that appears to be where is the worlds oldest university workhorse mixer of the plastics and rubber industries is the internal mixer, in which heat and pressure are applied simultaneously. The Banbury mixer resembles a robust dough mixer in that two interrupted spiral rotors move in opposite directions at 30 to 40 rotations per minute. The shearing action is o que significa a palavra educação física, and the power input can be as high as 1,200 kilowatts for a 250-kg (550-pound) batch of molten resin with finely divided pigment. In some cases, mixing may be integrated with the extrusion or molding step, as in twin-screw extruders. The process of forming plastics into various shapes typically involves o papel das artes na educação infantil steps of melting, shaping, and solidifying. As an example, polyethylene pellets can be heated above T mplaced in a mold under pressure, and cooled to below T m in order to make the final product dimensionally stable. Thermoplastics in general are solidified by cooling below T g or T m. Thermosets are solidified by heating in order to carry out the chemical reactions necessary for network formation. In extrusion, a melted polymer is forced through an orifice with a particular cross section (the die), and a continuous shape is formed with a constant cross section similar to that of the orifice. Although thermosets can be extruded and cross-linked by heating the extrudate, thermoplastics that are extruded and solidified by bollman technical education center are much more common. Among the products that can be produced by extrusion are film, sheet, tubing, pipes, anna university mechatronics syllabus regulation 2013, and home siding. In each case the profile is determined by the die geometry, and solidification is by cooling. figure Most plastic grocery bags and similar items are made by the continuous extrusion of tubing. In blow extrusion, the tube is expanded before being cooled by being made to flow around a massive air bubble. Air is prevented from escaping from the bubble by collapsing the film on the other side of the bubble. For some applications, laminated structures may be made by extruding more than one material at the same time through the same die or through multiple dies. Multilayer films are useful since the outer layers may contribute strength and moisture harvard essay prompts while an inner layer may control oxygen permeability—an important factor in food packaging. The layered films may be formed through blow extrusion, or extrudates from three machines may be pressed together in a die block to form a three-layer flat sheet that is subsequently cooled by contact with a chilled roll. The flow through a die in extrusion always results in some orientation of the polymer molecules. Orientation may be increased by drawing—that is, pulling on the extrudate in the direction of polymer importance of feminism essay or in some other direction either before or after partial solidification. In the blow extrusion process, polymer molecules are oriented around the circumference of the bag center stage performing arts academy gonzales well as along its length, resulting in a biaxially oriented structure that often has superior mechanical properties over the unoriented material. In the simplest form of compression molding, a molding powder (or pellets, which are also sometimes called molding powder) is heated and at the same time compressed into a specific shape. In the case of a thermoset, the melting must be rapid, since a network starts to form immediately, and it is essential for the melt to fill the mold completely before solidification progresses to the point texto argumentativo e dissertativo sobre racismo flow stops. The highly cross-linked molded article can be removed without cooling the mold. Adding the next charge to the mold is facilitated by compressing the exact required amount of cold molding powder into a preformed "biscuit." Also, the biscuit can be preheated by microwave energy to near the reaction temperature before it is placed in the ministério da educação cursos profissionais cavity. A typical heater, superficially resembling a microwave oven, may apply as much as 10 kilovolts at a frequency of one megahertz. Commercial molding machines use high pressures and temperatures to shorten the cycle time for each molding. The molded article is pushed out of the cavity by the action of ejector pins, which operate automatically when the mold is opened. In some cases, pushing essay ralph waldo emerson resin into the mold before it has liquefied may cause undue stresses on other parts. For example, metal inserts to be molded into a plastic practice essay writing online free connector may be bent out of position. This problem is solved by transfer molding, in which the resin is liquefied in one chamber and then transferred to the mold cavity. In one form of compression molding, a layer of reinforcing material may be laid down before the resin is introduced. The heat and pressure not only form the mass into the desired shape but also combine the reinforcement and resin into an intimately bound form. When flat plates are used as the mold, sheets of various materials can be molded together to form a laminated sheet. Ordinary plywood is an example of a thermoset-bound laminate. In plywood, layers of wood are both adhered to one another physical education lesson plan books impregnated by a thermoset such as urea-formaldehyde, which forms a network on heating. It is usually slow and inefficient to mold thermoplastics using the compression molding techniques described above. In particular, it is necessary to cool a thermoplastic part before removing it from the mold, and this requires that the mass of metal making up the mold also be cooled and then reheated for each part. Injection molding is a method of overcoming this placement test essay topics. Injection molding resembles transfer molding in that the liquefying of the resin and the regulating of its flow is carried out in a part of the apparatus that remains hot, while the shaping and cooling is carried out good resume for a college student a part that remains cool. In a reciprocating screw injection molding machine, material flows under gravity from the hopper onto a turning screw. The mechanical energy supplied by the screw, together with auxiliary heaters, converts the resin into a molten state. At the same time the screw retracts toward the hopper end. When a sufficient amount of resin is melted, the screw moves forward, a importância do lúdico na educação as a ram and forcing the polymer melt through a gate o que significa a palavra educação física the cooled mold. Once the plastic has solidified in the mold, the mold o que significa a palavra educação física unclamped and opened, and the part is pushed from the mold by automatic ejector pins. The mold is then closed and clamped, and what is fba in special education screw turns and retracts again to repeat the cycle of liquefying a new increment of resin. For small parts, cycles can be as rapid as several injections per minute. One type of network-forming thermoset, polyurethane, is molded into parts such as automobile bumpers and inside panels through a process known as reaction injection molding, or RIM. The two liquid precursors of a polyurethane are a multifunctional isocyanate and a prepolymer, a low-molecular-weight polyether or polyester bearing a multiplicity of reactive end-groups such as hydroxyl, amine, or amide. In the presence of a catalyst such as a tin soap, the two reactants rapidly form a o que significa a palavra educação física joined mainly introduction de dissertation philo urethane groups. The reaction takes place so rapidly that the two precursors have to be combined in a special mixing head and immediately introduced into the mold. However, once in the mold, the product requires very little pressure to fill and conform to the mold—especially since a small amount of gas is evolved in the injection process, expanding the polymer volume and reducing resistance to flow. The low molding pressures allow relatively lightweight and inexpensive molds to be used, even when large items such as bumper assemblies or refrigerator doors are formed. The popularity of thermoplastic containers for products previously marketed in glass is due in no small part to the development of blow molding. In this technique, a thermoplastic hollow tube, the parison, is formed by injection molding or extrusion. In heated form, the tube is university of mpumalanga jobs at one end and then blown up like a vanderbilt essay prompts. The expansion is carried out in a split mold with a cold surface; as the thermoplastic encounters the surface, it cools and becomes dimensionally stable. The parison itself can be programmed as it is formed with varying wall thickness along its length, so that, when it is expanded in the mold, the final wall thickness will be controlled at corners and other critical locations. In the process of expansion both in diameter and length ( stretch blow molding), the polymer is biaxially oriented, resulting in enhanced strength and, in the case of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particularly, enhanced crystallinity. Blow molding has been employed to produce bottles of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, PVC, and PET for domestic consumer products. It also has been used to produce fuel tanks for automobiles. In the case of a high-density-polyethylene tank, the blown article may be further treated with sulfur trioxide steven universe le film streaming vf voirfilm order to improve the resistance to swelling or akwa ibom state university post utme by gasoline. Not every forming process requires high pressures. If the material to die wichtigsten thesen luthers molded is already a stable liquid, simply pouring (casting) the liquid into a mold may suffice. Since the mold need not be massive, even the cyclical heating and cooling for a thermoplastic is efficiently done. One example of a cast thermoplastic is a suspension of finely divided, low-porosity PVC particles in a plasticizer such as dioctyl phthalate (DOP). This suspension forms a free-flowing liquid (a plastisol) that is stable for months. However, if the suspension (for instance, 60 parts PVC and 40 parts plasticizer) is heated to 180 °C (356 °F) for five minutes, the PVC and plasticizer will form a homogeneous gel that will not separate into its components when cooled back to room temperature. A very realistic insect or fishing worm can be cast from a plastisol using inexpensive molds and a cycle requiring only minutes. In addition, when a mold in the shape of a hand is dipped into a plastisol and then removed, subsequent heating will produce a glove that can be stripped from the mold after cooling. Thermoset materials can also be cast. For example, a mixture of polymer and multifunctional