text:
Judit Polgár
|Judit Polgár
Judit Polgár, 2008
|Full name
|Polgár Judit
|23 July 1976
Budapest, Hungary
|Grandmaster (1991)
|FIDE rating
|2675 (May 2020) [inactive since September 2015]
|Peak rating
(No. 8 player and No. 1 woman in the July 2005 FIDE World Rankings)
|Peak ranking
|No. 8 (July 2005)
Judit Polgár (born 23 July 1976) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster. She is generally considered the strongest female chess player of all time.[1] Since September 2015, she has been inactive. In 1991, Polgár achieved the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years and 4 months, at the time the youngest to have done so, breaking the record previously held by former World Champion Bobby Fischer. She was the youngest ever player to break into the FIDE Top 100 players rating list, ranking No. 55 in the January 1989 rating list, at the age of 12.[2] She is the only woman to qualify for a World Championship tournament, having done so in 2005. She is the first, and to date only, woman to have surpassed 2700 Elo, reaching a career peak rating of 2735 and peak world ranking of No. 8, both achieved in 2005. She was the No. 1 rated woman in the world from January 1989 until the March 2015 rating list, when she was overtaken by Chinese player Hou Yifan; she was the No. 1 again in the August 2015 women's rating list, in her last appearance in the FIDE World Rankings.
She has won or shared first in the chess tournaments of Hastings 1993, Madrid 1994, León 1996, U.S. Open 1998, Hoogeveen 1999, Sigeman & Co 2000, Japfa 2000, and the Najdorf Memorial 2000.[3]
Polgár is the only woman to have won a game against a reigning world number one player, and has defeated eleven current or former world champions in either rapid or classical chess: Magnus Carlsen, Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov, Vladimir Kramnik, Boris Spassky, Vasily Smyslov, Veselin Topalov, Viswanathan Anand, Ruslan Ponomariov, Alexander Khalifman, and Rustam Kasimdzhanov.[4]
On 13 August 2014, she announced her retirement from competitive chess.[5][6][7] In June 2015, Polgár was elected as the new captain and head coach of the Hungarian national men's team.[8] On 20 August 2015, she received Hungary's highest decoration, the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary.[9]
Early life[edit]
Polgár was born on 23 July 1976 in Budapest, to a Hungarian Jewish family.[10] Polgár and her two older sisters, Grandmaster Susan and International Master Sofia, were part of an educational experiment carried out by their father László Polgár, in an attempt to prove that children could make exceptional achievements if trained in a specialist subject from a very early age.[11] "Geniuses are made, not born," was László's thesis. He and his wife Klára educated their three daughters at home, with chess as the specialist subject.[12] László also taught his three daughters the international language Esperanto. They received resistance from Hungarian authorities as home-schooling was not a "socialist" approach. They also received criticism at the time from some western commentators for depriving the sisters of a normal childhood.
Traditionally, chess had been a male-dominated activity, and women were often seen as weaker players, thus advancing the idea of a Women's World Champion.[13] However, from the beginning, László was against the idea that his daughters had to participate in female-only events. "Women are able to achieve results similar, in fields of intellectual activities, to that of men," he wrote. "Chess is a form of intellectual activity, so this applies to chess. Accordingly, we reject any kind of discrimination in this respect."[14] This put the Polgárs in conflict with the Hungarian Chess Federation of the day, whose policy was for women to play in women-only tournaments. Polgár's older sister, Susan, first fought the bureaucracy by playing in men's tournaments and refusing to play in women's tournaments. In 1985, when she was a 15-year-old International Master, Susan said that it was due to this conflict that she had not been awarded the Grandmaster title despite having made the norm eleven times.[15]
Polgár has rarely played in women's-specific tournaments or divisions and has never competed for the Women's World Championship: "I always say that women should have the self-confidence that they are as good as male players, but only if they are willing to work and take it seriously as much as male players."[16] While László Polgár has been credited with being an excellent chess coach,[17] the Polgárs had also employed professional chessplayers to train their daughters, including Hungarian champion IM Tibor Florian, GM Pal Benko, and Russian GM Alexander Chernin.[18][19][20] Susan Polgár, the eldest of the sisters, 5½ years older than Sophia and 7 years older than Judit, was the first of the sisters to achieve prominence in chess by winning tournaments, and by 1986, she was the world's top-rated female chess player.[21][22][23] Initially, being the youngest, Judit was separated from her sisters while they were in training. However, this only served to increase Judit's curiosity. After learning the rules, they discovered Judit was able to find solutions to the problems they were studying, and she began to be invited into the group.[24] One evening, Susan was studying an endgame with their trainer, a strong International Master. Unable to find the solution, they woke Judit, who was asleep in bed and carried her into the training room. Still half asleep, Judit showed them how to solve the problem, after which they put her back to bed.[11] László Polgár's experiment would produce a family of one international master and two grandmasters and would strengthen the argument for nurture over nature, as well as prove women could be chess grandmasters.[25]
Child prodigy[edit]
Trained in her early years by her sister Susan, who ultimately became Women's World Champion, Judit Polgár was a prodigy from an early age. At age 5, she defeated a family friend without looking at the board. After the game, the friend joked: "You are good at chess, but I'm a good cook." Judit replied: "Do you cook without looking at the stove?"[26] However, according to Susan, Judit was not the sister with the most talent, explaining: "Judit was a slow starter, but very hard-working."[27] Polgár described herself at that age as "obsessive" about chess.[28] She first defeated an International Master, Dolfi Drimer, at age 10,[29] and a grandmaster, Lev Gutman, at age 11.[30]
Albena 1986
|This example uses algebraic notation.
Judit started playing in tournaments at 6 years old, and by age 9, her rating with the Hungarian Chess Federation was 2080. She was a member of a chess club in Budapest, where she would get experience from master level players.[33] In 1984, in Budapest, Sophia and Judit, at the time 9 and 7 years of age, respectively, played two games of blindfold chess against two masters, which they won. At one point, the girls complained that one of their opponents was playing too slowly and suggested a clock should be used.[34]
In April 1986, 9-year-old Judit played in her first rated tournament in the U.S., finishing first in the unrated section of the New York Open, winning US$1,000.[35] All three Polgár sisters competed. Susan, 16, competed in the grandmaster section and had a victory against GM Walter Browne and Sophia, 11, finished second in her section, but Judit gathered most of the attention in the tournament. Grandmasters would drop by to watch the serious, quiet child playing.[33] She won her first seven games before drawing the final game. Although the unrated section had many of the weaker players in the Open, it also had players of expert strength, who were foreign to the United States and had not been rated yet. Milorad Boskovic related a conversation with Judit's sixth-round opponent, a Yugoslav player he knew to be a strong expert: "He told me he took some chances in the game because he couldn't believe she was going to attack so well."[36] Not able to speak English, her mother interpreted as she told a reporter her goal was to be a chess professional. When the reporter asked her if she would be world champion one day, Judit answered: "I will try."[33]
In late 1986, 10-year-old Judit defeated 52-year-old Romanian IM Dolfi Drimer in the Adsteam Lidums International Tournament in Adelaide, Australia. Edmar Mednis said he played his best game of the tournament in beating Judit: "I was careful in that game...Grandmasters don't like to lose to 10-year-old girls, because then we make the front page of all the papers."[37]
In April 1988, Polgár made her first International Master norm in the International B section of the New York Open.[38] In August 1988, she won the under-12 "Boys" section of the World Youth Chess and Peace Festival in Timișoara, Romania.[39][40] In October 1988, she finished first in a 10-player round-robin tournament in London, scoring 7–2, for a half point lead over Israeli GM Yair Kraidman.[41] With these three results, she completed the requirements for the International Master title; at the time, she had been the youngest player ever to have achieved this distinction.[42] Both Bobby Fischer and Garry Kasparov were 14 when they were awarded the title; Polgár was 12.[43] It was during this time that former World Champion Mikhail Tal said Polgár had the potential to win the men's World Championship.[44]
Judit was asked about playing against boys instead of the girls' section of tournaments: "These other girls are not serious about chess...I practice five or six hours a day, but they get distracted by cooking and work around the house."[43]
In November 1988, Judit and her sisters, along with Ildikó Mádl, represented Hungary in the Women's section of the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki. The International Chess Federation would not permit the Polgárs to play against men in team competitions.[45] Prior to the tournament, Eduard Gufeld, Soviet GM and team coach for the Soviet women's team, dismissed the Polgárs: "I believe that these girls are going to lose a good part of their quickly acquired image in the 28th Olympiad...Afterward we are going to know if the Hungarian sisters are geniuses or just women!"[46] However, Hungary's women's team won the championship, which marked the first time it was not won by the Soviet Union. Judit played board 2 and finished the tournament with the highest score of 12½–½ to win the individual gold medal.[47] She also won the brilliancy prize for her game against Pavlina Angelova.[48]
In the January 1989 Elo rating list, at the age of 12, she was rated 2555, which was number 55 in the world and 35 rating points ahead of the Women's World Champion Maia Chiburdanidze. In the 6 months since the previous list, she had gained a remarkable 190 rating points.[49][50] Judit's quiet and modest demeanour at the board[51] contrasted with the intensity of her playing style. David Norwood, British GM, in recalling Judit beating him when he was an established player and she was just a child, described her as "this cute little auburn-haired monster who crushed you".[52] British journalist Dominic Lawson wrote about 12-year-old Judit's "killer" eyes and how she would stare at her opponent: "The irises are so grey so dark they are almost indistinguishable from the pupils. Set against her long red hair, the effect is striking."[53]
Before age 13, she had broken into the top 100 players in the world and the British Chess Magazine declared: "Judit Polgár's recent results make the performances of Fischer and Kasparov at a similar age pale by comparison."[26] British GM Nigel Short called Judit "one of the three or four greatest chess prodigies in history".[54] The other great chess prodigies were Paul Morphy, José Capablanca, and Samuel Reshevsky.[18] However, Kasparov expressed early doubts: "She has fantastic chess talent, but she is, after all, a woman. It all comes down to the imperfections of the feminine psyche. No woman can sustain a prolonged battle."[54] Later in life, however, after he had lost a rapid game against Polgár himself in 2002, Kasparov revised his opinion: "The Polgárs showed that there are no inherent limitations to their aptitude—an idea that many male players refused to accept until they had unceremoniously been crushed by a twelve-year-old with a ponytail."[55]
In 1989, Polgár tied with Boris Gelfand for third in the OHRA Open in Amsterdam.[56]
By now, numerous books and articles had been written about the Polgár sisters, making them famous even outside of the world of chess. In 1989, American President George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara met with the Polgárs during their visit to Hungary.[34] Although not released until 1996, in 1990 a documentary about children playing chess, Chess Kids, featuring Polgár, was filmed. The documentary did not include an interview with Polgár as her father required payment.[57][58]
In 1990, Judit won the Boys section of the under-14 in the World Youth Chess Festival in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.[59] Also in 1990, Judit and her sisters represented Hungary in the Women's Olympiad winning the gold medal. It is the last women-only tournament in which Judit would ever participate.[21]
In October 1991, Judit finished with 5½–3½, tied for third to fifth position with Zoltán Ribli and John Nunn, at a tournament in Vienna.[60][61]
In December 1991, Polgár achieved the grandmaster title by winning the Hungarian National Championship, at the time the youngest ever at 15 years, 5 months to have achieved the title. This beat Fischer's record by a month.[51][62] Hungary, one of the strongest chess-playing countries, had all but one of their strongest players participate in that year's championship, as only Zoltán Ribli was missing. Going into the last round, Polgár needed only a draw to achieve the GM title, but she won her game against GM Tibor Tolnai to finish first, with six points in nine games.[63] In January 1991, Judit's sister Susan had also earned the GM title.
