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Time-varying covariates
Mplus Discussion
Growth Modeling of Longitudinal Data
posted on Wednesday, September 25, 2002 - 12:41 pm
I am considering how many time-varying covariates to include in my model.
In Example 22.1c of the manual, X3 is one time-varying covariate affecting Y1. Its effect on Y1 was modeled separately in each time period (i.e., x31 on y11, x32 on y12, x33 on y13 etc.) Is it possible to include more than one time-varying covariate? Most of the examples in the MPLUS manual and the workshop use one time-varying covariate.
What are the issues that one should consider in deciding how many time-varying covariates to include? Thank you for your time.
posted on Friday, September 27, 2002 - 9:58 am
It is possible to use many time-varying covariates (tvc's) at each time point. You should use the same considerations as in regular regression, that is, to avoid multicollinearity the tvc's should not be too highly correlated. You might want to standardized the tvc's to zero means to make interpretations easier.
posted on Friday, April 30, 2004 - 3:43 pm
Hi Bengt and Linda,
I am running a parallel process growth model with time invariant and time varying covariates.
In my model the time varying covariates predict the indicators for both growth variables.
The Modification indices suggest a relationship between one of the time varying covariates and the slope factor of one of the parallel process variables. This would imply that drinking at time 3 is related to the overall slope of abstinence.
Would this make any sense and is it mathematically acceptable?
posted on Friday, April 30, 2004 - 7:10 pm
If you center at time 1, then the slope factor concerns growth starting right after time 1 which means that influence from a time 3 time-varying covariate is questionable. Perhaps it means that the growth is accelerated at time 3, but then you would need a piecewise model.
posted on Wednesday, September 14, 2005 - 6:24 pm
I'd like to examine the effect of perceived opportunities on school performance (from ages 9 to 15 - measured each year). I want to determine if at-risk adolescents who perceive that they have limited opportunities are less likely to perform well in school. I'm considering two different models.
1. Model both processes as growth models and correlate the growth factors.
2. Model academic performance as a growth model and regress the residual individual scores of academic performance at each time on the individual scores of perceived opportunities at each time.
I'm wondering if one method should be preferred over the other (or if there is an alternative model that would be best) and how the interpretation of the effects of perceived opportunities on academic performance would differ.
Thank you.
posted on Wednesday, September 14, 2005 - 6:56 pm
Perhaps the perceived opportunities variable doesn't really follow a growth model - perhaps it bounces up and down over time - in which case a better approach might be to have a growth model for performance with perceived opportunities as a time-varying covariate.
posted on Thursday, September 15, 2005 - 5:09 pm
Thank you. With the type of model that you suggest - would I interpret the regression coefficients as the effect of perceived opps on academic performance after adjusting for time?
posted on Thursday, September 15, 2005 - 6:09 pm
Yes, I think it is fair to describe it as adjusting for time - or growth.
Dianna Densmore
posted on Wednesday, March 29, 2006 - 12:31 pm
I have run analysis for a multiple indicator latent growth curve model for linear growth and then run a subsequent analysis adding in a TVC to the model (an unconditional TVC model) where the repeated latent factor is regressed on the TVC for synchronous and lagged effects. My data are ordinal. The models fit the data well. My question is one of interpretation when comparing the results of the models. I've reported the results of the unconditional linear growth model and then have reported the regression coefficients for the unconditional TVC model. My understanding is that the regression coefficients in the TVC model represent the effect of the TVC on the latent factor net of the underlying growth curve, so these are the values on which I've mainly focused. Should I expect that the slope and intercept will differ in the TVC model and how do I interpret this info compared to the unconditional model? The TVC slope and intercept values are slightly different than the unconditional no-predictor model. Is this simply a reflection of the model being conditioned on the covariate? And, if so, does the change in intercept and slope provide substantive info that I should report beyond that of the regression coeffients?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, March 29, 2006 - 6:41 pm
You are right that the TVC effects are net of the effects of the growth factors. Or, put another way, your growth factor effects are net of the TVCs. At TVCs = 0, you see the effect of the growth factors. So, you could center the TVCs so that they have mean zero. Then the means of the growth factors may not change much when including the TVCs.
Hyoshin Kim
posted on Monday, February 12, 2007 - 7:54 pm
In Growth Mixture Modeling in Mplus, would Mplus allow time-varying covariates to estimate the probabilities of class membership?
I understand that time-invaiant covariates, not time-varying covariates, are usually used as predictors of the latent class (i.e., estimating probabilities of class membership), and time-varying covariates are used to estimate the trajectories (e.g., intercept and slopes)?
But I wonder if Mplus allows time-varying covariates to estimate both the class membership probabilities and the trajectories, if I include them in the model?
Am I then, in fact, turing into latent transition modeling?
Any comments would be appreciated.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, February 13, 2007 - 8:10 am
You can let time-varying covariates influence class membership. But this means that class membership probabilities change over time, so you have to consider whether this is what you want for the subject matter at hand. If you do, this may lead to reconceptualizing class membership as time varying, which as you say may lead to a type of latent transition model.
Kaigang Li
posted on Saturday, May 31, 2008 - 10:22 am
Professor Muthens,
I have a basic question about how to determine the number of classes using GMM since I have been confused with that when I read GMM related articles. From reading I get an idea which testing GMM starts with determining the number of classes by unconditional LCGA by using some model-fit indixes (e.g. entropy, AIC, BIC, and LMR-LRT, and then covariates are included to predict the growth factors and modify the membership.
Let's say 4 classes are determined by unconditional LCGA. But when I added the covariates in the model, the classes may be reduced to 3 in terms of those indexes.
So how can determine the number of classes for final model?
I read the chapter "Second-Generation SEM Growth Analysis", 3 or 4 classes based on 8 classes from LCGA are used for GMM. I cannot get very clear idea how you determine the number.
In your another article "Integrating Person-Centered and Variable-Centered
Analyses: Growth Mixture Modeling With Latent Trajectory Classes" you mentioned "three different considerations are used to decide on the number of latent classes."
Sorry about the long description, basically I am wondering if you could give any comments to clarify the process for determining the number of classes using GMM.
Thanks for your time.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Sunday, June 01, 2008 - 12:52 am
Take a look at my 2004 chapter in the Kaplan handbook which you find under Papers, Growth Mixture Modeling on this web site.
linda beck
posted on Tuesday, December 02, 2008 - 3:44 am
I want to examine the influence of parental alcohol disorder (pad) on depression during adolescence across 5 measurement points (LGM).
I want to learn more about the structural effects of 'pad' on depression (time invariant) but also about the time specific effects of the same variable 'pad' on depression (time variant).
1.) How could one disentangle both kinds of effects best? E. g. model both, time variant and time invariant efects of 'pad' in separate models or in ONE model?
2.) How would one interpret effects of 'pad' on the intercept and on x1 in the latter model when these effects are modelled together (intercept is centered at t1)?
3.) Is the interpretation correct, that effects of 'pad' on e. g. x2 x3 x4 x5 are 'time specific effects beyond what is explained by systematic change'?
linda beck
posted on Tuesday, December 02, 2008 - 3:54 am
add.: in the time invariant definition, 'pad' is measured at t1.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, December 02, 2008 - 9:59 am
I think you are saying that a time-invariant covariate pad has both indirect and direct effects on the depression outcome over time. The indirect effects are via pad's influence on the growth factors.
You cannot identify all the direct effects plus the effects on the growth factors. It is like a Mimic model. I would recommend looking at the modification indices for the model with no direct effects to see if one or two direct effects seem to be needed. The indirect effect via the intercept growth factor has to do with the constant effect on all outcomes, whereas a direct effect is over and above that.
linda beck
posted on Thursday, December 11, 2008 - 8:54 am
I'm not sure if I was explicit enough, sorry! I want to conceptualize "pad" as time invariant (measured at t1) and predict growth curve factors. In addition, I have measured pad also at t2-t5. So there is a possibility to examine time specific effects of pad1-pad5 on y1-y5 (besides the effect of pad1 on growth factors), i.e. to have direct effects on the depression outcome.
a.) Does this conceptualization in general and the model (see below) make sense?
That would be the following model (in principal, since I can't model all direct effecs of pad1-pad5, as you said):
i s on pad1;
y1-y5 on pad1-pad5;
b.) I guess, I should model both kinds of effects in ONE model, if my conceptualization is o.k.?
I can't use mod-indices to explore possible direct effects of pad1-pad5, since I'm utilizing numerical integration.
c.) Does it make sense then, to model each time-specific effect separately in the model above (e. g. i s on pad1 AND y1 on pad1) and to check if it is significant (and to omit when not) then go to 'i s on pad1 AND y2 on pad2'?
Thanks a lot!
linda beck
p.s. sorry for the long post. I wanted to avoid follow-up posts...
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, December 12, 2008 - 8:37 am
Note that your statement
y1-y5 on pad1-pad5;
gets expanded as
y1 on pad1-pad5;
y5 on pad1-pad5;
You can't have pad1 influence both i, s and y1-y5, but you could say
i s on pad1;
y1 on pad1;
y2 on pad2;
y5 on pad5;
Then you can see what's significant.
linda beck
posted on Tuesday, December 16, 2008 - 1:36 am
That was exactly what I meant. Sorry, for the wrong syntax! Thank you.
linda beck
Nicolas M
posted on Monday, August 30, 2010 - 1:22 pm
Dear Professors,
I come from a GLMM background and I try to transpose my usual models in the latent growth curve approach. When working with time-varying covariates in a GLMM, I simply write down these equations for "i" individuals and "t" time points :
y_it = gamma(1)_i + TIME_it*gamma(2)_i + beta*x_it + e_it
gamma(1) = alpha_0 + psi(1)_i
gamma(2) = alpha_1 + psi(2)_i
where gamma(1) is the intercept with an individual variance psi(1), gamma(2) the random slope with an individual variance psi(2) and x_it a time-varying covariate.
For a latent growth curve model with MPLUS, would it be the same than using this syntax :
i s |
y1 on x1 (1);
y2 on x2 (1);
y3 on x3 (1);
and thus constraining the beta parameter to be the same through time?
I'd like to avoid having one parameter by time point (like in y1 on x1; y2 on x2; y3 on x3;) or having to specify a random slope for the time-varying covariate (st | y1 on x1; st | y2 on x2 ...).
Thank you in advance for your help.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, August 31, 2010 - 10:10 am
You have specified the time-varying covariates correctly.
Regarding the time scores, does each person have the same time score at each time point?
Nicolas M
posted on Tuesday, August 31, 2010 - 11:03 am
Unfortunately no, they don't have the same time scores. They were all interviewed each year, but starting from different ages.
I've already tried to use the TSCORES functionality of MPLUS to specify the time scores for each individual, but then I was forced to use a MLR estimator whose computation was too complicated (12 dimensions of integration, as my dependent variable is actually latent).
I then decided to use a WLSMV estimator, which also allow me (if I'm correct) to estimate the covariance between the residuals of my indicators through time without an additional computational burden.
The final solution I've retained, even if it's not as good as the TSCORES option, is to use this specification :
y_it = gamma(1)_i + TIME_it*gamma(2)_i + beta*x_it + e_it
gamma(1) = alpha_0 + alpha_1*STARTING-AGE_i + psi(1)_i
gamma(2) = alpha_1 + psi(2)_i
with TIME_it going from 0 to 9 (@0, @1...) and the alpha_1 controlling for the different "starting point" of each individual.
This is the only way I could obtain an estimation for this model (I've tried the MLR estimation with TSCORES but it has never converged, even after playing with the number of Monte Carlo integration points and the MCONVERGENCE option. I gave up because the computation was too slow).
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, August 31, 2010 - 4:25 pm
You need to use TSCORES. Please send the full output and your license number to
to see why you are having convergence problems.
davide morselli
posted on Friday, September 16, 2011 - 12:20 am
I have very a basic question.
I have a longitudinal study with 12 waves, my DV is measured at each wave, but my IV only at three time points. I want to test whether the change (slope1) in the DV can predict the change (slope2) in the IV.
My question is: Does it make sense to consider slope1 in all 12 time points or it would be better to consider it only at the same three time points of the IV?
Furtehrmore I read it would be better to have at least 4 time points, but i did not really understand why, could you give me some hints?
davide morselli
posted on Friday, September 16, 2011 - 5:01 am
just one more question: how should I interpret the mean of the slope that from significant becomes not-signifcant when I regressit on some covariates?$
Thank you!!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, September 17, 2011 - 11:04 am
The slope that is the IV should not be formed from time points later than those used for the DV slope.
When you regress slope on other variables, the parameter is no longer a mean but an intercept. The intercept can be non-sig while the mean is sig. The mean is given in Tech4 when you regress the slope on other variables.
Carolyn Tompsett
posted on Monday, November 07, 2011 - 5:51 am
I am using TSCORES to account for individually-varying times of data collection across 7 waves of data. When someone was missing a time point I substituted a mean "days" variable for the TSCORE to avoid them being kicked out of all analyses. Now I have added a time-varying covariate, and everyone who is missing a single wave of data is kicked out of all analyses. Is there any way to avoid this, besides just mean substitution?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, November 07, 2011 - 8:47 pm
Yes, this can be avoided. Instead of scoring the time-varying covariate as missing at this time point for this individual, score it as something else (anything will do). This will not influence the computations because the DV has a missing data flag at that time point for that individual, so it won't have an effect.
posted on Friday, February 24, 2012 - 2:05 am
I want to explore in a GMM with 5 measurement points whether certain latent classes of my dependent depression variable seem to be "vulnerability" or "resilience" classes. I want to use baseline covariates to predict this.
If I understand MPLUS correctly, even with the
c ON x1 x2 x3;
statement, all that MPLUS can tell me is that covariate e.g. Neuroticism might have a significant effect on intercept and slope of class 1 but not on class 2, but that doesn't tell me if people in class 1 actually have a higher Neuroticism, right?
What would you recommend for this - running ANOVAs in a second step after the GMM?
Is there a good paper in which covariates are successfully used to predict latent classes in MPLUS?
First one should find a good model without covariates, and then add them. However, the c ON x1 x2 x3; command is bound to change the class solution, right? I use starting values found in models without covariates when adding covariates, but does this make sense when using the c ON x statement?
Thank you so much
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, February 24, 2012 - 11:18 am
1. The c ON x regression predicts class membership. The i s ON x regression predicts variability in the intercept and slope growth factors. If you want to see if the mean values of your covariates vary across classes use the e setting of the AUXILIARY command. See the Growth Mixture Modeling section in Papers on the website.
2. This is likely due to the need for direct effects between the covariates and the outcomes. See on the website:
Muth�n, B. (2004). Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In D. Kaplan (ed.), Handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 345-368). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
posted on Sunday, February 26, 2012 - 7:12 am
1) Thanks!
2) The paper focuses on distal outcomes, I am only working with 5 equidistant repeated measurement depression scores which are normal dependent variables. Still, adding covariates and especially the c ON x; statement sometimes drastically changes classes.
3) In the forum and handbook, it is usually recommended to first fit models without covariates and then add them step by step, fixing the classes if need be to keep them the same. The paper you mention above (Muth�n, 2004) states the opposite though:
"It should not be expected that the class distribution or individual classification remains the same when adding covariates. "
"The fact that the "unconditional model" without covariates is not necessarily the most suitable for finding the number of classes has not been fully appreciated [...]. An important part of GGMM is the prediction of class membership probabilities from covariates."
I'm not sure which method to use, both seem to make sense.
Thank you, your input is highly appreciated
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, February 26, 2012 - 8:54 am
The current thinking is to find the number of classes without adding covariates. I would not recommend fixing the classes. If adding covariates changes the classes, the need for direct effects should be examined.
posted on Sunday, February 26, 2012 - 12:57 pm
Thank you. Regarding the auxiliary command (e), with which I'd like to compare whether my covariates differ between classes,
type = MIXTURE;
auxiliary = x1 x2 (e);
i s q |
i s ON x1 x2;
c ON x1 x2;
causes the "auxiliary: unknown option" error. I find only one example about auxiliary (e) in the handbook and am not sure what I'm doing wrong.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, February 26, 2012 - 2:33 pm
The AUXILIARY options belongs in the VARIABLE command.
posted on Monday, February 27, 2012 - 4:26 am
Sorry, that was a stupid mistake to make.
Pasting the line into the VARIABLES part gives me following error:
NAMES ARE x1 y0-y4;
USEVAR = x1 y0-y4;
auxiliary=x1 (e);
type = MIXTURE;
i s |
i s ON x1;
c ON x1;
*** ERROR in MODEL command
Unknown variable(s) in an ON statement: x1
Without "auxiliary=x1 (e);" x1 is detected properly so the code works. Maybe I'm using the statement wrong?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, February 27, 2012 - 6:06 am
You cannot use x1 in the model and also as an auxiliary variable.
posted on Tuesday, February 28, 2012 - 1:44 am
I would like to find out - in my final model, and that includes covariates - how the classes differ from each other.
One important aspect is: which class has more females, which class has a higher neuroticism, is a genetic polymorphism more common in one class than the others.
For this question, auxiliary (e) is not helpful if I cannot include my covariates in the model predicting classes.
Is there a way to solve this in MPLUS? How do other people do this? Nearly all papers I find for GMM are descriptive and rarely add covariates, and the few I found seem to never use the c ON x1 x2; command to predict class membership with covariates.
Thank you!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, February 29, 2012 - 6:12 pm
See TECH4.
posted on Wednesday, April 24, 2013 - 3:33 am
I would like to add a time varying control variable to my LGM. I have four waves of data and the control variable is a single item continuous variable (7pt Likert) measured at each time point. Could you please advise me on the best way to add this control to my LGM?
Thank you!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, April 24, 2013 - 6:25 am
See Example 6.12.
Annie Robitaille
posted on Wednesday, May 08, 2013 - 11:17 am
I am running a time-varying covariate model on data spanning from 2006 to 2012. Data is available for each individual when they first enter long-term care and then every 3 months following admission in long-term care. However, some entered in 2006 and therefore have many time points whereas others entered later (e.g. 2011) and have fewer time points. I was treating entry in long-term care as time 0 (baseline) for all individuals, regardless of the actual calendar date of entry. Is that ok? By setting up my data this way some have 24 time points whereas others have fewer because they entered at a later date. Can I still use FIML to treat missing values for those who have fewer time points and therefore have missing values for the later time points or should I be using a missing by design method instead? Is that possible with Mplus?
Thank you in advance for your help.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, May 09, 2013 - 9:48 am
This sounds correct and you can still use FIML.
Jing Zhang
posted on Thursday, August 15, 2013 - 11:34 am
I am fitting a long format longitudinal model. My question is that if I can add time varying dichotomous covariates at �within level�?
(MD is dichotomous )
variable: Names are subid MRN wave SEX MD pebdtot;
USEVARIABLES ARE wave pebdtot;
cluster = MRN;
within = wave;
analysis: TYPE = TWOLEVEL RANDOM;
s | pebdtot on wave;
pebdtot ON MD;
pebdtot ON SEX
pebdtot with s;
Thank you very much,
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, August 15, 2013 - 1:31 pm
Yes, like in UG ex 9.16. The MD variable should also be on the within list. And SEX on the between list.
T Yilmaz
posted on Monday, June 30, 2014 - 2:31 am
I want to explain growth trajectory parameters (intercept, slope, acceleration) with my time-varying and time-invariant variables. All the sources suggest that I can put time-varying variables at Level 1. But then I will not be able to explain my growth parameters with my time-varying variables. Is there a way to solve this problem?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, June 30, 2014 - 10:17 am
I think you have your data in long format. If you put it in wide format, you will have more flexibility. Then you can use the time-varying covariates at both levels.
Julia Sander
posted on Monday, February 15, 2016 - 5:18 am
I ran a growth curve model using a cohort-sequential longitudinal design with four waves and a time-varying covariate (TVC).
I used the tscores command [Mplus Version 7] to model the lifespan development of frequency of peer visits (vfriends) and controlled for the time-varying covariate employment status (work: 0 = unemployed, 1 = employed).
Age was centered at 50 years and multiplied by *0.01 in order to avoid numerically small estimates. Age range of the sample is 17 to 85 years.
The model with a linear, quadratic, and cubic slope converged, but estimated means for intercept (I), linear slope (S), quadratic slope (Q), and cubic slope (C) seem to be illogical with values off the charts, especially for mean of Q and C, where variance had to be set to zero for convergence.
In order to double-check I recoded the employment variable (work_rec). This time 1 equaled "unemployed" and 0 equaled "employed". Estimated parameters seem to be more comprehensible now.
I have no idea why this simple recoding of a dichotomous variable results in such very different model outcome (model fit parameters changed too). I somehow expected just a mirrored trajectory after recoding the binary TVC...?!
I would be very grateful for any hint. Thank you very much in advance!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, February 15, 2016 - 6:41 am
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Racism is Innate: The Human Brain Makes Unconscious Decisions Based on Ethnicity – "Racism is hardwired into the brain and operates unconsciously because areas that detect ethnicity and control emotion are closely connected, according to scientists." – original research article. see also How the brain views race.
CSIC recovers part of the genome of 2 hunter-gatherer individuals from 7,000 years ago – "The DNA data, which represent the 1.34% and the 0.5% of both individuals total genome, show that they are not directly connected to current populations of the Iberian Peninsula. Iberians from the Mesolithic Period were closer to current populations of northern Europe, who could have assimilated part of the genetic legacy of these hunters-gatherers."
Food and Porn as Supernormal Stimuli – from dennis mangan
Pottery 20,000 years old found in a Chinese cave – "Pottery fragments found in a south China cave have been confirmed to be 20,000 years old, making them the oldest known pottery in the world, archaeologists say…. The findings … [refute] conventional theories that the invention of pottery correlates to the period about 10,000 years ago when humans moved from being hunter-gathers to farmers." – original research article.
Steady studs, dysgenic dolls – "Jayman found that among black men, the trend is neutral, while a pronounced dysgenic trend exists among black women. The story is similar among whites, although the dysgenic tilt among white women is gentler than it is among black women." – from mr. a. epigone, esq.
The crayola-fication of the world: How we gave colors names, and it messed with our brains (part I) – read this!
also this!: Your Color Red Really Could Be My Blue – "'I would say recent experiments lead us down a road to the idea that we don't all see the same colors,' Neitz said. Another color vision scientist, Joseph Carroll of the Medical College of Wisconsin, took it one step further: 'I think we can say for certain that people don't see the same colors….'"
University of Pittsburgh study reveals moderate doses of alcohol increase social bonding in groups – cheers!
bonus: Phylogeny: Rewriting evolution – "Tiny molecules called microRNAs are tearing apart traditional ideas about the animal family tree."
bonus bonus: Low-carb diet burns the most calories in small study
bonus bonus bonus: Mysterious Fairy Circles Are 'Alive' – whoa.
bonus bonus bonus bonus: How presidential elections are impacted by a 100 million year old coastline – cool!
bonus bonus bonus bonus bonus: Mumbai doctors remove 12.5cm-long worm from man's eye – ewwww!
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Discussions about eggcorns and related topics
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Thanks for your understanding.
Chris -- 2018-04-11
I invent eggcorns. And then I look to see if anybody anywhere ever has said or written the things I make up. This probably is not the best technique, judging by the small amout of fresh meatcorn I bring to this forum… But I do it sometimes.
This afternoon, something jorkel said here inspired me. I whistled for my egg hound, and set off into the Great Google Forest. Typing in my inspiration, I got two ghits, but YIKES! Obvious nasty porn sites, even though my made-up eggcorn was not dirty in any way. I should have high-tailed it back to civilization, but I made the mistake of opening the ghits. BARF-OLA!!! DISGUSTING PHOTOS!
I closed Google, and came home with my tail between my eggs. I am not telling what my imaginary eggcorn was, because I do not want impressionable young eggs to follow my sordid trail.
How did this happen? It appears that these two creepy porn sites incorporate long strings of random words, and the two words I typed in happened to show up in proper order in these word strings, within the porn sites. Those of you who know the Google Jungle better than I, can you explain this?
Last edited by Tom Neely (2006-09-16 16:37:37)
Tom, I try hard not to invent eggcorns, but puns will come. I was pleased with myself for coining "reptile dysfunction" as the true explanation for the extinction of the dinosaurs. Then I googled it and found that several thousand people have apparently had the same idea, but not accidentally, alas.
Learned FB – Thanks for your ever-so-slightly off-color true eggcorn story. Other posters may want to contribute stories. I hope so. It may be fun, and it may keep silliness out of the oh-so-scholarly parts of the site. Cheers!
I have no answers for you on this one, but I was laughing away at the description of your unexepected journeys into eggporn. It is terrible but funny! : )
Occasionally, in inventing punny stage names, porn performers come up with names that would be good eggcorns (often Lehmanns) if they weren't puns. The ones that come to my mind just offhand include Jenna Talia and Hugh G. Rection—a match made in Heaven if there ever was one.


