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Cosford Gardens and Nurseries
Welcome to www.shropshiregarden.com where we have pulled together some of the finest Cosford gardens and nurseries in Cosford in one place to help you plan your visit to Shropshire.
Whether you simply like admiring the flowers or getting green fingered and planting your own, Shropshire has several privately owned and National Trust gardens and garden shops in Cosford for you to get inspired.
Near Market Drayton you can gaze at the waterfall and views from the Dorothy Clive Garden, intimate and informal with a superb woodland water garden, alpine scree and succulent borders.
The Dower House occupies a 1.5 acre site in a beautiful setting within the grounds of Morville Hall (National Trust), near Bridgnorth in Shropshire.
And consider if you will the sweet pea - a Shropshire invention. First grown by the 18th century nurseryman Henry Eckford, his achievement is celebrated each year at the Wem Sweet Pea Festival in July. Shrewsbury Flower Show in August, over 156 years old, attracts thousands of visitors to marvel at the millions of blooms, variety of entertainments and the evening firework spectacular.
There's still more to tempt you in Shropshire's National Trust Gardens at Attingham Park, Dudmaston and Benthall. And just over the county border, you'll find extensive ornamental gardens dominated by a romantic Gothic castle at Cholmondeley Castle.
You'll also find several private gardens open under the National Gardens Scheme and the Shropshire Historic Churches Trust Open Gardens scheme. Plenty of opportunities to gather ideas and seek out that unusual plant you've always wanted.
Start your search for Cosford gardens and Cosford nurseries here at Shropshire Gardens and Nurseries website.


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| Event Information
Resume Writing Workshop
Your resume is an important tool in your job or internship search. Written well, it can be your ticket to an interview.
Review the fundamental content and proper formatting of a resume. Learn how to make yourself stand out and how to avoid common resume mistakes.
Bring a pen and notebook to take notes.
This Event is For: All Students • Graduate • Undergraduate

subset: commoncrawl


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NaNoWriMo: The Debbil's Adbocate
(Sorry, I have a cold, so that's how I talk right now.)
Hey, writers. Let's talk about NaNoWriMo, the National Novel Writing Month.
Let me be clear about this right up front: overall, I think it's a pretty cool thing. I support it, and those who engage in this mad contest have the uttermost respect from yours truly.
Still, though, if you're going to get into it, seems to me that you might have a few elements to consider. Good to go in armed, as it were. Let's tackle a few of the concepts and rules, and in doing so, maybe you'll be aware of some high points and pitfalls. (I'm playing Devil's Advocate is all. It's always good to set up camp in the middle of an issue, try to see it from both sides.)
Word Count: 50k
The Good: This is a robust word count, and will teach you to tackle long projects. Heck, these days even a 5k short story is on the long side, so 50k is a big beast to wrestle, and will prep you for The Big Game.
The Bad: Yeaaaaah, that means that 50k really isn't "The Big Game." Listen, a 50k novel is a bit on the short side, and if your goal is publication (and why wouldn't it be?), you'd better prep another 10-30k to go in there. This isn't a universal, but generally, 50k is on the shy side — even a slim pulp novel generally goes to 60k, and sci-fi or romance stories can clock in at 75-100k, easy. From what I've read, agents and publishers of first-time novelists are looking for material in the 70-80k range. This seems true from what I've gotten back from agents. So, in writing 50k, don't think that you've crossed the finish line. It may even be tricky for you to go back and add word count without "padding" it — so, try to loosely plan for it from the get-go. (A personal example? Over at Shadowstories: The Infi-Net Revolution, we're up to 47 chapters at 1500 words per chapter. We're not done, and it still feels shy, and this means we're already at a solid 70,500 words. We only have 14 chapters published, which is 21,000 words — and we're just coming out of the first act.)
Deadline: One Month
The Good: What this should tell you is, writing is work. You'll only easily achieve your timeline by measuring out the count and manifesting discipline. Over 30 days, you need to hit 1500-2000 words daily. Writing is a business, and driven by deadline, not by muse. That's the lesson. Better to have an arbitrary deadline than no deadline at all. Plus, if you're able to average higher, you can churn out bigger work faster.
The Bad: This can be punishing for new writers (and even some established writers don't commit to this strident a schedule — Caitlin Kiernan, if I read her tweets properly, may only tackle 1200 words a day). This also isn't necessarily how writers write. Everybody's got their own schedule — and, provided that the schedule is served by discipline, it'll work just fine. Adhering to 50k in 30 days can be a square peg in a circle hole. And that might just set you up for failure even before you begin.
The Writing, Front And Center
The Good: In a world where publishing and writing walk on increasingly unsteady legs, it's nice to have it thrust into the spotlight. Further, the Young Writer's Program looks like a great idea.
The Bad: It's also a bit of a stunt. Some people do this for a living (ahem, cough cough, me). One could theorize that, by relegating it to this crazygonuts month you run the risk of giving it the wrong kind of attention. It's fun! It's wacky! It's one slapdash race to the finish! What a fun game! Which leads us to…
Victory Conditions
The Good: One of the greatest stumbling blocks to new writers is an inability to commit to the work and finish. By establishing victory conditions, finishing has incentive beyond your own good feelings. You can actually "win" NaNoWriMo, which has a definite plus side.
The Bad: … but it's also sort of weird. Writing isn't a game. Again, for many, it's a career. By relegating it to a "game" with victory conditions, is the act potentially devalued? Maybe. Further, the inability to finish during this time could be viewed as "losing." Instead of saying, "Still more work to do — time to adjust the schedule, I'm getting close now!" one runs the risk of feeling, "Well, I didn't finish my book in 30 days, I guess I'll go glumly masturbate in the broom closet because I'm a big loser." By pairing the act (the work) of writing with game playing, some people might actually end up hobbled and hurt by the process rather than energized by it. According to the site, writing is "fun" and "seat-of-your-pants!" Well. Yes. Yes, that can be true. But it's not always true. And people need to recognize that it's important to persevere even when it fails to be a party in your pants.
Quality Control
The Good: According to the website —
Make no mistake: You will be writing a lot of crap. And that's a good thing. By forcing yourself to write so intensely, you are giving yourself permission to make mistakes. To forgo the endless tweaking and editing and just create. To build without tearing down.
— which imparts a useful message, one that Will Hindmarch more clearly orbits on his blog regarding perfection (please, read it, for Will is thoughtful and puts things far more elegantly than I). Yes, sometimes you need to just get it out there, get it done, and have fun doing it.
The Bad: Still, though, is your goal really to write a lot of crap? Really? I write, and I write for purpose and clarity and… well, ideally, for it not to be crap. I'd rather forgo intensity and turn in a solid product; a balance must be struck. Writing should never be a churn-and-burn situation, just as it shouldn't be a quest for crystalline perfection. Further, in a perfect world October would be NaOuYoShMo (National Outline Your Shit Month) and December would be NaReYoCraNoMo (National Revise Your Crappy Novel Month). As it stands right now, you take 30 days, write a bunch of garbage, and then applaud. (To be fair, the community around the event encourages ways to prep and finalize. But the rules at the outset are a little too "Eee! Celebrate mediocrity!")
My Personal Experiences
I did NaNoWriMo a couple times several years back. I wouldn't do it again. This is my experience — not yours, and I know some people have even gone on to be published with it. It is not my intent to tear down the contest or the participants or the products of those participants. If it works for you, do it, do it, do it. Your rules matter to you. I'm just offering one man's perspective.
That perspective?
It didn't work for me.
Here's why.
First, the loose commandment of Writest Thou Crap! came true. I wrote crap. It wasn't good, and that bummed me out. I worked so hard on it, but there comes a point when you have to measure the quality of your work and the efficiency of your output. Just because you try to run up a muddy hill in cement sneakers doesn't mean you're getting a good workout, and more importantly, you're damn sure not getting anywhere. So, the work I did was unmitigated snotgobs. It was the equivalent of stainy underpants, and that saddened me out enough where I lost a lot of steam.
Second, yes, each time I reached 50k, but neither time did I finish at 50k. Which means I didn't "win" or whatever, which further meant I felt a little like a loser. The last thing a writer needs is to have arbitrary "win conditions" put on him — if I have a deadline, it better be because I set it knowing my needs and abilities, or because I'm getting paid at the end of it by a third party. Doing otherwise can be an in-road to anxiety and depression, and those are two things most writers already know intimately. That, alcoholism, deviant sexual practices, and cheesecake. I should've felt awesome that I did 50k in 30 days, but instead, I felt like shit because I didn't complete the novel in 30 days. A meaningless benchmark that incurred depression. Nice! How helpful!
Third, what the hell was I waiting till November for? You want to want to be real boy, Pinocchio? Er, I mean, a real writer? Then don't set 1/12th of the year aside to do it. Do it always, and do it unconditionally. You don't have to write a novel between November 1st and 30th. That is not your limitation. When I did it, I didn't want to cheat, and I wanted to hit the mark, but it was all… illusory. Somebody else made up these rules. Not me. You want to write a novel? Write a novel. Start now. Outline it, write it, revise it, sell it. This isn't meant to be insulting to the participants, though it will sound that way: just because the herd is moving doesn't mean you need to move with the herd. Okay? That was my issue. I thought I had to move with the herd. Turns out, I didn't.
I mean, take a look at this, from the FAQ:
Do I have to start my novel from scratch on November 1? Can I use an outline?
