text:
Asian American
|Total population
5.6% of total U.S. population, 2012[3]
|Regions with significant populations
|Throughout the United States, especially Hawaii, the West Coast, and major urban areas.
Christian (42%)
Unaffiliated (26%)
Buddhist (14%)
Hindu (10%)
Muslim (4%)
Sikh (1%)
Other (2%) including Jain[4]
|Related ethnic groups
|Asian American of Hispanic and Latino ethnicity
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asians refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.[5] It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Indian", "Chinese", "Filipino", "Korean", "Japanese", "Vietnamese", and "Other Asian" or provided other detailed Asian responses. They comprise 4.8% of the U.S. population alone, while people who are Asian combined with at least one other race make up 5.6%[5] As of 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country,[2][6] and in 2008 they had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic.[7][8]
- Terminology 1
Demographics 2
- Religion 2.1
History 3
- Immigration trends 3.1
Notable contributions 4
- Arts and entertainment 4.1
- Business 4.2
- Government and politics 4.3
- Journalism 4.4
- Military 4.5
Science and technology 4.6
- Award recipients 4.6.1
- Space 4.6.2
Sports 4.7
- Basketball 4.7.1
- Football 4.7.2
- Mixed martial arts 4.7.3
- Olympics 4.7.4
- Other sports 4.7.5
Cultural influence 5
- Cultural factors of success 5.1
- Health and medicine 5.2
- Education 5.3
Cultural issues 6
- Illegal immigration 6.1
- Race-based violence 6.2
Stereotypes 6.3
- Model minority 6.3.1
- Bamboo ceiling 6.4
- See also 7
- References 8
- Further reading 9
- External links 10
As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the short history of this term.
Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were usually referred to as Oriental, Asiatic, and Mongoloid.[9][10] The term Asian American was coined by historian Yuji Ichioka, who is credited with popularizing the term, to frame a new "inter-ethnic-pan-Asian American self-defining political group" in the late 1960s.[9]
The Hart-Celler Act of 1965 eliminated highly restrictive "national origins" quotas, designed, among other things, to restrict immigration of those of Asian racial background.[11] The new system, based on skills and family connections to U.S. residents, enabled significant immigration from every nation in Asia, which led to dramatic and ongoing changes in the Asian American population. As a result of these population changes, the formal and common understandings of what defines Asian American have expanded to include more of the peoples with ancestry from various parts of Asia. Because of their more recent immigration, new Asian immigrants also have had different educational, economic and other characteristics than early 20th-century immigrants. They also tend to have different employment and settlement patterns in the United States.
Today, Asian American is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to Asian in common usage. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition of Asian,[12] chiefly because the Census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs and measurements. People with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent are included in the Census definition of Asia.[13] The use of a separate "Asian" category in the Census is a recent addition, beginning in 1990. Since then, the Census definitions have varied. The 2000 census divided the Asian-Pacific Islander group and created Pacific Islander ethnicities as a separate category.
According to the Armenians, Azeris) are classified as "White".[21]
Before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with White and Black or Negro.[22] Asian Americans had also been classified as "other".[23] In 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on "Asian or Pacific Islander".[24] The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, combining several individual ancestry groups into "Asian or Pacific Islander." By the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry.[25][26] In the 2000 census, people reporting Jewish, Arab, Iranian, or Turkish ancestry but not reporting race are presumed to be in the White race category rather than Asian.[13]
The definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts. Immigration status, citizenship (by birthright and by naturalization), acculturation, and language ability are some variables that are used to define American for various purposes and may vary in formal and everyday usage.[27] For example, restricting American to include only U.S. citizens conflicts with discussions of Asian American businesses, which generally refer both to citizen and non-citizen owners.[28]
In a PBS interview from 2004, a panel of Asian American writers discussed how some groups include people of Middle Eastern descent in the Asian American category.[29] Asian American author Stewart Ikeda has noted, "The definition of 'Asian American' also frequently depends on who's asking, who's defining, in what context, and why... the possible definitions of 'Asian-Pacific American' are many, complex, and shifting... some scholars in Asian American Studies conferences suggest that Russians, Iranians, and Israelis all might fit the field's subject of study."[30] Jeff Yang, of the Wall Street Journal, writes that the pan-ethnic definition of Asian American is a unique American construct, and as an identity is in "beta".[31]
The demographics of Asian Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who can trace their ancestry to one or more countries in Asia.[32][33] Because Asian Americans comprise 5% of the entire U.S. population, the diversity of the group is often disregarded in media and news discussions of "Asians" or of "Asian Americans." While there are some commonalities across ethnic sub-groups, there are significant differences among different Asian ethnicities that are related to each group's history.[34][35]
The demographics of Asian Americans can further be subdivided into:
- South Asian Americans, including Bangladeshi Americans, Bhutanese Americans, Indian Americans, Nepalese Americans, Pakistani Americans, and Sri Lankan Americans
- East Asian Americans, including Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, Korean Americans, Mongolian Americans, Tibetan Americans and Taiwanese Americans.
- Southeast Asian Americans, including Burmese Americans, Cambodian Americans, Filipino Americans, Hmong Americans, Indonesian Americans, Laotian Americans, Malaysian Americans, Mien Americans, Singaporean Americans, Thai Americans, and Vietnamese Americans
As of July 2012, 42% of U.S. Asian adults are Christian. 26% are unaffiliated with any religion, 14% are Buddhist, 10% are Hindu, 4% are Muslim, 2% are of another religion, and 1% is Sikh.[36]
As Asian Americans originate from many different countries, each population has its own unique history.[2]
The earliest immigration of Asian populations to North America occurred in the 16th century. By 1587, when both the Philippines and vast swathes of North America were colonized by the Spanish Empire, "Luzonians" arrived in Morro Bay, (San Luis Obispo) California on board the Manila-built galleon ship Nuestra Senora de Esperanza under the command of Spanish Captain Pedro de Unamuno.[37][38] In 1635, an "East Indian" is listed in Jamestown, Virginia;[39] this preceded Indian immigrants settling on the East Coast of the United States beginning in the 1790s.[40] In 1763, Filipinos established the small settlement of Saint Malo, Louisiana, after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships.[41] Since there were no Filipino women with them, these Manilamen, as they were known, married Cajun and Native American women.[42]
Chinese sailors first came to Hawaii in 1778,[43][44] the same year that Captain James Cook came upon the island. Many settled and married Hawaiian women. Some Island-born Chinese can claim to be 7th generation. Most Chinese, Korean and Japanese immigrants in Hawaii arrived in the 19th century as laborers to work on sugar plantations.[45] Later, Filipinos also came to work as laborers, attracted by the job opportunities, although they were limited.[46][47]
Chinese began arriving to the West Coast of what is now the United States in the mid-19th century.[48] After hearing stories of incredible wealth in California's Gum Shan or Gold Mountain, Chinese started to immigrate to California. During the early 1850s, around 85% of the Chinese immigrants in California were involved in the mining business.[49] By 1852, the number of Chinese immigrants in San Francisco had jumped to more than twenty thousand. The next big thing that attracted Chinese immigrants was the construction of the transcontinental railroad. In 1862, the construction of the Railroad started in Sacramento; this caused another Chinese movement. When the Gold Rush hype had died down, Chinese immigrants became unemployed. When the Railroad construction began, Chinese slowly migrated inland to work as construction workers.[49]
