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College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering & Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China Received 14 February 2007; received in revised form 7 September 2007; accepted 7 September 2007 Available online 14 September 2007
Abstract Performance of a full-scale combined treatment plant for jean-wash wastewater (JWW) was investigated. The combined process consisted of chemical coagulation, hydrolysis/acidication and Fenton oxidation. Chemical coagulation treatment with polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS)/lime alone proved to be effective in removing the COD (>70%) and part of the color (>50%) from the JWW. Fenton oxidation combined with hydrolysis/acidication as pretreatment offered a noticeable BOD removal efciency. The average removal efciencies for COD, BOD, SS, color and aromatic compounds of the combined process were about 95%, 94%, 97%, 95% and 90%, respectively, with the average efuent quality of COD 58 mg/L, BOD 19 mg/L, SS 4 mg/L and color 15(multiple), consistent with the national discharge limits for textile wastewater. The result indicated that the combined procedure could offer an attractive solution for JWW treatment with considerable synergistic advantages. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Jean-wash wastewater; Chemical coagulation; Hydrolysis/acidication; Fenton oxidation
1. Introduction Jean-wash wastewater (JWW) is derived from jean clothes wash processes with various types of wash techniques such as Antique, Black, Wash, Canyon, Crinkle, Denim, Destroyed, Rinse, Sandblasted, Stone, etc. The materials employed in jeanwash processes cover glacial acetic acid, ferment powder, soda, phosphate, lm, pumice, potassium permanganate, coloring stabilizer, whitening agent and various types of dyes, etc. JWW can be classied as a kind of textile wastewater, and exhibits strong color, a large amount of suspended solids, dissolved salts, highly uctuating pH and high COD concentration with poor biodegradability, although the types and concentration of pollutants in JWW differ acutely as wash techniques changes. Textile industry produces large volumes of efuents that contain appreciable quantities of organic compounds that are not easily amenable to chemical or biological treatment [114].Corresponding author at: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China. Tel.: +86 574 87600314; fax: +86 574 87600355. E-mail addresses: email@example.com (X. Wang), email@example.com (G. Zeng), email@example.com (J. Zhu). 0304-3894/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.030
The non-biodegradability of textile wastewater is due to a high content of dyestuffs, surfactants and additives which generally are organic compounds of complex structures. Important pollutants in textile efuent are mainly recalcitrant organics, color, toxicants and inhibitory compounds, surfactants, chlorinated compounds, pH and salts [12]. Many attempts have been made to treat textile wastewater using conventional wastewater treatment methods such as chemical coagulation, electrochemical oxidation, ltration and biological treatment [114], most of which are incapable of adequately treating the wastewater when applied alone [1]. Although effective for color and COD removal, chemical coagulation process exhausts a large amount of occulent reagent and can generate a large amount of sludge [7]. Biological treatment processes are generally efcient for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) removal, but they are largely ineffective for removing color from the wastewater. The recalcitrant nature of various dyes, together with their toxicity to microorganisms, makes aerobic treatment difcult [12]. Chemical oxidations by ozone or Fenton oxidation are of great interest but their costs are very high to treat raw textile wastewater [1]. Thus, the use of combined processes has been suggested to overcome the disadvantages of individual unit processes [910]. Due to the complexity of the JWW, any single
X. Wang et al. / Journal of Hazardous Materials 153 (2008) 810816 Table 1 Characteristics of JWW Maximum COD (mg/L) BOD5 (mg/L) SS (mg/L) pH Color (multiple) Cl (mg/L) Nitrate (mg/L) Sulfate (mg/L) Conductivity (S/cm) 2500 575 287 7.9 1000 750 62 210 3050 Minimum 430 112 37 5.9 50 102 0 86 810 Mean 1200 330 138 6.9 300 133 57 107 880
and production regimes. Acute variability of efuent amount, extraordinary complexity of efuent quality, high concentration of refractory pollutants and poor biodegradability characterized the wastewater. The sample raw wastewater was drawn from the equalization tank, rstly ltered by screen lters to remove large suspended solids before the wastewater was used for the subsequent experiment. The characteristics of the wastewater are depicted in Table 1. The national discharge limits require that COD and BOD of the wastewater should be reduced down to 100 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively in order to discharge to a receiving water body. 2.2. System description