This sounds like a dumb, arbitrary rule, we know. But bringing a half-finished manuscript into NaNoWriMo all but guarantees a miserable month. You'll care about the characters and story too much to write with the gleeful, anything-goes approach that makes NaNoWriMo such a creative rush. Give yourself the gift of a clean slate, and you'll tap into realms of imagination and intuition that are out-of-reach when working on pre-existing manuscripts.
Outlines and plot notes are very much encouraged, and can be started months ahead of the actual novel-writing adventure. Previously written prose, though, is punishable by death.
… really? Okay, writing an outline? Good idea. But they paint the act of bringing half-completed projects to the fore as if it's not only a breach of the rules, but a dreadfully unsatisfying experience. Gasp, I won't get the creative rush! Oh noes. If you're writing purely for the rush, fuck it, just go smoke crack. It's easier, cheaper, and probably less stressful.
Also from the FAQ:
If I'm just writing 50,000 words of crap, why bother? Why not just write a real novel later, when I have more time?
There are three reasons.
1) If you don't do it now, you probably never will. Novel writing is mostly a "one day" event. As in "One day, I'd like to write a novel." Here's the truth: 99% of us, if left to our own devices, would never make the time to write a novel. It's just so far outside our normal lives that it constantly slips down to the bottom of our to-do lists. The structure of NaNoWriMo forces you to put away all those self-defeating worries and START. Once you have the first five chapters under your belt, the rest will come easily. Or painfully. But it will come. And you'll have friends to help you see it through to 50k.
2) Aiming low is the best way to succeed. With entry-level novel writing, shooting for the moon is the surest way to get nowhere. With high expectations, everything you write will sound cheesy and awkward. Once you start evaluating your story in terms of word count, you take that pressure off yourself. And you'll start surprising yourself with a great bit of dialogue here and a ingenious plot twist there. Characters will start doing things you never expected, taking the story places you'd never imagined. There will be much execrable prose, yes. But amidst the crap, there will be beauty. A lot of it.
3) Art for art's sake does wonderful things to you. It makes you laugh. It makes you cry. It makes you want to take naps and go places wearing funny pants. Doing something just for the hell of it is a wonderful antidote to all the chores and "must-dos" of daily life. Writing a novel in a month is both exhilarating and stupid, and we would all do well to invite a little more spontaneous stupidity into our lives.
… I'll ask again, really? Point #1, I like. Points #2 and #3… I'd start to worry.
Aim low? Best way to succeed? Holy crap, no. That is not a good message (can you imagine telling your children that? "Aim for a D+, honey! That's the way toward success!"). I echo that frequently-asked question, and will ask it again to up the frequency: Why bother? If your barrier to entry is as low as "Can Totally Suck Balls," why waste 30 days and countless hours? Would you build a house and be utterly unconcerned with the stability of the foundation?
And "art for art's sake"… ehhh, c'mon. Writers are doing a job. We work for a living. The funny pants are because I don't have to go outside, not because I want to express my inner artist with a pair of kooky chef pants. (Frankly, you people are lucky I wear pants in public anymore. If I didn't have a wife, you could be assured I'd go pantsless in all but the nicest government buildings). Tying the very powerful process of writing a novel to "spontaneous stupidity" is insulting to the people who do this for a living, isn't it? Maybe? Just a little?
So, What The Hell?
I don't think NaNoWriMo is a bad thing, but I do have some criticisms, and I think if you're going to partake in it, it helps to know what awaits. Keep this process in perspective is all I'm saying. It may work for you, and if it does, high-five, slap-on-the-ass, let's go get a beer. But be ready for it not to work. If it doesn't, it doesn't mean you failed or lost. It just means NaNoWriMo is a circle hole, and you're a square peg. Find the process that accommodates your peg and… stick your peg… in… uhh. In the hole.
Which sounds kind of pornographic, so take it however you want.


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The Developer Tutorials blog has a new article that talks about their method for creating simple geotargeting for your visitors.
In this tutorial, we'll take a look at the technique of geotargeting, or serving content to users based on their physical location. The technology is invaluable; with simple techniques, you can target advertising to specific users, collect more accurate usage statistics, serve content in different languages for different regions and provide local information like weather reports to your visitors.
They use the GeoIP services offered by Maxmind to perform the IP to location translation and the PEAR package already created to make the integration as painless as possible.


text: Need an ignition interlock device near Grimes? Intoxalock is available at Midwest Auto Care, a certified Intoxalock ignition interlock installer. We can install your breathalyzer in cars, trucks, vans and other vehicles.Midwest Auto Care is your local certified Intoxalock ignition interlock device installation location in Grimes, IA. The well trained and friendly staff will be more than happy to work with you. With convenient hours, prices and services near you, you're guaranteed to get the best quality ignition interlock services. They will make sure your installation is done properly and that your car is up to date with any maintenance it requires. Certified installers can help to answer all of your questions and show you how to use your ignition interlock device too. When you're stopping in, be sure to check out Midwest Auto Care's variety of other services and products. As a certified Intoxalock provider, you can count on reliable, quality service. Their experienced team focuses on delivering services that exceed Intoxalock customers' expectations in a timely manner to get you back on the road as quickly and safely as possible. We make it easy at Intoxalock by providing more locations closer to you and helping to get your ignition interlock installation, removal and services scheduled quickly so that you don't have to worry about it. For the many years we've been in business, we have been striving to provide our clients the best quality service possible to gain their full satisfaction. Let us get you set up, call today to schedule your appointment!


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As parents, we're the first and most constant teachers our kids will have. That can be a daunting responsibility sometimes, since we may not feel entirely prepared to help them with some of the lessons they need to learn, but that doesn't mean we get out of doing it. For example, an understanding of money and basic financial ideas is something that kids can, and should, start developing within the family. Financial literacy is necessary in order to learn and develop financial responsibility.
Kids get interested in money at a young age, from what I've noticed, and a parent can use that interest to teach basic concepts, including math. My son was a "little capitalist" in elementary school, and my stepson is the same way -- if the interest is there, a parent can run with it.
Relatives and friends often give money gifts to children; you can introduce them to the bank by opening a savings account for them and taking them there to deposit birthday checks and the like. At the same time, though, kids need to learn about money as an everyday thing. Provide kids with a container to use as a bank for cash at home; I have yet to meet the child that didn't love to put quarters, and even dollar bills, into his own money jar and watch it fill up.
But saving doesn't just mean putting money away and keeping it somewhere; you can take opportunities to teach saving with the intent to spend on specific goals, too, such as a special outing or a computer game. The practice of saving up for something you want can't be reinforced enough these days, it seems to me.
Taking kids on shopping trips helps them learn how to determine whether something's worth spending their money on -- encourage them to bring their own money with them! -- and reinforces the saving-up lessons. Just because they have the money and can buy something doesn't mean they should.
Savings contributes to net worth, but day-to-day money management is based on income and expenses. An allowance can be a very important tool in teaching finances. Some parents tie it to household chores, some don't -- that's a family-policy decision rather than a financial one. However you do it, it helps them learn about earning money for themselves.
Older kids can use some of their earned money to start paying for some of their own expenses, such as lunches and entertainment, while parents continue to provide the essentials. There are also more earning opportunities for older kids; they can do more complex household jobs, provide services to neighbors such as babysitting and yard work, and eventually get part-time jobs. At that stage, it's a good thing to help them learn about what's involved in making a living and paying one's own way, and parents can get creative with this. One mom went through the newspaper with her teenager and picked a few jobs; they looked online for typical pay rates for the jobs, and then figured out how to live on that money in their area, considering costs such as apartment, transportation, and groceries. Another parent teaches the strategy of thinking of the purchase price of something in terms of how long it takes to earn the money to buy it, which reinforces consideration of the value of time as well as money.


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Knoll Authorized RetailerShop All Knoll
Shop Best Sellers
Browse through other customizations for the Richard Schultz 1966 Collection Chaise Lounge by Knoll
Best Sellers
Mesh Color | White
Frame Color | White
Strap Color | White
Mesh Color | Aluminum
Frame Color | Weatherable Silver
Strap Color | Grey
1966 Collection Chaise Lounge
designed by Richard Schultz
from Knoll
At A Glance:
Richard Schultz designed the 1966 Chaise Lounge at Florence Knoll's request. She was looking for outdoor furniture that would withstand the corrosive salt air at her Florida home. Typically, Schultz's resultant 1966 collection became what is now considered a garden classic, with clean good looks and exceptional durability. Oh, and let's not forget the comfort factor.
What's To Like:
- It's a part of MoMA's permanent collection. Need we say more?
- This outdoor chaise will withstand decades of the worst that Mother Nature can throw at it.
- Do you want it with wheels and an adjustable back, or with a contoured seat? You have the power to choose.
- Outdoor furniture, it's true - but it's got good manners indoors as well.
- You've got a wide range of colors to choose from, and your patio will look just the way you want it to.
- The 1966 Collection has won multiple design awards.
What's Not to Like:
We really can't pick on anything besides price, since beauty is in the eye of the beholder. This is an expensive - and extraordinarily durable - outdoor chaise lounge, no doubt.
The Bottom Line:
Give the 1966 Chaise Lounge a home in your back yard. It's ready to go for the next ... say, 20 years or so.
