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- Special Operations Executive
The Special Operations Executive (SOE), (sometimes referred to as "the
Baker Street Irregulars" after Sherlock Holmes' fictional group of helpers) was a British World War IIorganisation. It was initiated by Winston Churchilland Hugh Daltonin July 1940, to conduct warfare by means other than direct military engagement. SOE directly employed or controlled just over 13,000 people. It is estimated that, worldwide, SOE supported or supplied about a million operatives.
The organisation was formed out of three existing secret departments: Section D, a sub-section of the
Secret Intelligence Service(SIS, aka MI6) commanded by Major Lawrence Grand; a department of the War Officeknown as Military Intelligence Research (MI R) headed by Major J. C. Holland; and the propaganda organisation called Department EH (from Electra House, its headquarters), run by Sir Campbell Stuart. The propaganda section would later be broken off from SOE to form the Political Warfare Executive.
The mission of the SOE was to encourage and facilitate
espionageand sabotagebehind enemy lines and to serve as the core of a resistance movement in Britain itself (the Auxiliary Units) in the possible event of an Axis invasion, as seemed possible in the early years of the war. SOE was also known as "Churchill's Secret Army" or "The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare" and was charged by him to "set Europe ablaze".
As an organisation, it was ultimately responsible to the
Minister of Economic Warfare(initially Dalton, later Lord Selborne).
There was a certain amount of rivalry between SOE and SIS, which hindered cooperation. Where SIS preferred placid conditions in which it could gather intelligence and work through influential persons or authorities, SOE promised turbulent conditions and often backed anti-establishment organisations such as the
Communists in several countries. This also brought it into conflict with the Foreign Office on several occasions, although the organisation adhered to the rule, "No explosions without Foreign Office approval."
The first chief of the service to be appointed was Sir Frank Nelson, a former head of a trading firm in India, a back bench
Conservative Member of Parliamentand Consul in Berne. He was to suffer ill health as a result of his hard work, and in April 1942, he was replaced by Sir Charles Hambro, head of the English banking firm Hambro's.
Hambro had been a close friend of Churchill's before the war and had received the
Military Crossfor his efforts in the Great War. However, in August 1943, he had an argument with a fellow agent. Hambro believed that SOE should remain a separate body and not become part of the British army. He felt that this loss of control would cause a number of problems for SOE in the future. Hambro often said that "it was not good for democracies to know what their governments did in times of war." When the decision was taken by the Cabinetto coordinate SOE's activities with those of the British army against Hambro's advice, he resigned from his position.
As part of the closer ties between the General Staff and SOE, Hambro's replacement from September 1943 was the former Deputy Head of SOE,
Major General Colin Gubbins. Gubbins had wide experience of commandoand clandestine operations. He was generally known within SOE by the title, "CD".
SOE was dissolved officially in 1946, and much of its sphere of influence reverted to MI6. (It was reported that Selborne told the Prime Minister,
Clement Attlee, that SOE still possessed a worldwide network of clandestine radio networks and sympathisers. Attlee retorted that he had no wish to own a British Comintern.)
The headquarters of SOE was at
64 Baker Street(hence the nickname "the Baker Street Irregulars"). Another important London base was Aston House, where weapons and tactics research were conducted.
Under the cover name ISRB (Inter Services Research Bureau) SOE set up an establishment where development of equipment for use in the secret war could be undertaken. Called Station IX, this was situated at the Frythe - a former hotel, outside
Welwyn Garden City. Here ISRB developed radios, weapons, explosive devices, and booby trapsfor use by agents and clandestine raiding forces.
The initial training centre of the SOE was at Wanborough Manor,
Guildford. Agents destined to serve in the field underwent commandotraining at Arisaigin Scotland, followed by specialist training in skills such as demolitiontechniques or morse code telegraphyat various country houses in England. Finally, they were given parachutetraining (if necessary) by No.1 Parachute Training School RAFat RAF Ringwaylater Manchester Airport, during which time the agents were housed in secure accommodation at Bowdon, near Altrincham, in Cheshire, and a course in security at Beaulieu in Hampshire.
SOE maintained a large number of training, research and development, or administrative centres. It was a joke that "SOE" stood for "Stately 'Omes of England", after the large number of country houses and estates it commandeered and used.
SOE's operations in
Francewere directed by two London-based country sections. F Section was under British control, while RF Section was linked to General de Gaulle's Free Frenchgovernment in exile. Most native French agents served in RF. There were also two smaller sections: EU/P Section, which dealt with the Polish community in France and the DF Section which was responsible for establishing escape routes. During the latter part of 1942 another section known as AMF was established in Algiers, to operate into Southern France
On 5 May 1941,
Georges Bégué(1911-1993) became the first SOE agent dropped into German occupied France who then set up radio communications and met the next agents parachuted into France. Between Bégué's first drop in May 1941 and August 1944, more than four hundred F Section agents were sent into occupied France. They served in a variety of functions including arms and sabotage instructors, couriers, circuit organisers, liaison officers, and radio operators. RF sent about the same number; AMF sent 600 (although not all of these belonged to SOE). EU/P and DF sent a few dozen agents each.
SOE included a number of women (who were often recruited from the
First Aid Nursing Yeomanry); F Section alone sent 39 female agents into the field, of whom 13 did not return. The Valençay SOE Memorialwas unveiled at Valençayin the Indre" département" of France on 6 May 1991, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the despatch of F Section's first agent to France. The memorial's Roll of Honourlists the names of the 91 men and 13 women members of the SOE who gave their lives for France's freedom.
SOE F Section timelinefor a list of significant events in the history of F Section. See also SOE F Section networksfor details of the individual networks operated by F Section.
To support the Allied invasion of France on
D Dayin June 1944, three-man parties were dropped into various parts of France under Operation Jedburgh, to coordinate widespread overt (as opposed to clandestine) acts of resistance. At the same time, all the various sections operating in France (except EU/P) were nominally placed under a London-based HQ titled EMFFI.
Due to the dangers and lack of friendly population few operations were conducted in
Germanyitself. The German and Austrian section of SOE was run by Lt. Col. Ronald Thornley for most of the war and was mainly involved with black propagandaand administrative sabotage in collaboration with the German section of the Political Warfare Executive. After D-Day, the section was re-organised and enlarged with General Sir Gerald Templerheading the Directorate with Thornley as his deputy. Several major operations were planned, including Operation Foxley- the plan to assassinate Hitler- and Operation Periwig, an ingenious plan to simulate the existence of a large-scale anti-Nazi resistance movement within Germany. Foxley was never carried but Periwig went ahead despite restrictions placed on it by SIS and SHAEF. Several German Prisoners of War were trained as agents, briefed to make contact with the anti-Nazi resistance and to conduct sabotage. They were then parachuted into Germany with the hope that they would either hand themselves in to or be captured by the Gestapoand reveal their supposed mission. Fake coded wireless transmissions were broadcast to Germany and various pieces of agent paraphernalia like code books and wireless receivers were allowed to fall into the hands of the German authorities.
Section N of SOE ran operations in the
Netherlands. They committed some of SOE's worst blunders in security, which allowed the Germans to capture many agents and much sabotage material, in what the Germans called the Englandspiel. SOE apparently ignored the absence of security checks in radio transmissions, and other warnings from Leo Marksthat the Germans were running the supposed resistance networks.
Eventually, two captured agents escaped to Switzerland (in August 1943). The Germans sent messages over their controlled sets that they had gone over to the
Gestapo, but SOE was at last more wary.
SOE partly recovered from this disaster to set up new networks, which continued to operate until the Netherlands were liberated at the end of the war.
Section T established some effective networks in Belgium, but in the aftermath of the
Battle of Normandy, British armoured forces overran the country in less than a week, giving the resistance little time to stage an uprising. They did assist British forces to bypass German rearguards, and this allowed the Allies to capture the vital docks at Antwerpintact.
As both an enemy country, and supposedly a monolithic fascist state with no organised opposition which SOE could use, SOE made little effort in Italy before mid-1943 when Mussolini's government collapsed and Allied forces already occupied
Sicily. SOE appears to have made no effort to recruit agents from among the many thousands of Italian Prisoners of War.
In the aftermath of the Italian collapse, SOE helped build a large resistance organisation in the cities of Northern Italy, and in the
Alps. They harassed German forces in Italy throughout the autumn and winter of 1944, and in the final Allied offensive in Italy they captured Genoaand other cities unaided by Allied forces.
SOE established a base at
Bariin Southern Italy, from which they operated their networks and agents in the Balkans. This organisation had the codename "Force 133".
In the aftermath of the German invasion in 1941, the
Kingdom of Yugoslaviafragmented. In Croatia, there was a substantial pro-Axis movement, the Ustaše. In the remainder of Yugoslavia, two resistance movements formed; the royalist Chetniksunder Draža Mihailović, and the Communist Partisans under Josip Broz Tito.
