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You Really Askin' if MJ is Like R. Kelly?
Kevin Hart had a visceral response to our photog who requested if there was any equivalency between Michael Jackson and R. Kelly.
We acquired Kevin Friday evening in WeHo leaving The Nice Guy, and we needed his tackle whether or not folks would react to "Leaving Neverland" the identical method they did to "Surviving R. Kelly." Kevin appeared to visually present a combo of shock and disdain … however wouldn't elaborate.
As we reported, the two accusers featured within the MJ documentary — Wade Robson and James Safechuck — have been entrance and heart for the premiere of the MJ doc Friday on the Sundance Film Festival. It was so emotional folks within the viewers have been sobbing.
Earlier within the evening we acquired Kevin in Bev Hills at Avra restaurant and requested about The Game's sexual references re: Kim Kardashian West. It appeared he hadn't heard, however he did speak about respecting somebody's spouse.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Real Secret To Financial Success
It's like that recurring dream where you can't move. The harder we run, we just can't seem to catch up to anyone else. Often times, people in real life can feel this way when it comes to finances, because they don't know the real secret to financial success. This post should help.


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- Trigger Parts
Professional Digital Trigger Gauge$69.99Compare
Wheeler Professional Digital Trigger Gauge
- AR-15 Components, Gun Parts, Trigger Parts
Rise Armament RA-535 Advanced Performance Trigger AR-15 Trigger One Piece Drop In Design Red/Silver Finish$199.99Compare
Rise Armament is excited to introduce the RA-535 Advanced Performance Trigger that is tuning heads everywhere with its ultra crisp break and crazy fast reset. This high performance trigger offers you a cost effective alternative to mil-spec pattern triggers, and is ideal for your competition or 3-Gun rifle. You would expect this trigger to provide you with a clean break and a short reset, but you're not expecting anything like this! This trigger will give you straight trigger functionality and comfort with curved trigger control. The single stage trigger system will have an expected 3.5lb pull weight. The Rise Armament Advanced Performance Trigger is going to be one of the best triggers you've ever owned.
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POF AR-15 Drop-In Trigger Single Stage 4.5 lb Pull Curved Shoe Red/Black 00457$179.99Compare
This single-stage, non-adjustable, drop-in trigger boasts a solid 4.5-pound pull weight and is pre-assembled in Hard coat Anodized aluminum housing (complete with rubber urethane feet) for immediate competition, hunting, and tactical applications right out of the box. Carved from American A2 steel, the Trigger, Disconnect, and Hammer are all Nitride Heat-Treated to 70 Rockwell case hardness for ultimate strength and corrosion resistance.
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Phase 5 Weapons Systems AR-15 Winter Trigger Guard Billet Aluminum Anodized Black Finish WTG$25.99Compare
The Phase 5 Winter Trigger guard is a stylish design which pairs form and function together in a great package. The Winter Trigger guard is made from Billet Aluminum and features an anodized black finish. This is the perfect accessory if you prefer shooting your AR's with Gloves on, or if you prefer using the Phase 5 extended bolt release.
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The MOE Trigger Guard is an enhanced polymer drop in replacement part for the AR15/M16 series of weapons The shallow "V" design provides users wearing gloves with enhanced ergonomics. The non folding design has rounded edges, and fills the annoying gap at the rear of the standard trigger guard. Also works well with most 7.62×51 AR style platforms, but some custom fitting may be required. All mounting hardware included.
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Magpul AR-15 Enhanced Trigger Guard Polymer – Earth$9.99Compare
Replace your stock metal trigger guard with the enhanced MOE polymer trigger guard from Magpul. The MOE trigger guard features a shallow "V" shape to allow for the use of gloves in colder weather. It also fills in the annoying gap left at the rear by most standard trigger guards. Works in all standard 5.56 or .223 AR-15 pattern rifles as well as most 7.62×51/.308 AR platforms with some fitting required. Non-Folding. All mounting hardware is included. Made in the USA.
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Magpul MOE AR-15 Trigger Guard Polymer Black MAG417-BLK$9.99Compare
The MOE Trigger Guard's shallow "V" shape does not fold, has rounded edges, and removes an ugly gap at the bottom rear of the standard trigger guard where dirt and dust can accumulate. By allowing more space for gloved hands, this trigger guard facilitates tactical and cold-weather shooting. This polymer drop-in replacement for AR-15/M16 platforms includes all mounting hardware. The trigger guard also works well with most 7.62×51 AR platforms, though may require custom fitting.
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Black Rain Ordnance AR-15 Drop-In Trigger Single Stage Curved Bow 3.5 lb Pull BRO-DIT$219.89Compare
A single stage trigger with a 3.5LB pull weight that is a self contained unit designed to be dropped directly in the lower receiver without the assistance of a gunsmith. Drop in triggers can greatly enhance the accuracy of firearm and are an easy custom upgrade to perform.
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Tour Guide at Florida Southern College
Class of 2021
Hometown: Hershey, PA
Major: Business Administration
Concentration: Marketing
Minor: Graphic Design
My favorite class was my Business and Society course! It was a great intro course to get an overview of the business school. Three professors rotated teaching us different material from different perspectives. I gained a better idea of which concentration I wanted to choose in the business school. There was even a fun class version of Shark Tank for our final project!
I love to hangout with my friends, stay active, and explore Lakeland! There are so many cute places to explore around town. The weather is so great that there are always opportunities to stay active. Lake Hollingsworth is so fun to walk around with friends, or to bike around on a Saturday afternoon!
Growing up I visited Florida Southern many times with my dad. He always talked about his experience going to Florida Southern, and how it was the best four years of his life. It wasn't until I was deep in the college search that I realized it was for me too. Coming from Pennsylvania, I knew I wanted to be somewhere warm. Florida Southern isn't only a beautiful campus in the Sunshine State, but it is also a small school that provides tons of opportunities to get involved! I love the class engagement, the welcoming community, and the feeling that I have a home away from home!
My favorite thing to do in Lakeland is go to Born and Bread on Saturday mornings with my friends! The bread and cold brew is amazing, and we normally follow it up by walking around the market in downtown Lakeland!


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Spicy Salmon Kabobs
Rate this Recipe
Serves 4
An intriguing combination of flavor and texture.
|1/4 cup light ranch dressing
|1/2 teaspoon red pepper, ground
|1/2 teaspoon chili powder
|1 lb. salmon fillets, boneless, skinless, cut into 1" chunks
|1 onion, peeled and cut into wedges
|1 bell pepper, rinsed, dried, cored and cut into wedges
- In a small bowl, combine Ranch dressing and seasonings. Pour over fish in a shallow dish and stir to evenly coat. Cover and refrigerate for 15 minutes.
- Heat grill to medium-high heat. Remove fish from marinade; discard marinade.
- Thread fish, onion and pepper alternately onto 4 skewers. (Note: If using wooden skewers, soak them in water for 30 minutes prior to grilling to prevent them from burning.)
- Grill, turning occasionally, for 8 to 10 minutes or until veggies are crisp-tender and fish is fully cooked through and flakes easily when tested with a fork.
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PARIS -- Renault has called on experienced executives to lead its operations in Europe and China as the automaker copes with the aftermath of the fall of its former leader Carlos Ghosn, the automaker said in a statement.
Renault named Philippe Buros as its new Europe boss, replacing Jean-Christophe Kugler, who is leaving the company.
Buros, who joined Renault in 1985, worked in financing and at the group's banking arm, RCI, until 2014, when he became head of the automaker's France unit, which he has led since 2014.
Ivan Segal, managing director of Portugal and Spain, will replace Buros in France. Segal worked for PSA Group and Volkswagen Group before joining Renault in 2016.
Renault said that Francois Provost will lead a newly-created regional business unit for China. Provost is currently in charge of Renault's Asia-Pacific region, which is being split to make China a standalone unit.
Provost started his career as a French government civil servant in the ministries of economy and defense. He joined Renault in 2002, working in Portugal and France, and in global marketing strategy. He has also led Renault's operations in Russia and Korea.
Renault has set a target of 550,000 annual sales in China by 2022 under the Drive the Future strategic plan.
The automaker had 216,699 sales in China in 2018, but 165,603 of those were light-commercial vehicles and cars sold by Jinbei and Huasong, part of a joint venture with Jinbei-Brilliance announced at the end of 2017. Sales of Renault vehicles -- produced and sold as part of a joint venture with Dongfeng -- were down 27 percent hurt by a lack of new models in a declining overall market.
New products expected to lift China sales this year include an electric version of the Kwid mini-crossover.


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"Who Is the Traitor Among Us?": The synopsis for this issue has not yet been written.
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Synopsis for "Who Is the Traitor Among Us?"