- Overall dimensions, 4-leg contour lounge: 33.75" h x 24.5" w x 58" l, with 13" seat height
- Overall dimensions, adjustable wheeled lounge: 36" h x 25.5" w x 76" l, with 14.25" seat height
- Suitable for indoor or outdoor use
- Frame is made from cast and extruded aluminum
- Finish is a weather resistant polyester powder-coat
- Wheels are cast aluminum with rubber tires and a differential axle
- Upholstery is woven vinyl-coated polyester mesh
- Straps are solid pure vinyl with no fillers, with Teflon sewing thread
- Clear butyrate plastic glides protect your flooring if you bring the chaise indoors
A cover may be purchased separately if you wish to further protect your chaise from the elements. Give us a call at 888-467-6278 and we'll hook you up!
About the Designer
In 1951, after studying mechanical engineering and design at Iowa State University and the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Richard Schultz joined Knoll. Of all the projects he could have possibly worked on, his very first was to assist Harry Bertoia with the Bertoia Wire Collection - even spending 18 months in Europe in order to get production of that collection underway. Schultz is best known for his graceful Petal Collection of tables. In addition, one of his most enduring designs is the 1966 Collection of outdoor furniture that he developed at Florence Knoll's request; she needed patio furniture that wouldn't rust in the seaside climate of her home, and Schultz delivered.After leaving Knoll in 1972 to freelance he opened his own studio where he has always worked independently, defining his own projects and selling them to manufacturers for production. The Richard Schultz studio was recently re-acquired by Knoll, making it possible for the re-issue of his classic pieces by the company with which he began his illustrious career.
About the Manufacturer
Materials & Measurements
- Frame: cast and extruded aluminum
- Finish: weather resistant polyester powder coat
- Glides: clear plastic
- Upholstery: woven vinyl coated polyester mesh
- Straps: solid pure vinyl
- Supports and connectors: stainless steel
- Wheels: cast aluminum with rubber tires
4-leg base: 24.5" w x 33.75" h x 58" d
2-wheel, 2-leg base: 25.5" w x 36" h x 76" d
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Knoll White Glove Delivery (REG 7.5%): Free
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Town Hall square
Templar Castle
Templar Castle
- Autonomous region: Castile-Leon
- Province/Island: León
Ponferrada, capital of the region of El Bierzo, is one of the major staging posts on the Pilgrim's Road to Santiago de Compostela as it passes through the province of León. The historic quarter of this town sits below an imposing castle built by the Knights Templar.
The first records of Ponferrada are as a former citadel in Roman times. From the 11th century, the rise in pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela spurred the appearance of the hamlet of Pons Ferrata, located on the Pilgrim's Route to Santiago de Compostela and named in this way because of the building of a bridge reinforced with iron. In 1178, the King Fernando II of León placed this flourishing settlement under the custody of the Order of the Temple. The Knights Templar used the site of a primitive Roman fortress to build a castle in which they settled and which, at the same time, protected the passing pilgrims. This favoured demographic growth and led to the commercial development of the area.The Castle The Castle rises above the river Sil, dominating the city's historic quarter. Construction began on this medieval fortress with a polygonal structure towards the end of the 12th century. The entrance is on the south side, over a drawbridge spanning the moat. The main façade, meanwhile, is flanked by two large towers joined by a double semicircular arch. Standing off a large interior courtyard are various rooms, such as the Armoury or the Stables, not forgetting its Keep and others like the Malpica, Cabrera, Malvecino, etc.At the foot of the Castle is the historic quarter of the city, with entry along Calle del Reloj. It is on this street where the Clock Tower stands, built during the reign of Carlos I in the 16th century, on the site of one of the gates of the former walled enclosure. Next to the Clock Tower is the Convent of the Conceptionist Mothers. The building, on two floors, was erected in masonry by Francisco Samper, beginning in 1565. Particularly noteworthy is its façade, which features a vaulted niche with the image of the Purísima Concepción.The end of this streets leads into the Plaza de la Encina, a traditional site of commercial activity. The Basilica de la Encina stands on the square and is one of the most outstanding religious buildings in the city. The church was built in the Renaissance style in 1573, while its baroque tower dates from later, from 1614. Inside, as well as the carving of the Virgen de la Encina, some reredos can be seen, among which the high altar is outstanding, the work of Mateo Flores in the 17th century.At the bottom end of the historic quarter is the Hospital de la Reina, Renaissance in style, and the baroque church of San Andrés, which houses a Christ of the Knights Templar.Museum of El BierzoIt is worth visiting the Museum of El Bierzo, located in Calle del Reloj, in the building which was the former prison. Its facilities provide an introduction to the historic legacy of Ponferrada and the surrounding area displaying objects, tools and various works of art. The ground floor of the museum, dedicated to primitive settlements from the Lower Paleolithic age to the end of the Roman period, has a collection of stone tools, ceramics and other pieces. Outsanding from this period is a room devoted to the hill-forts, small pre-Roman settlements which were established in large numbers all over the area. From the Middle Ages, the Museum preserves a valuable collection of sculpture, paintings and precious metalwork. The socio-economic changes experienced in El Bierzo in recent centuries, and especially the development of the mining industry, are also featured in this exhibition. The tour of the museum's premises ends in rooms relating to different aspects of the region such as the landscape, the fauna and the flora.On the outskirts of Ponferrada is another of its architectural gems. This is the Church of Santo Tomás de las Ollas, a Mozarab temple built in the 10th century, rectangular in shape and with a Romanesque main front (12th century). Particularly noteworthy inside is the Main Chapel, an original work formed by nine horseshoe arches crowned by an irregular polygon of eleven sides. Surrounding area and gastronomyThe surrounding area of Ponferrada has other places of interest to visit. One of them is the Monastery of San Pedro de Montes, whose construction dates from the 7th century, although it was remodelled on several occasions. Outstanding is the monastic church, which is Romanesque with subsequent 18th-century additions. It has a basilica plan, with three naves and houses several reredos and images inside. Several kilometres to the south is the church of Santiago de Peñalba, belonging to the monastery founded by San Genadio in the 9th century. The temple, built in the Mozarab style, has a single nave with two adjoining chapels connected by horseshoe arches.Ponferrada is on the route of the Pilgrim's Route to Santiago de Compostela, which crosses the province of León and passes places such as Hospital de Órbigo, Astorga, Cacabelos, the Monastery of San Miguel de las Dueñas or Villafranca del Bierzo. This last place provides the option of staying in the Parador de Turismo.The province of León has in its territory one of the main natural attractions of the entire Cantabrian mountain range: the Picos de Europa National Park, a space which is shared with Asturias and Cantabria. The walk through the Cares gorge or the Naranco de Bulnes mountain offer some of the most spectacular landscapes in the Picos de Europa. Las Médulas, declared a World Heritage Site, form a singular landscape of reddish earth which is a reminder of the extraction of gold carried out in the area by the Romans from the 9st century AD.As the capital of El Bierzo, Ponferrada is a magnificent shop window for the region's main recipes. Outstanding is the botillo, thick pork sausage marinated and smoked and served with "cachelos" (boiled potatoes) and vegetables. This dish must be washed down with Bierzo wines, which have their own Designation of Origin standard.
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Must see views in: Ponferrada
In the following map you'll find the locations of all the incredible views that we have recommended. Don't miss a thing!
Ponferrada - Santiago de Compostela by bike
This is the main route the most well-known. ...(+See more)
Arzúa,Santiago de ...
All the French Way: from Roncesvalles to Santiago bike tour
The Camino de Santiago has been travelled by millions ...(+See more)
Santo Domingo de la ...
The French Camino from Roncesvalles
This is the most traditional Way of the Camino de ...(+See more)
Astorga,León,Ponferrada,Bu ...
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Divine Indian food
Hauling sacks, stirring curries, washing pots: The Golden Temple in Amritsar feeds 100 000 pilgrims every day. Our reporter tried his hand as a kitchen boy
Perspiration was to be expected. Aching muscles, too. But now I have a cut right across the palm of my hand. A sharp edge on the bottom of the bucket slit the skin open. It's not a dramatic wound or even particularly painful, but it is a nuisance because it's my job to carry heavy iron buckets full of dirty dishes over to the scullery. And so this is how, at the end of my working day in probably the largest canteen in the world, I come to shed a few drops of blood – and seriously ponder whether I might have been a little overzealous.
Some hours earlier: I enter the Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple, of Amritsar alongside thousands of pilgrims and tourists in the morning. To the adherents of Sikhism, this house of god in the northern Indian city is the holiest shrine and probably the most-visited attraction on the Indian subcontinent. According to its administration, the temple welcomes some 100 000 people on the average every day – not even the Taj Mahal can boast that many visitors.
Just about as popular as the Golden Temple itself is the temple's canteen. Known as the langar, the temple kitchen offers every visitor, pilgrim or tourist, a free vegetarian meal – day or night. Everyone is welcome here; age, background, religion and gender are unimportant. The langar tradition is as sacred to the Sikhs as Communion to the Catholics – except that the temple serves larger portions and divorcees are also allowed to partake. Another impressive fact is that only a dozen permanent employees provide sustenance for thousands of people. The mass catering is chiefly the work of almost 500 voluntary helpers, most of them pilgrims and believers seeking religious fulfillment and inspiration in kitchen work. Today, I am also a member of the kitchen team. But I am far more interested in the practical aspects of feeding the thousands than in spiritual enlightenment: What are the logistics? How does the food taste? And how hard do you have to toil in the kitchen?