The first Japanese person to come to the United States, and stay any significant period of time was Nakahama Manjirō who reached the East Coast in 1841.[50] In 1858, Joseph Heco, became the first naturalized Japanese American U.S. Citizen.[51] Japanese immigration to the United States did not begin in any significant numbers until after the Meiji Restoration, which occurred in 1868.[52]
Although the absolute numbers of Asian immigrants in the late 19th century were small compared to that of immigrants from other regions, much of it was concentrated in the West, and the increase caused some Americans to fear the change represented by the growing number of Asians. This fear was referred to as the "yellow peril". The United States passed laws such as Asian Exclusion Act and Chinese Exclusion Act to sharply restrict Asian immigration.[53]
Immigration trends
Filipinos have been in the territories that would become the United States since the 16th century, beginning in the year 1587.[54] In 1898, all Filipinos in the Philippine Islands became American nationals when the United States took over colonial rule of the islands from Spain following the latter's defeat in the Spanish–American War.[55]
There were thousands of Asians in Hawaii, predominantly originating from Japan, China, and Korea, when it was annexed to the United States in 1898, and they all gained full US citizenship at that time.[56] The United States Supreme Court in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) interpreted the 14th Amendment to mean that every person born in the United States, regardless of race or ancestry is a citizen of the United States.[57]
Congress passed restrictive legislation to nearly all Chinese immigration in the 1880s.[58] Japanese immigration was sharply curtailed by a gentleman's agreement brokered by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Asiatic Barred Zone Act in 1917 consolidated Chinese exclusion and further barred immigration from South Asia (then-British India), South-East Asia, and the Middle East. The immigration restriction laws of the 1920s, specifically the Immigration Act of 1924, produced quotas for all countries, with countries in the Asiatic Barred Zone Act getting a zero quota.[59]
World War II-era legislation and judicial rulings gradually increased the ability of Asian Americans to immigrate and become naturalized citizens. Immigration rapidly increased following the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 as well as naturalization of refugees from conflicts that occurred in the late 20th century in Southeast Asia. Asian American immigrants have a significant percentage of individuals who have already achieved professional status, a first among immigration groups.[60] In 2009, Asian Americans surpassed Hispanic Americans as the largest plurality of immigrants to the United States.[61] Additionally, from 2000 to 2010, the Asian American population was the fastest growing group according to the 2010 U.S. Census.[2][62][63]
Notable contributions
Arts and entertainment
See also: Asian-American literature
Asian Americans have been involved in the entertainment industry since the first half of the 19th century, when Chang and Eng Bunker (the original "Siamese Twins") became naturalized citizens.[64] Acting roles in television, film, and theater were relatively few, and many available roles were for narrow, stereotypical characters. More recently, young Asian American comedians and film-makers have found an outlet on YouTube allowing them to gain a strong and loyal fanbase among their fellow Asian Americans.[65] There have been several Asian American-centric television shows in American media, beginning with Mr. T and Tina in 1976, and as recent as Fresh Off the Boat in 2015.[66]
When Asian Americans were largely excluded from labor markets in the 19th century, they started their own businesses. They have started convenience and grocery stores, professional offices such as medical and law practices, laundries, restaurants, beauty-related ventures, hi-tech companies, and many other kinds of enterprises, becoming very successful and influential in American society. They have dramatically expanded their involvement across the American economy. Asian Americans have been disproportionately successful in the hi-tech sectors of California's Silicon Valley, as evidenced by the Goldsea 100 Compilation of America's Most Successful Asian Entrepreneurs.[67]
Compared to their population base, Asian Americans today are well represented in the professional sector and tend to earn higher wages.[68] The Goldsea compilation of Notable Asian American Professionals show that many have come to occupy high positions at leading U.S. corporations, including a surprising number as Chief Marketing Officers.[69]
Asian Americans have made major contributions to the American economy. In 2012, Asian Americans own 1.5 million businesses, employ around 3 million people who earn an annual total payroll of around $80 billion.[62] Fashion designer and mogul Vera Wang, who is famous for designing dresses for high-profile celebrities, started a clothing company, named after herself, which now offers a broad range of luxury fashion products. An Wang founded Wang Laboratories in June 1951. Amar Bose founded the Bose Corporation in 1964. Charles Wang founded Computer Associates, later became its CEO and chairman. David Khym founded hip-hop fashion giant Southpole (clothing) in 1991. Jen-Hsun Huang co-founded the NVIDIA corporation in 1993. Jerry Yang co-founded Yahoo! Inc. in 1994 and became its CEO later. Andrea Jung serves as Chairman and CEO of Avon Products. Vinod Khosla was a founding CEO of Sun Microsystems and is a general partner of the prominent venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. Steve Chen and Jawed Karim were co-creators of YouTube, and were beneficiaries of Google's $1.65 billion acquisition of that company in 2006. In addition to contributing greatly to other fields, Asian Americans have made considerable contributions in science and technology in the United States, in such prominent innovative R&D regions as Silicon Valley and The Triangle.
Government and politics
Asian Americans have a high level of political incorporation in terms of their actual voting population. Since 1907, Asian Americans have been active at the national level and have had multiple officeholders at local, state and national levels. The highest ranked Asian American was Senator and President Pro Tempore Daniel Inouye, who died in office in 2012.
Connie Chung was one of the first Asian American national correspondents for a major TV news network, reporting for CBS in 1971. She later co-anchored the CBS Evening News from 1993 to 1995, becoming the first Asian American national news anchor.[70] At ABC, Ken Kashiwahara began reporting nationally in 1974. In 1989, Emil Guillermo, a Filipino American born reporter from San Francisco, became the first Asian American male to co-host a national news show when he was senior host at National Public Radio's "All Things Considered." In 1990, Sheryl WuDunn, a foreign correspondent in the Beijing Bureau of The New York Times, became the first Asian American to win a Pulitzer Prize. Ann Curry joined NBC News as a reporter in 1990, later becoming prominently associated with The Today Show in 1997. Carol Lin is perhaps best known for being the first to break the news of 9-11 on CNN. Dr. Sanjay Gupta is currently CNN's chief health correspondent. Lisa Ling, a former co-host on The View, now provides special reports for CNN and The Oprah Winfrey Show, as well as hosting National Geographic Channel's Explorer. Fareed Zakaria, a naturalised Indian-born immigrant, is a prominent journalist, and author specialising in international affairs. He is the editor-at-large of Time magazine, and the host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN. Juju Chang, James Hatori, John Yang, Veronica De La Cruz, Michelle Malkin, Betty Nguyen, and Julie Chen have become familiar faces on television news. John Yang won a Peabody Award. Alex Tizon, a Seattle Times staff writer, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997.
Since the War of 1812 Asian Americans have served and fought on behalf of the United States. Serving in both segregated and non-segregated units until the desegregation of the US Military in 1948, 31 have been awarded the nation's highest award for combat valor, the Medal of Honor. Twenty-one of these were conferred upon members of the mostly Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II, the most highly decorated unit of its size in the history of the United States Armed Forces.[71]
Science and technology
Asian Americans have made many prominent and notable contributions to Science and Technology.
