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Offering Info
Certificate II in Kitchen Operations
- National Course Code: SIT20416
- TAFE NSW code: SIT20416-01V01-20WWG-012
Location – Wagga Wagga
Study Type
Full Time
Course Start Date
19 Feb 2020
Hours Per Week
16 Weeks
- Nationally Recognised Training
- Traineeship Allowed
- This training is subsidised by the NSW Government
Course Details
This qualification reflects the role of individuals working in kitchens who use a defined and limited range of food preparation and cookery skills to prepare food and menu items. They are involved in mainly routine and repetitive tasks and work under direct supervision. This qualification does not provide the skills required by commercial cooks, which are covered in SIT30816 Certificate III in Commercial Cookery.
This qualification provides a pathway to work in kitchen operations in organisations such as restaurants, hotels, catering operations, clubs, pubs, cafs, and coffee shops; and institutions such as aged care facilities, hospitals, prisons, and schools.
Possible job titles include: breakfast cook catering assistant fast food cook sandwich hand takeaway cook.
No occupational licensing, certification or specific legislative requirements apply to this qualification at the time of publication.
When you study with TAFE NSW, we want you to succeed. Entry requirements allow us to make sure that you have the right pre-existing knowledge and skills to achieve your chosen qualification. You will need to provide evidence that you meet the requirements listed in this section.There are no entry requirements for this qualification.
To successfully complete this course, you will need:
- To achieve competency in each unit attempted
- May need additional work placement that will be discussed with you during orientation
It's all happening at TAFE NSW InfoFest. Register for an information session to broaden your skills set to get ahead. Can't find an Information Session for you? Enquire Online or call 131601.To find out more about this course, meet our teachers and receive information about enrolment and next steps, attend InfoFest on:
Date: Wednesday, 22 January 2020
Time: 10.00am to 5.00pm (anytime drop in)
Location: TAFE NSW Wagga Wagga, Building D, Ground floor, On-course training Restaurant
This is a fulltime face to face course. You will need to attend approximately 17 hours of class, over 3 days a week, for 16 weeks. As well as the in-class component, you will need to complete approximately 2 hours of other study per week.
You may also be required to complete approximately 19 hours of additional study each week outside of class hours, including TAFE Service periods, work experience and private study.
This qualification reflects the role of catering assistants and kitchen hands who use a wide range of cookery skills and knowledge of kitchen operations to prepare food and menu items. Using discretion and judgement under supervision. They work with some independence and under supervision using plans, policies and procedures to guide work activities.
This qualification provides a pathway to work as a catering assistant or kitchen hand in organisations such as restaurants, hotels, catering operations, clubs, pubs, cafes, and coffee shops; and institutions such as aged care facilities, hospitals, prisons, and schools. Possible job titles include: catering assistant and kitchen hand.
There are additional learning and study tools available for this course, including:
- Counselling, Library services and Disability consultations.
We offer student services and study support to ensure you can achieve your goals. Learn about TAFE NSW Student Services
As a TAFE NSW student in this course, you will have access to:
- LinkedIn Learning (formerly Lynda.com)
- Studiosity - online access to a real life tutor
- Easy computing online short courses
- Access to local TAFE libraries
This course is currently scheduled on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday from 9.00am to 4.00pm. This timetable may change and will be confirmed by your teacher.
This course is government-subsidised, meaning you pay a portion of the full course fee to TAFE NSW and the NSW Government will pay the balance. However, you must meet certain eligibility criteria for this to apply.
Depending on your previous qualifications and experience, your fee may be less than the maximum fee quoted. Your actual fee and eligibility for concession/exemption will be calculated and confirmed during the enrolment process. Payment plans are available through TAFE NSW for Smart and Skilled eligible qualifications.
For further information about eligibility and explanations of the different fee categories, visit Are You Eligible?
Further costs in addition to your student fees may be applicable for this qualification. These costs are to provide you with additional resources to support your learning. The following resources can be sourced directly by the student:
- Chefs Uniform (chefs pants, Jacket, Apron, and hat) - $80.00 approximately
- Leather Safety boots - 60.00 approximately
- Futura Text book - $100.00 approximately
Learn about TAFE NSW Fees
Learn about TAFE NSW Payment/Funding
Recognition is a process of acknowledging previously completed qualifications, skills, knowledge or experience relevant to your course. This may reduce the amount of learning required, reduce your course fees and allow you to achieve your qualification faster.
Learn about Recognition at TAFE NSW Recognition
Enrolling with us is easy, though the exact process does depend on your course and any prerequisites that go with it. Be sure to read all course information carefully to make sure it is the right qualification, location and study type for you. Enrol and pay online via our secure payment gateway to secure your place. As you progress through the enrolment process you will be prompted to provide additional information.
For further information or assistance, call 131 601.
Find out more about Applying and Enrolling
Core Units
|Work effectively with others
|Use food preparation equipment
|Prepare dishes using basic methods of cookery
|Use cookery skills effectively
|Clean kitchen premises and equipment
|Use hygienic practices for food safety
|Maintain the quality of perishable items
|Participate in safe work practices
Elective Units
|Prepare and present simple dishes
|Prepare and present sandwiches
|Prepare appetisers and salads
|Show social and cultural sensitivity
|Source and use information on the hospitality industry
Whether you're a school leaver, an aspiring apprentice, looking to kickstart a career, or you're upskilling, reskilling, or re-training, there's a TAFE NSW course to give you the skills you need for the job you want.Enrol Now
Course Location
Wagga Wagga
Macleay & Coleman Streets, Wagga Wagga
Phone 131 601
Download Course Brochure
Enter your details to make an enquiry and receive the course brochure


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subset: commoncrawl


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If you want to keep your important documents or valuables safe, you should consider having a safe-deposit box. But what do you plan to do if you get locked out? As frustrated as you may get, do not attempt to break the safe box, keep in mind you have important things in there.
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Together For Christmas Card
Have a merry time together with the people who matter this holiday season!
This card comes with a matching copper gold envelope.
Blank inside with plenty of space to write thanksgiving & holiday wishes.
Measures approximately 4.25 x 5.5" when closed.
Get it as part of a mixed box set here.


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24 hours may not be enough sometimes to write an excellent essay for assessment. Although it is not impossible to craft an essay in less time. There are some situations when students are asked to write an essay in less than an hour, for example, SATs. With dedicated training, you can write an essay fast and efficiently. Planning is more important than having skills. Even if a skilled person doesn't make a plan he/she will most probably lag behind a person who is working with proper planning. Students can avail essay help to get their essay written by expert writers because they are credibly fast and eminent.
You may be wondering how the professional essay writers are so quick? Following are some secrets for the fastest way to write an essay:
With the help of quick tips and tricks, you will lead flawlessly. You can use these tips normally and most importantly, remember to manage your time. Make a proper plan to write your essay.
- Planning: Management of time is very important to save your time and to be quick in writing your essay. Decide your time limit and accordingly make your schedule by setting time. If you have one hour, then take 5 minutes for brainstorming, 10 minutes for outlining your essay, 10 minutes for introduction, 20 minutes for body paragraphs, 10 minutes for the conclusion and 5 minutes for proofreading and editing. Never forget to revise your paper and checking the overall draft.
- Analyze: Read the prompt of your essay carefully and analyze what is the requirement of your topic. In order to be flawless in your essay writing then emphasize in the beginning so that you don't have to come back forcefully. Brainstorm your ideas with concentration and come up with quick answers. Gather thoughts to write about in your essay. With brainstorming, you will not have trouble during the process.
- Stick to the point: While researching the topic, stick to the main point of topic and look for specific information only. Don't add any irrelevant data just to increase the length of the essay. Moreover, you have less time, so, try to be clear and concise in your words.
- Outline your essay: Spend at least 10 minutes to outline your essay. Break your essay in five paragraphs. First for the introduction and thesis statement, next three for body and last paragraph for the conclusion. Write the main points for everybody paragraph. You can add a quote or any statistical information in the introduction. The thesis statement should comprise all the main points and must clearly give an overview of the whole essay. Just alike thesis statement, in conclusion, the writer has to rephrase the main points. After crafting an outline, you will be left with filling the blank spaces with valuable information.
- Revise: After completing your essay, take at least 5 minutes to revise your essay. Look if there is any type of error in grammar, spellings or punctuation. You can avail essay help to get your essay edited and proofread from experts.
If you will learn this fastest way to write an essay, you will easily deal with the tasks under pressure during your SATs. Moreover, it will save your valuable time that you can use in doing any other productive work.


