text:
Getting and using a horse passport
When you need a horse passport
Horses, ponies, donkeys and related animals (including zoo species like zebras) must have a horse passport.
The passport is a small booklet or smart card that:
- identifies your animal by its height and species
- states if your animal can be used for human food when it dies
Semi-wild ponies in Dartmoor, Exmoor, the New Forest or Wicken Fen only need a passport if they are under your control (for example if they wear a saddle or are on a farm).
Use your horse passport
You must keep a valid horse passport with your animal at all times. This includes at their stable or when you move them.
You need to provide your horse's passport:
- when a vet examines or treats your animal - the medication your animal can get depends on how it's categorised on its passport
- if an animal health inspector, trading standards inspector or other enforcement officer asks to see it
- when you sell or give the animal to someone else
You could get an unlimited fine if you cannot show a valid horse passport for an animal in your care.
If you buy a horse
Contact the Passport Issuing Organisation (PIO) within 30 days to update the passport ownership details.
If the seller does not give you the horse's passport, contact your local trading standards office for advice.
When your horse dies
Within 30 days of the horse's death, return its passport to the PIO that issued it. They will update their records and invalidate or destroy the passport.
If the passport has been invalidated you may be able to get it sent back to you. Ask the PIO if this is possible.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dont know if this is the right place.
If you went to my album and found the "The 'D Series Poster" then heres the thing: i suck and drawing and coding (doesnt alot of people?) and i need help. i got so many ways how the 'D Series will go (notice the words on the poster as some of them) and well i need someone to help me cause im having alot of trouble.
Before i start the first episode "Intro'd" i need someone to help me on the drawing and i need to know the codes and how to use them cause i would have big problems if i dont know how to use the codes.
So can anybody help?


text:
Visit the forum if you have a language query!
Permission error
Love means the body, the soul, the life, the entire being. We feel love as we feel the warmth of our blood, we breathe love as we breathe air, we hold it in ourselves as we hold our thoughts. Nothing more exists for us.Guy De Maupassant
You do not have permission to read this page, for the following reason:
The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: editor.


text:
Happy National Library Week, everyone!
A few days ago, I was thinking about what to post and then I remembered that I hadn't done any animal photoshoots in a while. My Labrador Retriever, Maude, is pretty much the cutest dog ever, so I decided that a photoshoot of her might be fun. 😉
Maude loves to relax on the front porch, especially in the summer. It's fun to do schoolwork or write letters on the porch because I have some company, but sometimes she tries to eat whatever I'm working on. XD
Fun fact: Maude is what's called a "Dudley Lab", which means she has a rare genetic trait that gives her less pigment in her face, making her coat white instead of tan, her nose pink instead of black, and her eyes lighter in color. People always ask what kind of dog she is because she doesn't look like a normal Lab. 😛
I wanted to see if Maude would let me put a flower on her head for a picture…
…but she was more interested in eating it. XD
I finally got her to cooperate! She looks so unimpressed.
After a few pictures, Maude decided she'd had enough and ate the flower. *sniff*
I tried again with a leaf, which didn't last very long. 😛
After I took some pictures of Maude on the porch, I took her in the hayfield to play fetch, which she was quite pleased about.
This is the stick that we were playing fetch with. I'm afraid it didn't last long once Maude started chewing it.
After we played for a while, Maude allowed me to photograph her while she relaxed in the flowers.
Taking pictures of Maude is so fun and funny. Some of the pictures turn out really pretty and cute, and then some look like this:
I don't know what she's doing in this picture, but it is hilarious. XD
Maude has a lot of nicknames. Some of my favorites are Snuffleupagus, Maudley, and Frog Dog. 😛
Aaaand she's eating flowers again. *sigh*
I love this picture! It might be my favorite… actually, no, my favorite is down below. You'll see it in a moment. 😀
Maude is 6 years old and will be 7 this August. I'm planning to take her to Tractor Supply on her birthday and let her pick out some dog toys. XD Do you celebrate your pets' birthdays?
OKAY. We're almost to my favorite picture…
AHH HERE IT IS. How adorable is that?? I want to get this one printed because it's just so CUTE. ❤
I think I had just given her a treat when I took this picture. She loves treats almost as much as she loves flowers. 😛
Does this picture make you yawn? It makes me yawn, and I'm curious if I'm the only one. XD
She looks like she's smiling!
She accidentally looked at the sun right before I took this picture. XD
Thus ends Maude's spring photoshoot! I hope you enjoyed those pictures. 😀 Before I go, you should check out these cute puppy posts:
Meet Little Greg | Create in Me
Tips on owning a dog- Sneak Peek of My Puppy! | Hear What's Up!
Happiness is a Puppy | Create in Me
Thanks so much for reading – have a wonderful day! ❤
Which pictures were your favorite and least favorite? Do you have a pet? If so, what's something funny that they do?


text:
Location: Ancona - via Brecce Bianche - ingresso 3
Access: Open access
Order: D.M. 270/04
Type: Master Degree (2 years)
Master's degrees in Mechanical Engineering can become professionals in the industrial sector in general, and in particular in mechanical engineering, assuming the highest technical roles and greater responsibility than the three-year graduates.
Thanks to the scientific culture and the versatility of the technical preparation, the Master Mechanical Engineer is at ease in any technical context, even away from his/her specific cultural field. This often allows him/her to assume coordination roles in the presence of specialists from other disciplines, including non-engineering.
In particular, master graduates can tackle advanced design problems, including highly complex ones, and cope with innovation and the development of new products and new technological processes such as:
- computer aided mechanical design
- management, organization and planning of production
- the construction of mechanical components and complex mechanical systems
- the design of processes, systems and plants for energy
The Master's Degree Program in Mechanical Engineering offers a comprehensive and multidisciplinary vision of the integrated process of product, system and plant development: it examines both aspects related to the life cycle of the products (from concept to design, production, testing, management and maintenance, without neglecting economic implications) and methodologies, techniques and tools, including computing, design, testing, production, analysis and control of every engineering manufacture.
The skills gained in this course make graduates in mechanical engineering qualified to work professionally in the various fields of industrial engineering. Therefore, the work market for a Master Mechanical Engineer is very large: it is not limited to manufacturing companies, where he/she can play a leading role and aim at the highest levels of management but it extends to service companies, research centers, public administrations, professional studies, engineering companies and professional activities.
Role in the work context
Facing new design problems, even incomplete or with conflicting specifications, making appropriate decisions and treating the development of new products and new technological processes. The mechanical engineer performs, also with coordination responsibility, challenging tasks of modelling, functional and structural design of highly complex mechanical systems and assemblies and of fluid, thermal and hydraulic machines.
Expertise Related to the Function
Functional and structural design of electromechanical systems and structures in static and dynamic domains
Verification of the mechanical strength and assessment of the reliability of mechanical groups and systems under conditions of use;
Definition of experimental processes and test methodologies for the evaluation and improvement of functional characteristics, quality and reliability features of products;
Use of CAD systems and virtual prototyping to reduce product and process development times
Definition of the optimal layout of a manufacturing plant and preliminary sizing of its technical services;
Choice of optimal solutions for warehouses and internal plant transport;
Design of production systems and machining machines and identification of production systems according to product type and production volumes
Employment opportunities
industries that design, maintain and produce mechanical and electromechanical components and systems;
processing and manufacturing industries that use mechanical, metallurgical and electromechanical production systems;
companies and institutions for energy conversion;
plant engineering companies;
companies engaged in the movement of materials and people;
service and industrial consulting firms;
public bodies with technical functions.
private practice (required the enrolment in the Order of the Engineer, A section, after having passed the enrolment test)
continuation of studies through Ph.D. courses
Role in the work context
Energy engineer faces new, inadequately defined or conflicting design problems by taking the right decisions and carrying out design, consulting, work management, estimation and testing of power plants and machines. It carries out modelling and design activities for fluid, thermal and hydraulic machines.
He can design an energy project both in civil and industrial environments and to use thermal engineering components both for heat production and cold production.
Expertise Related to the Function
Fluid dynamics, including numerical modelling of both heat transfer and propulsion systems;
Assessment of both thermal and energy performance of mechanical components and systems;
Definition of experimental plans and test methodologies to evaluate and improve the characteristics, quality and reliability of machine and energy plants.
Detailed design of dedicated systems for production, transport and end-use of energy in both the industrial and civil sector
Design of plants for the generation and distribution of energy
Employment opportunities
Municipal utilities for energy management;
public and private companies operating in the energy supply sector;
companies that produce and sell machinery and energy plants;
Engineering firms involved in design, installation and testing of plants for the production, transport and final use of energy
(for example: thermal and refrigeration plants).
Energy manager for both civil and industrial companies
freelance professional (registration required by the engineers' order, section A, after passing an enrolment examination)
Continuation of studies through PhD courses
Role in the work context
Address new or incomplete design problems or conflicting specifications by taking appropriate decisions and participating in design, including co-ordination tasks, industrial plants, and production systems. Identify and design manufacturing processes.
It manages complex industrial plants by defining the best management strategies considering economic and organizational aspects. It chooses and implements the management and management strategies of production systems.
Expertise Related to the Function
definition of the optimal layout of a plant, considering technological, economic and environmental constraints;
preliminary design and technical-economical management of the technical services;
organization of logistics and materials handling within industrial plants;
definition of plans and coordination of service and machine maintenance activities.
definition of production strategies and coordination of production planning and management activities materials in manufacturing companies;
design of production systems and machining machines
planning and management of quality control processes and design of their systems
Employment opportunities
management and internal logistics departments in industrial companies and service companies
technical-commercial departments in industrial companies.
consulting firms, banks and insurance companies, public authorities and public bodies with technical functions.
chartered engineer (required enrolment into the section A of Engineering Association chart, after passing an examination)
Continuation of studies through PhD courses