Before starting work, I buy myself an orange scarf for ten rupees, that's roughly 14 cents, to cover my head. That, like going barefoot, is compulsory in the temple. At first sight, the temple is – there's no other way to put it – spectacular. This magnificent building covered with gleaming gold leaf rises from the manmade Pool of Nectar, from afar resembling an oversized jewelry casket. The white walls of the surrounding palaces reflect the sun, leaving the temple bathed in a softer light. Overwhelmed by the sight, some pilgrims immediately fall to their knees and give themselves up to prayer.
The canteen is tucked away in a corner within the walls of the temple complex. Basically, every visitor can set to work straight away without reporting for duty, but I decide to introduce myself to the head cook. The man's name is Uttam Singh. He is 82 years old, a small, wiry man with a blue turban and a bushy white beard. His crooked limbs remind me of the roots of an ancient tree. If Singh were to claim he was a sorcerer and flew home on a magic wand at the end of his working day, you wouldn't lay odds against him. Now he's stirring something in a cast-iron cauldron the size of a hot tub with a spoon resembling an oar. The something in the pot is dal, lentil soup, which is as elementary to traditional Indian cooking as pretzels are to a Bavarian snack. Wood fires as tall as funeral pyres burn beneath the huge pots. They blaze 24 hours a day because cooking goes on round the clock, too. It takes five tons of firewood a day to keep the fires burning.
Singh was in charge of the army's field kitchen until he retired. Now he plans the meals for the Golden Temple. Although Singh only has traditional Indian dishes served here, at home he also enjoys exotic European fare: like pasta with tomato sauce, for example.
The boss tells me to start work in the basement, where he needs men who are willing and able to work hard. I follow the sharp smell of onions and end up in the belly of the temple. This is where the storerooms are, with sacks full of flour and rice, and meticulously stacked vegetables; mountains of garlic cloves, chilies, onion and ginger are kept in separate rooms.
A young man hurries over: Tejbir Singh, 25. He is not related to Uttam Singh, the head cook, he explains; all male Sikhs have the surname "Singh." He waves a handwritten order note; Uttam needs 100 kilos of red lentils straight away. With enviable ease, Tejbir shoulders the first sack and hurries away. I take the next one – and immediately realize that I had misheard its weight: not 15 kilos, but 50. Hardly have I heaved the sack onto my shoulder, when a pain shoots into my back. I climb a dozen steps and already have to set it down again.
Tejbir's stature is certainly not that of a weight lifter, but he and his friends haul masses of food through the temple. In 24 hours, an average of 10 000 kilos of flour, 1000 kilos of rice, 13 000 kilos of lentils and up to 2000 kilos of vegetables are cooked in the langar. There are precious few technical aids here. The most effective machine here is collective muscle power. "For us, there are only three things that matter," says Tejbir, "praising God, singing sacred songs and working." The fact that everything runs smoothly here is clearly due to the highly motivated, modest workforce. As Tejbir tells me, "Serving the community is a tradition and a good feeling." Good karma is reward enough for him. Then he pulls out his cell phone and we take a selfie. He tells me with a grin that he can hardly wait to show his wife the new workmate who made such a fool of himself hauling sacks.
The langar tradition goes back to the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak Dev Ji, an itinerant preacher, who traveled the Punjab region in the 16th century. He was a social reformer, who taught that there was only one, all-pervasive God of Creation, who was neither woman nor man. Of his disciples, he demanded virtues: Do good, live an honest life, work hard. Treat all men equally. Be generous and serve your fellow men. In the langar, the guru saw all these virtues combined: a free meal for all, taken together, prepared by volunteers and financed by donations. Five hundred years ago, this was a positively revolutionary act. And even today, the free kitchen is something very special in Indian society, where the caste system and social pecking orders inform daily life.
There are some 25 million Sikhs around the world. The men of the faith are recognizable by their turbans and bushy beards. They believe that since body hair is part of creation, it should not be cut. Traditionalists also always wear a wooden comb (kanga), a bangle (kara), knee-length underwear (kacha) and a dagger known as a "kirpan." The langar is far more important to the Sikhs than their traditional clothing, however. The custom is widespread, even in western cities, such as London and New York, where they usually take the form of soup kitchens for the homeless and otherwise needy.
While legend has it that Guru Nanak Dev Ji financed the first langar with just 20 rupees, the cost of running the kitchen at the Golden Temple runs into several million euros each year, but the number of anonymous donors is large enough to ensure its operation for two years in advance. In addition to money and labor, many people also donate food. Most of the stores laid up in the basement come from the farmers of Punjab.
Tejbir decides that I will be more using chopping potatoes than carrying sacks. One floor further up, a newly sharpened knife is pressed into my hand in the kitchen, and I set to quartering potatoes alongside dozens of other helpers. No one speaks, everyone is immersed in the business of chopping. Again and again, someone tips out a new bucket of potatoes beside us; the mounds just don't get any smaller. Hours have passed and still there's no end in sight, but no one seems frustrated by this. My workmates evidently regard the monotonous work as a relaxation exercise, as group meditation.
The mood is livelier in the bakery. It is also where they have one of their few machines: an oven with a conveyor belt that spits out thousands of rotis, as the thin, Indian flatbreads are called. But before baking, the dough has to be shaped into clumps the size of a soccer ball and then pressed into the baking machine. The finished rotis roll into a side room, where an army of helpers spreads the small loaves with butter.
One of those helpers is Archana Revankar, a woman in her early 30s from Bangalore. She works as a manager in the steel industry, but is now on vacation with her mother in northern India. Both regard their shift in the kitchen as payment for the free meal they will enjoy later on – as do hundreds of other visitors. The work is spontaneous, unorganized – but the collective efforts of the volunteers are what keep the langar system going.
The food served in India is hardly ever a personal thing, but almost always a political issue, Revankar tells me. We are what we eat. Nationalist Hindus demand a ban on the consumption and trading of beef because for them, the cow is a sacred animal. In big cities like Mumbai, there are entire neighborhoods where only vegetarians are welcome. "Anti-meat-eater" clauses are not unusual in tenancy contracts – some Hindus occasionally use these rules to keep out Muslims and members of the lower castes.
An informal order that has evolved over centuries keeps life running smoothly in Amritsar
At the Golden Temple, too, only vegetarian food is prepared, and only non-meat dishes may be served in its vicinity. This also applies to a branch of McDonald's located in the neighborhood of the shrine.
After my stint in the bakery, my stomach is finally also grumbling. The tableware service hands me a metal plate and cutlery at the entrance to the dining hall. The room is the size of a gym. The moment you have taken your place, legs crossed, in a long row of diners,
someone hurries over to fill your plate with dal, rice, a roti and the dessert, kheer, a pudding made of almonds and raisins.
Everything is well seasoned, and the dal, very spicy, is excellent. As soon as your plate is empty, a second helping is gladly served. Only now do I appreciate the enormous scale of this all-you-can-eat canteen: A never-ending stream of people passes through the dining hall. There are no peak times, it is always full – except at nighttime, when people come in their hundreds rather than thousands. Once a group has finished their meal, cleaners quickly mop down the part of the hall they vacate. Cooking, serving, eating, cleaning – maximum efficiency is achieved with a minimum of organization. The langar is like a perfectly functioning ant colony: An invisible informal order that has evolved over centuries structures the chaos.
After the meal comes the washing up. The dirty dishes are passed along a human chain, and the last person slings the plates Frisbee-style into large iron buckets. The buckets are filled within seconds and I have to carry them as quickly as possible into the scullery, where I tip them into a sink.
The clatter of a thousand plates creates a sound experience in the upper decibel range. There's an army of dishwashers here, lined up at meter-long sinks, scrubbing beakers, knives, forks and plates in opaque water that sprays in all directions. In 24 hours, 300 000 items are washed here. Quite unlike the silent potato peelers next door, the dishwashers really let rip, adding their mantra "Wahe Guru, Wahe Guru," which means "wonderful teacher," to the thunderstorm of metal on metal. With every bucket of dirty dishes that I carry across the slippery floor and tip into a sink, the chants grow more euphoric. What an ecstasy of dishwashing! Then I suddenly feel a stab of pain – not in my back this time, but in my hand.
Later, with the din of metal far away, I sit beside the Pool of Nectar and recover from the scullery madness. I bandage the cut with a handkerchief as the soft, unending singsong of prayer ripples from the loudspeakers. When I bid farewell to the old kitchen guru Uttam Singh, he places a gulab jamun, a dumpling swathed in syrup, in my injured hand. The end of a working day can be so sweet.
From the frequent traveller magazine Lufthansa Exclusive. For more information about Lufthansa Miles & More offers, please click here.


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This is a selected list of appraisal and building terms which assessing officials and their staff may encounter in their work. It is not, therefore, a complete list of terms used in appraisal and building construction. Some terms have been omitted because their meanings are common knowledge; others have been omitted because it is believed they will seldom, if ever, be encountered.
4-3-2-1 Rule - Rule that states that the first 25% of depth represents 40% of the value; the second 25%, 30% of the values; the third 25%, 20% of the value; and the final 25%, 10% of the value.
65/35 Rule - Rule states that the value of a triangular lot with its base on the facing street will be approximately 65% of that of a rectangular lot of the same frontage and depth. The value of the triangular lot with its apex on the facing street will be 35% of that of a rectangular lot of the same frontage and depth.
Abstraction Method - Method of land valuation whereby improvement values obtained from the cost model are subtracted from sales prices of improved parcels to yield residual land value estimates.
Accessory building - A building subordinate to and used in conjunction with a principal or main building. Accessory buildings include barns, cribs, sheds, and private garages.