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As a team we want to invest in the future of the female flatland. Our goal is to draw awareness, welcome new riders and encourage current riders to push the limits of their progression daily. For the year of 2013 we will be doing giveaways and a feature on a beginner flatland rider once a month. If you are a beginner female rider who started flatland in 2012 or later, send Magnolia BMX a picture of you and your bike, tell us about yourself and why you flatland. If you are chosen for a feature we will send you a free shirt. Happy riding in 2013- meet our flatland division below!
Riding came in my life through my brother when I was a kid. It took me on a never ending journey. Taught me passion, acceptance, an open mind for changing and trying something new all the time. The riding itself is an other wonder of life, how it happens, how I understand the movement. Mind, body, bike, surface and nature all together in balance. All holds me strong in body and mind with a lot of up and downs but mostly with a feeling of success and happiness. To be in this situation is all I want, if Possible daily...but it's not possible, so the time of riding is even more valuable. I never understood why so few girls ride. Yes it is difficult and a powerful sport but very sensitive and everyone can find their own way to do it. I'm here now to help all those girls who would like to go on this journey and want to challenge themselves.
- Monika Hinz Europe
I always get motivated from all people who are involved in BMX. They can be a bike shop owner, or a man who just loves to watch BMX riding, or kids, not only BMX riders. I meet lots of people through my BMX life and they are always supportive. I'm always impressed and thank those great meetings. And also, there are lots of female riders in Japan compared to other countries. We can gather 10 or so female riders at one time when we have a jam, not a competition. I always try to motivate them to enjoy and keep riding together. I have got passion to lead Japanese female riders! - Miyuki Dezaki Asia
- Rebecca Pergentile America


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The Surly Big Fat Larry Fat Bike Tire comes in size 26 X 4. the last few years and these days fat bike owners have plenty of great fat bike tires to choose from.
By morning, only a light layer of ice has fallen. The early sunlight treats our surly larry like a greenhouse; growing, glowing, warming until slowly awake.
The final surly larry hour of sleep, cradled in warmth, is the most restful. We like biking and hiking and eating and surlu, but this time of year the sleeping is best.
We love fall weather, but winter is soon to follow. A short section of trail from Breckenridge to Copper Mountain climbs and descends at extreme grades, and is surly larry to involve tandem dirt bike hiking and pushing.
Theres is a paved 16 mile bike path around the Tenmile Range, which we took in search of the next rideable segment of trail. Climbing across ski slopes surly larry away from Copper Mountain, Searle Pass suryl comes into view. A final push over larrry surly larry leads to our camp, in top-of-the-world brilliance.
Just before surly larry the pass, not a single road or building can be seen. On the other side: This is what I like about Colorado.
Alaska allows you to get away, but only through a gauntlet of muskeg, moose and mosquitos, with very few trails and roads for access. The surly larry threat of grizzlies adds to the sense of the wild, and lessens my level of comfort. Alaska is a beautiful idea, but not ideal for comfortable outdoor living. While we tackle immense challenges, hardship is not part of the design. Colorado is surly larry living. The fast-rolling Maxxis CrossMark american made cruiser bicycles great for smooth hard packed trails and dirt roads, but was short of traction and volume on much of the trail.
Her XXIX has some monster tire clearances, palomar bike a 29 surlt 2.
Descending, the suspension fork and the large tires allow her to pick her way through rocky sections without steering around every pebble. surly larry
The surlt is finally becoming a familiar extension for her, despite a few mishaps. No matter how well equipped, a rider must become intimately aware of their bike.
This is why we choose to own and ride only one bike at a time. Surly larry or skill is no match for surly larry.
Searle Pass surly larry the saddle left of center. Many trails become quite rocky above treeline. Gaining the ridge:. Warming light. She has done yoga almost everywhere. Riding, maxxis mammoth tires over Elk Ridge and descending down to Kokomo Pass near 12,ft.
Descending, descending, down to 9,ft feet over several miles of trail. Brakes, cheap warehouse clothing up dirt, pedal and lean, fly; brake, skid, stop. Soon, 10, 9 thousand feet again and climbing. Up, to Tennessee. We both appreciate the value of a lightly packed bike. I was carrying a small cooking system and a two-person tent all summer, so Lzrry only had to show up in Denver with a sleeping bag and pad, as well as some clothing.
A spare tube and tire larfy strapped to the down tube, out of the way. Road bike saddle size is simple, surly larry, and light. Surly larry bike rides like a bike. Other trail riders must think we are lost, or from another decade. I surly larry carrying quite a bit more equipment, but this is exactly surly larry I was carrying all summer.
We carry our own gear in favor of trying to match our paces by re-distributing the load. Just wondering if it is worth ,arry the trouble?
Your post was great, and I found it to surly larry very helpful. Thanks for the post. I just had two flats this past weeekend on my pugs, so I am ready surly larry tubeless now.
Thanks for posting these instructions. I was wondering what your thoughts are on this type of setup with drilled rims. I have been thinking of drilling my surly larry for a while, but if I had to pick I think I would choose tubeless over drilled.
I have the double sruly large directbike rims. Got surly larry fat running tubeless now, Stans valves and sealant on well used tires too no issues.
Worse part of the job surly larry cleaning off the old surly larry from the normal rim tape that stayed stuck to the rim. Then sruly Stans tape over the spoke holes and anywhere else there was a hole in the rim large marge line of shoes have extra holes?
Melted a hole in tape for the valve using a heated nail. Did the inflate again with a tube trick and then pulled the tube out on one side leaving the other bead mounted. View The Map. There are some routes that are surly larry classic by their sheer perfection, and others surly larry races.
View The Classics. The Bikepacking Journal is our printed collection of inspiring writing and beautiful photography.
Find details surly larry alongside a growing collection of web exclusive features Have one to share? View All Features. Once inhabited by monsters surly larry giants, today its name still evokes adventure and exploration.
Add to Cart please select. Not deliverable. Tell a friend Surly Parts brand shop. The tread consists of closely spaced blocks designed to grab terrain and hold it hostage until it's done with it. Made on the same casing as the Nate and Larry surly larry, these tires bicycle print socks a unique place in the line-up: Surly Parts Item Code: SUR Year:
News:Mar 16, - The Larry is a inch FatBike tire, the second from Surly, that has a more rounded profile than the Endomorph, Surly's original FatBike partitodemocraticosandona.infog: Choose.
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Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, was believed to be the chief minister in the He is considered the author of the Arthashastra, meaning a texts on wealth. अर्थशास्त्र, हिंदी, संस्कृत, नीति, ramavatar vidyabhashkar, chanakya, kautilya, chandragupta maurya, india, bharat, arth shastra, hindi, neeti, . Read Kautilya's Arthashastra book reviews & author details and more at Amazon. in. The dissertation was written in Sanskrit by Chanakya, the teacher to the.
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He is considered the author of shatra Arthashastra, meaning a texts on wealth. He who defiles a virgin of equal caste before she has reached her majority shall have his hand cut off or pay a fine of panas; if the virgin dies in consequence, the offender shall be put to death. According to him, Chanakya destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made Bindusara the master oautilya all the chanayka between the eastern and the western seas Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
But before he could take any action against the fake king Indradatta in Nanda's body, also called Yoganandathe king had him arrested. Though, given the United States' support for militant groups in nearby Afghanistan, the logic of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" doesn't always work out so well.
Subandhu, while pretending to appease Chanakya, burned him to death. The same kind of punishments shall be meted out to a woman who, moved with jealousy or hatred, shows cruelty to her husband.
Any text on Arthashastra thus has to contain details of the organization of the civil service as well as the duties and responsibilities of individual officials. Agriculture on privately owned land was taxed at the rate of Those that want to learn about the history of the Mauryan Empire might also be better off with other works.
But then his eyes fell shastrq a birch bark note with a curse chnaakya on it.
It is from these four that all other knowledge, wealth and human prosperity is derived. The note declared that anybody who smelled this perfume will have to either become a monk chanakha face death. Cutting of trees, stealing the rope with which a tameable animal is tied, employing untamed quadrupeds, throwing sticks, mud, stones, rods, or arrows on chariots mautilya elephants, raising or waving the arm against chariots or elephants, shall also be treated as assault.
The royal minister Shakatala realized what was happening, and had Indradatta's body burnt. There has been a great deal of controversy as to the original author of this work, as some believe it to be the work of one individual by the name Chanakya or Kautilya or some one with the name, while some believe it be the work of several generations of writers belonging to a particular school of political thought. Most people know little of what Kautilya actually said kaurilya the Arthashastra.