text:
The BBC has annoyed some early Freesat supporters by switching the technology used to broadcast its HD channels over the free-to-air satellite service.
Today, the Corporation shifted BBC One HD and BBC HD from DVB-S to DVB-S2. If your Freesat box supports the latter - and many recent ones do - the worst you'll experience is an enforced retune.
But folk who bought some early Freesat boxes - the service launched in May 2008 - are grumbling that they have now lost the channels. Their set-tops don't support DVB-S. A fair few PC TV tuner cards don't either, it seems. Nor do some Freesat HD TVs.
Some Sky HD users have been affected too, but, according to posters on a variety of forums, this can be sorted by deleting added channels, and performing a "new install" run.
The BBC notified punters of the change through a blog posting four days ago. Not enough warning, say aggrieved readers.
DVB-S2 is a more efficient modulation scheme than DVB-S, effectively increasing the available bandwidth. As yet, the BBC hasn't said what it plans to do with the extra space.
It's worth noting that DVB-S2 was part of the Freesat spec from the start. When Channel 4 HD was added to Freesat in April, it used DVB-S2. Future HD channels may well do the same. ®
Sponsored: Ransomware has gone nuclear


text:
FAYETTEVILLE — Arkansas fell short of a breakthrough performance last November, allowing a last-minute touchdown on a blown coverage at LSU.
FAYETTEVILLE — Arkansas fell short of a breakthrough performance last November, allowing a last-minute touchdown on a blown coverage at LSU.
The 31-27 loss left the Razorbacks winless in Southeastern Conference play for the first time since joining the conference in 1992. It also sent Arkansas into the offseason with a nine-game losing streak. But coach Bret Bielema said earlier this month the heart-breaking end may have been the best thing for the Razorbacks.
"I've kind of thought a lot about if we had gone in that locker room a winner, obviously there would have been some short-term satisfaction," Bielema said.
"Everybody would have been excited. But just knowing the mentality and some of the guys, I really think they would have thought they had arrived if they beat LSU there at the end. I'm almost in the belief that maybe, although it's nothing I wanted to live through, that maybe that might have been a blessing in disguise, to show how we had made progress but we're not quite where we need to be. And it makes them understand an 0-8 season in the SEC about how much more we've got to do."
It's an unusual outlook, but Bielema believes the motivation has been evident the past three months as the Razorbacks continue to build toward the 2014 season.
The next step begins today, when Arkansas kicks off spring practice. The Razorbacks will hold 15 practices over a five-week span, ending with the program's Red-White scrimmage in Razorback Stadium on April 26.
Bielema has remained in the spotlight this winter because of his controversial comments regarding proposed rules aimed at slowing no-huddle offenses. But the coach, who hasn't commented about the proposal publicly since it was tabled earlier this month, said he's eager to turn his focus back to the field.
Today's practice will be Arkansas' first time on the field together since the loss at LSU, which capped Bielema's worst season in eight years as a head coach.
Bielema said he "can't wait" to get going again and believes players are "chomping at the bit" to put the 2013 season behind them.
"What are you going to do different to change the math?" Bielema said. "What are you going to do in your personal life? What are you going to do away from the game? Because if we do the same thing all over again, we'll have the same results.
"So, that's been a challenge to both my players and coaches."
There are plenty of issues they'll have to iron out on the field, too.
Below are five questions facing Arkansas as spring practice begins:
1. Will anyone challenge quarterback Brandon Allen?
Arkansas is opening its quarterback competition this spring after Allen endured a difficult season as a starter (thanks largely to a shoulder injury). The junior has a big advantage considering his experience, but the Razorbacks want to see what Austin Allen, Damon Mitchell and newcomer Rafe Peavey can prove on the field this spring.
"I think BA with just that full year of playing, that gives you such an advantage as college football player but especially at the quarterback position," Bielema said. "That is so hard to put a price tag on and that's what separates them right now."
All three still will get opportunities to unseat Allen, which might be impossible in just 15 practices. And surpass A.J. Derby, who was No. 2 in 2013. Strong performances by any candidate would certainly lead to an intriguing summer as Arkansas works to improve a passing offense that averaged 148.5 yards in 2013.
2. How will the new-look staff impact the defense?
Bielema spent a good portion of the offseason restructuring his defensive staff after defensive coordinator Chris Ash, defensive line coach Charlie Partridge and cornerbacks coach Taver Johnson left for other positions. So three new coaches — defensive coordinator Robb Smith, secondary coach Clay Jennings and defensive line coach Rory Segrest — will get their first chances to work with returning players.
Bielema likes the new "flavor" the group has provided so far. He has stressed simplicity during public appearances after the Razorbacks surrendered 30.8 points a game in 2013. Arkansas knows it must improve — especially at linebacker and in the secondary — to have any chance in 2014. While no drastic changes are expected, Smith's imprint on the group will begin with 15 practices this spring.
3. Who is going to replace Travis Swanson?
Arkansas is confident its offensive line is improving under position coach Sam Pittman, but the Razorbacks have a big hole to fill in the middle. Travis Swanson, who started every game at center during his four-year career, is off preparing for the NFL Draft. So finding his replacement is one critical goal this spring.
Senior Luke Charpentier is the leading candidate after serving as Swanson's backup last season. But the Razorbacks will also take a good look at sophomore Cordale Boyd. One of them will get a chance to lock up the job heading into the summer. But look out for signee Frank Ragnow next fall. Arkansas is hopeful Ragnow is the long-term solution at the position and could rush him into action if neither Charpentier or Boyd impresses enough to take control this spring.
4. Are any newcomers ready to contribute?
Four of Arkansas' 24 signees have enrolled in classes and will be available to participate in spring practice (Peavey, receivers Jared Cornelius and Cody Hollister and cornerback Chris Murphy). The learning curve will be big for the group, but the practice work gives them a chance to get a leg up on the rest of the 2014 class.
Peavey will draw plenty of interest this spring he tries to make an impression at quarterback, but Bielema predicted Cornelius will "turn heads". Bielema said last week the speedy receiver has been one of Arkansas' top performers this offseason and should get a chance to make an immediate impact with the receivers this spring.
5. Who is ready for a starting role on the defensive front?
Defensive end Trey Flowers is back for his senior season. Tackle Darius Philon returns after starting the second half of the year in place of Robert Thomas. But the Razorbacks will be counting on youth as it rebuilds its defensive front this spring.
Starting spots are up for grabs at two positions and Arkansas should have plenty of competition. Sophomore Deatrich Wise could be the leading candidate at defensive end after flashing some promise in a reserve role, while steady tackle DeMarcus Hodge may get the early nod on the interior. But watch out for others like Tevin Beanum, JaMichael Winston, Brandon Lewis, who will get opportunities to impress as Arkansas works to replace Thomas, Chris Smith and Byran Jones.


text:
Environmentalists and a growing number of concerned New Yorkers are opposed to the plan, which would allow energy companies to use a new drilling technology known as hydro-fracking to extract gas from what is believed to be a massive underground gas reserve.
Energy companies are pushing to drill in close proximity to the city's reservoir system, which provides millions of city residents with clean drinking water.
Gary Giordano, the district manager of CB5, brought the issue to the board's attention earlier this year. Giordano has called it perhaps the single most important issue since he became district manager two decades ago.
"We as a city really need to pay attention to this," Giordano said at CB5's last meeting.
If the full board approves the environmental committee's recommendation against the drilling, Giordano has indicated CB5 would work with other community boards to draft a citywide resolution.
The environmental committee recommendation is expected at CB5's next meeting on June 8. The meeting will be held at 7:30 p.m. in the CNL center (3rd Fl., Door #10) of Christ the King High School, 68-02 Metropolitan Avenue, in Middle Village.
To register to speak in advance, or for additional information, please call the Board 5 office at (718) 366-1834. (Daniel Bush)


text:
Mejia exits start due to blister on middle finger
PHOENIX -- Mets starter Jenrry Mejia left Tuesday's 9-0 win against the D-backs after five innings with what manager Terry Collins termed "a hell of a blister" on his right middle finger, but he expects to make his next start.
Mejia, who has pitched through multiple minor ailments -- most notably a bunion on his right foot -- since the end of Spring Training, was enjoying a nine-run lead and his best outing of the season before the blister burst, forcing him to leave after 77 pitches.
"He tore it up completely," Collins said. "His middle finger completely ripped open. I would say it's a concern."
Mejia indicated that the problem first arose during his last start in Atlanta, but that he kept pitching without major issue. He felt the blister again while warming up before Tuesday's start, but it did not burst until the fourth inning.
Add that to a growing list of maladies for Mejia so far this season, including his bunion and a comebacker that struck his right ankle during an exhibition game in Montreal. Though Mejia has managed to avoid the major shoulder and elbow issues that once derailed his career, minor ailments have affected him throughout the young season.
"It's a little bit frustrating because I want to keep pitching," Mejia said. "But there's nothing I can do. It happened."
Mejia did not allow a run in five innings against the D-backs, lowering his ERA to 2.81. If he is unable to make his next start, Daisuke Matsuzaka -- whom Mejia beat out for a rotation spot this spring -- is pitching well at Triple-A Las Vegas, with a 2.25 ERA in two outings. The Mets could also easily slide reliever Carlos Torres into the rotation for a spot start.
But Mejia showed off his blister after the game without concern, saying he is confident the Mets' training staff will have him back in game shape before next Monday.
"I don't worry because the trainer's going to work on it, and I'm going to work on it, and I think I'll be ready for my next start," Mejia said.