In 1992, Polgár tied for second, behind Anatoly Karpov at the Madrid International in Linares. She and Russian GM Vladimir Epishin finished with 5½–3½.[64] In July 1992, she placed second in the Reshevsky Memorial in Manhattan finishing with four wins, five draws and no losses.[65] In September 1992, Polgár participated in a tournament held in Aruba in which a team of senior men's players competed against a team of top women players. The men's team consisted of Lev Polugaevsky, Wolfgang Uhlmann, Oscar Panno, Efim Geller, Borislav Ivkov and Vasily Smyslov. The women's team consisted of Judit and Zsuzsa Polgár, Pia Cramling, Chiburdanidze, Ketevan Arakhamia and Alisa Galliamova. The men won the tournament 39–33. The overall high scorer was Polugaevsky, 57 years old with Polgár, 16, finishing second with 7½–4½.[66]
Polgár then tied for first in the Hastings tournament held over New Year's, 1992–93. Russian GM Evgeny Bareev, at the time ranked eighth in the world, led going into tournament's last round, but was defeated by Polgár in their second individual game, allowing her to share first.[67] Immediately following the Hastings tournament, Polgár played an exhibition match in February against former World Champion, Boris Spassky. She won the match 5½–4½ and won the largest prize money to that point in her career of $110,000.[68] Polgár also participated in the Melody Amber tournament in Monaco which featured a blindfold tournament of 12 grandmasters. Anand and Karpov finished first, Ljubojević third, while Polgár finished in clear fourth with 6½ points from 11 rounds, ahead of other strong GMs such as Ivanchuk, Short, Korchnoi and her sister Susan.[69][70]
In 1993, Polgár became the first woman to ever qualify for a men's Interzonal tournament. In March, she finished in a four-way tie for second place in the Budapest Zonal and won the tiebreaking tournament.[71][72][73] She then confirmed her status as one of the world's leading players, narrowly failing to qualify for the Candidates Tournaments at the rival FIDE and PCA Interzonal tournaments.[74][75]
In the summer of 1993, Bobby Fischer stayed for a time in the Polgár household. He had been living in seclusion in Yugoslavia due to an arrest warrant issued by the United States for violating the U.N. blockade of Yugoslavia with his 1992 match against Spassky. Susan Polgár met Bobby with her family and persuaded him to come out of hiding "in a cramped hotel room in a small Yugoslavian village".[76] During his stay, he played many games of Fischer Random Chess and helped the sisters analyse their games. Susan said, while he was friendly on a personal level and recalled mostly pleasant moments as their guest, there were conflicts due to his political views. On the suggestion of a friend of Fischer, a match of blitz chess between Fischer and Polgár was arranged and announced to the press. However, problems ensued between Fischer and László Polgár and Fischer cancelled the match, saying to a friend on whether the match would take place, "No, they're Jewish."[76][77][78]
In the summer of 1994, Polgár had the greatest success of her career to that point, when she won the Madrid International in Spain. Against a field which included Gata Kamsky, Evgeny Bareev, Valery Salov and Ivan Sokolov, she finished 7–2 and 1½ points ahead of second place.[79][80] Her performance rating for the tournament was 2778 against an opposition rated at 2672.[81]
In October 1994, she played in a tournament in Buenos Aires which was a tribute to an ailing Polugaevsky. Eight grandmasters participated, all considered contenders for the world championship: Karpov, Anand, Salov, Ivanchuk, Kamsky, Shirov, Ljubojević and Polgár. The tournament was unusual as Black in each game was required to play a Sicilian Defence, since Polugaevsky was considered the all-time authority on the opening.[82] This was to Polgár's advantage as it was her favourite. Against the elite competition she finished tied for third with Ivanchuk.[83][84]
In September 1995, Polgár finished third with a score of 7-4 in the Donner Memorial in Amsterdam, behind Jan Timman and Julio Granda Zuniga, who tied for first, and ahead of Yasser Seirawan, Alexander Huzman, Alexei Shirov, Alexander Khalifman, Alexander Morozevich and Valery Salov.[85] She secured a clear third place with a 21-move win over Shirov in her last game.[86][87] In the Antillean island of Aruba in November 1995, she played in a friendly match against Jeroen Piket of the Netherlands, at the time one of the top players in Europe. Despite being closely matched in ratings, Polgár won the match 6–2.[88]
In 1995, the Isle of Lewis chess club in Scotland attempted to arrange a game between Polgár and Nigel Short in which the famous Lewis chessmen would be used. The Lewis chessmen is a chess set carved in the 12th century. However, the British Museum refused to release the set despite assurances that the players would wear gloves. Scottish member of parliament Calum MacDonald pointed out that the set would be safe, especially as chess was not a contact sport.[89] In the end, the Museum allowed the chess set to be displayed at the Isle of Lewis festival tournament, but they were not used in any games. Polgár won the double round-robin tournament of four GMs, scoring five points in the six games and winning both her games against Short.[90][91]
Kasparov touch-move controversy[edit]
|This example uses algebraic notation.
At Linares 1994, Polgár lost a controversial game to the World Champion Garry Kasparov. The tournament marked the first time the 17-year-old Polgár was invited to compete with the world's strongest players. After four games she had two points.[92] During her game with Kasparov in the fifth round, Kasparov gradually outplayed her and had a clear advantage after 35 moves.[93] On his 36th move, the World Champion reportedly changed his mind about the move of a knight, and moved the piece to a different square.[94][95] According to chess rules, once a player has released a piece, the move must stand, so if Kasparov did remove his hand, he should have been required to play his original move. Polgár did not challenge Kasparov, in the moment, because, she stated, "I was playing the World Champion and didn't want to cause unpleasantness during my first invitation to such an important event. I was also afraid that if my complaint was overruled I would be penalized on the clock when we were in time pressure." She did however look questioningly at the arbiter, Carlos Falcon, who witnessed the incident and took no action.[93]
The incident was caught on tape by a crew from the Spanish television company PVS, and the videotape showed that Kasparov's fingers were free of the knight for about 1/25 of a second, or a single frame of the video.[96] Tournament director Carlos Falcon did not forfeit Kasparov when the videotape evidence was made available to him.[97] As U.S. chess journalist Shelby Lyman pointed out, in the majority of sports "instant replays" do not overrule a referee's original decision and chess is no exception.[96] The video has never been publicly released, at the request of tournament sponsor Luis Rentero.[93] At one point Polgár reportedly confronted Kasparov in the hotel bar, asking him, "How could you do this to me?"[98] Following this incident, Kasparov bluntly told an interviewer "... she just publicly said I was cheating. ... I think a girl of her age should be taught some good manners before making such statements."[99] Subsequently, Kasparov refused to speak to her for three years.[93] Kasparov told reporters that his conscience was clear, as he was not aware of his hand leaving the piece.[100] Although Polgár recovered by the end of the tournament, she went into a slump over the next six rounds, gaining only half a point.[92] The incident may also have had an effect on Kasparov, who turned out a subpar performance in the tournament.[96]
Strongest female player ever[edit]
Polgár is considered the strongest female chess player of all time.[1] In August 1996, she participated in a very strong 10-player tournament in Vienna. There was a three-way tie for first between Karpov, Topalov and Boris Gelfand and a three-way tie for fourth between Kramnik, Polgár and Lékó.[101][102] In December 1996, Polgár played a match in São Paulo against Brazil's champion Gilbert Milos. The four games were played at 30 moves an hour with 30 minutes for the remainder of the game. Polgár won two, drew one and lost one and won $12,000 in prize money.[103]
In February 1997, she played in the Linares "supertournament" which Kasparov won by edging out Kramnik. Polgár finished in clear fifth position in the 12-GM tournament, ahead of Anand, Ivanchuk, Gelfand and Shirov.[104][105] Her result was considered exceptional considering the strength of the tournament, average 2701, and she was praised for her tactical skills in her game against Ivanchuk.[106] In April 1997, she played in the Dos Hermanas Chess tournament, a single-round robin category XIX event of 10 of the world's best players. She finished in sixth place with an even score of 4½–4½.[107][108] In June 1997, she finished with an even score, 4½–4½, in the Madrid 10-player GM tournament won by Topalov.[109] In July 1997, Polgár competed in the elite Dortmund International Tournament. She finished in fifth in the strong field of ten, ahead of players such as Anatoly Karpov.[110] In the tournament, she won playing with the black pieces against Veselin Topalov, at the time ranked fourth in the world. Topalov had the advantage until Polgár executed a deep positional sacrifice.[111] In October 1997, she tied for second in a double round-robin tournament of four grandmasters in the VAM International Tournament in Hoogeveen, the Netherlands.[112]
"There has long been a lively debate about who is the strongest player of all", wrote GM Robert Byrne in his New York Times column of Aug. 26, 1997. "Prominent candidates are Bobby Fischer, Garry Kasparov, Jose Raul Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine or Emanuel Lasker. But there is no argument about the greatest female player: she is 21-year-old Judit Polgár."[110]
In January 1998, she played in the category XVII event, the Hoogovens in Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands, in which 14 of the world's top grandmasters participated. She finished in the middle of the pack, tied for sixth–tenth position with Karpov, Topalov and Jeroen Piket and an even score of 6½ points in thirteen games. Polgár handed co-winner Vishwanathan Anand his only loss of the tournament.[113][114] In June 1998 in Budapest, Polgár played an eight-game match of "action" chess, which is 30 minutes for the entire game, against Anatoly Karpov. She won the match 5–3 by winning two games with the remaining ending in draws. At the time Karpov was the FIDE World Champion.[115] In August 1998, Polgár became the first woman to ever win the U.S. Open held at the Kona Surf Resort in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. She shared the tournament victory with GM Boris Gulko as each scored 8–1. Typical of her aggressive style was her victory against GM Georgi Kacheishvili in which she sacrificed her queen for the attack.[116] In October 1998, Polgár won the VAM four-grandmaster tournament in Hoogeveen, Netherlands by 1½ points over Jan Timman.[117][118] In November 1998, Polgár played in the Wydra Memorial Rapid chess tournament in Israel. She tied for first with Viswanathan Anand as both scored 11½ out of the 14 games. Anand won the tournament in a tie-break game over Polgár.[119]
In the two years since Polgár became the first woman to ever break into the top 10, her rating had dropped. Although she was in the top 20, this had the effect of her being invited less frequently to the strongest tournaments.[117]
In October 1999, Polgár participated in the four-player GM section of the VAM Chess tournament in Hoogeveen, Netherlands. Jan Timman led early in the tournament, but Polgár staged a comeback scoring 3 points in the last 4 games to share first place. Anatoly Karpov finished in third and Darmen Sadvakasov last.[120]
