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Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
On-line version ISSN 2309-8775
Print version ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.55 n.1 Midrand Apr. 2013
A model for the drying shrinkage of South African concretes
P C Gaylard; Y Ballim; L P Fatti
This paper presents a model for the drying shrinkage of South African concretes, developed from laboratory data generated over the last 30 years. The model, referred to as the WITS model, is aimed at identifying the material variables that are the most important predictors of both the magnitude and rate of concrete shrinkage. In comparison with several shrinkage models already in use in the South African concrete industry, namely the SANS 10100-1, ACI 209R-92, RILEM B3, CEB MC90-99 and GL2000 models, the WITS model exhibited the best performance across a range of goodness-of-fit criteria. The ACI 209R-92 model and the RILEM B3 model showed reasonably good prediction. However, since the B3 model could be used to predict just over two-thirds of the data set, it was thus arguably the best alternative to the WITS model for the South African data set. The SANS 10100-1 model performed poorly in its predictive ability at early drying times. This may indicate that its 30-year predictions are more suited to the South African data set than its six-month predictions.
Keywords: concrete; shrinkage, model prediction, dataset
Shrinkage is an important property of concrete as it influences the durability, aesthetics and long-term serviceability of the concrete, as well as its load-bearing capacity (Addis & Owens 2005). Thus, the accurate prediction of shrinkage is important in the design stage of any concrete structure (American Concrete Institute 2008). Most existing shrinkage prediction models do not take into account the effect of concrete raw materials, such as different supplementary cementitious materials and aggregate types. Furthermore, these models were generally developed using data derived from non-South African concretes and thus do not take into account the effects of local materials, which may differ substantially from those used elsewhere.
This paper presents a hierarchical, non-linear model for predicting the drying shrinkage of concrete intended for structural use. Using historical data for shrinkage of South African concretes, the model was developed by firstly identifying the most appropriate nonlinear shrinkage-time growth curve for individual shrinkage profiles. Secondly, the parameters of this growth curve model were fitted to each measured shrinkage profile individually, in terms of suitable known covariates (independent variables), namely, the composition of the concrete, its other engineering properties, as well as shrinkage test conditions. The model, referred to as the WITS model, is therefore intended to account for the raw materials used to make the concrete, the composition of the concrete (expressed through both the mixture design and the measured engineering properties of the hardened concrete), and lastly, the environmental conditions of exposure when shrinkage occurred. With reference to the database of measured shrinkage on South African concretes that was gathered for this project, the WITS model was compared to several shrinkage models that are already in use in the concrete industry.
The importance of the study is two-fold: This is the first comprehensive model to bring together laboratory data on the shrinkage of concrete generated in South Africa over a span of around 30 years, identifying the covariates which are the most important contributors to both the magnitude and rate of concrete shrinkage. Secondly, the concept of hierarchical nonlinear modelling (Davidian & Giltinan 1995), as briefly outlined above, has been applied for the first time to the modelling of concrete shrinkage. This approach could prove useful to other researchers seeking to model concrete shrinkage and related time-dependent properties such as creep. Within the limitations of the study, particularly the use of historical data, the model provides a starting point for further, statistically designed, tests and assessments to more fully explore the effects of the key variables.
A detailed description of the data used in the study, its limitations and the mathematical development of the model is given in an associated publication (Gaylard et al 2012). A key limitation of the data set must be noted here, which is that the individual studies making up the data set were not necessarily carried out with the development of a model for shrinkage as the main aim. This has two consequences. Firstly, not all important factors affecting shrinkage were varied over sufficiently wide ranges. In fact, some factors were kept constant because they were known to have a significant effect on shrinkage, most notably the levels of environmental temperature and humidity maintained during the shrinkage tests. Secondly, not all data required for this study was recorded in some of the studies making up the data set. High levels of missing data led to certain potentially useful covariates (for example the 28-day compressive strength and elastic modulus of the concrete) being excluded for consideration as part of the model. However, a model can still be developed with these limitations in mind, and can then be enhanced by further, designed, experiments to include such factors.
The form of the growth curve model selected is given by
where esh(t - to) is the mean shrinkage strain in the cross-section (in microstrain) at drying time t - t0 (in days) (where t is the age of the concrete and is the age at first drying in days), α represents the ultimate shrinkage (when (t - to) is very large), β represents the rate of shrinkage development with time and γ is a growth curve shape parameter which does not have a direct physical interpretation. The parameters α, β and γ in turn depend on known properties of the concrete, namely its composition, its other engineering properties and the shrinkage test conditions. The types and combinations of cement, stone and sand covered by the WITS model are given in Table 1. These are limited to the data which was available for the derivation of the model. The model parameters are given in Figure 1.
The operation of the model therefore requires that the user has to calculate the appropriate values of α, β and γ from Figure 1. These values are then substituted into Equation 1 to produce a shrinkage-time relationship for the particular concrete under consideration.
To give an indication of the fit of the model to the raw data, the two shrinkage profiles with predicted values of α closest to the observed asymptote (long-term shrinkage), as well as the two shrinkage profiles with predicted values of α furthest from the observed asymptote, from the experiments in the data set, are shown in Figure 2. The American Concrete Institute (2008) notes that the variability of shrinkage test measurements prevents models from matching measured data closely, and it is thus unrealistic to expect results from shrinkage prediction models to be within less than 20% of the test data. In this case, the two predicted profiles exhibiting the largest deviations from the raw data (Figure 2 (c) and (d)) show the last data points having deviations of 16.2% and 22.9%, respectively, which indicates that the model lies in the range of acceptable prediction.
The covariates (independent variables) which have the most significant effect on the parameters a, β and γ are listed in descending order in Table 2.
With reference to Table 2, we first consider the material parameters that influence the dependent variable a, which represents the ultimate shrinkage. The different sand types feature very strongly in the model, with three sand types (granite, natural and Wits Quartzite) making the largest contribution to high values of a. All seven sand types which were found to be significant had positive coefficients relative to the reference sand type, dolomite, which is considered to be the sand type showing the lowest shrinkage of the aggregates covered by this study (Alexander 1998). This is not an unexpected result, since a number of researchers have shown the strong influence of aggregate type on concrete shrinkage (Roper 1959; Alexander 1998; Ballim 2000). Such research indicates that this effect is due to the shrinkage of the aggregate itself, the stiffness of the aggregate and the surface characteristics of the aggregate in modifying the aggregatecement paste interface in concrete.
The next most important parameter influencing the variable α was the environmental temperature. As expected, a higher temperature leads to a higher ultimate shrinkage. The effect of the aggregate-binder ratio may be understood in terms of the restraining effect of the aggregate volume (Alexander & Mindess 2005). The specimen size effect (as represented by the ratio of the volume to the surface area of the specimen) is unexpected: the positive sign of the coefficient suggests that specimens with a lower surface area available for moisture loss, relative to their volume, are expected to reach higher levels of ultimate shrinkage. It must be noted that this variable was subject to some multi-collinearity (mostly with sand type dolerite and temperature) and thus the meaning of the magnitude and sign of the coefficient should not be over-interpreted (Gaylard et al 2012). This is certainly an aspect requiring further investigation.
The two stone types which were found to have a significant effect on α had positive coefficients relative to the reference stone type, andesite. Given the range of stone types for which sufficient data was available, andesite stone concretes showed the lowest shrinkage, and andesite was therefore used as the reference stone. Finally, the water content of the concrete also plays a role in influencing ultimate shrinkage. As expected, increasing the water content of the concrete mix increases the ultimate shrinkage.
Much less is known about the factors which influence the rate of shrinkage. However, the significant terms in the regression equation for ln(β), which represents the rate of shrinkage development with time, may be interpreted as follows: As expected, the specimen size effect is the strongest contributor to the rate of shrinkage development with time - specimens with a higher surface area available for moisture loss, relative to their volume, lose moisture more rapidly. The rate of shrinkage decreases with increasing temperature. This is unexpected, but is likely to be linked to the very narrow range of temperatures covered by this study (21-25°C) as a result of the near-constant laboratory conditions under which the shrinkage experiments were carried out. Sand type plays an important role in determining the rate of shrinkage. In contrast to the findings for the ultimate shrinkage, here the signs of coefficients for the different sand types are both positive and negative. A few cement types have an effect on the rate of shrinkage. Cements with high levels (36-65%) of GGBS (i.e. CEM III A) appeared to slow the rate of shrinkage. The effect was not statistically significant for comparable concretes containing Corex or Ferro-manganese slag. Cements containing both GGBS (18-30%) and fly ash (18-30%) (i.e. CEM V A) appeared to increase the rate of shrinkage. Increasing stone content decreases the rate of shrinkage, presumably due to the restraining effect of the aggregate. One stone type, granite, was found to increase the rate of shrinkage relative to the reference stone type, andesite.
The growth curve shape parameter ln(y) itself is difficult to interpret in the context of the growth curve equation, and thus its interpretation in terms of the significant covariates is even more difficult and was not attempted.
By way of illustration, Figure 3 shows a range of shrinkage profiles that are obtained with the model proposed here, using values of α, β and γ that lie within the range of values for the data set used in developing the model. Figure 3 shows the effects of the different model parameters in varying both the rate and magnitude of shrinkage development.
In the published literature, the most thorough model comparisons have been based on the RILEM data bank, a collection of 490 concrete shrinkage profiles mainly from North
American and European research groups (Bazant & Li 2008). The RILEM B3 model was developed on an older version of the current RILEM data bank (Bazant & Baweja 1996; Bazant 2000). In this study, model comparisons were based on the local data set, which may be considered as a smaller, South African, version of the RILEM data bank.
Five published models were used as comparisons to the WITS model developed in this study:
■ The ACI 209R-92 model developed by the American Concrete Institute (1982)
■ The RILEM B3 model developed by Bazant and co-workers (Bazant & Baweja 1996; Bazant 2000)
■ The CEB MC90-99 model developed by the Comité European du Beton (1999)
■ The GL2000 model developed by Gardner and Lockman (2001)
■ The SANS 10100-1 model adopted by the South African Bureau of Standards (2000)
■ The Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1) model adopted by the European Committe for
Standardization (2003). The covariates (other than drying time) used in each of these models are given in Table 3 and the ranges of applicability of each model are summarised in Table 4. The ranges of applicability of the WITS model given in Table 4 are equivalent to the ranges of the data used in fitting the model. However, the actual ranges of applicability could well be wider.
A predicted shrinkage profile was calculated for each model, including the WITS model, for each qualifying experiment in the data set (in terms of the range of applicability of each model - see Table 4), and the goodness-of-fit of these predictions to the actual data was assessed. Since the WITS model was also derived from this data set, its assessments were divided into two groups, namely the experiments used to derive the model, and the experiments which qualified to be predicted by the model but which were not used to derive the model as a result of poor quality data, for example shrinkage profiles which had not reached any indication of their long-term shrinkage value by the time measurements ceased. Combined goodness-of-fit statistics for the two groups are also presented. The ACI 209R-92, RILEM B3, CEB MC90-99 and GL2000 models were implemented according to the model specifications given in the American Concrete Institute Committee 209's guide for modelling and calculating shrinkage and creep in hardened concrete (American Concrete Institute 2008). In the ACI 209R-92 model, the air content was set at the standard value of 6%, making the air content factor equal to one, since data on this variable was not available. For the RILEM B3, CEB MC90-99, GL2000 models, 28-day cube compressive strengths were converted to the corresponding cylinder strengths using the conversion table given in the British Standard Common Rules for Buildings and Civil Engineering Structures (British Standards Institution 2004). The effective section thicknesses of most of the specimens used in the study were smaller than the minimum value of 100 mm presented in the Eurocode 2 model (European Committee for Standardization 2003). The values given in the standard were thus extrapolated to the required effective section thickness to determine the required value of the coefficient kh:
where h0 is the effective section thickness.
The SANS 10100-1 model was implemented according to the South African Bureau of Standards SANS 10100-1 standard (2000) for the prediction of shrinkage in concrete. The effective section thicknesses of the specimens used in this study were smaller than the minimum value of 150 mm presented in the SANS 10100-1 model. The values given in the standard were thus extrapolated to the required effective section thickness (and interpolated to the required relative humidity) by applying separate quadratic models (for the six-month and 30-year shrinkage) fitted to the shrinkage data read from the nomograph at relative humidities of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% and effective section thicknesses of 150, 300 and 600 mm:
where H is the humidity in % and u is the effective section thickness in mm.
After correction for the water content of the concrete, the predicted six-month and 30-year shrinkage values were used to determine the time-shift factor, α, in the hyperbolic growth curve (Gilbert 1988; Ballim 1999) used to determine the shrinkage at other drying times:
Firstly the proportion of the data set which could be predicted by a particular model was determined. This analysis is presented in Figure 4. As a result of its minimalist input requirements, the SANS 10100-1 model could be used to predict all the experiments in the data set. The WITS model had the next highest proportion of experiments which could be predicted (87%). Those experiments which did not qualify, failed to do so mostly because they used aggregate types which were not included in the derivation of the model or because of the poor quality of the shrinkage data, sometimes showing significant but unexplained deviations from the characteristic shrinkage development curve. Of this 87%, just over three-quarters of the data had been used in the development of the model, while the rest (47 experiments) had been excluded from model development because the data was insufficient to allow a realistic prediction of the ultimate shrinkage, but these experiments still qualified for prediction by the model. This latter set can thus not be regarded as a true validation data set since it comprises poor quality data compared to the overall data set. In the discussions which follow, reference to the WITS model includes consideration of all three subsets of data unless specifically indicated otherwise. The other models were able to predict lower proportions of the data set due to a combination of missing data and experiments not meeting the qualifying criteria.
