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Nutrients 2018, 10(3), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030364
Association between Sarcopenia and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older Non-Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The College of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 21 January 2018 / Accepted: 14 March 2018 / Published: 16 March 2018
The associations between sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in non-obese middle-aged and older adults remain controversial. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the overall prevalence of MetS and the correlations between sarcopenia and MetS in middle-aged and older non-obese adults. We performed a systematic searched strategy using PUBMED, EMBASE and Web of Science databases for relevant observational studies investigating sarcopenia and MetS up to 11 May 2017. The polled prevalence of MetS and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI), as well as subgroup analyses were calculated using a random effects model. Twelve articles with a total of 35,581 participants were included. The overall prevalence of MetS was 36.45% (95% CI, 28.28–45.48%) in middle-aged and older non-obese adults with sarcopenia. Our analysis demonstrated a positive association between sarcopenia and MetS (OR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.63–2.47). The subgroup analysis showed that both larger cohort size and the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure body composition can enhance the relationship. Our study revealed that a higher proportion of MetS in middle-aged and older non-obese people with sarcopenia. Moreover, sarcopenia was positively associated with MetS in this population. Further large-scale prospective cohort studies are needed to investigate the causality between sarcopenia and MetS.
Keywords:sarcopenia; meta-analysis; metabolic syndrome; non-obese; middle-aged and older
1. Introduction
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass, strength and decline in physical performance with age. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the International Working Group on Sarcopeina and the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) recommend using the simultaneous presence of both low muscle mass and low muscle function to define sarcopenia, although their phenotypes and specific cut-off points for diagnosing sarcopenia are not completely uniform [1,2,3]. These criteria were further validated as good predictors of future mobility impairment, hospitalization and death [1,4]. The diagnostic techniques used to characterize sarcopenia include non-imaging diagnostic techniques (e.g., questionnaires, physical performance, general anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, serum and urinary biomarkers) and imaging techniques (e.g., whole-body dual X-ray absorptiometry, sonography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) [5]. Although evaluating the prevalence of sarcopenia has been limited by diagnostic techniques and criteria, the prevalence of sarcopenia has been reported to range from at least 4.6% in community-dwelling older people (mean age of 67 years) [6] to 25% in hospitalized older people (mean age of 82.8 years) [7]. By 2050, more than 200 million people worldwide are predicted to suffer from sarcopenia [2].
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities (abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood glucose, and blood lipid abnormalities) that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as all-cause mortality [8,9,10]. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide. The unadjusted MetS prevalence was 34.1% among US adults (aged ≥ 20 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006. Similarly, according to data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998–2007, the crude MetS prevalence was 31.3% in Korean adults (mean age 49.9 years) in 2007 [11]. However, these results did not report MetS prevalence by different body mass index (BMI) categories.
The majority of previous studies on MetS have focused on whole populations or obese subpopulations. Recently, several studies have addressed the high prevalence and increased risk of MetS in individuals who have BMI in the upper normal-weight and slightly overweight range [12]. As a geriatric and aging disease, sarcopenia is known to be associated with various metabolic disorders, including obesity [13], insulin resistance [14], diabetes [15], dyslipidemia [16], and hypertension [17]. Several studies have revealed a relationship between MetS and sarcopenia [18,19,20]. It is worth noting that sarcopenia showed an association with MetS in older people with normal BMI and may be an early predictor for MetS susceptibility in non-obese older adults [20]. The potential mechanisms linking MetS with sarcopenia are as follows: as a primary site for glucose and fatty acid metabolism, muscle mass loss promotes insulin resistance, which leads to MetS and type 2 diabetes; secreted proteins or myokines from skeletal muscle fibers (especially type IIb muscle fibers) have been shown to reverse the pathological consequences of metabolic disorders by counteracting the metabolic effect of adipokines secreted by adipose tissue, and these muscle fibers are selectively lost during the aging process [21].
2. Methods
This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement (PRISMA Checklist, Table S1) [22].
2.1. Literature Search
Two authors (S.L. and H.Z.) independently searched published studies indexed in PUBMED, EMBASE and Web of Science databases from inception to 11 May 2017. The keywords used in search were those referring to metabolic syndrome (metabolic syndrome X, metabolic syndrome, Plurimetabolic syndrome, Reaven syndrome, syndrome X, dysmetabolic syndrome X, cardiovascular syndrome and insulin resistance syndrome) and sarcopenia (sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, loss of skeletal muscle, loss of muscle mass and strength, and muscle wasting). Conference abstracts were also included, and authors were contacted to obtain missing information when necessary. References of selected retrieved articles were also manually reviewed.
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
We included published quantitative studies that examined the association between MetS and sarcopenia and/or reported the prevalence of MetS in middle-aged and older non-obese sarcopenic adults with a mean age ≥40 years, where non-obese and obese was divided by BMI at the design stage or the relationship between MetS and sarcopenia in the general population was assessed according to normalized or adjusted for BMI. We only included studies that calculated BMI by the standard formula: weight (kg) divided by the square of height (m).
We included studies that calculated skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) for each participant using any of the following formulas: (1) the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), which is the sum of lean mass in the upper and lower limbs measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans or bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) (kg), was divided by the weight (kg) (ASM/WT); (2) ASM was divided by the square of height (m) (ASM/Ht2); (3) ASM was divided by BMI (kg/m2) (ASM/BMI); (4) ASM was divided by height squared (m2) and then divided by weight (kg) ((ASM/Ht2)/WT). We also included studies that defined sarcopenia using handgrip strength (kg) alone or combined with SMI and gait speed (m/s), as well as by the 24-h urinary creatinine method.
We included studies that diagnosed MetS according to the criteria of the American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (AHA/NHLBI/IDF) or according to the criteria established by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII), as well as the criteria of MetS commonly used in Japan.
We excluded studies in which we were unable to extract data of non-obese individuals from the obese or could not calculate a standardized effect size (e.g., when data were represented in T-scores or z-scores), as well as studies without a clear definition or diagnostic criteria for MetS or sarcopenia (e.g., metabolic phenotype, dynapenia or lean mass loss). We also excluded studies that were conducted on clinical patients but not community samples to avoid bias.
2.3. Study Selection and Data Extraction
Two authors (T.G. and F.Z.) independently reviewed titles and abstracts of all citations. After all abstracts were reviewed, the short-listed articles of interest were compared between the two investigators and evaluated with the inclusion and exclusion criteria listed previously. Disputed studies were resolved by consensus with a third author (A.M.).
The following information was extracted: surname of the first author, year of publication, country in which the study was performed, characteristics of the study population (e.g., cohort size and demographics), diagnostic criteria for MetS and sarcopenia, and adjustment factors. All information was recorded on a standardized data collection form and was checked by all authors.
2.4. Quality Assessment