According to this version, the king Kautilua once removed Chanakya from the "first seat of the kingdom" this possibly refers to Chanakya's expulsion from the king's assembly. Kautilya is strict in his definitions of terms – he knows that law is a cornerstone of the state, and refuses to allow ambiguity there.
Elaborate is an apt description, given that the treatise describes all sorts of weird and wonderful ways in which seditious ministers can be identified, and enemies can be toppled and kautilay.
The Arthashastra by Kautilya
He who causes a Brahman to partake of whatever food or drink is prohibited shall be punished with the highest amercement. He just includes it as something worth knowing for every ruler. Having seated himself in the room where the sacred fire has been kept, he shall attend to the business of physicians and ascetics practicing austerities; and that in company with his high priest and teacher and after preliminary salutation to the petitioners.
Political science political scientists. Chanakya then took Chandragupta to conquer Pataliputra, the capital of Nanda. Though the book is more normative than descriptive, it gives us a closer look at life in the Mauryan empire.
He shall never be devoid of happiness. Mar 27, Hadrian added it Shelves: I only wish I had the time back that I had wasted reading him. They allowed the king Nanda to go into exile, with all the goods he could take on a cart. Violation of the chastity of nurses, female cooks, or female servants of the class of joint cultivators shall at once earn their liberty for them.
Chanakya – Wikipedia
Adultery with a nun shall be punishable with a fine of twenty-four panas, while the nun who submits herself shall also pay a similar fine. It covers maintenance of social order, increasing economic activity, protection of livelihood, protection of the weaker sections of the population, prevention of harassment of the subjects, consumer protection and even welfare of slaves and prisoners. As it happens, the concept "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" originated in The Arthashastra: Thus we can see how The Arthashastra was bound to be an elaborate manual that dealt with every minute aspect of administration and daily life.
Vamsatthappakasini also known as Mahvamsa Tikaa commentary on Mahavamsa provides some more details about the legend. A man, hating his wife, shall allow her to take shelter in the house of a beggar woman, or of her lawful guardians or of her kinsmen. There is no question, states Trautmann, that people had a power to buy and sell land. Jul 31, Vaidyanathan rated it it was amazing Shelves: It is also not certain whether Chankya was truly a minister in the court of Chandragupta Maurya, though legend attributes the success of Chandragupta in ascending the throne to the acumen and clever planning of Chanakya.
The Arthashastra – Kautilya
Citado en La Idea de Justicia. When the defenders started celebrating their victory, Chanakya's army launched a surprise attack and captured the town.
In all the four versions, Chanakya feels insulted by the Nanda king, and vows to destroy him. Nanda's prime minister Rakshasa escaped Pataliputra, and continued resisting the invaders. Sexual Intercourse with Immature Girls He who defiles a virgin of equal caste before she has reached her majority shall have his hand cut off or pay a fine of panas; if the virgin dies in consequence, the offender shall be put to death.
Retrieved 15 August


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By Marcus Weisgerber
May 8, 2018
The U.S. Air Force will stand down every flying wing for one day in coming weeks for safety reviews as it looks for trends in a string of recent crashes that claimed the lives of 18 airmen.
As of now, however, the general in charge of Air Force safety at the Pentagon says there is no clear trend in the crash data, despite the recent increase in Class A mishaps — those that cause more than $2 million in damage to the aircraft.
"The intent is to give the wing commanders and the organizations a time step back and assess one day of non flying … to identify gaps and seams that exist or are developing that may lead to future mishaps or unsafe conditions for our airmen," said Maj. Gen. John Rauch, who wears a double hat as the Air Force Chief of Safety at the Pentagon and commander of the Air Force Safety Center at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico.
Rauch spoke Tuesday, one day after Air Force Secretary Heather Wilson and Gen. David Goldfein, the Air Force chief of staff, directed "an operational safety review."
"We're not facing a crisis; we're facing a chance that we want to be proactive," he said.
The review comes one week after an Air National Guard WC-130 cargo plane crashed moments after takeoff in Georgia last week, killing all nine servicemembers on board. The plane was on its final flight to the military boneyard for retired aircraft in Arizona.
In early April, an F-16 part of the Air Force Thunderbirds flight demonstration team crashed during a training flight in Nevada. The pilot died in crash. In March, an Air National Guard HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopter crashed in Western Iraq killing seven servicemembers.
One pilot was killed in a T-38 crash in November. In all, more service members have died in fiscal 2018 than any of the past 10 years.
Still, Rauch said the overall trend in crashes of manned and unmanned aircraft is down. In fiscal 2017, there were 29 Class A mishaps. This year, the total sits at 15 with four and a half months left in the fiscal year.
"There is no trend across the Class-As," Rauch said.
Military-wide, the story is different. A Military Times analysis "shows manned warplane accidents have spiked nearly 40 percent since 2013." Congress is looking into creating an independent commission to investigate this broader trend in military aviation accidents.
By Marcus Weisgerber // Marcus Weisgerber is the global business editor for Defense One, where he writes about the intersection of business and national security. He has been covering defense and national security issues for more than a decade, previously as Pentagon correspondent for Defense News and chief editor of Inside the Air Force. He has reported from Afghanistan, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia, and often travels with the defense secretary and other senior military officials.
May 8, 2018


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Leo Newbold detected it. And understood. From the head of the table, his eyes met Ainslie's. "What matters most, Malcolm," the lieutenant said smoothly, "is that you've given us our first break, and it's an important one. I'd like to hear how you interpret it."
Ainslie nodded and said, "First, it's narrowed the field of investigation. Second, we know roughly the type of person we're looking for."
"Which is?" Yanes asked.
"An obsessed religious freak, Major. Among other things, he sees himself as an avenger from God."
"Is that the 'message' you spoke of, Sergeant? Is that the meaning of those symbols?"
"Yes, it is, keeping in mind that each symbol has been accompanied by two violent deaths. Most likely, as the killer sees it, he's delivering God's message, and at the same time fulfilling God's vengeance."
"Vengeance for what?''
''We'll know that better, Major, when we have a suspect and can question him."
Yanes nodded approvingly. "It looks like you've given us something to work with. Nice going, Sergeant!"
Assistant Chief Serrano added, "I'll second that."
Newbold resumed control. "Malcolm, you know more than the rest of us about this stuff from Revelation. Can you brief us on what else we ought to know?"
Ainslie considered before speaking, aware that he must draw on an amalgam of knowledge and ideas his priestly past, his mindset since, his current role as a Homicide detective. Rarely, if ever, had all three overlapped as now.
He tried to keep his explanation simple.
"Revelation was originally in Greek, and is apocalyptic, which means it was written in code, with many symbolic words, so that only biblical scholars understand them. To many people it's a crazy hodgepodge of visions, symbols, allegory, prophecy mostly incoherent."
Ainslie paused, then went on. "At times it makes some Christians, who don't understand it, uncomfortable. And the fact that Revelation can be used to prove or argue anything is why it's always attracted lunatics and fanatics. As those people view it, there's a ready-made prescription for any evil they choose. So what we need to know is how the guy we're looking for got to Revelation and adapted it to suit himself. When we have that answer, we'll go get him."
Lieutenant Newbold surveyed the conference table. "Anyone have anything to add?''
Julio Verona raised a hand. Perhaps to offset his small stature, the ID lead technician sat stiffly upright in his chair. At a nod from Newbold he said, "The fact that we know the kind of person who is committing these crimes is good, and my compliments to Malcolm. But I should remind you that even if you find a suspect, we have very little evidence right now certainly not enough to convict." He glanced toward the assistant state attorney, Curzon Knowles.
"Mr. Verona's right," Knowles said. "So we need to recheck every item collected at the murder scenes to be sure nothing has been overlooked or misinterpreted. Obviously we are dealing with a psychotic killer, and the smallest minute detail left behind could be the factor we need."
"We do have a partial palm print from the Frost murders," Sylvia Walden pointed out.
Knowles nodded. "But as I understand it, there's not enough of the palm for positive identification."
"We could match six points on the print we have. For positive ID we need nine at least. Ten is better."
"So the partial would be only circumstantial evidence, Sylvia."
Walden conceded, "Yes."
Dr. Sanchez intervened. As usual, she was wearing one of her dark brown suits, and her graying hair was fastened back into a ponytail. "As reported earlier, the knife cuts on four bodies the Frosts and Urbinas are identifiable," she stated. "They were made by the same bowie knife, ten inches long, with distinctive notches and serrations. I have photos of the wounds, showing in detail the notches on bones and cartilage."