- Synopsis not yet written.
- This book was first published on October 4, 1966.
- No special notes.
- No trivia.
See Also
- Write your own review of this comic!
- Discuss Challengers of the Unknown Vol 1 53 on the forums
- Cover gallery for the Challengers of the Unknown series
- Images from Challengers of the Unknown Vol 1 53
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Welcome to the best blog around about all things related to chimneys and fireplaces. Enjoy!
What's the best wood for your fireplace? Does it really matter? Yes, it does and here are your best options.read more
Waterproofing your chimney is something you should seriously consider if you haven't already done it. Here's why.read more
Owning a chimney comes with added maintenance that some homeowners forget. Here' when you should get your chimney repaired.read more
There are many benefits to getting your chimney cleaned that you might've overlooked. Here's what you need to know.read more


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Vikentije I
|Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch
|Serbian Patriarchate of Peć
|Patriarchal Monastery of Peć
|Term ended
|Gavrilo III
|Pajsije II
|Personal details
|Rum Millet (Serbian)
|Eastern Orthodox Church
|Primate of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Vikentije I Stefanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Викентије I Стефановић) was Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch for a short time during 1758.
During the Habsburg rule in the Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739), Vićentije served as archdeacon of Metropolitan Vikentije Jovanović of Belgrade (1731-1737). After Ottoman reconquest of Belgrade in 1739, Vikentije Stefanović decided to stay in Serbia, and rose through ecclesiastical ranks, becoming Metropolitan of Belgrade in 1753, under Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo III. Between 1755 and 1758, patriarch Gavrilo III was challenged by several rivals and finally lost the patriarchal throne. From that turmoil, metropolitan Vikentije finally emerged as new Serbian Patriarch.[1] His tenure was very short. Upon arriving to Constantinople, he was struck with sudden illness and died. His successor was Metropolitan of Užice and Valjevo Pajsije, who traveled with him to Constantinople, becoming new Serbian Patriarch as Pajsije II.[1]
- ^ a b Вуковић 1996, p. 73.
- Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
- Fotić, Aleksandar (2008). "Serbian Orthodox Church". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 519–520.
- Kašić, Dušan, ed. (1965). Serbian Orthodox Church: Its past and present. 1. Belgrade: Serbian Orthodox Church.
- Pavlovich, Paul (1989). The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Serbian Heritage Books.
- Слијепчевић, Ђоко М. (1962). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). књ. 1. Минхен: Искра.
- Вуковић, Сава (1996). Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century). Београд: Евро.
External links
|Eastern Orthodox Church titles
|Preceded by
Gavrilo III
| Serbian Patriarch
|Succeeded by
Pajsije II


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This Installation alert screen may appear after the desktop computer restarts. I've found over the years that most of these desktop wireless cards work best when the software is installed before the card is installed. Wi-Fi Protected Access Wi-Fi Protected Access is provided to authorize and identify users based on a secret key that changes automatically at a regular interval. For Windows users: With the DWL-G, you will automatically receive a new key every time you connect, doing away with the inconvenience of manual WEP key input. Together with better security, this card is the ideal wireless solution that offers an upgrade to a fast, new technology while protecting your past investments through interoperability with your current network equipment. Mike Level 3 Expert Answers.
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D-Link AirPlus Xtreme G Dwl-g520 – Network Adapter
Page 4 Make sure to turn off your computer and xrtemeg the power cord. Turn off Yahoo first. If this doesn't work get a friend to download you a copy of Dr Web and go fight viruses. Actual product appearance may differ from the image displayed on this page.
D-LINK XTREME G DWL-G QUICK INSTALLATION MANUAL Pdf Download.
Answered on Jan 09, Answered on Jan 03, Go to Start, all programs, accessories, system tools and select Internet Expolorer with no add-ons. This insures much greater security than the standard WEP security, which requires the v-link to be changed manually. Page 6 Your Installation is Complete! Technical Support You can find software updates and user documentation on the D-Link website.
You can find software xtremg and user documentation on the D-Link website. Meaning uninstall all the software. Make sure you select the downloads appropriate for your device revision A or revision B The link for the downloads is to an FTP site.
D-Link AirPlus Xtreme G Dwl-g – Network Adapter | eBay
Answered on Apr 29, D-pink way to tell usually, is that the DSL modem will have an 'internet' light lit up along with the power, dsl, ethernet indicator lights. Page 11 For Windows users: Once installed, shut down the machine. Together with better d-limk, this card is the ideal wireless solution that offers an upgrade to a fast, new technology while protecting your past investments through interoperability with your current network equipment. Pre-Shared Key This function brings a lot of convenience when used in conjunction with other At least a MHz processor and 32MB of memory.
Click Continue Anyway to finalize the installation Click Used in conjunction with a RADIUS server, this function provides a means to verify the identity of the client before an r-link to the network is granted. This enhanced speed and adoption of 2.
Add to my manuals Add. G – airplus xtreme g dwl.
Also see if you have current drivers. Got it, continue to print.
Very often it will take more than one exchange of information between you and an expert in order to resolve your problem. With the DWL-G, you will automatically receive a new key every time you connect, doing away with the inconvenience of manual WEP key input.
These are the xtrmeg included with your DWL-G purchase:. Answered on Apr 06, If this works and you get a Web page then one of your add-ons is defective. If any of the above items are missing, please contact your reseller. Answered on Jan 22, Popular Tags wireless pci Recent Popular Answered Unanswered.


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Nest Bedding Mattress Size Queen Short
Nest bed linens is one of the first factory direct-to-customer business to sell bed-in-a-box mattresses. A bed in a box is an innovative new way to get and ship a cushion. It is substantiated of recently spearheaded production and also packaging processes. This design permits you to acquire a bed mattress online from the comfort of your house and have it supplied to your doorstep in an easily sized box, which eliminates the headache that features cushion buying.
Nest Bedding has a lineup of 8 distinct bed mattress layouts, consisting of one for children, made from organic as well as all-natural products. So, regardless of the kind of sleeper you are, light, hefty, side sleeper, or you experience discomfort on the hips or shoulders, Nest Bedding can fit your choices to at least one their beds. Mattress Size Queen Short
Video: Nest Bedding Alexander Hybrid
Right here Are Some of the very best Mattresses in Nest Bedding Lineup That You Should Try Out: Mattress Size Queen Short
Alexander Trademark
The Alexander Signature Series is a gel memory foam bed mattress offered in 3 various suppleness setting. Every one is created to suit particular sleeping preferences.
The Alexander Luxury Firm is best for back and belly sleepers, while the Alexander Medium Plush is best for back and side sleepers. 92% of sleepers like the Medium Plush including myself. The Alexander Soft seems like a soft hug, as well as it 's best for side sleepers who like to snuggle up in bed.
Alexander Signature Hybrid Mattress Size Queen Short
Alexander Signature Hybrid is among the few bed mattress readily available as a bed-in-box utilizing innerspring coils in its construction. The bed mattress cover is used quilted foam packed with gel-infused memory foam. The bed is likewise offered in three different firmness setup – Plush, Medium and also Luxury Firm. With each suppleness setting, the building and construction stays the exact same while the foam densities vary slightly. This all-around cushion is not only comfy; it offers proper spinal column placement and also pressure factor alleviation. It is especially great for tummy and back sleepers, as well as its solid sides will certainly not roll you out of bed.
Love and also Sleep Mattress Size Queen Short
The Love as well as Sleep is one of the reduced valued direct- to-consumer cushions. It is an upgrade to Nest Bedding popular Love Mattress. This is not memory foam, a latex foam cushion or a springtime cushion. Instead, the Love and also Sleep bed mattress makes use of an unique kind of foam called Energex foam that offers you the bouncy feel of a latex cushion and the extra-supportive convenience of memory foam. Nest Bedding additionally paid unique attention to cooling, responsiveness and also convenience. It is likewise offered in two different firmness degrees: Medium and Firm as well as an excellent consideration for back, tummy as well as combo sleepers, according to your preferred convenience level.
Hybrid Latex Mattress Size Queen Short
The Nest Bedding Hybrid Latex bed mattress integrates the bounce of latex foam with the support of pocketed coils that delivers flexible convenience for a special resting experience, normally. It can be found in three suppleness options– Soft, Medium and Firm. The communication in between foam and also coils achieves a wonderful blend of bounce as well as support, which keeps you raised in addition to the cushion while still feeling comforting pressure level. Hybrid Latex additionally has specific benefits over innersprings, such as better movement isolation, less noise, as well as much longer life-span on average.