The quality of each study was independently evaluated by two authors (J.C. and Y.S.) using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cohort, case-control studies in three aspects, including the selection of study participants, the comparability of the groups and assessment of outcome measures [23] . Cross-sectional studies were evaluated by the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale [24]. Discrepant opinions between authors were resolved by consensus. Studies with a Newcastle-Ottawa scale score ≥ 5 were regarded as high quality.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Pooled mean effect size was calculated using meta-analysis software Stata V.11.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA) and R. The random-effect model was used as it assumes varying effect sizes between studies, because of differing study designs and populations. We used reported prevalence, odds ratio (OR), converted prevalence and converted OR from the published data. Both the prevalence of MetS together with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and the OR with 95% CI of MetS among middle-aged and older adults with and without sarcopenia were calculated. For studies with several estimates, we extracted those reflecting the most representative non-obese population. We conducted subgroup analyses to investigate the potential differences and heterogeneity according to adjustment or not, continent, and diagnosis of MetS and sarcopenia. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05 unless otherwise specified. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the robustness of results, in which pooled estimates were calculated after removing one study in each turn. Study heterogeneity was measured using the Cochran's Q and I-squared statistics, assuming that a p ≤ 0.10 for the former and a value ≥ 50% for the latter indicated a significant and substantial heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot, Egger's regression test and the trim and fill methods.
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
We initially identified 764 potential articles. After removing duplicates and reviewing the titles and abstracts, 652 articles were removed. Then, 112 articles underwent full-text review according to the eligibility criteria, which excluded 100 articles. In total, 12 articles were retrieved in our final meta-analysis [18,20,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Among the 12 included articles, ten provided available data for evaluating the prevalence of MetS in sarcopenic adults and there were 13 studies assessing the association between MetS and sarcopenia. All these studies provided only cross-sectional data. The selection process is schematized in Figure 1.
3.2. Study and Participants' Characteristics
Characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. All of the studies were conducted among community-dwellers. The studies investigating the prevalence of MetS included a total of 4427 non-obese sarcopenic middle-aged and older adults with mean ages of 50.9–83.1 years, among whom 65.1% were women. These participants were compared with 31,154 participants without sarcopenia with mean ages of 43.1–82.0 years, among whom 52.5% were women. Ten studies were performed in Asia, one in North America and one in Asian and Oceania. Eleven articles used NCEP-ATPIII to define MetS and one used NCEP-ATPIII. Sarcopenia was diagnosed by DXA in eight studies, while the rest used HGS, BIA/HGS/GS and 24-h urine creatinine tests.
3.3. The MetS Prevalence among Middle-Aged and Older Non-Obese Adults with Sarcopenia
Full details of the MetS prevalence among middle-aged and older non-obese adults with and without sarcopenia are summarized in Table 2. The overall MetS prevalence among the 4427 sarcopenia patients was 36.45% (95% CI: 28.28–45.48%; I2 = 96%; Figure 2), while the prevalence among the 37,045 middle-aged non-obese adults without sarcopenia was 22.81% (95% CI: 17.97–28.51%; I2 = 99%). Table 2 also shows the MetS prevalence among the non-obese sarcopenic population stratified by geographical region, the MetS definition, sarcopenia measure, and cohort size (n ≥ 200 versus n < 200). The MetS prevalence in non-obese adults with sarcopenia was higher in studies conducted in North America that used 24-h urinary creatinine analysis to diagnose sarcopenia, while the MetS prevalence was lower in studies that only used HGS and BIA/HGS/GS for diagnosis. Cohort size did not significantly affect the MetS prevalence in the sarcopenic population, although the prevalence was slightly higher in studies with cohort sizes < 200 patients. In contrast, the MetS prevalence was significantly influenced by cohort size in the population without sarcopenia. Linear regression tests of funnel plot asymmetry suggested that there were no significant publication biases in either the sarcopenia (p = 0.77) or non-sarcopenia (p = 0.53) groups. Additionally, the polled estimates were unchanged after trim and fill analyses, signifying that no additional studies are needed.
3.4. Odds Ratio of MetS in Middle-Aged and Older Non-Obese Adults with Sarcopenia
Taking the middle-aged and older non-obese adults without sarcopenia from these 17 studies, as the reference group, sarcopenia patients had a higher odds ratio of having MetS (OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.63–2.47; p < 0.001; I2 = 79.2%; Figure 3) using the random-effect model. This indicated that this population (with sarcopenia) was 2.01 times more likely to have MetS than middle-aged and older non-obese adults without sarcopenia. Begg's and Egger's tests produced p values of 0.669 and 0.2, respectively, suggesting the absence of publication bias.
Considering that high heterogeneity was found, sub-analyses were conducted to address the possible source of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses that adjusted for potential confounders or not, including geographic region, MetS definition, sarcopenia measurement, cohort size (n ≥ 1000 versus n < 1000), and the method of defining non-obese versus obese, were conducted. These subgroup analyses showed that the association between MetS and sarcopenia in middle-aged and older non-obese adults was greater in studies that used unadjusted estimates, used DXA to diagnose sarcopenia, and those with cohorts of n ≥ 1000 (Table 3). Some results from the subgroup analyses became non-significant, which may be due the small number of studies. It is also worth noting that the overall significance of the subgroup analyses results decreased the most in studies with cohort sizes < 1000.
Together, these sub-analyses suggested that heterogeneity could be partly explained by differences that existed (whether using adjusted data or not) from the different methods used to diagnose sarcopenia and cohort size. These factors may be important considerations to keep in mind when deriving and interpreting effect estimates from such studies in a meta-analysis.
4. Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to investigate the association between MetS and sarcopenia in middle-aged and older non-obese adults. In summary, our results indicated that across cross-sectional data, approximately 36.45% of middle-aged and older non-obese adults with sarcopenia have MetS, while only 22.81% of this population without sarcopenia have MetS. Similar results were found by Suliga et al., in which MetS was diagnosed in 17.27% of individuals aged 37–66 years of normal weight [35]. In this meta-analysis of 13 studies with 35,581 individuals, we found a statistically significant positive OR between MetS and sarcopenia in middle-aged and older non-obese adults, indicating that the concomitant presence of MetS and sarcopenia is common in this population.
We also found that MetS prevalence in middle-aged and older non-obese adults with or without sarcopenia in North America was higher than in Asia, which was consistent with previous studies. The association between MetS and sarcopenia showed the same regional difference. Thus, middle-aged and older non-obese adults in Asia may be more susceptible to developing MetS. However, considering that the majority of studies were conducted in Asia, more data is needed to definitively draw this conclusion. We also found that the MetS prevalence was lower in studies that only used HGS to diagnose sarcopenia, which can be explained by a lack of assessing muscle mass loss, the most important feature of sarcopenia. Individuals with sarcopenia who were diagnosed by 24-h urinary creatinine tests showed a higher MetS prevalence. As a metabolic product of creatine in muscle, creatinine levels are proportional to total muscle mass; thus, the test may have a higher sensitivity for identifying sarcopenia and MetS than other methods [27,36]. There was no apparent difference in the MetS prevalence as defined by NCEP/ATPIII or AHA/NHLBI/IDF in our analysis. This is easy to understand; both methods use the same five factors to form MetS diagnosis and differ only in the thresholds used for fasting glucose [37]. It is worth mentioning that the sarcopenia definition was extremely varied among the included studies, which might confound the association between sarcopenia and MetS. Sarcopenia defined by the aLM/BMI method, which considers height and weight together, was better for predicting disability in middle-aged and older adults than the aLM/ht2 method, because it considers fat as a part of the definition. Additionally, the FNIH Sarcopenia Project has recommended the definition of low muscle mass adjusted for body mass to examine sarcopenia in the general population [38]. A lower polled OR of MetS was found in our included studies with cohorts size < 1000, although there was no significant difference between the cohort size subgroups. Thus, studies with larger cohorts are required to achieve reliable results.
4.1. Potential Biological Mechanisms
Our results in middle-aged and older non-obese adults were not surprising because aging is known to contribute to sarcopenia and MetS development. Skeletal muscle is a potential anti-oxidative organ during the inflammatory immune response [39]. However, the onset of decreased total lean body mass can be detected as early as the age of 45. Aging is associated with immuosenescence and accompanied by a chronic inflammatory state which leads to MetS [40]. In addition to the aging process, decreased physical activity is another cause of sarcopenia that might contribute to MetS. Some studies have shown that physical inactivity contributes to sarcopenia development [41,42]. Steffl et al. [43] conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that confirmed the benefits of physical activity against sarcopenia development in older people. He et al. [44] performed a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and showed a beneficial effect of leisure time physical activity on MetS. Among these retrieved studies, seven provided adjusted ORs, and the overall effect showed a positive relationship between sarcopenia and MetS in our recruited population. Considering most adjusted variables included factors such as age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption, the association between sarcopenia and MetS could not be simply explained by aging and physical inactivity, suggesting that other specific mechanisms may exist. As mentioned previously, the decreased myokine secretion from type IIb skeletal muscle fibers during aging cannot adequately counteract the pathological consequences of metabolic disorders that arise from adipokines secreted by adipose tissue that contribute to MetS development [21,45]. Additionally, skeletal muscle accounts for approximately half of the lean body mass of an adult individual and therefore plays an important role in insulin-stimulated glycolipid metabolism [46].