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The debate about arming teachers to protect schools is getting a lot of attention. One Ohio Group says we owe it to the teachers and they're paying to train them how to shoot.
It's a tree-day firearms-training class through the Buckeye Firearms Association. The Armed Teacher Pilot Program will be at the Tactical Defense Institute in West Union.
The Organization says they hope to provide the skills and mindset to save kids lives. They plan to run the pilot class, review it with students and state officials and then add more trainings.
"What we want to do is, it doesn't end at this class, the demand far exceeds 24, obviously that doesn't do a big enough deterrent. Run a pilot class then analyze our results, talk to the students, see did this work for you, did we hit the mark on the class. Make any adjustments that we need to do and then roll it out to the rest of the state or even nation," explains Chairman of the Buckeye Firearms Association, Jim Irvine.
The organizations has 24 openings for the pilot class and they say they've gotten hundreds of application. Of the 24 they say it will be school administrators, teachers, and even maintenance from all of the state.
"You want every school to be able to have... somebody with skills. And you know what, it could be that someone finishes up this class and goes, I really, I still can't do it or I can't get permission, or this isn't going to work, but they're still going to take away some other mind set things they can use in their schools to keep kids safe. They're going to take away some casualty care, treating wounded that will make kids safer."
The foundation says anyone that works in the school environment can apply, teachers, administrators, even maintenance.
And everyone in training is completely volunteering.
They say they've been working on the program for years and it's now there is a big push for it.
"It's something that I and other people have been interested in for years, we've been looking at to because of mass killings, knowing that schools are targets, knowing that our kids are at risk. It's something that we've been looking at for a long time but the events of Newtown, Connecticut and those killings there really spurred everyone else into saying, 'Really you guys are already been looking at this, you're working on it? -- yes.'"
The Foundations expects to spend around $1,000 per student for those 3 days.
They plan on raising money to conduct future classes.
"It's because our schools and our teachers simply don't have the money to go into this training. We have an educational foundation and this is a perfect use of funds."
Currently, Ohio law allows only law enforcement or someone approved by the school board to carry a gun in schools. That is also up for discussion in Ohio as well.
Attorney General Mike DeWine suggested schools think about arming each school with at least one gun and said he planned to have trainings at the state police academy for teachers as well. The two trainings are not related.