Through the royalist government in exile, SOE at first supported the Chetniks. It became evident that the Chetniks were less effective, and even collaborating with the Germans in some areas against the Partisans. After the
Teheran Conference, SOE switched its support to the Partisans. Although relations were often touchy throughout the war, it can be argued that SOE's unstinting support was a factor in Yugoslavia's maintaining a neutral stance during the Cold War. However, accounts vary dramatically between all historical works on the "Chetnik controversy" and it is hard to explain why the SOE supported the Partisans. There have even been accounts from former SOE members that they decided to support the Partisans because they knew that the Red Army would support the communists instead of the royalists, and simply using the myth of Nazi collaboration to save face.
SOE was unable to establish links or contacts in Hungary before the regime of
Miklós Horthyaligned itself with the Axis Powers. Distance and lack of such contacts prevented any effort being made by SOE until the Hungarians themselves dispatched a diplomat (László Veress) in a clandestine attempt to contact the Western Allies. SOE facilitated his return, with some radio sets. Before the Allied governments could agree terms, Hungary was placed under German military occupation and Veress was forced to flee the country.
Two missions subsequently dropped "blind" i.e. without prior arrangement for a reception party, failed. So too did an attempt by
Basil Davidsonto incite a Partisan movement in Hungary, after making his way from north-east Yugoslavia.
Greece was overrun by the Axis only after a desperate defence lasting several months. In late 1942, SOE mounted its first operation into Greece as an attempt to disrupt the railway which was being used to move materials to the
German Panzer Army Africa. The party, under Brigadier Eddie Myers, assisted by Christopher Woodhouse, discovered two guerrilla groups operating in the mountains; the pro-Communist ELAS and the republican EDES. With aid from these two organisations, Myer's party destroyed the GorgopotamosRailway Viaduct on 14 November 1942, in Operation Harling.
Unfortunately, relations between the resistance groups and the British soured. EDES received most aid from SOE, but ELAS secured many weapons when Italy collapsed and Italian military forces in Greece dissolved. ELAS and EDES fought a vicious civil war in 1943 until SOE brokered an uneasy armistice (the
Plaka agreement). Some SOE liaison officers in the field were executed by undisciplined ELAS groups.
Eventually, the British army occupied
Athensand Piraeusin the aftermath of the German withdrawal, and fought a street-by-street battle to drive ELAS from these cities and impose an interim government under Archbishop Damaskinos. SOE's last act was to evacuate several hundred disarmed EDES fighters to Corfu, preventing their massacre by ELAS.
Albania had been under Italian influence since 1923, and was occupied by the Italian Army in 1939. In 1943, a small liaison party entered Albania from north-west Greece. (One of its members was Julian Amery.) They discovered another internecine war between the Communist partisans under
Enver Hoxha, and the republican Balli Kombëtar. As the latter had collaborated with the Italian occupiers, Hoxha gained Allied support.
SOE's envoy to Albania, Brigadier "Trotsky" Davies, was captured by the Germans early in 1944. Other SOE officers warned that Hoxha's aim was primacy after the war, rather than fighting Germans. They were ignored, but Albania was never a major factor in the effort against the Germans.
SOE sent many missions into the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia, and later into Slovakia. The most famous mission was called
Operation Anthropoid, the assassination of SS leader Reinhard Heydrich, in Prague. From 1942 to 1943 the Czechoslovaks had their own Special Training School (STS) at Chicheley Hall in Buckinghamshire. In 1944 SOE sent men to support the Slovak Uprising.
In March 1941 a group performing commando raids in Norway,
Norwegian Independent Company 1(NOR.I.C.1) was organised under leadership of Captain Martin Linge. Their initial raid in 1941 was Operation Archery, the best known raid was probably the Norwegian heavy water sabotage. Communication lines with London were gradually improved so that by 1945, 64 radio operators were spread throughout Norway.
Most of the actions conducted by the Danish Resistance were railroad sabotage to hinder German troop movements from and to Norway. However, there were examples of sabotage on a much larger scale especially by
BOPA. In all over 1000 operations were conducted from 1942 and onwards.In October 1943 the Danish resistance also saved nearly all of the Danish Jews from certain death in German KZ camps. This was a massive overnight operation and is to this day recognised among Jews as one of the most significant displays of public defiance against the Germans.
The Danish Resistance assisted SOE in its activities in neutral
Sweden. For example, SOE was able to obtain several shiploads of vital ball-bearings which had been interned in Swedish ports. The Danes also pioneered several secure communications; for example, a burst transmitter which transcribed Morse code onto a paper tape faster than a human operator could handle.There are a series of Historic Notes written by David Lampe in his "The Danish Resistance" also called "The Savage Canary"
The distance involved in air travel to Poland was the chief obstacle to SOE's efforts to aid the resistance there. SOE did assist the Polish government in exile to send agents and some equipment to the
Armia Krajowa. SOE had little or no contact with the pro-Communist Armia Ludowa, and the "London Poles" as the government in exile was known, always maintained their own counsel.
Large amounts of arms were finally sent to Poland during the doomed
Warsaw Uprising, at heavy cost in aircraft.
In 1943 an SOE delegation was parachuted into Romania to instigate resistance against the Nazi occupation at "any cost" (
Operation Autonomous). The delegation, including Colonel Gardyne de Chastelain, Captain Silviu Meţianu and Ivor Porter, was captured by the Jandarmeria Românăand held until the night of the 23 August 1944 coup d'état. See General Constantin Tobescu [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Tobescu] and Constantin C. Roşescu [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_C._Roşescu] .
Other operations in Europe
Through cooperation with the Special Operations Executive and the British intelligence service, a group of
Jewish volunteers from Palestinewere sent on missions to several countries in Nazi-occupied Europe from 1943 to 1945.
Abyssinia was the scene of some of SOE's earliest and most successful efforts. In support of the exiled Emperor
Haile Selassie, SOE organised a force of Ethiopian irregulars under Orde Charles Wingate. This force (named Gideon Forceby Wingate) caused heavy casualties to the Italian occupation forces, and contributed to the successful British campaign there. Wingate was to use his experience to create the Chinditsin Burma.
outh-East Asia
As early as 1941, SOE was preparing plans for operations in
South East Asia. As in Europe, after initial Allied military disasters, SOE built up indigenous resistance organisations and guerilla armies in enemy (Japanese) occupied territory. Some of these organisations were to have major effects both during the war and in the post-war period.
A variety of people from all classes and pre-war occupations served SOE in the field. In most cases, the primary quality required was a deep knowledge of the country in which the agent was to operate, and especially its language, if the agent was to pass as a native of the country. Dual nationality was often a prized attribute. This was particularly so of France. Many of the agents in F Section were of working-class origin (some even reputedly from the criminal underworld).
In other cases, especially in the Balkans, a lesser degree of fluency was required as the resistance groups concerned were already in open rebellion and a clandestine existence was unnecessary. A flair for diplomacy combined with a taste for rough soldiering was more necessary. Some regular army officers proved adept as envoys, although others (such as the former diplomat
Fitzroy Macleanor the classical scholar Christopher Woodhouse) were commissioned only during wartime.
Exiled or escaped members of the Armed Forces of some occupied countries were obvious sources of agents. This was particularly true of Norway and Holland. In other cases (such as Frenchmen owing loyalty to
Charles de Gaulleand especially the Poles), the agents' first loyalty was to their leaders or governments in exile, and they treated SOE only as a means to an end. This could occasionally lead to mistrust and strained relations in Britain.
SOE employed many Canadians; the Canadian government recruited Canadian volunteers for clandestine service to either SOE or
SOE was prepared to ignore almost any contemporary social convention in its fight against the Axis. It employed known homosexuals, people with criminal records or bad conduct records in the armed forces, Communists, anti-British nationalists etc. Although some of these might have been considered a security risk, there is practically no known case of an SOE agent wholeheartedly going over to the enemy.
SOE was highly dependent upon the security of radio transmissions. There were three factors involved in this; the physical qualities and capabilities of the radio sets, the security of the transmission procedures and the provision of proper
SOE's first radios were supplied by SIS. They were large, clumsy and required large amounts of power. SOE acquired a few, much more suitable sets from the Poles in exile, but eventually designed and manufactured their own, such as the
Paraset. Some of these, together with their batteries, weighed only 9lb (4 kg), and could fit into a small attache case, although larger sets were required to work over ranges greater than 500 miles (800 km).
Operating procedures were insecure at first; operators were forced to transmit verbose messages at fixed times and intervals. After several operators were captured or killed, procedures were made more flexible and secure.
As with their first radio sets, SOE's first ciphers were inherited from SIS.
Leo Marks, SOE's chief cryptographer, was responsible for the development of better codes to replace the insecure poem codes. Eventually, SOE settled on single use ciphers, printed on silk.
SOE was forced by circumstances to develop a wide range of equipment for clandestine use. Among products developed at
Station IXwere a miniature folding motorbike (the " Welbike") - for use by parachutists, a silenced pistol (the " Welrod") and several miniature submersible craft (the " Welman submarine" and "Sleeping Beauty"). A sea trials unit was set up in west Wales at Goodwick, by Fishguard(station IXa) where these craft were tested. In late 1944 craft were despatched to Australia to the Allied Intelligence Bureau(SRD), for tropical testing. [http://www.welfreighter.info/]
An agent working clandestinely in the field obviously required clothing, documents and so on which would not arouse suspicion. SOE maintained centres which specialised in producing foreign clothing and forging identity cards, ration cards etc (even to the extent of manufacturing cigarettes which would pass as the local product).