Chien-Shiung Wu was known to many scientists as the "First Lady of Physics" and played a pivotal role in experimentally demonstrating the violation of the law of conservation of parity in the field of particle physics. Fazlur Rahman Khan, also known as named as "The Father of tubular designs for high-rises",[72] was highlighted by President Barack Obama in a 2009 speech in Cairo, Egypt,[73] and has been called "Einstein of Structural engineering".[74] Min Chueh Chang was the co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and contributed significantly to the development of in vitro fertilisation at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology. David T. Wong was one of the scientists credited with the discovery of ground-breaking drug Fluoxetine as well as the discovery of atomoxetine, duloxetine and dapoxetine with colleagues.[75][76][77] Michio Kaku has popularized science and has appeared on multiple programs on television and radio.
Award recipients
Wolf Prize in Chemistry for this achievement. Manjul Bhargava, an American Canadian of Indian origins won the Fields Medal in mathematics in 2014. Shuji Nakamura won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes.
LTC Ellison Onizuka became the first Asian American (and third person of Asian descent) when he made his first space flight aboard STS-51-C in 1985. Onizuka later died aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. Taylor Gun-Jin Wang became the first person of Chinese ethnicity and first Chinese American, in space in 1985; he has since been followed by Leroy Chiao in 1994, and Ed Lu in 1997. In 1986, Franklin Chang-Diaz became the first Asian Latin American in space. Eugene H. Trinh became the first Vietnamese American in space in 1992. In 2001, Mark L. Polansky, a Jewish Korean American, made his first of three flights into space. In 2003, Kalpana Chawla became the first Indian American in space, but died aboard the ill fated Space Shuttle Columbia. She has since been followed by CDR Sunita Williams in 2006.
Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier when he played for the New York Knicks in the 1947–48 season.[78] The next Asian American NBA player was Raymond Townsend, who played for the Golden State Warriors and Indiana Pacers from 1978 to 1982.[78] Rex Walters, played from 1993 to 2000 with the Nets, Philadelphia 76ers and Miami Heat;[78] he is presently the head coach for the University of San Francisco basketball team.[79] After playing basketball at Harvard University, point guard Jeremy Lin signed with the NBA's Golden State Warriors in 2010[78] and now plays for the Charlotte Hornets.
Current Kansas Jayhawks assistant coach Kurtis Townsend is Raymond Townsend's brother.[80]
Erik Spoelstra became the youngest coach ever in NBA history. He is currently the head coach of the Miami Heat.[81]
In football, Wally Yonamine played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers in 1947.[82] Norm Chow is currently the head coach for the University of Hawaii and former offensive coordinator for UCLA after a short stint with the Tennessee Titans of the NFL, after 23 years of coaching other college teams, including four years as offensive coordinator at USC. In 1962, half Filipino Roman Gabriel was the first Asian American to start as an NFL quarterback. Dat Nguyen was an NFL middle linebacker who was an all-pro selection in 2003 for the Dallas Cowboys. In 1998, he was named an All-American and won the Bednarik Award as well as the Lombardi Award, while playing for Texas A&M University. Hines Ward who was born to a Korean mother and an African American father, is a former NFL wide receiver who was the MVP of Super Bowl XL and Ward also won the 12th season of the Dancing with the Stars television series. Former Patriot's linebacker Tedy Bruschi is of Filipino and Italian descent. While playing for the Patriots, Bruschi won three Super Bowl rings and was a two-time All-Pro selection. Bruschi is currently a NFL analyst at ESPN.
Mixed martial arts
There are several top ranked Asian American mixed martial artists. BJ Penn is a former UFC lightweight and welterweight champion. Cung Le is a former Strikeforce middleweight champion. Benson Henderson is the former WEC lightweight champion and a former UFC lightweight champion. Nam Phan is UFC featherweight fighter.
Asian Americans first made an impact in Olympic sports in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. Sammy Lee became the first Asian American to earn an Olympic Gold Medal, winning in platform diving in both 1948 and 1952. Victoria Manalo Draves won both gold in platform and springboard diving in the 1948. Harold Sakata won a weightlifting silver medal in the 1948 Olympics, while Tommy Kono (weightlifting), Yoshinobu Oyakawa (100-meter backstroke), and Ford Konno (1500-meter freestyle) each won gold and set Olympic records in the 1952 Olympics. Konno won another gold and silver swimming medal at the same Olympics and added a silver medal in 1956, while Kono set another Olympic weightlifting record in 1956. Also at the 1952 Olympics, Evelyn Kawamoto won two bronze medals in swimming.
Amy Chow was a member of the gold medal women's gymnastics team at the 1996 Olympics; she also won an individual silver medal on the uneven bars. Gymnast Mohini Bhardwaj won a team silver medal in the 2004 Olympics. Bryan Clay who is of Half-Japanese descent[83] won the decathlon gold medal in the 2008 Olympics, the silver medal in the 2004 Olympics, and was the sport's 2005 world champion.
Since Tiffany Chin won the women's US Figure Skating Championship in 1985, Asian Americans have been prominent in that sport. Kristi Yamaguchi won three national championships, two world titles, and the 1992 Olympic Gold medal. Michelle Kwan has won nine national championships and five world titles, as well as two Olympic medals (silver in 1998, bronze in 2002).
Apolo Ohno who is of Half-Japanese[84] descent is a short track speed skater and an eight-time Olympic Medalist as well as the most decorated American Winter Olympic athlete of all time. He became the youngest U.S. national champion in 1997 and was the reigning champion from 2001 to 2009, winning the title a total of 12 times. In 1999, he became the youngest skater to win a World Cup event title, and became the first American to win a World Cup overall title in 2001, which he won again in 2003 and 2005. He won his first overall World Championship title at the 2008 championships.
Nathan Adrian who is also a Hapa of Half-Chinese descent[85] is a professional American swimmer and three-time Olympic gold medalist who currently holds the American record in the 50 and 100-yard freestyle (short course) events. He has won a total of fifteen medals in major international competitions, twelve gold, two silver, and one bronze spanning the Olympics, the World, and the Pan Pacific Championships.
Other sports
Michael Chang was a top-ranked tennis player for most of his career, and the youngest ever winner of a Grand Slam tennis tournament in men's singles. He won the French Open in 1989. Tiger Woods, who is partially of Asian descent, is the most successful golfer of his generation and one of the most famous athletes in the world. Eric Koston is one of the top street skateboarders and placed first in the 2003 X-Games street competition. Richard Park is a Korean American ice hockey player who currently plays for the Swiss team HC Ambri-Piotta.