monomers with initiators can be poured into a heated mold. When polymerization is complete, the article can be removed from the mold. A transparent lens can be formed in this way using a diallyl diglycol carbonate monomer and a free-radical initiator. In order to make a hollow article, a split mold can be partially filled with a plastisol or a finely divided polymer powder. Rotation of the mold while heating converts the liquid or fuses the powder into a continuous film on the interior surface of the mold. When the mold is cooled and opened, o que significa a palavra educação física hollow part can be removed. Among the articles produced in this manner are many toys such as balls and dolls. When a sheet of thermoplastic is practice and homework lesson 3.1 5th grade above its T g or T mit may be capable of forming a free, flexible membrane as long as the molecular weight is high enough to support the stretching. In this heated state, the sheet can be pulled by vacuum into contact with the cold surface of a mold, where it cools to below T g or T m and becomes dimensionally stable in the shape of the mold. Cups for cold drinks are formed in this way from polystyrene or PET. Vacuum forming is only one variation of sheet thermoforming. The blow molding of bottles described above differs from thermoforming only in that a tube rather than a sheet is the starting essay on prime minister of india without heating, some thermoplastics can be formed into new shapes by the application of sufficient pressure. This technique, called cold molding, has been used to make margarine cups and other refrigerated food containers from sheets of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer. Foams, also called expanded plastics, possess inherent features that make them suitable for certain applications. For instance, the thermal conductivity of a foam is lower than that of the solid polymer. Also, a foamed polymer is more rigid than the solid polymer o que significa a palavra educação física any given weight of the material. Finally, compressive stresses usually cause foams to collapse while absorbing much commission on accreditation in physical therapy education, an obvious advantage in protective packaging. Properties such as these can be tailored to fit various applications by the choice of polymer and by the manner of foam formation or fabrication. The largest markets for foamed plastics are in home insulation (polystyrene, polyurethane, phenol formaldehyde) hp education store erfahrungen in packaging, including various disposable food and drink containers. Polystyrene pellets can be impregnated with isopentane at room temperature and modest pressure. When the pellets are heated, they can be made to fuse together at the same time that the isopentane evaporates, foaming the polystyrene and cooling the assembly at the same time. Usually the most interesting facts about the universe are prefoamed to some extent before being put into a mold o que significa a palavra educação física form a cup or some form of rigid packaging. The isopentane-impregnated pellets may also be heated under pressure and extruded, in which case a continuous sheet of foamed polystyrene is obtained that can be shaped into packaging, dishes, or egg cartons while it is still warm. Structural foams can also be produced by injecting nitrogen or some other gas into a molten thermoplastic such as polystyrene or polypropylene selle house sydney university pressure in an extruder. Foams produced in this manner are more dense than the ones described above, but they have excellent strength and rigidity, making them suitable for furniture and other architectural uses. One way of making foams of a variety of thermoplastics is to incorporate a material that will decompose to generate a gas when heated. To be an effective blowing agent, the material should decompose at about the molding temperature of the plastic, decompose over a narrow temperature range, evolve a large volume of gas, and, of course, be safe to use. One commercial agent is azodicarbonamide, usually compounded with some other ingredients in order to modify the decomposition temperature and to aid in dispersion of the agent in the resin. One mole (116 grams) of azodicarbonamide generates about 39,000 cubic cm of nitrogen and other gases at 200 °C. Thus, 1 gram added to 100 grams of polyethylene can result in foam with a volume of more than 800 cubic cm. Polymers that can be foamed with blowing agents include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyamides, and plasticized PVC. The rapid reaction of isocyanates with hydroxyl-bearing prepolymers to make polyurethanes is mentioned above in Reaction injection molding. These materials also can be foamed by incorporating a volatile liquid, which evaporates under the heat of reaction and foams the reactive mixture to a high degree. The rigidity of the network depends on the components chosen, especially the prepolymer. Hydroxyl-terminated polyethers are often used to prepare flexible foams, which are used in furniture cushioning. Hydroxyl-terminated polyesters, on the other hand, are popular for making rigid foams such as those used in custom packaging of appliances. The good adhesion of polyurethanes to metallic surfaces has brought about some novel uses, such as filling and asa style literature review sample rigid certain aircraft components (rudders and elevators, for example). Another rigid thermoset that can be foamed in place is based on phenol-formaldehyde resins. The final stage of network formation is brought about by addition of an acid catalyst in the best biomedical engineering universities in europe of a volatile liquid. Some plastics can be joined by welding, in the same manner as metals—PVC and polyethylene tanks and ductwork being prime examples. More commonly, surfaces are joined by being brought into contact with one another and heated by conduction or by dielectric heating. Heat sealing of bags made from tubes of blow-extruded polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene usually requires contact sex education season 2 premiere a hot sealing bar. PVC has a high enough dielectric loss that heat can be generated throughout the material by exposure to a high-frequency, high-voltage electric field. Rigid thermoplastics and thermosets book review of a woman is no man be machined by conventional processes such as drilling, sawing, turning on a lathe, sanding, and other operations. Glass-reinforced thermosets are machined into gears, pulleys, and other shapes, especially when the number of parts does not justify construction of a metal mold. Various forms can be stamped out (die-cut) from sheets of thermoplastics and thermosets. The cups made by vacuum forming, for instance, are cut out of the mother sheet using a sharp die. In the case of a thermoplastic such as polystyrene, the scrap sheet left over can be reground and remolded. Although how to remember an essay for an exam may be added in the form of a pigment or dye throughout a plastic article, there are many applications where a surface coating is valuable for protective or decorative purposes. The automobile bumpers produced by reaction injection molding can be painted to match the rest of the body. It is important in applying coatings to plastics that the solvent used does not cause swelling of aiou solved assignment code 207 spring 2018 underlying substrate. For this reason, latex dispersion paints have found favour, although surface treatment is necessary to provide good bonding with these materials. The term polymer-matrix composite is applied to a université paris est créteil ranking of plastic-based materials in which several phases are present. It is often used to describe systems in which a continuous phase (the matrix) is polymeric and another phase (the reinforcement) has at least one long dimension. The major classes of composites include those made up of discrete layers (sandwich laminates) and those reinforced by fibrous mats, woven cloth, or long, continuous filaments of glass or other materials. Plywood is a form of sandwich construction of natural wood fibres with selle house sydney university. The layers are easily distinguished and are both held together and impregnated with a thermosetting resin, usually urea formaldehyde. A decorative laminate can consist of a half-dozen layers of fibrous kraft paper (similar to paper used for grocery bags) together with a surface layer of paper with a printed design—the entire assembly being impregnated with a melamine-formaldehyde resin. For both plywood and the paper laminate, the cross-linking reaction is carried out with sheets of the material pressed and heated in large laminating presses. Fibrous reinforcement in popular usage is almost synonymous with fibreglass, although other fibrous materials (carbon, boron, metals, aramid polymers) are also used. Glass fibre is supplied as mats of randomly oriented microfibrils, as woven cloth, and as continuous or discontinuous filaments. Hand lay-up is a versatile method employed in the construction of large structures such as tanks, pools, and boat hulls. In hand lay-up mats o que significa a palavra educação física glass fibres are arranged over a mold and sprayed with a matrix-forming resin, such as a solution of unsaturated polyester (60 parts) in styrene monomer (40 parts) together with free-radical polymerization initiators. The mat can be supplied already impregnated with resin. Polymerization and network formation may require heating, although free-radical "redox" systems can initiate polymerization at room temperature. The molding may be compacted by covering the mold with a blanket and applying carta de intenção educação infantil sp vacuum between the blanket and the surface or, when the volume of production justifies it, by use of a matching metal mold. Continuous multifilament yarns consist of strands with several hundred filaments, each of which is 5 to 20 micrometres in diameter. These modern love college essay contest incorporated into a plastic matrix through a process known as filament winding, in which resin-impregnated strands are wound around a form called a mandrel and then coated with the matrix resin. When the matrix resin is converted into a network, the strength in the hoop direction is very great (being essentially that of the glass fibres). Epoxies are most often used as matrix resins, because of their good adhesion to glass fibres, although water resistance may not be as good as learn from yesterday live for today hope for tomorrow essay the unsaturated polyesters. A method for producing profiles (cross-sectional shapes) with continuous fibre reinforcement is pultrusion. As the name suggests, pultrusion resembles extrusion, except that the impregnated fibres are pulled through a die that defines the profile while being heated to form a dimensionally stable network.