4.2. Directions for Further Research
There remain several questions that require further research. First, given that MetS development varies by sex, how gender influences the prevalence and effects of MetS in middle-aged and older non-obese adults with sarcopenia remains and open question. Additionally, the impact of sarcopenia on MetS in middle-aged and older obese adults is unknown. Although MetS can be seen in non-obese individuals and develops independent of obesity, obesity always contributes to MetS-associated metabolic alterations [47]. To address these issues, more studies with detailed data stratified by sex and sarcopenic obesity are needed.
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
Our study had multiple strengths. First, our analysis focus on the association between sarcopenia and MetS in middle-aged and older non-obese adults. We included a representative sample in which a decrease in total lean body mass began to appear. Additionally, the pooled effect estimates did not change significantly whether adjusted for potential confounders or not, indicating that our results were credible. Nevertheless, this meta-analysis also had several limitations. First, we were limited to performing this meta-analysis on observational studies. This meta-analysis mainly came from cross-sectional studies, thus, the directional causality between sarcopenia and MetS in middle-aged and older non-obese adults cannot be ascertained and requires future cohort studies for confirmation. Second, the association between sarcopenia and MetS could be influenced by the difference in adjusted factors in each study. Additionally, there were certain potential unadjusted confounding factors that might have great influence on our results. Third, the subjects of this meta-analysis were mostly Asian (and most of them Korean); better-designed studies with populations from other countries are needed. Fourth, previous studies lack data from elderly people; future studies need to focus on the relation between sarcopenia and MetS in older people. Finally, as mentioned previously, the definition of sarcopenia varies greatly among these studies, which may have confounded our results.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/3/364/s1; Table S1: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement.
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81373000) and Qingdao Postdoctoral Application Research Project (Grant No. 2015171).
Author Contributions
All authors provided contributions to con-design of this research and approve this version of manuscript to be published. M.A. and H.Z. determined the search strategy. T.G. and F.Z. conducted the selection of relevant studies and data extraction separately. J.C. and S.Y. evaluated the quality of each study independently. M.A. and H.Z. did the analyses and outcomes. M.A., H.Z. and S.L. drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the final submitted version and agree to be responsible for all the work.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 2. Forest plot of the meta-analysis for the overall MetS prevalence in middle-aged and older non-obese adults with sarcopenia.
Figure 3. Funnel plot with pseudo 95% confidence limits for the association between MetS and sarcopenia in middle-aged and older non-obese adults. OR, odd ratios; CI, confidence interval.
|Author, Year
|Country, Setting
|Study Design
|Cohort Size (Female %)
|Average Age, Year
|Definition of Sarcopenia
|Definition of MetS
|Quality Assessment
|Kang et al., 2017 [25]
|Korea, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 61.9 ± 0.5
Control: 61.6 ± 0.3
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; ASM/Wt was less than 1 standard deviation below the mean of the young reference group
|Menopausal age, any female sex hormonal treatment, drinking status, smoking status, physical activity, chronic disease, and economic status
|Ma et al., 2016 [27]
|Korea, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 71.6 ± 8.0
Control: 67.7±7.0
|Skeletal muscle mass evaluated by 24-h UC method; 24-h UC ≥ 12.33 mmol/day for men and ≥10.43 mmol/day for women
|Han et al., 2016 [28]
|United states, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 66.0 ± 12.6
Control: 51.0 ± 15.8
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; ASM/BMI < 0.789 for men and <0.512 for women
|Chung et al., 2016 [29]
|Korea, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 62.7 ± 1.1
Control: 59.6 ± 0.3
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; (ASM/Ht2)/Wt % < 28.9% for men and <22.4% for women
|Age, sex, household income, current smoking, alcohol consumption, vitamin D, hypertension and dyslipidemia
|Byeon et al., 2015 [31]
|Korea, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 56.4 ± 2.0
Control: 43.6 ± 0.4
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; ASM/Wt % < 26.88% for men and 21.02% for women
|Lee et al., 2015 [30]
|Korea, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 56.7 ± 16.3
Control: 47.9 ± 16.8
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; ASM/Wt % < 32.2% for men and <25.5% for women
|Scott et al., 2015 [26]
|Korea & Australian community-dwelling
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; ASM/BMI < 0.789 for men and <0.512 for women
|Age and gender
|Moon et al., 2014 [20]
|Korea, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 59.8 ± 14.3
Control: 48.3 ± 15.5
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; ASM/Wt % < 26.98% for men and 21.14% for women
|Age, sex, region, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and family income level
|Ishii et al., 2014 [18]
|Japan, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 77.1 ± 5.8
Control: 72.0 ± 5.0
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by BIA; SMI < 7.0 kg/m2 for men and <5.8 kg/m2 for women; muscle strength < 30 kg for men and <20 kg for women; gait speed < 1.26 m/s for each sex
|Age, height, weight, physical activity and food intake.
|Liu et al., 2014 [32]
|Taiwan (China), community-dwelling
|Cohort study, baseline data
|Sarcopenia: 83.1 ± 4.8
Control: 82.0 ± 4.5
|Handgrip strength < 22.5 kg
|Kim et al., 2013 [34]
|Korea, community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 51.0 ± 10.6
Control: 44.2 ± 14.9
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by DXA; ASM/Wt % was less than 1 standard deviation below the mean of the young reference group
|Lu et al., 2012 [33]
|Taiwan (China), community-dwelling
|Sarcopenia: 61.1 ± 9.6
Control: 64.4 ± 10.3
|Skeletal muscle mass measured by BIA; ASM/Wt % < 37% for man and <27.6% for women
|Age, gender, current smoking, current drinking, vegetarian diet and physical activity
Abbreviations: AHA/NHLBI/IDF, the American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BIA, bioelectric impedance analysis; BMI, body mass index; DXA, dual energy Xray absorptiometry; MetS, metabolic syndrome; N/A, not available; NCEP-ATPIII, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; Wt, weight.
Table 2. Meta-analysis results of prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older non-obese adults with or without sarcopenia.
|Number of Studies
|Number of Participants
|Between Group p Value
|Prevalence of MetS in non-obese middle-aged and older people with sarcopenia
|Prevalence (95% CI)
|All studies (D + L)
|0.36 (0.28–0.45)
|0.35 (0.26–0.45)
|North America
|0.47 (0.42–0.52)
|Definition of MetS
|0.37 (0.27–0.47)
|0.34 (0.30–0.38)
|Sarcopenia measure
|24 h urinary creatinine
|0.47 (0.42–0.52)
|0.28 (0.24–0.33)
|0.13 (0.10–0.18)
|Cohort size (n)
|n ≥ 200
|0.34 (0.25–0.44)
|n < 200
|0.40 (0.24–0.59)
|Prevalence of MetS in non-obese middle-aged and older people without sarcopenia
|Prevalence (95% CI)
|All studies (D + L)
|0.23 (0.18–0.29)
|0.21 (0.16–0.26)
|North America
|0.48 (0.42–0.53)
|Definition of MetS
|0.23 (0.18–0.29)
|0.23 (0.22–0.25)
|Sarcopenia measure
|0.20 (0.16–0.25)
|24-h urine
|0.48 (0.42–0.53)
|0.38 (0.36–0.40)
|0.12 (0.08–0.18)
|Cohort size (n)
|n ≥ 200
|0.27 (0.21–0.34)
|n < 200
|0.08 (0.03–0.19)
Notes: MetS, metabolic syndrome; NCEP-ATPIII, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; AHA/NHLBI/IDF, American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the International Diabetes Federation; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; HGS, hand grip strength; GS, gait speed.
|Number of Studies
|All studies
|2.01 (1.63–2.47)
|1.85 (1.48–2.32)
|2.16 (1.54–3.03)
|2.12 (1.69–2.65)
|North America
|1.61 (1.31–1.97)
|Asian & Oceania
|1.64 (1.12–2.41)
|Definition of MetS
|2.01 (1.59–2.53)
|1.97 (1.51–2.57)
|Sarcopenia measurement
|2.41 (1.98–2.94)
|1.44 (0.72–2.87)
|24 h urinary creatinine
|1.61 (1.31–1.97)
|1.98 (1.25–3.15)
|1.08 (0.61–1.92)
|Cohort size
|n ≥ 1000
|2.41 (1.96–2.97)
|n < 1000
|1.53 (1.22–1.93)
|Non-obese evaluation
|Divided by BMI
|1.92 (1.53–.41)
|Adjustment for BMI
|2.01 (1.63–2.47)
Notes: MetS, metabolic syndrome; NCEP-ATPIII, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; AHA/NHLBI/IDF, American Heart Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and the International Diabetes Federation; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; HGS, hand grip strength; GS, gait speed; BMI, body mass index.
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).