Latex Mattress Mattress Size Queen Short
The Latex Mattress is produced utilizing all-natural materials. The surface is environment-friendly and also provides the sleeper a healthy and balanced boost. The mattress not only alleviates pressure on the joints however likewise keeps correct back positioning by also distribution of body weight. The foundation of the bed mattress comprises a high-density base offering lifelong longevity as well as stamina to the whole framework. Furthermore, the Latex Mattress is available in 3 suppleness alternative. The Soft, Medium and Firm alternatives.
To ensure I help you make the appropriate selection, I tested these incredible items as well as I can tell you that Alexander Signature Select mattress is a considerable action up from the substantial majority of on the internet cushion brands.
The Nest Alexander Signature Select can be found in a box as well as the acquisition is incredibly easy. You merely position an order through their internet site and the bed mattress will certainly reach your doorstep in about a week or much less. The best part is that shipping is definitely free!
The Alexander Signature Series is made using a breathable, long lasting pressure-relieving, cooling down Gel Foam, and assistance base layer convoluted foam.
All these tests are done on a tool firmness bed mattress. This cushion has simply the right amount of sink for me. My other half likewise located this bed mattress to be a little softer than the Love Bed which she preferred. That said, this bed is extra fitting to different sleep choices than a lot of the various other beds I have actually examined. Mattress Size Queen Short
You can have a look at Nest Bedding shops in San Francisco, Albany/Berkley, Chicago, Santa Monica, Studio City/ Los Angeles, New York City and also in Minneapolis.
My Nest Alexander Signature Select Recommendation
If you are in the market for pressure alleviation without obtaining stuck, obtain this mattress. It does a remarkable task.
You get a 100 days cash back trial period so there's no threat in trying this out versus any one of the significant brands. Mattress Size Queen Short
Unlike all the other online brand names I have examined, the Nest Bedding additionally uses financing straight from their internet site! If you have good debt, you will be eligible for 0% financing for 12 months! So if you wish to oversleep comfort currently, you can! Just click the financing text below the price to pay in monthly installments rather than at one time.
The Alexander Signature Select bed mattress from Nest Bedding is a great wager. I have not rested on a much better bed thus far. The medium levels of firmness is fairly soft, and if you are on the fencing between a soft and also a tool, select the tool. You won't be dissatisfied.
Nest Bedding Also Offers the Following Sleep Products Aside From Their Mattresses:
- Alexander Signature Cooling Topper
- Mattress protectors
- Cushions as well as Luxury cushion instances
- Sheet establishes
- Bed linen
- Comforters and also blankets
That Is Nest Bedding Made for? Mattress Size Queen Short
- Health and wellness aware consumers.
- Side, tummy, back and also even mix sleepers (the Nest Latex Mattress can be found in numerous firmness degrees).
- Cozy sleepers (Latex often tends to be a normally cooler material).
- Financing alternatives are hassle-free for those on a spending plan.
- Individuals that desire a bed mattress that's backed by a lifetime convenience guarantee as well as lifetime service warranty.
Who Is Nest Bedding Not Made for?
- Anyone working with a very minimal budget plan.
- Individuals that like the feel of a standard memory foam.
- People that do not want to construct their very own cushion.
- It takes a few hrs for convenience layer to totally unwind, complying with unboxing.
- College students or any person that plans on moving homes consistently (It's hefty and also a discomfort to move).


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Background Synthesized fatty acids (FAs) from de novo lipogenesis may affect cardiometabolic health, but longitudinal associations between serially measured de novo lipogenesis-related fatty acid biomarkers and mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not well established. Methods and Results We investigated longitudinal associations between de novo lipogenesis-related fatty acids with all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and incident CVD among 3869 older US adults, mean (SD) age 75 (5) years and free of prevalent CVD at baseline. Levels of plasma phospholipid palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1n-7), stearic (18:0), oleic acid (18:1n-9), and other risk factors were serially measured at baseline, 6 years, and 13 years. All-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and incident fatal and nonfatal CVD were centrally adjudicated. Risk was assessed in multivariable-adjusted Cox models with time-varying FAs and covariates. During 13 years, median follow-up (maximum 22.4 years), participants experienced 3227 deaths (1131 CVD, 2096 non-CVD) and 1753 incident CVD events. After multivariable adjustment, higher cumulative levels of 16:0, 16:1n-7, and 18:1n-9 were associated with higher all-cause mortality, with extreme-quintile hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 1.35 (1.17-1.56), 1.40 (1.21-1.62), and 1.56 (1.35-1.80), respectively, whereas higher levels of 18:0 were associated with lower mortality (hazard ratio=0.76; 95% CI=0.66-0.88). Associations were generally similar for CVD mortality versus non-CVD mortality, as well as total incident CVD. Changes in levels of 16:0 were positively, and 18:0 inversely, associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio=1.23, 95% CI=1.08-1.41; and hazard ratio=0.78, 95% CI=0.68-0.90). Conclusions Higher long-term levels of 16:0, 16:1n-7, and 18:1n-9 and changes in 16:0 were positively, whereas long-term levels and changes in 18:0 were inversely, associated with all-cause mortality in older adults.
BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the associations of ceramides and sphingomyelins (SMs) with diabetes in humans. OBJECTIVE: We assessed associations of 15 circulating ceramides and SM species with incident diabetes in 2 studies. METHODS: The analysis included 435 American-Indian participants from the Strong Heart Study (nested case-control design for analyses; mean age: 57 y; 34% male; median time until diabetes 4.3 y for cases) and 1902 participants from the Strong Heart Family Study (prospective design for analyses; mean age: 37 y; 39% male; median 12.5 y of follow-up). Sphingolipid species were measured using stored plasma samples by sequential LC and MS. Using logistic regression and parametric survival models within studies, and an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis across studies, we examined associations of 15 ceramides and SM species with incident diabetes. RESULTS: There were 446 cases of incident diabetes across the studies. Higher circulating concentrations of ceramides containing stearic acid (Cer-18), arachidic acid (Cer-20), and behenic acid (Cer-22) were each associated with a higher risk of diabetes. The RRs for incident diabetes per 1 SD of each log ceramide species (µM) were 1.22 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.37) for Cer-18, 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.31) for Cer-20, and 1.20 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.32) for Cer-22. Although the magnitude of the risk estimates for the association of ceramides containing lignoceric acid (Cer-24) with diabetes was similar to those for Cer-18, Cer-20, and Cer-22 (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.26), the association was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing (P = 0.007). Ceramides carrying palmitic acid (Cer-16), SMs, glucosyl-ceramides, or a lactosyl-ceramide were not associated with diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS: Higher concentrations of circulating Cer-18, Cer-20, and Cer-22 were associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes in 2 studies of American-Indian adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005134.
Importance: Observational studies have shown associations of birth weight with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and glycemic traits, but it remains unclear whether these associations represent causal associations. Objective: To test the association of birth weight with T2D and glycemic traits using a mendelian randomization analysis. Design, Setting, and Participants: This mendelian randomization study used a genetic risk score for birth weight that was constructed with 7 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The associations of this score with birth weight and T2D were tested in a mendelian randomization analysis using study-level data. The association of birth weight with T2D was tested using both study-level data (7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were used as an instrumental variable) and summary-level data from the consortia (43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were used as an instrumental variable). Data from 180â¯056 participants from 49 studies were included. Main Outcomes and Measures: Type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits. Results: This mendelian randomization analysis included 49 studies with 41â¯155 patients with T2D and 80â¯008 control participants from study-level data and 34â¯840 patients with T2D and 114â¯981 control participants from summary-level data. Study-level data showed that a 1-SD decrease in birth weight due to the genetic risk score was associated with higher risk of T2D among all participants (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% CI, 1.69-2.61; P = 4.03 × 10-5), among European participants (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.42-2.71; P = .04), and among East Asian participants (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.18-1.62; P = .04). Similar results were observed from summary-level analyses. In addition, each 1-SD lower birth weight was associated with 0.189 SD higher fasting glucose concentration (ß = 0.189; SE = 0.060; P = .002), but not with fasting insulin, 2-hour glucose, or hemoglobin A1c concentration. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, a genetic predisposition to lower birth weight was associated with increased risk of T2D and higher fasting glucose concentration, suggesting genetic effects on retarded fetal growth and increased diabetes risk that either are independent of each other or operate through alterations of integrated biological mechanisms.