text:
Valerie Harper is exiting the tour of Matthew Lombardo's "Looped" for medical reasons.
The actress, 73, was hospitalized earlier this month in New York City when she was rehearsing for the tour which was to kick off at Hartford's Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts this week.
Stefanie Powers will replace Harper on tour. The Bushnell date is rescheduled to May 7 to 12. The tour will now kick off in Florida.
Powers was in the 1965 film, "Die, Die, My Darling" with Bankhead, the very film Bankhead is "looping" in "Looped."
Harper was nominated for a Tony Award in 2010 when she played outspoken actress Tallulalh Bankhead in "Looped" on Broadway in the three-actor play. Rob Ruggiero directed that production and is staging the tour as well.
Harper, an Emmy Award winning actress best known for her role as Rhoda in "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and the spinoff series, "Rhoda," is home in Santa Monica receiving medical attention. The specific nature of her illness is not yet disclosed.
Harper was also promoting her memoir, "I, Rhoda," which was released in stores earlier this month. In the boiok, Harper talks for the first time her bout with lung cancer.


text:
Shaikh S. Ahmed
OrganizationSouthern Illinois University Carbondale
ORCID(not set)
Reason(not set)
Shaikh Shahid Ahmed received the B.S. degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1998, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Nanostructures Research Group at Arizona State University, Tempe, in 2003 and 2005, respectively. From 2005 to 2007, he was a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and at the National Science Foundation (NSF) Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. In August 2007, Shaikh Ahmed joined Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA, where he is currently a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Research activities in my Group focus mainly in the field of computational nanoelectronics and involves multiscale modeling of electronic structure and transport in nanoscale devices including novel transistors, semiconducting 2-D structures and nanowires, quantum dots and nanocrystals, solid-state lighting sources and their reliability, nanoscale thermoelectric and piezoelectric energy-harvesting devices, and nanoelectronic devices for applications in harsh environments. The goal is three-fold: a) better understand the underlying physical processes; b) explore and exploit the enhanced degrees-of-freedom available at nanoscale for device optimization; and c) develop cyber-enabled community nanoelectronics simulation software. Research and computational efforts in Ahmed's group make extensive use of advanced algorithms and state-of-the-art high-performance cluster and CPU/GPGPU distributed computing platforms.
Shaikh Ahmed is the recipient of 2009 Oak Ridge National Lab (ORAU) High-Performance Computing Award and his group has successfully scaled their scientific software on more than 130,000 cores in then Jaguar XT5 fastest supercomputing platform in the world. Ahmed has authored/co-authored 12 nanoelectronics software tools (nanoFET, CNTFET, QuaMC 2D, Schred, nanoMOS, FETtoy, MOSFET, MOScap, QPC, MCbulk, nanoSSL, and multiscaleTEC), access to which are freely available on NSF's nanoHUB.org. As of July 2016, these software tools have served over 14,100 individual users worldwide, running more than 638,000 simulations. Shaikh Ahmed is the Principal Investigator of the NSF funded Southern Illinois High Performance Computing Research Infrastructure (SIHPCI). Shaikh Ahmed is the recipient of 2013 Dean Juh Wah Chen Outstanding Faculty Award from SIU College of Engineering. He has published over 70 papers in refereed journals and proceedings, authored six book chapters, and delivered more than 80 talks. He is a senior member of the IEEE and member of the American Physical Society.


text:
Sensor Attachment
- Hold your inhaler in one hand. You want the canister facing upwards, as if you were going to take your medication. If you're worried about using up a dose, it may help to remove the canister from the plastic housing.
- With your other hand, take the Propeller sensor. The clear, flexible part of the sensor should be facing downwards.
- Tilt the sensor to the side a bit and wiggle the sensor over the metal top of your inhaler. Don't worry – it stretches.
- Press down until the sensor is snug on the metal canister.
- Double check that the sensor is on the part of the inhaler where you press down and NOT over the mouthpiece.
If the sensor interferes with how you normally take your medication, take it off of your medication and give Propeller a call.
Need help removing your sensor? Watch our video here:


text:
"We were extremely pleased with all yourwork and the efficiency in which allaspects were completed."
"Thank you for your kindness and patience,your workers were both professional andfriendly, I am completely satisfied with theirwork. You can be sure I will call you if I everneed your services again."
"Thank you isn't enough for all of your hardwork and effort. I really do appreciate allwhat you did"
"Thank you so much for all you've done, Itruly appreciate your caring and professionalmanner"
"Your work crew did a fantastic job atcleaning my house"
"A big Thank You the crew did a great job weappreciate it"