In January 2000, Polgár had, for her, a disappointing result in a tournament in Pamplona, Spain, which was won by Nigel Short. She finished with only 4 points from 9 games, tied for 6–7 place with Jan Timman, who had also played below his rating.[121] Polgár had another disappointing result later in the month in the category XVIII tournament in Corus Wijk aan Zee which was won by Kasparov. She did not win her first game until the 11th round and finished with 5 points in 13 games, tied with Victor Korchnoi for 11–12 position among the fourteen GMs.[122] However, in the European Teams Championship in Batumi, Georgia, also in January, she won the gold medal playing Board 2, scoring 6½–2½.[123]
In April and May 2000, Polgár won one of the strongest tournaments ever held in Asia. The Japfa Classic in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, was a category XVI event of 10 players in which included Alexander Khalifman–at the time FIDE world champion– and Anatoly Karpov–his predecessor.[124] Going into the last round four players, Polgár, Khalifman, Karpov and Gilberto Milos were tied, but Polgár won her game over Braziliam GM Milos while Khalifman and Karpov played against each other in a draw. Polgár finished clear first with 6½–2½, winning the $20,000 first place prize money.[125][126][127] At the end of May, she won the Sigeman & Company International Tournament in Malmö, Sweden. She finished the four-player double round-robin tournament scoring 4 points, with Jan Timman at 3½ with Ulf Andersson and Tiger Hillarp-Persson finishing in that order.[128] In June 2000, she played in the GM Tournament Mérida, State of Yucatán, finishing in second place a half point behind Alexei Shirov.[129] In September 2000, she shared first place in the Najdorf Chess Festival with Viktor Bologan, ahead of Nigel Short and Anatoly Karpov.[129] In October and November, she represented Hungary playing board 3 in the 34th Chess Olympiad. While the Hungarian team narrowly missed winning the Bronze medal, Polgár finished 10/13 for the second highest points total of any player in the Olympiad[130] and a rated performance level of 2772.[131]
In late February and early March 2001, Polgár played in the elite Linares double round-robin invitational of six of the world's strongest players. The tournament was Kasparov's triumph as he scored 7½ points in 10 games. The other five participants, Polgár, Karpov, Shirov, Grischuk and Lékó all finished with 4½ for second and last position. However, Polgár drew both her games with Kasparov, the first time in her career she had done this under tournament time controls.[132][133][134][135] In March 2001, she reached the semifinals of the World Cup rapid play tournament in Cannes. She made it to the final four from the 16 grandmasters in the tournament. She lost the semifinal match to Evgeny Bareev, who in turn lost to Kasparov. In a quarterfinal playoff blitz game, she forced Joël Lautier, France's strongest player, to resign in 12 moves when she won his queen which resulted in the audience of several hundred bursting into applause.[136] In June 2001, Polgár finished fourth in the European Championship in Ohrid, Macedonia, a 13-round Swiss-system tournament of 143 Grandmasters and 38 IMs.[137] In October 2001, she tied for first with GM Loek van Wely in the Essent Tourney in Hoogeveen, the Netherlands.[138]
Making history[edit]
In September 2002, in the Russia versus the Rest of the World Match, Polgár finally defeated Garry Kasparov in a game. The tournament was played under rapid rules with 25 minutes per game and a 10-second bonus per move. She won the game with exceptional positional play. Kasparov with black chose the Berlin Defence instead of his usual Sicilian and Polgár proceeded with a line which Kasparov has used himself. Polgár was able to attack with her rooks on Kasparov's king which was still in the centre of the board and when he was two pawns down, Kasparov resigned.[139] The game helped the World team win the match 52–48.[140] Upon resigning, Kasparov immediately left by a passageway barred to journalists and photographers. Kasparov had once described Polgár as a "circus puppet" and asserted that women chess players should stick to having children. Polgár called the game "one of the most remarkable moments of [her] career".[98] The game was historic as it was the first time in chess history that a female player beat the world's No. 1 player in competitive play.[141] An interview with Polgár including video of the match was included in the BBC Witness radio program in 2016.[142]
In October and November 2002, Polgár played on second board (with Péter Lékó on first) for Hungary in the 35th Chess Olympiad. While not having the stunning performance as she had in the 2000 Olympiad, she helped Hungary attain the silver medal for the event. While the Hungarians had the best win–loss record of the tournament as a team and lost only a single game of the 56 they played, they had won most of their matches by 2½–1½ scores, while the Russian team won gold as they piled up the points. However, Hungary gave the gold-winning Russian team its only defeat. Polgár's fourth-round game against Azerbaijan's Shakhriyar Mamedyarov included a brilliant 12.Nxf7, drawing his king into the center of the board.[143][144]
By early 2003, Polgár had worked her way back into the top 10 rated players in the world.[145][146] In 2003, Polgár scored one of her best results: an undefeated clear second place in the Category 19 Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands, just a half-point behind future World Champion Viswanathan Anand, and a full point ahead of then-world champion Vladimir Kramnik. One of the highlight games of the tournament was Polgár's fourth round crushing victory over Anatoly Karpov. She played a novelty in the opening which she devised over the board. The game lasted 33 moves with Karpov down two pawns and his king exposed. Polgár admitted to "enjoying herself" by the end of the game.[147] In April 2003, Polgár finished second in The Hunguest Hotels Super Tournament in Budapest behind Nigel Short. She appeared headed for a first-place victory in the tournament, but lost her game against compatriot Péter Lékó.[148][149][150] In June 2003, Polgár finished tied for third with Boris Gelfand, in the Enghien-les-Bains International Tournament in France, scoring 5½–3½, behind Evgeny Bareev who won the tournament and GM Michael Adams.[151] In August 2003, Polgár played an eight-game rapid chess match in Mainz, Germany against Viswanathan Anand, billed as the "Battle of the Sexes". After six games each player had won three games. Anand won the final two games to win the match.[152][153] In October 2003, Polgár won the 4–grandmaster Essent tournament in Hoogeveen, Netherlands. In one of her games against Karpov, he blundered, allowing Polgár to utilize a famous double bishop sacrifice first employed by Emanuel Lasker against Bauer in 1889.[154][155][156][157]
In 2004, Polgár took some time off from chess to give birth to her son, Olivér. She was consequently considered inactive and not listed on the January 2005 FIDE rating list. Her sister Susan reactivated her playing status during this period, and temporarily became the world's No. 1 ranked women's player again.[158]
Polgár returned to chess at the prestigious Corus chess tournament on 15 January 2005. The tournament, which was now considered by some as the most important in Europe, was won by fellow Hungarian Péter Lékó while Polgár scored 7/13 to tie for fourth with Alexander Grischuk, Michael Adams and Kramnik.[159] She was therefore relisted in the April 2005 FIDE rating list, gaining a few rating points for her better-than-par performance at Corus. In May she also had a better-than-par performance at a strong tournament in Sofia, Bulgaria, finishing third.[160] This brought her to her highest ever rating, 2735, in the July 2005 FIDE list and enabled her to retain her spot as the eighth ranked player in the world.[161][162]
In September 2005, Polgár once again made history as she became the first woman to play for the World Championship, at the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005.[163] However, she had a rare disappointing performance, coming last out of the eight competitors. Polgár "was unrecognizable in her first-round encounter with Viswanathan Anand", wrote GM Robert Byrne in his New York Times column, "making more errors than she normally would in a dozen games".[164] However, in her game against Veselin Topalov, Polgár pushed the eventual tournament winner and world champion to a seven-hour marathon before succumbing.[165]
She did not play at the 2006 Linares tournament because she was pregnant again. On 6 July 2006, she gave birth to a girl, Hanna.
Polgár participitated in the FIDE world blitz championship on 5–7 September 2006 in Rishon Le Zion, Israel. Blitz chess is played with each player having only 5 minutes for all moves. The round-robin tournament of 16 of some of the strongest players in the world, concluded with Alexander Grischuk finally edging out Peter Svidler in a tie-break to win the tournament. Polgár finished tied for fifth/sixth place, winning $5,625 for the three-day tournament.[166][167] Polgár tied with Boris Gelfand with 9½ points and won her individual game against Viswanathan Anand, at the time the world's No. 2 player.[168] In October 2006, Polgár scored another excellent result: tied for first place in the Essent Chess Tournament, Hoogeveen, the Netherlands.[169] She scored 4½ out of 6 in a double round-robin tournament that included two wins against the world's top-rated player, Veselin Topalov. In December 2006, Polgár played a six-game match of blindfold rapid chess against former FIDE world champion Veselin Topalov. Topalov won the match 3½–2½ with two wins to Polgár's one.[170] Nearly 1,000 spectators attended the event.[171]
In May–June 2007 she played in the Candidates Tournament for the FIDE World Chess Championship 2007. She was eliminated in the first round, losing 3½–2½ to Evgeny Bareev. Some chess pundits said she was unprepared for the tournament and appeared affected by the fact that she had played less chess in the last three years to concentrate on her two children. However, she was still credited with the most beautiful attack of the tournament in her fifth game victory.[172] In July 2007, Polgár played in the Biel Chess Festival which was won by 16-year-old Magnus Carlsen. Polgár finished the 9 round tournament at 5–4 in a four-way tie for third to sixth place.[173][174] A highlight game for her was actually a draw. Polgár was playing an endgame of knight against knight and two connected passed pawns of Alexander Grischuk, but she was able to eliminate both pawns.[175][176] In October 2007, Polgár played in the Blindfold World Cup in Bilbao, Spain. Polgár finished in fourth place of the six players with three wins, four losses, and three draws. The tournament was won by Bu Xiangzhi of China, whose only loss was to Polgár.[177][178][179] In November 2007, she took part in Chess Champions League – Playing for a Better World in Vitoria Gasteiz, Spain a tournament to raise funds for equipment for a Hospital in Mbuji-Mayi, Congo. Polgár finished tied for third in the strong six-player tournament and handed tournament winner Veselin Topalov his only loss.[180][181]
In January 2008 she competed in the strong Corus Wijk aan Zee tournament, scoring a respectable 6/13 and tied 9–11 in the 14 player tournament.[182] In November 2008, Polgár had a terrible result in The World Chess Blitz Championship in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, finished last of the 16 players with only 2½ points.[183] In November 2008, Polgár played the number 2 board for the Hungarian open ("men's") team in the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden, finishing 3½/8.