The fit of the various models to six shrinkage profiles is illustrated in Figure 5. The illustrated profiles were randomly selected from the 57 experiments to which five or all six of the models could be fitted. While the selection of the experiments was random, some effort was made to select experiments which spanned the range of shrinkage profiles in both magnitude and rate of shrinkage development. The full database containing the concrete details and shrinkage results for the 290 experiments used in this study is available at www.cnci.org.za for download at no cost.
It is clear from Figure 5 that the WITS model performed well, which was to be expected since the model was derived from the data. The SANS 10100-1 and GL2000 models tended to under- and over-predict, respectively. No particular trend regarding the performance of the other models is immediately obvious from an inspection of the results in Figure 5.
Many goodness-of-fit measures have been used by different researchers in the development of models for concrete shrinkage. The American Concrete Institute (2008) is of the opinion that "the statistical indicators available are not adequate to uniquely distinguish between models". Given this concern, it was thought best to use a broad range of these measures, both graphical and numerical, to assess the relative performance of the different models. Where possible, a critical assessment of these measures from a statistical point of view is also given.
Plots of the actual versus predicted shrinkage values are shown in Figure 6. The points from an ideal model would lie entirely on the line of equality. Bazant et al (Bazant & Baweja 1995; Bazant 2000) recommend focusing on the longer drying times, where predictions are most important, since such plots are typically dominated by data gathered at short drying times. For most concrete engineering projects, designers are more concerned with long-term shrinkage. However, this is not to say that early-age shrinkage is unimportant. For example, prediction of early-age shrinkage would be very important in post-tensioned, prestressed concrete structures. The results in Figure 6 show that the WITS model, particularly at longer drying times, remained closest to the line of equality, thus indicating the best fit to the data. The adjusted R2, as well as the slope and intercept, of the fitted lines to the plots are given in Table 5. A good model would have a slope close to 1 and an intercept close to 0, as well as a high adjusted R2 value. The WITS model exhibited the least scatter (highest R2) and the slope closest to 1, while its intercept was the third closest to zero of all the models. This is to be expected, since a large proportion of the data was used to develop the WITS model.
Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that the international models generally over-predict the shrinkage of South African concretes. This may be related to the fact that South African concretes are generally made with crushed aggregates, resulting in a higher water demand than many northern hemisphere concretes where natural gravels are more commonly used as aggregates. On balance of the three regression criteria, the CEB MC90-99 and ACI 209R-92 models performed the next best. The over-prediction by the RILEM B3, ACI 209R-92, CEB MC90-99, Eurocode 2 and GL2000 models, as well as the under-prediction by the SANS 10100-1 model, was evident from both the plots and the regression statistics.
Plots of the actual versus predicted shrinkage values on a log scale are also useful since they illustrate the relative errors, which should decrease as shrinkage strain increases as a consequence of the homoscedasticity of errors (Bazant & Baweja 1995; Bazant 2000). These plots, and the parameters of their fitted lines, are shown in Figure 7 and Table 6 respectively. The WITS model was again closest to the unity line and exhibited the least scatter, indicating it to be the best model when viewed according to these criteria. The RILEM B3 model exhibited more scatter of the data around the line of equality (i.e. greater positive and negative residuals) at longer drying times than the WITS model, while the performance of the other models was worse.
In the above analysis of the results, all the concretes were allocated the same weighting. Of course, this unreasonably weights the older, lower-strength concretes, which exhibit higher levels of shrinkage strain at a given drying time. To correct for this, plots of actual versus predicted shrinkage values were both multiplied by:
where fc28,i is the 28-day compressive strength for the experiment and fc28,av is the average 28-day compressive strength for the data set (Bazant & Baweja 1995; Bazant 2000). This effectively normalised shrinkage according to compressive strength. However, this analysis did not change the conclusion that the WITS model performed the best, while the RILEM B3 and ACI 209R-92 models exhibited the next best performance.
Plots of the differences between measured and predicted shrinkage (residuals) against Log10(time) are shown in Figure 8. These residuals should not fan out (indicating increased deviation of a model from the raw data at longer drying times - where prediction is more important) or show any other obvious pattern or trend (McDonald &
Roper 1993, Al-Manaseer & Lam 2005). The over- and under-prediction of the different models, as discussed previously, can clearly be seen in these plots. The mean residuals for the WITS model were the closest to zero and the most consistent across the different intervals of drying time, whereas the absolute values of the mean residuals of the other models tended to increase with drying time.
The ACI 209R-92 and RILEM B3 models exhibited the next best performance on this criterion.
In order to further assess the suitability of the proposed WITS model, a range of numerical goodness-of-fit summary statistics were determined. Bazant's coefficient of variation, wBP (Bazant & Baweja 1995; Bazant 2000, Al-Manaseer & Lam 2005) for all the data, as well as that calculated separately for three time intervals (on a log10 scale) spanned by the shrinkage profiles, for the different models is shown in Table 7. The WITS model exhibited the lowest coefficient of variation overall, as well as across all three intervals of drying time, followed by the ACI 209R-92 model. The coefficient of variation of the WITS model, calculated on the South African data set from which the model was derived, was found to be 27%. This compares favourably to the 34% coefficient of variation for the RILEM B3 model calculated on the RILEM database, from which it was derived (Bazant 2000). This said, it should be noted that the RILEM model was developed on a larger database with a possibly greater variation in concrete types.
In the calculation of the CEB-FIP coefficient of variation, mean square error and mean relative deviation (Al-Manaseer & Lam 2005), all the data is pooled and then grouped into six intervals of drying time: 0-10 days, 11-100 days, 101-365 days, 366-730 days, 731-1095 days and above 1 095 days. The disadvantage of these three measures is that the data is immediately grouped into drying time intervals, which means that, although time intervals are weighted equally, different experiments are not weighted equally in the calculation of the overall mean statistics. Bazant's approach, described above, does not suffer this weakness and satisfies both these objectives. The use of the mean of the shrinkage values for a given time period rather than the grand mean of all the shrinkage values in the calculation of the CEB coefficient of variation results in large values of the coefficient of variation for short drying time intervals and vice versa. This in turn means that the calculated value of the overall coefficient of variation is unduly influenced by the short drying time data. With respect to both the Bazant and CEB coefficients of variation, it should also be noted that, for the WITS model at least, the model fit was obtained by minimising the variance, not by minimising the coefficient of variance. The use of the relative errors in the calculation of the CEB mean square error is prone to over-emphasise the errors in low shrinkage values, which are relatively less important, and vice versa. The CEB mean relative deviation is a useful statistic as it identifies the magnitude and direction of bias in the predicted values. The results from all the above calculations are given in Table 7. Results for only five time intervals are shown, since there was no data at drying times longer than 1 095 days in the data set used in this study. The WITS model exhibited the lowest overall CEB coefficient of variation, followed by the ACI 209R-92 and RILEM B3 models. Over the different time intervals, the WITS model had the lowest coefficient of variation, except for the longest drying time interval (731-1 095 days) where it was superseded by the SANS 10100-1 model. It appeared that the SANS 10100-1model is a good predictor of shrinkage at longer drying times, but under-predicts at shorter drying times, perhaps due to poor prediction of the six-month shrinkage, as illustrated in Figure 5, and also in Figure 9 for an experiment which includes data at very long drying times. The over-emphasis of the CEB mean square error statistics for low shrinkage values (and vice versa), as discussed above, can clearly be seen (Table 7). The WITS model, closely followed by the ACI 209R-92 and SANS 10100-1 models, performed better than the other models on this measure. The CEB mean relative deviation statistics are shown in Table 7, which illustrate the magnitude and direction of the bias in the different models (discussed previously), as a function of drying time. The WITS model showed the least bias across all time intervals, closely followed by the ACI 209R-92 model. The narrowing difference between the actual and predicted values of the SANS 10100-1 model with increasing drying time is shown clearly here, again indicating that the longer-term (30-year) predictions of this model are more in line with the measured data than the shorter-term (six-month) predictions.
In the method used by Gardner (2004), the observations are grouped into half-log decades (starting at a drying time of three days). Within each time interval, the average and the root mean square (RMS) values of the differences between the actual and predicted values (residuals) are calculated. The trend of the average residual with time shows whether there is over- or under-estimation (bias) with time by the model, while the trend of the RMS values with time shows if the deviation of the model increases with time. Next, the RMS values are simply averaged. The average RMS values are then normalised by dividing by the average of the average shrinkage values (for the different time intervals) to produce a measure analogous to a coefficient of variation. This formula given by Gardner is, however, incorrect, since the mean squares, not RMS values, should be averaged. In this study, the corrected formula for the Gardner coefficient of variation, wG, was applied. As in the case for the overall CEB statistical indicator, wG also suffers from the disadvantage that the data is immediately grouped into drying time intervals, which means that, although time intervals are weighted equally, experiments are not weighted equally in the calculation of this overall mean statistic.
The Gardner average residuals and the root mean squares of the residuals for the different time periods for all the models are given in Table 7. The WITS model had the lowest mean residuals, followed by the ACI 209R-92 model. The bias towards over- or under-prediction by the other models can clearly be seen. The Gardner coefficient of variation also identified the WITS model as the best model according to this criterion, as did the root mean squares of the residuals for the different drying time intervals. The latter statistic showed that the deviations of all the models increased with time, with the exception of the WITS model (over all drying times) and the SANS 10100-1 model (at long drying times).
The discussion above has shown that there is no single goodness-of-fit statistic which can adequately capture all aspects of the performance of a model for the shrinkage of concrete. In order to summarise the information contained in the different overall numerical goodness-of-fit measures discussed above, their calculated values for the different models are represented in Figure 10 by means of a radar chart. This plot showed that, across all the goodness-of-fit measures, the WITS model performed the best. This was perhaps to be expected, since the model was derived largely from this data. However, even the performance of the model on the data which was not used in the development of the model was excellent, although, as was mentioned earlier, this small data set should not be regarded as a true validation data set. The ACI 209R-92 model exhibited the second-best performance, but here it must be noted that this model could be used to predict only 36% of the data set. The third best performance across the goodness-of-fit indicators was shown by the RILEM B3, SANS 10100-1 and Eurocode 2 models indicating that these are arguably the best alternative models to the WITS model for the South African data set. The SANS 10100-1 model performed poorly relative to the other models, but as discussed above, its predictive ability at longer drying times was better than that at shorter drying times. This may indicate that its 30-year predictions are more suited to the South African data set than its six-month predictions, i.e. that the time development of shrinkage of the model may need to be adjusted relative to the British Standard from which the model was directly taken.
The WITS model presented in this paper represents a first attempt at applying the concept of hierarchical nonlinear modelling to the prediction of shrinkage for South African concretes. Furthermore, this is the first time that a shrinkage model has been derived from a gathering of test data on the shrinkage of concretes which had been generated by a range of South African laboratories over a span of 30 years. The proposed model identifies the material and environmental covariates that are the most important contributors to both the magnitude and rate of concrete shrinkage. Based on a range of reliability and goodness-of-fit measures, the WITS model was found to perform better than a number of local and international models on the basis of the magnitude and rate of prediction at both early and late drying times. The coefficients proposed for the model have yet to be confirmed through further testing with a wider range of material and environmental variables. This will require further, statistically designed, shrinkage tests that are aimed at exploring the effect of key variables more fully. This approach could also prove useful to future research seeking to model concrete shrinkage and related time-dependent properties such as creep.
The provision of data and helpful comments by Prof Mark Alexander and Dr Hans Beushausen (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are also grateful to the Cement and Concrete Institute for their data and logistical support and, together with Eskom, for their financial support to our research programme.
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Contact details:
Dr Petra Gaylard
School of Statistics and Actuarial Science
University of the Witwatersrand
Private Bag 3, Wits, 2052
South Africa
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Contact details:
PROF Paul Fatti
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of the Witwatersrand
Private Bag 3, Wits, 2052
South Africa
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Contact details:
Prof Paul Fatti
School of Statistics and Actuarial Science
University of the Witwaters and Private Bag 3, Wits, 2052
South Africa
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
DR PETRA GAYLARD holds a PhD in Chemistry and an MSc in Statistics from the University of the Witwatersrand. This publication arises from sthe research report for her MSc in Statistics.
PROF YUNUS BALLIM holds BSc (Civil Eng), MSc and PhD degrees from the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits). Between 1983 and 1989 he worked in the construction and precast concrete industries. He has been at Wits since 1989, starting as a Research Fellow in the Department of Civil Engineering and currently holds a personal professorship. He was the head of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering from 2001 to 2005. In 2006 he was appointed as the DVC for academic aff airs at Wits. He is a Fellow of SAICE.
PROF PAUL FATTI is Emeritus Professor of Statistics at the University of the Witwatersrand and acts as consultant in Statistics and Operations Research to a broad range of industries. He holds a PhD in Mathematical Statistics from the University of the Witwatersrand and an MSc in Statistics and Operational Research from Imperial College, London. He spent most of his professional career at the University of the Witwatersrand, including 18 years as Professor of Statistics. His other employment includes the Chamber of Mines Research Laboratories, the Institute of Operational Research in London and the CSIR.