text:
Difference between revisions of "2012 Group Project 2"
|Line 112:
|Line 112:
*Responding to light touch sensations
*Responding to light touch sensations
*Involved in spatial differentiation through touch; establishment of shapes, sizes and textures of objects<ref name="PMID21456507"><pubmed>21456507</pubmed></ref>
*Involved in spatial differentiation through touch; establishment of shapes, sizes and textures of objects<ref name="PMID21456507"><pubmed>21456507</pubmed></ref>
|Slow adapting
|Slow adapting
Revision as of 18:45, 2 October 2012
- 1 Somatosensory Development
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 History of Discoveries
- 1.3 Central Somatosensory Differentiation
- 1.4 Touch
- 1.5 Pain
- 1.6 Hot/Cold
- 1.7 Pressure
- 1.8 Current Research
- 1.9 Glossary
- 1.10 References
- 1.11 External Links
Somatosensory Development
The somatosensory system is an important subdivision of the somatic nervous system comprising of a collection of receptors, tracts and nuclei. The system components convey the sensations of vibrations, light touch, pain and temperature to the consciousness (Creath, Kiemel, Horak, & Jeka, 2008) The system is important in conveying information about the body position and movements with significant influence on the body balance (Wong, Collins, & Kaas, 2010). The somatosensory system also plays an important role in motor control through conveying of feedback information about the muscular system dynamics including velocity of muscles, tension, length, joint position and movement and contact with the external environment. The system comprises of receptors in the muscles, skin, viscera and joints (Marani, 1994). The following picture shows the general organization of the somatosensory system.
(Lagercrantz, Hanson, Evrard & Rodeck, 2001) Understanding the development of this systems both structurally and functionally during the fetal life is crucial in understanding how a fetus develops the capacity to receive and experience sensations delivered by thermal, mechanical, tactile and noxious stimuli (Willis, 2007).
The somatosensory systems development begins during the gestation period specifically the third week into the gestation period. By the end of the 9th week the fetus has a fully developed nervous system with sensory and receptors present at the skin level (Stiles, Reilly, Levine, Trauner, & Nass, 2012). Development of the system entails development of nerve fibers and receptors in the fetus body system. Development of the somatosensory system involves progressive changes in the structural alignment, neurochemical and functional changes with majority of the development changes taking place during the gestation period. Somatosensory receptors develop in the various parts of the body to enable detection and reception of stimuli which is then transmitted through the nerve fibers to the central nervous system (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). Development of the somatosensory system also entails subsequent development of pathways including the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.
This project looks at the anatomy, function and development of the central somatosensory system and a range peripheral receptors on the skin.
History of Discoveries
Weber recognized for his role in the study of the nervous system including the establishment of the Weber's law (Giclu, 2007). Some of the historical research conducted by Weber concerned the various aspects of nervous system including inhibition of impulse transmission, summation, adaptation and fusion. The shift from philosophy to physiology can be attributed to Weber's research work through which he influenced the view on the human system. Other discoveries that followed Weber's discoveries about the somatosensory system include the discovery that most receptor endings in the skin, the connection between the system and the spinal cord. The other important historical discovery about the somatosensory system include the discovery of different kinds of electrical potential in the nervous systems not covered by Weber as the pioneer in the understanding of the nervous system (Deco & Rolls, 2006).
Central Somatosensory Differentiation
Adult Central Somatosensory systems:
Ascending components of the Central Somatosensory system include;
- the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain,
- the trigeminal system: – receives sensory signals from the face; [1]
- the dorsal column system and lateral spinothalamic tract:– receive signals from the rest of the body. [2] [3]
Dorsal column system and Lateral Spinothalamic tract:
Peripheral sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglion. The sensory signal then get passed onto collateral fibres in the spinal cord which ascend via the dorsal column or lateral spinothalamic tract up the spinal cord. [3] From there, fibres go the lateral regions of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus. From the thalamus, 3rd order neurons project out and into the primary somatosensory cortex so information can be processed. [3]
Trigeminal System:
Sensory signals from the face are passed through the trigeminal nerve which passes signals to the trigeminal sensory nucleus. Axons from this trigeminal sensory nucleus go to the medial regions of the VP of the thalamus. From there fibres conduct the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex.[4]
Development of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex:
Development of the primary somatosensory cortex is thought be controlled by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. [5] Development of this region begins in late embryonic period and continues post-natally. The primary somatosensory cortex has separate functional groups of layer IV neurons called 'barrels'. [6] In the adult, the barrels are arranged in a pattern, isomorphic to the pattern of somatosensory receptors on the face and body surface (see figure). [7] This patterning of the somatosensory cortex is the key step in its development. These layer IV neuron barrels receive inputs from the afferents coming from the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) thalamus and the posterior thalamic complex (POm). [8] These thalamocortical afferents of the VP and POm provide information that patterns the developing primary somatosensory cortex. [8] The extrinsic signalling by the VP and POm afferents from the thalamus may cause graded gene expression in the cortical neurons to pattern the somatosensory cortex. [8]
VP afferents develop just prior to the development of the area of the somatosensory cortex that will process the information from these VP afferents. [4] The VP afferents receiving information from the face and jaw differentiate before birth. [4] Then the lateral regions of the somatosensory cortex develop. Within 24hrs after birth, the VP afferents receiving sensory information from the rest of the body develops. [4] This will be followed by the development of the medial regions of the somatosensory cortex that processes the information from the body. [4] Consequently, there's a lateral to medial gradient of somatosensory cortex development which controlled by the VP afferents from the thalamus.
Making Connections between Afferent Sensory Fibres and the Central Nervous System (CNS)
This is the process where sensory afferents synapse the neurons in the spinal cord so peripheral somatosensory information can be transmitted through the spinal reflex arc or up to the primary somatosensory cortex where the information can be processed. Sensory afferents from the periphery, with their cell bodies (soma) in the dorsal root ganglion, grow towards the spinal cord in stages to make these connections with the CNS.[9]
Stage 23;
- Axons of primary afferent neurons extend to the spinal cord. When these afferent neurons reach the CNS, axons of these afferent neurons bifurcate and begin to extend into the Primordium of the dorsal funiculus [9]
Stage 24:
- the afferent axons have extended 1 segment rostrally and 1 segment caudally relative to the axons' point of entry [9]
- the afferents start to grow within the white matter (periphery of Spinal Cord)[9]
Stage 28 –
- unbranched afferent axonal fibres invade gray matter at the border of Dorsal horn [9]
- axonal fibres extend rostrally and caudally and start sending fine collateral fibres into the gray matter of spinal cord (the cellular, central region of spinal cord)[9]
Stage 29:
- afferent fibres have extended 100-200μm into gray matter of the Dorsal Horn [9]
The sense of touch allows individuals to perform a myriad of functions through the receptors deep within dermal and epidermal layers of the skin. This sensory modality, though its' development is not greatly understood among the five acknowledged sense subsets, it is essential for survival and development throughout life.[10]
The receptors that are established throughout embryonic development and are linked to touch are mechanoreceptors or transducers such as Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissner's Corpuscle, Merkel-cell-neurite complexes, Ruffini endings and hair follicles. Function and development of these various receptors are demonstrated in the table below. [10]
|Embryonic Development
|Degree/Extent of Response
|Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles)
|Fast/Rapidly adapting [11]
|Meissner's Corpuscles
|Fast/Rapidly adapting [11]
|Merkel-cell Neurite Complexes
|Merkel cells are derivatives of the epidermis of the developing embryo. They are able to be seen, with short dendrites, as early as week 8 in embryonic development, within the stratum basale of the epidermis.[13]
|Slow adapting
|Ruffini Endings
|Slow adapting
|Hair follicles
|Hair follicles are derivatives from basal cells, as they proliferate. [15] Basal cells are able to be seen via light microscopy in the developing embryo; approximately on day 60 onwards (stage 23; week 8). As the embryo grows and transitions into the fetal stages, at approximately day 95 and 140, hair pegs and follicles are also able to be seen via light microscopy. [15][16]
|Fast/rapidly adapting
With the current advancements in study and research on the nervous system, the mechanisms responsible for the sensation or the sensory component of pain are now well understood. Different nerve fibres involved in the transmission of the pain impulse have been identified including the A-delta fibres, C fibres and A-beta fibres (Nakamura & Morrison, 2008). The A-delta fibres have been identified with response to mechanical or thermal stimulation such as pin prick or scald while C fibres respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimulation (Silberstein, 2003). The C fibres are slower in response to simulation and particularly transmit the dull, thudding pain of injury, inflammation or disease. On the other hand, the A-beta fibres transmit touch and play a crucial role in the sensation of pain. Current research in the development of pain fibres has seen the classification of pain into fast and slow pain and the pain fibres responsible for transmission of the pain. Fast pain is transmitted by the A-delta fibers with the stimulus being more superficial stimulus. Slow pain starts one second or more after stimulation and increases slowly over seconds or minutes and has been found to be associated with tissue distraction as well as being felt in both superficial and deep tissues. The various nerve fibers carry somatosensory information from the body periphery to the spinal cord. According to Medina and Lebovic (2009), studies have revealed that some nerve fibers present in the endometriotic tissues are responsible for pain severity.
Development of Nociceptors
Nociceptors develop throughout embryonic, fetal and postnatal periods. The table below is a summary of nociceptor development. E stands for embryonic while P stands for postnatal.
|Embryonic Stage in Mice
|Nociceptor Development
|Specification of Nociceptors in the Dorsal Root Ganglia [17]
|Axons of Nociceptors begin extending to the periphery and towards the spinal cord [18] [19] [20]
|Substance P and CGRP are produced. Levels increase after nociceptors make contact with their target tissue in E18.5 [21]
|Functional synaptic junctions form between nociceptors and interneurons as part of the reflex arc [21]
|TTX resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8, responsible for hyperexcitability of nociceptors, are expressed [22]
|Axons reach their peripheral Tissue [21]
|Axons reach dorsal horn of the spinal cord [20]
|TRPV1 capsaicin receptor expressed [23]
|NGF increases the sensitivity of Nociceptors [24]
Details of Nociceptor Development
Nociceptor Specification:
Birth of nociceptors occurs in the DRG at E11.5 (embryonic day 11.5) in mice. [17] Much of sensory neuron differentiation is done via neurotrophin signalling. [25] Neurotrophin are growth factors that act by binding to neurotrophin receptors called Tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors. Expression of Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) cells determines their fate as unmyelinated Nociceptors. [26] This because TrkA enables TrkA+ neurons to respond to certain neurotrophins, called nerve growth factor (NGF), that enable nociceptor differentiation. [27] TrkA signalling promotes the development of sensory channels in the nociceptors and this allows the nociceptors to respond to noxious stimuli. [28] One study has shown that mice without TrkA receptor are born without nociceptors. [25] Expression of TrkA receptors in nociceptors is up-regulated by the transcription factor Runx1. [29] Cells without the Runx1 gene result in an absence of TrkA receptors and were unable to develop to mature nociceptors. [29]
Nociceptor Survival
Once nociceptors are specified, receiving nerve growth factors (NGF) via the TrkA receptors increase the chance of their survival. This was shown by a study where NFG levels were over-expressed in transgenic mice and this caused the number of TrkA+ neurons to double. [30] [31] Nociceptors that do not receive enough NGF will not survive. [25]
Growth of Axons - to the Spinal Cord and Periphery
Increases in axon length, width and branching are all controlled by neurotrophins such as NGF. [18] These processes begin at embryonic day 11 to 13. [18] [19] By embryonic day 14, small c fibres such as nociceptors have reached the periphery target tissue such as the hindlimb of mice. [20] After activation of the Trk receptors by NGF, downstream signalling molecules cause these changes in axon. [19] These molecules include:
- Molecules in the Ras-Raf-ERK cascade – results in Elongation of the Axons
- PIK3 and Akt – increase the Diameter of the Axons
- Akt – can also increase the branching of the axon [19]
During embryonic days 18-20, axons of centrally directed nociceptors extend into the grey matter (dorsal horn) of the spinal cord. [20] The axons project into the dorsal horn while maintaining in a somatotopic pattern. [32] Similarly, as axons of sensory neurons such as nociceptors grow from the dorsal root ganglia to the periphery, the axons travel via specific pathways so that 1 spinal nerve innervates 1 region of skin. [33] This gives rise to the dermatomes. [33]
Extracellular signalling molecules direct the growth of the axons to ensure they reach their correct targets. NGF increases sprouting of axons but this may lead to excessive nociceptive innervation of the peripheral tissue. [34] This issue is overcome by factor Semaphorin 3A which inhibits aberrant nociceptor axon growth. [34] By embryonic day 18.5, neurons reach their peripheral target tissues. [21]
Determination of the Physiological Phenotype of Nociceptors
A lot of this functional development occurs postnatally. For example, TRPA1, a receptor that detects noxious temperature and chemical stimuli, are expressed by postnatal day 2 nociceptors . [23] These receptors play a role in detecting mechanical and thermal stimuli during inflammation. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is expressed as early as embryonic day 17 (E17). [22] These channels play an important role in generating chronic pain because they control the hyperexcitability of the neurons including nociceptors. However, adult levels of these sodium channels are not reached until postnatal day 7 (P7). [22]
Development of the Chemical Phenotype of Nociceptors
In nociceptors, as well as other small diameter neurons, neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP, are expressed. [21] Expression of these neuropeptides that characterize nociceptors, are controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues. These neuropeptides SP and CGRP rise as early as embryonic day 14.5 – at this stage nociceptors have not made contact with their target tissues. [21] Thus nociceptors do not require contact with peripheral target tissues to express some levels of SP and CGRP. However, studies also show that number of CGRP expressing nociceptors increased under the influence of epidermal cells. [21] [35] Thus extrinsic cues, through the contact with target tissues, enhance the development of the chemical phenotype of nociceptors.
Increase in the Nociceptor Innervation Density
Sensory neurons, including the TrkA+ nociceptors, increases their innervation density due to access to local growth factors such as NGF and brain derived growth factor. [36] This increase in innervation density involves an increase in both the innervation of the tissue by the endings of an individual sensory neuron and the number of neurons. [36]
Increase in Nociceptor Sensitivity
Nociceptor sensitisation to noxious stimuli such as heat and capsaicin occurs postnatally. [24] This process involves NGF activating TrkA receptor which initiates a signalling pathway that results in the sensitisation of the receptor, TRPV1 to heat and capsaicin. [37] It has been shown that NGF is able to sensitise nociceptors during postnatal day 4-10. [24] NGF is unable to increase the sensitivity of nociceptors before this stage. Bradykinin, however, can increase the nociceptor sensitivity in neonatal neurons. [24]
In addition to sensory modalities such as pressure and pain, the human body is able to detect the temperature of its surrounding environment. This is called thermoreception, and is extremely important for a variety of reasons. The ability to sense temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many biological processes. It is also of practical safety use, we are able to reliably avoid stimuli that are either too hot or too cold and may do us harm.
The sensation of temperature is made through free nerve endings in the epidermis of the skin. These free nerve endings contain specialised ion channels called temperature activated transient receptor potential ion channels[38]. We will refer to them as ThermoTRP's. These receptors are able to generate action potentials in response to changes in temperatures in the environment surrounding the nerve ending in the skin. The nerve impulse generated by these receptors is conveyed along the nerve fibre and into the dorsal root ganglion. There are two main types of ThermoTRP, those that are activated by warm stimuli and those that are activated by cold stimuli[38].
There are four main ThermoTRP receptors responsible for the perception of warm stimuli, both innocuous and noxious[39]. They are called TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, and TRPV4. Each receptor unresponsive to mechanical stimuli, but can be excited by some chemicals such as the capsaicin in the chili plant. The firing of each receptor is inhibited by falling temperatures.
- TRPV1. This receptor is responsible by the sensation of mild heat. The receptor is activated by temperatures over 30 ˚C. As temperatures rises the rate of nerve impulses also increases, reaching a maximum rate at 42 ˚C[39]. Either side of 42 ˚C, the firing rate of the nerve decreases, forming a bell shaped curve. This means that the firing rate of the receptor conveys information relating to the environments temperature back to the central nervous system.
- TRPV2. This receptor only fires an action potential when in contact with temperatures sufficient to cause harm .This is generally temperatures over 52 ˚C [38] [39].
- TRPV3. Activated strongly by temperatures in the 34-38 ˚C range.
- TRPV4. Activated at 27 – 34 ˚C.
Cold thermoreceptors essentially work in an identical manner to warm thermoreceptors. Instead of being activating by rising temperatures, they are stimulated by falling temperatures. There are two main receptors responsible for perception of cold stimuli.
- TRPM8. This receptor is responsible for the perception of innocuous cold temperatures, that is, temperatures that will not cause the body harm. They are activated when the temperature of the environment surrounding the nerve ending falls to between 25 and 28 ˚C. As seen with the TRPV1 receptor, the stimulation of TRPM8 by a range of temperatures produces a bell shaped curve with a maximum firing rate seen around 25-26 ˚C. [38] [39].
- ANKTM1. Noxious or damaging cold temperatures are those at or below the 17 ˚C mark. These extreme temperatures are able to activate the ANKTM1 receptor[38].
Embryology and Development
Stay tuned!
Pressure receptors can be categorized into two groups, the slow adapting receptors and rapidly adapting receptors. Slow adapting receptors respond to consistent pressure, meaning they continue to respond as long as the stimulus is in contact with the skin. Rapidly adapting receptors, however, only respond to changes in pressure, so they respond when the stimulus first touches the skin and when it is removed. There are four types of pressure receptors in the skin, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissener corpuscles, Merkel discs and Ruffini nerve endings.
Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors found in the deeper layers of the skin. Their nerve endings are wrapped with layers of connecting tissue giving them an 'onion like' histological appearance. When this connective tissue that surrounds the nerve ending is deformed, it presses on the nerve endings triggering an electrical impulse. The receptive fields of the Pacinian corpuscles are relatively large, so the region of sensory space that stimulates and evokes activity in the receptors is wide and therefore the sensations are not very well localised, resulting in low spatial resolution. These particular corpuscles form in the dermis, hypodermis, the surfaces of muscle and tendons. Their development is dependent on sensory innervations and they begin to appear during the fourth fetal month of development.
- Ruffini endings respond to pressure in both hairy and glabrous skin (slow adapting receptor)
- Deeply located
- Innervated by A-beta fibres
- Large receptive fields
- Encapsulated
- Also respond to temperatures above 45 degrees
- Merkel cells respond to pressure of the skin, epidermis of globrous skin
- Located superficially
- Slow adapting
- Respond to very low frequency pressure changes
- Very small receptive fields
- Meiseners corpuscles
- Located superficially
- Rapidly adapting with small receptive fields
- Small receptive fields spatial resolution is high
The development of pressure receptors takes place during the gestation period with the rapidly adapting pressure receptors developing first then followed by the slow adapting pressure receptors. Although these pressure receptors are present throughout the fetal life to adulthood, their depolarization responses to chemical irritants, mechanical injury and inflammatory mediators are been found to be similar in both the fetus and adults.
Bunched receptors known as Merkel's discs have been found to specialize in conveying information about continuous pressure exerted on the surface of the skin (Ragert, Nierhaus, Cohen & Villringer, 2008). Pacinian corpuscles respond to quick changes in touch or pressure by firing off rapid bursts of signals before they decrease with time (Irie, Kato, Yakushji, Hirose & Mizuta, 2011). Baroreceptors are special pressure receptors found in the right atrium of the heart and play the role of detecting changes in blood pressure enabling the body to control the pressure and the amount of blood flowing into the heart (Ino-Oka, Sekino, Kajikawa, Inooka, Imai & Hashimoto, 2008).
Different studies have established urinary bladder mechanoreceptors as responsible for detecting changes in bladder volume or intravesical pressure (Downie & Armour, 1992). Discovery of the pressure receptor locations in human bodies has been exploited in nursing interventions including the touch therapy or massage (Field, 1998). Massage therapy has been found to be effective in enhancing various clinical conditions including reduction of pain, diminishing of depression, enhancing attentiveness, promotion of immune function as well as promotion of growth and development of pre-term infants (Sanders, 2010).
According to Field (1998), intentional stimulation of pressure receptors during massage therapy results in enhanced vagal activity associated with the diverse benefits accrued from massage therapy. Understanding of pressure receptors has been discovered to be important in the treatment of balance disorders. The pressure receptors in the skin detect bodily contact with the environment enabling control of the contact during treatment of balance disorders (George & Athanasios, 1999).
Current Research
Somatosensory Activation by Corneal Pain:
Investigation is currently done on to localize somatotopic representation of pain from the cornea. [40] This type of research gives insight into the mechanism of chronic pain development in various eye conditions. [40] This study shows processing of corneal pain information occur in localized regions of the primary somatosensory cortex. [40] When the cornea pain receptors are stimulated, these localized regions o the somatosensory cortex are activated. [40] The region of the somatosensory cortex that deals with corneal pain, also deals with blinking or photophobia. Such finding has been achieved using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).[40] See figure
Sleep can Remodel the Somatosensory Cortex
In the mice somatosensory cortex, the synaptic connections can be remodelled during sleep. In a recent study, turnover of filopodia and dendritic spines of layer 5 neurons in the somatosensory cortex was examined using 2-photon microscopy. [41] These neurons were fluorescently tagged and the amount of filopodia formation and elimination were measured in both sleep and wakefulness. [41] It was found that elimination of these filopodia occurred at a higher rate during sleep. [41]
- Innocuous
- A stimulus that poses no threat of harming the tissues and structures of the body.
- Noxious
- A stimulus that me be toxic to the tissues of the human body. An example of this would be the extremely hot temperatures of a fire, which are perceived as noxious by thermorecepters in the skin.
- ↑ <pubmed> 8440772</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed> 14485390</pubmed>
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 <pubmed>1127457</pubmed>
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 <pubmed>7962713</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>10764649</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>4141363</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>7721983</pubmed>
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 <pubmed>2461788</pubmed>
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 <pubmed>2918087</pubmed>
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 <pubmed>20956378</pubmed>
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 <pubmed>20064391</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21456507</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>1365319</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>11685414</pubmed>
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 <pubmed>7517223</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>168272</pubmed>
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 <pubmed>490183</pubmed>
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 <pubmed>9920667</pubmed>
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 <pubmed>12123609</pubmed>
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 <pubmed>10701827</pubmed>
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 <pubmed>9092599</pubmed>
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 <pubmed>11487631</pubmed>
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 <pubmed>16630838</pubmed>
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 <pubmed>15201308</pubmed>
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 <pubmed>8145823</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8835730</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>15247919</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>22787056</pubmed>
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 <pubmed>16429136</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>9283812</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>8126547</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>2442203</pubmed>
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 <pubmed>7175742</pubmed>
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 <pubmed>14749426</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12733058</pubmed>
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 <pubmed>10407031</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>12815188</pubmed>
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 <pubmed>12838328</pubmed>
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 <pubmed>19822171</pubmed>
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 <pubmed>PMC3433421</pubmed>
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 <pubmed>22058046</pubmed>
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
Link to Pacinian Corpuscle image
1. http://thediagram.com/3_1/pacinian.html
2. http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm
Links to Meissner's Corpuscle Images
1. http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/images/IN038b.jpg
2. http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Worlds/Listings/BodySenses/Texture-MeissnerCorpuscle.jpg
--Mark Hill 12:22, 15 August 2012 (EST) Please leave the content listed below the line at the bottom of your project page.
2012 Projects: Vision | Somatosensory | Taste | Olfaction | Abnormal Vision | Hearing


