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Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae
On-line version ISSN 2412-4265
Print version ISSN 1017-0499
Studia Hist. Ecc. vol.39 n.1 Pretoria May. 2013
The origins and early development of Scottish Presbyterian mission in South Africa (1824-1865)
Graham A Duncan
Department of Church History and Polity, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
This article traces the origins and development of the Scottish Presbyterian mission in South Africa through its Scottish antecedents to its actual establishment in South Africa in 1824 until the end of the first phase of the mission in 1865. It begins by examining the Scottish context, the contribution of voluntary societies and the "Disruption", both of which had serious implications for missionary growth. It then moves to South Africa and examines the birth of the mission through mission stations, institutions and the participation of black people.
The origin of the Mission in Scotland
The Reformation
The Preface to the Scots Confession (1560) states clearly, "And this glad tidings of the kingdom shall be preached through the whole world for a witness to all nations, and then shall the end come." The Confession closes with the prayer, "... let all the nations cleave to the true knowledge of Thee" (Cochrane 1966:163, 184). Clearly, it was the intention of the nascent reformed Scottish church that mission to the world was a priority. However, for more than two centuries, this did not materialise. The severe shortage of ministers may have been responsible, in part, for this state of affairs as well as the internal political situation in Scotland. While Ross (1986:33) acknowledges the insignificant missionary impulse and indifference on the part of the established church from the 16th century Reformation up to the late 18th century, he claims that mission has always been integral to the life of Christianity "despite its high and low points". Let us consider the course of events that led to mission work becoming a reality
Prelude to Action
• The secular context
It was during the 18th century that Scotland began to experience substantial change in society. The Industrial Revolution led to increasing urbanisation, population growth, scientific discoveries (Hobsbawm 1962:46), democratic universities (Hobsbawm 1962:45; Devine 2011:30-31), political reform and the ongoing effects of the highland clearances (Mackie 1964:315-318). In terms of the Scottish diaspora, of which the missionary movement was a part, Thomson has claimed, "Of all the peoples of the United Kingdom it is the Scots' contribution to the empire that stands out as disproportionate. They were the first peoples of the British Isles to take on an imperial mentality and possibly the longest to sustain one" (2008:51).
But it is impossible to refer to the ethos of the Scots without taking account of their religious values. Devine (2011:191) counters a false view that the influences of the churches was declining by the 19th century: "In fact, far from religious erosion, the Victorian era [1837-1901] saw quite a remarkable and hitherto unprecedented fusion between Christian ethos and civic policy." And this ethos was fuelled by evangelicalism which was to be a powerful contributing factor to the "Disruption" in 1843: "It was evangelicalism above all which cemented the relationship between religion at home and the overseas missions" (Devine 2011:192).
• The ecclesiastical context
In 1796, a proposal was presented to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland to begin overseas missionary work. Despite strong support, the proposal was defeated on the resolution:
To spread abroad the knowledge of the Gospel amongst barbarous and heathen nations seems to be highly preposterous, in so far as philosophy and learning must in the nature of things take the precedence: and that, while there remains at home a single individual without the means of religious knowledge, to propagate it abroad would be improper and absurd (du Plessis 1911:182).
And this in spite of an earlier decision to encourage the collection of funds for work among American Indians. Du Plessis (1911:182) attributes the formation of voluntary missionary societies to this disinterest on the part of the church. This is true of the genesis of the Scottish mission.
However, Hewat (1960:2) points to the poverty of the Scottish nation rather than disinterest as the reason for lack of action in this regard. This is supported by the further decision of the General Assembly to pray that God's promise be fulfilled "in giving His Son the heathen for His inheritance" though it was deemed highly inexpedient at that time to accord such ventures financial support. It further agreed that it would "embrace with zeal and thankfulness any future opportunity of contributing by their exertions to the propagation of the Gospel of Christ which Providence may hereafter open" (Hewat 1960:6). Those who were motivated to inaugurate a world mission approach therefore had to find a way to do this outside the formal structures of the church. Hence, the growth of voluntary societies.
The voluntary societies
Bosch (2011:327) argues that voluntarism, which influenced the development of missionary societies was the result of "the Spirit of enterprise and initiative spawned by the Enlightenment". Their underlying ideology was that of "social and political egalitarianism" (Bosch 2011:328). Voluntary missionary societies developed in Europe and in the USA. They were essentially laypersons' organisations (Ross 1986:38), interdenominational (at least at the beginning) and were "humanitarian societies" (Hewat 1960:8). "This Protestant form of organisation - free, open, responsible, embracing all Classes, both sexes, all ages, the masses of the people - is peculiar to modern times, and almost to our age" (Beaver RP [ed.] in Walls 1996:242). Women played a vital role in these societies and found a place here "far earlier than they could decently appear in most other walks of life" (Walls 1988:151 in Bosch 2011:328) to the extent that they were appointed as missionaries on their own merit. Pre-eminent among these in the United Kingdom was the London Missionary Society (LMS) formed in 1795. Hewat (1960:8), notwithstanding what is said above, claims that it was because of the inability of people to stimulate the churches' interest in foreign mission that these societies emerged as a purely voluntary activity. Yet, Walls claims that missionary societies developed because of the organisational and operational inability of the churches. They had no "machinery to do the tasks" (Walls 1996:246-7). In this way they may be considered subversive (Walls 1996:249). And so missionary agencies frequently took the form of voluntary societies (Walls 1996:260).
Following the General Assembly's decision of 1796, the Scottish Missionary Society and the Glasgow Missionary Society were formed and took up the cause of foreign missions. It was committed Christian women and men who supported these societies and they came, in large part, from the lower middle and skilled working classes which also provided many missionaries (Ross 1986:38). Women not only had a role but a place in the leadership of such societies (Walls 1996:250,253). They had been influenced by the mid-eighteenth century Evangelical Revival (Hofmeyr & Pillay 1994:42) which had stimulated an increased awareness of sin and a "joyful realisation of forgiveness' through God's grace in Christ" (Burleigh 1960:309) and had given a fresh lease of life to the churches as social and political concerns became matters for Christian concern and action. Sadly, Burleigh does not even accord the missionary societies a clear mention in his Church History of Scotland despite their significant achievements. Ross (1986:33) also argues that the growth of the modern missionary movement "coincided with the economic and political emergence of Britain as a dominant power in the world" which led to the idea of "the simple identification of Christian missions as the cultural and spiritual arm of European Imperialism".
As we saw in 1796, the Glasgow Missionary Society (GMS) was formed at a meeting held in the Chapel-of-Ease Session House in Albion Street, Glasgow. Soon afterwards (1 March 1796) a report was produced which enshrined the Society's missionary principles in The Quarterly Paper of the GMS (June 1828:3-4, quoted in Shepherd 1940:24-26). These included the choice of missionaries to work in pairs, a senior with a younger person, one of whom should focus mainly on evangelical work and the other on intellectual development (Clauses 1, 12); they should be legitimated by some official authoritative ecclesiastical body for their work (clause 2); that they be counseled regarding their mission (clause 3); they be commended to the care of the secular authorities in their context of service (clause 4); priority be given to language training before beginning service (Clauses 5,6,10); they should take account of the religious context of their potential converts becoming "all things to all men (sic) that they may save some" (clause 7); they should not challenge resistance and do anything to indicate Christian disunity.
The GMS held to an "evangelical conservative theology that in the racial relationships of South Africa were regarded as 'liberal'", i.e. evangelicals who held a "'liberal' view of missions" (van der Spuy 1971:3 referring to a report drawn up by the GMS, dated 1st March 1796). Van der Spuy (1971:4) believes that this approach stimulated the hope of developing the potential of human nature through education and evangelism (keystones of Scottish mission) in opposition to "a pessimistic view that regards human nature as unchangeable". GMS liberalism is described as an openness to fresh ideas and an abhorrence of bigotry; it is related to liberalism in the political sphere in Scotland. Walls (1996:242) asserts that:
such associations could only arise in countries which had an open, responsible form of government, where Protestantism had prepared the way for civil liberty which arose from seizing the opportunities offered by a particular phase of western political, economic and social development.
In 1824, as the result of the tireless efforts of the protagonists of overseas missions, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland gave its blessing to the cause of foreign missions. However, the internal ecclesiastical Situation in Scotland was about to face problems which would have far-reaching consequences for the church both at home and abroad.
The "Disruption "
The "Disruption" occurred in Scotland in 1843 after a period of ten years of conflict over a dispute between those who adhered to the Establishment principle, i.e. "the Church by law established" (Burleigh 1960:266; Cheyne 1993:1) and those who supported the voluntary principle. The dispute concerned the relationship of the church to the state. Arising out of the 1829 government proposal for a Bill for the relief of Roman Catholics, Rev Andrew Marshall, Secession minister in Kirkintilloch, preached against ecclesiastical establishments as unscriptural and in support of the church and its mission being financed "solely by the liberality of its faithful people" (Burleigh 1960:325). Marshall attacked all forms of establishment as being contrary to the authentic mission of the church. This practice of the dissenting churches became the voluntary principle which promoted the idea of a secular state.
The two issues which brought the matter to a head were Patronage and the "Claim of Right". The former concerned the right of a landowner to impose a minister of his choice on a congregation and parish whose land he owned (Cheyne 1993:3), while the latter asserted the spiritual independence of the church. In 1843, the government refused to repeal the Patronage Act and to acquiesce in the demands of the Claim of Right. Those who could not accept the privileges of establishment any longer left the Established Church of Scotland and formed the Free Church of Scotland (FCoS).
Rev Dr Thomas Chalmers, leader of the Free Church body, claimed that the Free Church did not aim at Voluntarism. He claimed it was a national church: "We are advocates for a national recognition and national support of religion - and we are not voluntaries." He aimed to produce an alter ego of the Established Church "relying on the resources which their faithful people would supply" (Burleigh 1960:354). Saayman (1996:32) has rightly said that the Free Church had "a rigidly conservative and Calvinist interpretation of theology, and also harboured a tendency towards regarding itself as a national church". Hofmeyr and Pillay (1994:73) argue that the "Disruption" "Ultimately led to the split in missionary work and the formation of the Bantu Presbyterian Church". However, it would also be true to say that it sowed the seeds of the Mzimba Secession in 1898. This newly formed Free Church of Scotland espoused the cause of foreign mission as the result of the influence of its voluntarist members and supporters.