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Referendum on nuclear power needs explanation
By Chan Shun-kuei 詹順貴
Ten years after Lin Yi-hsiung (林義雄) completed a third 1,000km walk demanding a referendum on the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant in Gongliao District (貢寮), New Taipei City (新北市), the Presidential Office and the Cabinet have finally given the nod to holding a referendum on whether to stop construction of the plant. However, given the Chinese Nationalist Party's (KMT) longstanding opposition to holding such a referendum, we should be careful not to dance to the party's tune uncritically.
The jury is still out on whether this is a goodwill gesture or a sugarcoated poison pill.
The first question is how such a referendum should be designed. It could be a specific question: If voters agree that construction should stop or if it should be continued. It could also be a non-specific question.
The reason this issue must be discussed is that Article 30 of the Referendum Act (公民投票法) stipulates that more than half of all eligible voters must vote, and more than half of all valid ballots must be in support of a referendum for it to be passed. So, if less than half of all eligible voters turn out to vote on a referendum, it will not pass.
Suppose the referendum question posed is whether to halt construction of the plant. If the referendum is arranged quickly, voters get insufficient information on the subject and do not understand the issue, and are therefore unable to make an informed decision. This may cause less willingness to vote, and insufficient turnout means the referendum will not be passed. The government could then claim to be justified in continuing construction.
If the government is serious about holding a referendum, then all information pertaining to the benefits and shortcomings of the plant, to nuclear safety and economic risk, must be made public. This information must be thoroughly discussed in a public process, and then rebroadcast and republished in the media.
The public must also be given time to understand and absorb this information before a referendum can be held, to avoid irregularities and possible manipulation.
Finally, based on the sensitivity of the issue and the government's low credibility on it in the eyes of the public, President Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) and Premier Jiang Yi-huah (江宜樺) should appoint a group of experts and upstanding members of society to form a committee to be in charge of handling all the preparatory work leading up to the referendum.
This must include all the compilation and publication of information, the preparation and execution of the public hearing process and dissemination of information about the referendum procedure, as well as formulating the referendum question to be voted on.
This committee should only hand their work to the Central Election Commission once the process touches on electoral matters directly related to the execution of the referendum. This is the only way to build credibility, and it would avoid accusations of being both player and referee when the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan Power Co and parties opposed to nuclear power try to influence voters before the referendum is held.
The decision to hold a referendum should be affirmed.
The government has already made a preliminary decision to hold one on the issue and it should now offer an explanation for all the abovementioned issues. In addition, surely putting construction of the plant on hold while asking for further budgetary funds to continue construction is the logical thing to do.
From TaipeiTimes :http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2013/03/02/2003556046
Date: Sat, Mar 02, 2013