In November 2009, Polgár participated in the FIDE World Cup at Khanty Mansiysk in Siberia. Polgár made it to the third round of the knockout tournament until she was eliminated by tournament winner Boris Gelfand. She handed Gelfand his only loss of the tournament.[184]
Return to competition[edit]
In 2010, Polgár began her return to competitive chess and would play more than she had in recent years. In March 2010, Polgár played a four-game match against GM Gregory Kaidanov at Hilton Head, South Carolina. It was required that each game begin with the Sicilian Defense. The match was drawn with each player winning two games.[185][186] In April 2010, Polgár played an eight-game rapid chess match against Czech GM David Navara which was part of the ČEZ Chess Trophy 2010 festival of the Prague Chess Society. Despite slightly higher ranking, 2708 to Polgár's 2682, Navara lost the match 6–2.[187] Polgár participated in the rapid chess tournament of the Presidential Chess Cup in Baku, Azerbaijan from 29 April to 1 May 2010. She finished with one win, two losses and four draws, tied for fifth position in the eight-player round robin. The tournament finished with a three-way tie for first with the winner, Kramnik being decided by Elo over Mamedyarov and Kamsky.[188] In June 2010, it was reported Polgár was assisting GM Zoltán Almási in training for the Olympiad.[189]
In September and October 2010, Polgár played 3rd board for the Hungarian Men's team in the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. The team finished in fourth place losing the Bronze medal to Israel on tie-break. Playing more in 2010 than in recent years, Polgár finished fourth overall among Board three players with a 6/10 score.[190] The highlight for the Hungarian Men's team was a fifth-round victory over Russia I.[191] In November 2010, Polgár won the four-player rapid tournament which was held to celebrate the National University of Mexico's 100th anniversary. Polgár won a close opening match against Vassily Ivanchuk. She then crushed Veselin Topalov, a former world champion and ranked No. 1 in the world in 2009, 3½–½ to win the tournament.[192][193][194]
European Ch., Aix-les-Bains 2011
|This example uses algebraic notation.
On 2 April 2011, Polgár finished in a four-way tie for first in the European Individual Chess Championship in Aix-les-Bains, France.[197] The tournament, of 393 players of which 167 were Grandmasters, was won by Russian Vladimir Potkin on tie-break, GM Radosław Wojtaszek won the silver, while Polgár placed third, winning the bronze.[198] Polgár was praised for her creative attacks and endgame technique.[199] Polgár became the first woman ever to finish in the top three of the male championship.[200] Continuing Polgár's return to competitive chess, in July 2011 she participated in the 39th Greek Team National Championship scoring 3½ out of 4 games. Also in July 2011, Polgár played Board 3 for Hungary in the World Team Championships. Hungary finished in fifth place of the ten teams and individually Polgár sixteenth of the fifty players.[201]
In September 2011, Polgár competed in the Chess World Cup, a 128-player tournament with a large prize fund and qualification to the top three for the World Championship cycle. Polgár made it to the final 8 players before she was eliminated by Peter Svidler. A highlight for Polgár was her elimination of the tournament's No. 1 seed and world's fifth highest rated player, Sergey Karjakin.[202][203][204] In October 2011, Polgár took part in the Unive 2011 competition. She finished last in the elite four-player Crown group, losing games to Vladimir Kramnik and Anish Giri.[205]
In September 2011, Polgár finally returned to "Super GM" status with a FIDE rating of 2701 and by November she had raised it to 2710 and ranked 35 in the world.[206][207]
To begin 2012, in January Polgár competed in the Tradewise Gibraltar tournament finishing with 7 points in 10 games. For the first time in 22 years since she lost to Nona Gaprindashvili on the 1990 Chess Olympiad, Polgár lost her first classical game to a female player[208] as Women's World champion Hou Yifan won their individual game and tied for first before losing the playoff to Nigel Short.[209][210]
The Winner of the honorary FIDE award of Caissa as the best female player of 2012. Chess Award of Caissa, designed and executed by artisans of the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, was solemnly presented on October 2, 2013 within the framework of the 84th FIDE Congress in Tallinn.
On 5 October 2013,[211] Polgár played Nigel Short in the eighteenth edition of Chess.com's Death Match. The final score was 17½-10½ in Polgár's favour. They played 28 games in total, separated into three stages of increasingly faster time controls, the first being 5+1, the second 3+1 and finally 1+1. Polgár later remarked on her Facebook page that "it was great fun to play against Nigel..."[212] Nigel in turn tweeted in jest, "Such bad chess. I should go and hang myself..."[213]
In 2014, in the World Rapid and Blitz Chess Championship, she came 26th in the Blitz championship and 56th in the Rapid championship.
On August 13th 2014 she announced in the London newspaper The Times her retirement from chess at the highest level.[214]
Playing style[edit]
While having a strong understanding of positional play, Polgár excels in tactics and is known for an aggressive playing style, striving to maximize the initiative and actively pursuing complications.[215] The former World Champion Garry Kasparov wrote that, based upon her games, "if to 'play like a girl' meant anything in chess, it would mean relentless aggression."[216] In her youth, she was especially popular with the fans due to her willingness to employ wild gambits and attacks.[217] As a teenager, Polgár has been credited with contributing to the popularity of the opening variation King's Bishop's Gambit.[218] Polgár prefers aggressive openings, playing 1.e4 as White and the Sicilian or King's Indian Defence with black, but she has also said her opening choices will also depend upon her trainer.[20][215][219] Jennifer Shahade, writer and two-time U.S. women's chess champion, suggested that the influence of Polgár as a role model may be one of the reasons women play more aggressive chess than men.[220] Describing an individual encounter with Polgár, former U.S. Champion Joel Benjamin said, "It was all-out war for five hours. I was totally exhausted. She is a tiger at the chessboard. She absolutely has a killer instinct. You make one mistake and she goes right for the throat."[221]
Polgár is especially adept at faster time controls. When she was still young, Der Spiegel wrote of her, "her tactical thunderstorms during blitz games have confounded many opponents, who are rated higher."[44]
Polgár has spoken of appreciating the psychological aspect of chess. She has stated preferring to learn an opponent's style so she can play intentionally against him or her rather than playing "objective" chess.[222] In her 2002 victory (at 25 minutes time control) over Kasparov, she deliberately chose a line Kasparov had used against Vladimir Kramnik, employing the strategy of forcing the opponent to "play against himself". Kasparov's response was inadequate and he soon found himself in an inferior position.[139] In an interview regarding playing against computers she said, "Chess is 30 to 40% psychology. You don't have this when you play a computer. I can't confuse it."[223]
Chess professional[edit]
"You have to be very selfish sometimes", said Polgár in speaking of the life of a professional chess player. "If you are in a tournament, you have to think of yourself—you can't think of your wife or children—only about yourself."[136] When asked in 2002 if she still desired to win the world championship she said, "Chess is my profession and of course I hope to improve. But I'm not going to give up everything to become world champion; I have my life."[52]
Polgár has said she does not have a permanent coach although she does have help from GM Lev Psakhis or GM Mihail Marin.[24][224] She said she rarely uses a second and when she travels to tournaments it is usually her husband who accompanies her.[225][226] Polgár said she has changed how she prepares for tournaments. "I make more use of my experience now and try to work more efficiently so that my efforts aren't wasted", she said in 2008.[227]
Concentrating on her two children left Polgár with little time to train and play competitively and her ranking dropped from eighth in 2005 to the mid-50s in 2009. She played in the 2009 Maccabiah Games in Israel, and was named the Outstanding Female Athlete of the Games.[228][229] However, as of September 2010 Polgár remained the only woman in the top 100 and still the only woman to have ever made the top 10.[230] Comparing motherhood to playing chess, Polgár has said that a chess tournament now "feels like a vacation".[24] When asked why she came back to chess after taking time off to care for her children, she said, "I cannot live without chess! It is an integral part of my life. I enjoy the game!"[224]
Despite being the highest-rated woman for twenty years, Polgár has never competed for the women's world championship and in a 2011 interview was asked about this possibility. Polgár said that in the past she has never been interested in competing for it, but in recent years "the mentality of a couple of the women players has changed". Polgár said that for her to consider competing it would have to be a challenge and "if I get an extremely nice offer just to play for the title".[225][226]
Polgár authored a series of children's books on chess, Chess Playground. Her sister Sofia provided illustrations.[231]
In March 2013 she was awarded the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary Commander's Cross with Star, one of Hungary's highest awards, "for her worldwide acknowledged life achievement as an athlete, for promoting the game of chess and for her efforts to promote the educational benefits of chess".[232][233] In August 2015, she received the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, the highest state Order that can be made to a Hungarian civilian.[234]
Personal life[edit]
In August 2000, Polgár married Hungarian veterinary surgeon Gusztáv Font.[136][235] They have two children, a boy named Olivér and a girl named Hanna.[236] While Judit remained in Hungary, the rest of her family eventually emigrated: Sofia and her parents to Israel and later to Canada, and Susan to the United States.[52]
Several members of Polgár's family died in the Holocaust; her grandmother was a survivor of Auschwitz concentration camp.[237]
Notable games[edit]
- J. Polgár vs. V. Anand, Dos Hermanas 1999 Sicilian Defense: Scheveningen Variation. Delayed Keres Attack Perenyi Gambit (B90) · 1–0 Former trainer for the Polgárs, IM Tibor Károlyi, called this the most beautiful game ever played by a woman.[238][239]
- Judit Polgár vs. Ferenc Berkes, Hunguest Hotels Super Chess Tournament 2003 · French Defense: Classical. Burn Variation Main Line (C11) · 1–0 Polgár's opponent falls for a clever trap, expecting her to play 14.Bxa8 and he would reply with 14...g4!, but she springs 14.g4!![240]
- Alexey Shirov vs. Judit Polgar, Buenos Aires ARG 1994 · Sicilian Defense: Paulsen. Normal Variation (B45) · 0–1 Polgár uses a novelty to break up Shirov's pawn front. She used only 48 minutes to win this game.
- Polgár vs. Garry Kasparov, Russia vs. The Rest of the World match, Moscow 2002 Spanish Game: Berlin Defense. l'Hermet Variation (C67) · 1–0 Polgár makes history when, for the first time ever, a woman defeats the world's No. 1 chess player in a game.