Later developments
From 1843, the Free Church strongly supported foreign missions. At that time, almost all missionaries belonged to the Free Church; they were probably theologically conservative according to Saayman (1996:32), being evangelicals. In 1845, the GMS transferred its work to the Free Church's Foreign Missions Committee (FMC). In 1847, the United Secession Church and the Relief Church came together to form the voluntary anti-establishment United Presbyterian Church of Scotland (UPCoS). It was co-operation between the Free Church and the United Presbyterian Church in favour of disestablishment as well as in other areas of church life including missions that led in 1900 to their union as the United Free Church of Scotland. The clock turned full circle when the United Free Church united with the established Church of Scotland to form the Church of Scotland in 1929.
The beginnings of the Scottish Presbyterian Church Mission in South Africa
The beginning of British Mission work in South Africa
In 1799, the LMS sent a group of missionaries, including Dr Johannes van der Kemp, to South Africa. Part of the group embarked on a mission to the Bushpeople while others pursued a mission to the Bechuana, the Griqua-Hottentot and the Namaqua Peoples. Van der Kemp moved towards the Eastern Cape and settled for a brief time with Chief Ngqika. Trouble with the authorities and settlers led to him abandoning this work in 1800. He returned to the Cape Colony and worked at Graaff Reinet before continuing his work among the Hottentot people at Bethelsdorp Mission.
Political problems between Britain and Holland and the cession of the Cape to Holland in 1803 led to the appointment of van der Kemp as superintendent of the LMS' affairs in South Africa. However, he died before hearing of the appointment and James Read, a colleague, was appointed in his place. He was succeeded by Rev George Thom who was, in turn, followed by Dr John Philip in 1819.
In 1816, the LMS sent Rev Joseph Williams to work in the Eastern Cape near Fort Beaufort and in 1820 Rev. John Brownlee settled at Tyumie Mission. Lennox (1911:20) suggests that it was on the initiative of the dispossessed Ngqika Chief Kreli who invited the Scottish church to send missionary personnel. Brownlee was joined at Gwali, the mission called Tyumie, by Rev William R Thomson and Mr John Bennie from the GMS in 1821. These were the precursors of the Scottish Presbyterian church mission in South Africa which was about to begin.
Scottish Presbyterian Church Mission is established
The ordination of the Rev John Ross in 1823 by the Presbytery of Hamilton and his setting apart for missionary work came on the eve of the Church of Scotland officially recognising the necessity of overseas mission in1824. He was the first minister seconded to mission work by the Church of Scotland and joined the work in the Eastern Cape "armed" with a printing press. This marked the genesis of a literary tradition which would culminate in Lovedale Press becoming the premier mission printing and publishing company in South Africa (Duncan 2001). At this time, in order to secure the Presbyterian polity of the mission, Thomson, Bennie and Ross constituted themselves into the Presbytery of Kaffraria on 1 January 1824 (Lennox 1911:22). Lovedale Mission was also founded in 1824 to be followed in l83O by Burnshill, Pirie and Balfour Missions. The latter work was short lived, however, despite the sterling work of Ross and McDiarmid. These were missions of the Free Church of Scotland. As soon as the work at Tyumie was secure, the mission reached out under the Rosses and Bennie in the direction of the nearby Ncehra valley.
These early missionaries were joined in 1827 by Rev William Chalmers (catechist) and James Weir and Alexander McDiarmid (industrial missionaries). Thomson, Weir and Alexander Balfour, a recently converted African teacher, were stationed at Tyumie. Bennie, Chalmers and Charles Henry, another African teacher, were placed at Lovedale. Bennie distinguished himself in literary work in the Xhosa language. All of these, along with their families came under serious threat during the war of dispossession (1835-1836) though Thomson had already left his position at Tyumie in 1829. Rev James Laing arrived in South Africa in 1830 to be followed in 1836 by Rev James Niven. Niven was settled first at Igqibira and later in 1849 at Gxulu in the Keiskammahoek area at Uniondale mission (Lennox 1911:31). Uniondale had been part of the GMS South African mission and vision since 1838 (Mostert 1992:1007). From 1849, Niven was assisted by Rev Tiyo Soga, recently returned (1848) from training and ordination in Scotland (Williams 1978:19). A particular benefit was derived from the GMS decision to train a class of "African helpers" (Shepherd 1955:8) including Balfour and Henry. They were earnest, devoted and effective. It is interesting that from the earliest period the intention to train a local ministry was evident (Holt 1976:50).
Back in Scotland, the GMS transferred its work to the Free Church in 1845 following the "Disruption". According to Cheyne (1993:12), the "Disruption" had a positive effect on missions with the development of "missionary endeavour on a scale and of a quality hardly surpassed by any other communion in the English-speaking world". Certainly, the Free Church mission emphasised educational work and evangelism, while the United Presbyterian Church came to promote evangelism and church building. One of the prime obstacles to mission, which delayed but did not detract from ongoing mission, was the wars of dispossession which raged for over a century (1779-1791, 1807, 1811-1812, 1818-1819, 1834-1835, 1846-1847, 1850-1853, 1877-1878, 18891891; see Duncan 2003:76) and on the ending of each war in succession, the black population was forced further to the east and north-east of the Cape, followed by the missionaries "in view of the desirability of maintaining amicable relations" (Du Plessis 1911:184) with black people.
Into this melée came the Mfecane (1824) and then refugee Mfengu (siyamfengusa - we are wanderers seeking refuge) people (Duncan 2003:19-23), all of whom were dispossessed by the Zulu king Shaka. They took the side of the British against their African colleagues (Erlank 2003:20) and were given land in return, though many settled at mission stations like Lovedale. Hewat (1960:181) viewed them as "more receptive than the Xosa, and [they] became the mainstay of the Scottish Mission", an example being the Lovedale mission where Rev Mpambani J Mzimba was one of the African trained ministers (Mzimba 1898). During this time, following the rise of the prophets Nxele and Ntsikana in the 1820s, early exponents of different forms of Africanised theology and practice, the mission had to contend with opposition from prophets Mlanjeni, Mhlakaza and Nonquause linked to the rising discontent among the Xhosa people and the wars of the 1840s and 1850s along with the cattle-killing tragedy of 1857. This put the missionary families at serious risk and while some returned to Scotland, others relocated temporarily. However, when the western part of the eastern Cape lost its independence after the War of the Axe (1847) and became a Crown Protectorate of the British Empire, making its inhabitants dependent, along with the "cattle-killing" incident, mission Christianity began to expand rapidly (Erlank 2003:19; cf. Switzer 1993:122).
In 1837, the GMS split over the voluntary principle. The continuing GMS allied its work with the established Church of Scotland and later the Free Church; the offshoot Glasgow African Missionary Society (GAMS) worked with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland which was formed in 1847. The GAMS was responsible for the work at Tyumie and Igcibira and later at Mgwali and Tutura. However, until 1842 both societies missionaries had worked together in the same presbytery. In 1857, the Presbytery of Kaffraria was admitted as a presbytery of the Free Church of Scotland. Later, as other presbyteries were formed in the Transkei, the Synod of Kaffraria was established. All of these bodies came under the care of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland.
When the FC and UPC united in 1900, there were 28 congregations of the Scottish mission in South Africa with 14,402 members (Hewat 1060:184). Work was taking place in the Eastern Cape in the Ciskei and Transkei established by both churches, and in Natal under two missions established by the FCoS, the Mission Council and the Presbytery of Natal. Mission work in the Transvaal began in 1986 with a meeting between Rev William Mpamba and "a leadership corps of those sons of the area who had exposure in working in the diamond fields of Kimberley exposed to the gospel through [the] Native Congregational Church of Rev Gwayi Tyamzashe, a Lovedale trained minister" (Manaka 1996:1).
The institutions
Fundamental to the missionary work of the missionaries, was educational work. The foremost FCoS institution was Lovedale, opened in 1841 (Duncan 2003) with Rev William Govan as its first Principal. The original intention was to train teachers and evangelists but, in time, the work of the mission diversified as trades' training was introduced, especially in the area of bookbinding, printing and publishing. To this was added agricultural and medical mission, theological education for the ordained ministry, a Bible school for the laity and the establishment of a "native" University of Fort Hare in 1916. The mission institutions also suffered from the wars of dispossession, particularly during 1846-1847 and 1850-1853. Educational work was co-opted into Governor Sir George Grey's Ordinance to Cape Colony in 1854: "The plan I propose to pursue with a view to ... attempt to gain an influence over all the tribes included between the present north-eastern boundary and Natal" (quoted in Shepherd 1971:22) as a means of spreading western civilisation and Christianity by means of production, through industrial training, rather than war. Carpentry and masonry departments were opened and towards this end, Grey made grants of £2,200 for wagonmaking and £600 for training blacksmiths (Henchman 1927:33). By this time, Lovedale had become a centre of missionary outreach (Burchell 1979:7). In 1861, agriculture and a bookbinding department were established and a journal, Ikwezi, was published in several issues largely authored by black persons including William Kobe Ntsikana and Zaze Soga (Switzer 1993:120). In time, the bookbinding department would expand into the Lovedale Press. At the same time, an initiative was developed to introduce female education and was assisted through the offices of Sir Langham Dale, superintendent-general for education in the Cape. Although this was not in line with Scottish church missionary policy, "Dale's benevolent attitude to African education during his term of office from 1859-1892 facilitated the growth of Lovedale . especially in directions . which at the time were not considered by the Home Church to be essential to missionary endeavour" (Burchell 1979:11). But during this time, the Grey Plan came to an end in 1863 and the Education Act of 1865 created three categories of grant-aided schools based on race (Switzer 1993:131) which hampered the educational work of the mission. The only other substantial problem seems to have related to the threat the establishment of such institutions posed to the local population and culture whose traditional lifestyle was challenged in the 1830s and the 1840s.
A similar institution, but on a smaller scale, was later opened in 1877 in the Transkei at Nqamakwe; it was called Blythswood. It was the result of the work of Rev Richard Ross of Toleni (Cunningham Mission, established in 1856) and Captain Matthew Blyth, Transkeian magistrate at Ntlambe (Soga 1930:209, 218-219). The UPCoS had opened Mgwali Girls's School in 1857 under the supervision of Revs Tiyo Soga and Robert Johnston who left soon afterwards, leaving Soga to develop the mission. In 1856, the FCoS began work at Toleni and called it Cunningham Mission and at Mbulu (Paterson). We note that later than our period, work was initiated at Buchanan Mission in East Griqualand and at Pietermaritzburg, Mpolweni, Msinga (Gordon Memorial Mission) and Kalabasi. Most of these missions concentrated on agricultural mission and evangelism.