text:
Just a few quick news notes to start off your Friday.
The Day the Lights Stayed on at Atlantis: London's oldest occult bookseller, The Atlantis Bookshop, was apparently the only business unaffected when an explosion caused a blackout on their street. Could it be magic?
Geraldine Beskin, whose family has run the shop for the past 50 years, said: "The lights flickered, and in the streets I could see everyone else's go out. But we were left intact. It must have been magic!" Staff at the street's boutiques and cafés turned to Atlantis, a Mecca for mysticists worldwide, for candles to keep their shop-fronts lit.
Atlantis Bookshop is (in)famous for being a place that occultist Aleister Crowley would visit regularly, though the paper points out he died in 1947, precluding any role for Britain's "wickedest man" in the blackout.
Pendle Witches House Discovered? England's "Pendle witches," victims of the most famous witch trials in that country's history, have long fascinated tourists and historians alike; now some are claiming that an excavated 17th century cottage may have been the legendary Malkin Tower, where the witches were rumored to congregate.
"Some historians have speculated as to whether the cottage could have been the fabled meeting point of the Pendle witches. "This could well be the famous Malkin Tower — which has been a source of speculation and rumour for centuries," Pendle witches expert Simon Entwistle told Reuters. He said the find, right in the heart of witch country was incredibly rare, and was made just a few months before the 400th anniversary of the infamous Pendle trials."
Why the speculation on this particular cottage? Because a mummified cat was found in its walls. Author and Pendle Witch expert Mary Sharratt, author of the novel "Daughters of the Witching Hill," noted to me that a "mummified cat was a common country charm to ward off evil so it doesn't necessarily follow that cunning folk lived in the cottage, but it's still an interesting discovery." As for the Pendle Witches, they remain strange celebrities in England, with a statue of Pendle witch Alice Nutter to be unveiled in 2012.
Meet the (University of Massachusetts) Wiccan: University of Massachusetts paper The Daily Collegian does a paint-by-numbers "meet the Wiccans" piece on Laura Wildman-Hanlon, office manager for the school's psychology department and author of "What's Your Wicca IQ?" While a positive article, I'm not kidding when I say this is textbook "meet the Wiccans" material.
"Laura Wildman-Hanlon, a practicing Wiccan, is not your Hollywood witch. She doesn't wear a pointed hat or have green skin, and she certainly doesn't turn men into frogs. This she says, is not at all what real Wicca and witchcraft are about."
Still, good on The Daily Collegian for spotlighting a local Witch who is stable, successful, and happy. Here's hoping a few minds are opened in the process.
That's all I have for now, have a great day!