SCOPE: Insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a metabolic sensor activated by saturated fatty acids (SFA) initiating IL-1ß inflammation and IR. Interactions between SFA intake and NLRP3-related genetic variants may alter T2D risk factors. METHODS: Meta-analyses of six Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium (n = 19 005) tested interactions between SFA and NLRP3-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and modulation of fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. RESULTS: SFA interacted with rs12143966, wherein each 1% increase in SFA intake increased insulin by 0.0063 IU mL-1 (SE ± 0.002, p = 0.001) per each major (G) allele copy. rs4925663, interacted with SFA (ß ± SE = -0.0058 ± 0.002, p = 0.004) to increase insulin by 0.0058 IU mL-1 , per additional copy of the major (C) allele. Both associations are close to the significance threshold (p < 0.0001). rs4925663 causes a missense mutation affecting NLRP3 expression. CONCLUSION: Two NLRP3-related SNPs showed potential interaction with SFA to modulate fasting insulin. Greater dietary SFA intake accentuates T2D risk, which, subject to functional validation, may be further elaborated depending on NLRP3-related genetic variants.
BACKGROUND: Ceramides exhibit multiple biological activities that may influence the pathophysiology of heart failure. These activities may be influenced by the saturated fatty acid carried by the ceramide (Cer). However, the associations of different circulating Cer species, and their sphingomyelin (SM) precursors, with heart failure have received limited attention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the associations of plasma Cer and SM species with incident heart failure in the Cardiovascular Health Study. We examined 8 species: Cer and SM with palmitic acid (Cer-16 and SM-16), species with arachidic acid (Cer-20 and SM-20), species with behenic acid (Cer-22 and SM-22), and species with lignoceric acid (Cer-24 and SM-24). During a median follow-up of 9.4 years, we identified 1179 cases of incident heart failure among 4249 study participants. In Cox regression analyses adjusted for risk factors, higher levels of Cer-16 and SM-16 were associated with higher risk of incident heart failure (hazard ratio for one SD increase:1.25 [95% CI, 1.16-1.36] and 1.28 [1.18-1.40], respectively). In contrast, higher levels of Cer-22 were associated with lower risk of heart failure in multivariable analyses further adjusted for Cer-16 (hazard ratio, 0.85 [0.78-0.92]); and higher levels of SM-20, SM-22 and SM-24 were associated with lower risk of heart failure in analyses further adjusted for SM-16 (hazard ratios, 0.83 [0.77-0.90], 0.81 [0.75-0.88], and 0.83 [0.77-0.90], respectively). No statistically significant interactions with age, sex, black race, body mass index, or baseline coronary heart disease were detected. Similar associations were observed for heart failure with preserved (n=529) or reduced (n=348) ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows associations of higher plasma levels of Cer-16 and SM-16 with increased risk of heart failure and higher levels of Cer-22, SM-20, SM-22, and SM-24 with decreased risk of heart failure. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00005133.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the genetic burden of type 2 diabetes modifies the association between the quality of dietary fat and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Individual participant data meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Eligible prospective cohort studies were systematically sourced from studies published between January 1970 and February 2017 through electronic searches in major medical databases (Medline, Embase, and Scopus) and discussion with investigators. REVIEW METHODS: Data from cohort studies or multicohort consortia with available genome-wide genetic data and information about the quality of dietary fat and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in participants of European descent was sought. Prospective cohorts that had accrued five or more years of follow-up were included. The type 2 diabetes genetic risk profile was characterized by a 68-variant polygenic risk score weighted by published effect sizes. Diet was recorded by using validated cohort-specific dietary assessment tools. Outcome measures were summary adjusted hazard ratios of incident type 2 diabetes for polygenic risk score, isocaloric replacement of carbohydrate (refined starch and sugars) with types of fat, and the interaction of types of fat with polygenic risk score. RESULTS: Of 102 305 participants from 15 prospective cohort studies, 20 015 type 2 diabetes cases were documented after a median follow-up of 12 years (interquartile range 9.4-14.2). The hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes per increment of 10 risk alleles in the polygenic risk score was 1.64 (95% confidence interval 1.54 to 1.75, I2=7.1%, τ2=0.003). The increase of polyunsaturated fat and total omega 6 polyunsaturated fat intake in place of carbohydrate was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, with hazard ratios of 0.90 (0.82 to 0.98, I2=18.0%, τ2=0.006; per 5% of energy) and 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00, I2=58.8%, τ2=0.001; per increment of 1 g/d), respectively. Increasing monounsaturated fat in place of carbohydrate was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.19, I2=25.9%, τ2=0.006; per 5% of energy). Evidence of small study effects was detected for the overall association of polyunsaturated fat with the risk of type 2 diabetes, but not for the omega 6 polyunsaturated fat and monounsaturated fat associations. Significant interactions between dietary fat and polygenic risk score on the risk of type 2 diabetes (P>0.05 for interaction) were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that genetic burden and the quality of dietary fat are each associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The findings do not support tailoring recommendations on the quality of dietary fat to individual type 2 diabetes genetic risk profiles for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes, and suggest that dietary fat is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes across the spectrum of type 2 diabetes genetic risk.
AssuntosDiabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Alelos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco
Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. Alcohol consumption is a heritable complex trait. Here we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of alcohol consumption (g d-1) from the UK Biobank, the Alcohol Genome-Wide Consortium and the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Plus consortia, collecting data from 480,842 people of European descent to decipher the genetic architecture of alcohol intake. We identified 46 new common loci and investigated their potential functional importance using magnetic resonance imaging data and gene expression studies. We identify genetic pathways associated with alcohol consumption and suggest genetic mechanisms that are shared with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the contribution of genetic variation to food timing, and breakfast has been determined to exhibit the most heritable meal timing. As breakfast timing and skipping are not routinely measured in large cohort studies, alternative approaches include analyses of correlated traits. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to elucidate breakfast skipping genetic variants through a proxy-phenotype genome-wide association study (GWAS) for breakfast cereal skipping, a commonly assessed correlated trait. METHODS: We leveraged the statistical power of the UK Biobank (n = 193,860) to identify genetic variants related to breakfast cereal skipping as a proxy-phenotype for breakfast skipping and applied several in silico approaches to investigate mechanistic functions and links to traits/diseases. Next, we attempted validation of our approach in smaller breakfast skipping GWAS from the TwinUK (n = 2,006) and the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium (n = 11,963). RESULTS: In the UK Biobank, we identified 6 independent GWAS variants, including those implicated for caffeine (ARID3B/CYP1A1), carbohydrate metabolism (FGF21), schizophrenia (ZNF804A), and encoding enzymes important for N6-methyladenosine RNA transmethylation (METTL4, YWHAB, and YTHDF3), which regulates the pace of the circadian clock. Expression of identified genes was enriched in the cerebellum. Genome-wide correlation analyses indicated positive correlations with anthropometric traits. Through Mendelian randomization (MR), we observed causal links between genetically determined breakfast skipping and higher body mass index, more depressive symptoms, and smoking. In bidirectional MR, we demonstrated a causal link between being an evening person and skipping breakfast, but not vice versa. We observed association of our signals in an independent breakfast skipping GWAS in another British cohort (P = 0.032), TwinUK, but not in a meta-analysis of non-British cohorts from the CHARGE consortium (P = 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: Our proxy-phenotype GWAS identified 6 genetic variants for breakfast skipping, linking clock regulation with food timing and suggesting a possible beneficial role of regular breakfast intake as part of a healthy lifestyle.
Despite existing reports on differential DNA methylation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, our understanding of its functional relevance remains limited. Here we show the effect of differential methylation in the early phases of T2D pathology by a blood-based epigenome-wide association study of 4808 non-diabetic Europeans in the discovery phase and 11,750 individuals in the replication. We identify CpGs in LETM1, RBM20, IRS2, MAN2A2 and the 1q25.3 region associated with fasting insulin, and in FCRL6, SLAMF1, APOBEC3H and the 15q26.1 region with fasting glucose. In silico cross-omics analyses highlight the role of differential methylation in the crosstalk between the adaptive immune system and glucose homeostasis. The differential methylation explains at least 16.9% of the association between obesity and insulin. Our study sheds light on the biological interactions between genetic variants driving differential methylation and gene expression in the early pathogenesis of T2D.