treatment method would be inadequate, and to date literature regarding JWW treatment has been scarce. It is well known that hydrolysis/acidication process can improve the biodegradability of the wastewater and reduce the treatment cost without aeration. Chemical oxidation using Fenton reagent, a mixture of Fe2+ salts with hydrogen peroxide H2 O2 [15], has been found quite effective in dealing with various types of industrial wastewaters [1521], and appeared to be the most promising method, in terms of cost-effectiveness and ease of operation [16]. Fenton oxidation was intended to destroy the recalcitrant organic chemicals in the wastewater with an additional aim to enhance their biodegradability [19]. In the present work, a combined process consisting of chemical coagulation, hydrolysis/acidication and Fenton oxidation is proposed for JWW treatment. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Wastewater The wastewater was obtained from a jean-wash industrial district (Zhuzhou, Hunan, southern China). There were 11 small mills in the jean-wash industrial district, and all the efuent from the mills is collected to a wastewater treatment plant. The mills had intermittent and uctuating wastewater ow with variable wastewater composition depending on various nal products
Fig. 1 shows the scheme of the full-scale JWW treatment system with capacity of 2700 t/d. After being pretreated by screen lters, the wastewater was homogenized in an equalization tank. Injected with chemical coagulant into the pipe ahead of the feed pump, the wastewater was lifted to an inclined-board sedimentation tank, then the sludge was pumped into sludge thickener, and the supernatant owed into hydrolysis/acidication tank. The efuent then was oxygenated by Fenton oxidation and ltered by sand lter. The main functions and design parameters for each unit were described as following: Screen lter: There exists in JWW a large amount of suspended solids such as pumice and textile residues, which should be removed by screen lter. Two screens, with aperture 2.0 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively, were used. Equalization tank: The equalization tank has dimensions of 16 m 14 m 4.2 m, holding approximately 710 m3 of working volume and 6.2 h of average hydraulic retention time (HRT). Sedimentation tank: Together with injection of coagulant into the feed pipe ahead of a wastewater-feed pump (where the coagulant were well mixed), the wastewater from equalization tank was lifted by the pump to an inclined-board sedimentation tank, where the solid precipitates were separated from the aqueous phase. The sedimentation tank has dimensions of
Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the JWW treatment plant. (1) Screen lter, (2) equalization tank, (3) wastewater-feed pump, (4) sedimentation tank, (5) hydrolization tank, (6) oxidation tank, (7) sand lter.
8.5 m 3.5 m 5.5 m, with surface burden of 1.61 m3 /(m2 h) in sedimentation area and average HRT of 1.4 h. The coagulant used was polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS), and the pH value of the wastewater was regulated in the range 9.0 0.5 by using lime in the form of slurry (20 g/L) [5]. Hydrolysis/acidication tank: There were two hydrolysis/acidication tanks, each having dimensions of 8 m 8 m 6.5 m, with average HRT of about 7.2 h. The wastewater was distributed by branch-conduits installed at the bottom of the tank. Hanging elastic stufng materials, with strand silk diameter 0.35 mm and specic surface area 200 m2 /m3 , were lled as microorganism carriers in the tank. Oxidation tank: The oxidation tank has dimensions of 16 m 7 m 5.5 m, with average HRT of about 4.1 h. The efuent from hydrolysis/acidication tank owed into the oxidation tank with ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide introduced through metering pump individually. Concurrently the oxidation tank has functions of sedimentation and sludge exclusion. Sand lter: The efuent from oxidation tank was polished by sand lter tank stuffed with quartz sand and/or sintered aggregate. The sand lter has dimensions of 16 m 6 m 3.5 m. 2.3. Materials Polymeric ferrous sulfate (PFS), polymeric aluminum sulfate (PAS), hydrated ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 7H2 O), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and lime (Ca(OH)2 ) of commercial grade were utilized during the experiments. H2 O2 solution of 30% was used. Lime was prepared in the form of slurry (20 g/L). PFS, PAS and ferrous sulfate were also prepared in solutions. 2.4. Analytical methods The performance of the combined system was monitored by analyzing the parameters of COD, BOD5 , SS, color and pH. All the samples were collected intermittently and analyzed during experiments for almost 1 year. COD was measured using COD571 meter (Shanghai Huayan, China). BOD5 was determined with BOD870 (Jianshu Jiangyan, China). SS was measured using gravimetric method. pH was measured with digital acidimeter PHS-3C (Shanghai REX, China). The color of wastewater was determined with standard dilution multiple method [22]. The UVvis spectrum was taken by TU-1901spectrophotometer (Beijing Purkinje, China). Conductivity was determined by DDS-307 digital conductivity meter (Shanghai Tianda, China). Chloride, nitrate and sulfate were measured by PIC-10 ionic chromatogram meter (Qingdao Puren, China). 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Coagulation PFS and PAS of industrial grade coagulants were applied to test the capability for JWW coagulation on a laboratory scale.