Brian Ching, whose father was Chinese, represented the United States Men's National Soccer Team, scoring 11 goals in 45 caps. He participated in the 2006 World Cup and won the 2007 Gold Cup.[86]
Cultural influence
In recognition of the unique culture, traditions, and history of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, the United States government has permanently designated the month of May to be Asian Pacific American Heritage Month.[87][88]
Cultural factors of success
After observing the rapid economic growth of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as the success Asian Americans achieved, scholars took notice of a cultural commonality. All of them are influenced by Confucian values. In 1979, Herman Kahn, the world-famous futurist, pointed out the cultural strengths of the Confucian Ethic in the pursuits of industrialization and affluence. He predicted, "the Confucian ethic—the creation of dedicated, motivated, responsible, and educated individuals and the enhanced sense of commitment, organizational identity, and loyalty to various institutions—will result in all the neo-Confucian societies having at least potentially higher growth rates than other cultures."[89] In 1980, Roderick MacFarquhar, the world-renowned China expert and former Director of the John King Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University declared: "That ideology [Confucianism] is as important to the rise of the east Asian hyper-growth economies as the conjunction of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism in the West."[90]
Health and medicine
Asian immigrants are also changing the American medical landscape through increasing number of Asian medical practitioners in the United States. Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, the US government invited a number of foreign physicians particularly from India and the Philippines to address the acute shortage of physicians in rural and medically underserved urban areas. The trend in importing foreign medical practitioners, however, became a long-term, chronic solution as US medical schools failed to produce enough physicians to match the increasing American population. Amid decreasing interest in medicine among American college students due to high educational costs and high rates of job dissatisfaction, loss of morale, stress, and lawsuits, Asian American immigrants maintained a supply of healthcare practitioners for millions of Americans. It is well documented that Asian American international medical graduates including highly skilled guest workers using the J1 Visa program for medical workers, tend to serve in health professions shortage areas (HPSA) and specialties that are not filled by US medical graduates especially primary care and rural medicine.[91][92] Thus, Asian American immigrants play a key role in averting a medical crisis in the US.
A lasting legacy of Asian American involvement in medicine is the forcing of US medical establishment to accept minority medical practitioners. One could speculate that the introduction of Asian physicians and dentists to the American society could have triggered an acceptance of other minority groups by breaking down stereotypes and encouraging trust.[93]
Traditional Asian concepts and practices in health and medicine have attracted greater acceptance and are more widely adopted by American doctors. India's Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine (which also includes acupuncture) are two alternative therapy systems that have been studied and adopted to a great extent. For instance, in the early 1970s the US medical establishment did not believe in the usefulness of acupuncture. Since then studies have proven the efficacy of acupuncture for different applications, especially for treatment of chronic pain.[94] It is now covered by many health insurance plans.
Herbalism and massage therapy (from Ayurveda) are sweeping the spas across America. Meditation and yoga (from India) have also been widely adopted by health spas, and spiritual retreats of many religious bases. They are also part of the spiritual practice of the many Americans who are not affiliated with a mainline religious group.
Ethnicity or
Percent of
(including Taiwanese)
|Non-Hispanic white
|Total U.S. population
High school
graduation rate
Bachelor's degree
or higher (2010)
|Total U.S. population
|Sources: 2004[108][109][110] and 2010[111]
Among America's major racial categories, Asian Americans have the highest educational qualifications. This varies, however, for individual ethnic groups. Dr. C.N. Le, Director of the Asian & Asian American Studies Certificate Program at the University of Massachusetts, writes that although 42% of all Asian American adults have at least a college degree, Vietnamese Americans have a degree attainment rate of only 16% while Laotians and Cambodians only have rates around 5%.[112] It has been noted, however, that 2008 US Census statistics put the bachelor's degree attainment rate of Vietnamese Americans at 26%, which is not very different from the rate of 27% for all Americans.[113] According to the US Census Bureau in 2010, while the high school graduation rate for Asian Americans is on par with those of other ethnic groups, 50% of Asian Americans have attained at least a bachelor's degree as compared with the national average of 28%,[114] and 34% for non-Hispanic Whites.[115] Indian Americans have some of the highest education rates, with nearly 71% having attained at least a bachelor's degree in 2010.[111] According to Carolyn Chen, director of the Asian American Studies Program at Northwestern University, as of December 2012 Asian Americans made up twelve to eighteen percent of the student population at Ivy League schools, larger than their share of the population.[116] For example, the Harvard Class of 2016 is 21% Asian American.[117]
In the years immediately preceding 2012, 61% of Asian American adult immigrants have a bachelor or higher level college education.[2]
Cultural issues
Illegal immigration
In 2012, there are 1.3 million alien Asian Americans; and for those awaiting visas, there are lengthy backlogs with over 450 thousand Filipinos, over 325 thousand Indians, over 250 thousand Vietnamese, and over 225 thousand Chinese are awaiting visas.[118][119] As of 2009, Filipinos and Indians accounted for the highest number of alien immigrants for "Asian Americans" with an estimated illegal population of 270,000 and 200,000 respectively. Indian Americans are also the fastest growing alien immigrant group in the United States, an increase in illegal immigration of 125% since 2000.[120][121] This is followed by Koreans (200,000) and Chinese (120,000).[122]
Due to the stereotype of Asian Americans being successful as a group and having the lowest crime rates in the United States, illegal immigration is mostly focused on those from Mexico and Latin America while leaving out Asians.[123] Asians are the second largest racial/ethnic alien immigrant group in the U.S. behind Hispanics and Latinos.[124][125] While the majority of Asian immigrants to the United States immigrate legally,[126] up to 15% of Asian immigrants immigrate without legal documents.[127]
Race-based violence
Historically Asian Americans have been the target of violence based on their race and or ethnicity. This includes, but are not limited to, such events as the Rock Springs massacre,[128] Watsonville Riots,[129][130] attacks upon Japanese Americans following the attack on Pearl Harbor.,[131] and Korean American businesses targeted during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[132] According to historian Arif Dirlik: "Indian massacres of Chinese was a commonplace experience on the frontier, the most notable being the "legendary slaughter by Paiute Indians of forty to sixty Chinese miners in 1866."'"[133] In the late 1980s, South Asians in New Jersey faced assault and other hate crimes by a group known as the Dotbusters. Violence against Asian Americans continue to occur based on their race,[134] with one source asserting that Asian Americans are the fastest growing targets of hate crimes and violence.[135]
After the September 11 attacks, Sikh Americans were targeted, being the recipient of numerous hate crimes including murder.[136][137][138][139] Other Asian Americans have also been the victim of race based violence in Brooklyn,[140] Philadelphia,[141][142] San Francisco.[143] and Bloomington, Indiana.[144] Furthermore, it has been reported that young Asian Americans are more likely to be a target of violence than their peers.[140][145][146] Racism and discrimination still persists against Asian Americans occurring not only to recent immigrants but also towards well-educated and highly trained professionals.[147] Examples include a boycott of Asian-owned businesses in Dallas in 2012,[148][149] hate mail received by Filipinos in American Canyon in 2013,[150][151] and looting of Asian-owned businesses during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[152][153] As new Asian immigrants have moved into many traditionally black neighborhoods, tensions with African Americans have increased.[154][155][156][157][158][159]
Until the late 20th century, the term "Asian American" was adopted mostly by activists, while the average person of Asian ancestries identified with their specific ethnicity.[160] The murder of Vincent Chin in 1982 was a pivotal civil rights case, and it marked the emergence of Asian Americans as a distinct group in United States.[160][161]
Stereotypes of Asians have been largely collectively internalized by society and these stereotypes have mainly negative repercussions for Asian Americans and Asian immigrants in daily interactions, current events, and governmental legislation. In many instances, media portrayals of East Asians often reflect a dominant Americentric perception rather than realistic and authentic depictions of true cultures, customs and behaviors.[162] Asians have experienced discrimination and have been victims of hate crimes related to their ethnic stereotypes.[163]
Study has indicated that most non-Asian Americans do not generally differentiate between Asian Americans of different ethnicities.[164] Stereotypes of both groups are nearly identical.[165] A 2002 survey of Americans' attitudes toward Asian Americans and Chinese Americans indicated that 24% of the respondents disapprove of intermarriage with an Asian American, second only to African Americans; 23% would be uncomfortable supporting an Asian American presidential candidate, compared to 15% for an African American, 14% for a woman and 11% for a Jew; 17% would be upset if a substantial number of Asian Americans moved into their neighborhood; 25% had somewhat or very negative attitude toward Chinese Americans in general.[166] The study did find several positive perceptions of Chinese Americans: strong family values (91%); honesty as business people (77%); high value on education (67%).[165]
There is a widespread perception that Asian Americans are not "American" but are instead "perpetual foreigners".[166][167][168] Asian Americans often report being asked the question, "Where are you really from?" by other Americans, regardless of how long they or their ancestors have lived in United States and been a part of its society.[169] Many Asian Americans are themselves not immigrants but rather born in the United States. Many East Asian Americans are asked if they are Chinese or Japanese, an assumption based on major groups of past immigrants.[167][170]
Model minority
Asian Americans are sometimes characterized as a model minority in the United States because many of their cultures encourage a strong work ethic, a respect for elders, a high degree of professional and academic success, a high valuation of family, education and religion.[171][172] Statistics such as high household income and low incarceration rate,[173] low rates of many diseases and higher than average life expectancy[174] are also discussed as positive aspects of Asian Americans.