Mission stations
Mission stations were the centres in which native evangelists, catechists, pastors and teachers were prepared for mission as each mission established myriads of village schools around their congregations. This was vital since most of the mission work was done by them and not their mentors who often "fretted within the confines of the mission station" (Elphick 2012:24) which was not the original intention. They were intended to be the vanguard of mission and they also served to protect local people who had settled nearby "if they were not to be drawn back into the vortex of paganism" (Holt 1976:28).
What about black participation?
We noted the efforts made at Lovedale in connection with the training of evangelists who were also interpreters for the missionaries. Yet, many remain nameless despite the vast amount of work they carried out among their own people and their achievement on behalf of the mission for "African teachers and pastors were increasingly the community face of mission Christianity" (Erlank 2003:30). This is demonstrated in the growth of missions, members and congregations up to the end of the 19th century. The only credit is given to those exceptional people who either were the first blacks to achieve something such as the first black nurse to qualify, Cecilia Makiwane (Wilson 1976:4), the first black minister trained abroad, Rev Tiyo Soga (Williams 1978), or those who attained a certain notoriety like Rev Mpambani J Mzimba (Shepherd 1971:59,60). Until recently, the work of Rev William Mpamba in establishing Work in the Transvaal at Donhill was little known. Manaka (1996:1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10) has redeemed this situation in the case of the Transvaal giving us the names of Mokele Raphele, Daniel Moqaba Mamabolo, Timothy and Saul Mamabolo, Jacob Mabija, Timotheus Mamabolo, Lucas Makoale and Revs Yekela Mbali, Candlish Koti, Arthur Ntuli, Titus Finca and EM Molaba.
Wilson (1976:8) is also one who does acknowledge by name some of those great black missionaries who made significant contributions to the spread of the Gospel among their own people: Jan Tshatshu, Ntsikana, Tiyo Soga, John Knox Bokwe, Elijah Makiwane, Mpambani Mzimba. She also notes that in 1876, 13 black missionaries offered for foreign service in Malawi, including a William Koyi, Shadrack Mgunana, Isaac Williams Wauchope and Mapassa Ntintili (Thompson 2000:15-24). Their ability to communicate in their own languages made them especially useful until, and even beyond, the point where the missionaries could speak in the vernacular. Although some of the abovementioned came from a period later than our present scope, it is nonetheless instructive to note their ongoing influence.
Yet, we should not forget the significant role played by the eldership and the diaconate (as in board of deacons) from 1844 (Cory Ms 9038, 3 July 1844). Erlank (2003:32) refers to elders and deacons being elected, but it is necessary to remember that these offices were accessed through ordination. From this position they could be supported by readers and teachers.
That the missionaries were the focus of mission activity cannot be contradicted in the light of the above. All accounts focus on their activities based on their assumptions and prejudices. The fact that little account is taken of socio-economic factors points to the complicity of the missionaries in the prevailing colonial climate of the time. So they conform to the negative attitude towards blacks, their cultures and civilisations. In the educational sphere, the "Christianity must precede civilisation" (du Plessis 1911:365) slogan misrepresents the situation where black civilisation is devalued to the degree that it is dismissed because ideologically civilisation is equated with Western civilization. (This is in accord with Dr James Stewart of Lovedale's ambition, echoed by his successor, James Henderson, "to bring the native people into line with the European occupants of the same land" (du Plessis 1911:364)). The purpose of mission was, therefore, conformity. Even Wilson (1976:6) falls into this trap as she identifies sophistication with "wide-scale relationships, a literature, some centralised form of government, and such military power as goes with economic development and centralised authority" compared with "an isolated people, with limited technology and no writing".
All this would indicate that mission was perceived as a two-way process between the sending churches in Scotland and the missionaries in the field, little account, if any, being taken of the needs and desires of blacks apart from what was perceived on their behalf by the missionaries. Scant attention was taken of black experience and there seem to be no available contemporary black assessments of this area of mission work and its implications.
By the 1860s, the impact of the Free Church mission was substantial according to Mackenzie (2007:199200):
In Kaffraria [eastern Cape] there were thirteen missions and eighty-one Scots missionaries, twenty-eight "native staff" and seventy-three day schools with 4,000 pupils ([in] a Christian community of 9,500). In the Transkei, fourteen missions, forty-five Scots missionaries, seventy-one African staff, 202 schools with 10,650 pupils ([in] a community of 17,712). And in Natal, five missions, eighteen Scots missionaries, eighteen African staff, 202 schools and 1,845 (and a community of 10,985).
By any standards this was a considerable achievement.
An assessment and conclusion
From this brief overview, we have noted a number of points which indicate the poor profile accorded to blacks in this area of mission history, despite individual significant contributions. Nonetheless, the special contribution of the educational establishments cannot be denied. Yet, Du Plessis (1911:365) has posed the question of the educational work eclipsing the evangelical purpose. This might be true if evangelism is seen as separate and distinct from education in the unfolding mission and certainly Christian teaching, and the expectation of conversion was not absent in places like Lovedale. Saayman (1996:33) points out that the dual purpose at Lovedale was to "civilise and christianise" and notes with Stewart's appointment as principal in 1870 that it "became more strictly Christian rather than secular in the education it offered" (Burchell 1979:15-18). It might be claimed that the education offered prepared young minds for a future that might not match their expectations given the developing political and economic situation.
So the eastern Cape mission fulfilled other purposes than the purely evangelical as it "early had an important position and influence which it has maintained throughout its history" (Lennox 1911:22). As in other places, "[t]he early Protestant missionaries to these places found themselves with great latitude and an initial store of goodwill. Some of them came to wield influence over vast domains, even while they made few tested converts ..." (Landau 2010:12). Mostert (1992:1006) claims that the missionaries:
were a divided, tense, irritable and critical set, vigilant of one another's morals. But they were a brave people in coping with their disillusion as they struggled hard in their isolated circumstances without noticeable success, and little immediate prospect of any.
He (Mostert 1992:832-823) counsels us not to adopt too romantic view of the missionary enterprise for we have to place it in its European/African context:
The missionaries' view of the Xhosa was often indistinguishable from that of the colonists. The common missionary attitude towards the Xhosa had settled into one of severe and unqualified censure for their attack on the colonists, intensified disgust for most of their customs, and firm support for any colonial initiative that would help to stamp out the most offending of them .
Missionaries who arrived in the late 1830s and during the 1840s - and new faces were continually turning up on the Cape frontier - found a missionary establishment firmly settled within the conventions of colonial society and largely accepting that its place was there; it was an easily assimilable viewpoint and, almost to a man, the newcomers accepted it.
Victorian-age missionaries ... more interested in the practical business of conversion than in social disadvantage and inequality, in the number of souls harvested the guardianship of indigenous rights, helped to provide the scapegoats for the disabused idealism and frustrations of the failure with the Xhosa.
Yet, in spite of this negative critique,we have to acknowledge the efforts and sacrifices made by those missionaries who felt called to serve overseas often at great cost to themselves and their families. However, we may never know the extent to which black missionaries and Christians also suffered for having made the leap of faith, a leap that often led to estrangement from families, friends, lifestyles and cultures.
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Hewat, E.G.K. 1960. Vision and achievement (1796-1956): a history of the foreign missions united in the Church of Scotland. Edinburgh: Nelson & Sons. [ Links ]
Hobsbawm, E. 1962. The age of revolution: Europe 1748-1848. London: Abacus. [ Links ]
Hofmeyr, J.W. & Pillay, G.J. (eds.) 1994. A history of Christianity in South Africa. Pretoria: Haum Tertiary. [ Links ]
Holt, .B 1976. Greatheart of the border: a life of John Brownlee, pioneer missionary in South Africa. King William's Town: South African Missionary Museum. [ Links ]
Landau, P.S. 2010. Popular politics in the history of South Africa, 1400-1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ Links ]
Lennox, J. 1911. The story of our missions: South Africa. United Free Church of Scotland. [ Links ]
Mackenzie, J.M. 2007. The Scots in South Africa. Manchester: Manchester University Press. [ Links ]
Mackie, J.D. 1964. A history of Scotland. Harmondsworth: Pelican. [ Links ]
Manaka, S.P. 1996. A century of Christian witness of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in South[ern] Africa. Unpublished paper. Turfloop: University of the North. [ Links ]
Mostert, N. 1992. Frontiers: the epic of South Africa's creation and the tragedy of the Xhosa people. London: Jonathan Cape. [ Links ]
Mzimba, P.J. 1898. University of Fort Hare, Howard Pym Africana Library, Presbytery of Kaffraria Minute Book, Meeting of 15 April 1898, Letter of resignation. [ Links ]
Ross, A. 1986. John Philip (1775-1851): missions, race and politics in South Africa. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. [ Links ]
Saayman, W.A. 1996. A man with a shadow. The life and times of Prof ZK Matthews: a missiological interpretation in context. Pretoria: University of South Africa. [ Links ]
Shepherd, R.H.W. 1940. Lovedale: South Africa. Lovedale: Lovedale Press. [ Links ]
Shepherd, R.H.W. 1971. Lovedale: South Africa, 1824-1955. Lovedale: Lovedale Press. [ Links ]
Soga, J.H. 1930. The south-eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, aba-Mbo, ama-Lala). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. [ Links ]
Stockwell, S. (ed.) 2008. The British Empire: themes, and perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell. [ Links ]
Switzer, L. 1993. Power and resistance in an African society: the Ciskei Xhosa and the making of South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. [ Links ]
Thompson, A. 2008. The Empire and the British State, in Stockwell S (ed.), The British Empire: Themes, and perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell. [ Links ]
Thompson, T.J. 2000. Touching the heart: Xhosa missionaries to Malawi, 1876-1888. Pretoria: University of South Africa. [ Links ]
Van Der Spuy, D. 1971. The origins, growth and development of the Bantu Presbyterian Church of South Africa. BD Thesis. Grahamstown: Rhodes University. [ Links ]
Walls, A.F. 1996. The Missionary Movement in Christian history: studies in the transmission of faith. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. [ Links ]
Williams, D. 1978. Umfundisi: a biography of Tiyo Soga, 1829-1871. Lovedale: Lovedale Press. [ Links ]
Williams, D. 1967. When races meet: the life and times of William Ritchie Thomson, Glasgow Missionary society, Government agent and Dutch Reformed Church Minister, 1794-1891. Originally PhD thesis. Johannesburg University of the Witwatersrand). [ Links ]
Williams, D. 1978. Umfundisi: a biography of Tiyo Soga 1829-1871. Lovedale: Lovedale Press. [ Links ]
Wilson, M. 1976. Missionaries: conquerors or servants of God? King William's Town: South African Missionary Museum (later published in South African Outlook, March 1976, Jan 1983). [ Links ]