Although SOE used some assassination weapons such as the
De Lisle carbine, it took the view that weapons issued to resisters should not require extensive training or care. The crude and cheap Stenwas a favourite. For issue to large forces such as the Partisans in Yugoslavia, SOE used captured German or Italian weapons. These were available in large quantities after the surrender of Italy, and the partisans could acquire ammunition for these weapons (and the Sten) from enemy sources.
SOE developed a wide range of explosive devices for sabotage, such as limpet mines, shaped charges and time fuses. These were also used by commando units. Other, more subtle sabotage methods included lubricants laced with grinding materials, incendiaries disguised as innocuous objects and so on.
Some of the more imaginative devices included exploding pens with enough explosive power to blast a hole in the bearer's body, guns concealed in pipes, exploding rats and land mines disguised as cow or elephant dung. For specialised operations or use in extreme circumstances, SOE issued small fighting knives which could be concealed in the heel of a hard leather shoe or behind a coat lapel. Given the likely fate of agents captured by the Gestapo, SOE also disguised
suicide pills as coat buttons.
With the continent of Europe closed to normal travel, SOE had to rely on its own air or sea transport for movement of people, arms and equipment.
Bomber Harris, the Commander-in-Chief of Bomber Command, appears to have resented the use of bombers for SOE purposes, but he was over-ruled and by April 1942 SOE had the services of 138 and 161 squadrons at RAF Tempsford. This topic is neatly summarised on page 95 of "Special Operations Executive 1940-46" by M.R.D. Foot. Many stores, and some agents were dropped by parachute. Some aircraft such as the Lysander often landed in enemy-occupied territory to deliver or collect agents.
There were also difficulties with the
Royal Navy, which also was usually unwilling to allow SOE to use its submarines or Motor Torpedo Boats. However, SOE often used clandestine craft such as fishing boats or caiques, and eventually ran quite large fleets of these, from Algiers, the Shetland Islands(a service termed the Shetland Bus), Ceylonetc.
ee also
List of SOE Agents
List of SOE establishments
Resistance during World War II
Edmund Charaszkiewicz
Leo Marks
British military history
British military history of World War II
Official publications / academic histories
* Professor M.R.D. Foot. "The Special Operations Executive 1940-1946" (Pimlico 1999 ISBN 0-7126-6585-4):"The best book to read for an overview of SOE and its methods. Foot won the Croix de Guerre as a SAS operative in Brittany, later becoming Professor of Modern History at Manchester University and an official historian of the SOE. All his SOE books are well worth reading."
* Professor M.R.D. Foot. "SOE in France" (orig. 1966, Government Official Histories, pub Frank Cass revised edition 2000, further edition 2004 ISBN 0-7146-5528-7):"Written with access to F Section files, (according to Ian Dear, see below) later revised "
* Professor William Mackenzie. "The Secret History of SOE - Special Operations Executive 1940-1945", BPR Publications, 2000, ISBN 0-9536151-8-9:"Written at the end of WW2 for the British Government's own use without any intention of publication - in effect a confidential "official history"."
* David Stafford, "Secret Agent - The True Story of the Special Operations Executive" (BBC Worldwide Ltd, 2000), ISBN 0-563-53734-5:"Professor David Stafford has written several books on resistance and the secret war, and contributed the foreword for MFD Foot's book."
* Frederic Boyce & Douglas Everett. "SOE – the Scientific Secrets" (Sutton Publishing 2003, ISBN 0-7509-4005-0):"SOE had its own laboratories and workshops inventing and developing new weapons, explosives and sabotage techniques."
* Denis Rigden "SOE Syllabus: Lessons in Ungentlemanly Warfare World War II" (Secret History Files, National Archives 2001 ISBN 1-903365-18-X) (Introduction)."Authentic training manuals used to prepare agents covering the clandestine skills of disguise, surveillance, burglary, interrogation, close combat, and assassination. Also published as "How to be a Spy"."
* [http://www.road-to-the-isles.org.uk/centre.html Para-Military Training in Scotland During World War 2 (Land, Sea & Islands Centre, Arisaig 2001)] An account of SOE training around the Arisaig area.
* Ian Valentine, "Station 43: Audley End House and SOE's Polish Section", ISBN 0-7509-4255-X, Sutton Publishing 2006
* Gerald Steinacher "Passive grumbling, rather than resisting". The Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Austria 1940-1945. First results of a research on the newly released Austrian SOE files of the Public Record Office Kew, in: International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 15, number 2 summer 2002, p. 211-221. in: eforum-zeitgeschichte, [http://www.eforum-zeitgeschichte.at/]
* Stuart Allan, "Commando Country", ISBN 9781905267149, National Museums Scotland 2007:"The book covers Commando and SOE training in the Highlands of Scotland. It describes the origins of the irregular warfare training at Inverailort House under MI(R) then the move of SOE training to the nearby Arisaig and Morar area."
First-hand accounts by those who served with SOE
Leo Marks. "" (Harper Collins 1998 ISBN 0-00-255944-7): "Marks was the Head of Codes at SOE. He gives easily comprehensible introduction to codes, their practical use in the field, and his struggle to improve encryption methods. Engaging accounts of Noor Khan, Violette Szabo, and a great deal of information on his friend Yeo-Thomas."
* Andre Hue. "The Next Moon" (Viking 2004 ISBN 0-670-91478-9, Penguin 2005 ISBN 0-14-101580-2) Foreword MRD Foot.:"First hand story of agent dropped into Brittany to organise resistance activities before and after D-Day."
Freddie Spencer Chapman. " The Jungle is Neutral" (Chatto and Windus 1949):"Chapman set up first jungle warfare school and operated in Malaya behind Japanese lines. Key figure in SOE in Far East."
* Arthur Christie. "Mission Scapula SOE in the Far East" ISBN 0-9547010-0-3.:"A true story about an ordinary soldier seconded into MI5 and sent on a mission to Singapore just before it fell. With Freddy Spencer-Chapman"
Fitzroy Maclean. "Eastern Approaches" (Jonathan Cape 1949, Penguin 1991 ISBN 0-14-013271-6):"Author witnessed SOE's campaign with Yugoslav partisans as Churchill's representative to Tito."
* William Stanley Moss. "
Ill Met by Moonlight" (Harrap 1950):"Firsthand account of Moss and Patrick Leigh Fermor's kidnapping of Major General Heinrich Kreipe, the German army commander on Crete." Later turned into a film of the same title.
* Patrick Howarth. "Undercover" (Routledge, Kegan Paul 1980 ISBN 0-7100-0573-3, Phoenix Press 2000 ISBN 1-84212-240-1):"Covers the stories of a number of operatives, many known personally by Howarth, who was one of SOE's founding members responsible for sevearl years for organising agent training in UK. Invaluable seven page bibliography of histories and memoirs."
David Smiley. "Albanian Assignment" (Sphere Books Ltd. 1984 ISBN 0-7221-7933-2):"Account of SOE's missions to Albania."
* David Howarth. "The Shetland Bus". (Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd 1950):"Account of the Norwegian vessels which kept Britain in touch with the Norwegian resistance"
* Sweet-Escott, Bichham. "Baker Street Irregular". London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1965.
Basil Davidson. "Special Operations Europe: Scenes from the Anti-Nazi War". Irwin Pub, 1980 ISBN 0-575-02820-3
* Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor. "The 11th Day" (Archangel Films 2006):"Firsthand documentary account of the kidnapping of Major General Heinrich Kreipe, the German army commander on
Jasper Rootham. "Miss-Fire" (Chatto & Windus 1946):"Account of the SOE's mission to Yugoslavia in support of Mihailović and the Chetniks."
Biographies / popular books by authors without personal SOE experience
William Stevenson (Canadian writer)"Spymistress: The Life of Vera Atkins, the Greatest Female Secret Agent of World War II" Arcade Publishing (2006) ISBN 978-1559707633 biography of Vera Atkins, of whom James Bondcreator Ian Flemingsaid, "In the real world of spies, Vera Atkinswas the boss."
Marcus Binney"The Women Who Lived For Danger" HarperCollins(2003) ISBN 0-06-054087-7
R.J.Minney." Carve Her Name with Pride" (1956), tells the story of Violette Szabo.
Jerrard Tickell. "" (1949), tells the story of Odette Sansom-Hallowes.
Jean Overton Fuller. "The Starr Affair", tells the story of John Renshaw Starr.
* Ian Dear. "Sabotage and Subversion" (Arms and Armour 1996, Cassell Military Paperbacks 1999, ISBN 0-304-35202-0):"General chapters on origins, recruitment and training, and then describes in detail thirteen operations in Europe and around the world, some involving the OSS."
* Bruce Marshall. "The White Rabbit" (Evans Bros 1952, Cassell Military Paperbacks 2000, ISBN 0-304-35697-2): "Famous biography of Wing Commander Yeo-Thomas who made secret trips to France to meet senior Resistance figures. Epic story of capture, torture and escape, written as told by 'Tommy' to Marshall (who was himself on the HQ staff of RF section)."