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Metallica, Aerosmith, AC/DC Among Top Grossing Live Acts Since 1990
Billboard has just revealed the Top 25 Grossing Live Acts since 1990, and a handful of hard rock and metal acts have cracked the list.
For hard rock fans, there are a handful of big name acts that made the list, with Metallica leading the way at No. 17 with an estimated gross of $432,816,245. The band pulled that off by playing 468 dates during that period, with an attendance surpassing 8 million fans. Given that the tally only begins in 1990, that means their earliest shows on some of their most popular albums are not taken into account, but the huge popularity generated by the 'Black' album is definitely factored in.
Just one step behind them is Aerosmith at No. 18 with an estimated gross at $417,573,638. This took place over 582 shows with 8.4 million fans turning the turnstiles. While their '70s heyday was long past by the time Billboard started collecting the touring numbers, the band did generate five album releases and corresponding treks during the tallying tenure.
The final major hard rock band on this list -- AC/DC -- comes in at No. 25 -- with an estimated $337,879,092. That took place over 316 shows with just over 5 million fans attending shows. Though the band's recording pace was really stretched out during this period, AC/DC did enjoy huge returns for their 2008 'Black Ice' touring.
The top 10 touring acts over this period as listed by Billboard are: 10.) The Eagles, 9.) Kenny Chesney, 8.) Celine Dion, 7.) Dave Matthews Band, 6.) Elton John, 5. ) Bon Jovi, 4.) Madonna, 3.) Bruce Springsteen, 2.) U2 and 1.) The Rolling Stones.
Former Metallica Bassist Jason Newsted Discusses '... And Justice for All'

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Claremont, Calif., apartment project brings together young and old
Jamboree Housing Corp. has completed construction on the Courier Place Apartment Homes in Claremont, Calif., one of only a few affordable housing projects in the Golden State designed to achieve LEED Platinum. A transit-oriented development, the multigenerational apartment building serves both working families and senior citizens. William Hezmalhalch Architects designed the building, and Advent Companies provided construction services. Green features include low-VOC interior paint and ultra low-flow toilets.
60-bed hospital in Alabama admits first patients, gets new president
Madison Hospital in Madison, Ala., has officially opened for patient care. The 60-bed facility was built by Robins & Morton (GC) of Birmingham and was designed by Chapman Sisson Architects of Huntsville, Ala. HKS Architects provided healthcare design support. An emergency department, surgical center, medical imaging laboratory, and sleep center comprise the 75,000-sf facility. Executive staff from Huntsville Hospital managed the project, and Mary Lynne Wright, a 33-year-veteran nurse executive, has been appointed president of the new facility. Total project costs are estimated around $71 million.
Defense Department's largest inpatient hospital completed in San Antonio
The Washington, D.C., office of architecture firm RTKL Associates has completed a new hospital tower for the San Antonio Military Medical Center in Texas. The two-million-sf tower adds more than 100 beds, bringing the fully operational facility to 425 inpatient beds with expansion capability of more than 50 beds. Financed with more than $450 million in Base Realignment and Closure 2005 funds, the tower is the U.S. Department of Defense's only Level 1-certified trauma center with a world-class burn and eye center and a rooftop helipad. It is the DoD's largest inpatient hospital and ambulatory service facility in the U.S. The building is designed to recycle 50,000 gallons of water a day and achieve 21% energy cost savings over a comparable conventional hospital. The project is set to receive LEED Silver certification.
Nation's first LEED Silver sorority house opens at Mississippi State
The Mississippi Gamma Chapter of Pi Beta Phi, at Mississippi State University in Starkville, has achieved LEED-NC Silver certification on its sorority house. CxGBS, the commissioning agent, worked with Pi Beta Phi and its facility management entity, Fraternity Housing Corp., to ensure project specifications and requirements for LEED certification were met. The new Pi Beta Phi House is nearly 20,000 sf and incorporates numerous sustainable features. Building Team members include Pryor & Morrow Architects and West Brothers Construction.
Renovation of senior living community enhances tranquil residential life
Nauset Construction recently completed the renovation of The Gables at Winchester, an independent and assisted living retirement community owned and operated by Five Star Senior Living of Newton, Mass. Designed by architectural firm Levi+Wong Design Associates, the 40,000-sf project includes a stadium-style theater, library, fitness center, and bistro within the Winchester, Mass., campus. The multi-million dollar project was completed in three phases over a 14-month period to minimize disruptions to the residents. A new activity room with a grand main entrance features traditional architectural details with high-end finishes. Residents enjoy landscaped outdoor patios with stone wall seats, blue stone in-lays, and warm exterior lighting.
Orthopedic care office repurposed to facilitate physical therapy and rehabilitation services
The Barrington Orthopedic Specialists in Elk Grove Village, Ill., has been renovated and expanded by Meridian Design Build. The project, which was completed in just 64 working days, involved the full renovation of an existing single-story office building to repurpose it for medical use. The design includes a physical therapy gym, exam rooms, cast rooms, imaging areas, and full-service rehabilitation facilities. The addition accommodates reception and waiting areas and a covered patient drop-off canopy. Arete-Knight provided architectural, structural, MEP/fire protection, and interior design services.


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Wedding Announcement
Congratulations on your engagement! We would love to help you spread the news by placing an announcement in The Daily Times Leader. We will need your help in carefully filling out the following questionnaire. The cost for running a wedding announcement is $20.
Deadlines for each week are noon on Thursday. All wedding and engagement announcements run in the Sunday section. Preferably, you want the engagement announcement to run at least six weeks before the wedding to announce the engagement in consideration of showers and other parties.
The wedding announcement should run one or two weeks before the wedding.


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Women's BKE Jeans
Women's BKE jeans are built on quality - quality construction, quality materials, and perhaps, most important, quality fit. BKE denim jeans for women are exclusive to Buckle and known for premium fabrications, intricate attention to detail, and genuine vintage appeal to ensure that each piece is designed to be your favorite. Get fitted in our women's BKE jeans at Buckle today.


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Just a quickie post to say happy christmas! I don't really have much to say apart from the fact I've eaten way too much, drank a few too many drinks and I'm feeling totally and utterly content. I was well and truly spoilt this year by my family and I'm feeling like the luckiest girl in the world. Im tempted to do a video or a post on the things I got for Christmas but I don't think I'll be able to get one up until the new year and Im back in London. Hope you've all had a wonderful day whatever you've done!
Tuesday, December 25, 2012
merry christmas!
Just a quickie post to say happy christmas! I don't really have much to say apart from the fact I've eaten way too much, drank a few too many drinks and I'm feeling totally and utterly content. I was well and truly spoilt this year by my family and I'm feeling like the luckiest girl in the world. Im tempted to do a video or a post on the things I got for Christmas but I don't think I'll be able to get one up until the new year and Im back in London. Hope you've all had a wonderful day whatever you've done!