subset: commoncrawl


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After doing some research into Tangradi, I like him. He has a bit of a mean streak as well.
I'd love to see the Pens pick up Kassian in the draft this year. These two have had some real battles.
Tangradi - Crosby - Kassian could be a younger albeit not as talented version of an old line: Stevens - Lemieux - Tocchet.


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Full Moon House
About Full Moon House
Full Moon House is located in Shela village on Lamu Island off the north eastern coast of Kenya. The house offers luxury accommodation for up to six people, and all your needs will be attended to by the staff to ensure a relaxing holiday.
The house features three bedrooms and is fully staffed with chefs, stewards, laundry ladies, captains, and managers for your convenience. Your cook is trained to run all errands and prepares all meals for you. You can select your meals from our guideline menu and will be served in a private dining area. Food is charged at cost and recorded in a book of accounts.
The house offers a true island feel, with a large balcony to enjoy the sunset, as well as a swimming pool shared with one of our sister houses. We will ensure that you are met at the Manda/Luma airport by one of our staff members who will escort you to the traditional boat and drive you to Shela. From here you will also be escorted to the house.
Luma Island offers a variety of festivals throughout the year and offers many activities to keep you busy. Guests can snorkel on the reefs or swim with the dolphins, enjoy a sunset cruise or simply explore the island. All activities can be arranged through the house manager on your request.
- Response Rate: 100%
- Enquiry Response Time: an hour
- Minimum stay: 2 Days
- Type: Self-catering
- Sleeps: 6
- Check-in: 2:30 PM Check-out: 12:00 PM
- Airport Shuttle
- Laundry Facilities*
- Swimming Pool
- No Credit Card Facilities
Languages Spoken
- English
Full Moon House Map
*Distances are shown as the crow flies and not necessarily the actual travelling


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- WiFi
- Car park
- Air conditioning
- Rural
- Transfer service
- Accessible
- Business
Choose your room
Just 5 minutes from Charleroi Airport, you can enjoy the unique elegance of this stylish and intimate hotel, while benefiting from their excellent services.
The Hotel South offers a friendly atmosphere and convenient facilities, such as free parking and a free airport shuttle (from 5:00 till midnight). Indeed, if you are going abroad you can leave your car at the hotel on request for free and use the shuttle service to reach the airport.
The contemporary interior design adds style to your stay in this wonderful, small establishment. Despite the modern decoration of the rooms, they provide a warm, soothing ambience for a peaceful night's sleep.
Wake up with a delightful, continental breakfast and taste one of the snacks available throughout the day or have the staff pack you a delicious lunch.
It is possible on request to have a small meal (sandwiches) up to 21:00 at the hotel.
If you wish to have dinner outside, the hotel can bring you to the restaurants in the neighbourhood (upon request and availability up to 21:30).
Reviews: Hotel South
Useful information:Other names for Hotel South:
South Charleroi Airport


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The Flying Dutch will be seeking to rebound from rare back-to-back losing seasons as they challenge for a Michigan Intercollegiate Ahletic Association (MIAA) championship.
Coach Leigh Sears' Flying Dutch approach the season with a pre-season roster of 21 returning letterwinners. There are seven sophomores, nine juniors and four seniors.
Coach Sears begins her 10th season at the helm of the program. Her teams have averaged 11 victories per season. The 2010 Flying Dutch posted a 6-9-3 record and finished seventh in the MIAA standings (2-4-2).
Co-captains of the team will be senior Lana Gentry of Traverse City (Traverse City Central HS), senior Bethann Hamer of Palatine, Ill. (Palatine HS), junior Sara Lang of Traverse City (Traverse City Central HS), and senior Danielle Petzak of Zeeland (Zeeland West HS).
Two returning players have received All-MIAA honors in their career. Junior Lindsay Jipping of Jenison (Unity Christian HS) was named to the All-MIAA second team in 2010 while junior Tricia Bajema of Grandville (Grandville HS) was a second team honoree in 2009.
Junior Alyson Epolito of East Lansing (East Lansing HS) was named the team's most valuable offensive player in 2010 while Sara Lang was honored by her teammates as the most inspirational player. Sopmore Courtney Laux of Novi (Novi) returns from a rookie of the year season.
Other returning letterwinners include junior Megan Altieri of Bay Village (Bay Village HS), sophomore Kelsey Bekius of Spring Lake (Spring Lake HS), sophomore Kristina Bosch of Holland (Holland Christian HS), junior Kylie Clark of Noblesville, Ind. (Noblesville HS), junior Rachel Doud of Rockford (Rockford HS), junior Meredith Faas of Saline (Saline HS), senior Grace Gonzales of Park Ridge, Ill. (Maine South HS), sophomore Acacia Nevenzel of Holland (Holland HS), junior Alexis Prins of Hudsonville (Unity Christian HS), sophomore Rachel Rebhan of Holland (Zeeland East HS), sophomore Cassie VandenBosch of Zeeland (Zeeland East HS), and sophomore Raisa Yewah of East Lansing (East Lansing HS).
The MIAA will be returning to a home-and-away conference schedule with a season-ending tournament involving the top four teams to determine who will represent the league in the NCAA championships.
The Flying Dutch will be playing for a third season at Hope's beautiful Van Andel Soccer Stadium. The team will play 10 regular season home games, including four under the lights.


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May 2010 Readers' Rides
All Sorts of Awesome Rigs!
Shop Class Vehicle: '72 GMC Jimmy Owner: Ryan Fereday, Salt Lake City, UT Tires & Wheels: 37-inch TrXus Mud Terrains on Helo Maxx 8 wheels Suspension: Custom 7-inch using a mix of Pro Comp and Tuff Country parts, Pro Comp shocks Drivetrain: 700R4, NP205, Dana 60 front, 14-bolt rear with a Detroit Locker Performance Mods: 350ci, custom intake, Holley carburetor, Flowmaster exhaust Other Doodads: BMW projector headlights Funniest Wheeling Incident: Almost rolling in front of a crowd of people! Does everything work the way you want?: Yes, but not perfectly. Anything you would change?: Cage, fuel injection, and a front locker Anything to add?: Thanks to my auto shop teacher and friends for pushing me to get the truck on the trail.
The Don Vehicle: '73 Dodge W-200 Power Wagon Owner: Don Pritchett, Spokane, WA Tires: 31x10.50 Wild Country Suspension: Stock Drivetrain: 727, NP203, Dana 44 front, Dana 60 rear Performance Mods: 400ci Other Doodads: CB radio and bucket seats Does everything work the way you want?: Yes for now Anything you would change?: Front and rear lockers
Thankful Bow tie Vehicle: '01 Chevy 1500 Z71 Owner: Kyle Dickens, Houston, TX Tires & Wheels: 35x12.50 Nitto Mud Grapplers on 17-inch Moto Metals Suspension: 5-inch Pro Comp up front, 5-inch Superlift springs in the rear Drivetrain: Stock Performance Mods: K&N cold air intake, Hypertech programmer, Dynomax exhaust Other Doodads: Ranch Hand rear bumper Does everything work the way you want?: For the most part Anything you would change?: 4.56 gear, rear locker, taller suspension Anything to add?: I've read all the other 4x magazines and yours is by far the best! Thanks for the great work.
Garden Bomber Vehicle: '95 Chevy 1500 Owner: Dillon Bomgardner, Torrington, WY Tires & Wheels: 35x12.50 Dunlop Mud Rovers on 15x10 Eagle Alloys Suspension: 6-inch Rancho Drivetrain: 700R4, 14-bolt rear Performance Mods: 5.7L, Hypertech chip, K&N intake, Flowmaster exhaust Does everything work the way you want?: Everything works great! Anything you would change?: A bigger engine and a stronger transmission would be nice
Ford Shocker Vehicle: '94 Ford F-150 Owner: George A. Garcia, Angeles Camp, CA Tires & Wheels: 35x12.50 Mud Kings on 15x10 Pro Comp wheels Suspension: 6-inch Skyjacker Drivetrain: Stock Performance Mods: 351ci, K&N cold-air intake, Gibson exhaust Other Doodads: 3-inch Performance Accessories body lift Does everything work the way you want?: Not yet Anything you would change?: The shocks that I have are not the correct ones for my lift and bottom out, so a new set is on order. Anything to add?: I am currently stationed in Germany and look forward to getting back and wheeling my American Beast!
Front Line Wheeler Vehicle: '00 Nissan Frontier Owner: Charlie Sulcer, Kenmore, WA Tires & Wheels: 35x12.50 BFG KM2s on 15-inch wheels Suspension: Calmini D21 sold axle kit with Wagoneer front springs, 60-inch Chevy rear springs with three leaves removed Drivetrain: Dana 44 front with a True Trac and Warn hubs, Factory rear with an ARB Air Locker Performance Mods: Turn off the A/C to go up hills Other Doodads: Custom bumpers, sliders, and skidplates, Warn winch, Hella lights, York onboard air, bobbed bed 8 inches Does everything work the way you want?: Yes Anything you would change?: Three-link front suspension and an Atlas
Tic Taco Vehicle: '03 Toyota Tacoma TRD Owner: Marc Wethington, ID Tires & Wheels: 265/70/16 Nokian Vativa front, Goodyear Wrangler RT/S rear, stock wheels Suspension: Bilstein shocks Drivetrain: Factory E-locker in rear with grey wire mod Performance Mods: 3.4L, K&N air filter, Magnaflow exhaust Other Doodads: KC lights, custom push bar Does everything work the way you want?: Yes, for now Anything you would change?: Long-travel suspension, front locker, lower transfer case gears, and a matching tire set
Submission Information Send us a picture of your ride if you've never done so. We keep a surplus of Readers' Rides submissions, but only one submission per person, and we love all off-road vehicles so send in your entries whether your rig is stock or not. Make sure each digital image is at least 1,600 by 1,200 pixels (or two megapixels) and saved as a TIFF, EPS, or maximum-quality JPEG file. Write to: Readers' Rides, 4-Wheel & Off-Road, 831 S. Douglas St., El Segundo, CA 90245, fax 310.531.9368
Email to: firstname.lastname@example.com Vehicle (year, make, model) Owner (name, city, state) Tires & Wheels (size, make, model) Suspension (lift, springs, shocks) Drivetrain (tranny, transfer case, axles) Performance (engine mods) Other mods Does it work the way you want? Anything you would change? Funniest Wheeling Incident Anything to add?