The Judit Polgar Chess Foundation[edit]
The Judit Polgar Chess Foundation [241] developed two educational programs. One is Chess Palace for primary school children (grades 1-4) and the other one is Chess Playground for pre-school children. The aim is to improve various skills (problem solving, strategical thinking, etc.) with the help of chess.[242] The systematic rules of chess are used to process the knowledge of general subjects as well (math, language, etc.). The program is very successful in Hungary, it is part of the Hungarian National Curriculum. At the 2015 Frankfurt Book Fair the Chess Palace book series received the special prize of the Best European Learning Materials Awards (BELMA).[243]
- Judit Polgar: How I Beat Fischer's Record (in English, German, French, Hungarian)
- Judit Polgar: From GM to Top Ten (in English, German, French, Hungarian)
- Judit Polgar: A Game of Queens (in English, German, French, Hungarian)
Educational chess exercise books for pre-school children and methodological resources for teachers (in Hungarian):
- Kalandozások a sakktáblán (Adventures on the Chessboard)
- Sakklépések (Chess Moves)
- Sakk és matt (Check and Mate)
Educational chess books, and exercise books for elementary school children and methodological resources for teachers (in Hungarian):
- Sakkpalota (Chess Palace), series 1-4.
- ^ a b Sources citing Polgár as by far the strongest female chess player of all time:
- "Anand wins chess "Battle of the Sexes"". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Associated Press. 2003-08-18. p. 6A. note: The Associated Press story on Aug.17/18, 2003 on the Polgár–Anand match explicitly refers to Polgár with the words "by far the strongest woman chess player ever"
- "Polgar, Judit". Encyclodedia Britannica Online. Retrieved January 22, 2015. note: explicitly uses "by far": "By far the strongest female player of all time".
- "Super-GM tournament in Sofia starts". Chessbase.com. 12 May 2005. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- "Judit Polgár: 'I can work myself into the top ten again'". ChessBase. 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
- McClain, Dylan Loeb (2006-12-24). "Chess; The Secret of Playing Blindfold: Memory May Be the Least of It". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
- "Women Grandmasters in Chess". MichaelBluejay. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- Pein, Malcolm (2009-09-22). "A crown for Kosteniuk". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-18. Malcolm Pein, British IM and Executive Editor of CHESS magazine, when speaking of A. Kosteniuk's victory over Hou Yifan for the Women's World Champtionship, said "Currently Judit Polgár is in another league from any other female player."
- "Elite Players Of Chess To Compete". The New York Times. 2005-05-17. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
- Humber, James M.; Almeder, Robert F. (1998-08-07). Human cloning. Humana Press inc. p. 87. ISBN 0-89603-565-4.
- Weber, Bruce (1996-12-22). "Next Move? Chess enthusiasts puzzle over game's gender imbalance". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 17A.
- Wolff, Patrick (2002). Complete Idiot's guide to chess. Penguin Group (USA) Inc. p. 277. ISBN 0-02-864182-5.
- Kavalek, Lubomir (2005-01-17). "Chess". The Washington Post. p. C12. Kavalek, GM in the top 100 players for 26 years, called Polgár, "the all-time best female player"
- Pandolfini, Bruce (2007). Treasure Chess: Trivia, Quotes, Puzzles, and Lore from the World's Oldest Game. Random House. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-375-72204-2. Panolfini, chess author and coach, writes "Judit Polgár is simply the strongest female chess player in history."
- The January 1996 FIDE ratings list was a landmark as Polgár's 2675 rating made her the No. 10 ranked player in the world, the only woman ever to enter the world's Top Ten. Berry, Jonathan (1996-01-06). "Kramnick, 20 Tops the rating list". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A12.
- "All Time Rankings:FIDE Top 10 1970–1997". The University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ^ FIDE Rating List :: January 1989 OlimpBase
- ^ Avrukh, Boris (2009-06-25). "SUPER-TOURNAMENT – PARTICIPANTS". Boris Avrukh. Retrieved 2010-04-22.
- ^ "Judit Polgár". Judit Polgár. Retrieved Feb 10, 2014.
- ^ Moody, Oliver (2014-08-13). "Queen who exposed the arrogance of kings". The Times. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Friedel, Frederic. "Judit Polgar to retire from competitive chess". ChessBase. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ Her official statement on her retirement Archived 2015-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Judit Polgar new captain of the Hungarian National Men's Chess Team". Chessdom. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ "ORDER OF SAINT STEPHEN: PRESIDENT ÁDER HANDS OVER HUNGARY'S HIGHEST STATE DECORATION". Hungary Today. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Breaking Through: How the Polgar Sisters Changed the Game of Chess, (Everyman Chess 2005), Susan Polgar, page 14
- ^ a b Shenk, David (2006). The Immortal Game: Or How 32 carved pieces on a board illuminated our understanding of war, art, science, and the human brain. Anchor Canada/Random House. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-385-66227-7.
- ^ Shvidler, Eli (November 22, 2007). "All the right moves". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007.
- ^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2009). Encyclopedia of play in today's society. Sage Publications, Inc. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4129-6670-2.
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- ^ Phillips, Sean (2010-08-15). "A Gender Divide In The Ultimate Sport Of The Mind". NPR. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ^ Pandolfini, Bruce (2007). Treasure Chess: Trivia, Quotes, Puzzles, and Lore from the World's Oldest Game. Random House. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-375-72204-2. Pandolfini, chess author and coach, writes: "Judit Polgár is simply the strongest female chess player in history."
- ^ a b Harold C. Schonberg (March 18, 1989). "Top-Rated Female Chess Player Is Just One of Three Stars at Home". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ Bruce Weber (August 5, 1992). "Chess Moves Are Planned. Birthdays Happen". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ a b King, Daniel (1993). How Good is Your Chess. Dover. p. 118. ISBN 0-486-42780-3.
- ^ a b "Judit Polgár Biography". Judit Polgár. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
- ^ "Biography of Susan Polgar". Susan Polgar. Archived from the original on 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "20 Questions with Susan Polgar". Chessville. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b c "Judit Polgár in Rocca di Papa". Chessbase. Jan 7, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
- ^ What Makes a Genius. Scientific American. 2008. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4042-1401-9. Note: From article The Expert Mind by Philip E. Ross Aug 2006 issue. The Ross article uses the wording "proves" nurture over nature.
- ^ a b Lyman, Shelby (January 8, 1989). "Talented chess players are all in the Polgar family". The Sunday Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire. p. F-2.
- ^ Dweck, Carol S. (2006). Mindset: the new psychology of success. The Random House Publishing Group. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-345-47232-8.
- ^ Desjarlais, Robert R. (2011). Counterplay: An Anthropologist at the Chessboard. University of California Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-520-26739-8.
- ^ "Judit Polgár vs Dolfi Drimer". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ^ "Judit Polgár vs Lev Gutman". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ^ Polgár, László (1994). Chess:5334 Problems, Combinations and Games. Tess Press. ISBN 1-884822-31-2.p.1018 diagram 5231
- ^ "Judit Polgár 1 - Metodiev 0" (in Spanish). Javier Cordero Fernández. Retrieved 2011-07-22. Complete game.
- ^ a b c Schonberg, Harold C. "The Polgar sisters: Hungary's triple threat at chess". St. Petersburg Times. 102 (259). St. Petersburg, Florida. p. 19A.
- ^ a b Hearst, Eliot; Knott, John (2009). Blindford chess: history, psychology, techniques, champions, world records and important games. McFarland & Company, Ltd. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-7864-3444-2.
- ^ "Young masters". The Pittsburgh Press. 102 (284). 1986-04-07. p. A2.
- ^ "Hungarian, 9, Wins Tourney Sisters Share Chess Ability". Schenectady Gazette. XCII (165). Associated Press. 1986-04-10. p. 3.
- ^ Lyman, Shelby (1987-02-08). "Younger sisters are also proficient". The Sunday Telegraph. 1 (45). Nashua and Southern New Hampshire.
- ^ Lyman, Shelby (1988-04-24). "Tournaments attract 1,060 players". The Sunday Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire. p. F-2.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1988-10-01). "Youth tourneys are growing trend". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. C16.
- ^ "C.to Mondiale U12". torneionline.com. Italian Chess Federation. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1989-02-04). "Challenge meet largest ever". The Toronto Star. p. M21. note: Day incorrectly gives Judit's age as 10. Score of Polgár–Hennigen game is provided with brief analysis.
- ^ Lyman, Shelby (1988-10-30). "Hungarian girl may be next world champion". The Sunday Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire. p. F-2.
- ^ a b "Girl stuns chess world". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Wash. Associated Press. 1988-11-02. p. A1.
- ^ a b Shelby Lyman (Oct 30, 1988). "Hungarian girl may be next world champion". Nashua, New Hampshire: The Sunday Telegraph. p. F-2.
- ^ "3 sisters moving up in male world of chess". The Toronto Star. Reuters. 1988-12-26. p. D18.
- ^ Robert Byne (March 21, 1989). "Chess". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1988-12-17). "Soviet Union captures World team championship". The Toronto Star. p. M21.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1989-01-10). "Chess". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- ^ Koshnitsky, Garry (1989-01-22). "Polgar highest rated woman". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, Australia. p. 156.
- ^ "FIDE Rating List :: January 1989". Olimpbase.org. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
- ^ a b "Hungarian teen-ager achieves rank of chess grandmaster". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. New York Times Service. 1992-02-05. p. A9.
- ^ a b c Allott, Serena (2002-01-16). "Queen takes all". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Lawson, Dominic (Spectator) (1988-11-15). "Mastering the world of chess". The Age (41, 642). Melbourne, Australia. p. 11.
- ^ a b Lidz, Franz (1990-02-12). "Kid With A Killer Game". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
- ^ Kasparov, Garry (2007). How Life Imitates Chess: Making the Right Moves, from the Board to the Boardroom. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781596913875.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (January 13, 1990). "Gelfand takes first for U.S.S.R.". The Toronto Star. p. M17.
- ^ Bill Wall. "Chess in the Movies". chessville.com. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ Saylor, Mark (September 5, 1997). "'Chess Kids' Documentary a Weak Move". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1990-08-25). "Soviet dark horses dominating U.S. play". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. F10.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1992-01-04). "Defending champion loses her 13-year title". Toronto Star. p. J11. Note: Day writes that with this tournament Polgár "collected her third and final Grandmaster norm". This implies this was sufficient to earn the GM title, but most accounts indicate she won the title with the Hungarian championship in December.