AssuntosMetilação de DNA/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Glucose/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Obesidade/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Simulação por Computador , Ilhas de CpG/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética/fisiologia , Epigenômica/métodos , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Homeostase/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
BACKGROUND: Folate and vitamin B-12 are essential micronutrients involved in the donation of methyl groups in cellular metabolism. However, associations between intake of these nutrients and genome-wide DNA methylation levels have not been studied comprehensively in humans. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess whether folate and/or vitamin B-12 intake are asssociated with genome-wide changes in DNA methylation in leukocytes. METHODS: A large-scale epigenome-wide association study of folate and vitamin B-12 intake was performed on DNA from 5841 participants from 10 cohorts using Illumina 450k arrays. Folate and vitamin B-12 intakes were calculated from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Continuous and categorical (low compared with high intake) linear regression mixed models were applied per cohort, controlling for confounders. A meta-analysis was performed to identify significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and regions (DMRs), and a pathway analysis was performed on the DMR annotated genes. RESULTS: The categorical model resulted in 6 DMPs, which are all negatively associated with folate intake, annotated to FAM64A, WRAP73, FRMD8, CUX1, and LCN8 genes, which have a role in cellular processes including centrosome localization, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis. Regional analysis showed 74 folate-associated DMRs, of which 73 were negatively associated with folate intake. The most significant folate-associated DMR was a 400-base pair (bp) spanning region annotated to the LGALS3BP gene. In the categorical model, vitamin B-12 intake was associated with 29 DMRs annotated to 48 genes, of which the most significant was a 1100-bp spanning region annotated to the calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated gene (CABYR). Vitamin B-12 intake was not associated with DMPs. CONCLUSIONS: We identified novel epigenetic loci that are associated with folate and vitamin B-12 intake. Interestingly, we found a negative association between folate and DNA methylation. Replication of these methylation loci is necessary in future studies.
BACKGROUND: Diet plays a key role in development of diabetes, and there has been recent interest in better understanding the association of dairy food intake with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the associations of full-fat and low-fat dairy food intake with incident diabetes among American Indians-a population with a high burden of diabetes. METHODS: The study included participants from the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS), a family-based study of cardiovascular disease in American Indians, free of diabetes at baseline (2001-2003) (n = 1623). Participants were 14-86-y-old at baseline and 60.8% were female. Dairy food intake was assessed using a Block food frequency questionnaire. Incident diabetes was defined using American Diabetes Association criteria. Parametric survival models with a Weibull distribution were used to evaluate the associations of full-fat and low-fat dairy food intake with incident diabetes. Serving sizes were defined as 250 mL for milk and 42.5 g for cheese. RESULTS: We identified 277 cases of diabetes during a mean follow-up of 11 y. Reported intake of dairy foods was low [median full-fat dairy food intake: 0.11 serving/1000 kcal; median low-fat dairy food intake: 0.03 serving/1000 kcal]. Participants who reported the highest full-fat dairy food intake had a lower risk of diabetes compared to those who reported the lowest full-fat food dairy intake [HR (95% CI): 0.79 (0.59, 1.06); P-trend = 0.03, comparing extreme tertiles, after adjustment for age, sex, site, physical activity, education, smoking, diet quality, and low-fat dairy food intake]. Low-fat dairy food intake was not associated with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: American Indians who participated in the SHFS reported low dairy food intake. Participants who reported higher full-fat dairy food intake had a lower risk of diabetes than participants who reported lower intake. These findings may be of interest to populations with low dairy food intake.
BACKGROUND: Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of different chain lengths have unique metabolic and biological effects, and a small number of recent studies suggest that higher circulating concentrations of the very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) are associated with a lower risk of diabetes. Confirmation of these findings in a large and diverse population is needed. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the associations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident type 2 diabetes in prospective studies. METHODS: Twelve studies that are part of the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium participated in the analysis. Using Cox or logistic regression within studies and an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis across studies, we examined the associations of VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident diabetes among 51,431 participants. RESULTS: There were 14,276 cases of incident diabetes across participating studies. Higher circulating concentrations of 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 were each associated with a lower risk of incident diabetes. Pooling across cohorts, the RR (95% CI) for incident diabetes comparing the 90th percentile to the 10th percentile was 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) for 20:0, 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) for 22:0, and 0.75 (0.69, 0.83) for 24:0 after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, adiposity, and other health factors. Results were fully attenuated in exploratory models that adjusted for circulating 16:0 and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this pooled analysis indicate that higher concentrations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 are each associated with a lower risk of diabetes.
BACKGROUND: Animal studies suggest sphingolipids as an early marker of impaired glucose metabolism; however, research in humans is limited. We evaluated whether individual sphingolipid species were associated with fasting plasma glucose and incident impaired fasting glucose in a longitudinal cohort study. METHODS: We measured 15 sphingolipid species from blood samples collected in 2001-2003 from 2145 participants without prevalent diabetes in the Strong Heart Family Study. Fasting plasma glucose was measured in blood samples collected at baseline and follow-up (mean 5.5â¯years after baseline). FINDINGS: The average age of study participants was 38â¯years; 41% were men. Ceramide, sphingomyelin, and glucosylceramide species levels were higher in older participants; lactosyl-ceramide levels were higher in participants with lower BMIs. In adjusted analyses, greater concentrations of most ceramide species and lower lactosyl-ceramide with palmitic acid (LC-16) were associated with higher glucose levels at baseline. We did not observe associations of sphingomyelin species or glucosyl-ceramide species with glucose levels. Associations of sphingolipid levels with fasting glucose levels at follow-up were similar but had greater uncertainty than associations with baseline glucose. Although no statistically significant associations of sphingolipids with incident impaired fasting glucose were present, results were similar to glucose analyses. INTERPRETATION: We identified several ceramide species associated with higher fasting glucose levels and one sphingolipid, LC-16, that was associated with lower fasting glucose levels. These findings compliment previous research, which linked these sphingolipids with fasting insulin levels, and suggest that higher levels of these ceramides and lower LC-16 may be an early marker of impaired glucose metabolism. FUND: US National Institutes Health.
AssuntosGlicemia/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Ceramidas/sangue , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Jejum/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
OBJECTIVE: To determine the longitudinal association between serial biomarker measures of circulating omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA) levels and healthy ageing. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four communities in the United States (Cardiovascular Health Study) from 1992 to 2015. PARTICIPANTS: 2622 adults with a mean (SD) age of 74.4 (4.8) and with successful healthy ageing at baseline in 1992-93. EXPOSURE: Cumulative levels of plasma phospholipid n3-PUFAs were measured using gas chromatography in 1992-93, 1998-99, and 2005-06, expressed as percentage of total fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid from plants and eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid from seafoood. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Healthy ageing defined as survival without chronic diseases (ie, cardiovascular disease, cancer, lung disease, and severe chronic kidney disease), the absence of cognitive and physical dysfunction, or death from other causes not part of the healthy ageing outcome after age 65. Events were centrally adjudicated or determined from medical records and diagnostic tests. RESULTS: Higher levels of long chain n3-PUFAs were associated with an 18% lower risk (95% confidence interval 7% to 28%) of unhealthy ageing per interquintile range after multivariable adjustments with time-varying exposure and covariates. Individually, higher eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (but not docosahexaenoic acid) levels were associated with a lower risk: 15% (6% to 23%) and 16% (6% to 25%), respectively. α-linolenic acid from plants was not noticeably associated with unhealthy ageing (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.02). CONCLUSIONS: In older adults, a higher cumulative level of serially measured circulating n3-PUFAs from seafood (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid), eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid (but not docosahexaenoic acid from seafood or α-linolenic acid from plants) was associated with a higher likelihood of healthy ageing. These findings support guidelines for increased dietary consumption of n3-PUFAs in older adults.
BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS AND FINDINGS: Sixteen prospective cohorts from 12 countries (7 from the United States, 7 from Europe, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan) performed new harmonised individual-level analysis for the prospective associations according to a standardised plan. In total, 63,682 participants with a broad range of baseline ages and BMIs and 15,180 incident cases of T2D over the average of 9 years of follow-up were evaluated. Study-specific results were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Prespecified interactions by age, sex, BMI, and race/ethnicity were explored in each cohort and were meta-analysed. Potential heterogeneity by cohort-specific characteristics (regions, lipid compartments used for fatty acid assays) was assessed with metaregression. After adjustment for potential confounders, including measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference) and lipogenesis (levels of palmitate, triglycerides), higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with lower incidence of T2D. In the most adjusted model, the hazard ratio (95% CI) for incident T2D per cohort-specific 10th to 90th percentile range of 15:0 was 0.80 (0.73-0.87); of 17:0, 0.65 (0.59-0.72); of t16:1n7, 0.82 (0.70-0.96); and of their sum, 0.71 (0.63-0.79). In exploratory analyses, similar associations for 15:0, 17:0, and the sum of all three fatty acids were present in both genders but stronger in women than in men (pinteraction < 0.001). Whereas studying associations with biomarkers has several advantages, as limitations, the biomarkers do not distinguish between different food sources of dairy fat (e.g., cheese, yogurt, milk), and residual confounding by unmeasured or imprecisely measured confounders may exist. CONCLUSIONS: In a large meta-analysis that pooled the findings from 16 prospective cohort studies, higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with a lower risk of T2D.