Ad Valorem Tax - Tax levied based on the value of an item. The property tax is an ad valorem tax.
Adaptive Estimation Procedure (AEP) - A computerized procedure using properties of which sales prices are known to produce a model that can be used to value properties for which sales prices are not known. Also called feedback.
Adjusted Sale Price - The sale price adjusted, as necessary, for the effects of time, financing, and personal property.
Adjustments - Modifications in the reported value of a variable, such as sale price. These adjustments can be used to estimate market value in the sale comparison approach, for example, by adjustments for differences between comparable and subject properties.
Age/Life - A method of estimating accrued depreciation based on the age of the property and its economic life. Another term is straight line depreciation.
Allocation Method - Method of land valuation used in the absence of vacant land sales, by using a typical ratio of land to improvement value
Amortization Rate - The ratio of the periodic amortization payment to the total principal amount to be amortized; corresponds to a sinking fund factor or rate; the difference between the mortgage (annual) constant (RM) and the nominal rate of interest (I).
Amortization Schedule - A schedule of debt repayment specifying the timing and amount of payments; a program of retiring debt through the scheduled, systematic repayment of principal.
Amortization - The process of retiring a debt or recovering a capital investment through scheduled, systematic repayment of principal; a program of periodic contributions to a sinking fund or debt retirement fund.
Anchor Bolt - A bolt embedded in a building foundation for use in fastening the building superstructure to the foundation.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR) - The effective annual interest rate. Truth in lending legislation requires that loan instruments and advertising show the interest cost to the borrower in the form of an annual rate, as distinguished from the nominal rate.
Anticipation - Market value accounts for the present worth of future benefits or detriments associated with the ownership of property.
Appraisal Date - The date as of which the assessments for a tax year are made.
Appraised Value - An estimate of the actual value of a property before the application of the legal assessment ratio and partial exemptions.
Apron - The wood trim beneath a window sill; also applied to concrete or blacktop area adjoining a building or loading dock.
Arable Land - Land suitable for cultivation.
Arm's-Length Sale - A sale between two unrelated parties, each of whom is reasonably knowledgeable of market conditions and under no undue pressure to buy or sell.
Ashlar - Cut stone laid in a definite pattern but seldom in regular courses.
Assessed Value - The monetary amount that a property is entered on the assessment roll for purposes of computing the tax levy. Assessed values differ from the assessor's estimate of actual value for three major reasons; fractional assessment ratios, partial exemptions, and decisions by assessing officials to override market value estimates.
Assessment Date - The status date for tax purposes. Appraised values reflect the status of the property and any partially completed construction as of this date. (October 1-Pretax year)
Assessment Level - The common or overall ratio of assessed values to market values.
Assessor - The head of an assessment jurisdiction, which may be an elected or appointed position.
Attribute - Characteristic, of a property.
Balance - The principle of balance as used in appraising is that the greatest value in property will occur when the type and size of improvements and uses are proportional to each other as well as to the land.
Balloon Framing -Frame construction in which studs are fastened together in such manner as to form a continuous or single piece from floor to roof rather than using heavy timbers joined by mortises and tenons. Commonly used in barns.
Baluster - A small pillar or column supporting a coping or handrail.
Balustrade - An ornamental railing or parapet made of coping or a handrail and balusters.
Band Of Investment - A technique in which cash flow rates attributable to components of a capital investment are weighted and combined to derive a weighted average rate attributable to the total investment.
Base Line - A principle east-west line in the rectangular land survey system.
Baseboard - A trim board at the floor line of an interior wall.
Base-Lot Method - A method of appraising land parcels whereby each parcel to be appraised is compared with a parcel of known value, called the base lot.
Batten - A narrow piece of lumber commonly used to cover seam between two boards.
Bay Window - A window forming a recess in a room, and projecting beyond the regular exterior walls of a building.
Bay - A principal division or compartment of a building marked off by columns, pillars, or similar structural parts.
Beam - A principal horizontal load carrying structural member of a building.
Bowstring Truss - A roof or floor support having the form of a bow or arch.
Building Capitalization Rate (RB) – (1) The rate used to convert building income into an indication of building value in certain residual techniques or in a band of investment. (2) The ratio of building income to building value.
Building Residual Technique - A capitalization technique in which the net operating income attributable to improvements is isolated and capitalized by the building capitalization rate (RB) to indicate the improvements' contribution to total property value. When the improvements' value is added to the land value, a total property value is estimated.
Built-Up Method - A method of identifying the basic elements of compensable contribution in the development of a discount rate or capitalization rate. There are four basic components of a discount or capitalization rate; the pure or riskless rate, management, non-liquidity, and risk.
Built-Up Rate - An overall capitalization rate or a discount rate that represents the combination of a safe, or risk-free, rate and rates that reflect other factors, e.g., non-liquidity, management, risk.
Bundle of Rights - The six basic rights associated with the private ownership of property; right to use, sell, rent or lease, enter or leave, give away, and refuse to do any of these.
Buttress - A support built into and projecting from a masonry exterior wall to give additional strength to the wall.
BX Wiring- Electrical cable in flexible metal conduit.
Cadastral Map - A map displaying property ownership boundaries, dimensions, and other useful information, such as parcel identification numbers.
Capitalization of Ground Rent - Method of estimating land value in the absence of comparable sales; applicable to farmland and commercial land leased on a net basis.
Capitalization of Income Method - Method of estimating accrued depreciation similar to the sales comparison method except that values based on the income approach are used instead of comparable sales.
Capitalization Rate - The ratio between net income and value. The current value of a property can be estimated by dividing its current or stabilized net income by the appropriate capitalization rate.
Capitalization Rate - Any rate used to convert income into value.
Carrara Glass - Heavy exterior structural glass commonly colored black.
Casement - A hinged window frame, commonly made so window will open outward.
Cash Equivalency Analysis - The procedure in which the sale prices of comparable properties sold with atypical financing terms are adjusted to reflect typical market terms.
Cash Equivalent - A price expressed in terms of cash, as distinguished from a price expressed totally or partly in terms of the face amounts of notes or other securities that cannot be sold at their face amounts.
Cash Flow Analysis - A study of the anticipated movement of cash in or out of real estate.
Cash Flow - The periodic income attributable to the interests in real property. See also, after-tax cash flow (ATCF); pre-tax cash flow (PTCF).
Change - The tendency of the social and economic forces affecting supply and demand to alter over time, thus influencing market value.
Chimney - An upright shaft of a fireproof enclosure for disposing of smoke or waste gas. A chimney may contain one or more flues.
Clapboard - Exterior wall wood siding with one edge thicker than the other. Also called lap siding.
Column - A heavy upright structural member carrying building weight.
Comparative Unit Method - (1) The most widely used method of cost estimating. Direct and indirect costs are summed and divided by an appropriate unit to derive a cost per unit. (2) A method of appraising land parcels in which an average or typical value is estimated for each stratum of land.
Competition - The potential to make a profit or get a bargain (when markets are not in equilibrium) attracts new suppliers and sellers. For a while, the addition of new suppliers will tend to lower prices and the increase in buyers will tend to raise prices. In time, however, production will match demand and prices will stabilize.
Conduit - A pipe or tube enclosing electrical wires, also a pipe or tunnel carrying water or enclosing pipes.
Conformity - The value of a property depends in part on its relationship to its surroundings. Value is created and sustained when the characteristics of a property conform to the demands of its market. Progression in value occurs when, the value of a lesser-quality property is favorably affected by the presence of a better-quality property; regression in value occurs when the value of a better-quality property is affected adversely by the presence of a lesser-quality property.
Consistent Use - Consistent use is the concept that land should -not be valued on the basis of one use, while the improvements are valued on the basis of another.
Contribution - The value of property component is measured in terms of its contribution to the value of the whole, rather than by its cost alone.
Conversion Factor - A multiplier used to bring costs and valuations into conformity with established standards as of a specified date.
Coping - The top covering of an exterior wall, commonly masonry, to give the wall a finished appearance and to shed water.
Corner Influence - An effect on value found most often in commercial properties because of greater case of entry and exit, accessibility to higher volume of traffic and increased show-window and advertising space.
Cornice - An ornamental projection at the top of exterior wall of a building.
Cost Approach - The method of estimating the value of property by: (1) estimating the cost of construction based on replacement or reproduction cost new or trended historical cost (often adjusted by a local multiplier); (2) subtracting depreciation; and, (3) adding the estimated land value. The land value is most frequently determined by the sales comparison approach.
Cost Index - An index showing the variations in construction costs over time.
Cost Manual - Cost manual is a set of cost factors organized in schedules or tables, with instructions for their use.
Cost of Development - A method that projects improvements to the land, estimates the total revenues and development costs, and calculates the value residual to the land after subtraction of all costs, expenses, and profit.
Cost to Cure - Estimated cost to correct or replace a component or defect within a property.
Course - A continuous horizontal layer of stone, brick, or other building material of uniform thickness in a building.
Curable - That part of depreciation that can be revised by correcting deferred maintenance and remodeling to relieve functional obsolescence.
Curable Depreciation - Items of physical deterioration and functional obsolescence that are economically feasible to cure. See Also curable functional obsolescence; curable physical deterioration.
Curable Functional Obsolescence - An element of accrued depreciation; a curable defect caused by a defect in the structure, materials or design.
Curable Physical Deterioration - An element of accrued depreciation; a curable defect caused by deferred maintenance.
Curtain Wall - A wall which does not support any of the building weight other than its own weight. A curtain may be removed and the building frame would still stand.