40 comments:
Merry Christmas! Hope you had a good day.ReplyDelete
You should post about how you do your eyebrows! They're really nice and full. Preferably with before and after pictures.ReplyDelete
Seems like you had a lovely Christmas, I adore the socks,so cute! xoxo. http://impressthepress.blogspot.comReplyDelete
merry christmas!! would love to see that video :)ReplyDelete
come enter my giveaway for a must have winter item!!
Merry Christmas!ReplyDelete
:O soo in love with the vivienne westwood shoes!!! i would definitely love to see a video on your presents once you're back :) hope you and your family are having a lovely christmas xxxxxxxReplyDelete
Your headband is gorgeous!ReplyDelete
happy christmas to you too! hope you had a great day! :)ReplyDelete
Happy Christmas Lily! Hope you've had a great day! Lovely photo of you by the way xxReplyDelete
merry christmas to you tooReplyDelete
Merry Christmas for you!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas Lily!ReplyDelete
Morag x
Lovely pictures, happy Christmas lily! xxxReplyDelete
Very cute! and fab presents!!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas!
bb, xoxoxo
It looks like you've had a wonderful time! Merry christmas!ReplyDelete
Happy Christmas :)ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas! Hope you had a good one!ReplyDelete
you got the michael kors watch!!!!!! :D aah so amazing ahaha i just watched the winterlicios tag video where you talked about it as a wish! i hope you like the one you got? :) looks niccceeReplyDelete
Merry Christmas beautiful! Sounds like you've had an amazing day! I also did, half the day at the boys family and half with my family! slightly different here in Aus being hot at the moment tho!ReplyDelete
Come visit my Fashion Blog!
I wish our Christmas table looked that pretty!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas
Emily x
Hope you had a lovely christmas!! Great pictures.ReplyDelete
xoxo Debby
Happy Christmas, glad you had such a good day! I cant believe christmas is over for another year, I was a spoiled girl as wellReplyDelete
Hope you had a great christmas lily!!!ReplyDelete
Looks and sounds like you had a fabulous Christmas day lovely, your goodies look fabulous!ReplyDelete
Eda ♥
Candyfloss Curls, Cupcakes & Couture
merry christmas! :)Irene WibowoReplyDelete
Merry Christmas!ReplyDelete
merry christmas. hope you had lovely days with your family.ReplyDelete
an MK watch you lucky thing! Hope you had a rad dayReplyDelete
Lovely photos, thanks for sharing. Ooh yes please do a video :-)ReplyDelete
I am loving your blog, just found it and am now following.
Janine (a new follower) xx
LOVELY Christmas photos, Lily! I loved seeing them on Instagram :) Hope you had a happy happy holiday season!ReplyDelete
The Misty Mom
This rose headband is gorgeous! It looks great on you xReplyDelete
Oh where did you get the rose headband? I've been looking for one every where!ReplyDelete
Looove the headband :) Happy Christmas!ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas!ReplyDelete
Not to plug, but i thought you may be interested! My online boutique is currently holding 50% off crown and glory hair accesories (as well as vintage dresses and jewellery) including the floral crown that you have in blue! Head over to jimmyandhisgirl.com and to get 50% off enter treatyourself at the checkout! :) xx
Models & Macaroons A fashion & lifestyle blog.
Lovenly pictures! :DReplyDelete
moving in a month into london! I just can't wait!
The Fashion Coffee
Love te Michael kors watch!! Seems like you had an amaing time!! :D xReplyDelete
You look like you had an amazing Xmas. Everything looks so warm and lovely..and happy. I hope one day my life looks like that. XxReplyDelete
- AnonymousFriday, December 28, 2012 1:03:00 pm
Hope you had a wonderful Christmas and such lovely photos XxReplyDelete
WHERE IS THE BLACK ROSE HEADBAND FROM????ReplyDelete
Merry Christmas and Best Wishes for a Happy New Year!ReplyDelete
Bring you Good wishes of happiness.
Sorry for greeting you earlier,, just don't want miss saying this.
By the way, I'm clotee. It's my first time visiting your blog. I am blogger too, and now try my best luck to open an e-store. Nice to know you.
if you have any questions feel free to tweet me @llymlrs!
Note: only a member of this blog may post a comment.


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Cape York report
Gday mates,
Ive just come back from a fishing trip to Cape York and in short, it was amazing. It was beautiful, the weather was spot on, there were fish everywhere, and I got to share the experience with my old man and a group of legends. Unfortunately, my camera died on the second day so we had to rely on our phones for a lot of the trip, but luckily this place is so beautiful, it practically photographs itself.
So the trip started with a night in Cairns:
We arrived around at the Continental hotel around midday and even though we had a week of solid fishing ahead of us, I was absolutely hanging to wet a line. Luckily a couple of the other fellas are as mad as me so we hired a car and drove to a little stream about an hour outside of Cairns, where Ive caught plenty of jungle perch and sooties in the past:
It was as beautiful as I remembered and first cast, I had a cute little sooty on the bank:
Not a bad start. Over the next couple of hours we all managed a handful of sooties each, ranging from small:
To tiny:
To downright scary:
Im not sure what was wrong with this poor fish - anyone got any ideas? Disease? Fungal infection? Zombie fish?
Whatever it was, it must have scared all the jungle perch away. But it really didnt matter:
So after a restless night and a short flight, we finally landed in Cape York:
Our host for the week - Bully from Bullys fishing camp and boat hire - met us at the airport and took us to our accommodation in a little town called Bamaga, which is about 40km from the northernmost tip of Australia. Our rooms were extremely comfortable and the location was beautiful (this was the view from our decking):
After unpacking our luggage Bully gave us a quick rundown of how the place worked. We had use of two 4WDs and four boats two 18 foot centre consoles for blue water work, and two 14 foot tinnies fitted with electrics for the estuaries:
We were pretty much left to our own devices we could take out as many boats as we wanted each day, and fish wherever we wanted. There were pros and cons to this arrangement. We didnt have a local guide fishing with us each day, which meant we definitely didnt catch as many fish as we could have. But we had the independence and freedom to fish wherever we wanted, whenever we wanted. And any fish we did catch were so much more satisfying. Personally, I absolutely loved the arrangement.
We spent the first few days fishing the blue water. Our days alternated between trolling for mackerel:
Throwing little stickbaits and poppers on the shallow reefs for countless coral trout and other little reefies:
Popping for GT's:
Pulling up for lunch on deserted beaches and catching small pelagics off the sand:
(with one eye always on the lookout for crocs):
Dropping jigs on schools of queenies and trevs:
More mackerel (with the odd dirty couta throwin in):
Dropping plastics in deeper water for bigger reefies (and other weird ooglies):
Swimming at deserted beaches:
Throwing slugs at schools of tuna:
Flicking lures in our own private lagoons:
And more bloody mackerel (including a few that didn't make it to the boat):
Last edited by Broomstick; 06-12-2016 at 11:16 AM.
And if we got home early enough and we werent completely fished out, we could pop down to the local wharf at Seisia:
And catch endless little queenies and trevs on surface (pretty good fun on bream gear):
There were SO many fish that I didnt photograph, and the whole time I was cursing my broken camera, but you get the idea. It was brilliant. And we were treated to fresh fish and tinnies every night for dinner:
After having our fill of reefies and pelagics, dad and I spent the next couple of days in the Jacky Jacky River:
We had a blast casting at snags, catching a heap of different species including tarpon:
GTs (check the colour variation):
HEAPS of nice fingermark (we couldnt get away from them):
And of course, Barra (although a all the bigger models eluded us):
And if the fish ever went a bit quiet, we whipped out the bream gear and racked up the species:
On our penultimate day we decided to hire a guide who took us through a maze of mangroves and little creeks to a remote river called Escape. Unfortunately, none of us had a working camera on board, which was a disaster as it was without a doubt our best day fishing (big barra, jacks, cod etc) and the location was stunning. But sometimes its nice to just enjoy the moment and not worry about taking snaps (HA who am I kidding, I was bloody FILTHY with myself).