A method for the detection and quantification of hydroxyl and epoxy arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites in human plasma was developed using liquid-liquid extraction, phospholipid saponification followed by derivatization of the acid moiety and liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric detection. Derivatization with a pyridinium analog allowed for detection in the positive ion mode, greatly improving sensitivity and the stability of the more labile AA metabolites. The entire method utilizes a 96-well plate format, increasing sample throughput, and was optimized to measure 5-, 8-, 9-, 11-, 12-, 15-, 19-, and 20- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15- dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET), and the regio- and cis-/ trans- isomers of 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). The method was validated for its applicability over the FA concentration range found in human plasma. Using 100 µL aliquots of pooled human plasma, EET levels, particularly 5,6-EET, were observed to be higher than previously reported, with measured concentrations of 23.6 ng/ml for 5,6-EET, 5.6 ng/mL for 5,6-trans-EET, 8.0 ng/mL for 8,9-EET, 1.9 ng/mL for 8,9-trans-EET, 8.8 ng/mL for 11,12-EET, 3.4 ng/mL for 11,12-trans-EET, 10.7 ng/mL for 14,15-EET, and 1.7 ng/mL 14,15-trans- EET. This method is suitable for large population studies to elucidate the complex interactions between the eicosanoids and various disease states and may be used for quantitation of a wide variety of fattyacids beyond eicosanoids from small volumes of human plasma.
Aims: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) accounts for 10% of adult mortality in Western populations. We aim to identify potential loci associated with SCA and to identify risk factors causally associated with SCA. Methods and results: We carried out a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) for SCA (n = 3939 cases, 25 989 non-cases) to examine common variation genome-wide and in candidate arrhythmia genes. We also exploited Mendelian randomization (MR) methods using cross-trait multi-variant genetic risk score associations (GRSA) to assess causal relationships of 18 risk factors with SCA. No variants were associated with SCA at genome-wide significance, nor were common variants in candidate arrhythmia genes associated with SCA at nominal significance. Using cross-trait GRSA, we established genetic correlation between SCA and (i) coronary artery disease (CAD) and traditional CAD risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, and diabetes), (ii) height and BMI, and (iii) electrical instability traits (QT and atrial fibrillation), suggesting aetiologic roles for these traits in SCA risk. Conclusions: Our findings show that a comprehensive approach to the genetic architecture of SCA can shed light on the determinants of a complex life-threatening condition with multiple influencing factors in the general population. The results of this genetic analysis, both positive and negative findings, have implications for evaluating the genetic architecture of patients with a family history of SCA, and for efforts to prevent SCA in high-risk populations and the general community.
The role that vitamin D plays in pulmonary function remains uncertain. Epidemiological studies reported mixed findings for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)-pulmonary function association. We conducted the largest cross-sectional meta-analysis of the 25(OH)D-pulmonary function association to date, based on nine European ancestry (EA) cohorts (n 22 838) and five African ancestry (AA) cohorts (n 4290) in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium. Data were analysed using linear models by cohort and ancestry. Effect modification by smoking status (current/former/never) was tested. Results were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. Mean serum 25(OH)D was 68 (sd 29) nmol/l for EA and 49 (sd 21) nmol/l for AA. For each 1 nmol/l higher 25(OH)D, forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (FEV1) was higher by 1·1 ml in EA (95 % CI 0·9, 1·3; P<0·0001) and 1·8 ml (95 % CI 1·1, 2·5; P<0·0001) in AA (P race difference=0·06), and forced vital capacity (FVC) was higher by 1·3 ml in EA (95 % CI 1·0, 1·6; P<0·0001) and 1·5 ml (95 % CI 0·8, 2·3; P=0·0001) in AA (P race difference=0·56). Among EA, the 25(OH)D-FVC association was stronger in smokers: per 1 nmol/l higher 25(OH)D, FVC was higher by 1·7 ml (95 % CI 1·1, 2·3) for current smokers and 1·7 ml (95 % CI 1·2, 2·1) for former smokers, compared with 0·8 ml (95 % CI 0·4, 1·2) for never smokers. In summary, the 25(OH)D associations with FEV1 and FVC were positive in both ancestries. In EA, a stronger association was observed for smokers compared with never smokers, which supports the importance of vitamin D in vulnerable populations.
RATIONALE: Omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory properties that could benefit adults with comprised pulmonary health. OBJECTIVE: To investigate n-3 PUFA associations with spirometric measures of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and determine underlying genetic susceptibility. METHODS: Associations of n-3 PUFA biomarkers (alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid [DPA], and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) were evaluated with PFTs (forced expiratory volume in the first second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], and [FEV1/FVC]) in meta-analyses across seven cohorts from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium (N=16,134 of European or African ancestry). PFT-associated n-3 PUFAs were carried forward to genome-wide interaction analyses in the four largest cohorts (N=11,962) and replicated in one cohort (N=1,687). Cohort-specific results were combined using joint 2 degree-of-freedom (2df) meta-analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations and their interactions with n-3 PUFAs. RESULTS: DPA and DHA were positively associated with FEV1 and FVC (P<0.025), with evidence for effect modification by smoking and by sex. Genome-wide analyses identified a novel association of rs11693320-an intronic DPP10 SNP-with FVC when incorporating an interaction with DHA, and the finding was replicated (P2df=9.4×10-9 across discovery and replication cohorts). The rs11693320-A allele (frequency~80%) was associated with lower FVC (PSNP=2.1×10-9; ßSNP= -161.0mL), and the association was attenuated by higher DHA levels (PSNP×DHA interaction=2.1×10-7; ßSNP×DHA interaction=36.2mL). CONCLUSIONS: We corroborated beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs on pulmonary function. By modeling genome-wide n-3 PUFA interactions, we identified a novel DPP10 SNP association with FVC that was not detectable in much larger studies ignoring this interaction.


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St Senan's have denied Ballydonoghue the chance to make it a 3 in-a-row titles.
They are champions after winning their first ever North Kerry Football title on a scoreline of 1-12 to 1-06.
It was a slow start from both sides but that was to be expected as a strong wind was making scoring difficult.
The Senan's side had numerous goal chances but it wasn't until the 23rd minute of play before Sean Weir made it count.
At half-time St Senan's lead 1-4 to 0-6.
It was in the second half when the game really came alive following a period of start/stop play.
With 20 minutes played in the second half, St Senan's popped 4 points back-to-back over the bar.
At this point it started to come clear that they were on for the win.
Ballydonoghue tried to make a come back but it seemed they were lacking fluidity in their play. Despite this Eamonn Walsh managed to score a goal.
The game finished St Senan's 1-12 Ballydonoghue 1-06.
Senan's manager Mark Bourke


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White Arkitekter has won an invited competition to redevelop St. Augustine's Church in Colindale, northwest London
The Gothenburg and London-based practice defeated four unnamed finalists to win the project which is backed by the Diocese of London.
The project is at the centre of the wider Grahame Park Regeneration Scheme which is being delivered by Genesis Housing Association in partnership with London Borough of Barnet.
The church occupies a 2,883m² plot and was completed by Biscoe & Stanton Architects in 1971.
White Arkitekter's winning scheme will deliver a 6,500m² mixed-use regeneration of the site, featuring new housing, a modern church, a community hall, ancillary spaces and a vicarage.
Tony Moseley, programme manager at The Diocese of London, said: 'We are very pleased to have White Arkitekter on board. This project requires great sensitivity to respect the needs of the existing community whilst celebrating the changes that the regeneration of Grahame Park Estate will bring.
'We chose White Arkitekter because they emphasize dialogue, and focus on how people use and come together in spaces and places in their design practice. The mix of uses on a tight site is challenging, White Arkitekter brings great expertise in getting beneath the surface of a project, identifying the qualities of a place and working creatively within the constraints of a site.'
Joseph Gabor, the minister in charge at St Augustine's, Grahame Park, said: 'Building a brand new church is, literally, a "sacred" challenge and an opportunity to relearn who we are and what are we doing.
'For me, as pastor of the community and as a theologian, this is an opportunity to learn a new language and with White Arkitekter it promises to be a fascinating dialogue and a mutual learning. A good building recognises the past and the redevelopment must embed the faithful worship of generations of residents of Grahame Park. This personal presence is a guiding principle for designing a church in our tradition.'
White Arkitekter said: 'This project is a unique opportunity to create a place where everyone in the community is welcome. It is an honour for us to work with St Augustine's Church to help them realise their vision for the site as a hub of the community. We envision a beautiful place, a retreat from hectic city life and the digital world.
'Today, arguably more than ever, churches continue to be the lifeline of any society, providing a welcoming space and diverse public services to the surrounding communities. Our Scandinavian design heritage is rooted in the idea of creating inclusive places which promote and sustain well-being. The church aligns with this sentiment and it will play a vital role in anchoring the community during a period of transition as the Grahame Park Estate is redeveloped, attracting newcomers to the area.'