* Ray Mears, "The Real Heroes of Telemark: The True Story of the Secret Mission to Stop Hitler's Atomic Bomb ", ISBN 0-340-83015-8, Hodder & Stoughton 2003, Associated with a three part BBC TV series, Ray Mears followed the route taken in 1943 along with some present day members of Royal Marines and Norwegian Army.
* " Inside "Camp" X " by Lynn Philip Hodgson, with a foreword by Secret Agent 'Andy Durovecz (2003) - ISBN 0-9687062-0-7
Joe Saward. "The Grand Prix Saboteurs" (Morienval Press 2006, ISBN 978-0-9554868-0-7)
Fiction books featuring the SOE
Tim Powers' " Declare" and Charles Stross's " The Atrocity Archives" Fictional versions of SOE turn up as the organisation in charge of occult activities in these books.
Filmography (in order of release date)
* "
Now it Can be Told" (aka "School for Danger") (1946): Filming began in 1944 and starred real-life SOE agents Captain Harry Réeand Jacqueline Nearne. The film tells the story of the training of agents for SOE and their adventures in France. The training sequences were filmed using the SOE equipment at the training schools at Traigh and Garramor (South Morar) and at Ringway.
* "
The Fight Over the Heavy Water" (1948): A French/Norwegian black and white docu-film titled "La Bataille de l'eau lourde"/"Kampen om tungtvannet" (trans. "The Fight Over the Heavy Water"), featured some of the 'original cast', so to speak. Joachim Rønneberg has stated; "The Fight over Heavy Water" was an honest attempt to describe history. On the other hand 'Heroes of Telemark' had little to do with reality."
* "Odette" (1950): Based on the book by
Jerrard Tickellabout Odette Sansom, starring Anna Neagleand Trevor Howard. The film includes an interview with Maurice Buckmaster, head of F-Section, SOE.
* "
Ill Met by Moonlight" (1957)] : The Powell and Pressburgerfilm, (released as "Night Ambush" in the States), based on the book by W. Stanley Moss, starring Dirk Bogardeand Marius Goring. It dramatises the true story of the capture of a German general by Patrick Leigh Fermorand W. Stanley Moss.
* "
Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957) is a well-known classic British-made war-drama set in Burma during WW2, during the construction of the Siam - Burma railway through virgin jungle and endless hills and gorges, using malnourished, mistreated allied prisoners of war. A counter-story in the film, which collides with the main story at the climax, relates to a mission to destroy the newly-constructed railway bridge by a fictitious cloak and dagger sabotage organisation called 'Force 316', whose training base is in Ceylon. In fact, this is a thinly-disguised reference to the real-life Force 136, part of SOE, who indeed had wartime jungle-training facilities in Ceylon at M.E. 25 - Horona.
* "
Carve Her Name with Pride" (1958): Based on the book by R.J. Minneyabout Violette Szabo, starring Paul Scofieldand Virginia McKenna.
* "The Guns of Navarone" (1961): Based on a well-known 1957 novel about World War II by Scottish thriller writer
Alistair MacLean. It starred Gregory Peck, David Nivenand Anthony Quinn, along with Anthony Quayleand Stanley Baker. The book and the film share the same basic plot: the efforts of an Allied commando team to destroy a seemingly impregnable German fortress that threatens Allied naval ships in the Aegean Sea, and prevents 2,000 isolated British troops from being rescued, that were holed up on the island of Kheros in the Aegean, near Turkey.
* "
The Heroes of Telemark" (1965): Based on an SOE operation to sabotage the heavy waterplant at Rjukan, Norwayin 1943.
* "Operation Crossbow" (1965): A spy thriller and World War II film, made from a story from
Duilio Colettiand Vittoriano Petrilli. It is a highly fictionalized account of the real-life Operation Crossbow, but it does touch on the main aspects of the operation.
* "
Where Eagles Dare" (1968): A spy film directed by Brian G. Huttonand featuring Richard Burton, Clint Eastwood, and Mary Ure. The film's screenplay and eponymous 1967 best-selling novel were written almost simultaneously by Alistair MacLean.
* "
Operation Daybreak" (1976): Based upon a true, dangerous operation in May 1942 to drop a small group of Czech and Slovak S.O.E. agents into their own occupied country with the singular deadly mission to assassinate Reichsführer-SSHeinrich Himmler's protégé, Reinhard Heydrich, Reichsprotektor(representing the Nazi protectorate over the Czech puppet-state) of Bohemia and Moravia, hated as "The Butcher of Prague". The mission succeeded, but with tragic results.
docudramaabout Nancy Wake's work for SOE, partly narrated by herself.
* "
Wish Me Luck" (1987): A television series that was broadcast between 1987 and 1990 featuring the exploits of the women and, less frequently, the men of SOE, which was renamed the 'Outfit'.
* "Charlotte Gray", (2001): Based on a novel by
Sebastian Faulks.
* "
Foyle's War", episode "The French Drop" (2004): Foyle, a detective in England during WWII, investigates what turns out to be domestic activity of the SOE. The series is known for its attention to historical detail, and many aspects of the real-life SOE are shown.
* "The 11th Day (2006)": A documentary film, with recreation, of the Resistance, on the island of Crete, during the Second World War. Includes a detailed interview with Sir
Patrick Leigh Fermorwith recreation of the kidnapping of German Major General Kreipe.
*"The Bonzos (2008)": A BBC documentary film about the men sent to rescue Hitler's hoard of looted art - including works by Titian, Tintoretto and Van Gogh - which the Nazis had stripped from Europe's greatest galleries and museums and hidden in a salt mine in the town of Alt Aussee in Austria. Including archive footage, eyewitness testimony and contributions from historians.
Les Femmes de l'Ombre: A French film about five SOE agents and their contribution towards the D-Dayinvasions
* Author
Ian Fleming, who knew both Maurice Buckmasterand Vera Atkins, is reputed to have used at least parts of them to create "M", and " Miss Moneypenny" in his James Bondbooks. In his first Bond novel, Fleming is said to have based the "Vesper Lynd" character on the beautiful SOE agent, Christine Granville. Other agents that Fleming used for his Bond character were Duane Hudsonand Andrew Croft. Chief of SOE Technical Branch and later GS Branch MI6, Charles Bovill was represented in the Bond books as 'Q'. [ [http://www.64-baker-street.org/obituaries/obit_2001_charles_bovill.html 64 Baker Street] ]
External links
* [http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1050510206588 The Special Operations Executive] (Official Document - British Foreign & Commonwealth Office Website)
* [http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/emerson00/soe_gubbins_marks.html Colin Gubbins, Leo Marks and the SOE]
* [http://london.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum (London)] Museum has Secret War display which includes SOE weapons, radio, codes etc. Once on-line find Permanent Galleries and then Secret War for details.
* [http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/ Imperial War Museum Collections Online] Click on War on Land then Irregular Warfare for many written materials, photos, audio files on SOE.
* [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Tempsford RAF Tempsford]
* [http://www.m.a.christie.btinternet.co.uk/ "Mission Scapula" Special Operations Executive in the Far East.]
* [http://www.ambaile.org.uk/smr/item/item_archaeology.jsp?item_id=30327 Target near Glasnacardoch Lodge STS22a]
* [http://www.violette-szabo-museum.co.uk/ The Violette Szabo Museum]
* [http://www.64-baker-street.org 64 Baker Street, the women of SOE]
* [http://web.mac.com/davedepickere/World_War_II,_analyzed!/Canadian_Secret_Agents_in_the_Second_World_War.html Canadian Secret Agents in the Second World War]
* [http://www.psywar.org/braddock.php Operation BRADDOCK - A joint SOE/PWE plan to air-drop concealable explosive devices across Europe]
* [http://www.specialforcesroh.com/browse.php?mode=viewc&catid=31 Roll of honour, awards and images.]