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Research offers new hope for peripheral artery disease sufferers
Research led by vascular surgeons at Dartmouth-Hitchcock may offer new hope to sufferers of peripheral artery disease, the cause of nearly 60,000 lower-limb amputations annually, through the use of a patient's own stem cells.
Richard J. Powell MD, chief of vascular surgery at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, is the principal investigator on a national study involving 550 patients at 80 sites around the country of so-called "no option" patients, for whom the disease is so advanced that amputation is the only available treatment.
Powell's study is now in a three-year, third-stage clinical trial, after second-stage trials showed remarkable success at treating patients with CLI. The final results of the second-stage clinical trial have been published in the April, 2012, issue of Molecular Therapy.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) afflicts more than 9 million patients in the United States. The condition results from blockages in blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis hardening of the arteries which can be a consequence of diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, genetic predisposition, and other circumstances. In many cases, endovascular therapies such as insertion of stents or bypass surgery similar to surgical processes used to treat blockages in the arteries of the heart are used to reintroduce blood flow to the legs. But in about 150,000 patients with the most-severe forms of PAD, called critical limb ischemia or CLI, the disease is so extensive that endovascular therapy isn't an option. That's where Powell's stem cell study comes in.
"All of us have stem cells in our bone marrow, and these stem cells can be utilized to repair other parts of our bodies," says Powell. "By taking the patient's own stem cells and injecting them into the ischemic leg, our hope is that we will then improve the blood flow in that part of the leg."
In the study, bone marrow is removed from the patient's hip, and then sent to a lab where stem cells are separated from the marrow and incubated over a two-week period, allowing more stem cells to grow. The stem cells are then re-injected intramuscularly into about 20 different spots on the patient's leg.
"We found that patients who received the stem cell therapy had a significantly lower incidence of amputation at six months than patients who received a placebo," said Powell.
After six months of the second-stage trials, approximately half of the patients who received a placebo died, required an amputation or saw their leg wounds worsen. Of those receiving the stem cell therapy, only a quarter died, required amputation, or saw their wounds worsen. Many showed significant improvement in blood flow in the ischemic limb.
"What was truly remarkable was that it was a relatively small number of patients, but that we saw clinically significant improvement in the stem cell-treated patients," he says. "It's compelling enough that there's no question that the pivotal trial needs to be done as quickly as possible."
The phase three trial has just begun, in which half of the patients will receive stem cell therapy and half will receive the placebo, measuring incidents of amputation or death one year after the treatment "We really want to see a therapy that's effective out to a year," says Powell. "Nonetheless, the results so far are really promising."