- ^ "Vienna 1991". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ "Hungarian chess whiz is youngest grandmaster ever". The News. Boca Raton, Florida. 1992-02-05. p. 3A.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1992-02-08). "Girl, 15, youngest Grandmaster ever". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A13.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1992-06-28). "CHESS; For Karpov, Defeat Only Serves as a Spur". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1992-08-09). "Chess; Peruvian Wins Reshevsky Memorial". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1992-10-11). "CHESS; Senior Grandmasters Defeat Women, 39 to 33". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1993-02-21). "CHESS; A Polgar Triumph Before Her Triumph". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ Lundstrom, Harold (1993-02-26). "Kasparov primes for defense by breezing through 100 foes". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. p. W8.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1993-05-29). "More than meets the eyes". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A13.
- ^ "Amber-blind 2nd Monte Carlo 1993". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1993-05-15). "Polgar moves up to Interzonal". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E9.
- ^ "Budapest zt-A Budapest 1993". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ "Budapest zt playoff Budapest 1993". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ Mark Weeks. "1993 Biel FIDE Interzonal Tournament".
- ^ Mark Weeks. "1993 Groningen PCA Qualifying Tournament".
- ^ a b Polgar, Susan (2009-01-18). "Polgar: Remembering a chess champion, the late Bobby Fischer". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal/Lubbock online. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ Chun, Rene (December 2002). "Bobby Fischer's Pathetic Endgame". theAtlantic.com. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ Ingram, Judith (1993-08-07). "Fischer, teen-ager to match chess skills". Bangor Daily News. 105 (44). Bangor, Maine. p. 7.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1994-06-07). "Chess". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ "PGN File Events: 1994". chessopolis.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ "Madrid 1994". ChessMetrics.com. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1995-02-04). "Russian master first again". The Toronto Star. p. K14.
- ^ "9_Lev Polugajevky Tourn. Buenos Aires 1994". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
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- ^ Peters, Jack (1995-09-05). "Chess". Los Angeles Times. p. A18.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1995-09-23). "Milicevic takes top spot". The Toronto Star. p. L14.
- ^ "Donner mem Amsterdam 1995". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
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- ^ Day, Lawrence (1995-07-15). "Oddest story of the year". The Toronto Star. p. L12.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1995-10-14). "FIDE grinds to a halt". The Toronto Star. p. K14.
- ^ "Isle of Lewis 1995". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ a b Berry, Jonathan (1994-03-19). "Victory boosts Karpov's rating". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. A18.
- ^ a b c d Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam, Linares! Linares!: A Journey into the Heart of Chess, New In Chess publications, 2001, pp 72-80
- ^ Peters, Jack (1995-01-05). "Chess Highlights of 1994" (print and online column). The Los Angeles Times. p. 27. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
What made 1994 a memorable year for chess? Certainly it had its share of controversial incidents, led by the touch-move dispute in which Garry Kasparov took back a move against Judit Polgar.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan Berry (1994-03-19). "Victory boosts Karpov's rating". The Globe and Mail (print column)
|url=(help). Toronto. p. A18.
Mr. Kasparov picked up his knight at d7 and placed it on c5. 'Touch move' requires a player to move a touched piece, but the move is not over until the hand leaves the piece. Seeing that 37.Bb7–c6 would be bad for Black, Mr. Kasparov instead put the knight on f8. However, the way Miss Polgár saw it, Mr. Kasparov's hand did leave the piece on c5. Accounts diverge from there. We do know that Spanish TV recorded the game and that there were several spectators, some of whom thought that Mr. Kasparov removed his hand from the knight at c5.
- ^ a b c Lyman, Shelby (1994-05-01). "Kasparov's Hand Quicker Than Eye", Spartanburg Herald-Journal.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1994-03-26). "Kasparov caught on videotape". Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E7.
During round 5 of the Linares tournament (March 1), World Champion Gary Kasparov started to move his knight from d7 to c5, but reconsidered and played the knight to f8.
- ^ a b Barden, Leonard (2002-09-11). "Sweet revenge for Kasparov's opponent". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Kasparov Interview, New In Chess, March 1994, reprinted in Finding Bobby Fischer: Chess Interviews, Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam, New In Chess publishing, 1994 and 2015
- ^ Lundstrom, Harold (1994-05-27). "Kasparov comes out on top in tourne". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. p. C6.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1996-10-12). "A close finish in Vienna". The Toronto Star. p. K12.
- ^ "Vienna Millenium 1996". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
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- ^ Day, Lawrence (1997-03-01). "Tournament was just super". The Toronto Star. p. K12.
- ^ "Linares 14th 1997". 365chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1997-03-01). "Kasparov humbles younger rivals". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E10.
- ^ "Dos Hermanas 1997". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ "India Abroad". highbeam.com. 1997-04-25. Archived from the original on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
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- ^ a b Byrne, Robert (1997-08-26). "Chess". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1997-08-16). "Polgar wins one in battle of sexes". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E11.
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- ^ "Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1998". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (1998-02-07). "Kramnik, Anand tie in Hoogooven". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E11. Note: The Berry article used the spelling Hoogooven.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1998-07-07). "Chess; Faster and More Accurate, Polgar Outplays Karpov". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (1998-08-25). "CHESS; Polgar Is First Woman to Win the Open". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ a b Berry, Jonathan (1998-11-14). "Polgar sparkles again in the attack". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. E8.
- ^ "VAM Hoogeveen 2nd Hoogeveen 1998". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
- ^ Crowther, Mark. "THE WEEK IN CHESS 212 - 30 November 1998". This Week In Chess. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Crowther, Mark (1999-10-25). "The Week In Chess 259". The Week In Chess. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Crowther, Mark (2000-01-10). "The Week In Chess 270". The Week In Chess. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Crowther, Mark (2000-01-31). "The Week In Chess 273". The Week In Chess. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2000-01-16). "CHESS; Polgar, Just One of the Boys, Hems In a Russian's Queen". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (2000-05-13). "Chess". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. R29.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2000-06-11). "CHESS; Polgar Tops an Elite Field With a Last-Round Victory". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ "Japfa Classic - Indonesia". Chess.GR. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ "Polgar clearly first in strong Asian tourney". The Washington Times. 2000-05-06.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2000-07-02). "CHESS; Polgar's Foe Misses a Move, And That's All She Needs". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ a b "Some events in the year 2000". This Week in Chess. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Crowther, Mark (2000-11-13). "34th Chess Olympiad". This Week In Chess. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ "35th Chess Olympiad, 2002". The Chess Drum. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (2001-03-03). "Chess". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. R19.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (2001-03-10). "Chess". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. R17.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2001-04-01). "Kasparov douses his old rival, Karpov, With a Bucket of Tactics". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. p. D9.
- ^ "Linares 18th Linares 2001". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ a b c Burgess, David (2001-03-31). "To Men, Losing to Judit Polgár Is No Disgrace : Tigress of the Chessboard Purrs Quietly and Pounces". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2001-07-01). "CHESS; Another War in Macedonia Yields an Israeli Victor, 23". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2001-11-11). "CHESS; Old-Style Barroom Brawl At the Hoogeveen Corral". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ a b Pein, Malcolm. "Russia vs. The Rest of the World Moscow 2002". This Week In Chess. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2002-09-29). "CHESS; Finally, the Rest of the World Triumphs Over Russia, 52–48". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ "Round one shocker: Battle of the Sexes". chessbase.com. 2004-11-25. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ "The 'Queen of Chess' who defeated Kasparov". BBC news. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
- ^ "Judit Polgár vs Shakhriyar Mamedyarov Bled 2002 Olympiad". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Aaron, Arvind; Crowther, Mark; Wilkinson, Ian; Shabazz, Daaim; Pein, Malcolm. "35th Chess Olympiad: Bled 2002". olimpbase.org. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ "The top sportswoman?". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 2003-02-11. p. A20.
- ^ "Top 100 Players April 2003 - Archive". FIDE. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
- ^ Pein, Malcolm (2003-01-17). "Polgar crushes Karpov". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2003-05-11). "CHESS; Polgar Starts Mightily, Then Collides With Leko". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ Evans, Larry (2003-07-27). "Chess, Politics Collided In 1930s Russia". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 2010-04-26. note: Larry Evans refers to Polgár, "Hungary's Judith Polgár, 26, the strongest female in history"
- ^ Evans, Larry (2004-07-27). "Chess, politics collided in 1930s Russia". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. p. 6D.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2003-07-13). "A Clever Knight Sacrifice, but an Even Cleverer Trap". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ "Polgar-Anand Rapid Match". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ "Chess: Anand wins last two games to beat Polgar". Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (2003-11-08). "Chess". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. R23.
- ^ "Essent Crown Hoogeveen 2003". 365Chess.com. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
- ^ "Emanuel Lasker vs Johann Hermann Bauer Amsterdam 1889". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
- ^ "Judit Polgár vs Anatoli Karpov 7th Essent 2003". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
- ^ "Why Judit Polgár was not on the ratings list". 14 January 2005.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2005-02-13). "After His Victory at the Corus, Leko Is Firmly in the Top Tier". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ "Veselin Topalov triumphs; Anand finishes second". The Hindu. 2005-05-23. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ "FIDE October 2005 rating lists". Chessbase.com. 2005-10-12. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ Berry, Jonathan (2005-04-16). "Chess". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. p. R23.
- ^ Judit had previously participated in large, 100+ player knockout tournaments for the world championship; this however was a small 8-player invitational.
- ^ Byrne, Robert (2005-10-09). "Chess; When Lofty Titles Are at Stake, Nerves Can Lead to Blunders". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ "Anand draws again at World Championships". Rediff.com. 2005-10-05. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- ^ "Grischuk wins FIDE World Blitz Championship". Chessbase.com. 2006-09-12. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ Pein, Malcolm (2006-10-01). "The Sunday chess column". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ Lyman, Shelby (2006-10-14). "Chess". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. p. H6.
- ^ "Essent 2006: Mamedyarov, Judit Polgár are the winners". 2006-10-29.