Everyone in the meeting knew about a bowie knife, sometimes called an "Arkansas toothpick." The hunting knife, invented in the mid-nineteenth century by one of two Texas brothers, either James or Rezin Bowie, has been used widely ever since for hunting both animals and humans. The knife, distinctive and deadly, has a wooden handle and a strong, single-edge blade, the back of the blade straight for most of its ten-to-fifteen-inch length, then curving concavely to join the cutting edge at a single sharp point. For a century and a half the bowie knife has inflicted vicious wounds, often as an instrument of death.
"Dr. Sanchez," Knowles asked, "could you match those wounds to a particular bowie knife?"
"If someone produced the right knife, yes."
"And you'd testify to that?"
"If I'm telling you now, of course I'd testify." Sanchez added sharply, "That kind of evidence has been accepted before."
"Yes, I know. Just the same . . ." Knowles seemed indecisive. To those at the conference table who knew him well, he had slipped into the hesitant, unsure role he adopted so often in court. "Assume I'm a defense attorney and I ask you this question: 'Doctor, I have testimony certifying that knives of this type are manufactured in batches of several hundred at a time. Can you be absolutely sure that this one knife, among hundreds perhaps thousands of its kind, produced the wounds you are describing? And when you answer the question, Doctor, please remember that a man's life is at stake here.' "
Deliberately, Knowles turned away as Sanchez hesitated.
She began, "Well . . ."
The attorney turned back toward her. He shook his head. "Never mind."
Sanchez flushed, her lips tightening as she realized precisely the point that Knowles had skillfully made. Instead of answering with her usual confidence, she had hesitated, acknowledging there might be a doubt something that a jury would note and that a defense attorney would make the most of with succeeding questions.
Sanchez glowered at Knowles, who smiled. "Sorry, Doctor. Only a practice run, but better here than on the witness stand." "For a moment," she said ruefully, "I thought that's where I was."
The attorney turned to Julio Verona. "None of that means we won't make the most of the knife evidence if the opportunity arises. There could be a limit, though, as to how far I'd take it."
"We don't have the knife, of course," the ID lead technician said, "and whether or not we get it will depend on you guys." He motioned to the Homicide detectives, including Newbold. "And now that Sylvia and I know that two of the cases are connected, we'll go over every bit of evidence for similarities."
Dr. Sanchez said, "And I'll do the same with the medical records; maybe I can find an unsolved murder with similar wound patterns or some kind of religious connotation." She added thoughtfully, "There's always a possibility that what we're looking at now is a repeat of something in the past that's been overlooked. I heard once of a serial killer who waited fifteen years beforeoresuming his killing spree."
"All of that's good," Newbold said. "Now..." He glanced toward his superior, Manolo Yanes, commander of the Crimes Against Persons Unit. ''Major, would you like to add anything?"
"Yes." Typically, Yanes wasted no time with preamble. Steely-eyed and speaking with his usual sharp-edged voice, he declared, "Everyone here needs to make a much bigger effort an all-out effort. We've simply got to stop these killings before any more occur."
Yanes's eyes swung to Newbold. "For the record, Lieutenant, you and your people now have carte Blanche to take whatever measures are necessary, including creating a special task force. When you decide exactly what you need and what kind of task force, I'll get you extra detectives from Robbery. As to costs, you have my approval to charge whatever's needed, including overtime."
Yanes glanced around the room, then added, "So now, with those logistics in place, the objective of all of you is clear find this guy! I want results. And keep me informed."
"All of that noted, sir. As everyone heard, we will form a task force right now to work solely on these cases. Task force members will be relieved of other duties. I've already asked Sergeant Ainslie to head the team."
Heads turned toward Ainslie as Newbold told him, "Sergeant, you'll work with two teams of six detectives. I leave it to you to name another sergeant to head the second team."
"Sergeant Greene, " Ainslie said. "Assuming he's agreeable."
Pablo Greene waved a hand airily. "You betcha!"
Newbold told Greene, "You'll report through Sergeant Ainslie. That's understood?"
"QSL, sir."
Ainslie added, "For my team I'll definitely want Detectives Quinn, Bowe, Kralik, and Garcia. Pablo and I will decide on the rest later today." Ainslie faced Major Yanes. "We have a lot of ground to cover, sir, and a great deal of detail work. So we'll need at least two extra detectives from Robbery, probably four."
Yanes nodded. "Tell Lieutenant Newbold when you know exactly, and you'll have them."
Curzon Knowles intervened. "If that isn't enough, I can arrange for a couple of state attorney investigators. Either way, we'd like to stay in the picture."
"We want that too, Counselor," Ainslie said.
Newbold reminded everyone, "The task force, of course, will work closely with Fort Lauderdale and Clearwater; I want those detectives kept informed."
The talk continued for a few minutes more, after which Newbold turned to Assistant Chief Serrano. "Chief, anything you wish to add?"
Serrano, formerly a detective himself, and with a distinguished record on the Miami force, spoke clearly but quietly. "Only to say that all of you have the support of the entire Police Department in this matter. Obviously, as these serial killings become widely known, there will be tremendous publicity, which will generate a lot of public and political pressures. We'll try to protect you from that so you can continue doing whatever is needed to bring this maniac in. At the same time, work fast. And never stop thinking. Good luck to us all!"
As the Homicide conference broke up, the newly formed task force gathered around Ainslie, along with the assistant state attorney, Curzon Knowles. Twenty years earlier Knowles had been a police officer himself the youngest sergeant on the New York City force. Later he had become a lieutenant, then resigned to study law in Florida. Knowles felt comfortable with detectives and they with him.
Now he asked Ainslie, "Since we'll be working together, Sergeant, do you mind telling me your first move?"
"A short one, Counselor to the computer. You're welcome to join me." Ainslie looked around him. "Where's Ruby?"
"Wherever you need her." Detective Bowe's bright voice emerged from a group.
"I need your dancing fingers." Ainslie motioned to the computer she had just used. "Let's search some records."
Seating herself, Ruby switched on and typed LOGON.
A query appeared: GIVE IDENTIFICATION.
Ruby asked Ainslie, "Yours or mine?"
He told her, "Eight-four-three-nine."
The screen responded: ENTER YOUR CODE.
Ainslie reached over and tapped in CUPCAKE, an affectionate name he sometimes used for Karen. The code name did not appear on the screen, but chicabbreviation for Criminal Investigation Center did.


text:
UPDATED: Air Force General Praises CHIRP, Hosted Payloads
COLORADO SPRINGS, NATIONAL SPACE SYMPOSIUM: After almost a decade of discussion, hope and frustration, the time appears to finally be ripe for what the space industry calls hosted payloads, the Remora fish of satellites.
The Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center, which has long been wary but intrigued by them, has drafted an indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract for hosted payloads, Maj. Gen. Martin Whelan, director of requirements at Air Force Space Command said last night. The command also recently created a Hosted Payload Office.
On the industry side, Harris Corp. is building what appears to be a commercially viable hosted payload system to improve global air traffic control and thus save fuel for airlines. The system, called Aireon, will be hosted on the next generation of 66 Iridium satellites. (If you look at the artist's rendering of the Iridium satellite above, the Aireon payload is the white and gold box on the front bottom of the bird.) Iridium and NAV CANADA, the private Canadian air navigation service, have formed a joint venture, Aireon LLC, to provide the space-based GPS system to airlines. That company contracted with Harris to provide the technology and the hosted payload, based on Harris' decades providing highly classified SIGINT and other sensors that operate in low earth orbit.
In an Russian-nesting-doll wrinkle to the hosted payload saga, SMC is likely to put a radiation dosimeter on the Aireon payload — a hosted payload payload. The dosimeter would measure Low Earth Orbit space radiation to let Space Command better judge whether its satellites are being jammed or are being hit by radiation from a solar flare or other natural source, Bill Gattle, vice president for aerospace at Harris, told reporters. Although the Aireon payload boasts three additional slots so it could carry more payloads, the dosimeter would attach to the satellite with its own cable and live in a box attached to Aireon.
The fact that no one has yet come forward to place more payloads on Aireon, as Harris and Irdium both clearly hope will happen, is indicative of the caution with which both industry and the military continue to approach hosted payloads. Interested parties still have time to propose payloads to the companies,
The first military hosted payload, the Commercially Hosted Infrared Payload (CHIRP), lifted off on the SES-2 satellite in 2011 and is functioning. UPDATED 1:22PM During the "acquisition lunch" at NSS today, Brig. Gen. Roger Teague, the director of strategic plans, programs and analyses at Air Force Space Command, called CHIRP a "tremendous success," noting it had gone contract to orbit within 35 months and had "met all its mission requirements."