The results indicated that PFS appeared to be the appropriate choice with the highest COD/color removal efciency and the least coagulants consumption (data not shown). Jar-test indicated that PFS has the highest coagulation efciency when used to treat JWW at pH 9.0; therefore, experiments were run during which PFS was applied at an increasing concentration while the pH was maintained constant (9.0 0.5) by using lime slurry [5]. As Fig. 2 presents, a PFS concentration of 150 mg/L was necessary to attain removal efciency above 70% and 50% for COD and color, respectively. Thus PFS concentration of 150 mg/L was applied in the full-scale JWW treatment plant for economic reasons. After coagulation and sedimentation, the COD, BOD, SS and color of the efuent achieve 351 mg/L, 149 mg/L, 55 mg/L and 150 (multiple), respectively, with corresponding removal efciency of 71%, 56%, 62% and 50%, respectively. 3.2. Hydrolysis/acidication Because the quality of efuent from coagulation stage was still far from the required standard for discharge, and the pollutants in the efuent are generally refractory compounds which are very difcult to deal with by ordinary activated sludge method [1], it is necessary to apply advanced oxidation for further treatment. Of the advanced oxidation processes, Fenton oxidation appeared to be the most potential and economical way for textile treatment. However, despite the high efciency, the process is limited by the acidic pH required and the high amount of sludge in the coagulation step [2]. It is thus expected that anaerobic hydrolysis/acidication process would be an appropriate pretreatment for Fenton oxidation. Controlling the anaerobic treatment in rst stage of the anaerobic treatment, which needs short reaction time, anaerobic hydrolysis/acidication process is known as an effective pretreatment for aerobic treatment of refractory wastewater [2325]. It was reported that the process has following advantages: (1) the refractory organic substance and SS are greatly reduced, hydrolyzed and acidied, and the sludge produced in subsequent process is largely decreased; (2) the biodegradability of the wastewater and the degrading rate of refractory pollutants
can be improved; (3) concurrently acts as a buffer for the inuent load uctuation, thus resulting in a relative stable inow quality for subsequent process; (4) greatly reduce the operating cost, construction cost and facility area; (5) could destroy the chromophoric groups of the dyestuff molecule, and remove its chroma effectively for dyeing wastewater with high chroma [24]. The hydrolysis/acidication process in the present work was expected to depress pH value of the efuent from coagulation, to reduce partially the refractory substance in the wastewater, and to destroy the chromophoric groups of the dyestuff molecule in JWW, thus to offer benecial conditions for the subsequent Fenton oxidation and to reduce Fenton reagent dosage and sludge generation. At the initial stage of the process the JWW sludge in nearby ditches was introduced into the hydrolysis/acidication pond for microorganism inoculation and acclimation, and the necessary N, P nutrients were introduced into the wastewater for microorganism propagation. After continuous operation for about a month, biolm was formed on the stufng materials and the treatment efciency tended to steady-state, and pH value of the efuent depressed from 68 down to 56, together with about 30% COD and 50% color removal efciency, respectively. 