The implicit advice is that the other minorities should stop protesting and emulate the Asian American work ethic and devotion to higher education. Some critics say the depiction replaces biological racism with cultural racism, and should be dropped.[175]
The model minority concept can also affect Asians' public education.[176] By comparison with other minorities, Asians often achieve higher test scores and grades compared to other Americans.[177] Stereotyping Asian American as over-achievers can lead to harm if school officials or peers expect all to perform higher than average.[178] The very high educational attainments of Asian Americans has often been noted; in 1980, for example, 74% of Chinese Americans, 62% of Japanese Americans, and 55% of Korean Americans aged 20–21 were in college, compared to only a third of the whites. The disparity at postgraduate levels is even greater, and the differential is especially notable in fields making heavy use of mathematics. By 2000, a plurality of undergraduates at such elite public California schools as UC Berkeley and UCLA, which are obligated by law to not consider race as a factor in admission, were Asian American. The pattern is rooted in the pre-World War II era. Native-born Chinese and Japanese Americans reached educational parity with majority whites in the early decades of the 20th century.[179]
The "model minority" stereotype fails to distinguish between different ethnic groups with different histories. When divided up by ethnicity, it can be seen that the economic and academic successes supposedly enjoyed by Asian Americans are concentrated into a few ethnic groups. Cambodians, Hmong, and Laotians (and to a lesser extent, Vietnamese), all of whose relatively low achievement rates are possibly due to their refugee status, and that they are non-voluntary immigrants as other ethnicities are more likely to be;[180] additionally, one in five Hmong and Bangladeshi people live in poverty.[62]
Furthermore, the model minority concept can be emotionally damaging to some Asian Americans, particularly since they are expected to live up to those peers who fit the stereotype.[181] Studies have shown that some Asian Americans suffer from higher rates of stress, depression, mental illnesses, and suicides in comparison to other races,[182] indicating that the pressures to achieve and live up to the model minority image may take a mental and psychological toll on some Asian Americans.[183]
Bamboo ceiling
This concept appears to elevate Asian Americans by portraying them as an elite group of successful, highly educated, intelligent, and wealthy individuals, but it can also be considered an overly narrow and overly one-dimensional portrayal of Asian Americans, leaving out other human qualities such as vocal leadership, negative emotions, risk taking, ability to learn from mistakes, and desire for creative expression.[184] Furthermore, Asian Americans who do not fit into the model minority mold can face challenges when people's expectations based on the model minority myth do not match with reality. Traits outside of the model minority mold can be seen as negative character flaws for Asian Americans despite those very same traits being positive for the general American majority (e.g., risk taking, confidence, empowered). For this reason, Asian Americans encounter a "bamboo ceiling," the Asian American equivalent of the glass ceiling in the workplace, with only 1.5% of Fortune 500 CEOs being Asians, a percentage smaller than their percentage of the total United States population.[185]
The Bamboo ceiling is defined as a combination of individual, cultural, and organisational factors that impede Asian Americans' career progress inside organizations. Since then, a variety of sectors (including nonprofits, universities, the government) have discussed the impact of the ceiling as it relates to Asians and the challenges they face. As described by Anne Fisher,the "bamboo ceiling" refers to the processes and barriers that serve to exclude Asians and American people of Asian descent from executive positions on the basis of subjective factors such as "lack of leadership potential" and "lack of communication skills" that cannot actually be explained by job performance or qualifications.[186] Articles regarding the subject have been written in Crains, Fortune magazine, and The Atlantic.[187][188][189]
See also
- Amerasian
- Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
- Asian American studies
- Asian Americans in New York City
- Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
- Asian Latino
- Asian Pacific American
- Asian pride
- Hyphenated American
- Jade Ribbon Campaign
- Index of Asian American-related articles
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- ^ Kim, Kwang Chung (1999). Koreans in the Hood: Conflict With African Americans. Baltimore, Maryland: JHU Press. p. 250.
- ^ Abelmann, Nancy; Lie, John (1995). Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. Harvard University Press. p. 288.
- ^ New York Times: "Attacks on Asians Highlight New Racial Tensions" By GERRY SHIH May 2, 2010
- ^ USA Today: "Bullying against Asian students roils Philadelphia high school" January 22, 2010
- ^ CNN: "Racial violence spurred Asian students to take a stand" By Sarah Hoye October 22, 2010
- ^ Boston.com: "Attacks on Asian-Americans lead to racial tension" By Juliana Barbassa May 15, 2010
- ^ Washington Post: "D.C.'s Black-Korean Dynamic: A Simmering Tension by Marc Fisher June 20, 2007
- ^ Baltimore Sun: "Black, Korean tension is focus U.S. civil rights panel to meet in Baltimore" By Erin Texeira July 23, 1998
- ^ a b Yip, Alethea. "Remembering Vincent Chin". Asian Week. Archived from the original on March 18, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
- ^ ACAPAA. "Pilicy Recommendation Document." (PDF). State of Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
- ^ Kashiwabara, Amy, Vanishing Son: The Appearance, Disappearance, and Assimilation of the Asian-American Man in American Mainstream Media, UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
- ^ "Pearl Harbor and Asian-Americans". New York Times. 26 October 1991. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ Espiritu, Yen le (1993). Asian American panethnicity: bridging institutions and identities. Temple University Press. p. 139.