* [http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/emerson00/soe_title_page.html SOE sites around of Milton Keynes]
* [http://www.the11thday.com The 11th Day] Documentary film about the Resistance, on the island of Crete, during the Second World War including SOE efforts and Sir
Patrick Leigh Fermor
* [http://www.soe-squad.com/ SOE Squad] Gaming clan inspired on the SOE.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
Special Operations Executive — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Central hidroeléctrica de Vemork, donde la Special Operations Executive realizó en 1941 la Operación Gunnerside para sabotear la producción alemana de agua pesada … Wikipedia Español
Special Operations Executive — Sommaire 1 Présentation générale 1.1 Opérations 1.1.1 Objectifs des opérations 1.1.2 Techniques utilisées pour les o … Wikipédia en Français
Special Operations Executive — Das Special Operations Executive (SOE; deutsch etwa: "Ausführung besonderer Unternehmungen") war eine aktive britische nachrichtendienstliche Spezialeinheit während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Sie wurde von Winston Churchill und Hugh Dalton im Juli… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Special Operations Executive — … Useful english dictionary
Special Operations Executive (SOE) — |Special Operations Executive}} Special Operations Executive, SOE, (Ejecutivo de Operaciones Especiales) fue una unidad secreta del ejército británico formada en 1940 por orden del primer ministro Winston Churchill durante la Segunda Guerra… … Wikipedia Español
Special Operations Executive Plan — ▪ Primary Source Annex 25 of First U.S. Army: Operations Plan "Neptune" 1. EMPLOYMENT OF RESISTANCE GROUPS a. General Considerations. The types and intensity of activities which will be directed by Resistance Groups… … Universalium
List of Special Operations Executive operations in World War II — Special Operations Executive (SOE)= * Aeneas (1944) mdash; Belgium * Arboretum (1944) mdash; Belgium, agents executed, few details of exact mission. * Aemilius (1944) mdash; Belgium, 3 August 1944, field name Lucie, Rockfort Marche region. *… … Wikipedia
Liste des moyens aériens du Special Operations Executive — Liste des moyens aériens du SOE Sommaire 1 Unités de la Royal Air Force 2 Appareils 3 Terrains en Angleterre 4 Terrains pour pick up … Wikipédia en Français
Special Operations Group (Japan) — Infobox Military Unit unit name=Japanese Special Operations Group caption= Official Japanese Special Operations Group Flag country= flagicon|Japan Japan allegiance= type=Special Forces branch=Japanese Ground Self Defense Forces dates= March 27,… … Wikipedia
United States Special Operations Command — Infobox Military Unit unit name= United States Special Operations Command caption= United States Special Operations Command emblem dates= April 16, 1987 country= United States allegiance= branch= type= Special Operations role= Provide fully… … Wikipedia


text:
Saga, Adventure Time, Jaime Hernandez and Parker: The Score were among the winners of the 2013 Harvey Awards, which were presented tonight in conjunction with the Baltimore Comic-Con. Saga was the night's big winner with six awards, as Fiona Staples took home awards for best artist and best colorist, and Brian K. Vaughan took home the award for best writer.
Also taking home an award tonight was this very blog, as Robot 6 won for best biographic, historical or journalistic presentation. Our fearless leader Kevin Melrose will likely have a few words to say about that in the days ahead, but for now I'll just say congratulations to the rest of the Robot 6 team -- it's an honor to work with you guys.
Named in honor of the late Harvey Kurtzman, the cartoonist and founding editor of MAD magazine, the awards are selected entirely by creators. The full list of nominees can be found below, with the winners in bold and italics. Congratulations to all the winners:
Best Writer
Matt Fraction, HAWKEYE, Marvel ComicsJoe Hill, LOCKE AND KEY, IDWTim Seeley, REVIVAL, Image ComicsScott Snyder, BATMAN, DC ComicsBrian K. Vaughan, SAGA, Image ComicsMark Waid, DAREDEVIL, Marvel Comics
Best Artist
David Aja, HAWKEYE, Marvel ComicsGreg Capullo, BATMAN, DC ComicsMike Norton, REVIVAL, Image ComicsChris Samnee, DAREDEVIL, Marvel ComicsFiona Staples, SAGA, Image Comics
Best Cartoonist
Jaime Hernandez, LOVE AND ROCKETS: NEW STORIES, FantagraphicsJeff Lemire, THE UNDERWATER WELDER, Top ShelfTerry Moore, RACHEL RISING, Abstract StudiosChris Ware, BUILDING STORIES, PantheonAdam Withers and Comfort Love, RAINBOW IN THE DARK, uniquescomic.com/rainbowinthedark
Best Letterer
Joe Caramagna, DAREDEVIL, Marvel ComicsChris Eliopoulos, COW BOY: A BOY AND HIS HORSE, ArchaiaTodd Klein, FABLES, DC ComicsJack Morelli, ARCHIE, Archie ComicsChris Ware, BUILDING STORIES, Pantheon
Best Inker
Steve Ellis, ONLY LIVING BOY, Bottled LightningJonathan Glapion, BATMAN, DC ComicsKlaus Janson, CAPTAIN AMERICA, Marvel ComicsMark Morales, AVENGERS VS. X-MEN, Marvel ComicsBob Smith, LIFE WITH ARCHIE, Archie Comics
Best Colorist
Laura Allred, FF , Marvel ComicsMatt Hollingsworth, HAWKEYE, Marvel ComicsTito Pena, ARCHIE, Archie ComicsEd Ryzowski, GUTTERS, http://www.the-gutters.com/Fiona Staples, SAGA, Image Comics
Best Cover Artist
David Aja, HAWKEYE, Marvel ComicsSteve Ellis, ONLY LIVING BOY, Bottled LightningJenny Frison, REVIVAL, Image ComicsAdam Hughes, FAIREST, Vertigo ComicsFiona Staples, SAGA, Image Comics
Most Promising New Talent
Jerry Gaylord, FANBOYS VS. ZOMBIES, BOOM! StudiosDennis Hopeless, AVENGERS ARENA, Marvel ComicsRyan Jampole, MEGA MAN, Archie ComicsMark Mariano, Happyloo, MyPalMark.comDavid Nytra, THE SECRET OF THE STONE FROG, Toon Books
Best New Series
ADVENTURE TIME, KaBOOM! StudiosHAWKEYE, Marvel ComicsNEW CRUSADERS: RISE OF THE HEROES, Red Circle ComicsREVIVAL, Image ComicsSAGA, Image Comics
Best Continuing or Limited Series
BATMAN, DC ComicsDAREDEVIL, Marvel ComicsHAWKEYE, Marvel ComicsLOCKE AND KEY, IDWRACHEL RISING, Abstract StudiosSAGA, Image Comics
Best Syndicated Strip or Panel
CUL DE SAC, Richard Thompson, Universal Press SyndicateDICK TRACY, Joe Staton and Mike Curtis, Tribune Media ServicesGET FUZZY, Darby Conley, United Feature SyndicateMUTTS, Patrick McDonnell, King FeaturesPEARLS BEFORE SWINE, Stephen Pastis, United Feature Syndicate
Best Anthology
DARK HORSE PRESENTS, various, Dark HorseDISTRICT COMICS, Matt Dembicki, Fulcrum PublishingONCE UPON A TIME MACHINE, Andrew Carl, Dark HorseTEAM CUL DE DE SAC: CARTOONISTS DRAW THE LINE AT PARKINSON'S, Chris Sparks, Andrews McMeelWOMANTHOLOGY: SPACE, Mariah Huehner, IDW
Best Graphic Album – Original
BUILDING STORIES, PantheonTHE CARTER FAMILY: DON'T FORGET THIS SONG, Abrams ComicArtsMY FRIEND DAHMER, Abrams ComicArtsRICHARD STARK'S PARKER: THE SCORE, IDWTHE UNDERWATER WELDER, Top Shelf
Best Graphic Album – Previously Published
ALIEN: THE ILLUSTRATED STORY, Titan BooksARCHIE: THE MARRIED LIFE, BOOK 2, Archie ComicsCURSED PIRATE GIRL COLLECTED EDITION: VOLUME ONE, ArchaiaHEADS OR TAILES, FantagraphicsKING CITY, Image
Best Single Issue or Story
BATMAN # 12, DC ComicsBUILDING STORIES, PantheonHAWKEYE # 1, Marvel ComicsLOCKE AND KEY: GRINDHOUSE, IDWTHE MIRE, BeckyCloonan.netSAGA # 1, Image ComicsTALES DESIGNED TO THRIZZLE #8, Fantagraphics
Best Domestic Reprint Project
BEST OF ARCHIE COMICS, VOL. 2, Archie ComicsCAME THE DAWN AND OTHER STORIES, THE EC COMICS LIBRARY , FantagraphcsCRIME DOES NOT PAY ARCHIVES, Dark Horse ComicsDAVID MAZZUCCHELLI'S DAREDEVIL: BORN AGAIN, ARTIST'S EDITION, IDWPOGO: BONA FIDE BALDERDASH VOL. 2, WALT KELLY'S POGO, Fantagraphics
Best American Edition of Foreign Material
ABELARD, NBMBLACKSAD: A SILENT HELL, Dark HorseNEW YORK MON AMOUR, Fantagraphics BooksSHARAZ-DE: TALES FROM THE ARABIAN NIGHTS, ArchaiaNAOKI URASAWA'S 20TH CENTURY BOYS, VOL. 22, VIZ Media
Best Online Comics Work
BANDETTE, Paul Tobin and Colleen Coover, www.monkeybraincomics.com/titles/bandette/BATTLEPUG, Mike Norton, www.battlepug.comTHE DREAMER, Lora Innes, www.thedreamercomic.comNIMONA, Noelle Stevenson, gingerhaze.com/nimonaSHELDON, Dave Kellett, sheldoncomics.com
Special Award for Humor in Comics
Chad Lambert, THE POSSUMS AT LARGE 10TH ANNIVERSARY CRAPTACULAR, Old School ComicsRyan North, ADVENTURE TIME, KaBOOM! StudiosDan Parent, KEVIN KELLER, Archie ComicsChris Sparks, TEAM CUL DE SAC – CARTOONISTS DRAW THE LINE AT PARKINSON'S, Andrews McMeelJim Zub, SKULLKICKERS, Image Comics
Special Award for Excellence in Presentation
BUILDING STORIES, Chris Ware, Pantheon BooksCURSED PIRATE GIRL COLLECTED EDITION: VOLUME ONE, Jeremy Bastian, ArchaiaDAVID MAZZUCCHELLI'S DAREDEVIL: BORN AGAIN: ARTIST'S EDITION, Scott Dunbier, IDWTEAM CUL DE DE SAC: CARTOONISTS DRAW THE LINE AT PARKINSON'S, Chris Sparks, Andrews McMeelTHE ART OF BETTY AND VERONICA, Victor Gorelick and Craig Yoe, Archie Comics
Best Biographical, Historical, or Journalistic Presentation
ALTER EGO MAGAZINE, TwoMorrows PublishingJACK KIRBY COLLECTOR, TwoMorrows PublishingTEAM CUL DE DE SAC: CARTOONISTS DRAW THE LINE AT PARKINSON'S, Andrews McMeelMARVEL COMICS: THE UNTOLD STORY, Sean Howe, HarperCollinsROBOT 6 WEBSITE, Comic Book Resources
Best Original Graphic Publication for Younger Readers
ADVENTURE TIME, KaBOOM! StudiosAMELIA RULES: HER PERMANENT RECORD, Simon and SchusterCOW BOY: A BOY AND HIS HORSE, ArchaiaDRAMA, ScholasticSUPERMAN FAMILY ADVENTURES, DC ComicsTHE SHARK KING, Toon Books

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Chernobyl is now an Instagram hot spot thanks to the HBO show
Tour companies in the area report a spike in bookings.