text:
DOVER ― The effort was better for the Dover High School boys basketball team, but the result was the same.
After a lethargic showing by the Green Wave led to a third straight loss last Thursday, Dover came out much stronger on Tuesday night against Division I heavyweight Nashua South. But mental mistakes by Dover and an assertive second-half push by the Panthers led to a 77-74 loss for the Green Wave, their fourth straight.
The defeat left Dover coach Mike Romps with few words.
"Just mental mistakes," Romps said. "Not being consistent throughout the game. We do all the right things at times, and then we do all the wrong things at time."
Dover led by as much as 12 late in the first half, but South got back into the game with a 14-3 run midway through the third quarter. A 3-pointer by Grant Faustino with 1:24 left tied the game at 71, but the Panthers pulled ahead and were perfect from the free-throw line to hold on for the win.
"As a senior-based team, we have to react better and take better care of the ball," Dover's Colin Shaughnessy said. "They got some fast-break points and came back on us."
Nashua's John Preston torched the Green Wave for 30 points to lead all scorers, while David Dunham scored 19 and Tim Preston 17. Dover was led by Grant Faustino with 19 points and Billy Carroll and Josh Cote with 17 apiece.
South's comeback started just as the first half ended. Dunham hit a 3-pointer at the buzzer to cut Dover's lead to 41-32, part of a 7-0 run that extended into the third quarter. Carroll stopped the bleeding with a layup, and a 3-pointer by Cote put Dover up 10, 46-36.
That set the stage for Nashua's 14-3 run, which featured a baseline 3-pointer by Dunham, which he followed up with a hook shot that brought the Panthers to within one. A jumper by Cameron Joyal gave Nashua a 50-49 lead, its first since early in the first quarter.
Nashua eventually took a 60-55 lead, but Dover closed out the third period with the final four points to trail 60-59.
Cote hit a big 3-pointer with 22 seconds to play to cut Nashua's lead to 75-74, but Dover failed to foul in a timely fashion after the timeout. Tim Preston drained his free throws with 6.8 seconds to go, and Dover did not have enough time to put together a coherent scoring opportunity. A wild 3-point attempt at the buzzer was way off the mark.
Dover is now 6-7 with five games to go before the tournament, under .500 for the first time since they were 1-2 before Christmas. South improved to 10-3.
The Green Wave came out flying in a first quarter that featured six 3-pointers by the two teams combined. Carroll pulled up for a big 3-pointer from the top of the key to give Dover a 19-13 lead and it led 22-16 after one.
"The pace (Dover) played at is going to give a lot of teams some trouble," Nashua South coach Nate Mazerolle said. "They're a team people don't want to see in the tournament. They shoot it, they defend, they just cut so hard. It was very impressive to watch."
Dover kept up the pressure in the second quarter. Phil Boyatsis hit a reverse layup, Faustino hit a jumper, Anthony Lupi drained a baseline 3-pointer and Mike Wasserman came up with a transition bucket as Dover built a 36-27 lead. Another Lupi trey put Dover up 41-29, its biggest lead of the night, with just under 40 seconds to play.
Dover returns to action Thursday night at home against Londonderry.
Nashua South, 77-74
SOUTH (77) ― Auger 0-0-0, T. Preston 5-7-17, Joyal 2-0-4, Ortolano 0-0-0, Dunham 8-0-19, Penkala 0-2-2, Osgood 0-0-0, J. Preston 11-6-30, Knight 1-0-4. Totals: 28-16-77.
DOVER (74) ― Moore 1-3-5, Cote 5-3-17, Shaughnessy 1-0-2, Wasserman 2-0-4, Lupi 2-0-6, Carroll 6-4-17, Faustino 6-5-19, Winn 1-0-2, Boyatsis 1-0-2. Totals: 25-15-74.
South (10-3) 16 16 28 17 ― 77
Dover (6-7) 22 19 18 15 ― 74
3-pointers: N-5 (Dunham 3, J. Preston 2); D-9 (Cote 4, Lupi 2, Carroll, Faustino 2).