- ^ a b Committee of 100 (April 25, 2001). "Committee of 100 Announces Results of Landmark National Survey on American Attitudes towards Chinese Americans and Asian Americans". Retrieved June 14, 2007.
- ^ a b Yi, Matthew; et al. (April 27, 2001). "Asian Americans seen negatively". The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
- ^ a b Frank H. Wu. "Asian Americans and the Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
- ^ Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7.
- ^
- ^ K. Bergquist. "Image Conscious". Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
- ^ Le, C.N. (2001). "The Model Minority Image". Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America. C.N. Le. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ Wu, Frank H. (2002). "The Model Minority: Asian American 'Success' as a Race Relations Failure". Yellow: Race in America Beyond Black and White (PDF). New York: Basic Books. pp. 39–77.
- ^ Bureau of Justice Statistics: Criminal Offenders Statistics at the Wayback Machine (archived July 16, 2008), November 13, 2005. (archived from the original on July 16, 2008)
- ^ The Soft Bigotry of Life Expectancy By William Saletan March 16, 2005 "Asian-Americans were beating white life expectancy by six years among men and 6.5 years among women"
- ^ Chih-Chieh Chou, "Critique on the notion of model minority: an alternative racism to Asian American?," Asian Ethnicity, Oct 2008, Vol. 9#3 Issue 3, pp 219–229
- ^ Kumar, Revathy; Maehr, Martin L. (2010). "Schooling, Cultural Diversity, and Student Motivation". In Meece, Judith L.; Eccles, Jacquelynne S. Handbook of Research on Schools, Schooling and Human Development. Routledge. p. 314.
- ^ "Asian Americans outperform whites in terms of their overall or average grades (GPA), grades in math, and test scores in math", School Performance, Tseng, V., Chao, R. K., & Padmawidjaja, I. (2007). Asian Americans educational experiences. In F. Leong, A. Inman, A. Ebreo, L. Yang, L. Kinoshita, & M. Fu (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American Psychology, (2nd Edition) Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology (REMP) Series (pp. 102–123). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications (MS Word format, via Multicultural Families and Adolescents Study, Publications).
- ^ Frank H. Wu (2002). Yellow. Basic Books.
- ^ Charles Hirschman and Morrison G. Wong, "The Extraordinary Educational Attainment of Asian-Americans: A Search for Historical Evidence and Explanations," Social Forces, Sept 1986, Vol. 65#1 pp 1–27
^ "Socioeconomic Statistics & Demographics : Asian-Nation :: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues". Asian-Nation. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
Hing, Julianne (22 June 2012). "'"Asian Americans to Pew Study: We're Not Your 'Model Minority. The Hartford Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- ^ Nhan, Doris (15 May 2012). "Asians Often Burdened as Model Minority". National Journal. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ "Mental Health and Depression in Asian Americans"
- ^ Cohen, Elizabeth (16 May 2007). "Push to achieve tied to suicide in Asian-American women". CNN. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Cheng, Joy; Charles Hsieh; Scott Lu; Sarah Talog. "Asian Americans and the Media: Perpetuating the Model Minority". Psychology 457.002. University of Michigan. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Sylvia Ann Hewlett (28 July 2011). """Asians in America: What's Holding Back the "Model Minority?. Forbes. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Anne Fisher (8 August 2005). "'"Piercing the 'Bamboo Ceiling.
- ^ Anne Fisher (18 November 2011). "Training executives to think globally". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ Anne Fisher (7 October 2011). "Is there a 'bamboo ceiling' at U.S. companies?". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
- ^ Hans Villarica (15 May 2012). "Study of the Day: There's a 'Bamboo Ceiling' for Would-Be Asian Leaders".
Further reading
- Bhatt, Amy, et al. Roots and Reflections: South Asians in the Pacific Northwest (2013)
- Chan, Sucheng. "The changing contours of Asian-American historiography," Rethinking History, March 2007, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp 125–147; surveys 100+ studies of defining events; Asian diasporas; social dynamics; cultural histories.
- Chan, Sucheng. Asian Americans: an interpretive history (Twayne, 1991). ISBN 978-0-8057-8437-4
- Chau Trinh-Shevrin, Nadia Shilpi Islam, Mariano Jose Rey. Asian American Communities and Health: Context, Research, Policy, and Action (Public Health/Vulnerable Populations), 2009. ISBN 978-0-7879-9829-5
- Cheng, Cindy I-Fen. Citizens of Asian America: Democracy and Race during the Cold War (2013)
- Chin, Gabriel J., Ed., U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: Reports on Asian Pacific Americans (2005) ISBN 978-0-8377-3105-6
- Choi, Yoonsun. "Academic Achievement and Problem Behaviors among Asian Pacific Islander American Adolescents." (Archive, Alternate link) Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Received 26 August 2006. Accepted 13 October 2006. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. DOI 10.1007/s10964-006-9152-4. May 2007, Volume 36, Issue 4, pp 403–415.
- Chiu, Monica, ed. Asian Americans in New England: Culture and Community (Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2009. xviii, 252 pp.) ISBN 978-1-58465-794-1
- Kwong, Peter and Dusanka Miscevic. Chinese America: The Untold Story of America's Oldest New Community (2005)
- Lowe, Lisa Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8223-1864-4
- Matsumoto, Jon. "Asian Americans Anchor Their Influence." Los Angeles Times. September 4, 1998.
- Okihiro, Gary Y. The Columbia Guide to Asian American History (Columbia UP, 2005) excerpt and text search
- Pyong Gap Min Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Pine Science Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5
Takaki, Ronald Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans New York: Little, Brown, 1998. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7.
- adapted by Rebecca Stefoff: Raising Cane. The World of Plantation Hawaii, Chelsea House Publishers, New York/Philadelphia 1994, ISBN 0-7910-2178-5.
- Tamura, Eileen H. "Using the Past to Inform the Future: An Historiography of Hawaii's Asian and Pacific Islander Americans," Amerasia Journal, 2000, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 55–85
- Wu, Frank H. Yellow: Race in American Beyond Black and White New York: Basic Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-465-00639-7
- Zia, Helen Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000. ISBN 978-0-374-52736-5.
- Zhou, Min and Carl L. Bankston III Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998. ISBN 978-0-871-54995-2.
- "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths" (full report) (Archive). Pew Research Center. July 19, 2012.
External links
- Population: Estimates and Projections by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, The 2010 Statistical Abstract, U.S. Census Bureau
- UCLA Asian American Studies Center
- Asian-Nation Asian American History, Culture, Statistics, & Issues
- Korean Americans in America – National organizations, business directory, job posts and news
- U.S. Asian Population, Census 2000, infoplease.com..