Tour companies in the area report a spike in bookings.
A historical horror miniseries you can't miss.
"A just world is a sane world. There was nothing sane about Chernobyl."
Untouched for years.
Scientists tracked a wolf traveling over 200 miles from its Chernobyl home, raising questions about the spread of mutated genes.
The once bustling city of Pripyat is still uninhabitable today.
Radiation exposure has caused genetic damage and increased mutation rates in many organisms in the Chernobyl region.
Though the disasters happened years ago, the two cities are still covered in radiation.
Wildfires raged out of control Tuesday mere miles from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the site of the world's worst nuclear disaster in 1986, threatening to release dangerous amounts of radiation over northern Ukraine. Heavy gusts fueled the blaz...
It's a sprawling, decaying landscape overgrown with vegetation, a ghost city frozen in time.
One in three wild boars are too radioactive to eat
When nuclear power goes awry, the consequences can be horrific.


text:
Long ago, men did not know the drum; the chimpanzees owned it. At that time, before guns, there was a trapper named So Dyeu. He was the leader of all the trappers. The chimpanzees often came near his camp. One day, he went hunting and noticed the chimpanzees eating fruit in the trees. They were entertaining themselves with a drum. The hunter said, "This thing they are beating is beautiful. I will set a trap."
He dug a hole and laid a trap. The next day, he heard the chimpanzees crying. The baby chimpanzees cried, the young chimpanzees cried, and the old chimpanzees cried. The trap had caught the chimpanzee drummer.
The hunter called his dog and went into the forest. The chimpanzees fled as he approached, leaving behind them the drummer, caught in the trap with his drum. The hunter took the drum and brought it to the village. That is why the chimpanzees don't have drums anymore and why they beat their chests with their fists. That's why they say "gugu". It isn't a real drum that we hear today, it is the chimpanzee who has stopped breathing and is beating his chest.
When the hunter arrived at the village, he gave the drum to the chief, who said, "We have heard the voice of this thing for a long time, but no-one had seen it until now. You have brought it to us; you have done well. Take my first daughter for your first wife."
From that day on the person who played the drum was called "tambourine player". That is how we got the drum. The chimpanzees of the bush were men who went astray. They had done wrong, so God cursed them and they became chimpanzees. Today, they no longer have drums and they have to beat their chests.


text:
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text:
Jerusalem Post Diplomatic Conference 2016
Speech by Ambassador of the European Union to the State of Israel, Lars Faaborg-Andersen
Honorable Colleagues and distinguished guests, it is a great pleasure for me to be with you here today and to open the economic panel of this conference.
Let me start by saying that the EU and Israel might have some disagreements on this or that political issue and just like among friends or in the family every now and then we tend to have debates, I would even say emotionally charged arguments about them.
But this should not overshadow the deep and close relations we have developed over the decades on economic and trade matters. Cooperation has been growing persistently despite turbulences in the world economy, and regular "events" in this region and also from time to time events in Europe, yet our economies have grown closer with every passing year.
And when I say "our economies" I mean of course the increasing cooperation between Israel and the 28 EU Member States but I also mean an equally strong cooperation between Israel and the EU level that is a significantly increasing approximation between our regulatory environments.
These are very close ties which our relative geographic proximity only reinforces.
I am sure you are aware of the web of agreements signed between the EU and Israel during our decades long cooperation under the umbrella of the overarching Association Agreement which was signed 21 years ago this year. These agreements, among others, cover trade, agriculture, research and development and civil aviation to name just a few.
So it is neither an accident nor a surprise that while Israel seems intent on strengthening its relations with other markets such as Asia, Africa and South America, its economic relations with the EU remain consistently strong and stable.
Let me just mention a few figures. Over the past 20 years, trade between the EU and Israel has more than doubled from €14 billion to more than €30 billion. Imports from Israel have increased by 280% and exports to Israel by 175%.
The EU is Israel's largest trade partner with over 40% of Israeli imports coming from EU countries and more than third of Israeli exports aimed at the EU market.
In order to put this into a wider perspective, let me quote the recent report by the Israeli Export Institute: in the first half of 2016 Israel exported exactly the same amount of goods to France and Italy as to China. Similarly it is worth noting that over the same period 27% of Israel's exports went to Asia, Africa and Latin-America combined while the EU's share over the same period was 32%.
And we are proud of that. This is a solid basis to build on.
Shifting from quantity to the quality, let me add that Israel's trade with the EU is highly diversified, covering a wide range of products. The diversity and maturity of the structure of our bilateral trade is unparalleled in any other country in the region. This implies in practical terms that both sides export high value added and cutting edge products, not only raw material or basic agricultural products.
And the same holds true for sharing best practices as here again our relationship is very balanced. In some areas we can learn from your experiences and in others Israel may profit from our know-how.
A good example of Israeli excellence is the star-up/innovation/entrepreneurship areas where amazing developments have taken place in the past almost two decades.
Israel has acquired a leading global position in entrepreneurship and innovation producing extraordinary results in sectors that capitalize on innovative approaches.
In these areas we would like to tap more into the opportunities present in this country and learn from the Israeli experience. For example, we would like to see more European Venture Capital networks injecting investments in Israeli start-ups.
Similarly, we would like to see more Israeli start-ups looking to the EU market as an attractive entry point when going global. The EU has the largest internal market in the world with over 500 million customers who are eager to adopt new solutions. We also have schemes available to support start-ups looking to establish themselves in our Member States.
We see a potential big win-win for both sides here.
In this context I should add that an already existing win-win situation is actually the EU's longstanding scientific cooperation with Israel. This year marks the 20th anniversary of Israel's association to the EU's research and development programmes in which Israel is a very active and valued partner. Already, under the current Horizon 2020 programme, which began in 2014, over 500 Israeli researchers are participating in over 400 projects. The particular strength of Israeli researchers lies in the European Research Council grants which support cutting edge research. Four Israeli research institutes (The Weizmann Institute, the Hebrew University, Tel Aviv University and the Technion) are among the top host institutions for this prestigious programme.
Notwithstanding the above, it should also be stressed that while in a number of sectors Israel is advanced and leading globally, it still has some way to go in addressing the issues of low productivity and a weak competitive position in significant parts of the economy. These are concentrated mostly in the traditional manufacturing sector but also in the food sector and big parts of the services sector such as banking, retail and tourism.
This also relates to the long standing and also politically sensitive issue of the "cost of living".
We know that addressing these challenges is high on the agenda of the Israeli government which has initiated reforms to open up the economy to more competition thereby both trying to curb sometimes disproportionately high prices while also improving the competitive position of the Israeli firms concerned.
In these areas the EU has accumulated considerable experience and actually we are trying to support this process as best as we can, among other things by providing experience and best practices gained in similar reforms we have already implemented, be it in overhauling subsidization in agriculture or in rendering the labor market more flexible.
We work closely with most of the Israeli ministries and bring experts from our Member States who have managed such transitional processes and can help the Israeli government to avoid mistakes and adopt already proven regulations and approaches.
Our twinning and TAIEX programs have been instrumental in bringing the European and Israeli markets closer. Recent programs and events on issues of statistics,telecommunications, import procedures, environment and agriculture allow for closer cooperation and facilitate trade and the exchange of best practices.
We are confident that in spite of hesitation and some delays (such as the recent postponement of the gradual opening of the Israeli market for imported meat) the Israeli government will pursue these very important reforms.