text: Home / Flooring / 10mm Laminate Flooring / Krono Original Vintage Classic 10mm Historic Oak Laminate Flooring 5947 Krono Original Vintage Classic 10mm Historic Oak Laminate Flooring 5947 £21.83 £18.19 (ex. VAT) RRP: £22.78 PRICE PER SQUARE METRE £12.69 PACK SIZE 1.73 SQUARE METRES: PRICE PER PACK £21.83 - SALE ON FOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY Add to your Wish List Information Krono Original Vintage Classic 10mm Historic Oak Laminate Flooring 5947, Well known for their durable laminate flooring collections, Krono Original have proven to be popular both in domestic and business environments thanks to their wide variety of colours This Krono Original flooring is supplied in 1.73m² packs, Flooring Brand: Krono Original Part Of The Stylish Krono 10mm Vintage Classic Flooring Range Board Thickness: 10mm Board Width: 192mm Board Length: 1285mm Each Pack Covers: Covers 1.73m² area of floor Number of Planks In Each Pack: Each pack contains 7 planks Finish On Flooring: Handscraped Flooring Decor : Historic Oak Decor 4V Groove: Bevelled Edge On All Sides giving it a real wood floor look Floor Fitting Profile: 1clic2go system Grade: AC4 (Class 32) can be used in domestic areas and light commerical areas Acclimitastion Rules: 48 Hours Floor Guarantee: Residential 30 Years Is it Suitable for Bathrooms and Kitchens: Yes with care, bath mats, light mopping. See care details for more info Is it Suitable with under floor heating: Yes up to a maximum surface temperature of 26°C Is the floor FSC certified: Yes Remember to choose your Underlay - See related products below to Choose Your Underlay Specifications MPN: 5947 Brand: Krono Original Condition: New Product Code: 5947 Weight: 16kg Reviews Not yet reviewed Write an online review and share your thoughts with other shoppers! Be the first to review this product You May Also Like 2mm TimberTech Silver Wood & Laminate Flooring Underlay £34.99 £29.16 (ex. VAT) 3mm Barrier Wood & Laminate Flooring Underlay £23.99 £19.99 (ex. VAT) 3mm Combi Silver Wood and Laminate Flooring Underlay £23.99 £19.99 (ex. VAT) 5.5mm FibreBoard Wood & Laminate Flooring Underlay £24.99 £20.83 (ex. VAT) 5mm XPS Foam Wood & Laminate Flooring Underlay £20.00 £16.67 (ex. VAT) Forme Brigette Solid Brass Key Lever on Backplate - Satin Chrome £40.88 £34.07 (ex. VAT) Forme Brigette Solid Brass Key Lever on Backplate - Yester Bronze £46.88 £39.07 (ex. VAT) Internal Oak Mirage Half Hour Fire Rated Door PreFinished £189.99 £158.33 (ex. VAT) White Foam Flooring 2mm Underlay 15 Square Metre Rolls £19.00 £15.83 (ex. VAT)