- Video: Panel Discussion on 'Asian Americans Changing the Landscape' Asia Society, New York, May 19, 2010
- Use mdy dates from June 2012
- "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
- All articles containing potentially dated statements
- Articles lacking historical information
- Articles to be expanded from October 2009
- All articles to be expanded
- Articles needing additional references from December 2012
- All articles needing additional references
- Articles to be expanded from February 2012
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2012
- Articles to be expanded from June 2014
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
- All articles with dead external links
- Articles with dead external links from April 2010
- Articles with inconsistent citation formats
- Asian-American society
- Asian-American issues
- Asian-American culture
- Ethnic groups in the United States


text:
In about a week the city of Chicago will be upturned with contemporary art fervor. The art fair, EXPO Chicago, returns for its second year, along with a satellite, Fountain Art Fair. Already the city is buzzing with preparations. In the midst of all this I had a chance to email with Elizabeth Tully, Fountain Art Fair's official Producer, about the history and aesthetic of the organization along with what we might expect at Fountain.
Caroline Picard: Can you talk a little bit about the history of Fountain Art Fair? What is Fountain's ideology?
Elizabeth Tully: Fountain was started in 2006 as a platform for three galleries (Capla Kesting Fine Art, McCaig Welles Gallery and Front Room Gallery) to access collectors, curators and critics during the New York Armory weekend.  We have grown to represent over 100 international galleries, artists and collectives.  Our model is "alternative" because we give free-reign to our exhibitors, and are not exclusive to just galleries, or just independent artists.  Our mission is for people to come to Fountain and connect with whats happening inside through installations and performances that engage visitors and push boundaries. Of course, people want to sell art, and they do.  But the overall vibe is one of community and goodwill as opposed to commercial frenzy.
CP: How do you facilitate a community vibe?Â
ET: There is something special that happens when the Fountain Team gets together, and all the exhibitors show up. Â I'm sure part of it is the type of art we showcase tends to bring in exhibitors that are open-minded and down for adventure (and the Fountain Team certainly personifies that as well) People start installing their art, checking out their neighbors, borrowing ladders, lending drills, etc. Â The energy is palpable and really starts to build, by opening day its reached a fever pitch. Â That sense of "we're all in this together" is really what Fountain is all about. Â For Chicago especially, we are working with Johalla Projects as our partner out there. Â They have been incredible, making connections and fostering relationships to help get this show off the ground and build a new Fountain community in Chicago. I think visitors can feel that goodwill when they come, and its something we take a lot of pride in.
CP: What was it like shifting the fair from something created as a satellite to the Armory, in NY, to a fair that travelled?Â
ET: Fountain has always operated as a satellite to these larger fairs (Armory, Art Basel Miami Beach, Art Platform Los Angeles).  Our purpose is to provide a platform for these alternative spaces to showcase their work during these major weekends, but as an affordable art fair, our budget is always tight. The challenge is to keep the show affordable while still creating an environment that is going to be conducive to our clients selling art. Working as a satellite allows us to take advantage of opportunities created by the large shows and the audience they attract.  It also gives us the freedom to explore new markets in new cities, and bring Fountain's particular brand of art + vibes around the world. CP: This is related, I think, to the last question — but your name, Fountain and logo, point back to the infamous Duchampian urinal. Is that a moment in art history that the fair is particularly inspired by? And what bearing does it have on the contemporary art fair model? ET: Just as people were shocked by Duchamp's Fountain, we aim to bring that refreshing spirit into everything we do.  We want visitors to engage with art they wouldn't normally be open to, and break from the things they have seen at all the other fairs.  This spirit of "art for art's sake" is at the heart of the Duchamp/DADA paradigm.
CP: Do you have an example of a work or a couple of works from Fountain that managed to turn your audience's heads?Â
ET: Where do I even start??!  Over the years there have been some amazing moments that have happened at Fountain.  Many of them center around the performance programming, which has been curated by Bushwick-based Grace Exhibition Space for the past few years. They invited a world-renowned group of artists from Estonia called Non Grata to Miami in 2010 that resulted in a car almost being blown up!  Non Grata returned to Miami this past December with incredible programming involving live branding. (See photos attached). During my first Miami show in 2009, I remember Russell Young pulling silkscreens live using viles of his own blood.  I remember watching him, disturbed but so intrigued.  It was a defining Fountain moment for me. New York 2012 exhibitors Creamhotel also brought in an amazing performance involving aerialist Seanna Sharpe and her team suspended from the ceiling of the Armory, 130′ above the crowd.  Watching that with a couple of thousand people on the floor was breathtaking, we were all just looking up with our mouths hanging open. Performance art for this show will be curated by chicago-based performance space and I'm really excited to see what they bring! We will be announcing the lineup next week.
CP: How do you encourage your galleries to be experimental? Is it simply the result of the ecology you have developed over the years — for instance do you all try and work exclusively with galleries prized for their experimentation — or do galleries apply with specific projects in mind, projects that you vet from your end?Â
ET: I think its a little bit of both. Â Fountain has a reputation for showcasing progressive, sometimes challenging work, so we do attract exhibitors who like to think outside the box. Â I love when potential exhibitors reach out to us with a wild idea(examples above), bringing all the elements together to help them realize that vision is, for me, one of the best parts of producing a show like this.
CP: What brings Fountain to Chicago?Â
ET: Fountain staged an exhibition in Chicago back in 2007, and we have been waiting for the right time to return. Â We were very excited to see EXPO Chicago launch in 2012, signaling a renaissance in the Chicago market. Â Then this spring, our now-partners at Johalla Projects reached out to us about organizing an alternative fair during EXPO week. Â There were so many amazing, progressive spaces in Chicago who were interested in participating in a fair, but there was no fair to represent them. Â The timing was finally right and everything has been clicking into place. We are excited to showcase our unique take on whats happening in Chicago, Brooklyn and beyond!
CP: Often I feel like fairs inadvertently reflect a trending icon or strategy — like a deer's head cropped up repeatedly at the last Chicago Merchandise Mart fair, for instance, last year several galleries at EXPO featured paintings with holes or tears in the canvas — are there any trends you anticipate this year at Fountain?
ET:Â I suppose there may be a trend towards accessibility in art. Â If that's the case, I'm glad we're on the front lines! I think more and more people are realizing that it is possible to have fun with art, and that they can bring amazing, original work into their home or office without breaking the bank. Â That's a beautiful thing, for both the artists and art-lovers.
CP: You all are planning a benefit for the DIA, I believe. Can you talk about how that decision came about?Â
ET: We were alarmed by reports of Christie's valuing the DIA's collection and the possibility of these works being hawked to pay off the city's debt.  Fountain co-Founder David Kesting has a long-time affinity towards the City of Detroit and the DIA.  We believe that these works have been given in trust to the people of the Detroit and that legacy must be upheld.  By pledging to funds from our VIP Preview day, we hope to ensure that this conversation continues, and that support builds momentum.
Caroline Picard
Latest posts by Caroline Picard (see all)
- Corresponding Between Found and Made: An Interview with Jessica Stockholder - October 5, 2016
- Plant Humans of the Future: An Interview with Saya Woolfalk - August 30, 2016
- Reading with My Whole Body: An Interview with Essi Kausalainen - August 29, 2016

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is a reasonable concern because the issue has received a lot of attention in the press in recent years. But most experts believe that a child's immune system is well equipped to handle the antigens, or immune triggers, contained in multiple vaccines.