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(If you've been here before, scroll down for this week's challenge in red)
Check out their SHS post!
-*Newly Added THE ETERNAL ONES ARC by Kirsten Miller
-*Newly Added GRACE ARC by Elizabeth Scott (signed to us)
-*Newly Added IMMORTAL BELOVED ARC by Cate Tiernan
-*Newly Added 13 LITTLE BLUE ENVELOPES by Maureen Johnson
-*Newly Added ROMEO & JULIET & VAMPIRES by Claudia Gabel
-*Newly Added SCARS by Cheryl Rainfeld (hardcover signed to Andye)
- Dark Song ARC by Gail Giles
-Forever in Blue (Traveling Pants 4) by Ann Brashares
Email me at ReadingTeen1 at gmail.com with your book choice!! Please put "winner" in the subject line. You have a week to claim your prize!
Amy, Andye, Kit, Abigaile and Austin


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Halogen Font Family – 14 Fonts $160
Who doesn't want or need an expansive contemporary extended sans that has a sense of style and swagger… what if it had a lowercase, small caps and various numeral options… how could you say no? This was the foundational argument I made for myself when I drew the initial alphabet on my birthday last year (something I do each year, draw a new font, kind of a fun OCD thing). I wanted to see a wide, utilitarian sans that had more to it than just a basic character set and didn't resemble standard geometric models. As I continued sketching, the letterforms were being influenced more by my 'lettering tendencies' than the normal mechanical trappings of drawing flat, wide letters. The letters have retained aspects of letters created by hand — stresses, modulation, naturally ending terminals. Truncation and quick clipping of strokes became antithetical to the letterforms I drew, so I continued this once I brought the design into the computer. I kept it precise and dependable, but made every attempt to keep a conscientiously crafted typeface and not let it devolve into a grid-based drone. As such, it works just as well looking back in time as much as it does assuming a lead role in a sci-fi movie.
Demo Halogen Font
Download Halogen Font


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My nephew Tommy and I had made plans to eat ice cream and go visit the Big Duck, but with only one car for everyone, our options were limited. Cutting my toe in the ocean meant having to go to the clinic to get a tetanus shot, and gave us a perfect chance. He had a chocolate cone, I went with the Peconic Swamp Thing.
It's strange for me to realize that this ice cream stand has been here since 1953, seeing as I can never remember noticing it once in my childhood and knowing I must have driven past here hundreds of times. In 1988, the Kunitz family sold Snowflake to reformed stockbrokers the Feldschuh's who have kept the recipes and much of the decor the same as it has always been.
Anyone slipping out the south exit of the Tanger Outlet Mall and heading east will struggle to miss this place, and once you see it, know that it is worth stopping beneath the gaudy green and blue awning. What's great about this locale is that in addition to the pink benches that mark the perimeter of the building, there is also a gazebo tucked behind that helps shade your cone and keep it from melting away before you have a chance to eat it all.
Picking flavors here wasn't too much of a challenge, as I'd been here before but neglected to write it up. As we walked in the door, I pointed to where it read Pistachio Cherry on the board (I had this before and it's as good as it sounds) and motioned to my dad who ordered that before I spoke words. Tommy's got a good thing going with just eating chocolate cones (see the Illinois reviews), and my mom went with Dutch Chocolate. When an ice cream joint uses regional nomenclature, I'm a sucker for trying those specialties, so Peconic Swamp Thing it was.
My cone was fantastically overloaded with flavor. The base seemed closer to the Dutch rather than the regular chocolate. It was then stuffed with fresh brownie pieces that had that great chewy consistency while meeting the ice cream in a rich fudgy swirl. Somewhere in this mix is a bold raspberry flavor (it's tough to tell whether they are on their own or part of the brownies) that takes the whole thing over the top and makes this an exceptional ice cream cone.
After finishing our cones in shade of the gazebo, we drove off toward the Big Duck. There aren't many landmarks in the East that are anything like this, so if you've made it this far out on Long Island, it's worth driving a few more miles into Flanders to see this cement artifact (even if the inside is now just a gift shop, not a place to get eggs).
Cone – small $2.99 large $4.14
Sundae $5.98
Shake – thick $4.60 monster $6.21
Snowflake Ice Cream Shoppe
1148 West Main Street, Riverhead, NY 11901
631 727-4394
Open year round
Sunday-Thursday 10a-9p, Friday-Saturday 10a-10p


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PHOTOPHILE- Balancing act: New coffee shop goes east
For years, the east end of the Downtown Mall got the short end of the stick. While the west end basked in traffic brought in by the Regal theater, the Ice Park, and the first Mall crossing, the east end struggled with the Post Office and City Hall as anchors and with a dearth of parking. On the west end, coffee shops such as the Mudhouse and Café Cubano have long drawn masses looking for a caffeine fix. But now that the Pavilion's arrived, the transit center's well on its way, and Fourth Street is a second vehicular crossing, the east end is finally getting its due, and Java Java coffee shop– with one location in Ivy– opened a second store this week in the former Glaze n Blaze spot to help keep the Mall balanced.
Featuring comfy chairs in intimate alcoves, the living room style seating is clean and cozy. Baristas are friendly and happy to chat about about music, football, regional colloquialisms, and, of course, coffee.
"We kept the bar open and low so people can interact with us," owner Ervin Santiago pointed out.
Owner Ervin Santiago makes a drink.
A gourmet style etched latte
Ryan McSweeney (left) and Simon Jolly (right) enjoy espressos.
Core Knowledge employees Rachel Wright (left) and Rachael Shaw (right)
Nashima Gokani (left) and Dev Manseta (right) toast to the new Java Java. "The coffee is good!" Manseta exclaims.


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Are Redfish Coming Our Way?
Perhaps it's global warming. Maybe it was a super-successful spawn. Or it could be another one of those things that can't be explained. Whatever the cause, young redfish are pushing up the Bay in search of new sources of food.
This high up in the Bay is the northern edge of these fish's customary salinity range. But anecdotal indications are that a pretty fair number of redfish overwintered here. That means you're likely to encounter these game fish.
The yellow perch runs seem to be sputtering. The only recent results have been reported from Waysons, the Tuckahoe and the Sassafras, and these are not consistent. This is perplexing since the runs should be in full blossom. Shad is next. Last year's run was phenomenal in some areas.
Hunting Seasons
Light geese, conservation season: thru April
Lefty Kreh's Tiefest
Renamed this year for Lefty's 88th birthday party, this annual celebration of the art of fly tying, the 11th, is bigger and better than ever. The event is free if you're a member of Coastal Conservation Association or join at the door. Otherwise it's $10. Rub shoulders with the best and most innovative fly tiers in the country, plus free fly-casting lessons for kids. Food and adult beverages on sale. March 9: 10am-4:30pm at Prospect Bay Country Club, 313 Prospect Bay Drive West, Grasonville: 202-744-5013 (Tony Friedrich); www.ccamd.org.
Redfish are also known as red drum, channel bass and, in smaller sizes, puppy drum. The small ones are called rats or rat-reds farther south, where they are more common.
With a physique similar to rockfish, though a bit thicker through the middle, the redfish has a dark copper back, reddish bronze sides and a pearl-white belly. Its mouth is on the small side and underslung, rather like its cousin, the croaker.
It also prominently sports one (or more) black ocellar spots near the upper base of the tail. The long-lived fish can approach 100 pounds, though the Maryland record is closer to 75 pounds, caught in Tangier Sound back in 1977. The legal length in the Chesapeake is the puppy drum size, at least 18 inches but not larger than 27 inches, and only one fish may be kept.
Last season I caught at least a half-dozen of the tough-fighting fish, all up to 15 inches long. Fishing small spoons and spinner baits for perch in the summertime shallows, I thought each time that a trophy-sized whitey was on the line. I was only mildly disappointed to find a redfish flashing its copper-hued flanks at boatside when I realized those throwbacks would be keepers the next year.
Six or so young redfish might not seem a harbinger of a new fish explosion in the Bay. But reds don't frequent the same areas as most of our resident game fish. Anglers seeking summertime rockfish, bluefish or perch, spot and croaker in their usual haunts in the Chesapeake would be unlikely to have encountered redfish. Finding them there means a lot more of these fish than we realize could be living in the Bay.
Approach with Extreme Stealth
Redfish are shallow water feeders, rooting small crabs, clams and shrimp out of the mud or weeds often in waters hardly 12 inches deep. So clear are their habits that it's common to scout redfish by slowly (and quietly) cruising well off a shoreline, looking for their spotted tails waving out of the skinny water as they stand on their heads rooting crustaceans from the bottom.
They must be approached with extreme stealth as they are very adverse to noise in the shallows. To add to the difficulty, when sight fishing reds, you must present your baits close enough for them to notice yet not so close as to spook them. This makes redfish a great fly target because weightless flies make very little disturbance entering the water and can be dropped almost on the red's nose.
The handsome fish also frequents shoreside structure such as rock jetties and groins, grassy shorelines, weed beds, piers, docks, around laydowns and anywhere else shrimp and crabs are likely found. They can tolerate water temperatures well into the 90s, so fishing for them on hot summer days is not out of the question. The only requirement is lack of boat traffic. Passing watercraft will quickly drive them into deeper water.
Generally speaking, the redfish is an outstanding all-around light-tackle gamester. Hooked in its shallower water environment, the fish's long runs and warm water stamina will test the tackle and skills of any angler. Its table qualities are every bit equal to our own resident rockfish.
Lure selections for this gamester include small jigs and soft plastics like the Bass Assassins, BKDs and Gulp Minnows. Reds also love smaller gold spoons and shallow-running crank baits. Occasionally they will take a spinner bait or a medium-sized top-water popper.
Fly-rod lure selections are spoon flies (gold again) and medium-sized Clousers and Deceivers in crab colors (olive and tan over white with gold flash) and any good shrimp imitation. Bait fishermen should cast good-sized chunks of soft or peeler crab.
Here's hoping you meet up with redfish yourself.