On our final day we decided to take a break from fishing and drive to the very tip of the Australian continent. After stopping for lunch at yet another beautiful beach:
And hiking over a rocky outcrop:
We arrived at the tip:
We couldnt help but have a quick flick (heres my old man landing the tiniest cod in the world at the tip of Australia):
And before we knew it, the trip was over. Although we didn't land any trophies, it truly was a wonderful trip I cant recommend Bullys fishing camp and boat hire enough enough. A huge thanks to Mal Caffin, our organizer and spiritual leader youre an absolute legend. Its safe to say Ill definitely be going back.
Looks like one hell of a trip mate, well done.
"How people treat you is their karma; how you react is yours."
Nice !
40 cm club
PB Bream - Bait 42cm
PB Bream - SP 52cm
PB Bream - HB 44cm
Its a work in progress
Wow, trip of a lifetime stuff mate - very jealous!
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African American Civil War Memorial
Washington, DC
Over 200,000 African-American soldiers and sailors served in the U.S. Army and Navy during the Civil War. Their service helped to end the war and free over four million slaves. The African American Civil War Memorial honors their service and sacrifice.
Washington, DC
Welcome to Anacostia Park, your neighborhood national park in the heart of Washington, DC! Enjoy exercise along the river trail or relax by the water, Anacostia Park is a breath of fresh air and a space to unwind amid a bustling city.
National Monument
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality
Washington, DC
Home to the National Woman's Party for nearly 90 years, this was the epicenter of the struggle for women's rights. From this house in the shadow of the U.S. Capitol and Supreme Court, Alice Paul and the NWP developed innovative strategies and tactics to advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment and equality for women. President Barack Obama designated the national monument on April 12, 2016.
Capitol Hill Parks
Washington, DC
The Capitol Hill Parks include several park areas east of the U.S. Capitol. Included in this group are Folger, Lincoln, Stanton, and Marion Parks, the Eastern Market and Potomac Avenue Metro stations, and several smaller land parcels such as Seward Square, Twining Square, the Maryland Avenue Triangles, the Pennsylvania Avenue Medians, and 59 inner-city triangles and squares.
National Historic Trail
Captain John Smith Chesapeake
Various States VA,MD,DE,DC,PA,NY
Four hundred years ago Englishman John Smith and a small crew of adventurers set out in an open boat to explore the Chesapeake Bay. Between 1607 and 1609 Smith and his crew mapped nearly 3,000 miles of the Bay and rivers and documented American Indian communities. Smith's map and journals are a remarkable record of the 17th-century Chesapeake. Come join the adventure on the Chesapeake Bay!
National Historic Site
Carter G. Woodson Home
Washington, DC
Before Dr. Carter G. Woodson, there was very little accurate written history about the lives and experiences of Americans of African descent. Today a National Historic Site, Dr. Woodson's home served as the headquarters for the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Dr. Woodson established Negro History Week here in 1926, which we celebrate today as Black History Month.
National Historical Park
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal
Potomac River, DC,MD,WV
Preserving America's early transportation history, the C&O Canal began as a dream of passage to Western wealth. Operating for nearly 100 years the canal was a lifeline for communities along the Potomac River as coal, lumber, and agricultural products floated down the waterway to market. Today it endures as a pathway for discovering historical, natural, and recreational treasures.
Chesapeake Bay
Chesapeake Bay Watershed, DC,DE,MD,NY,PA,VA,WV
NPS helps you learn about and enjoy the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in North America. Here, you can visit major league cities, colonial towns, American Indian landscapes, farms and fishing villages. You can learn to kayak, pick crabs, go fishing, tour a lighthouse, slurp oysters, and slow down to enjoy the natural beauty of the Chesapeake.
Civil War Defenses of Washington
Washington, DC,MD,VA
On forested hills surrounding the nation's capital are the remnants of a complex system of Civil War fortifications. These strategic buttresses transformed the young capital into one of the world's most fortified cities. By 1865, 68 forts and 93 batteries armed with over 800 cannons encircled Washington, DC. Today, you can visit 17 of the original sites now managed by the National Park Service.
Constitution Gardens
Washington, DC
Officially established in 1965, National Mall and Memorial Parks actually protects some of the older parkland in the National Park System. Areas within this premier park provide visitors with ample opportunities to commemorate presidential legacies; honor the courage and sacrifice of war veterans; and celebrate the United States commitment to freedom and equality.
Ford's Theatre
Washington, DC
Explore Ford's Theatre NHS, discover Abraham Lincoln's life in Washington, D.C., the struggle for a united country, and the motivation behind Lincoln's assassination. The National Park Service and the Ford's Theatre Society present a variety of programs year round.
Fort Dupont Park
Washington, DC
Welcome to Fort Dupont Park in Washington DC! At 376-acres, the wooded park was once home to earthen fort built to protect the capital during the Civil War. Today, visitors can see the fort's earthworks and escape to the great outdoors. Activities include picnics, nature walks, biking, gardening, environmental education, music, and ranger-led programs.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
Washington, DC
These words by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ushered the United States into World War II and defined what it is to be an American. Stop by this secluded memorial and begin to understand the Roosevelt legacy.
National Historic Site
Frederick Douglass
Washington, DC
Frederick Douglass spent his life fighting for justice and equality. Born into slavery in 1818, he escaped as a young man and became a leading voice in the abolitionist movement. People everywhere still find inspiration today in his tireless struggle, brilliant words, and inclusive vision of humanity. Douglass's legacy is preserved here at Cedar Hill, where he lived his last 17 years.
Memorial Parkway
George Washington
The George Washington Memorial Parkway was designed for recreational driving. It links sites that commemorate important episodes in American history and preserve habitat for local wildlife. The parkway and its associated trails provide a scenic place to play and rest in the busy Washington, DC metropolitan area.
Kenilworth Park & Aquatic Gardens
Washington, DC
In an age old dance wind, water, and land combine here. Sparkling in the sun on a breezy day, this natural area of Anacostia Park has origins in a 1926 act of Congress to preserve the forests, water quality, and recreation value of the waterways of Washington, DC. The park reflects the policies that affect rivers and wetlands. Come, join the dance.
Korean War Veterans Memorial
Washington, DC
Our nation honors her sons and daughters who answered the call to defend a country they never knew and a people they never met.
LBJ Memorial Grove on the Potomac
Washington, DC
From this distance the seat of national power appears pristine across the river, so President Johnson came here often when he needed to escape from the stresses of building a Great Society. After he died, his wife chose this place for his memorial. A landscape of serpentine paths, white pines, a granite monolith, and an open meadow honors his legacy of social justice and conservation legislation.
Lincoln Memorial
Washington, DC
"In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever." Beneath these words, the 16th President of the United States sits immortalized in marble as an enduring symbol of unity, strength, and wisdom.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial
Washington, DC
Located in downtown Washington, DC, the memorial honors Martin Luther King, Jr.'s legacy and the struggle for freedom, equality, and justice. A prominent leader in the modern civil rights movement, Dr. King was a tireless advocate for racial equality, working class, and the oppressed around the world.
National Historic Site
Mary McLeod Bethune Council House
Washington, DC
Mary McLeod Bethune achieved her greatest recognition at the Washington, DC townhouse that is now this National Historic Site. The Council House was the first headquarters of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) and was Bethune's last home in Washington, DC. From here, Bethune and the NCNW spearheaded strategies and developed programs that advanced the interests of African American women.
National Capital Parks-East
Washington, DC
Welcome to National Capital Parks-East. We invite you to journey to parks Beyond the Capital of Washington, D.C. National Capital Parks-East is 13 park sites, parkways and statuary covering more than 8,000 acres of historic, cultural, and recreational parklands from Capitol Hill to the nearby Maryland suburbs
National Mall and Memorial Parks
Washington, DC
Each year, millions of people visit National Mall and Memorial Parks to recreate, to commemorate presidential legacies, to honor our nation's veterans, to make their voices heard, and to celebrate our nation's commitment to freedom and equality.
Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, DC
A street unlike any other. It is known the world over as the heart of the Nation's Capital. America's history has marched, paraded, promenaded, and protested its way along the Avenue.
National Scenic Trail
Potomac Heritage
the corridor between the Chesapeake Bay and the Allegheny Highlands, DC,MD,PA,VA
Linking the tidal Potomac and upper Youghiogheny river basins, the evolving Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail network lies within a corridor rich in historic pathways and waterways. You can travel this historic corridor today—on foot, bicycle and horse and by boat—exploring contrasting landscapes between the Chesapeake Bay and the Allegheny Plateau.
President's Park (White House)
Washington, DC
Every president except George Washington has called the White House and its surrounding grounds his place of work, rest, and solitude. Recognizable around the world, the White House stands as a symbol of democracy. The White House and its park grounds serve not only as the seat of the executive branch of government of the United States of America, but also as an iconic place for civil discourse.
Rock Creek
Washington, DC
Rock Creek Park is truly a gem in our nation's capital. This 1,754 acre city park was officially authorized in 1890, making it the third national park to be designated by the federal government. It offers visitors the opportunity to escape the bustle of the city and find a peaceful refuge, recreation, fresh air, majestic trees, wild animals, and thousands of years of human history.
National Historic Trail
Star-Spangled Banner
For three years the young United States was embroiled in the War of 1812 and the Chesapeake Bay region felt the brunt of it, choked by shipping blockades and ravaged by enemy raids. Through sites and landscapes in Virginia, the District of Columbia, and throughout Maryland, the Trail tells the stories of the events, people, and places that led to the birth of our National Anthem.
Theodore Roosevelt Island
Washington, DC
In the 1930s, landscape architects transformed Mason's Island from neglected, overgrown farmland into Theodore Roosevelt Island, a memorial to America's 26th president. They conceived a "real forest" designed to mimic the natural forest that once covered the island. Today miles of trails through wooded uplands and swampy bottomlands honor the legacy of a great outdoorsman and conservationist.
Thomas Jefferson Memorial
Washington, DC
Author of the Declaration of Independence, statesman and visionary for the founding of a nation.
Vietnam Veterans
Washington, DC
Honoring the men and women who served in the controversial Vietnam War, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial chronologically lists the names of 58,318 Americans who gave their lives in service to their country.
Washington Monument
Washington, DC
Built to honor George Washington, the United States' first president, the 555-foot marble obelisk towers over Washington, D.C.
National Historic Trail
Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
In 1781, General Rochambeau's French Army joined forces with General Washington's Continental Army to fight the British Army in Yorktown, Virginia. With the French Navy in support, the allied armies moved hundreds of miles to become the largest troop movement of the American Revolution. The effort and cooperation between the two sides led to a victory at Yorktown and secured American independence.
World War II Memorial
Washington, DC
Through stone architecture and bronze sculptures, the World War II Memorial recognizes the ways Americans served, honors those who fell, and recognizes the victory they achieved to restore freedom and end tyranny around the globe.
By The Numbers
- 25 National Parks
- 40,987,596 Visitors to National Parks
- $833,400,000 Economic Benefit from National Park Tourism »
- $1,070,608,370 of Rehabilitation Projects Stimulated by Tax Incentives (since 1995) »
- $15,047,435 of Land & Water Conservation Fund Appropriated for Projects (since 1965) »
- $30,632,796 in Historic Preservation Grants (since 1969) »
- 58 Community Conservation & Recreation Projects (since 1987) »
- 302,084 Hours Donated by Volunteers »
- 4 National Trails Managed by NPS »
- 628 National Register of Historic Places Listings »
- 74 National Historic Landmarks »
- 1,106 Places Recorded by Heritage Documentation Programs »
- 4,886,292 Objects in National Park Museum Collections »
- 138 Archeological Sites in National Parks »
- 4 Threatened & Endangered Species in National Parks »
- 14 Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plans »
- 9 Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itineraries »
- Print the summary »
These numbers are just a sample of the National Park Service's work. Figures are for the fiscal year that ended 9/30/2018.


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Instabomb for #askate! Call to action!Peter at Faith Skate Supply, and his girl Crys, head up the ASkate. They're trying to get as many people to vote as possible, and if they win, they'll receive a $50,000 grant to help their program with teaching autistic children to skate.
About A.Skate:
The A.skate Foundation is a non profit that allows children with autism to be a part of our social world through skateboarding. We hold clinics for children with autism at no cost to the families, give grants to children with autism for skateboard gear, as well as promote awareness and educate families about the skateboard industry. Five years ago 1:150 children were diagnosed with autism. Today 1:91 children are diagnosed with autism, 1:58 of those being boys according to the statistics on TACA now.
Here are a few of the things that we do:
• hold clinics nationwide for children with autism at no cost to the families
• give "Grants for Gear" for kids to purchase skateboard gear
• hold fundraisers and events to promote our cause
Autism, like skateboarding, can be unpredictable and often times unruly. We embrace the parts of autism that are hard to understand and give these kids an outlet that is free of rules or judgment, and allows them to be social without being "social".
Let's do this people!


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Movie review: Solo: A Star Wars Story
It is perhaps unsurprising that Ron Howard venture's into a galaxy far, far away that feels more genuine in spirit, and less like an exercise machine-tooled to evoke memories and pre-existing sentiment.
The protagonist Han Solo – a rascally pilot originally played by Harrison Ford, imitated here by Alden Ehrenreich – cannot get a redemptive arc in his spin-off film. With Solo's future sealed in previous films, we know his redemption (or quasi-redemption; the character never really betrays his bad attitude) arrives later. This lack of a 'comes good in the end' sweetener gives Howard's film a compelling amorality, which is atypical of the expected Hollywood trajectory.
Read the full review on flicks.com.au.


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Mendocino County Rentals
Unfortunately, we do not have any available resources in this county, known to us at this time. If you browse our website and do not find any needed or available information, it is only because we do not have any information just yet.
That is why we need YOU!
Please help us by sending us any information or resource that you feel that may be relevant to our cause. We would greatly appreciate it.
If you are looking for resources in a specific county, please navigate to the top of our page where it lists the county in alphabetical order. Click on that page, and you will navigate to that county's official page.
Thank you for visiting our website.


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Earlier this month I found out about the City of Chicago's "Chicago Green Office Challenge," designed to engage the City of Chicago's business community and encourage them to consider what they could do to operate in a more environmentally conscious manner. Last week I had a chance to speak with Alex Moree of the Delta Institute, to learn more about the program.
Andrew DeCanniere (AD): I just recently learned of the "Chicago Green Office Challenge" myself, and I'm sure that there are many other people who haven't heard of it, or perhaps -- like myself -- just learned of its existence. Perhaps you could give us a bit of background. What is it? How did it come to be? And, for that matter, what's the City's motivation for putting this kind of a program in place?