text:
Robin McLaurin Williams RIP (our friend)
(64th) Academy Award
Nomination for Best Makeup &
Hairstyling 1991, "Hook"
|Christina Smith, Monty G. Westmore, and Greg Cannom
Robin McLaurin Williams RIP (our friend)
|Christina Smith, Monty G. Westmore, and Greg Cannom
Is Film is a 19th Century Invention, will it be lost?
Close up of an IMAX film negative.
Side by Side: The Science, Art and Impact of Digital Cinema is an in-depth examination of how digital filmmaking is challenging traditional celluloid film as the gold standard in moviemaking. Side by Side captures the essence of the film versus digital debate through unprecedented access to influential filmmakers such as James Cameron, David Fincher, George Lucas, David Lynch, Martin Scorsese, Robert Rodriguez, Lana and Andy Wachowski, Steven Soderbergh and many more.
For almost one hundred years there was only one way to make a movie — on film. But over the last two decades a digital process has emerged to challenge photochemical filmmaking. In 2009 Slumdog Millionaire won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography, the first time the award was given to a film shot almost entirely digitally and not on film.
Side by Side investigates the history, process and workflow of both digital and photochemical film creation, and how — at least for now — the two forms coexist side by side. The evolving relationship between art and technology is revealed through clips of groundbreaking films, as well as visits to movie sets. Directors, producers, cinematographers, colorists, editors and actors offer anecdotes and candid opinions about how the digital revolution is transforming their storytelling tools and techniques.
Side by Side examines what is gained and what is lost both practically and philosophically in the changeover from film to digital. Those who embrace digital cite how it democratizes the filmmaking process and allows for infinite creativity.
April 2012 – Press Release:
"George Westmore Research Library & Museum"
The GWRL & Museum has moved because in 2010 the "Westmore Academy of Cosmetic Arts" was purchased by Empire Beauty Schools @ www.Empire.edu.
Sadly after two years, (March of 2012) Empire decided, because of the nation's continued economic problem as well as the US Bank's reluctance to issue educational loans Empire announced it would not maintain the Hollywood/ Burbank Makeup School. Empire has over 107 location across the United States. The GWRL&M was not part of the Makeup Academy acquisition and thus continues to operate as a separate entity.
Currently, The George Westmore Research Library & Museum is reviewing new educational opportunities, looking at new locations, and developing exhibits with local museums and educational institutions for special traveling exhibits.
Marvin G. Westmore, Founder & CEO of the GWR Library & Museum commented:
"We hope to find a new location that will provide us with an opportunity to serve the needs of the community, along with the film industry, giving everyone a strong foundation for our history as well as creating a new appreciation for makeup and hair design as a lasting cultural art form. Currently we are developing exhibits with local museums and educational institutions for special traveling exhibits. If you are interested we would like to hear from your professional curator.
Marvin's Grandfather, George H. Westmore was responsible for founding the very first makeup department at a motion picture studio in 1917. Prior to that time, actors in film production came from stage performance work, and in most cases applied their own or assisted their fellow actors with makeup application.
In the history of the modern American movies, there are but few legacies of makeup artists. Only one family features four working generations: The Westmore's of Hollywood. With ties to virtually every studio in the annals of cinema, The Westmore's created classic beauty makeups that have stood the test of time since the earliest years of silent film and emulated around the world.
Learn more about the history of Makeup by visiting one of the many Westmore Makeup "Official" Websites and join the Westmore Twitter Website @
July 1, 2009 – Press Release:
George Westmore Research Library & Museum – "Movie Posters Join Collection"
The George Westmore Research Library & Museum is proud to announce the addition of approximately 2,500+ motion picture movie posters to its collection. An anonymous donor contributed them to the 501(c)3 non-profit Library & Museum for historical preservation. The collection of posters was amassed over a 45-year period, from a working member of the Hollywood community, who had a deep appreciation for Hollywood film history.
President of the Museum commented about the donation: "The idea that these iconic images will be on display for students, researchers and the public for years to come was the major reason for this donation. Many of the posters will require special handling because of their delicate condition. We hope to add several new posters to our display each year as we organize and rotate our exhibits. We also continue to receive requests for satellite exhibits from educational institutions, libraries and other museums, thus we hope to also display some of these many posters along with the historical items in other venue's."
Movie posters have become important pieces of art as well as iconic symbols of our culture. They not only create lasting images that demonstrate the manner in which the movies were marketed but also create an emotionally connection with each of us to a special time and period in motion picture history.
Learn more about the History of the Westmore's – www.MySpace.com/WestmoreMuseum
Received updates about the Museum by using – www.Twitter.com/WestmoreMuseum
The following are a few of examples of the newly added posters:
June 27, 2009 – Press Release:
George Westmore Research Library & Museum – Joins New Media Craze on "Youtube.com & Tweddoe"
The George Westmore Research Library & Museum has joined the "New Media Generation on "Youtube.com, Tweddoe & Twitpic" with postings of a new video.
In the history of the modern American movies, there are but few legacies of makeup artists. Only one family features four working generations: The Westmore's of Hollywood. With ties to virtually every studio in the annals of cinema the Westmore's created classic beauty makeups back to the earliest years of silent film.
George Westmore career began in 1901 he opened a hair dressing salon, Newport, then worked in Canterbury, Kent, until after 1906, in Montreal, Toronto, and Quebec, Canada, and Pittsburgh, San Antonio, New Orleans, Buffalo, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C. In 1913 he added makeup to his repertory, Cleveland; began teaching Perc and Ern the art of wigmaking when they were nine; 1917 he was working at Maison Cesare, Los Angeles, first began at Selig-Polyscope Studio moving on to Triangle Film Corporation (a.k.a. Triangle Motion Picture Company), and other studios: responsible for Mary Pickford's curls in the late 1910s. George's greater contribution, though, may have been in fathering six sons, all of whom went into makeup design.
Westmore Historical Promo
Learn More About the Westmore's of Hollywood @


text:
- WordPress 3.8, 3.9.x, 4.4.x, 4.5.x, 4.6.x, 4.7.x, 4.8.x, 4.9.x, 5.0.x, 5.1.x, 5.3.x, 5.4.x
- WooCommerce 2.4.x, 2.5.x, 2.6.x, 3.x.x, 4.x.x
General FeaturesFood WooCommerce Theme is specially designed for food, hotel and restaurant blogs and stores. Great colors combination. All sub pages are customized. It is very nice with its clean and professional look.
- 100% Responsive Layout
- SEO (Search Engine Optimization) friendly
- Optimized for Fast Loading
- Compatible with all major browsers (IE 8+ , Firefox, Opera, Safari, Chrome)
- Tabless HTML mark-up.
- XHTML 1 .0 Strict valid.
- CSS 3 .0 valid.
- Prototype and Jquery based Javascript (avoid javascript confliction).
- Full PSD files supplied, easy to edit.
- Well-structured and commented HTML & CSS for easy customization.
- Full user guide documentation to help you installing and utilizing the theme.
NotesAll images are just used for Preview (Demo) purpose only and NOT included in the theme package file. We are providing placeholder images with recommended image size mentioned in it.
Images are taken from www.pexels.com, www.freepik.com, www.unsplash.com, www.pngtree.com
Update History
24 March 2018
Upgraded theme package for support latest version(3.3.x) of WooCommerce and fixed outdated files issue.
9 May 2017
Upgraded theme package for support latest version of wooCommerce plugin.
14 July 2016
Update sample data with theme package.
23 March 2016
Minor update with theme files for fixed outdated copies of wooCommerce plugins files.
19 January 2016
We have improved our theme quality and update documentation file.
12 July 2015
Upgraded theme package fixed "prettyPhoto XSS".
11 June 2015
Minor update with our theme package for support latest version of wooCommerce.
25 March 2015
Added Page Builder by SiteOrigin plugin and update for support latest version of wooCommerce.
5 April 2014
Initial Release


text:
The story
The company was founded by Palle Breckling in 1972 in the city of Aarhus (Denmark's 2nd largest city, located in Jutland), manufacturing and selling trousers named 3B Bukser.
Having great succes, Palle Breckling soon expanded his business to include full suits in a modern fit. The brand rapidly developed other products, resulting in Bertoni as we know it today.
"All men should be able to afford a decent suit."
- Klavs Breckling, Owner of Bertoni
The name, Bertoni, was developed in the late 80's as Palle Breckling waited for his flight from Milan airport after visiting the city. While waiting in the gate area, the airport staff made several calls for a Mr. Bertoni. Palle Breckling liked the sound of the Italian surname, and decided that it would suit his company's international look and 3B Bukser became Bertoni of Denmark.
Bertoni soon became known as the brand with the youngest and most modern fit. Today, the company's head quarter is based in the town of Beder close to Aarhus with 40 dedicated employees and the new owner Klavs Breckling, son of Palle Breckling. Bertoni is now designing, constructing and manufacturing a full wardrobe ranging from coats, suits, shirts, knitwear, jerseys and leather jackets to a range of fine accessories, all in a most fashionable look with genuine Bertoni of Denmark heritage and great comfort for whatever situation.
Bertoni has 28 concept stores throughout Denmark, Norway and Ireland, and Bertoni's collections are also available in a range of retail stores throughout Europe and in Robinsons Department Stores in Singapore.


text:
The title read, "Heavy Metals Found in Many Cosmetics: Not Listed on Labels." Say what?
The author, Sarah B. Weir, states:
They [researchers] found that every product contained at least one of seven heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, beryllium, thallium, and selenium. Lead, a known neurotoxin, showed up in 96% of the items. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises that lead exposure is not safe at any level. Heavy metals are considered a by-product of manufacturing and it's worth noting that none were listed in the ingredients lists on the cosmetics' labels.
Is anyone else horrified by this? I tend to pride myself on my ability to read labels and steer clear of nasty ingredients, but I had no idea some companies didn't think this was consumer-relevant information.
Them's fighting words.
According to the article:
I was surprised at how many "good" brands were on this list. I was also surprised that expensive and common brands BOTH had high levels toxins.
I'm personally still up on the air about it all. I want to be careful about what I put on and in my body, but I don't want to get all nutso about it either. I think I just need to do more research. I know there are some nasty chemicals in many products though...ones that are listed in the ingredients, ones that I try to stay away from. So when I happened upon this helpful skincare shopping guide, I thought I'd share it with you.


text:
To see adult content (Parental Act), confirm you are over 18 years old
Lisa Chow
Lisa Chow is a Houston based artist, illustrator, make believer and story teller.
Graduating from The University of Texas in Austin with a business degree in 2005, Lisa worked in the corporate environment for five years before pursuing a career in art full time. What began as participation in weekend local art markets has led to securing high visibility commissions and her first solo exhibition in 2011.
Armed with an overly active imagination, a healthy dose of creativity and self-taught skills learned through trial and error, Lisa's work is whimsical, delicate, strange and nostalgic.
All works by Lisa Chow (10 pictures)


text:
James C. Hunter
Photo: © Denise L. Hunter
About the Author
James C. Hunter is principal consultant of J. D. Hunter Associates, a labor relations and training consulting firm located near Detroit. He is a sought-after public speaker and trainer primarily in the areas of servant leadership and community (team) building. He resides in Michigan with his wife and daughter and can be reached online at www.jameshunter.com.