Here again - we see a mutually beneficial situation possibly emerging: reducing consumer prices in Israel and allowing European companies better market access.
I hope I have succeeded in passing on the basic message through these few examples that the vast scope of EU-Israel economic interaction is not something that belongs to the past and is on the decline but rather that it has a surprisingly stable foundation from which new opportunities and areas of cooperation constantly emerge.
I would like to thank you for giving me the opportunity to speak with you today and look forward to an interesting discussion in the panel.


text:
- Latest available (Revised)
- Original (As made)
This is the original version (as it was originally made). This item of legislation is currently only available in its original format.
4.—(1) The State Pension Credit Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2003 are amended in accordance with paragraphs (2) to (4).
(2) In regulation 7(1) (savings credit) in paragraph (2) for "£126∙50" and "£201∙80" substitute "£133∙82" and "£212∙97" respectively.
(3) In paragraph 14 of Schedule 2(2) (persons residing with the claimant)—
(a)in sub-paragraph (1) for "£93∙80" and "£14∙55" substitute "£94∙50" and "£14∙65" respectively; and
(b)in sub-paragraph (2)—
(i)in head (a) for "£129∙00" substitute "£133∙00",
(ii)in head (b) for "£129∙00", "£189∙00" and "£33∙40" substitute "£133∙00", "£195∙00" and "£33∙65" respectively,
(iii)in head (c) for "£189∙00", "£246∙00" and "£45∙85" substitute "£195∙00", "£253∙00" and "£46∙20" respectively,
(iv)in head (d) for "£246∙00", "£328∙00" and "£75∙05" substitute "£253∙00", "£338∙00" and "£75∙60" respectively, and
(v)in head (e) for "£328∙00", "£408∙00" and "£85∙45" substitute "£338∙00", "£420∙00" and "£86∙10" respectively.
(4) In paragraph 1 of Schedule 3(3) (polygamous marriages)—
(a)in sub-paragraph (5) for "£230∙85" and "£79∙65" substitute "£237∙55" and "£81∙95" respectively; and
(b)in sub-paragraph (7) for "£201∙80" substitute "£212∙97".
Regulation 7 was amended by Article 24(3) of S.R. 2015 No. 124
Sub-paragraph (1) was amended by regulation 6(5)(b)(i) of S.R. 2004 No. 394 and Article 24(4)(a) of S.R. 2015 No. 124 and sub-paragraph (2) was amended by regulation 14(5)(a) of S.R. 2006 No. 359 and Article 24(4)(b) of S.R. 2015 No. 124
Paragraph 1(5) and (7) was amended by Article 24(5) of S.R. 2015 No. 124
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text:
The 25-year-old back is Baxter's ninth new addition to the playing ranks at Sandy Park, joining the Devon club from Aviva Premiership rivals London Irish on a one-year deal.
Never one to rush into the market just for the sake of bolstering his numbers, Baxter has diligently gone about capturing the Redhill-born player in a short space of time.
Having lost speedsters Tom James and Fetu'u Vainikolo at the end of last season, the Chiefs drafted in Ollie Woodburn from Bath to help fill one of those voids during the summer - and Byron McGuigan was retained following an impressive first season in Exeter colours also during the off season.
But with Jack Nowell and Michele Campagnaro likely to be missing for the Rugby World Cup, Baxter was keen to ensure he had enough firepower at his disposal to deal with the opening weeks of the new season and beyond.
As always, the Chiefs coaching team have scouted their new recruit closely and Baxter is impressed by what he sees from Short, who has also played in the top flight with both Saracens and Wasps.
"People will be aware that we lost some quality back-three players last season so, as I have said before, we have had some space in our squad for a back-three player," explained Baxter. "The move has happened relatively quickly – over the last 10 days to two weeks really.
"Although we have been keeping an active eye on the market, James became available quite late and it shows that it pays off to be patient and wait to see what happens sometimes. In a lot of ways, James ticks a lot of boxes for us. He's also the right age and is English.
"We have looked at signing him before. We showed a strong interest in signing him when he was at Saracens several seasons ago, so we have done work on him previously. That meant we could catch up on him quite quickly when we knew he was available.
"It works very well for us for several reasons. He is an intelligent guy and we ask a lot from our players in terms of game understanding and adapting on the hoof, so that helps. He has also been used to a similar defensive system at Saracens to the one we use.
"He also has a lot of pace so that is very important and is something we had highlighted to be looking for. He often breaks first tackles and is an exciting player and finisher."
And having won the Premiership title back in 2011 with Saracens, even scoring a try in the final against Leicester Tigers at Twickenham, Baxter knows his patient approach means he is getting a player who has plenty to offer.
He continued: "I am really pleased we didn't rush into any decisions by trying to fill our back-three too early. In my mind, exactly the right guy has come along at the right time and we are able to get him here.
"Sometimes you have to roll the dice and wait a little bit. It wasn't too difficult for me though. There weren't too many candidates we really liked the look of at the end of last season.
"I think that is why we often say we won't sign people just for the sake of it – it has to fit us and we have to have genuine reasons to do it and not just to fill gaps in our squad. We are quite happy to back our academy guys to come in and do a good job – they always have done in the past and gone on to feature in the first team.
"James was playing a fair bit of first team rugby when he was at Saracens and his preference was to stay there and fight for his spot. Over the next couple of years it didn't quit work out for him, but we kept an eye on him at Wasps and London Irish.
"We have been very happy with some of the fundamentals of his game at London Irish, so we are happy to sign him and look at him in our own environment. He was under contract at London Irish, but they made it clear he was up for early release when we started talking to them. The reasons for that are between James and London Irish, but it meant there was an opportunity for us to have a look at him.
"James was very keen to come on down and get stuck in. It is a year-long contract, so it's an opportunity for him to have a look at us and us to see what he is about longer-term."
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As part of the strategy of enhancing its position as a city with unique coffee culture, the Festival will provide a large variety of programs and events to popularize coffee. Specifically, 100 coffee roasters and baristas will drip and blend coffee in their own ways, delivering 100 different flavors and tastes, and provide them to visitors for free. Tourists are invited to take part in the rally of visiting diverse coffee shops in the City where they open their own events of offering tasty and affordable coffee. Tourists also can enjoy bicycle tour along caf? and coffee shop streets and beautiful coastal roads. Over 200 fancy cafes and coffee shops across the City feature their respective flavors, tastes and atmosphere where coffee lovers can have coffees of their choice. At some coffee shops, visitors can experience how to roast and extract coffee by themselves using provided instruments.
Programs will also include several contests of baristas with awards. To select the best baristas and provide them with a chance of taking part in the World Super Barista Championship (WSBC), the Festival organizing committee will host a barista awards contest in partnership with Korea Coffee Association. Top 3 winners will be eligible for participation in the WSBC. The committee and Association will also hold a hand drip awards contest to honor baristas with best hand drip skills. Meanwhile, the committee will host a macaron award contest for tourists given that macaron is popular as a side menu for coffee. During the Festival, seminars will be held to make in-depth discussion on history and culture of coffee in the City. Around E-zen, the green city experiencing center of the City, outdoor cafes will be set up to provide healthy beverages including coffee and Korean teas along with local foods as part of efforts to promote health and healing.
As it successfully held the first Gangneung Coffee Festival in October 2009, the City has been holding the coffee festival annually, though it seemed to be somewhat strange as the City neither produces coffee nor has any particular relation with coffee. But, as coffee is a kind of tea, the City has centuries-old history of tea culture. Ancient tea utensils used by elite warriors of the Shilla Dynasty (57 BC~935 AD) were found at a historic site in the City, and many prominent scholars and literary persons enjoyed Korean teas in ancient days, originating a number of tea ceremonies, such as Tea Ceremony Dedicated to Saimdang, Tea Ceremony Dedicated to Heonan Seolheon, and Wild Tea Ceremony for Yulgok. Further, Pak I-chu, one of prominent first-generation baristas in Korea, who had operated a modern coffee house in downtown Seoul in the late 1980s moved to Gangneung in 2003 to open a coffee shop. He moved from the metropolitan city, Seoul, to a small city of Gangneung on the east coast because 'he was lured by inclusiveness of the sea'. He made significant contribution to expediting maturity of unique coffee culture in the City. And coupled with wonderful natural environments, these historical backgrounds served as a rationale for holding the coffee festival in the region.
As cafes and coffee shops increased along the beach after coffee vending machines were installed, the coast gained popularity as a 'coffee beach'. But these coffee vending machines were different from those in other regions. Each of these vending machines had their own 'baristas' who provided different tastes and flavors. With numerous coffee masters and deep interest of citizens in coffee, seven coffee academies are currently in operation in the City, producing hundreds of coffee baristas and experts. And the municipal government is striving to promote coffee as a cultural product, not a simple beverage. As part of such effort, the coffee library in the City is conducting activities of enhancing interest in coffee, such as event of experiencing coffee dripping and blending, lectures on coffee, and exhibition of coffee-related books and utensils including drippers and grinders.
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A butterfly in real life undergoes a complex cycle and eventually matures into adulthood. Simple tattoos for women may not stand out as much compared to complex and big tattoo designs out there but even the smallest one is more than enough for the wearer to express herself or commemorate a life changing event or person in her life.