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Re: Twilight Fanfiction Discussion Thread 2
Posted: Tue Jan 10, 2012 6:00 pm
I just read that too! I wasn't sure if it was something I'd like, but I have to say that it was addictive. I couldn't stop reading it!I have a fanfic that I'd like to recommend. It's called Written in the Stars by Lissa Bryan. The characters/scene play are a cross between Avatar (James Camron) and Star Trek.
Bella is a human girl who is about ready to "call it quits" when she gets kidnapped and taken to a whole other galaxy.

subset: commoncrawl


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In this installment, we're featuring Mart Biemans, a young digital artist and illustrator from The Netherlands. Since joining in 2008, Mart has been featured in number of the Behance networks and was profiled in Adobe's New Creatives campaign earlier in 2014. Below is an excerpt of a testimonial from the artist.
"My life has proven that it is almost impossible to predict your future, even though I've had dreams and expectations like every other kid growing up, things turned out completely different than expected. . .


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What could be better than a puppy rescued from a fire? How about dozens of puppies? Over the weekend, volunteers worked in the face of a raging fire fueled by hellish winds to evacuate 80 dogs from the California headquarters of Guide Dogs of America in Sylmar--not far from the Oakridge Mobile Home Park where nearly 500 homes were destroyed. Watch a story on the rescue. It seems a miracle that the Guide Dogs building was unharmed--the canines now all safely returned. I hope that the spirit of courage and generosity that saved these four-leggers will extend to all of the families and pets displaced by these fires.
Daily Dose of Feel Good
By Lisa Wogan, November 2008, Updated February 2015


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At some point, we've all awoken from some kind of binge, perhaps surrounded by beer bottles, candy wrappers, or shopping bags, and asked ourselves: What the hell happened? How can rational, functioning adults totally lose control of their impulses?What's the deal?
As it turns out, whether it's drinking, eating, or shopping, different binge behaviors actually have similar causes. Clinical psychologist Dr. Michael Mantell explains that all types of bingeing are "ways of dealing with negative emotions that are not rational or healthy." But when does the occasional overindulgence become a real problem? According to Mantell, fully-fledged binge disorders are characterized by feelings of powerlessness, secrecy, shame, and social isolation. Once someone feels a need to binge in private, or schedule binges around (or instead of) work and social obligations, it's time to ask why.
Binge eating is currently the most common eating disorder in adults, compulsive buying disorder (a.k.a. "shopaholism") is increasing, and binge drinking is widespread, especially among women. Whether it's pizza, booze, or clearance sales, the causes of any type of binge behavior can fall into three categories: psychological, chemical, and sociocultural. (Stick with us here, we won't get too dense.)
The most common causes of bingeing are anxiety, stress, and depression — a lot of the time, it's simply a way to numb unhappy feelings. But bingeing can also be a symptom of an undiagnosed mental disorder. Depression, for example, can lead to low self esteem, body dissatisfaction, poor impulse control, and difficulty managing feelings — all of which can trigger a binge. Naturally, the pain and guilt that comes in the aftermath of a binge can trigger depression, which can trigger another binge… not exactly a fun cycle to get caught in.
Of course, people also overindulge because it can feel great — before regret sets in, anyway. The brain releases the feel-awesome chemical dopamine when we eat fat and sugar, when we drink alcohol, or even when we see new things to buy. Once the brain secretes dopamine during binges, they can become like a physical addiction — we binge more and more because we crave the rush of chemicals. Similarly, low levels of dopamine and serotonin (another happy chemical) can lead to compulsive behavior (like bingeing) and depression.
Stress and anxiety can also make people binge by making them more prone to "reward seeking behavior" — basically, stress can make us lose perspective and prioritize the nice feelings ("reward") we get during a binge over the regret that inevitably comes later.
Without a strong sense of self-confidence, the pressures of a culture that emphasizes coolness through consumption can also drive people to binges.
"We're always being told that you're not worth anything if you're not thin, if you don't drink, if you don't own certain things," says Mantell. "That pressure to be perfect can definitely lead to anxiety and binge-like behavior."
Mind Over Matter
Many experts link bingeing to a lack of mindfulness, especially relating to emotions. People who are prone to compulsive behavior tend, in general, to have more difficulty understanding their feelings and handling stress. There are many ways to help remedy the issue, such as mindfulness meditation and writing down emotions throughout the day. When a binge feels imminent, Mantell suggests the THINK model: ask whether these feelings are True, Helpful, Inspiring, Necessary, or Kind. For example, an impulse like, "I must buy that now," doesn't exactly fit the THINK bill. Being aware of one's emotional states can help reduce stress, anxiety, and consequent bingeing, so working on improving mindfulness is never a bad idea.
What Can I Do?
No matter why (or how) someone binges, there are plenty of treatment options available for those who seek help. Dr. Mantell recommends first visiting a cognitive behavioral therapist to figure out if the binges are a standalone problem or if they're caused by more serious mental issues, like depression or a mood disorder.
After talking with a mental health professional, the recommended next step is to work on controlling binges through continued therapy. Finding a support group like Alcoholics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, or Debtors Anonymous can also be useful in many cases.
Remember, self-treatment is only okay for less serious cases of binge behavior. If bingeing is continuously, negatively impacting your life — to the point where it causes distress or financial, social, or physical harm — therapy should be the first step.