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April 2007
(For a historical archive of our old site visit http://911blogger.com/archive)
Loizeaux and Romero selling the 9/11 myth
Just found this piece of video in the 9/11 archive.
NBC, 08:40 pm, september 12
XVID: http://www.megaupload.com/?d=XMXF3QYX
archive.org: http://www.archive.org/details/nbc200109122004-2046 (@ 36 min.)
Marc Loizeaux and Van Romero explaining the collapse of the Twin Towers. Just one day earlier Romero stated: "My opinion is, based on the videotapes, that after the airplanes hit the World Trade Center there were some explosive devices inside the buildings that caused the towers to collapse,". It took only one day for Romero to completely change his mind and blame the explosion of the jet fuel.
Lionel Loves Rosie!
Lionel - March 31, 2007 - Hour 1
Rosie O'Donnell is under fire for daring to question the incredible story of the official account of 9/11 – this fantastic meltdown via jet fuel – and the Foxies are calling forher to be fired. Unreal. Yet nobody's read word one about anything.
[17 minute clip] [2 Meg]
Lionel - April 2, 2007 - Hour 1
A mélange of topics. The MSM fails to mention the GOP when it repeats the White House's excoriation of Nancy Pelosi's trip to Syria. Republicans did it, but that's not mentioned. God bless Rosie O'Donnell. Trump's officially lost his mind.
[5 minute clip] [700K]
Orginal audio at:
Go, Rosie, Go
I like Rosie O'Donnell, I admit it. While Fox News and Bill O'Reilly are claiming she is helping the terrorists and needs to fired from her position on The View, I'm saying Go, Rosie, Go. What is wrong with a person asking questions? When did asking questions turn into a crime? It's seems a lot of American's love to hate Rosie, especially upper class white males, but many of us enjoy seeing her stir the pot of propaganda that is so prevalent these days. I know, she's heavy, gay and perhaps not what many consider to be socially attractive, but does that mean her questions, thoughts and opinions have no value?
It's interesting to me that when Rosie and Donald Trump were having their media driven nasty argument, I couldn't turn on the television without hearing about it, the newspapers soaked up the ridiculous stories and everyone chose a side. It seems we didn't recognize that it was all about advertisement and ratings, not a serious debate, but now that Rosie has sunk her teeth into a real issue, the silence by most of the mainstream media is nearly deafening.
DVD REVIEW: Conspiracy-filled film lacks depth
Source: http://media.www.thedailyaztec.com/media/storage/paper741/news/2007/04/03/Tempo/Dvd-Review.ConspiracyFilled.Film.Lacks.Dep...
DVD REVIEW: Conspiracy-filled film lacks depth
By: Fernando Ramos, Staff Writer
Posted: 4/3/07
For the past couple of years, there has been a particularly odious form of politicking going around. You may have seen it, heard about it on the news or at least been told about its virtues from your roommate. Yes, the propaganda I am talking about is 2005's infamous Internet-video phenomenon "Loose Change."
Originally conceived by college student Dylan Avery as a fictional "what-if" thriller about someone discovering a conspiracy about the 9/11 attacks, Avery began to believe the research he was doing showed that the U.S. government was, and continues to be, actively involved in covering up the truth behind 9/11.
What can bend 6 inch steel w/o buckling or cracking?
Something got this 8 ton I-beam very very hot very very quickly.
Old video that needs to be recirculated:
9/11 Truth UAlbany meets Dennis Kucinich
On 3/25 9/11 Truth UAlbany got a chance to speak to keynote speaker congressman Dennis Kucinich and ask him a few questions about 9/11 at the 25th Anniversary Dinner of Peace Action in Albany NY.
411 on 911 - Rally and March for 9/11 Truth and Impeachment
On Wednesday, April 11, 2007, protesters will rally at 1:00 p.m. at Lytton Plaza in downtown Palo Alto to demand 9/11 Truth and the impeachment of Bush/Cheney. Speakers will include Janette MacKinlay—a survivor of the 9/11 attacks; David Kubiak—International Campaign Advisor of 911Truth.org; Gabriel Day—organizer of the "9/11- Revealing the Truth, Reclaiming the Future" conference; Ed Rippy—of the Northern California 9/11 Truth Alliance; and Riva Enteen—of the National Lawyers Guild. Music will be provided by "Annie and the Vets." The march will begin at 2:00 p.m. and will conclude at Congresswoman Anna Eshoo's office at 698 Emerson Street.
WTC Families For Proper Burial on Alex Jones today
"Alex welcomes to the program the co-founder of WTC Families For Proper Burial, Diane Horning, to discuss the terrible treatment of the remains of 9/11 victims and her own ongoing struggle to give her son, a 9/11 victim, a proper burial."
Infowars Live Feed: (Network 1)
Freerepublic & Hotair Attacks Rosie, Asks Sign Petition To Fire Rosie
"By adding my name to this petition I wish to show you, Disney-ABC, that I am refusing to watch The View until Rosie O'Donnell is relieved of her position. She is a one-sided, anti-American individual who abuses her public platform to advance a radical message. She is not a pundit, she is not qualified for political debate, nor does she present her arguments in a factual manner. I believe she is a danger to the morale of this country and emboldens those who seek to destroy us."
Ohio Events Picking up Speed
Columbus, Springfield set to make 2007 a big year for 9/11 Truth in Ohio.
Among the highlights:
"Support our Troops: Truth film festival": May 19 or 20
Proposed Schedule:
11:00 Who Killed John O'Neill
1:00 America: Freedom to Fascism
3:00 Out Foxed
4:30 Beyond Treason
6:00 Sir No Sir
7:45 Improbable Collapse
Same Day: Both should be do-able!
Springfield 911 Truth - Women of Faith confrence:
Passing out 9/11 victims families information from www.patriotsquestion911.com as well as David Ray Griffin's DVD and Steven Jones' lecture at UVSC
Kevin Barrett and Kevin Ryan: April 28th


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Kings Electrical and Air Conditioning promises customer service that exceeds the expectations of Geneva, FL residents.
Call us now at: 954-753-9436. We'd love the opportunity to earn your business as we have with your neighbors in Geneva, FL.
Local Reviews
for Geneva, FL
Kings Electric & Air Conditioning (Coral Springs) Rated 5.0 out of 5 stars based on 1 customer reviews
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Price was unexpectedly high, however, the service & professionalism were exceptional
Gonzalez - Geneva, FL
Review of Kings Electric & Air Conditioning (Coral Springs)
Ralphie did an outstanding job. I might even consider getting him to put in a couple of duplex receptacles in my garage in the near future.
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We are to install a camper disconnect from house panel
Near E Osceola Rd, Geneva, FL 32732


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Lawmakers debating plans to shore up Louisiana's looming budget hole in yet another special session were interrupted Thursday by a landmark Supreme Court decision that could be a financial boon for the state.
The ruling overturned the Supreme Court's 1992 decision in Quill v. North Dakota, which restricted states from collecting sales tax from retailers if they didn't have a physical presence in the state.
Though it initially had some lawmakers hoping it might help them address the roughly $500 million in unfunded budget priorities for the fiscal year that begins July 1, hopes of any quick fix were dashed as it became clear the impact won't be immediate.
While everyone agrees the ruling is significant, no one knows for sure what the impact will be.
ShoppersChoice.com CEO Corey Tisdale told Daily Report on Thursday afternoon that he was only beginning to dig into the matter to figure out how it will impact his business.
And while many try to determine the impact of the ruling, a new Louisiana Law Blog post written by Kean Miller partners Jaye Calhoun and Jason Brown with special counsel Willie Kolarik concludes it's not even clear that there will be any impact.
That's because the Supreme Court did not specifically make a judgment on the constitutionality of the North Dakota law, the Kean Miller lawyers explain. Unless and until the Supreme Court rules that the South Dakota law is constitutional, one of its most impactful provisions will never be triggered, they add.
"Without that trigger, the definition of 'dealer' will not include online retailers … and the current taxing regime in Louisiana will remain," they write.
Read the full blog post for more analysis of the ruling.


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The Siren's Tear
- Talk to Wahid; he's a collector of precious gems and is looking for a Siren's Tear. He says they can be found near the rivers of the Gustaberg Mountains but will slip through your fingers unless they are handled in a special way. Also, there is a bard in a tavern somewhere who has advice on how to get the jewel.
- (Optional) Talk to Otto in the Steaming Sheep; he will point to the bard mentioned above, Carmelo.
- (Optional) Talk to Carmelo; he sings a cryptic song explaining how to get the tear and he explains its meaning.