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In my last post about civil discourse, I talked about having an open mind and its importance to the character of a discussion/argument. When it comes to science, however, there are some limits on what an open mind must consider as pertinent. In particular, arguments predicated on someone's beliefs rather than on evidence or logic is beyond the boundaries of what I consider to be worthy of consideration in the discussion.
For example, many people I know, including some folks who wear the label "meteorologist" find it easy to discard the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and say they just don't buy into the notion that humans are responsible for a significant part of the observed increase in global temperature. [I'm not going to touch on the notions of those who go still further, to deny that the global temperature is rising - they're already well beyond the pale of science.] The IPCC report was created by a large number of specialists in climate research and the content of that report contained essentially no minority opinions because they were more or less unanimous regarding the main conclusion that the evidence supports the hypothesis that anthropogenic climate change is real and significant. Most of the disbelievers like to point out that not all climate change scientists agree on this point. Surprise, surprise! There are very few aspects of science to which all scientists agree. So there are some scientists out there who don't accept the consensus view of the IPCC report. On that basis, the disbelievers among the folks I know are willing to discredit the consensus without actually understanding the scientific issues. I'm a meteorologist, but I'm not a global climate change researcher. I believe it would be rather arrogant for me to reject that consensus simply because I heard of some scientists who don't believe in that consensus or because it violates my personal beliefs.
What gives those who are not global climate change scientists the idea that they can reject the consensus without having any direct evidence of their own? That idea, in my opinion, stems from the fact that global climate change has been transformed into a political issue. In politics, one opinion is pretty much at the same level as any other. You can embrace or reject political opinions at will and you need not muster a shred of evidence or logic to support that stance. Your beliefs are sufficient. In science, some interpretations are at a higher level than others because they're based on stronger evidence and/or more compelling logic. Scientific issues aren't decided on rhetoric alone. Not all scientific opinions are equal.
Why has global climate change become politicized? Because if we are to respond to the potential threats posed by global warming, it will have considerable economic and social impact! Mitigation of anthropogenic climate change requires decisions to be made in the political sphere. The people in a democratic nation would have to show their support for any decision to be made by electing politicians they believe would vote on those political issues the way the voters want. The majority rules, so the politicians want to read the pulse of the voters to know in which camp to throw their support. After all, the primary motive for a politician is to get into and stay in public office. Anything else is optional, at best.
Which way should the citizens lean on a politicized scientific issue? Is consensus science always right? No, of course not, but would it be sensible to base a decision that has far-reaching societal impact on the opinions of some maverick scientist well outside of the consensus? Only if that maverick was correct. But how does a non-participant in the science know who's right and who's wrong? The IPCC consensus has emerged from the best evidence that a large cross-section of the world's climate change scientists can muster. The IPCC was formed with the explicit purpose of informing political decision-makers which way to lean on the issue of anthropogenic climate change. Some politicians don't like the IPCC consensus because it threatens their political agenda.
Does it make sense to reject that consensus without knowing much of anything about the global climate change science that has formed that consensus? Most voters won't ever be able to make informed decisions about most scientific issues because most voters aren't specialists in those scientific areas. Does it make any sense, then, to decide to reject the IPCC consensus on the basis of what amounts to political opinions? I think not. Although I know more about meteorology than most voters, I have no evidence of my own to deny the validity of the IPCC report. I know some of the participants and I trust their science. That trust doesn't make them infallible, but it's not based on a personal whim, either. I don't comprehend how people who know less than I about atmospheric science can take a position opposed to that consensus, except because of either a purely political opinion, or an innate mistrust of any authority (so a maverick appeals to them despite having no basis for deciding the validity of that maverick viewpoint).
Note that most of meteorological debate on scientific issues stays within the scientific community. There's no political fall-out from the ongoing argument about using vertical wind shear or storm-relative helicity to understand supercells and tornadoes. So the media aren't covering that topic, and the political parties haven't got a shear versus helicity plank in their platforms. It's not something that can or should be settled in the media. The argument goes on between the advocates without any press conferences, intergovernmental panels, etc. The issue eventually may be settled in some fashion but those participating in the argument won't be appearing in media interviews to attack their scientific colleagues, or to respond to attacks in the media by their colleagues. In other words, without the attention of the media and the politicians, science will go on as usual - issues will be decided on the basis of evidence and logic, not opinion. The consensus isn't dogma - it changes all the time, but on a rational basis - not according to personal whims and beliefs.
It's a real shame that societally important scientific issues apparently can't be decided in the proper way - I refuse to participate in an argument where my opponent in the discussion has a closed mind about the inadmissability of his/her beliefs in the discourse.
It's much the same about the apparently widespread belief in the religious dogma about a supernatural origin for life. It's not an open mind that rejects the position of consensus science regarding the overwhelming evidence in favor of evolution as opposed to religious creationism. Rather, it's a thoroughly closed mind - closed to the logic and evidence that supports evolutionary biology. Supernatural explanations can have no place in science regardless of their possible validity in other magisteria. Someone who embraces the notion that supernatural causes are a scientifically valid "explanation" for life is dogmatic in the extreme.
Why is there creationist biology, but no theist severe storms meteorology? Because the sacred texts of the world's deist religions have virtually nothing to say about storm dynamics! If these sacred texts offered an extensive description of how their deity creates tornadoes, then perhaps we'd be having theists calling for alternative explanations in scientific textbooks, and radical theists disrupting school board meetings to impose creationist tornadogenesis theory in schools. Since no such text appears, the theists feel no threat to their beliefs from severe storm science.
Anyone who believes in their religious version of creation in preference to evolutionary biological science is outside the domain of a reasonable discourse. Science rejects dogma in favor of evidence and logic. If you dispute scientific consensus, then you must present extraordinarily good evidence to support such an argument. If you have none of your own, then you really have nothing to offer in a rational discourse. I don't have to open my mind to your nonscientific belief system. My mind isn't closed to rational argument, but you have nothing of the sort to present. Further discourse is impossible, and the best we can hope to do is to agree to disagree.
Good Storm Chasing Weather?
16 hours ago


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the unexpected coffee van
Equestrian Club Supplies
SNAIL MAIL: 73-75 Mackie Road Mulgrave 3170
EMAIL: firstname.lastname@example.com
Entries Close: 31st October
Conditions of entry
Winners will be published in the MARCH 2014 "Making a Difference" magazine.
By entering this competition I accept that my Name, Pony Club, age and entry will be published for the purposes of promoting this competition in both electronic and print media.
The winners will be announced in the next issue of the PCAV Making a Difference magazine, published on the Pony Club website and on the facebook page.
To subscribe to the PCAV "Making a Difference" magazine click here


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The Crab Pot: Crustacean Addiction
"Nothing beats the joy of steaming or boiling whole crabs, to be shelled and eaten with gusto at the table."
I can't pinpoint when my passion for crabbing crept into the realm of obsession. But as I pulled up my crab pot for the fiftieth time this morning, I realized that I might have a tiny problem.
Looking down at my net full of fat, meaty crabs, I wondered: Who was really the trapped one? I thought about the real meaning of addiction—roughly defined as damaging behavior marked by compulsion and psychological preoccupation.
Certainly, the part about compulsion rang true. Though I had planned to stay at the docks for only an hour or two, my arms kept throwing the crab pots back into the ocean, time and time again. And as for my preoccupation with the subject matter, I found that in my waking hours, my time spent crabbing was quickly approaching the time I spent writing. Even in my sleep, I dreamt happy dreams about swimming among the blue claw crabs in Patchogue.
Was all that crabbing was good for me in the long run?
Was my crabbing interfering with my work? My friends and family? Or, worst of all, my eating? When framed in these terms, my crabbing behavior seemed perfectly harmless. After all, it's not every summer that I'm here in Long Island, living out my dreams of dwelling near the sea. And yet, I thought about all the great books and works of art, and all the places I could've gone if I'd not had one foot in the ocean everyday. In the end, I decided that Dostoyesky could wait. After all, he's good and dead. But my crabs from Patchogue are the liveliest, meatiest crabs I've ever eaten!
The blue claw crabs are becoming more numerous with each passing moment. In the past week alone, I've brought home thirty to forty crabs each time—no small matter, considering that the legal limit is fifty per day. Though I toss many small ones back into the sea, the crabs that I keep measure six to seven inches in length. For a blue crab, this is a very respectable size, as their maximum length is nine inches.
With my buckets brimming full, I'm frequently faced with the wonderful dilemma of what to do with all that crab. In the refrigerator, the critters can be kept alive in a paper bag for up to a day with no noticeable change in their freshness. After that, I steam or boil the remaining crabs to preserve the integrity of the meat, reserving them for my various experiments.
Thus far, I've tried my hand at crab cakes, crab bisque, stir-fried crab, crab ravioli, crab salad, and crab soup. While these recipes have all been delicious, I'm still convinced that nothing beats the joy of steaming or boiling whole crabs, to be shelled and eaten with gusto at the table. It's only through taking apart a crab that I can really appreciate the delicacy of the meat and the sweetness of the roe.
Mostly, I vacillate between a Louisiana-style crab boil, with a bag of Zartarain's tossed in, and a Maryland-inspired steaming in beer and Old Bay. When crabs are on the table, I try to keep the accompaniments to a minimum. The accoutrements must be items I can eat with my messy, crabby fingers, like biscuits or duck fat fries. At the end of the meal, there is nothing left on the table but piles of crab carcasses, all eaten clean and precariously perched in mounds.
To my eyes, there is never a sight as fine as these mountains of crab shells, pithy reminders that the best things in life are worth hauling in.
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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Is it true that, given a space $X$ and a probability measure $\mu$ on it, given some sets $A, B \subset X$ and a finite number of disjoint sets $C_{\sigma}$ such that $\bigcup_{\sigma} C_{\sigma} =X$, the following inequality holds,
$$\mu (A \cap B ) = \sum_{\sigma}\mu(A \cap C_{\sigma}\cap B) \leq \sum_{\sigma} \mu(A \cap C_{\sigma} ) \frac{\mu( C_{\sigma} \cap B)}{\mu(C_{\sigma})}, ? $$
Probabily it is wrong in general ( but I am not sure ), but is it true that if each $C_{sigma}$ is contained into $A$, then the equality holds? I think yes!
Context of the question: approximation of a Markov partition with a partition which is non-Markov (Dynamical Systems). In particular $A$ is the set where the initial condition is contained with a probability given by the measure of this set. I want to estimate the probability that at time $t$ the system will be in a set $D$. The set $B$ of the previous expression corresponds then to the sets of points which satisfy $ T^t(B) = D$, where $T$ is the map of the dynamical system. If the inequality holds, then I can write
$$ Prob(T^t(x) \in D | x \in A )\leq\sum _{\sigma}Prob (T^{t-1}(x) \in C{\sigma}| x\in A ) Prob (T^t(x) \in D | T^{t-1}(x) \in C\sigma). $$ Estimating the right side of the product of the second term and by iteration, I am then able to treat the dynamical system as a stochastic process, although the partition is not Markov.