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Happy Labor Day everyone! I was trying to think of something different than my usual BBQ regulars. I knew we were grilling steaks and making a spinach salad but I wanted a pasta salad, because well, I love pasta. I decided to go to my Southern California roots do something with a Latin/Mexican flair. I was watching Simply Delicioso with Ingrid Hoffman and saw a pasta that she was working on and it gave me TONS of ideas. But you know that as a food blogger I can never leave anyone's recipe alone, so off my little mind went with ingredients dancing in my head. I figured go big or go home, so I threw all of my favorites at this pasta, well not ALL of them, but most of them. Wow, who knew that my little thoughts would go so far?
I love it when my little mental foodie trips take me to a good place, and this of surely did! There is creaminess, spicyness, all of the things you would want from a great side dish. I know I have said we love things hot here, but trust me this is not too hot. You will love every bit of this pasta salad. I will bet money on it!! Kevin said that from now on if someone asks us to bring a dish to a BBQ this is the one we are bringing!!
1 pound curly pasta (rotini, cavatapi)
1/2 fat free condensed milk
1/4 cup olive oil
1 cup diced ham
1 cup crumbled Queso Fresco (can sub feta) cheese
1 red bell pepper, seeded and chopped
2 jalapeno pepper, seeded and chopped
1 small red onion, chopped
1/2 cup packed fresh cilantro leaves (a good handful), chopped
1 lime, juiced
1 can black beans, drained and rinsed
1 avocado, diced
Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the pasta, cook according to package directions. Drain, place in a large bowl and set aside.
While the pasta cooks, combine the evaporated milk, oil, Queso Fresco or feta, cilantro, lime juice and some salt and pepper in a blender. Puree until the dressing is smooth and creamy.
Place the drained pasta in a large bowl. Add the ham, bell peppers, onions, jalapeno, black beans, and avocado. Pour the dressing over the pasta and gently mix it into the salad. Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and chill for at least 30 minutes or up to 2 hours before serving.
Labor Day Cookout Recipes:
Starters & Snacks
- Lobster Salad with Avocado, Corn and Tomatoes by The Girl in the Little Red Kitchen
- Grilled Vegetable Spread by Magnolia Days
- Toast Topper #8: Tomato Confit for #SundaySupper by Yummy Smells
- Honey BBQ Wings and Cool Ranch by Big Bears Wife
- Finger Lickin' Chicken Drumettes by Noshing with the Nolands
Main Dishes
- Baked Shrimp and Pasta Caprese by Mama's Blissful Bites
- Korean chili by Crispy Bits & Burnt Ends
- Newfangled Cowtown White Chicken Chili by Shockingly Delicious
- Strawberry BBQ Pulled Pork Sandwiches by The Weekend Gourmet
- Spicy Seoulful Pulled Pork Sandwiches by Kimchi Mom
- Smoked Pork Butt (A How-To) from Juanita's Cocina
- Soy Glazed Chicken Thighs by The Messy Baker Blog
- Stuffed Green Chili con Queso Cheeseburger Sliders by Damn Delicious
- Adana kebab by Small Wallet, Big Appetite
- Portabello Paninis by The Hand That Rocks the Ladle
- Bloody Mary Skirt Steak by From Fast Food to Fresh Food
- Tuna and Roasted Pepper Packets by Cindy's Recipes & Writings
- Mint Marinated Beef Kabobs with Garlic Sauce by Sustainable Dad
- Creamy Latin Style Pasta by Bobbi's Kozy Kitchen
- Spicy Portuguese Style Sliders by Daily Dish Recipes
- Aromatic Glazed Salmon by Happy Baking Days
- Pork sliders by Basic 'N Delicious
- Foil Packet Chicken by In the Kitchen with Audrey
Salads & Sides
- Mom's Savory Pork'n'Beans by Webicurean
- Ranch Potato Salad by My Catholic Kitchen
- Gluten Free Penne hot salad with basil, asparagus, cherry tomatoes fresh mozzarella and chicken with a mustard vineagarete for #SundaySupper by Cooking Underwriter
- Southern Surprise Potato Salad by Granny's Down Home Southern Cooking
- #SundaySupper Marinated Ginger Chicken & Spinach Salad by Kwistin's Favorites
- Roasted Potato & Corn Salad w/ Bacon by GirliChef
- Vegan Caprese Salad by Galactosemia in PDX
- Picnic Friendly Grilled Vegetable Salad by Mama Mommy Mom
- Smokin Hot Caribbean Spiced Corn-On-The-Cob by Sue's Nutrition Buzz
- Potato salad with Stilton and bacon by Tora's Real Food
- Tomato Feta Orzo Salad by Family Foodie
- Frozen Sangria by Supper For a Steal
- Persian mint & cucumber cooler (sekanjabeen) by Family Spice
- lightened lemon pound cake by The Meltaways
- Root Beer Float Cupcakes by Chocolate Moosey
- Strawberry Cream Squares by Dinners, Dishes and Desserts
- Fresh Mango Pie by La Cocina De Leslie
- Brown Butter M&M Cookies by That Skinny Chick Can Bake
- Gluten Free Lemon Blondies by No One Likes Crumbley Cookies
- Blueberry Lemon Cream Cheese Coffee Cake by Baker Street
- Strawberry Pie + White Sangria by Vintage Kitchen Notes
- Grilled Banana Splits by Diabetic Foodie
- Easy Desserts: Frozen Chocolate Bananas by Home Cooking Memories
- Ice Cream Sandwich Cake by Comfy Cuisine
- Blueberry Lemon Whoopie Pies for a Holiday Cookout #SundaySupper by In the Kitchen with KP
Wine Pairings
- Labor Day Cookout Food And Wine Pairings byENOFYLZ


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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index
| Spatial memory
In cognitive psychology and neuroscience, spatial memory is the part of memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and its spatial orientation. For example, a person's spatial memory is required in order to navigate around a familiar city, just as a rat's spatial memory is needed to learn the location of food at the end of a maze. It is often argued that a person's, or an animal's, spatial memories are summarised in a cognitive map.
Spatial memories are formed after an organism gathers and processes sensory information about its surroundings (especially vision and proprioception). In general, mammals require a functioning hippocampus (particularly area CA1) in order to form and process memories about space. There is some evidence that human spatial memory is strongly tied to the right hemisphere of the brain [1][2][3].
Spatial learning requires both NMDA and AMPA receptors, consolidation requires NMDA receptors, and the retrieval of spatial memories requires AMPA receptors [4]. In rodents, spatial memory has been shown to covary with the size of a part of the hippocampal mossy fiber projection.[5]
The study of spatial memory provides valuable information about the type of complex processes which occurs in humans. It gives insight, into complex procedures. For example, species such as the grey squirrel or Clark's Nutcracker, which are scatter hoarders (making numerous small caches, usually of nuts) show a remarkable ability to return to their caches months later. Such species often have a larger hippocampus, relative to overall brain size, than related non-hoarding species. Spatial memory is also important in animal migration, and in foraging in complex environments with many different food sources which become available in different seasons, the situation that faces many frugivorous primates.
Important Cortical Regions Edit
- Prefrontal cortex
- Retrosplenial cortex
- Posterior parietal cortex
- Perirhinal cortex
- Entorhinal cortex
- Hippocampus
See alsoEdit
- Attention versus memory in prefrontal cortex
- Direction perception
- Eidetic imagery
- Learning
- Memory
- Migratory behavior (animal)
- Morris water maze
- Navigation
- Radial arm maze
- Spatial imagery
- Spatial learning
- Visual memory
- Visuospatial memory
References & BibliographyEdit
Key textsEdit
- Olson, D.S. (1979) Mazes, maps and memory, American Psychologist 34: 583-96.
Additional materialEdit
External linksEdit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).
Cite error:
<ref> tags exist, but no
<references/> tag was found


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• Logo embroidered to chest
• Branded trim to placket
• Branded button fastenings
• Short sleeved
• Regular fit
• 100% Cotton
• Machine Washable
|Overbust (CM)
|94 - 98
|99 - 103
|104 - 108
|109 - 113
|114 - 118
|Waist (CM)
|77.5 - 80
|80 - 82.5
|82.5 - 85
|85 - 87.5
|87.5 - 92
|92 - 97
|Hips (CM)
|87.5 - 91
|91 - 93.5
|93.5 - 96
|96 - 98.5
|98.5 - 103
|103 - 108
UK Standard delivery FREE for orders over £65 (Excluding sale items)
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The Forex world is constantly evolving and during its weekly trading hours there is a wealth of news a trader must keep on top of if they want to make the most money possible. Indeed, because the market can be affected by a number of dynamics, it is essential they know exactly what's happening at all times in order to avoid any unprofitable deals.
For example, let's assume the US Dollar is trading well against the Great British Pound during the first half of the week. This would be a good time to invest some money and reap the benefits of a positive market condition. However, by Wednesday a series of negative news stories emerge from the UK and affect the country's economic performance. These dynamics then adversely affects how well the two currencies are trading. At this point it's important to know what's just happened because it will influence whether or not someone should cease trading this currency pair for a while or continue.
Knowing the value of each currency based on various internal and external factors is crucial and the reason why FXBrokerSearch.com's Forex news centre is a vital resource. Drawing on a number of resources, our information section provides the latest information and data from which users can refine their trading activity.
Beyond shifts in the currency market itself, FXBrokerSearch.com's new section has been designed to give traders an insight into the best offers and promotions. By monitoring each of our 200+ Forex brokers we're able to quickly tell users about the latest updates and bonuses.
By compiling all this current data into one portal we believe investors will be able to make even more money in the Forex market. Indeed, thanks to our dedicated team of analysts and experts, users can find out the latest market developments as well as the best deals in the industry. Putting all this together should help everyone gain a better understanding of the market, which in turn should give them the ability to make even more money.
Carl Icahn, the billionaire investor known for picking fights with corporate boards, pledged to throw his financial might into a political crusade to overhaul the U.S. corpora ..
Walt Disney Co's sports network ESPN is reorganizing and eliminating over 300 positions, according to a person familiar with the situation. The reorganization was announced We ..
Credit Suisse (CSGN.VX) plans to raise 6 billion Swiss francs ($6.3 billion) from investors, slim down its investment bank and cut jobs as new chief Tidjane Thiam embarks on t ..
Toyota Motor Corp. is recalling 6.5 million vehicles worldwide for a defective power window switch that can overheat, melt and lead to fires. One injury in the U.S., a person ..
The soda maker, which gets more than half of its total revenue from markets outside North America, said a strong dollar would lower its full-year revenue by 7 percentage point ..
Join Midday Movers live now for the latest news on the markets, the economy and the biggest stories of the day. ..
Ferrari NV climbed as much as 17 percent in its New York Stock Exchange debut after it priced its initial public offering at the top end of the marketed range. ..
A global oil glut has the supply-and-demand balance out of wack. Here are the main factors worrying economists about the future. ..
The International Monetary Fund said Wednesday a fall in oil prices and deepening turmoil in parts of the Middle East will keep growth in the region subdued this year at 2.5 p ..
Volkswagen has stopped the sale within the European Union of new cars that contain software the can cheat diesel emissions tests, a spokesman for Europe's biggest carmake ..
Risk Disclosure: fxBrokerSearch.com will not be held liable for any financial loss or damage caused by users acting upon any information contained within this website, not limited to and including: all numerical data, quotes, charts and buy/sell signals. Moreover, please be advised that Forex trading is one of the most volatile investment forms in the world and all trades should be placed with full consideration of the risks and costs.
fxBrokerSearch.com does not support nor encourage the execution of any investments. Trading with a margin is high risk endeavour and not suitable for everyone, therefore, each investor should carefully consider all relevant trading conditions, such as experience, risk and cost, before taking part in any type of trading, including Forex.
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This means advertised prices may not be accurate and could differ from the actual market conditions. For this reason it is not appropriate to rely on any data presented by fxBrokerSearch.com for the purposes of trading.
Based on these conditions, fxBrokerSearch.com will not be held responsible for any losses incurred through trades conducted in light of data presented on this site.