- ^ "Bilbao blindfold: Topalov beats Polgar 3½:2½". Chessbase.com. 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ "Bulgaria's Topalov to play chess blindfold against Italy's Brunetti". The Sofia Echo. 2007-05-08. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Gulko, Boris; Schoenfeld, Gabriel (2007-07-06). "Mommy Track Chess". The New York Sun. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ "Magnus Carlsen wins Biel 2007". chessdom.com. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Pein, Malcolm (2007-07-31). "Howell wins fellowship". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ McClain, Dylan Leob (2007-08-01). "Onischuk and Radjabov Take Over Lead at Biel as Carlsen Stumbles Again". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Alexander Grischuk vs Judit Polgár Biel Chess Festival 2007". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ McClain, Dylan Loeb (2007-10-21). "Mamedyarov Wins Essent, Bu Wins in Bilbao". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "World Blindfold Chess Cup". chessdom.com. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Bilbao Blindfold Chess World Cup Tournament". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Speelman, Jonathan (2007-11-18). "Speelman on chess". The Observer. London. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ Mione, Dario (2007-11-15). "Karpov on the way out?". Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ "Wijk R13: Aronian, Carlsen win Wijk aan Zee 2008". chessbase.com. 2008-01-28. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Dominguez-Perez wins World Blitz Championship in Almaty". chessbase.com. 2009-11-08. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Pein, Malcolm (2009-12-21). "Marathon man". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Dondis, Harold; Wolff, Patrick (2010-03-20). "Chess Notes". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ Pein, Malcolm (2010-03-11). "Coming to a head". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Polgar routes Navara 6–2 in ČEZ Chess Trophy". chessbase.com. 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Vladimir Kramnik is the winner". Azerbaijan Chess Federation. Archived from the original on 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "Pictorial report from Zalakaros". Chessbase.com. 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ "Board-prizes after Round 11. Open section". ugra-chess.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ Crowther, Mark (2010-10-03). "Ukraine win the Olympiad for the 2nd time". This Week In Chess. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ McClain, Dylan Loeb (Nov 27, 2010). "Manager Blames Marriage for His Star's Slump". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ "Judith Polgar defeats Veselin Topalov to claim the UNAM Torneo Cuadrangular". Chessdom. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ "Judith Polgar defeats Vassily Ivanchuk in day 1 of Torneo Cuadrangular". Chessdom. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ Leonard Barden (Aug 1, 2011). "Chess - with Leonard Barden". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved Aug 1, 2011. Position analysis.
- ^ "Judit Polgár vs. Romain Edouard 12th European Individual Championship 2011 · Sicilian Defense: Lasker–Pelikan. Sveshnikov Variation (B33) · 1–0". Chessgames.com. Retrieved Aug 1, 2011. Complete game.
- ^ "European Individual Chess Championship – Aix-les-Bains RESULTS". Chess-Results.com. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- ^ "Potkin wins EICC on tiebreak". Susan Polgar. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Leonard Barden (April 8, 2011). "Judit Polgár wows European Championship with mother of all displays". Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
- ^ "Russian wins Europe's chess championship". Voice of Russia. April 3, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-04-05. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Mark Crowther (July 26, 2011). "Armenia take 8th World Chess Teams". This Week In Chess. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved Aug 3, 2011.
- ^ Dylan Loeb McClain (Sep 3, 2011). "U.S. College Student Makes a Stand at the World Cup". The New York Times. Retrieved Sep 10, 2011.
- ^ "Polgar Eliminates #1 Seed At World Cup". Chess.com. Sep 4, 2011. Retrieved Sep 10, 2011.
- ^ "PETER SVIDLER: I WANTED A BLOODY FIGHT". FIDE World Chess Cup. Sep 10, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved Sep 10, 2011.
- ^ "Unive 2011". Retrieved Oct 23, 2011.
- ^ "Top 100 Players November 2011". FIDE. Retrieved Nov 1, 2011.
- ^ "FIDE ratings list – resurgence is the name of the game". Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved Sep 1, 2011.
- ^ "22 év után kapott ki nőtől Polgár Judit" (in Hungarian). index.hu. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ John Saunders. "Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival 2012". Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival 2012. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved Feb 3, 2012.
- ^ "Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival 2012 - Masters". Chess results.com. Retrieved Feb 3, 2012.
- ^ Klein, Mike (2013-09-23).Death Match 18 - Going Toe to Stiletto Chess.com. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
- ^ Judit Polgar Official Retrieved 2013-11-05.
- ^ @nigelshortchess Retrieved 2013-11-05.
- ^ Frederic Friedel: Judit Polgar to retire from competitive chess. ChessBase.com, August 13th 2014.
- ^ a b "Anand describes Polgar's playing style". Archived from the original on August 25, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
- ^ Kasparov, Garry (2007). How life imitates chess: making the right moves, from the board to the boardroom. Bloomsbury. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-59691-387-5.
- ^ Day, Lawrence (1993-03-06). "Sisters winning pair". The Toronto Star. p. J8.
- ^ Burgess, Graham (2009). The Mammoth Book of Chess. Constable & Robinson. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-84529-931-6.
- ^ Mainka, Jan (2010-06-15). "Less Aggressive, but still taking the initiative". The Budapest Times. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Savinov, Misha (2005-06-24). "Women's chess: Jennifer Shahade's opinion". e3e5.com. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
- ^ Lyman, Shelby (1993-03-07). "Women, men are equal across the chessboard". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Spartanburg, South Carolina. p. C7.
- ^ "Polgar interview speaking of psychology in chess". Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
- ^ "Polgar quote in Independent on computers in chess". The Independent. London. 2002-10-21. Retrieved 2009-07-27.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Judit Polgár – I just can't live without chess". Chessdom. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ^ a b Lars Grahn (August 2011). "Judit Polgar The best-ever woman player talks candidly to Lars Grahn". Chess. 76 (5). United Kingdom. p. 22.
- ^ a b "CHESS Magazine: Judit Polgar on life as a Super-GM mom". Chessbase.com. Aug 12, 2011. Retrieved Aug 14, 2011.
- ^ Tagore, Vijay (2008-02-24). "Kramnik is the toughest". Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ McClain, Dylan Loeb (2010-05-01). "The Best Woman in the Game Still Stands Alone at the Top". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "Chess Playground". Judit Polgár. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
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- ^ "Order Of Saint Stephen: President Áder Hands Over Hungary's Highest State Decoration - Hungary Today". Hungary Today. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
- ^ Polgar, Judit. "Judit Polgár – Gregory Kaidanov Match – Players". MonRoi Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ "Biography on her website". Juditpolgar.com. 1976-07-23. Archived from the original on 2013-04-04. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
- ^ Forbes
- ^ García, Leontxo (July 4, 1999). "La húngara Judit Polgár crea arte y vence a Anand en el torneo de Dos Hermanas" (in Spanish). el pais. Retrieved Feb 6, 2011.
- ^ "Seagaard Chess Reviews: Judit Polgár: The Princess of Chess". Seagaard. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
- ^ Nikolay Minev. "The "Vera Menchik Club" (PDF). The Chess Library. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
- ^ https://www.thejpcf.com/index.php/en/
- ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-chess/hungarys-chess-palace-helps-kids-to-learn-and-play-idUSBRE99N0MH20131024
- ^ https://www.chessacademy.uk/global-chess-festival-with-the-polgars/
- Forbes, Cathy (1992), The Polgar Sisters: Training or Genius?, Henry Holt & Co., ISBN 0-8050-2426-3
- Hurst, Sarah (2002), Curse of Kirsan: Adventures in the Chess Underworld, Russell Enterprises, ISBN 1-888690-15-1
- Karolyi, Tibor (2004), Judit Polgár, the Princess of Chess, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8890-5
- Polgar, Susan; Truong, Paul (2005), Breaking Through : How the Polgar Sisters Changed the Game of Chess, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-381-0
- Shahade, Jennifer (2005), Chess Bitch: Women In The Ultimate Intellectual Sport, Siles Press, ISBN 1-890085-09-X
- Polgár, Judit; Kepes, András (2008). Matt a férfiaknak (Checkmate to Men) English translation due 2009.
- Polgar, Judit (2010), Chess Playground, Caissa Hungary, ISBN 978-963-06-9620-3
External links[edit]
- Official website
- Judit Polgár at Curlie
- Judit Polgár player profile and games at Chessgames.com
- "Review of Judit Polgár The Princess of Chess". EasyChess.info. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11.
- Lawson, Dominic (13 September 2011), "Even a genius can't have it all – if she's a woman", The Independent, London
- 2012 Interview of Judit Polgár
- Judit Polgar's perfect weekend
- Interview for BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour
- Judit Polgár player profile at Chess.com
|Preceded by
Bobby Fischer
| Youngest chess grandmaster ever
|Succeeded by
Peter Leko
- 1976 births
- Chess grandmasters
- Chess Olympiad competitors
- Maccabiah Games chess players
- Commander's Crosses with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)
- Hungarian female chess players
- Hungarian Jews
- Jewish chess players
- Living people
- Maccabiah Games competitors for Hungary
- Competitors at the 2009 Maccabiah Games
- Sportspeople from Budapest
- World Youth Chess Champions


text:
Fringed kimono: Style Moi || Lace trim slip dress: Forever 21 || Necklaces: Dixi & Shop Sparrow || Boots: Zara
My favorite combo at home or in town (wish it wasn't too cold for this right now)? A kimono and a flowy slip dress. There's nothing more comfortable, I simply enjoy swirling around in my kimonos and dancing to some songs at home when the weather's super cold and uncomfortable outside. I really love the colors of the kimono I received from Style Moi, it's burgundy/khaki/cream tones look amazing! Here I'm wearing tons of rings and necklaces, some combos simply deserve it, especially when it's a more festival inspired outfit. Even though the combo of a kimono + dress is kept quite simple, the jewelry add some edge to the look.
To be honest I could never live without my jewelry anymore, especially my ring obsession is allllways pretty obvious haha. :-)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
startive necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 58 diseños de 22 diseñadores freelance.
Files.com is a pre-launch online file sharing site - so far we have a great name, and now a great logo (from a previous 99Designs contest), but we now need a great website design to go along with it.
We've launched other successful sites that have become hugely popular we're planning for the same here but we need your help making our brand "pop", stick in people's memory & make them want to give the service a try. We have less than 15 seconds to make an impression and the website needs to be clean, clear and simple so people instantly know what we do, how to use it and want to give it a try.
Up for the challenge?
Just about anyone who has run into the limitations of sending files via email. Mostly though our audience will be tech savvy individuals that regularly communicate via email and utilize it to transfer (large) files to clients, business partners, colleagues, friends & family.
The trick with this project is making it unique and interesting while keeping it simple and obvious to use. It needs to be relevant to file sharing so people stumbling across the page will instantly get it.
The page to be designed is the main front-page, and it includes a form for users to upload files and contact details to send the files/attachments to their contacts - (please see attached form.htm for elements required).
This form needs to be large & the main focus of the page and should take up the majority of the real estate.
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Davis hauled in $400K during special session
AUSTIN – State Sen. Wendy Davis, the Fort Worth Democrat mulling a bid for governor, raised more than $1.3 million in the six-week span surrounding her surge to national fame via filibuster, according to an analysis of a new campaign finance report.
Davis, who has postponed an announcement on whether she'll run for governor until late September, hauled in a little more than $400,000 during the four-week period that covered the Legislature's second special session in July, records filed this week show. The vast majority came from small-dollar donations.
Last month, Davis reported raising nearly $1 million during the final two weeks of June, the days immediately before and after her 11-hour filibuster of a sweeping package of abortion restrictions. Much of that also was the result of small donors who opened up their wallets after Davis launched her filibuster.
An estimated 21,000 individual contributors from around the country have now given to Davis' campaign since June, which shows "Senator Davis' appeal to everyday, hardworking Texans and the public citizens from around the country who support them," campaign spokeswoman Kate Fox said in an email.