Children's immune systems are stronger than you think: They're designed to protect kids from the hundreds, even thousands, of foreign bodies they're exposed to each day in the form of fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. In fact, children are exposed to more antigens in the environment every day than to those in all their vaccinations combined. And because of innovations in the way vaccines are made, today's vaccines contain far fewer antigens than those administered in the past.
Health experts have been sufficiently concerned about this issue, however, to provoke extensive research and analysis. The theory is that overloading the immune system with vaccines could weaken a child's defense against infection or trigger an autoimmune disease such as type 1 diabetes. There has also been concern that the large number of vaccines in today's recommended schedule exposes children to too many antigens at once, possibly triggering allergies or asthma.
To address these fears, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) commissioned the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to study the question of whether multiple vaccines could harm a child's immune system.
The IOM report, published in 2002, concluded that there's no evidence of a connection between multiple vaccines and increased infection or autoimmune disease. If there were, experts say, the rate of infection and diabetes in vaccinated children would be higher than in unvaccinated ones, and that doesn't appear to be the case. You can view the results of these studies on the IOM website.
More recent studies at the University of Louisville also found that young children who receive multiple vaccines in the first year of life are no more likely than children who had fewer vaccines to have any developmental problems. In fact, the infants who were fully vaccinated performed better in some areas of brain development than the group with delayed immunizations. This is very reassuring news for those parents who worry about vaccines.
As for a connection between vaccines and allergies and asthma, the situation is less clear. Experts say that studies to date haven't been comprehensive enough to completely rule out such a connection. At the same time, vaccinated children don't appear to have a higher rate of allergies and asthma than unvaccinated children.
Meanwhile, there's the very real concern about infectious disease. A child's immature immune system isn't capable of fighting off serious and potentially fatal diseases such as measles and meningitis. That's why it's so important for your child to be vaccinated early. Weighing the very real risk of contracting one of these diseases against any possible risk from the vaccines makes it clear that the benefits of vaccinating your child far outweigh the risks.


text:
Cleveland Target cities for the territory are Cleveland and Akron OH
*will consider candidates who live within 40 miles of territory boundaries with access to a major airport.
Cleveland, Akron, Sandusky, Ashtabula, Youngstown, Steubenville and Zanesville.
No other global pharmaceutical company is focused solely on the brain.
Lundbecks global legacy in neuroscience goes back six decades, and with it comes a tremendous level of expertise, commitment and energy not to mention, responsibility to patients.
We are radically changing the future, investing in long
*term plays in research.
As we define tomorrow, there is no question that the here and now is critical to bridge the future.
Therefore, we continue to bring forward therapies to address symptomatic improvements to help people live better lives, while simultaneously pursuing disease
*modifying treatments in pursuit of a cure.
In fact, in the past seven years, Lundbeck has launched four neurology products addressing rare epilepsies and movement disorders.
Lundbeck operates within a unique corporate ownership structure:
our company is 70% owned by a foundation established by the wife of our founder to ensure our continued ability to conduct difficult and time
*intensive research.
The Lundbeck Foundation contributes nearly $100 million to life sciences research each year and an additional 1 million euro for The Brain Prize to advance neuroscience research.
As an Account Manager, you will act as the primary customer contact for demand creation by executing sales and marketing strategies in the local market.
The Account Manager is considered to be skilled or advanced in their demonstration of account management capabilities and sales proficiencies.
In this role you will act as the primary face to our customer base, by providing comprehensive clinical knowledge, while partnering with a cross
*functional field team to deploy the approved services necessary to meet the needs of each account/customer.
Strong Account Manager candidates must demonstrate the ability to both drive strong sales performance, as well as to be the local leader of the field
*based matrix team that is deployed to service our customers.
Specifically, the Account Manager will demonstrate ability in the following areas:
*Understand the core selling process, adapt style, and effectively negotiate to bring value to the customer and close the sale.
Customer Development
*Build and maintain productive internal and external relationships (e.g. customers, account contacts, stakeholders and influencers, etc.) based on customer needs and organizational goals.
Local Market Expertise
*Ability to collaborate with internal and external partners to gather and validate key trends and dynamics in the market, map account linkages including stakeholders that exhibit direct and indirect influence on customer behavior.
Utilize market knowledge to uncover and prioritize unique opportunities that will allow for mutual value between Lundbeck and our customers.
Therapeutic Area Knowledge
*Ability to apply therapeutic area knowledge to the sale of Lundbeck products and/or to increase effectiveness in role Reimbursement
*Consistently demonstrates the ability to stay informed on reimbursement dynamics, anticipate and communicate impact on product portfolio to key internal and external partners and problem solve payer access issues (Medicare, Medicaid, Commercial) through the use of Lundbeck resources.
Business Planning and Execution
*Ability to prioritize opportunities, develop strategy & tactics, allocate resources, monitor progress and adjust direction in an effort to maximize sales performance and measure progress against plan.
Utilize monthly budget to maximize profitability and return on investment.
Critical Thinking
*Ability to understand a situation, issue, or problem by breaking it into smaller components.
Ability to collect information, derive inferences, find solutions and make informed decisions and recommendations using data and tools where appropriate Pharmaceutical Environment
*Ability to apply knowledge of pharmaceutical and regulatory environment, including Lundbeck policies and procedures and FDA regulations regarding the promotion of pharmaceutical and medical products.
Ability to apply knowledge of overall healthcare economy and industry practices.
Compliance Accountability and adherence to corporate, FDA, and PDMA guidelines REQUIRED EDUCATION, EXPERIENCE and SKILLS:
Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Sciences degree from an accredited college or university Minimum of 5 years pharmaceutical, healthcare, medical sales or related experience Minimum of 2 years prior promoting and detailing specialty products in the field of CNS/Neuroscience, Autonomic Disorders, Cardiology, Critical Care, Diabetes, Gastrointestinal, Infectious Disease, Hospital, Oncology, Pain Management, Rheumatology Must live within 40 miles of territory boundaries High energy level and strong work ethic Must demonstrate the intellectual capacity to score highly on disease and product training exams, including being certified on product knowledge annually Outstanding communication skills Valid drivers license with a safe driving record that meets company requirements Must be computer literate with proficiency in Microsoft Office software Meeting and complying with reasonable industry
*standard credentialing requirements of healthcare providers / customer facilities is required for continued employment with Lundbeck.
Prior experience promoting and detailing products specific to Epilepsy or Seizure disease states Previous Orphan Drug, Specialty Pharmacy or Buy & Bill/Injectable sales experience Previous sales experience in:
Long Term Care (LTC), Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) and/or Intellectual and Developmental Disability Facilities (IDD) Strong leadership with proven selling record as evidenced with top 25% performance 2 of the last 3 years Documented successful sales performance, with at least one regional or national award Experience with REMS Strong analytical background Account planning experience, ownership and accountability for the development and execution of a fully integrated account plan that utilizes effective deployment of company resources Experience in product launch or expansion within sales Masters degree in business, marketing or related field TRAVEL:
Willingness/Ability to travel up to 30%
*40% domestically to (a) regularly meet/interact with customer base and internal personnel within assigned territory; and (b) typically attend 4
*8 internal/external conferences and meetings spanning locations within the United States.
Travel must be able to be completed in a timely manner.
Overnight travel may be required based on business need and/or geography