Date of Sale (date of transfer) - The date upon which the sale is agreed. This is considered to be the date the deed, or other instrument of transfer, is signed.
Debt Coverage Ratio (DCR) - The ratio of net operating income to annual debt service (DCR=NOI/IM). Also called debt service coverage ratio (DSCR).
Debt Coverage - The ability of a property to meet its debt service out of net operating income.
Debt Sevice (IM) - The periodic payment that covers interest on and retirement of the outstanding principal of the mortgage loan. Also called mortgage debt service.
Debt - (1) One of two characteristic types of investment, the other being equity. The debt investor expects a priority of claim on investment earnings and looks for security in the form of a lien on the assets involved. Debt investors participate in bonds or mortgages and receive fixed or variable interest on investment with repayment of the principal upon maturity. (2) Money borrowed, usually for a specified period of time, which may be secured or unsecured.
Demand - Schedule showing the amount of a good or service that would be purchased at various prices during a given period.
Depreciation - The loss in value to property, after construction or purchase.
Depreciation Schedules - Tables used in mass appraisal that show the typical loss in value at various ages or effective ages for different types of properties.
Depreciation - The difference between the value of a building (or other improvement) and the cost of replacement at the same date.
Depth Factor - Standard, mechanical technique for determining the values of an urban land lot having certain depth from the value of a base lot having different dimensions.
Direct Capitalization – (1) The method used to convert an estimate of a single year's income expectancy or an annual average of several of several year's income expectancies into an indication of value in one direct step, either by dividing the income estimate by an appropriate rate or by multiplying the income estimate by an appropriate factor. (2) A capitalization technique that utilizes capitalization rates and multipliers extracted from sales. Only the first year's income is considered. Yield and value change are implied but not identified.
Direct Cost - Cost incurred in construction on the site. For example: materials, labor, supervision and utilities.
Discounted Cash Flow ( DCF) Analysis - A set of procedures in which the quantity, variability, timing and duration of periodic income, as well as the quantity and timing of reversions, are specified and discounted to a present value at a specified yield.
Divided Rights - Rights to property that have been divided among several owners in partnerships, joint tenancy, tenancy in common, and time-sharing.
Drop Siding - Tongue and groove wood siding forming a weather tight wall used as sheathing and siding.
Drywall - Interior wall constructed of material other than plaster, such as wallboard, fiberboard, plywood, or other similar material.
Economic (External) Obsolescence - A cause of depreciation that is a loss in value as a result of impairment inutility and desirability caused by factors outside the property's boundaries.
Economic Life (years) - The period of time during which buildings or other improvements on a property are expected to contribute positively to the value of the total property. At the end of this period, the improvements are normally demolished and replaced.
Economic Rent - See market rent.
Effective Age - The typical age of a structure with respect to condition and utility, as of the appraisal date.
Effective Age - Computed or estimated age caused by modernization or alterations which increase the life expectancy of the building or by adverse conditions which decrease the life expectancy of the building.
Effective Gross Income (EGI) - The anticipated income from all operations of real property adjusted for vacancy and collection losses.
Effective Gross Income Multiplier (EGIM) - The ratio between sale price or value and effective gross income; a single year's EGI expectancy or an annual average of several year's EGI expectancies. (EGIM=V/EGI).
Effective Interest Rate - Interest per dollar per period; the nominal annual interest rate divided by the number of conversion periods per year; also, the lender's internal rate of return, if no points are paid. Also called effective rate. See also nominal interest rate (I).
Effective Tax Rate - The tax rate expressed as a percentage of market value. It will be different from nominal tax rate when the assessment level is not equal to one.
Ellwood Formula- The mortgage-equity procedure that provides precalculated mortgage coefficients for many combinations of equity yields and various mortgage terms; assumes that income flow is level and that property value increases, decreases, or remains stable.
Engineering Breakdown Method - A detailed age-life method that can be used in conjunction with the quantity-survey or unit-in-place methods of estimating RCN.
Enhancement - Increase in value due to improvements.
Equalization - The process by which an appropriate governmental body attempts to ensure that property under its jurisdiction is appraised equally at market value, or as otherwise required by law.
Equity Capitalization Rate (RE) - An income rate that reflects the relationship between a single year's pre-tax cash flow expectancy, or an annual average of several years' pre-tax cash flow expectancies, and the equity investment; used in direct capitalization to convert pre-tax cash flow into an equity value indication. Also called equity dividend rate, cash on cash rate, and cash flow rate (RE = pre-tax cash flow/equity).
Equity Ratio (1-M) - The ratio of down payment to total price; the fraction of the investment that is unencumbered by debt.
Exposed Beam Construction - A type of construction in which the roof is supported by heavy structural timbers rather than conventional rafters and in which the roof supports are exposed to the interior. This type of construction gives a rustic appearance.
Fee Simple Absolute (fee simple) - In land ownership, complete interest in a property, subject only to governmental powers.
Fee Simple Estate - Absolute ownership unencumbered by any other interest or estate subject only to the four powers of government.
Firewall - A wall constructed of fire resistant material to prevent the spread of fire within a building or between buildings. Exterior firewalls commonly extend above the roof of the building.
Fixture - An item of equipment that, because of the way it is used, the way it is attached, or both, has become an integral part of a building, or other improvement. Once the fixture becomes an integral part of the building, it is classified as real property.
Flashing - Strips (usually metal) used at roof openings to make roofing joints waterproofed.
Flexicore - A hollow core precast reinforced concrete plank.
Flue - The lining of a chimney, commonly tile or metal.
Fractional Assessment - Assessments that by law or by practice have assessment ratio/levels different from one.
Fractional Section - A subdivision of a Township containing more or less than 640 acres of land. Typically accounting for the overage or deficiency in acreage is done on the north and/or west side of a section, and Fractional Sections are found on the north and/or west side of a Township.
Front Foot - A piece of land one foot wide abutting a street or highway and extending back the full depth of the parcel.
Functional Obsolescence - A cause of depreciation which is a loss in value due to inability of the structure to perform adequately, the function for which it is used, as of the appraisal date.
Functional Utility - The ability of improvements to satisfy market standards and demands.
Furring - Thin strips of wood, metal, or brick fastened to a wall or beam to level a surface for lathing, plastering attaching an additional surface, or for making an air space. - F - Fee Simple Absolute (fee simple) - In land ownership, complete interest in a property, subject only to governmental powers.
Fee Simple Estate - Absolute ownership unencumbered by any other interest or estate subject only to the four powers of government.
Firewall - A wall constructed of fire resistant material to prevent the spread of fire within a building or between buildings. Exterior firewalls commonly extend above the roof of the building.
Fixture - An item of equipment that, because of the way it is used, the way it is attached, or both, has become an integral part of a building, or other improvement. Once the fixture becomes an integral part of the building, it is classified as real property.
Flashing - Strips (usually metal) used at roof openings to make roofing joints waterproofed.
Flexicore - A hollow core precast reinforced concrete plank.
Flue - The lining of a chimney, commonly tile or metal.
Fractional Assessment - Assessments that by law or by practice have assessment ratio/levels different from one.
Fractional Section - A subdivision of a Township containing more or less than 640 acres of land. Typically accounting for the overage or deficiency in acreage is done on the north and/or west side of a section, and Fractional Sections are found on the north and/or west side of a Township.
Front Foot - A piece of land one foot wide abutting a street or highway and extending back the full depth of the parcel.
Functional Obsolescence - A cause of depreciation which is a loss in value due to inability of the structure to perform adequately, the function for which it is used, as of the appraisal date.
Functional Utility - The ability of improvements to satisfy market standards and demands.
Furring - Thin strips of wood, metal, or brick fastened to a wall or beam to level a surface for lathing, plastering attaching an additional surface, or for making an air space.
Geographic Information System (GIS) - One type of computerized mapping system capable of integrating spatial data (land information) and attribute data among different layers on a base map.
Girder - A structural member supported at both ends and designed to carry a load.
Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM) - The relationship or ratio between sale price or value and gross rental income.
Gross Rental Basis - Refers to a lease by which the lessor pays all operating expenses for the real estate.
Ground Area - Total area of enclosed portion of a building computed from exterior measurements taken at top of foundation.
Gunite - Concrete blown into place by compressed air.
- H -Header - A layer of brick or stone in a building wall with the short face to the front.
Highest and Best Use - Most profitable use at a specific time, given legal, physical and financial limitations.
Historical Cost - The original cost of a building, improvement, or personal property, as opposed to the current replacement, or reproduction cost.
IAAO - International Association of Assessing Officers.
Income Approach - The method of estimating the value of a property based on income capitalization. Income figures should reflect current market conditions and typical management.
Income Rate - A measure of investment that reflects the ratio of one year's income or the annual average of several years' income to value, e.g., overall capitalization rates (R0), equity capitalization rate (RE), mortgage constant (RM). Also called cash flow rate.
Incurable - A part of depreciation where it is not economical to correct the condition, and if corrected, the cost of correcting the condition exceeds the value.
Indirect Costs - Costs incurred in construction away from the site. For example: fees, permits, insurance and loans.
Intangible Personal Property - Rights over tangible real and personal property, but not rights of use and possession, for example, notes, bonds, stocks, patents, mortgages, copyrights, and insurance policies.
Inwood Annuity Capitalization - A traditional technique in which present value factors, or Inwood coefficients, from standard compound interest tables are used to discount a stream of level income to present worth; an annuity that can be capitalized with an Inwood factor, or coefficient.