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When I told people I was going to spend my summer in Paraguay, I got mostly blank looks. Unlike Jessica's panic-inducing internet search results for Nigeria, my results were mostly, well, nonexistent. After all, Paraguay doesn't have Machu Picchu or the "most dangerous road in the world". It doesn't have Patagonia or the Galapagos. No Buenos Aires or Rio de Janeiro. Mostly it's just an unknown country with a name similar to Uruguay. Paraguay? That's the one in the middle of South America or on the coast? Reminds me of when I moved to California from New Hampshire, a small state often confused with it's more progressive neighbor, Vermont. NH? That's the one that's big on the top or the bottom?
But Paraguay has a unique place in South America. As one of only two landlocked countries (Bolivia is the other), it is often referred to as the Heart of South America. It's one of the most homogenous countries in Latin America – with most of the population ethnically mestizo (mixed Spanish and indigenous Guarani Indian descent). Most people speak a mix of Spanish and Guarani, which makes understanding the language here, for those who are auditorially challenged such as myself, something to get used to! It's also one of the poorest countries in South America, and this is where Fundacion Paraguaya comes in.
While readers of Lonely Planet may not flock to Paraguay, anyone interested in microfinance is immediately drawn to Fundacion Paraguaya (FP). FP has an intern program for interested individuals from around the world, and this is the group I am currently living with. A dynamic group including University students and Fullbright scholars, representing multiple countries, they have come to learn about FP and microfinance in Latin America. And FP has much to teach. I have much to learn.
And so, after 30 hours of travel and 4 days on the ground, I am acclimating once again to life in the developing world. Hard work and lots of play…bustling work weeks and sleepy weekends. By far the hardest challenge so far has been the abrupt switch from summer to winter. I think I have the distinction of being the Kiva fellow located the furthest south of the equator (someone correct me if I'm wrong), and I have to admit I'm a little envious of these hot and sweaty blog entries ☺
To see all currently fundraising loans from Fundacion Paraguaya on Kiva.org, please click here./>


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The New York Knicks are stuck in Minnesota thanks to the massive snow storm that is pelting the New York-to-Boston corridor.
The Knicks were in Minnesota to play the Timberwolves on Friday night. They initially planned to fly home after the game, but coach Mike Woodson says that flight has been postponed. The team will stay in Minnesota overnight and try to get home on Saturday.
The Knicks are scheduled to play the Los Angeles Clippers at Madison Square Garden on Sunday.
Woodson says the team plans to get up on Saturday morning and go over scouting for the Clippers at the hotel before trying to leave for New York.
Forecasters are estimating 1 to 3 feet of snow will hit the northeast this weekend.


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These documents describe designing and developing WebLogic Server applications and provide programming guides and reference information.
Use shared Java EE libraries and optional packages to share code among deployed applications
Short examples demonstrating Java EE and WebLogic Server APIs.
A complete and functional Java EE application including source code.
A sample application that demonstrates Spring application development practices.
Developing Web Applications, Servlets, and JSPs for WebLogic Server
Enterprise Applications (


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SIRI had 2 dojis in a row and is working on a 3rd today so far. Something tells me to watch out for a late day run with the dog..
if SIRI can close at 3.79 or higher today it should be off to $4
SIRI had 2 dojis in a row and is working on a 3rd today so far. Something tells me to watch out for a late day run with the dog..
if SIRI can close at 3.79 or higher today it should be off to $4
The DOG looks to be working on another triangle on the HiLo P&F......would like to see it cut short with the breakout.
Last edited by denco1; 07-30-2013 at 10:46 AM.
Looks like DDD may be back on my buy list soon......tks Bass!!
Notoriously late to the party/conservative/hidden agenda/out of touch/douche/ analyst David Banks raises price target to $4
Should we all be worried now or is he still on the low side....
Given recent results with respect to net subscriber additions, margins and, especially, churn, we continue to have confidence in SIRI's ability to meet near-term Street expectations, and longer-term EBITDA margin target, ~40%. Considering SIRI bought back more stock than we had expected this quarter, is still below target leverage, and is exploring capital structure alternatives to alleviate restrictive debt covenants, we'd expect to see continued accelerated returns of capital."
– David Bank, RBC Capital Markets Global Media Ana
Last edited by denco1; 07-30-2013 at 12:00 PM.
Bass, what are you thoughts now that FB has broken $36? How does that change things?
at the bottom of my last update CLR I show a potential trading zone for FB aka "the playground". I see resistance where we are at right now from a gap-down (the purple channel) that occurred on day 2 of FB's trading
Right now I hold 62.5% of my original FB position and may trim another 12.5% around $38ish. I am playing a trade…..timing is everything…..if you are long-term I would wait and see how it reacts to the gap-down channel in my update because volume is picking up today and this thing could push $40 before pulling back significantly. i always like to have the day close and analyze then….i am not a good day trader
Last edited by Limit5Bass; 07-30-2013 at 12:32 PM.
Its really tough because I always thought of FB as a longterm hold but this recent run has turned that hold into a potential trade. I don't want to sell but, at this point, I see very limited upside. I've almost hit the sell button three times now but the stock continues to climb.
The market drives me nuts... why do I do it to myself?
What's wrong with LMCA today? They're holding us back.