subset: commoncrawl


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Manuals and User Guides for Brother IntelliFax We have 2 Brother IntelliFax manuals available for free PDF download: User Manual, Quick Setup. Office Manuals and free pdf instructions. Find the office and computer equipment manual you need at ManualsOnline. Brother Fax Machine User Manual. User's guide, Fax • Read online or download PDF • Brother IntelliFAX User Manual.
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Pull out the jammed paper 1.
Register your product on-line at http: Sending A Fax Make sure that there is no jammed paper left in the corners of the machine. Page 6 Telephone Service for Australia The LCD will show the fax number ijtellifax dialled.
Ask the other party to send the fax again. Important Please make sure paper size is set to A4.
brother intellifax user manual
If the fax machine recognizes the ring pattern, all ringing will stop and the fax machine will answer and automatically receive the fax message. This memorandum is intended to be a guide rather than a complete list. You can also transfer the Fax Journal report to see if there mannual any faxes you need to transfer.
3160 Fax Options Copy options When you want to quickly change the copy settings temporarily for the next copy, use the Copy Options key. The most common error messages are shown below.
Brother IntelliFAX 1360 User Manual
Manal Forwarding The fax forwarding feature lets you automatically forward your received faxes to another machine. If ink is still missing, call your Brother dealer. Press and hold the universal guide release button 1 as you slide out the front of the paper tray to match the paper size you are using. Volume keys In Fax mode, you can press these keys to adjust the ring volume. Telephone Service For Australia When the voice call comes in, all phones extension and external and the fax machine will ring to alert you to pick it up.
Ordering Accessories And Supplies Press Menu, 2, 3, 1.
Choosing A Location Receive Mode Settings Using Your Remote Access Code If metal objects, water or other liquids get inside the machine, immediately unplug the machine Page 81 14 Never push objects of any kind into this product through cabinet slots, since they may touch dangerous voltage points or grother out parts resulting in the risk of fire or electric shock.


text:
Grand Mal Seizures in Adults
There is a health condition referred to as grand mal seizures that can affect both adults and children, and that occurs when the impulses transmitted through the brain are disturbed. This article provide some information about this condition, its causes, symptoms, and types in adults.
Madhurjya Bhattacharyya
Last Updated: Jan 27, 2018
Under normal circumstances, the nerve cells of the brain produces signals by which they are able to coordinate their activities with each other. The pattern of these signals shows that the cells of the brain are always busy and the places of occurrence of these signals suggests the activities being done by the brain such as controlling muscle movement, hearing, feeling, seeing, thinking, etc. Whenever these signals are interrupted, suddenly seizures occur and are usually very intense. It may take place either throughout or in a part of the brain. When it takes place in all the cells of the brain, it's called generalized seizures and it is also known as grand mal seizures. They are more common in adults, but may occur in children as well. The most common symptoms in adults include jerking limbs and body stiffness.
Whenever there is an interruption or an abnormal electrical activity in the nerve cells of the brain, grand mal seizures are caused. All the activities of the human body are regulated by the brain and when such seizures occur, the nerve cells lose control of the normal activities. Seizures signify that the brain is not able to function normally due to a number of causes like injuries or some diseases. Metabolic imbalance, stroke, brain tumor, infections in the central nervous system, head injury, birth trauma, and toxic substance ingestion may also cause this medical condition.
Many a time, they may seem to have no specific reason and such types are called idiopathic seizures. There are reports that this type occurs in 75% of the cases in adults. They may be caused due to brain lesions, which are microscopic, that may have taken place at the time of birth. Moreover, they also may be caused due to metabolic disturbances which have still not been explained.
The most common symptoms include stiffening and sudden shaking of the body. The eyes and the mouth remain open, legs and arms straighten till the time the effects of this medical condition doesn't go away. This is accompanied by contraction of the respiratory muscles and as such the air is forced out of the lungs. Moreover, there's clumping of the jaws accompanied by biting of the tongue. The bladders contract thereby releasing urine, the body becomes rigid, and the person loses consciousness. This phase is known as the tonic phase. The tonic phase is followed by the clonic phase and is accompanied by rhythmic muscular compressions of the whole body.
Depending on to what extent and which part of the brain is affected, the type of seizures may vary. Medical professionals divide them into four types: 1) Generalized; 2) Simple partial; 3) Nonepileptic; and 3) Epileptic seizure. Generalized seizures are those which affect both the sides of the cerebral hemispheres at the start of a seizure. Further, a loss of consciousness for sometime or for longer periods is accompanied by this type. If the abnormality is limited to a specific area of the brain, it's called partial seizure. Nonepileptic seizures are those wherein a person's behavior is changed briefly and they appear similar to epileptic seizures. Status epilepticus, which is known to last for more than 30 minutes, is nothing but a persistent or lasting seizure which a person may experience.
On a conclusive note, it is a condition wherein the brain starts functioning abnormally and loses control over the body functions. Furthermore, a person affected by this condition should consult the doctor immediately, as if it is not treated on time, it can become dangerous, and at times life-threatening.
Disclaimer: This HealthHearty article is for informative purposes only, and should not be used as a replacement for expert medical advice.


text:
by Martie
(Poulsbo, WA, USA)
2/20/2015 Poulsbo, Washington - This cars engine (250 straight 6) was rebuilt in '98. 40K miles on that. Used only to drive to work (5 miles total). Has been sitting 1 year due to health issues. Needs muffler and a good wash. Some rust. Maybe a fresh tune-up. Did rotor and caps in 2014. Not spark plugs. Might need jump. New battery in 2014. New wipers. For more info call Martie at 360-689-7018 or Michael at 360-613-5034. He did the rebuild. Good car for a great price. $1500. Title unemcumbered.
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Classic Cars.


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As it is now, digital co-op funds are being wasted, due to an inefficient system that busy partners just don't have the time to participate in. In fact, 80% of local business partners find co-op funds critical to executing local marketing, but nearly half of them leave these funds on the table. This results in a lose-lose situation for both corporate brands and the local business partners, but how do we prevent it from happening?
Don't panic, it's completely understandable that local partners get frustrated with the program as a whole. If your local/regional managers don't understand the intricacies surrounding your complex co-op program, chances are your current partners aren't on the same page either. To increase program participation, increase your communication. Partners need to be educated on WHAT the overall desired outcome of the Co-Op program is, HOW it will be executed (from Billing to Marketing Campaigns), WHY your brand is investing in their partners and what you're trying to achieve as an organization. A great marketing agency/partner can handle the entire communication process for you!
Here are some ways an experienced digital agency can help with communication:
- Digital co-op program guidelines.
A full-service agency can handle the high-level communications and educate your partners on all parameters of the co-op program. Simply knowing that there isn't an excessive amount of paperwork to receive reimbursement can, at times, be the push they need to sign up.
- Billing & Approvals
Your full-service agency can eliminate paperwork, approval obstacles, and even handle all billing processes. It's all about simplifying the process for both Brand and Partners.
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Co-op advertising arrangements generally require the Partner to meet certain requirements set by the Brand. A full-service agency can help manage your content, creatives, and any copy-righted materials you wish to use.
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There are a lot of agencies that can handle co-ops, but are they familiar with your industry and unique needs? You want marketing strategists who are experienced in your industry and a hands-on Google Certified team that supports them. Consistent two-way communication is key when the agency relies on your partners for monthly and quarterly strategies.
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Access to valuable insights is essential to any co-op program. You want to make sure that your money is working for you and your partners. Partner Analytics dashboards are critical, but great agencies also offer Sales Manager dashboards for Brands that allow for regional and national monitoring.
Ready to take your co-op marketing to the next level?