Northrop Grumman delivered in late February the first of two of the Air Force's Enhanced Polar System (EPS). It's a highly capable communications payload that will be hosted on other, unidentified (NRO?) satellites, to provide polar coverage for secure, jam-resistant, strategic and tactical military communications.
The reasons for the growing military commitment to hosted payloads? Tight budgets and the disastrous record of space acquisition from the Clinton through the Bush administrations. If you want to see Air Force, Intelligence Community and industry experts cringe, just say NPOESS or FIA. SBIRS may get a grimace, but it's performing so well that everyone has largely forgiven its enormous cost and schedule overrruns. And there was US 193, famously shot down when it failed soon after launch.
A major factor in the failures or cost and schedule overruns for the above programs was the approach of the Clinton administration, which insisted on sticking every possible sensor on a very small number highly capable satellites. That approach strained the technical capabilities of both the government and industry and has led, in part, to what Gen. William Shelton, head of Air Force Space Command, calls "disaggregation," which roughly translates as putting fewer sensors on single satellites, placing hosted payloads on both military and commercial satellites and buying services from industry and other countries.
While she may not cite the above reasons for the increased military commitment to hosted payloads, Harris' Janet Nickloy said yesterday that SMC knows "they need to look at the world differently." By the way, Nickloy is chair of the Hosted Payload Alliance.


text:
Hi, John Hess from Filmmaker IQ.com and today we'll look at the epic history of synchronized sound at the movies. Our story begins with one of the original
American pioneers of film – the prolific inventor Thomas A. Edison. Edison didn't invent motion
pictures, but he did invent the phonograph in 1877 – a device which could record and
playback sound etched onto a wax cylinder. In February of 1888, Edison attended a lecture
by motion photographer Eadweard Muybridge – the man who first documented the gait of
a galloping horse and inventor of a very crude projector device called the Zoopraxiscope.
Aftward the two men met privately – why not marry the the idea of Edison's sound recording
with hugely successful phonograph with moving pictures of Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope? There
was a one major technological hurdle – there was no way of amplifying sound for large audiences
to hear. The Phonograph used larged horns to direct and amplify sound but this wouldn't
be enough for a crowded theater. Because of this Muybridge abandoned the idea
and returned to photographing his motion studies – but not Edison. He believed the future of
film was not in projection for large audiences, but in individual exhibition – Edison saw
a future of coin-operated entertainment movie machines. By the year's end he had a crude
design in mind and set his lab assistant William Kennedy Laurie Dickson on the task of developing
a machine that would be called the Kinetoscope. In 1894, Dickson and Edison experimented with
recording sound and images together for playback on a device that would be called Kinetophone
– a Kinetoscope connected to a phonograph. This film restored and synced by Walter Murch
in 1998 is the only surviving Kinetophone film in existence and dates from sometime
around 1894 to 1895. So from the very beginning – the design of
motion pictures included the use of synchronized sound. Unfortunately getting and keeping sync
was nearly impossible in these early machines. But the Kinetoscope by itself did catch on.
On April 14, 1894, Andrew Holland opened the first Kinetoscope parlor in New York City
where for 25 cents you could get a chance to see five of Edison's peep show viewers.
Though there was money to made in arcade entertainment, with the advancement of film projection, it
was becoming clear that Edison was wrong about individual viewing and that motion pictures
would find a place in public theater exhibition. Again sound faced the technological barrier
that had discouraged Muybridge from the very beginning.
Other inventors did take a crack at the sound sync issue. In 1900 at the Paris World Fair,
three separate photograph synced devices were exhibited, the Phonorama, Chronophone and
Phono-Cinema-Theatre. But these sound-on-disk systems suffered from three major problems:
sync issues if the stylus on the phonograph should skip a grove, amplification, and the
fact that wax cylinders and later on 12 inch discs, could only hold at most maybe 5 minutes
of recording time. The marriage of film and sound would have
to wait. But in the mean time, film would go from a arcade novelty to a major international
industry. When sound technology finally caught up, the movie business was a game of moguls
and big money with sound threatening to turn the entire industry on its head. Twenty years after Edison and Dickson's first
sound and film experiment, the movies were now a major entertainment outlet. But it's
important to note that even though we call it silent film it was never really silent.
When the nickelodeons gave way to the Movie Palaces around 1915, these large movie establishments
would employ live orchestras to play music and add sound effects to the happenings on
the screen. Some directors like D.W. Griffith even commissioned scores to be performed along
with specific scenes in his films. But only the biggest theaters could afford
such luxuries. Smaller venues would make do with a pianist which was still a big expense.
So now the effort was now on to trying to get pre-recorded music to go along with silent
films so smaller theaters wouldn't have to pay for musicians. Instead of recording audio
to a separate disc as Edison had tried, inventors focused on imprinting the audio right onto
the film strip itself. In 1919 three German inventors – Josef Engl,
Joseph Massole, and Hans Vogt patented the Tri-Ergon process that converts audio waves
into electricity which drove a light. This light would then be photographed on the film
strip negative – the density being the strength of the signal. When playing back, a patented
flywheel would control the speed and the a light would shine through the audio strip
and onto a reader which converted the light back into electricity and into sound.
That solved the sync and length issues with sound on disc – but not amplification. That
would be tackled by a giant in the development of radio broadcasting: Dr. Lee de Forest.
In 1906 De Forest patented the audion tube – the first electronic device that could take
a small signal and amplify it – a key piece of technology for radio broadcast and long
distance telephones. In 1919, de Forest's attention turned to motion pictures as he
realized that his audion tube could provide much better of amplification for these optical
sound on film systems. Three years later in 1922, De Forest had designed his own system
and opened the De Forest Phonofilm Company to produce a series of short sound films in
New York City. They churned out lots these sound films – several
one and two reel photofilms a week and by the middle of 1924, 34 theaters on the American
East coast had been wired for De Forest Sound. Over a 1000 films were made in the span of
four years from vaudeville acts to plays to speeches from prominent people like President
Calvin Coolidge, even this comedy routine from Eddie Cantor in 1923 But De Forrest�s success out East did not
pique the interest of Hollywood. He had offered the technology to moguls like Carl Laemmle
of Universal and Adoph Zukor of Paramount but they saw no reason to disrupt the silent
movie cash cow business they had with something as frivolous as sound. That is until one studio
took a gamble, going back to a sound-on-disc technology. Vitaphone was a sound on disk process created
by Western Electric and Bell Telephone Labs that used a series of 33 ? discs. When representatives
tried to sell the technology to Hollywood in 1925 they faced the same disinterest that
De Forest had. That is except for one relatively minor but venturesome studio: Warner Bros.
Pictures. In April of 1926, Warner Bros. with the financial
assistance of Goldman Sachs established the Vitaphone Corporation, leasing the sound technology
from Western Electric for the sum of $800,000 with the intent of subleasing to other studios.
Warner Bros. never intended the technology to create "talking pictures" – instead using
it to provide synchronized musical accompaniment for Warner Bros. films. To demonstrate their
new acquisition Warner Bros launched a massive $3 million dollar premiere in the Refrigerated
Warner Theater at Broadway and Fifty second Street in New York City on August 6, 1926.
(It was called refrigerated because the movie theater was really the first time people of
that era got to experience air conditioning). The feature film was Don Juan with a lavish
score performed by the New York Philharmonic along with many sound shorts including a brief
speech from the president of the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors of America: Will Hays. The premiere was a resounding success with
critics praising it as the eighth wonder of the world. Warner took the show on the road,
hitting Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Detriot, St. Louis as well as touring Europe. Despite
the success, industry insiders weren't sure about sound's future. You see the entire economic structure of the
film industry would necessarily have to change. New Sound studios would have to be built and
new expensive recording equipment installed. Theaters would have to be wired for sound
and there was really yet to be a standard sound process. The star system, with actors
trained in the ways of pantomime, would be upturned as now they would be required to
speak for the first time. Foreign sales would plummet. Silent film's
title cards could easily be translated for export, but not dialogue and dubbing a foreign
language was still technology of the future. Even the musicians who found employment in
the movie palaces would have to be laid off. For all these reasons Hollywood hoped that
sound would be a passing novelty but the moguls began to move to protect themselves anyhow.
Loew ( which would become MGM), Famous Players Lasky (soon to be Paramount), First National,
Universal and Producers Distributing Corporation signed an agreement which came to be known
confusingly as the "Big Five" agreement, where the studios agreed to all adopt a single sound
system should an industry wide conversion come to fruition.