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If you would like more information about how to pursue a degree at Barry University, you can ask a question or schedule a visit online. If you are ready to apply for a program, our online admission application makes the process easy.
So, you are ready to register for the next term. Well, let's check if you have completed all the preliminary steps:
You submitted your application for admission to the ADMISSIONS office.
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text:
Top News:
Michael J. De La Merced / DealBook:
News Corp. Considers Dividing Itself in Two — Updated News Corporation is considering dividing itself in two, cleaving its publishing arm from its far larger entertainment division, a person briefed on the matter told DealBook early on Tuesday. If News Corporation follows through …
Discussion: JIMROMENESKO.COM, Poynter, Wall Street Journal, Gannett Blog and London Evening Standard
Andrew Beaujon / Poynter: News Corp. closer to spinning off newspaper division
Jim Hopkins / Gannett Blog: News Corp. considers splitting into two entities
Joe Pompeo / Capital New York:
'Journal' rankles sister paper 'Post' with poachings
'Journal' rankles sister paper 'Post' with poachings
Discussion: Bloomberg, Media News, Press Gazette, Globe and Mail, Yahoo! News and Forbes
Sheila Dougherty / Bloomberg: News Corp.'s Murdoch Said to Consider Splitting Company
European Journalism Centre / Media News: Murdoch considers splitting up News Corporation
Bill Carter / Media Decoder:
'Newsroom' Debut Draws Audience of 2.1 Million — HBO generated a huge amount of talk — positive and negative — about its new Aaron Sorkin drama, "The Newsroom," and it managed some better-than-average audience totals for its premiere Sunday night. — The drama, about a fictional cable newscast …
Discussion: Erik Wemple, The Wrap, Gawker and Capital New York
Tim Kenneally / The Wrap: 'The Newsroom': Aaron Sorkin Borrows a Bit From ... Aaron Sorkin
Louis Peitzman / Gawker: Here's the First Episode of HBO's The Newsroom on YouTube
Joe Pompeo / Capital New York: Dan Rather is Sorkin's big fan today
Dan Rather / Gawker:
Dan Rather Reviewed The Newsroom for Us and Liked It
Dan Rather Reviewed The Newsroom for Us and Liked It
Alex Weprin / TVNewser: 'The Newsroom' Debuts To 2.1 Million Viewers
Deggans / Tampa Bay Times: HBO puts The Newsroom pilot online for free; judge Aaron Sorkin's work for yourself
David Zurawik / Baltimore Sun: Aaron Sorkin's 'The Newsroom' speaks truth to a press that lost its way
Drew Grant / The New York Observer: Which of These 2010 World Events Will Appear as Plot Lines in The Newsroom?
Glynnis Macnicol / Capital New York: The unreal dystopia of Aaron Sorkin
Andrew Beaujon / Poynter: Dan Rather likes 'The Newsroom,' Michael Wolff does not
Tim Kenneally / The Wrap: 'The Newsroom': Aaron Sorkin Borrows a Bit From ... Aaron Sorkin
James Poniewozik / entertainment.time.com: The Morning After: The Newsroom's First Draft of History
Chris Harnick / The Huffington Post: Dan Rather Praises 'The Newsroom'
Lisa De Moraes / Washington Post: TV Column: 'The Newsroom's' ratings, and Dan Rather's review
David Carr / New York Times: HBO's 'Newsroom' as a Map for CNN
Mathew Ingram / GigaOM:
Why the NYT-Flipboard deal is a smart move — The New York Times hasn't exactly been free-wheeling with its digital content in the past: the only way you could get it was through the newspaper's apps or via excerpts on a site like The Huffington Post or Google News — which is why the deal …
Discussion: Guardian, Daring Fireball, TeleRead, newsplexer, The Atlantic Wire and FishbowlNY
John Gruber / Daring Fireball: Flipboard in Content Deal With New York Times
newsplexer: Flipboard Complete New York Times Edition for Subscribers | AllThingsD :: as Wired & NewYorker ditch?::
Alexander Abad-Santos / The Atlantic Wire: Who Won in The New York Times-Flipboard Deal?
Chris O'Shea / FishbowlNY: The New York Times Inks Deal with Flipboard
Nitasha Tiku / Betabeat:
TechCrunch Blogger Is Mad as Hell
TechCrunch Blogger Is Mad as Hell
Discussion: @harrisj, @tcarmody, Poynter, The Awl and TechCrunch
Jacob Harris / @harrisj: To think that I had @alexia over for coffee at the NYT building... For shame, @alexia.... for... shame.... ;)
Tim Carmody / @tcarmody: You know what Alexia's NYT-Flipboard rant at TC is? Just plain old get-off-my-lawn-ery, but from new media to old. And drunk.
Choire Sicha / The Awl: Drunk Bloggers Are the Best Bloggers
Steve Outing:
10, 15 free web articles a month: Is this a mistake? (Yes!) — I think it's safe to say that what Walter Isaacson and Steven Brill started — a wave of newspaper websites putting up "metered paywalls" where there's a subscription or membership fee required for site visitors who want to read …
Jordan Weissmann / The Atlantic:
Why Porn and Journalism Have the Same Big Problem — Nobody wants to pay for their product. — The smut business just isn't what it used to be. — The early days of the Internet were a bonanza for major pornography studios, as the web transformed adult entertainment into an instant …
Discussion: JIMROMENESKO.COM and bookforum.com
Sarah Marshall / Journalism.co.uk:
Auto de Fe launches first on iPad, web second, print third — Auto de Fe launched on iPad earlier this week, with some content going online this weekend and a print edition due to be published later this year — A new magazine "of inquisitive journalism and intelligent photography" has launched for iPad.
Neil Gough / DealBook:
Australian Billionaire Threatens to Dump Fairfax Media Stake — HONG KONG — The Australian mining billionaire Georgina Rinehart has threatened to sell her recently acquired 19 percent stake in Fairfax Media, sending shares in the Australian publisher tumbling on Tuesday.
Ben Quinn / Guardian:
Prominent Americans urge Ecuador to accept Julian Assange's asylum request — A letter signed by leading US figures in support of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange's application for political asylum in Ecuador has been delivered to the country's London embassy.
Discussion: ABC News
Lisa Millar / ABC News: Celebrities back Assange's asylum bid
Justin Ellis / Nieman Journalism Lab:
Where rock lives: Boston.com gets into streaming radio — Boston.com sees a future in radio. On Monday Boston.com announced plans to launch an alternative music station that would livestream from the Boston Globe's headquarters. The kicker? They're bringing on some of the dispatched talent …
Discussion: eMedia Vitals, The Boston Globe, Media Decoder and NetNewsCheck Latest
Andrew Beaujon / Poynter:
Ex-GOOD staffers were funded for Tomorrow magazine issue within 5 hours — Earlier this month the fired staff of GOOD magazine announced it would start a magazine called "Tomorrow." Monday at around noon, the magazine's editors asked for donations to fund the first issue on the website Kickstarter.
Discussion: The Atlantic Wire
Alexander Abad-Santos / The Atlantic Wire: The Ex-GOOD Guys Are Less Than $2,000 Away from Making Tomorrow Happen
Dan Primack / Fortune:
Exclusive: Zinio puts itself up for sale — FORTUNE — Zinio, a digital magazine reading platform that competes with Amazon's (AMZN) Kindle app and Apple's (AAPL) Newsstand, is seeking a buyer, Fortune has learned. The San Francisco-based company has hired investment bank Montgomery & Co …
Discussion: Adweek, eMedia Vitals, TeleRead and AppNewser
Lucia Moses / Adweek: Digital Newsstand Zinio For Sale
Chris Meadows / TeleRead: E-magazine service Zinio reportedly seeks buyer
Dianna Dilworth / AppNewser: Zinio, Digital Magazine App, Is For Sale
Nat Ives / AdAge:
Wired and The New Yorker Pull Back on Flipboard — Some magazines are developing Flipboard fatigue. Wired and The New Yorker are suspending efforts to sell ads on the platform and replacing their robust Flipboard feeds next month with spartan versions that summon their own websites if readers want whole articles.
Discussion: Betabeat, CNBC.com Links List Headlines, Guardian, The Verge, newsplexer, Mashable!, Inc.com, VentureBeat, Poynter, App Advice, NYConvergence.com and CyberJournalist.net
Kelly Faircloth / Betabeat: Booting Up: Yup, We're Still Talking About the Facebook IPO Edition
Cadie Thompson / CNBC.com Links List Headlines: Flipboard CEO on Acquisition: 'I Never Would Say Never'
Bryan Bishop / The Verge: Wired and The New Yorker dropping
newsplexer: Wired and The New Yorker Pull Back on Flipboard | AdAge :: at same time NYT goes Flipboard all in?::
Lauren Indvik / Mashable!: Publishers Begin Pulling Advertising From Flipboard
John McDermott / Inc.com: Flipboard Inks Deal with The New York Times
Jeff Sonderman / Poynter: Four things for journalists to consider as full New York Times content comes to Flipboard
Bryan M. Wolfe / App Advice: Wired And The New Yorker No Longer Flipping For Popular News App


text: Send in your bra and we will change it into a nursing bra for you. We add the the quick Clip which allows you to hold your baby with one hand while opening the clip with the other. You may also select any of our in stock bras and choose the option "change your bra to a nursing bra".


text:
-By Larry O'Dell
February 3, 2012- RICHMOND, Va. -- Virginia legislators have passed a bill allowing private adoption agencies to deny placements that conflict with their religious or moral beliefs, including opposition to homosexuality.
The state House voted 71-28 to pass the legislation Friday. Earlier in the day, a Senate committee endorsed its version of the Republican-backed measure on an 8-7 party-line vote. Republican Gov. Bob McDonnell is expected to sign the bill.
Supporters say the measure protects religious freedom. Opponents argue that the government, which contracts with dozens of private, state-licensed child placement agencies, should not sanction discrimination.
The Virginia Board of Social Services in December adopted regulations allowing discrimination by private agencies based on factors including gender, age, religion disability, sexual orientation and family status. The bill would convert those regulations into state law.


text: Transactional memory (TM), a new programming paradigm, is one of the latest approaches to write programs for next generation multicore and multiprocessor systems. TM is an alternative to lock-based programming. It is a promising solution to a hefty and mounting problem that programmers are facing in developing programs for Chip Multi-Processor (CMP) architectures by simplifying synchronization to shared data structures in a way that is scalable and compos-able. Software Transactional Memory (STM) a full software approach of TM systems can be defined as non-blocking synchronization mechanism where sequential objects are automatically converted into concurrent objects. In this thesis, we present performance comparison of four different STM implementations – RSTM of V. J. Marathe, et al., TL2 of D. Dice, et al., TinySTM of P. Felber, et al. and SwissTM of A. Dragojevic, et al. It helps us in deep understanding of potential tradeoffs involved. It further helps us in assessing, what are the design choices and configuration parameters that may provide better ways to build better and efficient STMs. In particular, suitability of an STM is analyzed against another STM. A literature study is carried out to sort out STM implementations for experimentation. An experiment is performed to measure performance tradeoffs between these STM implementations. The empirical evaluations done as part of this thesis conclude that SwissTM has significantly higher throughput than state-of-the-art STM implementations, namely RSTM, TL2, and TinySTM, as it outperforms consistently well while measuring execution time and aborts per commit parameters on STAMP benchmarks. The results taken in transaction retry rate measurements show that the performance of TL2 is better than RSTM, TinySTM and SwissTM.