Alex Moree (AM): I would say it has a little bit of a fun and funny history. It began in 2008, as a City of Chicago program. The Department of Environment and the City of Chicago were working on it with a non-profit called ICLEI. They previously had an office in Chicago, and I actually used to work for them. They are headquartered in California and closed their Chicago office. They are an environmentally focused non-profit that works specifically with local governments -- so cities and counties and some rural areas -- on sustainability programs. They were talking with the City of Chicago about ways to engage commercial offices, because the City didn't previously have a really robust program for that, and they wanted to develop one. So ICLEI decided to develop the program with the Department of Environment and the City. I wasn't around for that -- that was in 2008 and I came on in 2010. Between 2008 and 2012, it was just for Loop area buildings, so it really was just focused on the Loop, River North and the business district. It didn't really allow for all of the offices and different types of buildings all over the City to participate. For the first time this year it will include the whole City of Chicago. Any office or building that feels like they can and want to participate, it's free to sign up, it's free to come to our events throughout the year. We're able to offer that because of our generous corporate sponsors, which is really terrific. In 2013 it will be a little bit of a bigger program than it has been in the past. I worked for ICLEI from 2010 to 2011, and the Department of Environment in the City of Chicago was disassembled -- it was during the budget cuts, but ultimately Mayor Emanuel said that he didn't want to have just one department focusing on the environment. He wanted to make sure that sustainability was part of the operations of every City department. So, he's held true to that, and there are a lot of people operating all over the City -- in the Department of Buildings, in the Mayor's Office we worked with the Chief Sustainability Officer Karen Weigert. She's our main contact for the program. Mayor Emanuel has really put the focus on environmental issues all over the city. So that's who we've been working with, and since then -- about six months ago -- Delta Institute decided that they could really do some good things by running the "Green Office Challenge." So, it's still a City of Chicago program, but Delta is the one administrating everything and bringing people together, making sure that the program continues to grow and be successful.
AD: And I guess there's a lot of information on your website about the program as well, right?
AM: There are tons of resources just to learn more about the things you can do in a space, or in an entire building to promote sustainability. Nothing too hefty. It doesn't mean that you have to spend a lot of money. Some people do decide to put in all-new lighting systems and everything, but it isn't required at all, and there are definitely things to do that are fairly easy and don't take a lot of time and construction or anything like that.
AD: Speaking of the site, it alludes to the fact that the challenge has changed over the years. What sorts of changes or improvements, specifically, does this version have as compared to past years?
AM: There are a few main changes, and a lot of small ones. A couple of the big ones are that it will include the whole city this year. That's a first for us. It will also be a much larger group of people participating, which we're excited about. We're hoping to bring in many more small businesses and different types of buildings, not just skyscrapers and corporate businesses located in the Loop. We're really excited to work with all different sorts of people who are interested in sustainability. Another big one is the brand-new website, which we developed with a local start-up called GreenPoint Partners. They do a lot of web systems work, but they also work really closely on sustainable building solutions. It's a really great partnership, and we've been working with them since November to create this website. They got it done in a record amount of time. So the front end is fairly straight-forward, but a lot more beautiful than the previous website. Then, when you're able to log in, the way that the activities have been structured is much more engaging than in the past. Previously there were 40 questions and they added up to 100 points. It was kind of this questionnaire people would fill out. They answered "yes" or "no" to a given question and then would move on to the next one. It wasn't based on activities or doing things together. We're really focusing more on forming green teams within offices, so that you're working with other people. In the past, sometimes, there would be an office manager or somebody like that who would be working on this and they would just be doing it alone, because they were asked to do so by their company's leadership and they didn't have anybody else to do it with. We're really encouraging people getting together, working out these issues, coming up with solutions together, rather than just filling out a form and feeling like you didn't learn anything and didn't make sustainable changes in your office. That's the kind of thing we want to avoid, and that's why we're having more events this year and communicating more, and just giving folks a lot of information to try and tackle some of the activities that are trickier for them, or that they felt they wouldn't be able to accomplish. We're trying to really make it fun, we're communicating with them and providing them with a ton of information.
AD: It sounds like a great thing to just sort of connect with others who share that interest. It builds more of a community.
AM: Exactly. It includes a lot of people who already know a ton about how to do this. They're really into it and want to work with us, and they'd like to meet other people who share that interest. Then we work with a ton of people who haven't even thought about sustainable practices before they got involved in the program. They found it really interesting and started to understand more specifically why it's important for the Chicago community. It's really amazing, as you can imagine, to see those people -- you know, we're not telling them to do anything, because it's a totally voluntary program, but it's really fun to see them learning more about how they can save energy and why that matters. They can save their company money. The Mayor hands out awards at the end of each round of the program. So, sometimes they get to meet the Mayor and be in a photo with him, which a lot of people think is cool. It really is just getting the conversation started. It's not about numbers and hitting a specific number of kilowatt hour reductions. We do talk about that, and we do set goals, but it's really just about spreading the word and engaging people -- making them aware that sustainability can be easy and accessible and enjoyable.
AD: I'd think that it would really change the outlook or relationship a lot of people have to the environment, because it clearly illustrates that you can have a real impact, particularly collectively. I mean, I know that there are those people who doubt what sort of an impact they can have themselves. There's the idea of "it's only me," but when you take into account how many "only me"s there are, that can really add up. You know?
AM: Right. Even if they just spread the message in their office -- if you have 20 people or 200 people in your office and you're able to talk to them about it -- you get those people involved in at least caring and thinking about this [the environment] when making decisions, and I think that everybody would agree that matters. It makes a huge difference.
AD: Which brings me to my next point. I was wondering how many businesses took part in the challenge in the past, and how many are registered already for this year?
AM: In 2011, there were 263 offices and 98 buildings that participated. One of our goals this year is to have over 75 percent of participants finish the program, because in 2011 about 50 percent finished. We decided that a whole year, 12 months, was too long. There just wasn't enough to do in 12 months and a lot of people were just kind of like "OK. I did everything. I think I'm done." For this year we just launched last week -- in the middle of February -- and we'll be wrapping it up by about the end of October, and making time for an awards ceremony. So, we're looking at about nine months this year. In 2011, 47 buildings and 98 offices finished, which means that about 150 participants total finished out of about 350. We want to up that number. We'll probably have much larger numbers participating this year. We are doing outreach now to get people to sign up, so we don't know what the numbers will be, but we anticipate hundreds of offices and probably at least a couple hundred buildings. It will just be much larger, partly because the entire City of Chicago is now able to participate, and partly because we have a little bit more time and money dedicated to spreading the word, talking to people about it, and doing more media work to get the word out further.
AD: I really hope that the expansion of the program in and of itself makes more people aware of the issues and of the importance of doing business in a sustainable manner.
AM: We're hoping that it will just be more of a common conversation piece instead of being something that people are just doing at work. People that work on the north side and the west side and the south side and -- you know, a lot of people work in their community, so if this is something that they hear about and that they participate in at work, it is more likely to become part of what they talk about with friends or think about doing in their home. That's the kind of impact the City of Chicago would like to have, to change the way that we think about our environment and why we do things that matter for it. We're anticipating we might have really huge numbers this year. We're already looking really good, we already have over 100 signed up and we haven't even really done any big outreach pushes yet. So we're optimistic and really excited. It's definitely going to be a fun year.
AD: What sorts of businesses participate in the program? I would assume that there would be a wide range, from a variety of sectors in the business community.
AM: Traditionally we've had a lot of banks and law firms. Design firms are really into it because a lot of them use sustainability in their everyday. So, design, architecture, engineering firms, offices of construction companies, and other professional services like accounting firms were the big participants in the past. They all have offices in Loop high-rises. This year we're definitely bringing all of those folks back. We've had a lot of them sign up again, but we're also really excited about bringing in small businesses, tech businesses, social media ventures. One company that signed up that we really like is Mightybytes. They're a digital social marketing company based in Ravenswood. Really, really cool. They're also a B Corp., so they made a legal commitment to a triple bottom line, which is awesome. We just want to bring in small businesses that are doing awesome things, so we have accountants talking to lawyers talking to social marketers talking to people who are working from home talking to people who started a business around food, you know? We just want to bring all of those different sorts of people in. We're also talking to the Green Chicago Restaurant Coalition about possibly getting the offices of a couple of restaurants to participate. I used to work in restaurants, and I think it's really important. Food is a big issue in Chicago, and it's becoming increasingly important. I think that bringing in restaurants and showing them how they can make sustainable choices in the way that they operate is important.
AD: I actually heard of the Green Chicago Restaurant Coalition before and heard a little bit about what they're doing. So, to be eligible do you have to be in the city?