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Get out your cellphone, and look at the last text message you received.
Read it aloud. Then consider whether that text message is so important that you'd risk getting into a car accident to read it.
Would you put your life on the line to tap out a response?
Surely not. But still, countless Americans—teens and adults—text and drive, and the consequences can be tragic. In fact, you're 23 times more likely to be in an accident if you text and drive, according to a 2009 Virginia Tech study.
That's why the Boy Scouts of America and AT&T, the BSA's Exclusive Communications Services Sponsor, have started a campaign to end this distracting, often-fatal practice.
Here's how to get involved yourself:
- Take the "Txtng & Drivng … It Can Wait" pledge. Click here to visit the BSA's Facebook page and promise not to text and drive.
- Share the pledge page with your Scouts, fellow Scouters, and friends. Encourage them to join you by taking the pledge.
- Any Scout or Scouter who takes the pledge and shares it with at least 10 friends will receive a limited-edition patch (while supplies last — so hurry!). A mock-up of the patch is seen at right.
- With Cub Scouts …
- You won't want to get into graphic consequences of texting and driving, but introduce them to the concept. And tell Cub Scouts to call out their parents if they seem them texting while driving.
- Visit this toolkit for downloadable resources.
- With Boy Scouts and Venturers …
- Start by having Scouts take the "It Can Wait" pledge.
- Make this subject your next Scoutmaster's Minute.
- Play a "texting while driving" game to show Scouts just how distracting the practice can be. There are full-fledged (read: expensive) distracted driving simulators out there, but this free game on the New York Times site does the trick.
- Visit this toolkit for downloadable resources.
- Show AT&T's harrowing 10-minute documentary, "The Last Text," at your next meeting. It's a must-watch for teenagers, especially those at or nearing driving age. Click here for the YouTube page, or watch it below.
- NOTE: The content is not overly graphic, but this video's not for Cub Scouts. Watch it yourself before showing it to your troop or crew.


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Hi All,
To reward your Alliances membership, Wikia has teamed up with Loot Crate to run a cool Giveaway where you vote on items to create your ultimate Loot Crate. You can then enter to win the crates and even if you don't win you can still purchase them at a discount rate!
You can check it out here -- http://www.wikia.com/Know_Days/Loot_Crate
Happy Holidays!
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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8 Cool Mobile Phones.
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
The world's first commercial handheld mobile phone, received approval from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission in 1983. Weighs nearly 2 pounds, measures more than a foot long, & costs $3995. DynaTAC 8000X aka The Brick, can be handy though.
[Image via motorola]
Green Technology Mobile
Just put it in a flowerpot and watch it grow - it's the sunflower phone cover. © Warwick University
So how about next time when you want to dispose of your mobile, instead of throwing it away you just sow it? And you get to watch a sunflower blooming. [Via 24hourmuseum]
Mosquito Repelling Phone
It emits a sound to repel the mosquitoes away. It's the sound of the repellant. Its a doubt if humans can stand the sound which they need to switch on for half an hour before going to bed to avoid the mosquitoes.
Yoyo phone is supposed to be worn around the neck of the user. It draws energy from the bounces and swings, created by the user.
[Via electronista]
888 Concept From Nokia
It allows you to change it into any design of your choice, roll it, bend it, clip it, whatever you want to do.
Vertu Signature Cobra.
It only costs a cool $310,000.
[Image via slashphone]
Samsung's "Serene"
Designed by B & O & built by Samsung. It's a combination of advance features with clamshell design.
Though its difficult to deny that it does look like one of those face powdering devices gals carry in their bags. A word of caution: don't put it in your girl friend's handbag as you may pick a wrong one out.
[Image via mobiledia]
Dual Screen Mobile Phone
So in what way does this dual screen help?
"It's specifically designed to optimize mobile internet services for a wide-ranging variety of multimedia contents."


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- Wider post area
- Up to down post order
- Add/remove text formatting (no colors)
- Add image (upload only)
- Mention people and groups
- Anchored links
- Page numbering
- BBcode
However do notice that if you had links to the older forum format in Discussions, they will take you to the old forum format. You would have to pick and update the new links to redirect people to the new format.
Here's a few links for a comparison:
Community updates in old format
New community center announcement