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Latest News
Save Airsoft in the UK! (2005-06-16)On the 8th June 2005, the UK government unveiled plans to prohibit the sale, manufacture import and distribution of ALL replica firearms in the UK. This now falls under the ?Violent Crime Reduction Bill? and unfortunately our beloved hobby and the guns we use to play our sport are in jeopardy. RedWolf Airsoft fully supports the airsoft community in saving our sport in the UK. A new organization has been established to liaise with the UK government on finding ways to keeping airsoft legal. You can do your part by by visiting http://www.saveairsoft.org/ and signing up on our petition to keep airsoft legal in the UK.
How does this affect us living in other countries? If the UK successfully restricts the sales of airsoft completely, then other neighboring countries may follow the trend and do something similar. Setting a precedent is never good so help to keep airsoft alive and free!


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I am going to learn mysql by myself, so I would like to install mysql on . But there are many applications related to mysql in synaptics. I was wondering what are some basic applications to be installed?
Consider these two cases: mysql for webserver use, or mysql not for webserver use. Will the packages to be installed for the two cases be different?
Thanks and regards!


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- 1 How does the blocker bug process work?
- 2 What types of bugs are generally considered release blockers?
- 3 Why aren't sound or audio bugs considered blocker bugs?
- 4 Why aren't suspend issues considered blocker bugs?
- 5 I have identified a bug that I believe is a blocker. Is it okay if I just add it?
- 6 What are the accepted release tracker bugs for?
- 7 Is there a list of all the blocker bugs for a release?
- 8 What about hardware and local configuration dependent issues?
- 9 Common cases of conditional blockers
How does the blocker bug process work?
See the QA:SOP_blocker_bug_process page, which defines the full process.
What types of bugs are generally considered release blockers?
Issues that affect the critical path stuff (graphics, installer, network) have a lower barrier because fixing them with updates is much more disrupting.
Why aren't sound or audio bugs considered blocker bugs?
Sound issues have a very high barrier to being release blockers, because they can be fixed well with an update.
Why aren't suspend issues considered blocker bugs?
In theory they ought to be, because it's very important functionality for laptop users. In practice suspend/resume is such a tricky area of kernel code that at present we could never commit to a release date if we considered suspend/resume issues to be blocker issues.
I have identified a bug that I believe is a blocker. Is it okay if I just add it?
If you have reviewed the blocker criteria for the release and believe your bug meets the criteria, definitely add it. When in doubt add it to the blocker list. Better to add it and have it removed versus never getting a thorough review.
What are the accepted release tracker bugs for?
The accepted trackers list nice to have fixed bugs for a release. This allows maintainers to assign them a higher priority and functions as a list of bugs for which fixes will be taken through the repository freezes that are imposed near release time. There is a formal process for nice to have bugs, as there is for blockers: see the QA:SOP_nth_bug_process page.
Is there a list of all the blocker bugs for a release?
Yes, Tracker Bugs.
What about hardware and local configuration dependent issues?
Many bugs are not universal: they only affect certain hardware or software components, or certain configurations or combinations of hardware and software components. When a bug causes a criterion not to be met in some but not all cases, the teams involved in the release process will make a judgement as to whether the impact of the bug is severe enough to consider the release as a whole not to meet the release criteria. This class of bug is sometimes referred to in discussion as 'conditional blocker(s)'. This judgement will be based on multiple factors:
- The amount of users, overall, the issue is estimated likely to affect
- The ease with which the issue can be worked around by documentable configuration changes
- The difficulty involved in fixing the issue: whether there is a significant chance that attempting to fix the issue could cause more serious problems
Common cases of conditional blockers
Some types of 'conditional blocker' bug (see previous section) come up again and again, and over time, solid precedents for handling them have been established by the blocker review process. Among the most common of these precedents:
Graphics card failures
To make blocker status, a failure related to some specific subset of graphics hardware must usually be a showstopper (it is impossible to complete installation or boot to a usable system without some kind of workaround) and affect at least a few different adapters, with an appreciable portion of the user base affected. This test is applied more stringently the earlier in the process we are (so it has to be a really bad bug to count as an Alpha blocker).
Bugs that affect only a single adapter or small group of closely-related adapters are almost never taken as blockers, as we do not have the development resources available to commit to fixing all such bugs in any reasonable timeframe.
Fedora does not maintain a blacklist of adapters that are known to be broken and force the use of fallback drivers with such adapters: this approach, used by some more 'consumer-facing' distributions, does provide a measure of convenience for users and a greater impression of reliability on the part of the distribution, but it comes with the cost that maintaining such a blacklist absorbs development resources which could otherwise be directed to fixing bugs, and can itself produce bugs (like a card being left on the blacklist after the associated bug has been fixed, causing a needlessly sub-optimal experience). We feel that such an approach does not accord with the Fedora Foundations.


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The Liberal Order (Mark Steckbeck): "Penny Foolish" - Yes!
Economics Professor Mark Steckbeck makes his economic argument for why the agreement with Taco Bell and McDonalds concerning wages for South Florida Tomato pickers (which Burger King has rejected) is a bad idea. He is reacting to the story in the New York Times Penny Foolish. Interesting take.


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For Clubs & Schools
Sporting clubs and schools constantly need funding to provide facilities and usually rely on volunteers providing substantial amounts of their time in fundraising programmes as an adjunct to sponsorship. This, with increasing demands on volunteer 'Not for Profit' organisations, results in volunteer burn-out.
It is becoming increasingly hard to find volunteers, and those that do volunteer are doing more and more while the costs of running a sporting club or school continue to increase.
Business Plaza provides a source of regular revenue for community groups without requiring the current committee members and volunteers to do more.
Business Plaza develops and manages all aspects of the Business Plaza, and is responsible for all associated costs. Community based organizations that qualify for a Business Plaza receive income as a percentage of all advertising charged and a percentage of commissions from certain advertisers.
In addition, members of each participating community receive bonuses or discounts when purchasing products or services from many advertisers in the Business Plaza, a substantial benefit seen as being provided by the sporting club or school to their members. To register you club for a Business Plaza, Click Here.


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The patronymic naming system was in common use up to the end of the 19th century within Sweden. Between 90 and 95% of the population used the patronymic naming system.
Patronymics is the process of deriving a surname based upon the given name of the father, thus consistently changing the surname from generation to generation unless the given name and surname are identical. Then -son or -dotter was added for gender distinction. For example: Johan Andersson would have been the son of Anders (Anders' son). The same transpires to a daughter, Anna Svensdotter would have been the daughter of Sven (Svens' dotter).
The practice of patronymics was generally abandoned by the turn of the twentieth century. However, some families took on an additional surname to help distinguish them from others with the same surname. These names were generally indicative of a place or profession or a composition of words taken from the nature. "Björkqvist", for example, means "the twig from a birch."


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Photo: AP
Kofi Annan, the UN's special envoy has traveled to Iran to ask it for help with the fast deteriorating situation in Syria, the AP reports."Iran, given its special relations with Syria, can be part of the solution," Annan said during a news conference with Iran's Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi.
Annan's peace plan seems to be quickly losing its appeal with the Syrian government. While it initially agreed to a ceasefire, which is supposed to begin on Thursday morning at 6 a.m., reports from within the country say fighting continues on the ground, with government forces still on the offensive, according to CNN. Cities like Homs continue to be bombed, and troops have not been pulled back. Nine thousand people have died so far, the UN says.
Annan's decision to involved Iran shows he is not completely confident of his peace plan's success. Iran's Shiite government has long been one of Syria's strongest allies in the region, Time reports. Although Syria is predominantly Sunni Muslim, its ruling family is part of a Shiite sect.
But Iran will definitely not directly interfere in the crisis. Its foreign minister, Ali Akbar Salehi, has insisted that Syria be given time to implement reforms, and any change in Syria should come under Assad's leadership, Al Jazeera reports. "The government of Bashar al-Assad has promised change to meet the demands of the people… and in fact the opportunity must be given to the Syrian government," Salehi said.
Annan has also rejected the idea of outside military intervention proposed by Saudi Arabia and Qatar, who want to arm the Syrian rebels against the better-equipped government forces. "The geopolitical location of Syria is such that any miscalculation and error can have unimaginable consequences," Annan said.
It's also unlikely that Iran will be very effective in exerting its influence or pressure on Syria, given that in 2009, the government in Tehran also used brute force to quell protests following the allegedly rigged presidential elections.
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Joining FORCES is the FORCE newsletter with news, views and supportive information for individuals concerned about hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
by Jane E. Herman
Presenter: Dr. Steven Narod, MD
People of Eastern European Jewish descent have a higher prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations than do individuals in the general population. Renowned Canadian researcher Dr. Steven Narod discussed results from a program he initiated in 2008, which offers free BRCA testing to any unaffected adult Jewish woman in Ontario, regardless of her family history of cancer. Dr. Narod's laboratory can test for the three most common BRCA mutations among Ashkenazi Jews (known as founder mutations). As a result:
Dr. Narod estimates that 47 cases of breast or ovarian cancer were prevented, and 24 lives were saved from this testing. Dr. Narod concluded that his model is cost-effective (approximately $50 per test) and lifesaving, and he proposed expanding the program beyond Ontario. In the United States, testing for founder mutations is more expensive (about $450) because Myriad Genetics' gene patent impacts the cost of widespread testing. Population-based testing is most efficient in groups with a high incidence of BRCA founder mutations, making this model more costly and less beneficial for the general (non-Jewish) population, in which BRCA mutations are more rare.
Jane E. Herman is the executive writer and editor at the Union for Reform Judaism. She is an Outreach Coordinator in New York City and writes often about her own BRCA journey at janethewriterwrites.blogspot.com.
We welcome your feedback. Please send your comments to Sue Friedman or fill out our Newsletter Feedback Form.