- Go to North Gustaberg (east section) and locate the ??? near the river at J-9. (You can avoid aggro by going via Port Bastok.) The ??? will move around the shore line, so it's not always in the same spot. A good strategy is to check one side of the river, then the other until you find the ???.
- Unequip your weapon and shield and examine the ??? to pick up the Siren's Tear.
- Trade the tear to Wahid to complete the quest.
- The ??? can also apppear at J-8.
- To get Siren's Tear again, you MUST talk to Carmelo and he will say, "And once again, a Siren's Tear floats down the river, seeking shelter from the tides of war..."
- You may be unable to attain the Siren's Tear if your current Job is Monk. It will say that the object has slipped from your hands regardless if you have unequipped your weapons or not.
- A Puppetmaster can obtain the tear with no weapons equipped.
- If you fight anything with your bare hands, you will not be able to obtain the Siren's Tear without zoning out and back in.
Game Description[edit]
- Client
- Wahid (South Auction House, Bastok Mines)
- Summary
- Find the Siren's Tear for Wahid. This rare gem is known to occasionally appear on the shores of the Gustaberg River. Seek the bard in the Port Bastok restaurant and listen to his story.
This article uses material from the "The_Siren%27s_Tear" article on FFXIclopedia and is licensed under the CC-BY-SA License.


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Making the Ordinary Extraordinary
22nd April 2016 at St Andrews
Workshop hosted by the School of Classics, University of St Andrews
While the everyday in Mediterranean society has received some attention in the last few decades, an area which has so far been little studied is the creation of extraordinary art out of ordinary objects. In some cases - such as elaborately-decorated spindle whorls - this may have been a purely personal act to identify the object or to make it more pleasing to use. In other cases such as gravestones, the particularization of the ordinary created such competition that it led to laws of austerity being imposed in certain places, and on a very broad scale, the detailed and masterly decoration given to cheap ceramic vessels in Greece has proved lastingly hard to explain.
We invite colleagues to participate in this one-day workshop to discuss different expressions of the extraordinary in ordinary objects. We seek to include a range of geographical areas and periods to shed light on the meanings behind the creation of individualized pieces out of mundane objects and the elaboration of the everyday.
|Introduction to the Workshop (John Oakley William & Mary)
|9.45 -10.30
|John Oakley (William & Mary) 'The Influence of Greek Sculpture on American Tombstones'
|Jon Coulston (St Andrews) 'Shutting the stable door: four lost Roman bronze horses'
|Rebecca Sweetman & Sophia Mirashrafi (St Andrews) 'Through a glass darkly: perceptions of artefact, art and context'
|Mark Jackson (Newcastle) 'Well-dressed? The embodied decoration of early Byzantine water jars'
|Sian Lewis (St Andrews) 'The Farthest Shore of Figure-Decoration'
|Elizabeth Moignard (Glasgow) 'In our Cups'
|3.45 -4.00
|Closing remarks
|4.15 -5.15
|Wine reception
|Dinner at the Byre (book via the online shop)
Booking information
Please register by Sunday 17 April 2016.
There are two options
- Attend the day event and the 2/3 course evening meal at Byre Theatre Restaurant, Friday 22 April at 5.30pm - please book via the online shop.
- If you wish to attend the day workshop only without Byre meal – please contact email@example.com
Please specify any dietary requirements when you register.
John Oakley (William & Mary)
Although there has been much research on American grave monuments, and a general picture of the changing tastes in their nature and style has been well observed, no study yet has focused on how Greek sculpture influenced American gravestones. What I present in this lecture is the first attempt to do so. The earliest American gravestones have little which is Greek, but this started to change in the last decades of the 18th century, as neoclassical art started to have an influence on the motifs found on gravestones. With the introduction of "Rural or Garden Cemeteries", a change which corresponded roughly with the rise in popularity of Greek Revival Architecture, gravestones based directly on ancient Greek prototypes start to appear. These include simple rectangular stelai, palmette stelai, pedimental stealai, and naiskoi stelai. Some are nearly exact copies of surviving ancient works, such as the gravestone based on the "Calvert Stele" in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Others mark the graves of famous men, such as that on the tomb of our 27th President, William Howard Taft (1857-1930) in Arlington National Cemetery. Most date between the late 19th century and the 1930's, a time span when Greek Revival architecture became very popular again, and when Victorian values prevailed valorizing all things Greek and leading to self identification with ancient Greece. One suspects that in most cases these American classicizing monuments, which have never been properly collected or studied, were meant to serve that role.
Jon Coulston (St Andrews)
Shutting the stable door: four lost Roman bronze horses
This paper explores the evidence for four Roman 'bronze' equestrian statues erected in Rome during the 1st century BC to 4th century AD. All four were lost as artefacts, but have survived for modern study through poetry, histories, epigraphy, numismatic iconography, and excavation of their original sites. These were the statues erected to honour Iulius Caesar, Domitian, Trajan and Constantius II. Their individual narratives became intimately interwoven because of their close physical proximity and their charged political dimensions. They were extraordinary artworks in terms of scale and fame. However, like so many images of deities, honorific dedications, and other statuary imported to the imperial capital and erected at key points in the urbanscape, they would also have become very familiar in the lives of Rome's residents. Such works might become almost 'invisible' yet play an active part in both the imagined city and the practical patterns of diurnal and seasonal pathways. Urban Romans well knew the city's prominent artworks, using them as popular toponyms and as meeting places. The equestrian statues may be compared to the statue parlante of the Renaissance and modern city, or to 'The Mucky Angel' in Newcastle upon Tyne (a Boer War Memorial with a Victory on the top: 'mucky' because it was a traditional meeting point for courting couples). Only one actual equestrian statue survives in Rome from the ancient period (Marcus Aurelius, now in the Piazza di Campidoglio), but there would have been an accumulation of scores over time. Unfortunately these artefacts were eminently recyclable. They could be seen as 'everyday' in the sense of well-recognised images, frequently encountered in town throughout the Roman empire, but also as 'extraordinary artworks', the echoes of which in the varied evidence were not silenced by mere physical obliteration. Thus the everyday became extraordinary in the context of the imperial metropolis, yet the extraordinary became everyday in the lives of metropolitan Romans.
Rebecca Sweetman & Sophia Mirashrafi (St Andrews)
Through a glass darkly: perceptions of artefact, art and context
Abstract: This paper will outline a new project we have begun on the digitisation of the collection of Cypriot material in the School of Classics. One of the key project aims is to test how different experiences of archaeological material impact on one's understanding of the material as art or artefact.
Mark Jackson (Newcastle)
Well-dressed? The embodied decoration of early Byzantine water jars
Abstract: Byzantine houses from rural settlements have rarely been excavated in Turkey. Their contents however reveal that the (much neglected!) ordinary can be very extraordinary. Engaging with previous research which has tended to consider the apotropaic and magical function of motifs decorating objects in Byzantine contexts (e.g. Maguire 1989; Russell 1995), this paper will seek to consider further explanations for their roles and decoration. The paper will focus on a significant assemblage of early Byzantine jars excavated from houses at Kilise Tepe in southern Turkey where locally-made, closed vessels feature a decorative repertoire familiar from other contexts within the Byzantine world including: birds, vegetation, fish and crosses. The vessels provide comparative insights into the decoration of clothing and bodies. Some of the motifs appear to reveal that pots also may have been physically dressed; they were also carried. The paper will consider the role of the jars not simply as containers loaded with decoration in the house, but also as embodied objects loaded on the heads of women as part of the routine of water collection. Of significance also is the metaphorical role of water in enlivening the motifs on the pot, as water also refreshes the human body when both become wet. Meanwhile comparison of head-loading in contemporary contexts reveals that the carrying of jars themselves could have implications not only for the posture and display of women's bodies in public, but also their long-term physical health. The decoration of these vessels will thus be considered as part of the broader repertoire of the early Byzantine village life and within the everyday context of household objects.
Sian Lewis (St Andrews)
The Farthest Shore of Figure-Decoration
Abstract This paper will discuss groups of Attic (and possibly Boeotian) black and red-figure pots with repetitive animal decoration, such as horsehead amphorae, owl-skyphoi and askoi.
Elizabeth Moignard (Glasgow)
In our Cups
Abstract: Reflections on the enhancement of a routine piece of crockery by specialised decoration to become a work of art, as an expression of class, wealth, family history, group ethos, social or political messages or other purposes, via a few notes on contemporary formal practice.
Events Enquiries
Research Seminars
Please direct enquiries to:
Tom Geue,
School of Classics,
University of St Andrews,
St Andrews KY16 9AL.
If you a not a UK or EU citizen and if you need a letter of invitation for immigration purposes in order to attend an event organised by the School of Classics, please contact email@example.com.