42 Cool Breast Cancer Ribbon Tattoos Designs
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125 Inspiring Tattoo Ideas For Girls Cute Designs 2019
These permanent designssometimes plain sometimes elaborate always personalhave served as amulets status symbols.
Tattoo designs cross tattoos between breast. What tiny tattoos for women symbolizes. The record of human history shows that tattoos have served in many various and diverse cultures as rites of passage marks of status and rank symbols of religious and spiritual devotion decorations for bravery sexual lures and marks of fertility pledges of love punishment amulets and. Permanent makeup is the use of tattoos to enhance eyebrows lips liner andor lipstick eyes liner and even moles usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup.
Read more about them here and see examples. Well in this article we have compiled for you top 100 tattoo designs and their meanings for men and women in india 2019. Dragon and chinese dragon tattoos have always been a beautiful design for women.
In addition the inclusion of another symbol or image can add layers of meaning to your tattoo and help. In ancient china tattoos were considered a barbaric. More women are choosing not to reconstruct after a mastectomy and tattoo over the scar tissue.
Humans have marked their bodies with tattoos for thousands of years. Tattoo culture examines the rituals and social significance of tattooing in cultures around the world. A growing trend in the us and uk is to place artistic titoos over the surgical scars of a mastectomy.
These date from between 2100 and 550 bc. Heart tattoos are one of my favorites and usually mean love love for a person or object or even love for yourself. Below are some of the most popular tiny tattoos for women and what they symbolize.
The dragon is symbolic of strength dominance control and power. You could also decide to mix the heart symbols with other items to show love of a particular thing. Want to get inked but looking for best tattoo designs.
Cemeteries throughout the tarim basin xinjiang of western china including the sites of qawrighul yanghai shengjindian zaghunluq and qizilchoqa have revealed several tattooed mummies with western asianindo european physical traits and cultural materials. Heart tattoos heart tattoos can be designed in a variety of styles to suit anyones needs and aesthetics. Ancient and traditional practices china.
From a simple outline placed on the inside of ones wrist to an intricate celtic design featuring interlocking knots and weaving a heart tattoo can vary in size shape and placement.
50 Latest Breast Tattoo Designs You Must Try In 2019 Styles At Life
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Kids will revisit what they have learned about sleep habits, bedtime routines, and sleep zones.
Recharge influences healthy choices. Recharge is all about your energy! fit presents different ways to recharge and get energy:
The amount of sleep recommended by different organizations varies; however for school-age children, most recommend 9–12 hours of sleep each night. This week's topic will introduce students to the sleep zone, an environment conducive to sleep. Paired with a bedtime routine, a sleep zone will help your students recharge each night.
To use this with your students click here.
Recharging Energy LevelsOnce again, ask students to show their energy level by either sitting on the floor (low), standing (in the middle), or standing with their hands in the air (fully recharged).
Sleep Tips for Kids
Read aloud the sleep tips from the slideshow. Highlight three factors that contribute to good sleep:
Sleep Habits Influence Healthy ChoicesCreate a classroom Sleep Quilt poster with bedtime routine and sleep zone tips. Your quilt can be made from any size paper.
Grade: 3-5
Time: 20 Minutes
Read a story about two characters. One takes the time to do a fit-check and the other does not. See the differences in their outcomes.Start Slideshow
Take this quiz to see what you know about recharging your energy in healthy ways.Watch Video
Learn how a sleep zone can improve sleep habits.Start Slideshow


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Nest Bedding – Your Ultimate Bedroom Friend Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
Nest Bedding is a household had firm established in 2011 that produces as well as provides high-grade mattresses to consumers in Seattle, Chicago, New York, Bay Area, San Francisco, and also Los Angeles. The company has obtained popularity by having an able customer support division as well as production unique, cost effective and dependable products. There is a large range of natural and all-natural bedding to choose from consisting of sheets and also blankets. Let's example a couple of items from this producer. Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
Video: Nest Bedding Latex Mattress
Mattresses Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
Excessive convenience as well as lots of hours of undisturbed sleep. The rates are really budget friendly as well as the top quality is unequaled.
Love & & Sleep Mattress won the National Parent Product Award. It is offered in tool and also company options. The building and construction is long lasting with three foam layers that allow you to utilize year in year out without it sinking. The cooling modern technology is available in helpful when summer sets in.
Alexander Signature Hybrid is also a three-foam layer mattress with coil springtimes and also has a thermic phase modification cooling cover. 3 options are available and also you can choose from Luxury Firm, Medium or Plush according to your requirements.
Alexander Signature Series has a 4-foam layer building that is adorable. Readily Available in Luxury Firm and Medium, all options have a thermal stage adjustment cooling down cover for boosted comfort. Nest Bedding utilizes the innovative gel memory foam on this one for included capability and also sturdiness.
The Certified Organic Mattress is one of the most costly in the mattress category. Its surface is made from licensed organic all-natural rubber latex and also the cover is made from organic woollen. It will certainly exceed your assumptions and also the convenience of maintenance is inconceivable.
Hybrid Latex Mattresses have a high-end quilted leading to offer a sense of class and include in the looks of your room. In some cases you do not have to spend a lot to have a comfortable and also good looking mattress. The mix of wool as well as all-natural cotton lifts its look.
Latex Mattress is handmade in California and also has a three-layer building with a certified latex product. This mattress is offered in soft, medium or soft alternatives. Latex is extremely comfortable to sleep on for lengthy hours. There are no circumstances of bed sores and also exhaustion when you wake up. Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
Bed linen Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
Nest Bedding sheet sets are high-quality, comfortable and also durable. They are made from different material to suit the different requirements of customers. From all-natural bamboo, natural Tencel to natural cotton. There are different color options to choose from to match your room decor. Others have antimicrobial properties to make sure the conservation of your health also while you rest in them. All sheets are soft to touch and also are easy to launder as well as preserve. If you want sheets to place your high perspiration levels in check, the Tencel with dampness wicking buildings is the most effective alternative.
Cushion Cases, Shams, and also Duvets make your bed full. Nest Bedding has all these at the best rates you can find on the market. You are restricted to 2 kinds of material in this category. Natural bamboo as well as organic cotton. All organic cotton pillow cases, pillow shams, as well as bed linen are made from cotton accredited by the Fair Trade. Room linen is quickly foldable and also can be device washed. Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
High-end Top of Bed Sets include comforters, mattress toppers as well as coverings. Wool and cotton are top quality all-natural product that Nest Bedding makes use of to produce items in this category. All products here are breathable to guarantee you remain fresh also when covered. Some have dampness wicking residential or commercial properties that are purposeful when temperatures boost. You can clean the coverings and also comforters easily. They dry extremely quickly as well.
Cushion and Pillow Protectors come in helpful when liquids, food, or makeup spills on the bed mattress and also cushions. You simply rub out the guards or eliminate as well as wash them.
Furnishings Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
Nest Bedding supplies solid timber foundation, durable steel foundation as well as strong flexible bases for your mattresses. All furniture is durable and also economical. Assembling fasts as well as very easy. Bases are offered in different elevations and shades. There is an US power kit for the base you select.
Lifestyle & & Pet Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
You can buy high-grade clothing from Nest Bedding. Every little thing for your nightwear is budget-friendly and in a wide range of colors, layouts and also sizes here. From sleep chemisettes, bamboo pyjamas to napper tee shirts, luxury robes and sleep masks. After a lengthy as well as busy day, you can clear the day's exhaustion with the Chamomile calming mask from Nest Bedding.
Treat your pets like you 'd like to be treated. This online shop stocks canine beds in different layouts and shades. 2 available kinds are the boosted canine bed and the woollen pet bed. Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
Youngsters and also Baby Section
Usually, kids are sensitive to almost everything consisting of the sort of bed linens they sleep on. Their systems are still establishing and also will react when set off. Select the ideal bed mattress, pillows, sheet collections, and also mattress protectors for them. The sheet sets come in 24 various colors that are sparkling as well as amazing to kids. They will certainly enjoy them. Nest Bedding has actually included organic crib bed linen and cushions in the children ' area.
Warranty Best Twin Xl Mattress for Back Pain
The manufacturer problems a lifetime guarantee to the original purchaser of any one of their items. In situation of production or physical problems, you are qualified for a replacement. Just the same conditions need to be abided by prior to making a warranty case.
Nest Bedding has various payment plans for cushions. You can pay as soon as for your item or pay a stated amount monthly up until completion of the item's cost. Repayment can be made through American Express, PayPal, Visa, Master Card, Discover, as well as JCB. You need to be as much as day with all items being launched and also promotions from different sections by signing up for the firm's e-newsletter.
The firm is obtainable with their various get in touch with addresses as well as social systems for any inquiries and also clarification from previous and also brand-new customers. An energetic telephone number as well as an e-mail address are available to consumers for service 7 days a week throughout official working hours. Feedbacks are in-depth as well as prompt. If you would certainly like to belong to Nest Bedding through their seller system, you can check on the internet site on exactly how to join the associate programs.