"Her report shows that Texans are ready for a change in leadership and can be mobilized quickly to support the Senator in a re-election bid to the Texas State Senate or in a bid for governor," Fox said.
Davis' latest haul comes courtesy of a report detailing fundraising activity for the period between June 26 and July 30, which covers in its entirety the Legislature's second special session. She reported roughly $413,000 in total contributions for the month of July.
Thursday is the filing deadline for state candidates and political action committees to report fundraising activity to the Texas Ethics Commission for that period. Ethics rules require statewide officeholders and candidates, members of the Legislature and PACs to file reports detailing any political contributions accepted during a special session.
The special session reports do not require aggregate totals of contributions, disclosure of expenditures or how much a politician is stacking in their respective warchest. They just list individual donors and amounts.
Davis' campaign is one of the first major statewide offices to file its report for the second special session and have the document posted online.
The filing shows another relatively strong fundraising period for Davis, who has become the Texas Democratic Party's best hope to challenge for the state's top spot. It also includes a pair recent fundraising events in Washington, D.C.
But while the roughly $1.3 million haul in six weeks is impressive, it's still not the financial jolt that Davis will need to compete for a gubernatorial run.
If she decides to run for governor, one of her chief obstacles will be trying to match the fundraising machine that Attorney General Greg Abbott has assembled. Abbott, who has yet to report his fundraising figures for the June 26 and July 30 period, was sitting on close to $21 million as of mid-July.


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A fire on a Carnival float has killed four people and injured five in the Brazilian port city of Santos.
A fire department official says the float caught fire shortly after the Sangue Jovem samba school ended its parade at dawn on Tuesday. He spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to the press.
He says three of the victims were pushing the float. A woman watching the parade was the fourth. The condition of the five injured was not immediately known.
The official says that witnesses reported the float caught fire after striking a power line.
Santos Mayor Paulo Alexandre Barbosa suspended the event with three more schools left to parade.


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It's always a great time to be a Queen fan, but especially now. Last September, we reported that Sacha Baron Cohen was attached to play Queen frontman Freddie Mercury in a film about the rock musician's life. Queen members Brian May and Roger Taylor have told Queen Online that screenwriter Peter Morgan (Frost/Nixon) has delivered a first draft of the script, and that the team behind the flick is planning to shoot later this year with an eye towards a fall 2012 release. May and Taylor also say that they're developing the Queen jukebox musical We Will Rock You into a movie.
Hit the jump to read their full statement.
Here's what May and Taylor told Queen Online:
"Work is now fully under way for the much-vaunted feature film on the life of Freddie. Peter Morgan has delivered a first draft of the movie, which everyone is very excited about, and Sacha Baron Cohen is chomping at the bit to get into the role, in a way which certainly would delight Freddie ! The whole team now working on preparing for a shoot later this year, and a release in the late Autumn of 2012. We are also laying the foundations for WWRY THE MOVIE, and again, we already have a great script for it from Ben."
"Roger and I will be working together on new WWRY theatre projects, too, beginning with the imminent launch of the show in Norway next month. And we have a couple of interesting new buns in the studio oven, about which more soon. I will be doing some selected UK dates bringing 'Anthems' to life with Kerry Ellis in concert halls, including the Albert Hall in May. But Roger and I keep an ever-open door for ideas for Queen, the band, which, somehow, refuses to lie down! "
Cheers and a Happy New Year!


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- Universal design double rail saddle clamp
- Universal design - Use: Fits single rail
• Waterproof nylon seat cover • Protect your saddle from dirt and water
• Waterproof nylon seat cover • Protect your saddle from dirt and water
• Waterproof nylon seat cover • Protect your saddle from dirt and water
• Lycra slip-on cover • Non-slip gripper • Quick attaching system • Lightweight cover
$8.99 - $14.59
- Imitation sheepskin - Foam padding - Fits cruiser and exerciser seats
• Kids' Racing/MX style • Padded • 5.5 x 9 inches
• 6 x 10-1/4" • Quilted top • Padded
$9.99 - $14.99
White Lightning's Saddle Johnny saves commuters and everyday riders from ever riding on a wet seat again. Anyone who has ever left their bike outside knows the cold and wet feeling of riding their bike after a storm. The Saddle Johnny protects your seat from the elements and you from a wet ride home. Made from a 100% waterproof and UV resistant material, the Saddle Johnny simply slips on and over your seat to protect it from rain, sleet and snow. It features built-in elastic for a tight fit and it fits road, mountain and hybrid seats. It also folds small to fit in any seat bag so it's always ready when you need it.
$11.99 - $19.99
Brooks' Proofide Saddle Dressing shortens the break-in period of a new saddle. It's specially formulated from natural ingredients to preserve and condition the leather, keeping it supple and shower-proof for the life of the saddle.
• Quilted vinyl top • Padded • Steel chrome-plated springs • 6 x 10-1/4 inches
• Lycra slip-on cover • Non-slip gripper • Quick attaching system • Lightweight cover
• Elastic drawstring creates snug fit • Stores under saddle when not in use • Reflective strap for increased visibiltiy • One size fits most
Cloud 9's MX Seat will make every ride more comfortable and fun. It boasts plush padding and an anatomical cutout so that you enjoy ample cushioning and protection. Plus, for excellent durability, the front and back are reinforced.
Saddle rail clamp outer-pieces to adapt Ritchey WCS Alloy 1-bolt posts to various saddle rail dimensions. • 8x8.5mm or 7x9.6mm available
Saddle rail clamp outer-pieces to adapt Ritchey WCS Carbon 1-bolt posts to various saddle rail dimensions. - 8x8.5mm or 7x9.6mm available
Designed originally for the Brooks Saddle, this cover will fit most bike seats. - Made with 200 Nylon Oxford with a laminated urethane layer - The cover has a cord lock and bungee draw cord to help pull in any excess fabric - When not in use the cover can be cinched under the saddle
Broooks Nylon Rain Cover protects your Leather Saddle from moisture. If a wet saddle is ridden not only the color may stain your clothing, but the leather top may easily deform. MEDIUM: for all road, mtb, trekking and touring saddles (Team Pro, B17,..). LARGE: for all city, transport and heavy duty saddles (B66, B33,..)
Pint-sized cyclists deserve comfortable saddles, too! The Little A.R.S. bike seats are smaller versions of Planet Bike's popular Anatomic Relief Saddle. They come in three sizes to fit 12"-24" wheeled bikes and they're scrappy enough to hold up to youthful exuberance. - Foam padding relieves pressure on soft tissue - Center recess for comfortable anatomic relief - Weather-resistant cover with abrasion-resistant side material - Steel rails - Small: Weight: 271 grams / Seat Size: 203x130mm - Medium: Weight: 292 grams / Seat Size: 225x135mm - Large: Weight: 329 gram / Seat Size: 245x135mm
• Deluxe gel cushion cover • Non-slip bottom • Locking drawstring
- Designed for street riding and dirt jumping - Compact design keeps it low and out of your way - 7mm rails handle the abuse of BMX riding - Composite frame protects saddle from abrasion - Use: BMX - Rail: Steel, 7mm - Cover Material: Emerald - Suspension: None - Size (LxW): 8.75 x 5"
$18.69 - $19.29
- Cloud 9 seat cover featuring comfortable memory foam - Adds a layer of protection and comfort to MTB or cruiser saddles
• Deluxe gel cushion cover • Non-slip bottom • Locking drawstring
$19.80 - $24.99
Spring into comfort with Sunlite's Large Cruiser Saddle. This wide, cush saddle uses a web-spring base to evenly support you and smooth out the bumpiest rides.
Want to instantly make your seat more comfortable? Cover it with Planet Bike's ARP (Anatomic Relief Pad) Seat Cover. For top comfort and protection it features a center recess, supportive gel padding to soak up the bumps, and a soft, durable Lycra top. And, the ARP comes in 3 sizes to fit most seats.
Add Selle Royal comfort to all of your rides with their Gel Seat Cover. Added on top of your bike's seat, it cushions and eliminates pressure with Selle Royal's RoyalGel and elevated textile patches. This cover fits most exercise bikes at the gym, too, so you can enjoy all your workouts.
Replace that old saddle with something more comfortable, like Sunlite's Spring City Bike Saddle. This wide, cush saddle uses a chrome web-spring base to evenly support your weight and smooth out the bumpiest rides.
Origin-8's Pro Road Saddle delivers a classic road shape and feel in a variety of great colors. And, it features gel foam cushioning and an ergonomic relief center section for excellent comfort.
- All around enthusiast style seat - Features multi stage foam and an anatomical relief groove for extended comfort - Constructed from water resistant materials - Dimensions: 10.25 x 5.25-inch
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•Shelly Washburn, 41, Brush, was arrested on a Morgan County District Court warrant at 208 Clayton Street on February 13 at 9:36 a.m. Held on $10,000 bond.
•Leldon Sells, 30, Brush, was arrested on a Moffat Combined Court warrant for failure to appear in the 200 block of Applewood Street on February 18 at 9:22 p.m. Held on $1,500 bond.
•Samantha Aguilar, 25, Brush, was arrested for warrant issued by the Morgan County Combined for failure to comply in the 1600 block of Edison Street on February 19 at 12:22 a.m. Held on $5,000 bond.
•Leldon Sells, 30, Brush, was arrested for domestic violence after an incident at 219 Applewood, #D on February 19 at 10:33 a.m. No bond.
•Angel Diaz-Mojica, 24, Brush, was contacted for a traffic violation and no proof of insurance in the 1300 block of Edison Street on February 13 at 5:35 p.m. summons issued.
•Kedir Shifa, 58, Denver, was contacted for careless driving in the 2500 block of Edmunds Street on February 14 at 6:32 a.m. Summons issued.
•Lorenzo Sepulveda, 63, Brush, was contacted for trespassing at 1005 Edison Street on February 18 at 10:29 a.m. Summons issued.
Salvador Batrez, 43, Brush, reported a motor vehicle theft at 102.5 South Curtis Street on February 15 at 8:02 a.m. The vehicle was recovered on February 16.
•Kirk Woerner, 43, Brush, reported criminal trespassing at 42 Beth on February 16 at 4 p.m.
•Martha Gil, Brush, reported a hit and run traffic accident at 1429 Edison Street on February 15 at 6:30 p.m.
•Rosaelia Castenada, Brush, reported a hit and run traffic accident at 622 Colorado Avenue on February 17 at 5:52 p.m.
•Kenneth Ruff, 73, Brush, reported fraud by check at 320 East Edison Street on February 18 at 11:49 a.m.
•Patricia Mackay, 51, Brush, reported a theft at 320 Clifton Street on February 19 at 12:32 p.m.
Brush Police