Meanwhile Warner Bros didn't halt on their Vitaphone investment. They announced that
all their 1927 films would be produced with synchronized musical accompaniment and in
April of the same year built the very first sound studio in the world. In May, production
would begin on the film that would cement sound's place in Cinema: The Jazz Singer. Originally the Jazz Singer was suppose to
be a silent film with vitaphone musical accompaniment. But Al Jolson improvised those famous words
and Warner Bros. left them in. Later Jolson adds more dialogue in this tender and intimate
scene where his character sings to his mother. Did you like that mama? I'm glad of it. I'd rather please you than any other. Oh darling, would you give me something? You'll never guess, shut your eyes mama. shut em for little Jackie… I'm going to steal something. I'll give it back to you someday you see if I don't. Mama darling. If I'm a success in this show. Well, we're going to move from here. Oh yes, we're going to move up to the Bronx Lot of nice green grass up there, a whole lot of people you know, the Ginsbergs, the Gutenbergs, and the Goldbergs, A whole lot of bergs I don't know them all…. And I'm going to buy you a nice black silk dress mama. You'll see, Mrs. Freedman the butcher's wife, she'll be jealous of you. Yes she will, you see if she isn't. And I'm going to get you a nice pink dress that will go with your brown eyes. What do you mean no. Who is telling you.Yes you'll wear pink or else. Or else you'll wear pink. And darling, I'm going to take you to Coney Island Yes, we're going to ride on the Shoot d' shoot. And the Dark Mill, you ever been in the Dark Mill? Well with me it's alright. I'll kiss you and hug you… Now mama.. stop now, you're getting kittish. Mama, listen, I'm going to sing for you like I will when I go on stage with the show. I'm going to sing it jazzy now get this… Blue skies smiling at me Nothing but little blue skies do I see… Blue birds singing a song…. Nothing but blue birds all day long You like that slapping business? Never saw the sun shining so bright, never saw things going so right… Noticing the days going so by when you're in love oh don't they fly Blue days … STOP! As you see the film slips back into silent
film title cards. Thsse were the only two pieces of improv were the only pieces of spoken
dialogue in the film but the impact was enormous. This wasn't a speech or a canned performance,
this was seeing actual drama unfold on the screen. And although synchronized sound had
been around before, it was the Jazz Singer that was the first feature film to use it
in such a realistic almost voyeuristic way. The film went off to be an international success
earning 3.5 million dollars worldwide. At roughly the same time Fox Film Corporation's
William Fox who was not part of the Big Five Agreement but a minor studio, much like Warner
Bros., also saw potential in the talkies. In 1927, Fox acquired the Tri-Ergon sound-on-film
process for $50,000 and began releasing Newsreels with sound. These newsreels were a hit and
Fox began sending camera crews around the world to interview famous personalities on
camera pumping out three to four newsreels per week to Fox theaters.
In a shrewd move, Fox negotiated a reciprocal contract with the Vitaphone corporation in
which each studio would license the other's systems, technicians and theaters thus covering
both Fox and Warner Bros. should one sound system become standard over the other.
By the end of 1927 it was becoming quite clear – sound was here to stay. A dismal year for
the industry, only the sound films were able to attract and do big business. Even the worst
sound film outsold the best silent ones. The moguls were forced to act. With sound a sure thing, the studios began
the process of picking a standard in accordance to the Big Five Agreement and there were a
lot of optical sound-on-film options. While still pushing Vitaphone, Western Electric
had developed their own optical system under Electrical
Research Products Incorporated and won the contract with Paramount and Loew's. RCA and
General Electric had perfected a system called Photophone and after narrowly losing the contract
to Paramount, acquired Joseph P. Kennedy's Film Booking Office, Pathe and Keith Albee-Orpheum
to create a new major RCA controlled studio: Radio-Keith Orpheum – RKO By the summer of
1928, every studio in Hollywood was armed with some sort of sound system license.
Warner Bros. continued to lead the way making the first 100% all talkie – Lights of New
York in 1928. It did so well in the box office that Hollywood insiders who thought silent
pictures and talkies could coexist at least for a while, realized that silent film was
all but dead. In 1929 three quarters of all films made in
Hollywood were released with some kind of pre-recorded sound which included 335 all
dialogue features, 95 features with mixture of dialogue and subtitles and 75 features
with musical score and sound effects. 175 silent films were released into smaller provincial
theaters that had not been wired for sound but even those were becoming more scarce.
In just a span of 2 years, from 1927 to 1929 the entire industry was retooled from production
to exhibition – at an estimated cost of $300 million dollars more the 4 times the valuation
of the entire industry. This money was lent from corporate Wall Street giants J.P. Morgan
and Rockefeller group who controlled Western Electric and RCA. But the investment paid
off in big profits as audiences came in droves to see the talkies.
It was because of sound that Hollywood was able to survive the first wave of the Great
Depression that started with crash of the stock market in October 1929. Had it not been
for the bold moves of Warner Bros and Fox pushing the industry early on, the money required
for sound conversion would have been delayed for another 10 years or so. And when effects
of the crash finally made its way to Hollywood in 1932, silent film was all but a forgotten
memory. Fox's Movietone and RCA's Photophone were the standard in the United States and
Tobis Klangfilm's Tri-Ergon was the standard in Europe. Warner Bros. who had made bank
with Vitaphone had plenty of cash to make the switch to sound on film.
Sound was now common place in the movie theater and it would take another threat to bring
the industry to the next big innovation: the threat of Television. The period from the 1927 to 1950s or early
60s is considered the Golden Era of Hollywood – the Studio Age – a rich period of mass production
in which sound played a crucial role. With sound came the advent of the lavish musical
and the familiar musical animation. The silent slapstick comedy of Chaplin and Keaton gave
way to the fast talking humor of the Marx Brothers and romantic screwball comedies.
Horror gained new ground bringing in German Expressionism influences along with eerie
sound tracks – the first great horror icons, Dracula and Frankenstein were all part of
the sound era. Though the studios would experience ups and
downs in the first 30 years of sound, major industry shaking challenges were just ahead
in the 1950s. First was the Supreme Court Case United States vs Paramount Pictures in
1948. The Paramount decision ended the studios control over their own theaters – declaring
the practice an illegal vertical monopoly. It also limited the practice of block booking,
where studios could force theaters to purchase large blocks of movies – often bundling prestigious
A-pictures with a bunch of low quality B-films. This effectively killed studio's mass production
mentality bringing an end to the studio system And then came television. Between 1946 and
1955 Movie theater attendance plummeted dropping 50% as suburban audiences decided they'd rather
catch the latest show on television than make it out the theater.
The old way of doing business was dying and Innovative producers realized the only way
to get people out of the house was to show them something you couldn't get at home. This
is when we see the use of stereoscopic 3D which led to an explosion in Widescreen Aspect
Ratios along with huge projections – making the trip to the movies an experience.
And to create that immersive feel came multitrack sound. For most of the studio era – sound
was recorded and played back on a single mono track. 1940's Fantasia from Walt Disney would
be the first film released with a multichannel format call Fantasound but only two theaters
were equipped to play back the surround sound – at $85,000 per theater. Who could blame
them? But theaters in 50s were desperate for something
draw audiences out. "This is Cinerama" in 1952 – a bold new widescreen format that used
3 strips of film to create an 146 degree field of view treated audiences to a total of 7
audio channels recorded magnetically onto the film strip. Exhibition placed 5 loudspeakers
behind the screen with two placed in the rear for surround sound.
20th Century Fox's Cinemascope – also amped up the channels of audio to a total of 4 – left,
center and right for loudspeakers placed behind the screen and the fourth as an surround sound
effects channel which could be switched on and off with a 12 kHz tone to avoid unnecessary
hiss when there was no surround sound present. VistaVision used something called Perspecta
– a mono optical track that could be directed to three speakers using an subaudible tones
to activate left speaker at 30Hz, middle at 35hz and right at 40hz. This really only worked
for isolated sound effects and dialogue and was pretty much abandoned by 1958.
The large 70mm prints of the 50s like Todd AO also boasted a robust six channel sound.
But the problem with many of these systems was they used a magnetic strip that ran along
side the film. This added to the cost of the print and would wear down over time resulting
in little specks of iron oxide that would flake off and jam the projectors.
Once Hollywood had settled into a new groove of filmmaking in the 60s, 35mm with it's aging
mono optical track became the go to format. But audio technology progresses and a one
company would forever change the audio landscape and become almost synonymous with movie theater
sound. The story of Dolby and film theater sound
really begins back in the 1930s. In the rush to equip theaters with sound, the Academy
of Motion Pictures and Sciences became an important technical resource for filmmakers
and theaters on how to shoot and properly wire for sound. Consistency was always the
problem, big lavish theaters could afford great sound while smaller theaters had to
make do with less than stellar setups. In 1938 the Academy essentially standardized
a frequency response – a sort of worst case scenario which all sound mixing stages would
be calibrated to so that sound editors knew what their mix would sound like even in the
least capable theaters. Theaters with good sound setups would have to handicap their
setups to match this Academy Curve. To our modern sensibilities the Academy curve
killed audio fidelity but it ended up doing one very important thing – it masked the high
range hiss that was so prevalent in the analog recorders of the day.