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Madcar Records Launceston, Australia
Madcar Records is the home of singer-songwriters Marjorie & DC Cardwell, both of whom grew up in Northern Ireland and are
now based in Tasmania, Australia.
With their distinctive voices, maddeningly catchy hooks, pop-smart guitar-based arrangements & subtle rock edginess they create Beatlesque songs you'll want to hear again and again!
Publicity Europe - Peter Holmstedt, Hemifran (hemifran.com) ... more
Streaming and Download help


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Construct and manage a graphical, event-driven user interface for your iOS or tvOS app.
- iOS 2.0+
- Mac Catalyst 13.0+
- tvOS 9.0+
- watchOS 2.0+
The UIKit framework provides the required infrastructure for your iOS or tvOS apps. It provides the window and view architecture for implementing your interface, the event handling infrastructure for delivering Multi-Touch and other types of input to your app, and the main run loop needed to manage interactions among the user, the system, and your app. Other features offered by the framework include animation support, document support, drawing and printing support, information about the current device, text management and display, search support, accessibility support, app extension support, and resource management.


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Lightning strike at Orange County football field caught on camera
Picture reportedly taken by parent at University High School
ORLANDO, Fla. – The photo is making the rounds on social media. It was reportedly snapped by Jeffrey King, the father of University High School band member Alison King, Friday night, showing the moment a lightning bolt strikes a tree.
"It was bright and loud and then the sound came and you just knew it was thunder because everyone was screaming," said Jean-Paul Llarch.
Llarch is a member of the band and was on the field performing a half-time show when the lightning struck. He says the weather was actually very pleasant and dry Friday night.
Radar data from around 8:40 p.m. shows storms quickly popped up in eastern Orange County.
16-year-old Shelby Botek was in the stands and said she's never seen anything like it.
"When the lightning hit, it turned really, really orange and looked like it was on fire for a few seconds and then it just all went away," she said. "I don't want to do that again, that's for sure. I don't want to do that."
Students tell Local 6 it was not raining when the lightning struck. Lightning can strike up to 10 miles ahead of the storm.
After Friday's lightning strike, the game was called in favor of University.
Copyright 2013 by ClickOrlando.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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The Communication in Adults Research Group (CARG) is a consortium of three research labs involved in different aspects of communication in aging populations or individuals with neurological communication disorders. CARG is located at the Lake Austin Centre and is under the auspices of the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at The University of Texas at Austin.
Mission Statement
The common goals of this group are to:
- Increase knowledge of various aspects of communication in normal aging, aphasia, and Alzheimer's disease.
- Involve normal elderly individuals in various research experiments pertaining to aging.
- Facilitate interdisciplinary and inter-institutional collaboration in adult normal and disordered communication research.
- Provide speech and language pathology clinicians updated research information about current diagnostic and treatment issues pertaining to normal and disordered aging.
- Provide research opportunities for graduate students interested in various aspects of communication in normal aging, aphasia, and Alzheimer's disease.
Research Laboratories
The following topics are researched in our laboratories:
- Speech Motor Control and Emotional Processing
(Principal Investigator: Thomas Marquardt)
Participant Registry
Adults of all ages are encouraged to participate in our studies. Compensation may be available for participants. Individuals with normal communication and memory and those with difficulties are welcome to participate.
For us to determine your eligibility for various studies and to enlist in our participant registry, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or reach us by phone at (512) 475-7046.
Austin Area Community Events:
Brain Injury Association of Texas- Austin Chapter meeting
Mary Lee Foundation Community Center, 1327 Lamar Square Drive Austin, TX
Meetings are held the first Tuesday of each month from 7:00 to 8:30 pm
Contact Ruthann Curtis at: 512.324.7894 BIATx Austin, 512.453.1344 Work, 512.453.8580 Fax, firstname.lastname@example.com
Brain Tumor Support Group
HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital, 1215 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78701
Meetings are held the second Thursday of each month. Contact Olga Torres at 512.479.3509.
Capital Area Parkinson's Society
Patient and Caregiver support group Meets in McFadden Auditorium at Seton Hospital on 38th Street.
Contact the Capital Area Parkinson's Society at: 512.459.9876, 512.303.2536 or http://www.angelfire.com/tx/austinparkinsons/
River City Stroke/Aphasia Club
McBeth Recreation Center, 2401 Columbus Drive, Austin, TX 78746
Meetings are held every Thursday from 10:30 am to Noon. Contact Christy Moreland at: 512.327.6498 or 512.327.6585 Fax
Group Leader: Thomas P. Marquardt, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
Stroke Survivor and Caregiver Support Group
Meets at HealthSouth Rehab Hospital of Austin, Cafeteria Annex, 1215 Red River Street. Meetings are held the fourth Thursday of each month from 6:30 to 8:00 pm
Instructor: Pamela Fletcher OTR Call 512.479.3564 to register
Thomas Marquardt, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
E-mail: email@example.com
Thomas Marquardt teaches courses in aphasia, dysarthria, differential diagnosis of communication disorders, and introduction to communication sciences and disorders. Dr. Marquardt's primary research interests are in developmental and acquired apraxia of speech and differential diagnosis of speech and language disorders subsequent to brain damage. Dr. Marquardt is currently the Director and Principal Investigator of the Speech Motor Control and Emotional Processing Laboratory. The author of Neurogenic Communication Disorders and co-author of Appraisal and Diagnosis of Speech and Language Disorders, he has published articles in the Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, Cortex, and Brain and Language on topics such as compensatory articulation in Broca's aphasia, the effects of linguistic factors on speech errors in acquired apraxia, syntax in developmental apraxia, and intelligibility of voice output communication aids. From 1982-1988, he served as Director of the Program in Communication Disorders (now Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders). Dr. Marquardt was recently inducted as an ASHA Fellow.
Dan Harris, Ph.D., CCC-A/SLP
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Dan Harris has been an adjunct assistant professor of speech-language pathology and audiology at U.T. Austin since 1988. His activities in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders have included teaching graduate courses, supervising students in clinical practica, participating in research projects with department faculty, and serving on doctoral and master's thesis committees. He has been involved in the publication of over 35 research articles and has authored book chapters on central auditory processing disorders in children and auditory evoked potentials in rehabilitation of patients with brain injuries. Presently, he practices clinical audiology at Adult Care of Austin, providing hearing and balance diagnostics, as well as hearing aid fittings. Also, he currently provides speech pathology services at South Austin Hospital for acute-care patients with a variety of communication and swallowing disorders.


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Story highlights
- Most don't realize how many people it takes to save a life
- In trauma cases, more than 20 people may be involved
- Phlebotomists, radiology technicians and others deserve recognition
I once had a doctor tell me, "Physicians get all the glory and all the money."
While that's not necessarily true -- nurses get quite a bit of recognition in health care -- most people don't realize just how many people it takes to save a life.
I was struck by this one night as a resident on the trauma service. Here's how I recall it:
The double doors to the emergency room slam open. A pair of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) wheel in a young man on a gurney.
"Eighteen-year-old male named John, involved in head-on collision. Brief loss of consciousness. He complains of chest and abdominal pain."
The EMT's, two trauma nurses and I move John over to the bed. One nurse begins cutting off his clothes with a huge pair of shears; the other connects him to the monitors.
A phlebotomist draws blood from one of his arms to send to the laboratory for analysis. A respiratory therapist applies an oxygen mask and monitors his breathing.
Standing at the periphery, a social worker rifles through John's wallet to collect contact information for his family. The head trauma surgeon, Dr. Kim, the physician's assistant (PA) and I evaluate him for injuries.
John's neck and chest are X-rayed by a radiology technician. The secretary puts medication orders into the computer so a pharmacy technician, working with the pharmacist, can prepare the appropriate medicines.
We determine that John has a severe injury to his spleen, causing major internal bleeding. If we don't bring him to the operating room and remove his spleen immediately, he will die.
Kim calls the surgery nurses to inform them of the situation. Within minutes, a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) arrives with the anesthesiologist to rush John to the OR. A perfusion specialist arranges the cell saver, a specialized device that allows John's lost blood to be reused. One floor down, in the hospital basement, laboratory technicians work feverishly to determine his blood type, a necessity for transfusion.
For the next two hours, Kim and I perform a life-saving splenectomy. John's torn spleen is removed and he's transfused multiple units of blood. The surgical technologist deftly places the appropriate surgical instruments into our hands, often before we ask for them, contributing to the efficiency of the operation.
John survives.
The surgery concludes, and the CRNA and operating room nurses wheel him into the recovery room. As we exit the OR, its floor covered with used gauze sponges, suture ends, and a splattering of blood, the janitor enters with disinfectant, a mop and a bucket to make sure it's cleaned and prepared for the next patient.
Kim and I head to the waiting room. It's filled with John's family members, including his parents and siblings. Their eyes desperately try to read our faces as we walk toward them.
"John's OK. We removed his bleeding spleen, and he's stable in the recovery room right now," Kim confidently states.
Everyone cheers. Hugs are exchanged. Tears of relief and joy are shed.
John's mom embraces me. "You saved my son's life!" A big smile lights up her face. "Thank you for saving my son!"
I hug her back. "You're welcome. But it wasn't just me and Dr. Kim. Our team saved your son."
We've all heard the old African proverb, "It takes a village to raise a child." Well, it takes a village to save a life, too. Kim and I needed more than 20 people working as a team to save John. Take one member out of the equation and he likely would have died.
So why do "physicians get all the glory?" We may be the decision-makers, but we don't deserve all the credit. The unsung heroes of medicine -- members of the health care team other than doctors and nurses -- should be recognized, too.
So this holiday season, consider thanking the unsung heroes of your local hospital. Send some cookies to the respiratory therapists, pizza to the radiology technicians, and cupcakes to the phlebotomists. They deserve it just as much as we do.
Maybe more.