text:
Our new website is now open for orders. Beta test our new store and save 15% off regular Healing Scents prices on all products.
Begin your JOURNEY OF HEALTH here.
Go to our TOXINS page for more information on toxins in Cleaning products, and all the products you use on yourself, what they can do to your skin, body, spirit and environment. YES! We are GLUTEN-FREE. See our Gluten Free page for more information.
Learn more about Essential Oils and their use in Aromatherapy.
Some of our products use EMU OIL because of its wonderful properties.
Kathleen Hembree, worker bee and owner.
Difference between Toxin-Free and Non-Toxic:
Non-toxic means the petroleum chemicals have been buffered with other chemicals to make a gentler product. Still has petroleum-based chemicals.
Toxin-free: Simple, natural ingredients. The thickness and texture will probably be different and sometimes there are slight variations batch to batch. Soaps (not detergents) have no Sulfates—lather will be less, but the cleaning power is superb.
My passion is toxin-free living. Together we can reverse some of the damage human-kind has done to the earth—one person or family at a time.
DISCLAIMER: Information on this site is provided for informational purposes and is not meant to substitute for the advice provided by your own physician or other medical professional. You should not use the information contained herein for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication. You should read carefully all product packaging. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider. Information and statements regarding dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Test drive our new website and save 15% off all Healing Scents products! Please be sure to provide feedback.Follow @HealingScents_1
Thanks for contacting us. We will get in touch with you soon!Close this window


text:
GlobalRPH.com unveils its revamped medical calculators and medical reference site for healthcare professionals and medical students
LIVONIA, MICHIGAN – 01-10-2019 (PRDistribution.com) — The new and completely redesigned GlobalRPH.com website offers visitors a more intuitive user interface, faster navigation, and improved search to support the company's mission to provide practical and user-friendly medical calculators, drug dilution protocols and prescribing info for the busy clinician as well as tools like medical abbreviation lists, medical terminology, medical terminology exams and career search for the medical student.
GlobalRPH.com announces the launch of its newly revamped website which has been developed during an almost year-long beta phase.
GlobalRPH.com now offers healthcare professionals quicker and easier access to essential clinical calculators, medical reference materials, and healthcare information. For the nursing or medical student, new Medical Terminology Exams, medical terminology and medical abbreviations listings, as well as a new medical career resource center featuring thousands of career job listings across dozens of medical specialties. And, in addition to our medical calculators, we also offer a variety of financial calculators with the medical professional in mind.
The site features a cleaner and more contemporary design, centered around a comprehensive site search. The redesign focused on aesthetic enhancements to provide a more engaging user experience, speed and enhanced navigation to help our visitors easily find the information they need.
"We are excited about our new website launch and the robust information it provides to our audience of physicians and allied healthcare professionals," said David McAuley, CEO of GlobalRPH, Inc. "The site's new enhancements enable us to effectively meet the demands for medical calculators, drug dilutions and medical reference materials among our clients. For medical students and nursing students to seasoned clinicians, nurses and pharmacy techs we offer a variety of continually updated medical calculators, medical terminology and medical abbreviations tables, drug intravenous dilution protocols for different specialties, drug listings, clinical reference materials and even a career center".
Visitors are encouraged to explore the website and sign up for direct emails from GlobalRPH by registering on the site. Medical calculator updates and other enhancements to GlobalRPH are posted on the site under Website News.
About GlobalRPH
GlobalRPH.com is the leading drug and medical reference site for physicians, nursing and medical students and allied healthcare professionals in the U.S. and globally. GlobalRPH provides its audience with practical and user-friendly reference tools, clinical calculators and medical information. We spot inefficiencies that exist in a typical clinical actice, and then create innovative tools that help facilitate the overall process. Established in 1997, the site serves over to 850,000 unique visitors monthly.
Media Contacts:
Company Name: GlobalRPH
Full Name: Annie Moreno
Phone: 203-703-9018
Email Address: Send Email
Website: https://GlobalRPH.com
For the original news story, please visit https://prdistribution.com/news/globalrphcom-unveils-its-revamped-medical-calculators-and-medical-reference-site-for-healthcare-professionals-and-medical-students.html.
Powered by WPeMatico


text:
Salt Lake City, Utah (PRWEB) December 07, 2012
Bullfrog Spas today announced a new program to help families of retired and active military personnel to be able to afford a new hot tub through a rebate based discount program.
Bullfrog's Military Discount Rebate Program is now available to qualifying active and retired military personnel and their families in the USA and Canada. The goal of the program is to help military families to obtain a quality hot tub at a reasonable price.
Bullfrog Spas believes the therapy made possible in their hot tubs can play an important role in supporting these families and individuals in a healthy transition to civilian life.
Recent studies by the National Aquatics and Sports Medicine Institute at Washington State University suggest that time in a hot tub can help alleviate many ailments and stresses. One important area being studied is the beneficial effect of warm water therapy on soldiers experiencing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Indicators suggest that hot tub therapy can have a positive effect by reducing stress and promoting autonomic nervous system balance. More studies are underway.
Bullfrog CEO, Jerry Pasley, shed some light on the motivation for their newly announced program: "Bullfrog Spas are proudly made in the USA and we wanted to find a way to support military families, who are our friends and neighbors. We have a product that we believe can be a great benefit to those returning from service and bring families together as well."
Bullfrog's mail in rebate program provides $500 off on new Series I or Series II Bullfrog Spas and may be redeemed at any participating Authorized Bullfrog Spa Dealer. A short eligibility check is required.
More information on the Bullfrog Spas Military Discount Rebate can be found here: http://www.bullfrogspas.com/military
About Bullfrog International
Bullfrog International produces the world's only hot tubs with the JetPak Therapy System. This technology allows the user to customize, interchange, and upgrade their jetted massages at anytime. JetPaks are backed by six U.S. patents with other U.S. and foreign patents pending. Because of the efficiency advantages of the JetPak Therapy System, Bullfrog Spas are more powerful, virtually leak-proof, and extremely energy efficient. Bullfrog International distributes, licenses, and retails its products in the United States, Canada, Australia, Asia and Europe. Bullfrog International, LC, is headquartered in the Salt Lake City, Utah, USA metro area.
Bullfrog executives, including CEO, Jerry Pasley, are available for interview.
To learn more about Bullfrog's patented JetPak Therapy System and to design a custom hot tub online, please visit bullfrogspas.com.
Read the full story at http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/military-discount-hot-tub/prweb10188850.htm.
|Source: PRWeb
Copyright©2012 Vocus, Inc.
All rights reserved


text:
Downloading unlimited, major-label music from your cell phone might sound good, but what if you didn't have to pay (directly) for it? That's the pitch behind the new MusicStation Max program from Omnifone, announced yesterday in Barcelona at the Mobile World Congress. Unlike Nokia's "Comes With Music" plan, all four major labels are on board and users can keep the music they've downloaded after their 12- to 18-month subscription expires.
Here's how it works: handset makers build the cost of the MusicStation Max plan into their devices and sell them to the carriers, who resell them to consumers along with a "special music, voice, and data plan." ("Special" appears to be code for "more expensive"). The goal here is to keep the cost of the music (a) low and (b) hidden, and to make the program attracted to carriers. Because carriers get to keep the extra revenue from these phone plans, they have an incentive to build out and encourage the use of their 3G/HSDPA networks.
To users, this means that they can download any track at any time directly to their mobile phones (and can sync these downloads wirelessly to computers). The service is good for only 12 to 18 months, after which users will need to buy another MusicStation Max device to keep downloading. If they choose not to buy a new device, they can hang onto existing downloads.
The program builds on Omnifone's MusicStation offering that was rolled out last year throughout Europe and Asia. That program required the payment of around £2 per week, though, while here the costs are rolled into the phone.
The entire experience, including a user's library, playlists, and friends, will all be backed up on Omnifone servers. If a cell phone is lost, broken, or replaced, the user can immediately restore all data and settings to a new device.
LG has also announced plans to make the first MusicStation Max handsets, which will feature a touchscreen and will go on sale in the first half of this year.
The plan trumps Nokia's "Comes With Music" by offering access to more labels and by not being limited to a single handset vendor, but both plans are important steps along the road to flat-rate blanket licensing models for music. We'll have to wait for more details on MusicStation Max before pronouncing it a success, though; it seems unlikely that users could load up portable devices with tunes from the service or burn them to CDs, so this may not be a replacement for other music sources.
Further reading:
- See a demo of MusicStation in action
- The official Omnifone announcement
- Jupiter analyst Mark Mulligan sees this as more evidence that 2008 is the "Year of Free"
- Our take on Nokia's "Comes With Music"


text:
View All Solutions
Business Solutions
Home Solutions
Get Support
Resources & Tools
Support Community
Product Support
Product Registration & Warranty Services
Contact Us
Browse FAQs
*Matrix UPSs must be running Matrix firmware revision Z for compatibility with AP9610.
Please note: The AP9610 is a UPS-Link based product and is not compatible with Microlink UPSs, such as Smart UPS models with the following prefixes: SMT, SMX, SURTD. Please see this APC knowledgebase for more information on the APC Micro-link UPS communication language.
All other Smart Slot enabled UPS models may work in conjunction with the AP9610. However, these models have not been officially tested by APC.


text: The foundation of the University of Lahore was laid when its mother campus was established at Islamabad in Mar, 1998. Ever since, the University has perpetually grown in size and the quality of education and it has developed as a leading University both in public and private sectors. The Islamabad Campus is envisioned to have the faculty of Engineering and Technology, Pharmacy, Management Sciences and IT and Computer Sciences. The Faculty of Management Sciences and IT & Computer Sciences shall continue to operate from the old Campus in the Blue Area Islamabad, whereas, the faculty of Engineering and Pharmacy has been shifted to the New Campus. The New Campus which has been newly built is fully ready and functional.