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Healthy, Ethical or Not? Vegan Dry Dog Food, Vegetarian Dry Dog Food – is it really good for your dog. Are the pet food industry's offerings of vegan and vegetarian dry dog food actually ethically sourced and formulated? In this article I look at an actual Case Study - what went right, what went wrong, and why, and I discuss in further depth ethical issues and impacts…
Actual Client Case – Seriously ill Dog Needs Help Now!
A woman contacted me after her veterinarian told her that her dog had "vestibular disease, maybe cancer under the ear canal, and probably epilepsy".
Her veterinarian wanted to prescribe additional courses of antibiotics, seizure medications, and do invasive (surgical) investigation. After listening to her veterinarian's recommended 'course of action' my soon-to-be client contacted me.
After listening to her brief, the very first question I asked her was "what are you feeding your dog?" Her prompt reply was "I just switched to vegan dog food a few months ago, as my dog had chronic ear infections, and did not want to put my dog back on veterinarian prescribed food". The vegan dog food just happened to be the most popular brand of vegan dog food sold in North America.
After going on the vegan dog food, her dog developed the following serious health issues…
1. Ear infection returns
2. Acquired:
a. Head tilt
b. Tremors and twitching
c. Sudden collapse of legs
d. Seizures
e. Stressed dog, no energy, stiffness
After one (1) week on the holistic, species appropriate custom designed diet I did for my new client's dog…
1. No head tilt, ear infection clear
2. No tremors and twitching
3. 1 collapse on the first day of new diet – none since
4. No seizures
5. Stiffness gone
6. Energy levels up
7. Happy dog
Why did the Expensive, Dry Processed Vegan Dog Food Make This Dog so Ill?
Highly Processed Dry Food Triggers Health Issues
The manufacturing process used to create dry dog food (meat-based or plant-based food) presents several unsolvable complications that result in serious, chronic health problems for dogs. Even the BEST dry dog foods are subject to these problems. Here are a few examples of those unavoidable pitfalls:
- Carcinogens are an unavoidable side effect of high-temperature processing
- Over processing destroys essential nutrients making it necessary to add reconstituted and synthetic additives to the food product.
- The majority of reconstituted, synthetic essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals are contaminated with GMOs, heavy metals and other toxins that add to your dog's toxic load, taxing the organs which must deal with the elimination of toxins and triggering his/her body's inflammatory response.
- A dog's digestive system, eliminatory system, and immune system are not evolved to consume, process, absorb, and eliminate large quantities of dry, processed food. A daily diet consisting of dry highly processed food is a leading cause of immune system problems, urinary tract problems, premature aging of organs, oral health problems, gastrointestinal problems, arthritis and a host of other inflammatory conditions
- Dry processed food does not contain or provide sufficient levels of good source essential; Omega-3 fatty acids – the body and brain's natural anti-inflammatory. This critical deficit serves to increase the body's inflammatory response, leaving your dog prone to many inflammatory conditions and chronic diseases.
Primary Ingredients in Vegan, Vegetarian Dry Dog Food
The primary ingredients are grains, and legumes such as chick peas, lentils, green peas and soy.
Grains, even good quality organic, ancient grains are not dog-friendly. A dogs digestive system is not not evolved to thrive on grains. Grains trigger multiple inflammatory conditions, and chronic diseases in dogs. Now consider the following:
- The vast majority of grain-in dog food consists of non-organic grains
- The grains are typically animal feed-grade, not human food-grade
- Grains such as rice can be contaminated with heavy metals that the plant absorbs through its roots and leaves – i.e. non-organic arsenic is common in rice.
- Genetically modified grains (i.e. GMO corn, GMO soy) contain higher levels of toxic residue than conventional grains, and have been proven to cause the growth of tumors, trigger the development of serious gastrointestinal problems and more.
- Animal feed-grade grains can contain higher levels of contaminants including aflatoxins, vomitoxin, zearalenone – naturally occurring, potent cancer-causing toxins. While many pet food companies test for the presence of these naturally occurring contaminants, the fact remains - allowable levels of contamination exceed that of human-food grade products. Your dog is just as susceptible to illness from these contaminants as you are.
It's not just your dog that will be adversely effected by consuming GMO grains...
GMO agriculture destroys the living microbes in soil that are essential to supporting healthy plant life that wild animals rely on as their food source. When GMO crop fields are sprayed with Monsanto's 2, 4-D Agent Orange. Natural organisms have now become resistant to the heavy doses of 2, 4-D. The FDA has just approved a new, more potent chemical called Dicaumba for use on soy and cotton GMO crops, which will serve to add additional health hazards. You can read more about that here. These chemicals leach into the water table exposing wild animals to carcinogens, hormone disrupters, mutagens and other very real adverse health impacting cruelty. GMO crops have been proven to cause bee colony collapse. If you purchase GMO contaminated food, marketed as Vegan by the pet food industry, you are unknowingly supporting Monsanto's GMO crops, Monsanto's lack of ethics, their animal cruelty, and destruction of the natural environment. It is not a pretty picture, and it's certainly not what you intended to do!
Legumes such as chick peas, lentils, navy beans and peas may be tolerated by some dogs, particularly when ingested in small amounts, but when consumed daily as a major ingredient in a food product – legumes can cause serious health issues due to the presence of lectin proteins. Lectin proteins can travel through an organism, and for that reason are used by plants to help divert predators from eating the plant. The ability to travel allows lectin proteins to pass from the digestive tract into the blood stream, after which they can attach themselves to various tissues resulting in poor nutrient absorption, and may also cause an autoimmune response resulting in a host of inflammatory conditions and diseases.
Vegan and Vegetarian Dry Dog 'Food' Is Unethical, and Cruel
Dry food products comprised of species inappropriate foods, and synthetic additives can have a significant adverse impact on the quality of a dog's life, and can shorten a dog's life-span.
Some people can chain smoke their entire life, remain relatively healthy, live to 105 years of age and pass away in their sleep of old age – but this type of genetic resilience to toxic exposure is more rare than common. The same is so for dogs - however the majority of people and dogs simply cannot weather the abuse to their body – the result is serious illness.
People who feed their dogs vegan or vegetarian dry dog food products are trying to do the right thing as they seek to:
- Provide their dog with relief from illness, or;
- Aid in the fight against cruelty to farm animals.
The pet food industry simply sees this as an opportunity to take advantage of a special niche, an opportunity to make large profits - the health of your dog is a low priority, although the industry would like you to believe otherwise.
I have been a vegetarian since I was a pre-teen – for ethical reasons. Even at a very young age I could not tolerate animal cruelty. Going vegetarian was a decision I made on my own, as a young child while living amongst others who consumed meat on a daily basis. My choice.
In my opinion animals that live on a farm (so called 'farm animals') should NOT be called or thought of as 'livestock'. These animals are individuals with emotional capacity, and intelligence – each one with his/her own personality, likes, dislikes, and best friends. Large factory farms (CAFO – Confined Feeding Operations), and associated slaughter houses, auction houses, feed lots, etc. are places of torture and abuse - the truth about CAFO can be found here. I sign petitions on a daily basis to stop the daily wrong done to animals by humans…but two wrongs don't make a right. 1) CAFO is wrong, and cruel, 2) feeding a dog vegan or vegetarian dry processed food is also cruel as the dry vegan and vegetarian dog foods offered by pet food manufacturers contain multiple immune system destroying allergens, toxins and carcinogens.
My dogs eat plenty of fruits, herbs and vegetables but they also eat meat adhering to the species appropriate ratio of +/- 57% meat, 30% good-source fats, with the remainder of the daily diet comprised of appropriate fruits, herbs, veggies and seeds (i.e. pumpkin seeds, tahini, chia seeds.) It was natural, and important for me to be vegetarian – however it would be unnatural, and unethical to make my dogs eat DRY vegetarian or DRY vegan processed food.
Are Vegan Dry Dog Foods Really Vegan?
If the grains used in the product are GMO, the product is not vegan. Bees are harmed in the growing of the grain ingredients due to use of neonicotinoids which cause bee colony collapse disorder , harming bees is in direct violation to veganism. In addition as noted further above wild animals suffer cruelly from ingesting the herbicides, pesticides, fungicides applied to GMO crops.
Knowledge is the Pathway to Health…
You can find an objective analysis of six of the most popular Vegan dry dog foods, and Vegetarian dry dog food products here. I recommend reading it, for the health of your dog.
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Article and graphics by Karen Rosenfeld.


text:
Facebook founder and chief executive Mark Zuckerberg decided he's worth $1 a year, at least according to his salary.
Previously, Zuckerberg was paid $503,205 in 2012, but in 2013 only claimed $1, according to Bloomberg News.
The report comes from regulatory filings, and comes after Facebook's initial public offering. Those of you who worry about Zuckerberg probably shouldn't. He's still the 22nd richest person in the world, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
Of course, Zuckerberg did receive $653,165 in compensation for "passenger fees, fuel, crew and catering costs for his use of private planes for personal reasons, as part of his security program," according to Bloomberg.
Zuckerberg's $1 annual salary comes from a Silicon Valley tradition -- Apple's Steve Jobs, as well as Google's Larry Page and Sergey Brin, also take $1 salaries. Of course, that's likely because each held or currently holds a hefty amount of company stock and likely sold a bunch of it to make them independently wealthy. Last year, he cashed out $2.3 billion and another $1.1 billion to pay his tax bill.
As we can see, salaries don't really make wealth for Silicon Valley elites. It's really all about the IPO and number of company shares.


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- This event has passed.
Early-Career Faculty Development Circle
Event Description
CTLT's Early-Career Faculty Circles offer faculty in their 1st, 2nd, or 3rd year of service at ISU a combination of professional development and peer support. Join us for a series of lively conversations about surviving and thriving in the academy.
Topics are based on chapters from Teaching What You Don't Know by Therese Huston. Participants will receive a copy of the book and an executive summary of each chapter. Come to either the Wednesday or Thursday session.
If you will need special accommodations, please contact the event organizer.


text:
When confronted about Apple's recent stock decline and criticism of Apple's lack of innovation, chief executive Tim Cook doesn't seem particularly bothered. It's two days after Apple's announced its new iPhone 5S and its cheaper and more colorful iPhone 5C.
Cook is also quick to point out that the cheaper iPhone 5C isn't because Apple has gone after the discount phone market, according to Bloomberg Businessweek. "There's always a large junk part of the market," Cook said. "We're not in the junk business."
Apple is not about the cheaper phone segment, he continued.
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
However, mobile trends may be working against Apple's model. Android is gaining in popularity and prices for smartphones are falling. "Apple's not a laggard, but others have been capitalizing on the low end of the smartphone market," Charles Golvin, a Forrester Research analyst told Businessweek.
Not surprisingly, this news may have been the impetus behind Apple's cheaper iPhone 5C, although Cook doesn't agree. "We never had an objective to sell a low-cost phone," says Cook. "Our primary objective is to sell a great phone and provide a great experience, and we figured out a way to do it at a lower cost."
Despite the bravado, it's obvious that Apple has been thinking about cheaper phones doing better in emerging markets such as China and India. If it helps to be sold in Western countries, then all the better. Apple's market share can't be myopically focused on North America and Europe, so it had to create a cheaper iPhone. And no, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's junk.


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Eyes on Africa is becoming Eyes on Adventure and adding exciting new destinations - new and expanded website coming soon!
India, Madagascar, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Costa Rica, Galápagos, Pantanal and Amazon.
Deserted beach along the Garden Route, South
Lake Pleasant Hotel Lobby
Top Return to Lake Pleasant
Hotel & Spa
to Map of Knysna / Plettenberg Bay Return
to Map of Garden Route
the Cape: Cape
Town Tours Weather: Cape
Town Weather
For tourist information and activities in the Garden Route, click More
Garden Route
For tourist information and activities in the Western Cape, click More
Western Cape
For further information about South Africa, click More
South Africa