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Recent Mac King News
|Comedy-Magician Mac King to Host The World-Famous Magic Castle's 44th Annual Academy of Magical Arts Awards Show
|Feb 22 2012
Harrah's Las Vegas Headliner and Comedy-Magician Mac King will host the 44th Annual Academy of Magical Arts Awards Show on Sunday, Apr. 1, at 7 p.m. gala inside the Saban Theatre on Wilshire Blvd. in Beverly Hills, CA. A recipient of the "Magician of the Year" award in 2004, King now joins a distinguished list of celebrity emcees, including Neil Patrick Harris and Bob Barker, that have hosted this prestigious ceremony which is considered among many to be "The Oscars of Magic."Read more...
|The Springs Preserve Hops on Mac King's Magical Literacy Tour
|Feb 15 2012
The Springs Preserve joins forces with Comedy-Magician Mac King, The Public Education Foundation and the Las Vegas Wranglers hockey team to host an additional book drive during Mac King's Magical Literacy Tour: Nevada Reading Week 2012Read more...
|Mac King with the Sevens Rugby Players
|Feb 11 2012
Watch Mac King teach magic to the Sevens Rugby players from Canada and USA.Read more...
|Get On-Board With Mac King's Magical Literacy Tour
|Feb 08 2012
Comedy-magician and Harrah's, Las Vegas Headliner Mac King is preparing to embark on Mac King's Magical Literacy Tour: Nevada Reading Week 2012, benefiting Clark County READS, the literacy initiative of The Public Education Foundation.Read more...
|Comedy-Magician Mac King Launches New eBook
|Jan 10 2012
Accomplished author and Comedy-Magician Mac King announces the launch of his latest book Mac King's Magic in a Minute Mysteries, available on eBook platforms including Kindle, NOOK and Smashwords.Read more...
|Comedy-Magician Mac King to Support RT Autism Awareness Foundation Inc.
|Jan 05 2012
Harrah's Las Vegas Headliner and Comedy-Magician Mac King will perform a special benefit show in Rochester, Minn. at "Mending Minds: A Magical Gala for Autism." King joins a masterful lineup of entertainers including his childhood friend, Master Magician Lance Burton, Comedian Bob Zany and the comedy & juggling of Michael Goudeau.Read more...
|Mac King helps restore historic buildings in Louisville, Kentucky
|Dec 08 2011
"Developers pull magic trick in restoring historic Whiskey Row building"
|Comedy-Magician Mac King Goes Pink for a Cause with Fundraiser to Make Breast Cancer 'Disappear'
|Oct 19 2011
Comedy-Magician Mac King joins the fight to make breast cancer disappear during Breast Cancer Awareness Month with a special fundraiser benefitting Susan G. Komen of Southern Nevada.Read more...
|Mac King Appears on Ch. 13's Vegas Morning Blend
|Jul 15 2011
|VIP Tickets Now Available at The Mac King Comedy Magic Show at Harrah's Las Vegas
|Aug 02 2011
|Read more...
|Harrah's Las Vegas Headliner, Comedy-Magician Mac King, Named "Best Strip Headliner"
|Jun 01 2011
|Read more...


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Outlook Overview:
Trend Analysis:
Outlook = Bearish
For information on the Trend Analysis see the Notes section to this post: GCC Trend Analysis
Index Analysis:
Outlook = Bullish
For information on the Index Analysis see this post: Understanding the GCC Weekly Index Analysis
Market Breadth:
Advance/Decline Indicator = Positive
Outlook = Bullish
For information on Market Breadth see this post: Market Breadth
Pattern Match Price Projections:
Just one of the three best matches for the current 25 day price movement is projecting a higher close for the Muscat 30 Index in five days time.
The average five day price projection across all three best matches is -0.07%.
The combined outlook based on the pattern matching analysis is Neutral.
For information on Pattern Matching see this post: Price Projections Using Pattern Matching


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Dow Ends Up 107 on Upbeat Budget Comments
Stocks reversed course to finish with broad-based gains, as investors seized on upbeat political remarks on the fiscal negotiations in Washington, and signs that the Federal Reserve could continue buying bonds next year. Barrons's Brendan Conway has details on The News Hub. Photo: Bloomberg.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the ... said lots of good old U S stocks jumped after a series of all the remarks from Washington leaders ... to raising deep mourning a loss this will have back and mall ... right here right now on the New Saab ... afternoon and welcome I'm Simon Constable ... did take us through the Ismail Khan's clones Brendan Conway has the right now thanks to bring in some time and I really appreciate the scores he cycled through the chops but we have the people among others that they bought ... deep losses in the morning with my kids and one and send around as the Nasdaq up aam it says that the similar trend and on the SNP ... why would anyone who isn't about us to ... believe what was coming out walk out one of the cynical earning but I mean you'd want someone coming from is that we prefer it ... yes things of fun before we've ... we've we've we've we've heard guess things are finally heard know things are not find in fact we heard them both today GM ... you know ... markets closed to new lows yesterday kind of ... as ... suddenly traders you know ... we've realized remit Washington's to leave Washington mean it still is ... we still have no idea what they're going to do about taxes ... what degree do about spending cuts ... today though ... we're in this triple digit ... trough and DowJones Industrial Average this morning calling ... on more the same words when ... John painter comes evidence is ... so so the APUs it we said yes he said I'm optimistic ... and traders take this as a cue ... I think when you really need to know is is that the market ... has no idea of a crisis they have no idea ... what to do but the stock ... and sell ... later in the day ... he had President Obama make a similar remark optimism and ... we are off also didn't offer a swelling it's about the latest in a manner often to the House Republicans to ... come up with the Democrats and that he would sign a bill on for him to extend ... out the the the Bush era tax regime ... everyone through to answer to ... the tune of fifty thousand on the ... right which sounds uncannily similar to what was already on the table ... I mean you really do have to question ... to you and to what extent the market ... the union you know I mean you shouldn't ... he be trading with the market on these things has a business idea for investors ... should be viewed as an opportunity ... to take the opposite side ... of what's happening on any one given day ... if you are inclined to do it ... because this back and forth trading ... I mean it feels alot like seven ten elected to TGT Michael money doing the could you buy one when the market goes up EVP be viewed on Friday a new peace talks and then when it goes down the next day job I can just go up down up down on the NYSE identified only as a short-term country learning that there's a company like there's a fun you like a finger on it went all in one hand and this is one you wanna get out of windows up ... because it seemed to people from what I've seen we seen across the board increases in some ways and don't need to start so you don't wanna name and you know at the Medinah often and then ... you know was the integrated going down in the next time with with everything it seems amenable to health ... what's so you know across the board by the army what one of things that has been nice about this year up until recently ... these is that what they produce a correlation of all these different types of stocks in assets has been spreading apart so this trial one is kind of rising more ... than the weaker ones will ... go the wrong way ... when you see when the market gets worried about these things thinking of price ... everything just goes and lost to ... them we also saw something else in a given that most of the flash crash ... but in the gold market on how the summary of ... of basically had to take twenty tonnes of gold into the market and it just ... one month to month through parts of our down time as ... to when a flash that it's it's called the statement but bright bright the beginning that is found in a matter of minutes and ... look what I consider one that's that that's over but I guess all of these markets suffer from Electronic Trading gum ... when you know you gold gold is Eunice I mean I mean ... that's an asset class that tracks a lot of emotion ... it's very hard to tell you that people see a giant read like that and they get worried it at least ... that's that's what that rather than market was is that people who knew it was this trying to create ... you've really got people worried ... the dollar was also have an effect this morning ... on the price of gold as well so when the dollar gets stronger value priced ago this time because that person don't you make of the basement thank you very much from the calm quiet all hands and knees and check out more of


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1 pm. EST.
Sun Life Stadium, Miami, FL.
Join us here to talk about the game LIVE, as it happens! Help us cheer on the Black n Gold as they take on the Dolphins to start out a 3 game road stretch.
The Steelers Talk section of the forums will be closed during the game and will immediately reopen after it's over.


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Order online and pick up from our West Malling shop. From placing your order items will be ready for collection the next working day, if you require items before this please notify us. You can select Click and Collect as your delivery option at checkout - 13 Swan Street, West Malling, Kent, Me19 6JU.
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Next working day delivery is available to UK Mainland customers at £7.00 for order placed before 3.30pm. Saturday delivery is available at £10 for order placed by 3.30pm.
These premium shirts most definitely come up as an Italian fit. Their beautiful fabric makes for an amazing fitted shirt, but if you prefer a more regular fit, we instead suggest going up a size.
This Claudio Lugli guide will give you a rough idea of sizing. You can also contact us and one of our stylists will help you choose the right size.
Claudio Lugli
Navy blazer with check
Matching waistcoat available
FREE delivery on this product


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The LED Microneedle Roller stimulates the skin which triggers collagen and elastin synthesis. LED Microneedle Roller shines 560nm high energy green light. With help of LED Microneedle Roller, the skin repairs and regenerates itself naturally, creating healthier, smoother, younger-looking skin.
- Replaceble derma roller
- 405 nm high energy blue light
- Light therapy can be operated close to accurate part of skin
- Portable and easy to use
Micro-needle therapy:
Micro needle therapy use natural way to increase the production of collagen with little injury to the skin. It has good effect in treating the wrinkles, pigmentation, improving your complexion and promoting skin elasticity.
Photon therapy Theory:
Biological tissue of human body can absorb light and convert which can lead to a series of chemical reactions—photo decomposition, photo oxidation, photo polymerization, photo sensitization. Different wave length has different functions.
560nm Green Light: Used to relax and soothe the skin.
- Roller Diameter: Approx. 20mm
- Roller Handle Length: 4.5 inch / 11.4 cm
- Needle length: 0.5mm
- Needle Material: Stainless steel
- Color: Green handle
Package Included:
- 1 x 0.5mm Microneedle