3.3. Fenton oxidation Fenton oxidation is one of the best-known metal catalyzed oxidation reactions of water-miscible organic compounds. The mixture of FeSO4 or any other ferrous complex and H2 O2 (Fentons reagent) at low enough pH, results in Fe2+ catalytic decomposition of H2 O2 and proceeds via a free radical chain process that produces hydroxyl radicals which have extremely high oxidizing ability and can oxidize hard-to-decompose organic compounds in a short time. The Fentons reagent has not only oxidation function but also coagulation by the formation of ferric-hydroxo complexes. At pH values higher than 4.0, ferrous ions easily form ferric ions, which have a tendency to produce ferric hydroxo complexes working as coagulants. The coagulation step acts as a polishing step, and removes the remaining after Fenton oxidation [11]. The treatment efciency of Fenton oxidation is highly pH dependent [10,26]. It is believed that the pH value has to be in the acidic range to generate the maximum amount of hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds. At high pH (pH > 4), the generation of hydroxyl radicals gets slower because of the formation of the ferric-hydroxo complexes [11]. Therefore, the initial pH value has to be between 2 and 4 to generate the maximum amount of hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic compounds [24,614]. However, Tekin et al. reported that with the initial pH range 3.04.5 no signicant differences in treatment efciency were observed [20]. Kang and Chang [6] reported that for dyeing wastewaters, the removal efciency of COD decreases with increasing pH values and the pH range for maximum removal of both COD and color is 35. Lin and Jiang [19] reported that the results of Fenton oxidation on semiconductor wastewater were very good between pH 2 and 5. Thus, Fenton oxidation appears still appropriate at pH 5.
The efciency of the Fenton oxidation process depends also on the organic matter content, temperature, Fe2+ : H2 O2 ratio and H2 O2 concentration are also crucial [17]. Depending on the efuent being treated, different operating conditions should therefore be employed to achieve high degradation efciencies. The general approach in the treatability studies was to optimize the operational conditions in the Fenton oxidation unit to achieve maximum treatment efciency while minimizing the use of chemicals (acid and base for pH adjustment, and hydrogen peroxide and ferric sulphate as the Fenton reagents) and hence minimizing operation costs of the treatment plant [20]. To investigate the treatability and the optimal operational conditions for JWW efuent from the hydrolysis/acidication process using Fenton reagent, two sets of experiments were performed on laboratory scale to independently study the effect of initial Fe2+ and H2 O2 concentrations at pH 5.0 and room temperature for practical and economic reasons. The effect of FeSO4 concentration on COD removal efciency is given in Fig. 3. According to Fig. 3, maximum COD removal (60%) was obtained in the case of using 100 mg/L of Fe2+ (1.786 mM), 100 mg/L of H2 O2 (2.941 mM), and pH at 5.0. However, color removal was mediocre, usually about 40%. Although at Fe2+ concentration of 80 mg/L, the highest color removal efciency was reached; the COD removal efciency achieved its summit at 100 mg/L concentration of Fe2+ , then 100 mg/L concentration of Fe2+ was chosen as optimum concentration. However, as seen from Fig. 3, the COD and color removal efciency got hardly signicant improvement and even started to decrease for higher doses of FeSO4 . It may be explained by redox reactions since OH radicals may be scavenged by the reaction with the hydrogen peroxide present or with another Fe2+ molecule as below [27]: H2 O2 + OH HO2 + H2 O OH + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH (1) (2)
The Fe3+ formed can react with H2 O2 as well as with hydroperoxyl radicals with regeneration of Fe2+ in the solution resulting in decrease in COD/color removal. Hence the plateau
Fig. 3. Effect of Fe2+ concentration on COD and Color removal using 100 mg/L H2 O2 at pH 5.0 and ambient temperature.