text:
The Village of Case Nuove
The village of Case Nuove belongs to the municipality of Gruaro, in the province of Venezia, region Veneto.
>>>COVID-19<<< Data about spreading of Covid-19 in Case Nuove are not yet available.
For the province of Venezia, to whom Case Nuove belongs, on 2020-06-03 are reported 2,665 cases. In the previos day there were 2,665 cases, thus having a variation of 0 cases, i.e. 0.00% with reference to the number of cases reported in the previous day.
Please follow this link for updated information on Covid-19 including new cases and percentage changes for the whole of Italy, regions and individual provinces
The village of Case Nuove is 3,21 kilometers far from the same town of Gruaro to whom it belongs.
To the municipality of Gruaro also belong the localities of Bagnara (1,13 km), Boldara (1,98 km), Brusatotani (2,64 km), Case Bergamo (1,24 km), Case Braida (2,24 km), Case Giometro (2,77 km), Case la Bassa (0,81 km), Case Mondina (2,51 km), Case sparse (-- km), Giai (3,47 km), Gruaro - Bagnara (-- km), Sega - Malcanton (4,95 km).
The number in parentheses following each village name indicate the distance between the same village and the municipality of Gruaro.
Please notice that in what follows no statistic nor population data are available at the moment: the same are available for the Italian places having al least the status of municipalities ad for most of the villages too.
The distribution of the most commun family names is equally unavailable.
Please find in what follows:
- The banks in Case Nuove, when available.
- The parishes in Case Nuove, when available.
- The pharmacies in Case Nuove, when available.
- Weather and weather forecast for the municipality of Gruaro, to whom Case Nuove belongs.
- Hotels in Case Nuove and its surroundings.
- Free ads in Case Nuove and in its province and region too.
- Map and road map of Case Nuove.
- A selection of videos about Case Nuove.
In the hamlet of Case Nuove there is no bank.
Please look at the closest banks in the town of Gruaro, to whom Case Nuove belongs.
There is no pharmacy in the hamlet of Case Nuove.
Please look at the closest pharmacies in the town of Gruaro, to whom Case Nuove belongs.
The parishes in Case Nuove
There are no parishes in Case Nuove.
Please look at the closest parishes in the town of Gruaro, to whom Case Nuove belongs.
Where to stay in Case Nuove and its neighborhoods
Hotels, Resorts, B&B in Case Nuove and its neighborhoods.
You can arrange the results by number of stars, by popularity, by distance or even by the guest review score choosing among young couples, mature couples, families with young children, families with older children, people withfriends, or solo travellers.
Free ads in Case Nuove
Most recent free ads in Case Nuove, municipality of Gruaro, province of Venezia, Veneto region, updated at 10:33:31, 04 June 2020. Place your free ad on Case Nuove: no registration needed. Place your free ad.
Up to now there is no free ad placed in Case Nuove
|Most recent free ads in the province of Venezia
|villa piave nuovo jesolo
|Most recent free ads in the region Veneto
|Famiglia Cappellin
Map and road map of Case Nuove
Look at the interactive map of Case Nuove and get the road maps, the satellite maps and the mixed ones too. Interactive maps of Case Nuove also allow an immediate view of: bar,restaurants,pubs,pizzerias,dancing,night clubs,banks,jewellers,beauty centers,hair stylists,supermarkets,pharmacies.
Just fill in the free text search box placed on top of the map with any of previous categories and then press enter.
Please feel free to use the same free text search box placed on top of the map to find any kind of business activities you're interested into.
Videos about Case Nuove Gruaro, Venezia, Veneto
Several videos about Case Nuove, Gruaro, Venezia, Veneto.
A first video is shown: clicking on the PLAY button the video will start.
Inside the video window there are several commands and a Playlist button: .
Press the Playlist button to access the complete listing of the available videos, along with their titles. It will suffice to scroll through the list using the cursor to select any of the videos.
Once the video started you can use the and buttons to scroll through the videos. Each video can be displayed in full screen.


text:
November 6th, 2003, fell on a Thursday. Day 310 of 2003. Decade: 2000s.
16 years, 7 months and 0 days have passed since November 6th, 2003.
Events that occurred on November 6th, 2003:
Songs that were on top of the music singles charts in the USA and the United Kingdom on November 6th, 2003:
What movie was on top of the box office?
Trending news stories and fads that were prevalent throughout this time period. These are news stories and events that would have been in the media on November 6th, 2003.
"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King" won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2003.
Movies released in 2003 included The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Finding Nemo, The Matrix Reloaded, Bruce Almighty, The Last Samurai, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, The Matrix Revolutions, X2, Bad Boys II, Hulk, Thirteen, School of Rock and Kill Bill: Volume 1.
American actress Halle Berry proves to be the flavour of the year when she is listed as the FHM's sexiest woman in 2003.
"The American soldier" is listed as the Time Person of the Year for 2003. This is a nod towards the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan.
Popular music artists in 2003 included Jennifer Lopez, Justin Timberlake, Ja Rule, 50 Cent, Missy Elliott, R. Kelly, Sean Paul, Evanescence, Beyoncé, Matchbox Twenty, Chingy, The Black Eyed Peas, Pharrell Williams, Outkast, Ashanti and Kelis.
"Clocks" by Coldplay would go on to win a Grammy for 2003's Record of the Year.
From mid-2003 onward, the term "flash mob" became popular. The phrase was used to describe groups of people who suddenly organised in public places in order to dance or carry out another seemingly-pointless act.
Basic facts and information about this date:
Notable events that occurred around November 6th, 2003:
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TV shows that you might have been watching around this time.
Children's and Teen TV shows that would have been airing on this date in 2003.
"One Tree Hill" - "My Life as a Teenage Robot" - "Teen Titans" - "That's So Raven" - "Jimmy Neutron" - "The Fairly OddParents" - "My Wife and Kids" - "Lizzie McGuire" - "Grounded for Life" - "Malcolm in the Middle" - "Rocket Power" - "Dora the Explorer" - "SpongeBob SquarePants" - "Ed, Edd n Eddy" - "Bob the Builder" - "The Powerpuff Girls" - "The Wild Thornberrys" - "That '70s Show" - "CatDog" - "Bear in the Big Blue House" - "7th Heaven" - "Dexter's Laboratory" - "Friends" - "Rugrats"
Toys and games that would have been popular on this date in 2003:
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Events that have occurred on the 6th of November:
Enter your date of birth below to find out how old you were on November 6th, 2003.
Looking for some nostalgia? Here are some Youtube videos relating to November 6th, 2003. Please note that videos are automatically selected by Youtube and that results may vary! Click on the "Load Next Video" button to view the next video in the search playlist. In many cases, you'll find episodes of old TV shows, documentaries, music videos and soap dramas.
Here are some fun statistics about November 6th, 2003.
A list of random dates that you might be interested in:


text:
horse racing
Sponsored By
Kentucky Derby Preview: No Superstars But A Great Race To BetThe three-year streak of short-priced winners in the Kentucky Derby is likely coming to an end this Saturday, May 6 at Churchill Downs in Louisville.
Belmont Stakes: Creator Makes It Rain, Exaggerator Finishes 11thCreator picks up his first career win in the final leg of the Triple Crown.
How I'd Bet $100 On The Belmont StakesWith Exaggerator's odds being so short, many of the potential upsetters will have inflated odds and finding the winner from that group could prove lucrative.
Belmont Stakes Preview: Exaggerator Faces A Talented Field Of TwelveWhile the Belmont won't have the excitement of a re-match between Nyquist and Exaggerator, it will include a field of talented colts to challenge the Preakness winner.
2 Horses Die In First 4 Races On Preakness DayIn a tragic start to Preakness day, two horses died at Pimlico Race Course and a jockey broke a collarbone after a spill on a damp, rainy Saturday.
How I'd Bet $100 On The Preakness StakesThe most probable result for this Saturday's Preakness is a repeat of the Derby and there will be value in playing the top two from the Kentucky Derby in Nyquist and Exaggerator.
Preakness Stakes Preview: Nyquist And Exaggerator Set For RematchNyquist and Exaggerator, the top two finishers in this year's Kentucky Derby, will face off again in the Preakness Stakes this Saturday at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore.
How I'd Bet $100 On The Kentucky DerbyHandicappers will call Nyquist - the favorite in this Saturday's Kentucky Derby - a bad bet because he will offer little value at odds that could go as low as 2-1.
Kentucky Derby Preview: Nyquist Looks Ready To Wear RosesThis year's favorite to win the Kentucky Derby, Nyquist, has raced seven times at four different tracks from California to Kentucky to Florida and has landed in the winner's circle every time.
Failed $50 Million Horse Racing Track In Wayne County Being DemolishedThe county says the property has an unpaid tax bill of at least $2.3 million.
Insufficient Funds Force Hazel Park Raceway To Cut Season ShortThe Michigan Gaming Control Board is currently investigating why the raceway did not fulfill its obligations under the law.
5 Great On-Field Postgame InterviewsHere are some of the best on-field postgame interview moments in recent sports history.
American Pharoah Ends The Drought Wins Triple CrownFinally! American Pharoah ended the 37 year Triple Crown drought.
7 Facts About American Pharoah's Jockey Victor EspinozaHere are a few facts about the man that will be hoping to ride American Pharoah into the history books.
Belmont Stakes: How I'd Bet $100With a possible Triple Crown winner poised to run in Saturday's Belmont Stakes, horse racing fans face a dilemma.


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text:
When the Nintendo DSi launched, I imagined a game that would use its camera for more in-depth gameplay than taking pictures or using it as a green screen. I figured there'd be some sort of Pokemon-type title where players used the camera to search for creatures in everyday objects. It'd be a nice twist to that genre.
Well, it seems as though Sony beat Nintendo to the punch. Invizimals uses the new camera for the PSP (Yes, it's coming to the States.) and employs it in a smart augmented-reality title. I saw the game last week at Sony's Fat Princess: Fistful of Cake competition and though the name wasn't impressive, seeing the game in action is.
To actually capture an Invizimals, players will have to walk around their homes. The PSP acts almost like a Geiger counter beeping when an invizimal is close. Once players find them, they'll have to pull out a special trap card that comes with the game and lay it down. Soon enough, the invizimal appears and players have to play a minigame to capture it. The method varies depending on the type of invizimal. To capture a water-based one, for example, players will have to engage in a fishing game. In other scenarios, flying creatures may have to be swatted down.
More on invizimals on the jump