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Home Warranty & Insurance
What is a Home Service Contract? (AKA Home Warranty) Home Warranty is a descriptive term and was coined because the home service contract industry evolved by offering sellers a service contract to homebuyers as a form of a "warranty." The term home warranty seemed to fit and has persisted, many home services contract companies still widely use the term "home warrant" in their name or on their contract..


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Country: China
City: nanjing
Address: HeFeng Industrial Park, LiShui, Nanjing, China
Phone: 86-25-66650978
Fax: 86-25-66650968
Number of company employees : 50-100
Website: www.stainless-steel-nail.com
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from 27/07/2007 to today 06/12/2019 for a period of 12 years and 136 days.
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We sell exclusively to the trade, and our network of partner showrooms will be happy to assist you in setting up an account and providing full support through the sales process.
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text:
Always show parent task if a subtask is visible in the view
Add a display option to show a parent task if a subtask is visible but the parent is filtered out.
In other words, the subtasks will always be displayed indented below its parent, even if the parent would otherwise be invisible.
2 comments
Anne commented
adam commented
Alternatively, display the "path" of the sub task. So if my hotlist for today has me doing a water change for my fish tank and cleaning the carpets as parts of bigger tasks
* clean house
- sweep
- mop
- vacuum (visible in current view)
* fish tank
- replace filters
- test water
- water change
> vacuum (visible in current view)
> mix
> fill
Then l see
* clean house : vacuum
* fish tank : water change : vacuum
Instead of
* vacuum
* vacuum


text:
Storyline Crawl
When a huge hurricane hits her hometown in Florida, Haley ignores evacuation orders to look for her father. After finding him badly wounded, both are trapped by the flood. With virtually no time to escape the storm, they discover that rising water levels are the least of their problems.
Movie details Crawl
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Genre : Thriller, Horror, Action, Drama
Runtime : 88 minutes
Company : Raimi Productions, Fire Axe Pictures, Serbia Creates Film, Ontario Creates
florida, hurricane, alligator, animal attack, flood, animal horror, crawlspace, father daughter relationship


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text:
Fallen Joburg firefighters to be honoured
Mduduzi Ndlovu, Khathutshelo Muedi and Simphiwe Moropana braved a raging inferno at a government building last week.
JOHANNESBURG - Members of the Johannesburg Emergency Services, Metro Police and paramedics will on Wednesday morning gather to honour the lives of three fighters who died while battling a blaze in the city centre.
Mduduzi Ndlovu, Khathutshelo Muedi and Simphiwe Moropana braved a raging inferno at a government building last week.
Mduduzi Ndlovu, Khathutshelo Muedi and Simphiwe Moropana died while battling a fire at a Johannesburg building. Picture: @CityofJoburgEMS/Twitter.
Moropana fell to his death, while Ndlovu and Muedi were trapped in the building.
Exactly a week ago, the lives of the families of three firefighters who had risked their lives while fighting an out-of-control blaze in the city centre changed for the worst.
They lost their loved ones in one of the most harrowing incidents to befall emergency services.
Since then, there's been an outpouring of love and messages of support for the families, and on Wednesday the men's colleagues will pay their respects at the site of their last battle.
Hundreds of emergency workers and some law enforcement officers will form a guard of honour in the street leading to the Lisbon building.
An investigation is underway to determine the cause of the fire.
Today the City of Johannesburg lost three brave firefighters in a fire that engulfed the Provincial Health Department Building in the Inner City of Johannesburg. pic.twitter.com/YhKcmMp1oi— Herman Mashaba (@HermanMashaba) September 5, 2018
At the same time, traffic will be affected in the Johannesburg CBD on Wednesday morning, where a wreath-laying ceremony will take place in honour of the three firefighters.
Roads around the Bank of Lisbon building will be closed between 9.30am and 11am.
JMPD spokesperson Wayne Minaar says: "Commissioner Street will be blocked at Pixley Ka Seme Street, Albertina Sisulu Road at Ntemi Piliso Street. Metro Police officers will be on duty to divert traffic at the road closures and on the side roads. Motorists can make use of Rissik Street and Ntemi Piliso Street as alternative routes."
#JHBTraffic ALERT:: Road closures for tomorrow 👇👇as we honour our heroes #JoburgsBravest 👩🚒👨🚒🙏 #ArriveAlive ^NB pic.twitter.com/QTk9jkLtXh— City of Joburg (@CityofJoburgZA) September 11, 2018
(Edited by Zamangwane Shange)
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Learn about aperitifs and digestifs from knowledgeable purveyors.
Food & Drink
Celebrate Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday) on February 28 with one of my favorite Cajun cocktails. I hope you enjoy it as much as I do.
Creolo Cocktail
Makes 1 drink
At one end of an unassuming strip mall in Eden Prairie is Bay Leaf Indian Cuisine, an eatery providing Indian and Indochinese food to the southwest suburbs.
Honey Berry Sling
The Honey Berry Sling is a bright, refreshing winter drink made from Miodula Honey vodka, Chambord raspberry liqueur, cranberry juice and lime.
Did You Ever Have a Family by Bill Clegg
Recommended by Mary Severson
Sparkling Winter Sangria
Skip the meal prep, but find plenty to be thankful for with this traditional Thanksgiving dinner from Axel's in Chanhassen.
If you're looking to enjoy a delicious Thanksgiving meal without the hassle of preparation, check out these southwest metro venues.
Hasse Apple Pierita
2 oz. Travis Hasse Apple Pie Liqueur
1 ½ oz. Tierras Blanco Tequila
¾ ounce fresh lime juice
½ tsp. agave nectar
Ground cinnamon to taste
Dark Tides by Chris Ewan
recommended by Charlotte Johnson
This page-turning thriller had my heart thumping at times. The plot was great and had me thinking of the characters long after I finished the book.
The explosion of food trucks in the Twin Cities is a recent development, and following on its heels is another: the transition from food truck start-up to full-fledged, brick-and-mortar restaurant. Much of this type of expansion has occurred within Minneapolis and St.
The world of food and beer pairings is reaching new heights. It's a fun experience for both brewers and restaurants, and there are many approaches to making the food and drink experience go hand in hand.