text:
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drag and drop your favorite swatches into this box.
order samples
ordering samples
We are happy to provide physical samples of fabrics and finishes to assist with your selection process. There is no charge for this service.
step 1
Drag each selection from left to right and drop into the favorites panel.
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Click the "Order Samples" button and complete the shipping form and final selections. Samples are shipped in 2 to 5 business days.
linen/cotton blend (A)
70% linen, 30% cotton. Linen/cotton blend has a pronounced rustic slub weave that creates a rich texture for relaxed luxury. It is hardwearing with an abrasion resistance of 22,000 rubs Martindale.
viscose blend (A)
9% cotton, 51% polyester, 30% viscose. Viscose Blend is a mix of cotton, polyester and viscose, which offers a sumptuous soft texture and outstanding durability at 55,000 rubs Martindale.
linen (A)
100% linen. Made of natural fibers from the stems of a flax plant. It is hypo-allergenic with a hand-woven, rustic quality that is subtly luxurious and simultaneously utilitarian. Linen has an abrasion resistance of 28,000 rubs Martindale. The fiber of the flax filament is long and smooth which gives this fabric great tensile strength and a minimal tendency to stretch. This smoothness also allows dry dirt to be easily removed.
finished leather (A)
Finished leather is soft, supple, and hardwearing. A corrected grain leather, it is water resistant and easy to clean making it suitable for a wide range of applications. The natural cowhide undergoes a retannage process in addition to being treated with technically advanced finishing formulas to create a protective barrier against spillage and staining.
canvas 2 (A)
90% new wool worsted, 10% nylon. 100,000 martindale. Canvas is a refined woolen upholstery textile, which comes in seductive yet subtle colorways inspired by women's couture. Featuring a relatively voluminous and soft weave, Canvas is constructed from material dyed yarns and, consequently, offers exceptional color richness. Its yarns comprise up to three colors and, as two differently colored yarns are used to create every colorway, each combines up to six hues.
divina 3 (A)
100% new wool. 45,000 martindale. Divina is a full-cloth product, which means that it is manufactured by weaving the yarn in a coarse linen hose casing, after which, it is subjected to mechanical processing using very high temperatures, at the same time as it is being colored. This creates a situation where the surface becomes smooth, directionless and uniform in a manner very similar to the properties of felt.
herringbone linen (A)
100% linen. 25,000 martindale. A collection of luxury upholstery linens suitable for heavy domestic use upholstery, curtains, blinds, loose covers and lampshades, featuring a tightly woven herringbone finish. This is a contemporary fabric range with a modern color representation that will look great all year round.
naked leather (A)
naked cow hide leather is naturally resistant to tears and punctures. A top grain leather, it is unfinished so will age naturally in response to its environment, developing a beautiful patina over time.
wool flannel (B)
100% new wool, 45,000 martindale. Wool is a natural fiber suitable for all climates. the wool fibres adapt easily to room temperature, having a cooling effect in warm rooms and a warming effect in cold rooms. The fibres are elastic so they tolerate compression and stretching better than any other materials. Wool naturally repels dirt & it is not prone to static electricity. Intrinsically flame retardant, wool has a very high ignition temperature and chars rather than drips or melts.
coda 2 (B)
90% new wool, 10% nylon. 100,000 martindale. Three-dimensional wool. Designed by Norway Says & Per Bjornsen, Coda is woven in two layers with two colors to highlight its three-dimensional character. This tactile fabric is extremely hardwearing.
sunniva 2 (B)
58% new wool, 25% viscose, 8% linen, 5% polyamid, 4% polyester. 50,000 martindale. Bringing a painterly use of color to the interior, Sunniva blends colors and surface textures to create a fabric that from a distance appears to be a rich, even tone, but close-to, reveals something more complex. each colorway in the Sunniva range brings together two tones of wool, woven in a fine, flat, tweed-like pattern, and which is given a glossy top note by the addition of a small quantity of polyamide.
vidar 3 (B)
94% new wool, 6% polyamide. Woven from bouclé yarns with a regular loop size, Vidar has a deep, tight, large-grained texture. originally designed by Fanny Aronsen, Vidar has been re-colored by Raf Simons. The gentle satin surface finish of the weave contrasts with the deep shadowy tones in the depths, giving a multifaceted richness to the intense colors in the range. Tightly woven without irregularities, Vidar has an inviting texture.
elmo rustical leather (C+)
Aniline leather. Elmorustical has a grain which varies in structure and offers outstanding comfort. It is an Aniline leather with all the distinct features of the natural hide.


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Environment: Arakhosian Hinterlands
The porticulum at 6778,8058 is surrounded very closely by carnage mobs. Not sure if this was intended.
I like the fact that there are some fairly tall ground clutter plants. Taller plants and grasses help to soften the world around you and make you feel more immersed.
I like the spider nest areas. Pretty darn creepy. Made me nervous walking over them. lol
Carnage: Mutation Infestation
Completed fine.
Carnage: Vhar Away
Completed fine.
Status Report
Completed fine.
Dawn Treaded
Completed fine.
He's Not Monstrous, He's my Brother
I found it slightly strange the amount of distance between the last story quest in this region and this one. It is miles from anywhere, and there were no quests nearby that led to this point. Perhaps it is merely that trion wish to have players explore at their own pace, but it seems contrary to the strategy of other areas I have quest tested.
Quest completed fine.
Shoddy Surveillance
Central unit is unclickable
Eastern unit is unclickable
Western unit is unclickable
This makes the quest unable to be completed.
Carnage: Gnarly Problem
Completed fine.
Environment: The Armory
I called in 'Defiant's flare' to help take back the Barrier Relay. This worked fine, until I started to charge up the Relay with Nexus Infusion. At this point the defiants started to attack the relay! I am presuming this is a bug.
Fringe Fortifications
Completed fine.
Environment: Korolis Valley
I see there are more spider nests here, if indeed that is what they are, but with no spiders. It would be nice to have evidence of whether onces are being actively used or not, perhaps some webbing or burst of mini spiders coming in and out of the holes.
I also noticed that there were a lot of Brevane Slaves crouched around this area, as well as the captive survivers that were being herded. I found no quest for these, but the slaves especially look as if they are part of a quest, perhaps to unlock the chains. Is this quest missing?
Carnage: Slaying the Slavers
These were a little bit of a pain. Too far apart so you couldn't really gather them at all. Had to kill these one at a time.
Completed fine.
Carnage: Rock Hide, Sharp Horn
Like the 'slaying the slavers' the rhinos were a bit too far apart. Could only get two at a time. I think it would be pretty unlikely that animals especially would be this distinctly separated. There would be bound to be some that would go in a group, even if others were single.
Carnage: Abominations
Unlike the earlier two carnages, I didn't have any real trouble gathering these, despite the fact that there were some casters.
Completed fine.
Connecting the Dots
Although this quest is useful, I had already found these three porticulums. I don't understand why this quest is so deep into Kingsward. It seems very odd to have this exploration quest in a place you have to bypass the others to get to. Perhaps I just travelled to it in an alternate route (I entered Kingsward through the north part of City Core), but either way, it seems strange to me. It would also be useful if this quest automatically ticked off ports you have already found, rather than making the player go back to them.
Completed fine.
Uniform Appearance
I liked the chat with the Awakened, it was amusing, and slightly disturbing.
Completed fine.
Moment of Truth
Completed fine
Salvarola the Great
Completed fine
Carnage: Against the Herd
Completed fine.
Brevanic Bind
Completed fine.


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A good chunk of the hoonage displayed here is of the drifting/donut variety, because everyone loves cars going sideways/oppo/tire squealing. Today isn't much different, except this time we've got a guy in a BMW M3 doing something much harder than the average sideways vid: slow and tight drifting.
Given enough practice in a parking lot almost anyone can get a high horsepower car to slide the tail out, but precision work like this is a nice example of someone learning true car control.
But what's with the guy in the background?


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Speaking about dance in Israel to a group of tourists, March 2008. Photo by Marilyn Friedes.
As you know by now, I have a passion for writing about dance in Israel. I also have a passion for speaking about dance in Israel, and as I plan a trip to the U.S. in April, I'm hoping to give a few lectures on the subject. If you're interested in hearing a lecture or can recommend a place to give a lecture, please read more.


text:
The Bryan ISD Board of Trustees approved Mario Bye as the new principal of Rudder High School at a special meeting on Thursday, June 21.
Bye has 22 years of education experience and most recently served as the principal of Liberty Hill High School. Prior to that, Bye was an associate principal at Seven Lakes High School in Katy ISD for five years after serving as a grade-level principal for five years at the same school.
"Mario is a proven leader who is known for fostering a collaborative culture with his staff, parents and students," said Superintendent Christie Whitbeck. "I know that he will continue the great things happening at Rudder, but will also bring his own brand of excellence and creative ideas to the school with his approachable style of leadership."
Bye had the opportunity to work with Dr. Whitbeck in Katy ISD.
"I'm excited to work with her again," said Bye. "I'm also looking forward to being a part of the Bryan community and all that it offers."
About the Hire:
Bye earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting degree from the University of Houston and a Master's in Educational Administration from Prairie View A&M University.
Bye and his wife, Deanna, have four children.


text:
ASU Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This collection includes most of the ASU Theses and Dissertations from 2011 to present. ASU Theses and Dissertations are available in downloadable PDF format; however, a small percentage of items are under embargo. Information about the dissertations/theses includes degree information, committee members, an abstract, supporting data or media.
In addition to the electronic theses found in the ASU Digital Repository, ASU Theses and Dissertations can be found in the ASU Library Catalog.
Dissertations and Theses granted by Arizona State University are archived and made available through a joint effort of the ASU Graduate College and the ASU Libraries. For more information or questions about this collection contact or visit the Digital Repository ETD Library Guide or contact the ASU Graduate College at email@example.com.
- Herrmann, Marcus
- Lopez, Juan
- 1 Arizona State University
- 1 Platte, Rodrigo
- 1 Tang, Wenbo
- 1 Welfert, Bruno
- 1 Wu, Ke
- 1 English
- 1 Public
- Mechanics
- Stratified Fluids
- 1 Applied Mathematics
- 1 Dynamical System
- 1 Fluid mechanics
- 1 Mathematics
- 1 Rotating Fluids
- 1 Scientific Computing
- more
- 1 Spectral Methods
- Mobile Crowd Sensing in Edge Computing Environment
- The Effect of Disability on Subjective Well-Being across the Adult Lifespan: The Moderating Roles of Age at Disability Onset and Disability Type
- Mechanically Active Heterogeneous Polymer Matrix Composites
- Attribute-Based Encryption for Fine-Grained Access Control over Sensitive Data
- 并购背景下教育行业品牌价值研究
The dynamics of a fluid flow inside 2D square and 3D cubic cavities under various configurations were simulated and analyzed using a spectral code I developed. This code was validated against known studies in the 3D lid-driven cavity. It was then used to explore the various dynamical behaviors close to the onset of instability of the steady-state flow, and explain in the process the mechanism underlying an intermittent bursting previously observed. A fairly complete bifurcation picture emerged, using a combination of computational tools such as selective frequency damping, edge-state tracking and subspace restriction. The code was then used to investigate …
- Contributors
- Wu, Ke, Lopez, Juan, Welfert, Bruno, et al.
- Created Date
- 2019