Inwood Annuity - An ordinary level income stream.
Inwood Factor - A factor that reflects the present worth of $1 per period for a given number of periods, discounted at a given discount rate; obtained by calculation or from standard compound interest tables. Also called Inwood coefficient.
Inwood Premise - The premise stating that the present value of an income stream is derived by applying a single discount rate.
Jamb - Upright side of a doorway, window, or fireplace.
Joist - Timber to which flooring or ceiling laths are fastened.
Kellastone - Stucco exterior wall material with crushed rock finish and magnesite base.
Land Capitalization Rate(RL) - (1) The rate used to covert land income into an indication of land value in certain residual techniques or in a band of investment. (2) The ratio of land income to land value.
Land Description Systems - commonly referred to as legal descriptions, are written descriptions of the physical boundaries of property rights.
Land Residual Technique - A capitalization technique in which the net operating income attributable to the land is isolated and capitalized to indicate the land's contribution to total property value.
Lap Siding - Exterior wall siding with one edge thicker than the other, also called clapboard.
Law of Variable Proportions - Often called law of decreasing returns or the law of proportionality, which states that when the quantity of one productive service is increased by equal increments, the quantities of other productive services remaining fixed, the resulting increment of product will decrease after a certain point.
Lease Interest - One of the real property interests that results from the separation of the bundle of rights by a lease, i.e., the leased fee estate or the leasehold estate.
Leased Fee Estate - An ownership interest held by a landlord with the right of use and occupancy conveyed by lease to others; the rights of lessor or the leased fee owner and leased fee are specified by contract terms contained within the lease.
Leasehold Estate - The right to use and occupy real estate for a stated term and under certain conditions; conveyed by lease.
Lessee - One who has the right to use or occupy a property under a lease agreement; the leaseholder or tenant.
Lessor - One who holds property title and conveys the right to use and occupy the property under a lease agreement; the leased fee owner or landlord.
Lien - The legal right to take or hold property of a debtor as payment or security for a debt.
Lintel - Horizontal piece of timber, stone, or metal over doorway or window supporting the wall above the doorway or window.
Live Load - The weight carried by a floor by use including machinery, equipment, materials and persons.
Load Bearing Wall - A wall, which supports not only its own weight, but that of the walls and roof above it. A load-bearing wall, in contrast to a curtain wall, cannot be removed without destroying the building.
Local Multiplier - An adjustment to replacement or reproduction cost new or historical cost, to reflect local costs.
Long-Lived Items - Items that are the basic structure of a building and are not usually replaced during economic life. For example: foundation, roof structure, and framing.
Lot and Block Survey - A plat in which a larger parcel of land is subdivided into small units for the purpose of sale. Conveyances need to refer only to the lot, block, and plat book designation.
Louver - A ventilator built of slats slanted so as to admit air but to prevent water, snow, and other foreign ojects from entering the opening. The slats may be movable or rigid.
Market Value - The most probable sale price of a property in terms of money in a competitive and open market, assuming that the buyer and seller are acting prudently and knowledgeably, allowing sufficient time for the sale, and assuming that the transaction is not affected by undue stimuli.
Marquee - Covering over the entrance to a theater, hotel, or store. A marquee usually is supported by supports from-the building.
Mass Appraisal - The systematic appraisal of groups of properties as of a given date using standardized procedures and statistical testing.
Meridian - A principle north-south line in the rectangular land survey system.
Metes and Bounds - A land description system in which boundaries are described as distances between two semi-permanent points or as lines following compass bearings.
Mill Type Construction - Heavy appearing structure with masonry load bearing walls, heavy wood framing, and heavy plank or laminated flooring.
Millage, Mill Rate - One mill is one-thousandth of one dollar or one-tenth of one cent. Used as a rate to calculate amount of taxes.
Model - Mathematical equations used to analyze quantities of data. Most of the models used in real estate appraisal are based on one of the three approaches to value.
Model Calibration - The development of adjustments, or coefficients based on sales analysis, that identifies specific factors that have an actual effect on market value.
Model Specification - The formal development of a model in a statement or equation, based on data analysis and appraisal theory.
Monitor Roof - A comparatively small roof structure built on the main roof to provide light and ventilation. Monitors are found mostly in barns, sheds, and industrial buildings.
Monolithic Concrete - Poured (solid) concrete.
Mortgage Constant (RM) - The capitalization rate for debt; the ratio of the annual debt service to the principle amount of the mortgage loan. Also called mortgage capitalization rate (RM = debt service/ mortgage principal).
Mortgage Debt Service (IM) - The periodic payment for interest on and retirement of the principal of a mortgage loan.
Mortgage Requirement - The periodic level payment, or installment, required for debt service, i.e., interest plus principal. on a direct reduction loan. See also mortgage constant (RM).
Mortice - A rectangular hole in one piece of wood cut to receive a projection on another piece, so as to form a Joint
Mud Sill Foundation - A foundation constructed of heavy timbers laid on the ground.
Mullion - Upright divider between windowpanes, or a series of joined doors, or panels.
Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) - A statistical technique similar to correlation used to analyze data in order to predict the value of one variable (dependent), such as market value, from the known values of other variables (independent) such as lot size, number of rooms, etc.
MVS - Marshal Valuation Service, published by Marshall Swift.
Neighborhood - The environment of a subject property that has a direct and immediate impact on its value.
Neighborhood Analysis - A study of the relevant forces that influence property values within the boundaries of a homogenous area.
Net Income - The income expected from a property, after deduction of allowable expenses.
Net Present Value (NPV) - The difference, if any between the present value of all expected benefits or positive cash flows, and the present value of capital outlays, or negative cash flows.
Newel Post - The post at the foot of a stairway, or in a winding stairway, the central, post around which the stairway winds.
Nominal Interest Rate (I) - A stated or contract rate; an interest rate, usually annual, that does not necessarily correspond to the true or effective rate of growth at compound interest; e.g., a true or effective 1% monthly interest rate may be called a nominal, annual interest rate of 12%, although true growth with monthly compounding amounts to slightly more than 12.68% per year. See also effective interest rate.
Nominal Tax Rate - A mathematical expression of the relationship between the tax levy and the total assessment for a jurisdiction. (Levy divided by assessment = nominal tax rate.)
Observed Condition Breakdown Method - This method breaks down depreciation into all its various components; curable physical deterioration, incurable short-lived-item physical deterioration, incurable basis structure (long-lived items) physical deterioration, curable functional obsolescence, incurable functional obsolescence, and economic (external) obsolescence.
Obsolescence - Loss in property value due to causes other than physical deterioration such as becoming out of date, excess of supply over demand, or loss in desirability and use for the specific type of property.
Overall Age/Life Method - Method of estimating accrued depreciation based on straight-line depreciation in which the building is assumed to depreciate by a constant percentage each year over its economic life.
Overall Capitalization Rate ( RO) - An income rate for a total real property interest that reflects the relationship between a single years' net operating income expectancy or an annual average of several years' income expectancies, and total price or value; used to convert net operating income into an indication of overall property value (RO=NOI/V).
Over-improvement - A building having a value in excess of that which the value of the land on which it is built justifies.
PAAA - Property Appraisal and Assessment Administration.
Parapet - A low wall at the edge of a roof, balcony, or terrace. May be an extension of the exterior wall above the roof.
Parcel - An area of land capable of being conveyed by a single legal description. A single piece of land under one ownership. May be a lot or acreage.
Parcel Identifiers - A code, usually numerical, representing a specific land parcel's legal description.
Parquet Floor - Flooring consisting of wood blocks laid in adhesive material in systematic (commonly colored) patterns.
Party Wall - A wall common to and separating two buildings.
Patio - An outside floor area, without roof, constructed of brick, tile, stone, state, or other similar material, usually adjoining a house and used as an outdoor living area. Same as a terrace.
Personal Property - Property that is not real is personal. Characteristic of personal property is its movability without damage to itself or the real estate.
Physical Deterioration - A cause of depreciation which is a loss in value due to wear and tear and the forces of nature.
Pier - Blocks of concrete, stone, or wood used in lieu of a foundation wall to support a building.
Pilaster - An upright column or pillar projecting from an exterior wall to provide added support to the wall, particularly at points of load concentration.
Planimeter - A mechanical device for measuring areas of plane surfaces by following property lines with a needle on the instrument. In appraisal and assessment work it is valuable for determining the acreage of parcels, particularly of irregular shaped parcels.
Pole Building - A building in which poles are placed upright in the ground and serve as the foundation and as the framework the building.
Price - Amount paid for an item.
Principal Building - A main building such as a residence, apartment building, motel, commercial or industrial building.
Private Encumbrances - Private hindrances that affect value and sale price such as: easements, condominium controls, and deed or subdivision restrictions.
Property - An aggregate of things, or rights to things, which are protected by law. There are two basic types of property: real, and personal.
Property Record Card - Card on which description and measurements of each parcel of land and buildings thereon are recorded, and on which the valuation Of the property is computed.
Property Tax Levy - The total amount of money to be raised from the property tax as set forth in the budget of a taxing jurisdiction.
Qualitative - Pertaining to the subjective nature of some variable of interest. For example, view, fire protection, quality, or site/location.
Quantitative - Pertaining to the objective nature of some variable of interest. It can be measured or counted with little ambiguity. For example, number of bathrooms, year built, additions, or size.