AM: The short answer is "yes," but actually a couple of our corporate sponsors like Siemens and Abbott Laboratories are based in the suburbs. They're headquarters are there. So after a few conversations with the City, we decided that we would allow offices and buildings in the surrounding suburbs to participate. They may not be eligible for all of the prizes that are handed out at the end of the year, but we will still recognize them on the website and when we do Press Releases and things like that. We're trying to make it a habit not to say "no" to people, unless there is a really strong reason that they should not be participating. So we have quite a few buildings in the suburbs signed up already, and they're definitely free to come to the events. It might be a little bit tougher for them to travel into the city, but if not we're looking forward to welcoming them to events -- and hopefully to spreading the word outside the City of Chicago as well. If they are interested in participating, we're happy to welcome them.
AD: That's great, because no one -- no community -- exists in a bubble. What we each do impacts the other.
AM: Exactly, and we want to spread the word to people in the suburbs. The makeup of what you can do is different, but a lot of people still care and want to connect with people in Chicago more. I think that this is a great way to do it.
AD: Is there any one particular reason -- or set of reasons, for that matter -- that businesses tend to get involved in the program?
AM: I've heard all different sorts of reasons, and been surprised many times. Obviously, one of the biggest is to benefit the environment. A lot of people are just interested in doing good and in operating more responsibly.
AD: Which, to me, is the best reason.
AM: But, when you save materials you also save money, which can definitely help your bottom line. Also, a lot of people do it to engage with the Chicago community. A lot of corporations are interested in community outreach, and this helps them connect with their employees and helps them meet corporate social responsibility goals by encouraging employees to talk with one another, organize into groups, do community outreach, do things that matter in their community. That's a huge one because we help people do that. We plan events and welcome everybody to come, we also help people connect with other non-profits around the city to do work with them as well. So that's big on the corporate social responsibility front. It helps other people meet their environmental goals in general. A lot of companies are developing waste and energy use reduction goals, and participating in the program is a free and fun way to help meet those goals. So there are definitely a ton of benefits, and some people just like to do it because it's interesting, fun and it's something difference that mixes up their day. Then some people are like "We've committed to save 20 percent on our energy in five years, and this is something that we have to do to meet that goal."
AD: It's great that so many people are just motivated to do something for the environment.But there are definite bonuses, which you alluded to as well, for a company's bottom line. The ability for a company to save a little bit at the same time definitely couldn't hurt. I don't think that anyone's going to complain about that.
AM: It's definitely a nice additional benefit.
AD: Even where it costs ore, which in some cases it might, I think that it's worth it to spend more on environmentally friendly options over those that aren't. For instance, if you have to spend a little more on electricity generated by renewables, rather than traditional sources, I think it's worth doing. There's no question in my mind about that.
AM: Yeah, and there can be a bit of a cost premium, but we try to help mitigate that where we can. One way that we do that is through working with Office Depot. They're our underwriting sponsor, so they've been our sponsor since the beginning, and they are by far our biggest contributor. They're huge in supporting us, both in providing information about ways that offices can make greener purchasing happen and save money. They're actually offering a special deal for all Green Office Challenge participants to sign up. I was just talking with an Office Depot rep. They're really, really nice guys that I work with everyday, and they can just help you look at what you're purchasing in your office and ways that you can purchase greener products. Because they're offering a discount, sometimes it won't cost a penny more. You're buying greener items, they're giving you a discount. They really take care of their business accounts in terms of offering them all sorts of information about ways to do things better.
AD: If someone is a business owner, and this sparks some sort of an interest in "going green," in participating in the Chicago Green Office Challenge, but they don't know how to get started, are there any resources to guide them?
AM: The best resources that we have -- anybody can e-mail me with questions, always -- and though I used to consult and really like it, we're not a consulting company, since we're non-profit. We don't have a ton of manhours, since it is a voluntary program that's free, but I am always happy to answer questions for anybody who has them. We also have flyers and there are a ton of resources when somebody signs up. We have something called a "Knowledge Base." It is pages and pages full of information about each topic that we cover in the program. There's tons of information we've pulled together. We work with our partners and our sponsors to pull information together, so it's something like 30 pages of resources about things that you can do and how to do them. That is by far the biggest offering to help people get started. They can read it and read about what e-waste is, why it's not a good thing, how to reduce e-waste, companies that you can call to take away your e-waste, or non-profits that you can work with to learn more about it. There are just tons of resources to help you get started and understand all of the issues.
AD: I didn't see that. I have to check it out myself. Sounds like a great tool for businesses interested in becoming environmentally friendly.
AM: Yeah, if you register for it and sign in, you'll see the "Knowledge Base," and you can go and look under each activity and there's just tons of information for you.
Program Achievements:
As a result of 2011's Chicago Green Office Challenge, more than 124 kilowatt hours of electricity was saved (which is equivalent to the energy used by 45,000 homes or 120,000 barrels of oil), 85,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide was kept from the atmosphere (which is the equivalent of removing more than 16,000 cars from the city's streets), $17,503,891 were saved by property managers who reduced energy use, and 53 business district buildings diverted an average of 43 percent of waste from landfills.
(Program achievements have been obtained from a City of Chicago Press Release, issued by the Office of the Mayor on May 30, 2012.)
For more information regarding the Chicago Green Office Challenge, or to register for the challenge, please visit www.chicagogoc.com. You can also follow the Chicago Green Office Challenge on Twitter at www.twitter.com/ChiGreenOffice or @ChiGreenOffice.
Photos: Bernadette Aguilar


text: Historic Tax Credits (HTCs) have been integral to the completion of numerous projects in our region, including East 4th Street, the Tudor Arms Hotel and the Capitol Theater. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Historic Boardwalk Hall, LLC v Commissioner, has brought a temporary halt to HTC transactions as the commercial real estate industry assesses the short- and long-term implications of the court's decision on leveraged tax credit transactions. The case involved the redevelopment of the home of the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City. The state convention authority was halfway through the redevelopment project when a private investor was engaged to take advantage of available HTCs. The investor owned all but a fraction of the resulting partnership which owned the property. The investor also received numerous guarantees, including a 3% priority return in exchange for its investment in the project. The IRS dis-allowed the allocation of the tax credit to the investor, finding the investor had no meaningful stake in the success or failure of the project. The investor challenged the IRS determination and won a favorable ruling from the Tax Court last year. In August, however, the Third Circuit reversed the Tax Court's decision, criticizing the transaction structure and creating a ripple effect on tax credit transactions, HTCs and otherwise. The Court's analysis focused on the investor's "meaningful stake" in the success or failure of the project. Several detrimental facts swayed the Court to find the investor lacked sufficient risk, including (i) the transaction's access to adequate funds other than the HTCs; (ii) the consistent reference to the "sale" of credits by the parties; (iii) the investor's priority return being guaranteed; and (iv) the timing of the actual investment of funds. While Boardwalk Hall may prove to be a fact-based outlier, there is significant concern that tax credit deals may face greater scrutiny and that investors will be held to a higher standard of risk in order to qualify for tax credits. This may result in a smaller pool of investors or higher project costs. What's at stake? Any rollback in tax credit activity could be detrimental to Cleveland's economic recovery. Nearly 100 HTC projects have created more than 15,000 jobs in Cleveland since 2000. The $150 million invested in HTC projects have produced total expenditures of $920 million. Similarly, since 2001, New Markets Tax credits have aided 250 businesses, created 13,000 jobs and leveraged $1 billion in tax credits into $2.75 billion in expenditures, statewide Tax credits may decrease tax revenues in the short term, but the resulting project investments and income outweigh such losses over the longer term. Federal HTCs have granted $19.2 billion in credits (i.e. lost revenue) but have supported projects generating more than $24.4 billion in tax revenue. At a time when tax expenditures face legislative scrutiny, programs which demonstrate positive revenue should be free from such scrutiny. As a region that owes much of its revitalization success to a variety of tax credit financing options, Northeast Ohio has to hope that such programs are not curtailed due to short-sighted decision making and that the Boardwalk Hall serves merely as an indictment of a single poorly crafted transaction structure.