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stryker77 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 27 diseños de 9 diseñadores freelance.
Stryker Applications
I am a 32 year old independent iPhone app developer living in San Francisco. I have a few personal apps in the app store, and I also develop apps for companies and do other contract work. I love music and appreciate art and things that are visually appealing.
The target audience for this logo would be prospective clients that need iPhone apps developed for their company, ranging from medium-sized corporate entities to people I meet in a bar. I'd like to be able to hand someone a biz card with an awesome logo on it.
I just need an interesting logo that I can use as my business identity for business cards, a web site, etc., based on the company name "Stryker Applications". The nature of the business is developing mobile applications (including Android and other non-iPhone platforms in the near future). I have no intention of micro-managing your creativity, but I will throw out some points of interest which you can either use or not use - up to you:
* 80s nerd tech (Thick-rimmed glasses, pocket protectors, etc.)
* Apple-esk reflective text
* Vintage (with a modern twist?)
* Clean
* Interesting
* Web-transferable (think web pages, favicons, etc).
* A unique logo that can stand out, something recognizable that can can be displayed by itself without the title and people would still know what company it is (Think Apple, Target, etc. minus the size and ego).
Or completely ignore all of this and just do whatever you want, as long as it's cool :)
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
|Random wrought-iron work
Well, not really. I already understand where her cravings for the move come from. I understood the allure of independent living. And I understood the lack of appropriate musical opportunities she's been dealing with in our hometown for the last three or four years. We made this trip to try to develop some understanding of how the logistics of such a move might work. Still, I was genuinely curious to see the city and its musical opportunities through Erin's eyes.
Day One in Montreal was the most telling. We walked around in the morning to check out some apartment possibilities. Oh my! Even on a frigid late-March day, with the accumulated trash of an entire winter revealing itself in the remnants of dirty frozen slush on the sidewalks, the heritage and character of this city revealed itself. People live in apartments above restaurants, boutiques and cafés. They live in row houses with astonishing turrets, wrought-iron spiral and straight staircases, colours and stonework and huge high ceilings. And dumps and dives and rickety fire escapes and tiny one-room studios with sloping floors. But character is everywhere!
|Row houses near Carré St-Louis
|Possibly Erin's future home?
We also met her husband, a world-renowned violin maker, as she sent us to him for a sound-post adjustment. Erin had spent a lot of time in Calgary over the past several months trying to get some acoustical issues with her violin ironed out, with only partial short-term benefit. A few minutes in this Montreal workshop and everything was perfect! He too was extremely encouraging about Erin's playing after hearing her try out the adjustments he had made. He asked who she studied with. We explained we were from BC and had just been trying to talk his wife into taking Erin on as a student. He promised to try to twist her arm for us!
We met some friends and friends-of-friends here and there, met with my brother and sister-in-law who drove up from Ottawa for the day to meet us, and Erin had another lesson, this time with the concertmaster of the Montreal Symphony. (He was very positive about her ability, and it seems would be willing to teacher her regularly, but the interpersonal chemistry didn't feel like it was there the way it was with the other teacher.) We ate bagels, travelled the metro, wandered around a bunch of different streets and neighbourhoods. And we talked to the conductor of the most advanced Montreal youth orchestra, who agreed that given the logistics of travelling from BC to Montreal to play for 20 minutes at the beginning of May, a DVD audition would be sufficient -- a wonderful option to have procured.
So ... a few leads, a lot of possibilities, and a feeling that we're moving forward with the right contacts towards the kind of experience Erin has been needing for some time.
email received by Erin this evening:
"It was a pleasure to see you again! I have to tell you that my husband was very impressed by you and your playing ... he came back home encouraging me to take you as a student (usually he wants me to be less busy); that means that if you decide to join my studio next year , I will make sure to keep a place for you."


text:
Browsing Department of Informatics (INF) by Subject "edb-brugere"
Now showing items 1-2 of 2
A case study on collaboration with clients, in community interaction and learning designØrngreen, Rikke N.; Nielsen, Janni; Levinsen, Karin (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Abstract In this paper the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Research Group reports on the pre-phase of an e-learning project, which was carried out in collaboration with the client. The project involved an initial exploration of the problem spaces, possibilities and challenges for an online accredited Continued Medical Education (CME) programme at the Lundbeck Institute. The CME programme aims at end-users, which are primarily general practitioners, but also specialists (psychiatrist and psychologists), from all over the world. The assumption was that it would be possible to identify and build on resources and competencies already existing in the client organisation. We asked: What is it we know? Uncovering the prerequisites and background of and with the client allowed us concurrently to identify: What do we not know? Working iteratively in collaboration with the client, allowed us to build on existing resources and networks, suggesting a design, which also included end-users community needs and work-context. Our argument is that if a preparation phase both seeks to confirm knowledge and contemplate what is not yet known, giving attention to the context and need of the client (i.e. not only end-users,) then it is possible to build on existing resources within the client organisation, leading to grounding of design decisions and a match between the e-learning environment designed and the capabilities of the client. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6469
Files in this item: 113-2004.pdf (403.8Kb)
Nielsen, Lene (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: design ideas. The concept of engaging personas and narrative scenario explores personas in the light of what what it is to identify with and have empathy with a character. The concept of narrative scenarios views the narrative as aid for exploration of design ideas. Both concepts incorporate a distinktion between creating, writing and reading. Keywords: personas, scenarios, user-centered design, HCI URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6448
Files in this item: 1working paper 2004 16.pdf (542.0Kb)
Now showing items 1-2 of 2


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If, as would appear, Miss Ayn Rands purpose in this book was to establish the thesis that the dollar sign is the holiest of symbols, that the profit motive is the only human impulse capable of sustaining a decent society, it would have been more honest and more effective to write a long essay, or a series of essays, rather than involve the reader in an interminable tale about railroading and heavy industry.
For this reading marathon is really not a novel but a tract. One might even say that by trying so desperately to be a novel, it has missed its only possible vocation in the domain of fiction: to be a long-lived comic strip. If Miss Rand would draw it instead of writing it, there are materials here to outlast Kerry Drake or Buz Sawyer or many of the other perennials of the daily papers.
The action takes place in a future America, not chronologically situated, but characterized by a general decline in standards of production and of living. The political structure of our country has undergone such change as seems implied in the designation "Head of State" given to the chief executive, and in the power over every phase of activity exercised by a morbidly multiplied bureaucracy.
Perspectives are much altered between now and that time. Of our present preoccupation with the dangers of catastrophic conflict between Communist and non-Communist ideologies, not a trace remains in Miss Rands shabby new world. The hope that our time places in the development of atomic energy is, presumably, a flash in the pan, since in this version of things to come there is not even mention of the atom, and motive power and energy are still sought in the good old-fashioned resources of oil and even coal.
The United States, last outpost, together with one or two South American republics, of a kind of capitalism, is unrecognizably down-at-heels. But her dinginess is a horn of plenty compared with the misery of the Peoples States to which socialism has degraded the rest of the world. These wretched countries survive at all only by handouts which America still contrives to give them from her own insufficiency.
That things have come to such a pass is due, we learn, not to the corruption and ineptitude of the leadership, nor even to the defeat of creative initiative by the hopeless bureaucratic confusion. These ills are mere symptoms of the deeper-lying cancer which, century after century, has been preparing society for utter collapse. The real villain of the piece is the concept, fostered over millennia by philosophy and religion, that human society must (or even can) be based on altruism.
The author indicts bv name the secular version of this view as summarized in the Marxian dictum: "From each according to his abilitv, to each according to his need." But by implication at least the Judeo-Christian "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" must be judged even more pernicious. Miss Rand establishes the validity of her thesis by setting up so outrageous a caricature of altruistic society that it is possible for the heroine of the story to observe, with reason: "What motive is the opposite of charity? Justice!"
The remedy to the calamitous plight of the world, the only hope for human survival, lies in acknowledgment of self-interest as the only healthy motivation in mans life. The program is summed up in the oath taken by the few cognoscenti who, in the story, may yet save the world for a new era of light: "I swear by my life and my love of it that I will never live for the sake of another man, nor ask another mall to live for mine."
Having spent so much space trying to analyze the theme of this book, there is little left in which to indicate its plot, of which there is a great abundance. The central figure is a youngish female executive who tries to run the remains of a great railroad system in the midst of the disintegrating economy already indicated. Her dealings with the corrupt, the weak, the greedy and the incompetent who make up most of her entourage, and with a handful of surviving honest and capable industrialists, constitute the fabric of the narrative, moving forward from disaster to catastrophe. Every few hundred pages, as if in a concession to the depravity of public taste, this good lady indulges in some unpleasant dalliance with the gigantic captains of industry. This is all quite out of character, since Miss Dagny Taggart seems to be made of stainless steel with carbolic acid performing the function of blood in her circulatory system.
Miss Rand has a certain gift for dialog, particularly the ill-tempered sort. But most conversational exchanges in the book take the form of speeches. One tycoon, in an impromptu aside to a little group of guests at a large wedding party, talks non-stop for five pages on the virtues of money. The record is held by another who lasts, albeit on the radio, for full sixty pages on, inter alia, what he asserts to be the error in the doctrine of original sin.
In a kind of epilog, the author remarks that readers who had questions about her earlier work, The Fountainhead, will find them answered in the present novel. If Miss Rand was hinting thereby that, conversely, one should look in The Fountainhead for clues to obscurities in Atlas Shrugged, this reader, who has not read the first book, declines to take the hint. Eleven hundred and some pages will be quite enough for now, thank you.


text:
Granite Restaurant Table Top Kashmir White (48")
How to Order
Availability: In stock
Only 0 left
- 3/8" thick plywood core
- bullnose edge design
- Indoor / Outdoor use
- 1 1/4"-thick and available in a variety of sizes
- Dimensions: 48" round
- Weight: 144lbs.
Whether you're putting the finishing touches on a sophisticated dining room or a lively patio, this granite tabletop is the perfect option! This model's attractive granite top is supported by a 3/4" plywood core, making it more affordable, lighter, and easier to move than full granite tabletops. To keep it safe from rain, excessive heat, and other inclement weather, the tabletop has a high temperature fiberglass and epoxy backing that's also waterproof. And thanks to the table's naturally smooth sheen, cleaning is a breeze! This tabletop is easily installed onto a base (sold separately) with regular #9-1" wood screws that ship with the base, eliminating the need for specialized mounting hardware.