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Placing smartwatches in groups begins with an understanding of the variety of products which watchmakers and tech companies produce. Since smartwatches arrived in the late 80s, several variants of them have been produced. Thus, to fully get the hang of smartwatch classification, you should spend some time discovering the different types of smartwatches in existence.
What Types of Smartwatches are Available?
Normally, smartwatches are known to be touchscreen computer-like watches which can perform more features than the traditional watch. From the Apple Watch series to other popular names like Garmin and Samsung Gear, you find that smartwatches or wearables serve different purposes, and, therefore, have different features.
If you're familiar with smartwatches, you'd know that the smartwatch classification below is the best you can get around. So, read on.
- Touchscreen vs. Button Interface
Some smartwatches have an interface which can be accessed using touchscreen support whereas others use the normal button on the watch sides. The difference here is that while some smartwatches allow you to easily navigate through apps using buttons, the others make it possible for you to enjoy the touchscreen architecture that you already enjoy on your smartphone.
Irrespective of this distinction, there are watches like the Apple smartwatches which use both touchscreen and button functions. The blend of the two methods provides users with a flexibility that can boost their experience with the smartwatches.
- Water-Resistant vs. Non-Water-Resistant
As far as water resistance in watches is concerned, smartwatches can also be divided into watches which can resist water vs. those which cannot. Now, you know that water resistant doesn't automatically imply that your watch is waterproof. Nonetheless, there are watches you can wear occasionally in water, perhaps during a swimming round or in the shower.
However, be careful not to exceed the limit of your water-resistant smartwatch. You may end up ruining it.
- Smartwatch for iPhones
Most Apple Watches are designed for iPhones. In other words, to enjoy this type of smartwatch, you need to own an iPhone.
- Smartwatch for Android & iPhone
Google's Wear OS fits perfectly on Android and iPhones. But many of these watches have limited functions which can only be best enjoyed when used with the device with the most compatibility.
- Smartwatches without Smartphone Support
Indeed, watches without smartphone support are becoming available. In the real sense, a smartwatch should be tethered to a smartphone for which it provides notifications and more.
But with these standalone watches, you don't need a smartphone. And you can still receive notifications, pick calls, send SMSs, and locate your device. Also, you can calculate and enjoy other features.
Wrapping Up
The factors used to classify smartwatches in this post are based on the common categorization in the smartwatch world for now. In the future, newer designs may be developed to expand this smartwatch classification. Yet, the most important thing is why you need a smartwatch and what features you expect it to have.
Are you ready to add a new smartwatch to your collection (and wrist)? Visit the a.b.art store now. For more information on our smartwatches, contact us here.


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Airtel vs Reliance Jio vs Vodafone prepaid recharge plans: India has one of the cheapest data plans and call rates in the world mainly due to the entry of Reliance Jio. After starting its operations in 2016, the youngest telecom operator has started a sort of a price war against the incumbent operators including Airtel and Vodafone.
This ongoing price war has led to a consolidation in the country's telecom sector and has led many smaller companies to exit the market. Large operators have also bundled various online streaming services along with data and calling to woo customers. We have curated a list of the best plans with 1GB data or more being offered by Airtel, Reliance Jio and Vodafone.
Airtel Rs 169 prepaid plan
The Rs 169 prepaid plan from Airtel offers 1GB 4G/3G data per day along with unlimited calling benefits across India and 100 SMS daily. Apart from this, Rs 169 prepaid plan also comes with Airtel TV subscription which offers over 350 Live TV Channels, more than 10,000 movies and more. It also provides free Wynk Music subscription as well. The pack comes with a validity of 28 days.
Airtel Rs 199 prepaid plan
Airtel's Rs 199 prepaid plan comes with 1.5GB 4G/3G data per day along with unlimited calling across India and 100 SMS per day. The pack has a validity of 28 days. Apart from this, Rs 199 prepaid plan also comes with Airtel TV Premium subscription which offers content from Zee5, HOOQ, over 350 Live TV Channels, over 10,000 movies and more.
The Rs 199 prepaid plan from Airtel also offers New 4G Device cashback benefit where a customer can avail upto Rs 2,000 cashback on purchase of a new phone. The Airtel Rs 199 prepaid plan also offers Norton Mobile Security subscription for one year, and free Wynk Music subscription as well.
Reliance Jio Rs 149 prepaid plan
The Rs 149 prepaid recharge offer is among the most affordable plans by the company. It offers a total of 42GB data at 1.5GB per day for a validity of 28 days. Other benefits include truly unlimited voice calls, 100 SMS per day as well as a complimentary subscription to Jio apps like MyJio, JioCinema, JioXpressNews, JioCloud, and more.
Reliance Jio Rs 198 prepaid plan
Jio's Rs 198 has the same 28 days validity, though it offers more data. Subscribers of this plan can avail 2GB data per day or a total of 56GB data along with truly unlimited voice calls, 100 SMS per day as well as a complimentary subscription to Jio apps.
Vodafone Rs 169 prepaid plan
Vodafone's Rs 169 prepaid plan offers 1GB 4G/3G daily data for 28 days. It also comes bundled with unlimited local, STD and roaming voice calls as well as 100 SMS per day. More benefits like free access to live TV, movies and more on Vodafone Play app are also included.
Vodafone Rs 199 prepaid plan
The Rs 199 prepaid plan from Vodafone gives its users truly unlimited local, STD, and roaming calls within India. Users can also avail 1.5GB 4G/3G data per day, 100 SMS per day and access to free live TV on Vodafone Play app. The pack comes with a validity of 28 days.
For all the latest Technology News, download Indian Express App


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ASBFEO urges overhaul of Small Business Fair Dismissal Code
The Australian Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman is recommending a suite of changes to help small business employers meet their obligations.
The Australian Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman (ASBFEO), Kate Carnell, has handed down a comprehensive review of the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code, recommending a suite of changes to help small business employers meet their obligations.
"Put simply, the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code in its current form, is not working in the way it was originally intended," Ms Carnell said.
"It is ambiguous and open to interpretation, particularly by lawyers, which means too many small businesses are being pulled into unfair dismissal hearings which are costly and impact productivity."
Ms Carnell reminded that while the vast majority of small business operators are hard-working Australians with good intentions, they can't afford to engage in costly and stressful legal action and don't have the support of a HR department when faced with the difficult decision to end a staff member's employment.
That's why it's critical for the code to drive fairness, and set out clear expectations for small business employers, Ms Carnell stressed.
"We know that small businesses do not make the decision to end a worker's employment lightly. Research by the Fair Work Commission found one of the key challenges for small business operators was attracting and retaining good staff and that good employees were highly valued," Ms Carnell noted.
"By taking the ambiguous language out of the Code such as 'reasonable grounds,' 'valid reason,' and 'reasonable chance' and improving the checklist questions, small businesses will be in a much better position to comply."
The ASBFEO's review contains recommendations in the following areas:
- Amendments to ensure the code meets its intended functions and objectives and provides certainty on what is required of small business employers to ensure a dismissal is fair
- Improving small business education and awareness in relation to the Code and checklists to help them meet their obligations
- Clarifying the unfair dismissal claims process for small business employers and employees
"We want the Code to work, so that small businesses are doing the right thing and there's less need to engage lawyers," Ms Carnell concluded.