But masking the problem doesn't make it go away. As the music industry became more sophisticated
in the 60s, recording artists turned increasingly to multi-track recordings – this high end
hiss became a serious problem. If noise was bad on one channel, mixing together 16 channels
only amplified the problem. One engineer by the name of Ray Dolby came
up with a solution. By splitting up the input signal into frequency bands and applying compression
before recording the sound onto a tape he could record a much better signal to noise
ratio on the recording medium – for playback, the Dolby would reverse the compression and
the result was dramatically reduced noise. This system, Dolby A, was introduced in 1966
and pretty quickly became a standard in the recording industry. Dolby's attention then
turned to the film industry. In 1971, Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange would be the
first film to use this Dolby noise reduction on all magnetic generations up to the print
master though the final release print was an optical mono track.
But the cat was out of the bag. Academy curve was replaced the following year with Dolby's
X-curve which is defined using pink noise and calibrated from a listening position of
two thirds of the way back in a theater – which incidentally is the best place to sit when
you go to the movies from an audio standpoint. For the first time, sound engineers were calibrating
speakers for the psycho-acoustical response and taking into consideration the reverberation
of any given room size. Armed with Noise Reduction and the new EQ
standards, Dolby released a new audio system – Dolby Stereo with the release of 1976's
"A Star is Born" -Dolby Stereo sported 4-channels cleverly encoded onto the two optical strips
that ran along the film. The two channels were known as Left Total (Lt) and Right Total
(Rt). A center channel was derived from everything that was in both channels and 3db down. A
surround channel is recorded down 3db on both Lt and Rt channels so that one channel is
plus 90 degrees and the other was minus 90 degrees.
In 1977, Dolby Stereo would get it's first real showcase in Star Wars which did just
okay at the box office. Star Wars would go on to win an Special Achievement Academy Award
for Ben Burtt in the sound effects department. A sequel later before the release 1983's Return
of the Jedi, George Lucas and Lucasfilm got in on the movie sound business with the THX
sound system. THX wasn't a recording format but rather a quality assurance system. THX-certified
theaters had to pass several rigorous criteria in terms of reverberation time versus volume,
picture sharpness, noise limits and screen properties all for the honor of being a certified
THX theater and playing this sound effect dubbed Deep note:
Movie sound was serious business. In 1986 Dolby released Dolby SR, the second generation
professional recording system with even better noise reduction and recording dynamic range
which gave engineers master recordings that were indistinguishable from live sound. 1987's
Robocop and Innerspace were the first films to be released with Dolby SR.
Coming into the 90s, in 1992, Dolby released Dolby Digital with the film Batman Returns.
Dolby Digital uses a 5.1 surround sound format using their AC-3 compression algorithm. The
digital data was printed in between the sprocket holes and the Dolby analog tracks were kept
as a back up or for theaters that didn't have a digital reader.
A year later two new digital sound formats were also released: DTS and SDDS – (DTS) Digital
Theater Systems premiered with Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park in almost a call back to vitaphone
using a CD-ROM for audio playback which was synchronized to a timecode embedded on the
film strip. Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS) which premiered
with the film Last Action Hero printed digital data on both edges of the 35mm print sporting
7.1 surround sound – the first format to exceed Cinerama in terms of audio channels.
As we move into digital projection the audio component is simply embedded as a file with
the digital package. Current Digital Cinema formats are able to handle upwards of 16 channels
of audio. The always forward thinking Japanese broadcasting service NHK has even debutted
their 8K projection with an astounding 22.1 channel surround sound.
What industry insiders thought was a novelty in 1927 is now, in the words of of Spielberg,
"half the picture". Cinema and moving pictures have this amazing
grip on our collective psyche – it's more than just merely entertainment or frivolous
escapism. At the core these stories told through camera direction and performance remind us
of a fundamental human fact – that you and I are not alone -that what you feel isn't
only felt by you – that we are all on this human journey together. The act of storytelling.
What may have started out as reenactments around a flickering campfire are now reenactments
on a flickering screen – and sound – to hear your fellow human being speak or hear the
howl of the wolf and the sound of the surf crashing into the shore – Sound was the final
key to unlocking cinema's amazing power. No matter how you slice the history of cinema,
it is a story of inventors and showmen, magicians and technicians, dreamers and those with the
courage to make those dreams come true. Be part of that amazing tradition. Make something
great. I'm John Hess and I'll see you at FilmmakerIQ.com


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passed away on Friday, April 9, 2010 at his home in Poulsbo, Washington. He was born on June 17, 1932 in Louisville, Kentucky to Clarence Stanislaus Thomas and Mary Ada Norris Thomas. Rudy attended Bishop Flaget High School and The University... View Obituary & Service Information
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by Mphati Mkhombe and Olwethu Mabaso
A debate is an act on stage, attempting to win over your audience and opponents and convincing them that the motion set before them is true.
A clash between Brettonwood debaters and Curro High debaters , at Westville Boys High, on Thursday, 31, January 2019, was proof of this. These teams of the Durban Coastal Debate League met for their first debate of the season to debate the motion : This House Would grant Artificial Intelligence citizenship. Side proposition, Brettonwood High School, began the debate with their opening speech whilst Curro's first speaker rapidly opposed the motion, with strategic questions. The debate continued in high spirits as speakers from both sides came forward with their arguments for and against the motion. In the end side proposition's third speaker summed up their points of the motion but Curro struck back with their well-argued views. The fate of the debate lay in the hands of the adjudicators who awarded the debate to Curro High. Brettonwood's Senior Debate team worked well, as a unit, and should be praised for making it through the first debate of the season. BHS is sure to do well throughout the coming season.


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- Market outlook 2020: Global fund managers remain bullish on EM equities
- Eicher Motors shares dip 5% on disappointing November sales data
- Vodafone Idea will continue to face multiple challenges despite price hike
- MNC pharma shares in focus; Pfizer, Sanofi India, AstraZeneca hit new high
- Adani Transmission hits fresh all-time high; stock surges 30% in a week
- NSE and BSE suspend Karvy Stock Broking's license over non-compliance
- Jagran Prakashan surges 11% on share buyback proposal
- Suven Life Sciences tumbles 20% as SUVN-502 misses target in phase-2 trial
- NSE suspends Karvy Stock Broking's license due to non-compliance
- Telecom stocks rally on tariff hike; Bharti Airtel up 10%, RIL at new high
MARKET WRAP: Benchmarks end flat, mid-caps tumble; Bharti Airtel surges 4%
All that happened in the markets today
Weak gross domestic product (GDP) print for September quarter, and dip in auto sales figures after festive season weighed on investor sentiment on Monday, as market players chose to remain on the sidelines in the lacklustre trade. Index heavyweights like Bharti Airtel and Reliance Industries, which ended 4 per cent and 2 per cent higher, respectively, however, provided some support to an otherwise weak market.
The benchmark S&P BSE Sensex closed 8.36 points, or 0.021 per cent, higher at 40,802.17 levels, with Bharti Airtel being the top gainer, and YES Bank being the top drag. The Sensex touched an intra-day high and low of 41,093.99 and 40,707.63, respectively.
On the NSE, the broader Nifty50 index held the psychological mark of 12,000, and closed at 12,048.20, down 7.85 points or 0.065 per cent.
Sectorally, Nifty Auto and IT indices slipped the most, down nearly a per cent. Nifty Metal index, however, managed to close 0.27 per cent higher.
In the broader market, mid-caps declined the most. The S&P BSE mid-cap index settled 116.65 points, or 0.77 per cent, lower at 14,968.21 levels. The S&P BSE small-cap index, on the other hand, closed at 13,508.22 level, down 52.35 points, or 0.39 per cent.
Shares of telecom services providers rallied up to 10 per cent on the BSE in the early morning deals on Monday on the back of tariff hike plan. Bharti Airtel surged 10 per cent to Rs 486, also its fresh 52-week high on the BSE. Reliance Industries (RIL), the parent company of Reliance Jio, hit a new high of Rs 1,614, up 4 per cent, while Vodafone Idea (VIL) soared 24 per cent to Rs 8.44 on the BSE. READ MORE
On the other hand, auto stocks slipped in the trade after data showed sales of passenger vehicles in November declined after increasing in the previous month. Maruti Suzuki India (MSI) was trading over a per cent lower while Bajaj Auto and Hero MotoCorp were down around half a per cent.