Quantity Survey Method - Method of cost estimating which requires complete itemization of all construction, labor, and material costs by components and subcomponents and all indirect costs.
Quarter Section - A subdivision of a Section containing 160 acres more or less, described by referencing the center point in the Section, i.e. the NE 1/4 is north and east of the center point.
Rafter - A beam, usually sloping, supporting a roof.
Ramp - An inclined runway or walkway.
Range Lines - Lines in succeeding six-mile increments on either side of a Meridian.
Ratio Study - A study of the relationship between appraised values and market values. Indicators of market values may be either sales, or independent appraisals. The common interest in ratio studies is the level and uniformity of the appraisals.
RCN - Replacement cost new / reproduction cost new.
Real Estate - The physical parcel of land and all improvements permanently attached.
Real Property - The rights, interests, and benefits connected with real estate.
Recapture Rate - The annual rate at which capital investment is returned to an investor over a specified period; the annual amount, in addition to interest or return on interest (compound interest), which can be recaptured from an investment, divided by the original amount invested. The term was once mainly used in reference to wasting assets. A recapture rate now applies to situations in which some regular annual income may be provided to compensate for loss in invested capital. When capital is recovered gradually through income, the recapture rate is the difference between the income rate for the interest being appraised and the required internal rate of return on the capital invested in that interest. It can be positive, negative, or zero.
Reconciliation, Correlation - the final step in the appraisal process which resolves the differences that result from the application of the three approaches to value.
Rectangular Coordinates - A land description system where boundaries are described as lines running from points on a X and Y grid.
Rectangular Land Surveys - Land description systems based on permanent, uniformly sized rectangular grids which can be subdivided into smaller units of land.
Regular Section - A one square mile subdivision of a township containing 640 acres.
Remaining Economic Life - The number of years remaining in the economic life of a structure as of the appraisal date, and provides a basis for estimating replacement cost new less depreciation.
Replacement Cost - The cost of constructing a substitute structure of equal utility using current materials, design and standards.
Reproduction Cost - The cost of constructing a replica, or identical structure, using the same materials, construction standards, design and quality of workmanship.
Riser - Upright part of a stair step.
Risk Analysis - Quantitative methods that assess risk according to probable occurrence. See also probability analysis; utility functions.
Risk Factor - The portion of a given return or rate of return from capital invested in an enterprise that is assumed to cover the risks associated with the particular investment; as distinguished from, and in excess of, the return or rate obtainable from funds invested where the safety of principal is virtually assured.
Risk Rate - The annual rate of return on capital that is commensurate with the risk assumed by the investor; the rate of interest or yield necessary to attract capital.
Risk - The probability that foreseen events will not occur. See also probability; uncertainty.
Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate - In risk analysis, a discount rate that includes all of the elements of risk associated with an income stream for a specified period and adjusted to offset additional term risk.
Romex Wiring - Electrical cable in flexible non-metallic conduit.
Rurban Land - Small tracts of land having both urban and rural characteristics, and located outside of the corporate limits of a town, village, or city and outside of densely populated outlying subdivisions.
Safe Rate - The rate that can be obtained on an investment with maximum safety and minimum risk.
Sale Price - The price for which a property was sold.
Sale Ratio/Assessment Ratio - The ratio of an appraised (or assessed value) to the sale price, or adjusted sale price of a property.
Sales Comparison Approach - Method of estimating accrued deprecation through the comparison of sale prices of similar properties.
Sales Comparison Method - Method of estimating the value of a property based on an analysis of sales of similar properties.
Sales Ratio Study - A ratio study that uses sales prices as proxies for market values.
Sash - A frame for holding panes of glass in a window or door.
Saw Tooth Roof - A roof whose cross section resembles the teeth of a saw. The vertical side of the roof has windows to provide ventilation and light.
Separated Rights - Rights to property that have been separated by deed such as: air, mineral, water, and leaseholds.
Sheathing - The inner covering placed next to the studding or rafters of the walls or roof of a building.
Shed Roof - A lean-to single slope roof.
Sheetrock - Trade name for drywall sheets with a gypsum base and paper covering.
Short-Lived Items - Items of a structure which have a shorter life than the basic structure. For example: roofing, water heaters, floor covering and interior finish.
Siding - Finished exterior wall of a frame building.
Sill - The bottom horizontal member of a window or door.
Single Property Appraisal - systematic appraisal of properties one at a time
Sinking Fund Factor (1/Sn) - The compound interest factor that indicates the amount per period that will grow, with compound interest, to $1.
Sinking Fund - A fund in which periodic deposits of equal amounts of money are accumulated to pay a debt or replace assets; usually designed to receive equal annual or monthly deposits that will accumulate, with compound interest, to a predetermined sum at the end of a stated period of time.
Site Amenities - The specific location-related attributes of a property; such as topography, utilities, street traffic, view, etc.
Situs - The physical location of property.
Sleeper - Strips of lumber fastened to the sub-floor for fastening finish flooring to and for providing a dead air space beneath the flooring.
Span - The horizontal distance between supports, as for an arch or roof.
Spandrel Beam - A beam between two columns for carrying the exterior wall of a building.
Spandrel - The triangular space between the curves of an arch and the straight line construction above the curves.
Split-Level House- A house with living area on two or more floors separated by about one-half standard story of height.
Sprinkler System - A fire protection system consisting of overhead water pipes and nozzles so installed and regulated that water is sprayed automatically over the protected area when the temperature in the area reached a predetermined point.
Stile - Upright piece in the frame of a door or window.
Stratify - For purposes of analysis, to divide a sample of observations into two or more subsets, according to some criterion, or set of criteria.
Studding - Upright framework to which walls of a building are attached.
Sub floor - Rough flooring laid on floor joists to form a base for finish flooring.
Substitution - A property's value tends to be set by the potential cost of acquiring or producing an equally desirable substitute property.
Substructure - The part of a building below the top of the foundation.
Superstructure - The part of a building above the top of a foundation.
Supply - A schedule showing the amount of a good or service that would be offered for sale at various prices during a given period.
Surplus Productivity - The income from a property remaining after the costs of labor, management, and capital have been paid. This income is attributable to the land.
Suspended Ceiling - A ceiling hung below the ceiling joists.
Tax Map -A map showing all lots and tracts of land in their relative size, shape, and location. Also known as plat map, or property location map.
Tenon - The end of a piece of wood cut so as to fit into a hole in another piece of wood, and so form a joint.
Terra Cotta - A clay and fine sand structural product used mainly-for facings and ornamentation.
Terrace - An outside floor area, without roof, constructed of concrete, brick tile, stone, slate, or other similar material, usually adjoining a house and used as an outdoor living area. Same as a patio.
Terrazzo - A highly polished flooring made of wet cement and marble chips.
Through Lot - A lot abutting two parallel, or approximately parallel, streets.
Tilt-Up Construction - Concrete exterior wall construction in which precast reinforced concrete sections are lifted into position in the wall. This type of construction is sometimes found in commercial and industrial buildings.
Time-Adjusted Sale Price - An amount of money, or the value of a commodity in dollars, expected to be receivable in the future is always worth less than an equal amount actually in hand at the present.
Tongue and Groove - Lumber (usually flooring or siding) or other building material in which one edge has a projecting tongue and the opposite edge has a groove that fits over the tongue of matching material to form a locked joint.
Township - An approximately 36 square mile division of land employed in the Rectangular Land Survey System. Townships are bounded by two successive Range Lines on the east and west and two successive Township Lines on the north and south.
Township Lines - Lines in succeeding six mile increments on either side of a Base Line.
Tract - A single piece of land under one ownership. Maybe a lot or acreage. Same as parcel.
Transite - Building material made of asbestos fibers and cement under pressure.
Transom - A low window opening above a door or another window.
Tread - The top, or horizontal, part of a stair step.
Truss - A series of beams, bars and similar structural members assembled into an open web pattern to support a roof or floor, itself supported at both ends.
Under-improvement - A building having a value less than that which the value of the land on which it is built justifies.
Unit Foot Value - The value of a piece of land one foot wide abutting a street or highway and extending back from the front the standard lot depth.
Unit Front Foot - A piece of land one foot wide abutting a street or highway and extending back from the front the standard lot depth.
Unit Heater - A complete heating unit, without ducts, for heating the area in which it is located, such as a room or other part less than the complete area, of a building.
Unit Land Value Map - A map showing the value of land per unit front toot, square foot, or acre in an assessment area.
Wainscot - The lower part of an interior wall (approximately four feet high) when finished different from the remainder of the wall, as with tile.
Wall Ratio - Relationship of the exterior walls (perimeter) of a building to the ground area of the building. The wall ratio is used for determining the base unit cost of commercial and industrial buildings, and is found by dividing the square feet of the building ground area by the perimeter of the exterior walls.
Wallboard - An interior wall and ceiling fiber material cut into sheets for use in place of plaster.


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The building that is now known as 24th Street Cafe was originally opened as Cy's Coffee Shop in 1950. 24th street Cafe was established in 1987 by Mark Huggs a local third generation restaurateur. 24th Street Cafe has always been a happy place for hungry people!
"I do love it when a restaurant is so good, yet priced so reasonably, that regular visits are affordable."
Pete Tittl, Bakersfield Californian Reviewer
For more reviews click here.
The crew of the new Star Trek calls 24th Street Cafe - "The best breakfast in town". Check it out...
Available "TO-GO" or stop by for breakfast or lunch. Open daily from 6am to 2:30pm. TO-GO orders available Monday-Thursday only.
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