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Events for August 24, 2019
Events Search and Views Navigation
10:00 am
Grand Opening
Celebrate the grand opening of the Nature Explore Classroom, the first of its kind in the State Park System. Enjoy the ceremony, a silent auction, refreshments and exploring.Find out more »
12:00 pm
WOOSH Rocket Launch
If you built a rocket on the 17th, now is the time to launch it! If you didn't build a rocket, stop out and see rockets small and large launch high into the sky. Program is weather dependent.Find out more »
7:00 pm
Self-defense Basics
Join personal trainer and Brazilian jiu jitsu instructor Tim Martin to pick up some self-defense basics to be used hiking or anywhere else. Appropriate for all ages.Find out more »


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Precarity and Vocational Education and Training: Craftsmanship and Employability in Romania. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
This book explores how the changing nature of work intersects with and influences young people's views on their future. As an increasingly precarious service sector overtakes traditional industrial work, vocational education and training (VET) is held up as a panacea for poverty alleviation, youth unemployment and economic growth. However, the views of young people in VET themselves concerning their own work and aspirations have largely been ignored. Based on interviews and focus groups with over 250 young people in VET in Romania, this book examines the types of subjectivities that are generated in the processes by which they try to make sense of future and the meanings of work. In doing so, the author identifies three ideological layers that frame their views: arguing that while the young people interviewed hold 'conventional' aspirations for stability and predictability; they were visibly influenced by neoliberal beliefs in agency, experimentation and short termism. Ultimately, a layer of low expectations crystallizes unvoiced concerns over a troubling future. In highlighting young people's voices, this pioneering book calls for a recalibration of the emphasis on VET in Romania. It will appeal to students and scholars of youth studies, the sociology of work, vocational education and training and European studies.
eBook ISBN 978-3-030-02689-9
Hardcover ISBN 978-3-030-02688-2


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Visit to University of Glasgow Campus
Primary 1 to 7 recently visited the Crichton Campus of the University of Glasgow for a morning of IDL activities organised by the postgraduate student teachers. The pupils completed four … Continue reading
Easter Skating Gala
Please click on the link below to view the poster Skating poster
P3/4 Visits to Allenbank
Each week, a group of P3/4's will be going to do activities with the residents of Allenbank. They are having lots of fun!
P3/4 Crichton Church Visit
Today P3/4 visited The Crichton Church to learn about the furniture of the church. They took part in an explorer trail, which they really enjoyed!
Guid Nychburris Principals Visit Brownhall
This year's Guid Nychburris Principals visited Brownhall this week as a lead up to the town's celebrations on Saturday 16th June. The principals each explained their title and role that … Continue reading
Guid Nychburris Football Competition
Brownhall competed in the annual Guid Nychburris Football Competition which was held at Queen of the South's Palmerston Arena. The tem of P6 and P7 pupils did not qualify for … Continue reading
Nithsdale Amateur Rowing Club Visit
Members of Nithsdale Amateur Rowing Club visited the P5/6/7 class to deliver a taster session. The pupils found out about all the activities on offer at the rowing club plus … Continue reading
Family Fun Day
On Saturday 24th March the Brownhall Parent Council held a Family Fun Day at Kingholm Quay Community Centre. It was a very successful day and the grand sum of £784 … Continue reading
Family Fun Day!
Please click on the poster to enlarge the image.
P3/4 Perform at the Food Train Christmas Party
On the 14th December P3/4 sang a medley of Christmas songs to entertain the guests at the Food Train Christmas Party which was held at the Crichton Golf Club.


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BEACON_HOST is being ignored
I have a beacon server running on the localhost (bcu01ctrl): Here is what I am experiencing:
$ BEACON_HOST=bcu01ctrl bliss
__ __ __
|__) | | /__` /__`
|__) |__ | .__/ .__/
Welcome to BLISS version 0.2 running on bcu01ctrl (in bliss Conda environment)
Copyright (c) ESRF, 2015-2018
Connected to Beacon server on lid002 (port 25000)
Notice it reports it is connected to lid002 although I export a BEACON_HOST variable.
It seems to be random. Sometimes it connects to my host (through unix socket), sometimes to lid00c and other times to lid002.
If I put the port number in the BEACON_HOST variable it seems to work.


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DU admissions: St Stephen's College discontinues Dalit Christian quota
Ritika Chopra | New Delhi, May 25, 2011 | Updated 09:52 IST
Four years after it introduced the policy of reserving seats for Dalit
Christians in admissions, St. Stephen's College has decided to
discontinue the quota from this year.
The college used to reserve 10 per cent seats for Christian students
belonging to the SC/ ST and the physically handicapped categories.
This year, however, Christian students belonging to Scheduled Castes
can no longer apply for admission under this quota. This 10 per cent
reservation is now meant only for Scheduled Tribe and physically
handicapped Christians.
Surprisingly, the college authorities have not publicised the
decision, though the admission process at St. Stephen's begins on
"The college wasn't getting any applications from this category.
Hence, it made no sense to continue with this quota. Since there are
no applicants, we didn't announce or publicise this decision," said
St. Stephen's tutor for admission, K. M. Mathew.
He said the decision was taken in consultation with the Supreme
Council, the highest decision making body of the college.
Being a minority institution, St. Stephen's is allowed to follow its
own admission procedure and also reserve up to 50 per cent of its
seats for Christian students.
The college has exhausted this limit and has created various
subcategories within the 50 per cent reservation.
The quota for Dalit Christians, which was introduced in 2007, was one
of the subcategories.
"Apart from the lack of applications, the problem of document
verification is also another reason behind the discontinuation of this
reservation. Dalit Christian students need to produce their Baptism
certificate and an SC certificate. It was difficult to verify the
authenticity of these documents," a teacher of the college said.
Among other changes in the admission policy this year is the decision
to discontinue the weightage given to a candidate's performance in
Class X. Last year, the weightage for admission stood at 75 per cent
for Class XII marks, 10 per cent for Class X marks and 15 per cent for
the interview. Now, Class XII marks carry 85 per cent weightage while
the interview carries 15 per cent.
The college has also replaced its old application forms with OMR forms.
These changes apart, the admission process and criteria remain the
same as last year. The college will admit 400- odd students across
different streams.
Forms and prospectus will be sold from May 25 till June 13. Candidates
can also download application forms from the college website, www.
ststephen's. edu.
The college will continue to keep the merit gap between the general
category students and Christian candidates at 15 per cent. So, if the
cut-off score for general students for, say, English ( Honours) is 95
per cent, then the cut- off for Christian applicants can't be less
than 80 per cent.
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text:
Epub Approximative Algorithmen Und Nichtapproximierbarkeitby Sanders 3
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