Stock markets rebounded on Monday as decent manufacturing data in China and renewed optimism over a trade deal eroded some of the jitters which emerged among investors last week. The recovery in Europe followed gains in Asia, where share prices again approached record highs as investors stuck with bets that a trade deal between the United States and China is imminent.
Japan's Nikkei index settled over 1 per cent higher, and South Korea's Kospi ended 0.19 per cent higher. Moreover, the Euro STOXX 600 rose 0.26 per cent, while the German DAX was 0.23 per cent higher. French and British shares were also climbing.
(With inputs from Reuters)
(With inputs from Reuters)
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Antonio D. Charity biography
This block contains the information about Antonio D. Charity and provides an insight into the life of the celebrity. From here you can also learn when, how and why the profession of an actor was chosen. Some interesting facts are waiting for you here.Antonio D. Charity is from Surry County, Virginia. He is the son of James D. Charity, Sr. and Emily M. Charity. In fact, he is the youngest of their twelve children. He graduated from Howard University's College of Fine Arts where he majored in theatre. He booked his first speaking role on "Homicide" in 1993 while still enrolled at Howard University. He moved to New York City after graduating and has since appeared in numerous television shows, films, commercials and stage productions.
Where Antonio D. Charity born?
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Wingmans yahoo groups lists smoking fetish
To my shock ten years postliminary, the steak knives crop scarcely as usefulness as the light of day I bought them, so I about it's suppress a critical investment, but I would should prefer to to imply the paring stab could despise a sharpening. One night as i slept, i had a very, very lucid dream. My sales dramatically increased and I started getting more rebroadcast customers which is each nice. For some ridiculous French words, but they sounded like a classic choice. I fancy the automobile clarification has a caboodle to do with folks not clasp noted transportation, in picky detail in the mid and western U. But his view which if I could sum up in a few words is that there is practically nothing left of the historical Jesus in the later scriptures but the lack of historical authenticity is ultimately unimportant as that message conveyed by the story is what one should focus on.
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What is th best kind of a dog for a feminist to get? Adult themes can be expected, which is why there is typically a block to prevent those under 18 from logging in. Yes, I am doing it right, as i have done it for years. Then, the person can join the group from the group's website. Can we export Yahoo group Chat? Also gaydar has smoking fetish chat rooms.
Yahoo Adult Groups: Fetishes
Then click on any of the subjects listed. The other method is to ask permission to join if required, and then the moderator determines if the person is someone who meets the group's requirements. Do you think Robert Pattinson and I could be close in weight? I am a gay smoker and i really wish i could quit.
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Description: How do I view a list of adult Yahoo groups? But to each their own I guess. First, a person has to make a Yahoo account. Just as long as you don't smoke you should be fine, of course there is passive smoking
Views: 2688 Date: 23.01.2017 Favorited: 5
User Comments
I thought honey potting is when you put one of those honey things into a girls vagina and masturbate her, and it gets so goopy and wet that it's like it has honey on it


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(Oct 8, 1713, Opatow, now Voivodship of Kielce, Poland – Apr 29, 1793, Prague) was the preeminent rabbi of the last decades of the 18th century. He served in Jampol before his election to the chief rabbinate of Prague. Thousands studied in his academy. Landau composed influential novellae on various talmudic tractates (Tziyun le-nefesh Chaya), sermons (Derushei ha-Tzlach), and glosses on the Shulchan Aruch (Dagul me-Revava). His Responsa, Noda bi-Yehuda (1776/1811), established his reputation as the greatest authority of his time in the field of th…
Landau, Ezekiel(158 words)
Cite this pageSilber, Michael K., "Landau, Ezekiel", in: Religion Past and Present. Consulted online on 16 December 2019 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_12628>
First published online: 2011
First print edition: ISBN: 9789004146662, 2006-2013
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Hi All
OH had his 6-monthly Onco appointment today at MV today and as expected he has been taken of HT after 2 years. The plan is to continue with 3-monthly PSA tests and if/when PSA reaches 1.00 we are to make an appointment with the Oncologist again. I was surprised it was 1. I expected it to be higher than this, what do you all think?
Also does anyone know how long it will take for th HT to leave his body. Will hot flushes and other symptoms still last for a while? xx
Thanks Lyn, thats very useful. Onco did say that he wouldnt necessarily start treatment immediately once the PSA hits 1, he may wait a while to see how things progress but he wants to know once we hit 1. I am aware OH's treatment was different to a lot of others on here and i am grateful for an imaginative Onco. We will just have to hope that things stay stable from here on out and hope for the best xx
Hi Debbie,
If I read your profile correctly your husband had HT, chemo, RT, brachytherapy and HT. That is amazing and I wonder if it was on the NHS. I can't answer your question but think that as his psa is less than 0.1 then for someone who has not had his prostate removed an increase to 1 would be the trigger point rather than 0.2 for an RP patient. Although I'd assume they'll be thinking harder if it starts to rise and how fast it rises, particularly if you insist. Yes let's hope it stays low. Regards Peter
Hi Peter. thanks for your reply and no the OH's treatment was done privately thanks to BUPA. We used the same consultant we were given on the NHS when he was initially diagnosed but then kicked in the private medical on diagnosis. i have no idea if the treatment would have been different if we had stayed with the NHS xxx
I've been off the HT for just over a year. The fatiigue disappeared after 5/6 months, I've managed to lose significant weight, and the weird mood stuff has gone too. I still get the occasional hot flush, maybe three or four a week. I've been told I'll have them for life.
I still have zero libido, and the penis shrinkage is permanent too.
But life's good, and I don't even get anxious about my PSA, though, of course, I'll continue to monitor it. One day I'll get a tap on the shoulder, but life will go on until that day.
-- Andrew --
"I intend to live forever, or die trying" - Groucho Marx
Hi Heenan. Thanks for your response. Did your PSA rise when you came off HT or is it still the same (thereabouts) a year later? x
They say that the side effects will take as long to clear as they did to appear, so if he had side effects almost immediately after starting HT then they should disappear quite quickly whereas if they took a long time to develop he may be stuck with them for a couple of years. Some side effects are permanent for most men, like breasts and hot flushes.
As I think I have posted to you before, your OH's treatment plan was exceptional and I think only one or 2 other men on here have had chemo with curative RT/HT.
I've read quite a lot of profiles and your husbands treatment looks to be a collection of the latest thinking. It ticks so many boxes, to me anyway. It is possible he'd do that as NHS treatment, it could be that he's very up to speed and/or the resources and facilities are there. Whatever happens he's given you the best chances, that's a great thought to have within you. Regards Peter
I was warned that my PSA might rise on HT cessation - the Dead Cat Bounce - but that hasn't happened yet (13 months since last jab). I'm still trundling along at <0.1
We're all different, and as has been said, a sharp rise is not unusual nor (necessarily) significant.
Your husband's 'cocktail' looks like a good one - I never understood why chemo isn't routinely given with either surgery or R/T (or both!). But then the religious mantra that "50% of men with prostate cancer die of something else first" seems to have convinced the medical profession that the usual cancer mantra - "Hit it hard and hit it fast" seems to have been thrown out of the window.
Hi Debbie, everything possible has been thrown at your husband's PC. The way he has coped with the treatment and the response to it is excellent.
As Lyn says PSA will rise, he still has a prostate so that is to be expected as the healthy prostate cells recover from the ondlaught.
I looked up cancer research uk and they have the same defintions as seem to be used across the world for biochemical recurrence.
After surgery to remove your prostate (prostatectomy)
PSA levels are usually extremely low (below the normal range) about a month after surgery. They should be < 0.02 ng/ml. If it increases above 0.2 ng/ml this can indicate recurrence.
After external beam radiotherapy
PSA levels usually get lower slowly over months or years. Defining the limit for cure is complicated and you should ask your cancer specialist. Usually a level of 2 ng/ml above the lowest point after treatment (the nadir) is taken as a sign of recurrence, or 3 increases in a row (consecutive increases).
After internal beam radiotherapy (brachytherapy)
PSA can rise temporarily after brachytherapy. This is called PSA bounce. The level then lowers slowly. Usually a level of 2 ng/ml above the lowest point after treatment (the nadir) is taken as a sign of recurrence."
The oncolgist is being very proactive by wanting to see him if PSA reaches 1.0, that is a good thing.
Hopefully your husband will remain cancer free now.
Best wishes, Ian.
Click through to become a member and gain access to support, information and real time replies.


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