Fig. 4. Effect of H2 O2 concentration on COD and color removal using 100 mg/L Fe2+ at pH 5.0 and ambient temperature.
or decrease in COD/color removal after 100 mg/L of Fe2+ might be explained due to the scavenging effect of over doses of Fe2+ on OH radicals. Meric et al. [11] had also found the phenomena while Fenton oxidation process was used for dyeing wastewater treatment [11,27]. The results of the color removal at 100 mg/L concentration of Fe2+ for determination of optimum H2 O2 concentration are illustrated in Fig. 4. As shown in Fig. 4, COD and color removal efciency increased by increasing H2 O2 concentration from 50 mg/L to 300 mg/L. However, at concentrations of 150 mg/L and 200 mg/L or higher a plateau was reached for color and COD removal, respectively. Thus, 200 mg/L (5.882 mM) of H2 O2 was dened as optimum concentration providing 52% color and 65% COD removals as seen in Fig. 4. Increasing the concentration of H2 O2 did not improve COD and color removal, more in turn it seems to decrease because of scavenging effect of H2 O2 on OH radicals [27]. Although the pollutant reduction efciency appears a little lower than that of some literatures reported [3,4,7,11] from the efciency point of view, the COD and color of the efuent from Fenton oxidation achieved 78 mg/L and 24 (multiple), respectively, which
already satisfy the national discharge limits for textile wastewater. The Fe2+ :H2 O2 ratio in Fenton oxidation differs for various wastewater treated. Fongsatitkul et al. [3] suggested that the FeSO4 7H2 O and H2 O2 molecular ratio for textile wastewater be 1:1, i.e., the Fe2+ : H2 O2 ratio by weight be about 1:1.65. Guedes et al. [17] reported that the optimum Fe2+ : H2 O2 ratio by weight is 1:2. For the optimum concentration 100 mg/L of Fe2+ and 200 mg/L (5.882 mM) of H2 O2 for JWW treatment, the Fe2+ : H2 O2 ratio (by weight) is 1:2, which is approximately consistent with these results. Based on the results above, it therefore seems that, although the relative high pH value (pH 5.0) of efuent from hydrolysis/acidication process might have a little negative impaction on the treatment efciency of the subsequent Fenton oxidation, the combination of hydrolysis/acidication and Fenton oxidation remains appropriate for JWW treatment, because the cost-free hydrolysis/acidication process reduced largely the refractory pollutants in the wastewater and the dosage of Fenton reagent, and avoided the trouble and cost for pH regulation. 3.4. Combined system The combined system (Fig. 1) had been run continuously for 1 year under following conditions (1) coagulation: PFS 150 mg/L, together with HRT 1.4 h; (2) hydrolysis/acidication: HRT 7.2 h; (3) Fenton oxidation: Fe2+ 100 mg/L, H2 O2 200 mg/L, with HRT 4.1 h. Fig. 5 shows the average results of the pollutants reductions from each process unit and the whole combined system. It can be seen that after the combined procedure of chemical coagulation, hydrolysis/acidication and Fenton oxidation, the COD, BOD5 , SS and color in JWW was reduced to 78 mg/L, 28 mg/L, 11 mg/L and 24 (multiple), respectively, satisfying the national discharge limits for textile wastewater. The use of sand lter as the nal polishing process was based on the consideration that the jean-wash mills hoped to reuse the treated wastewater in their jean-wash productions, because the water quality demand is not very rigid in some production stages such as rinsing process which exhausts a great deal of
Fig. 5. Pollutant reduction of raw wastewater (1) upon chemical coagulation (2), hydrolysis/acidication (3), Fenton oxidation (4) and sand lter (5). (a) Pollutant concentration, (b) accumulative removal efciency.
4. Conclusion A combined JWW treatment system consisting of chemical coagulation, hydrolysis/acidication and Fenton oxidation on a full-scale of 2700 t/d was studied and the performance of the system was measured for more than 1 year. The results showed that the average removal efciencies of COD, BOD, SS and color were about 95%, 94%, 97% and 95%, respectively, with the average efuent quality of COD 58 mg/L, BOD 19 mg/L, SS 4 mg/L and color 15 (mutiple). The efuent quality was better than the requirement of the standards for textile wastewater discharge in China. Thus the combined process can serve as an attractive alternative solution for JWW treatment. It is believed that anaerobic hydrolysis/acidication process is generally used as pretreatment of subsequent aerobic biological treatment to improve the biodegradability of refractory wastewater. The results of the present work suggest that the hydrolysis/acidication process could also be employed as pretreatment for Fenton oxidation. However, although the performance appears satisfactory, further researches are in great demand on the mechanisms of the considerable synergistic effect on pollutants removal. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 70171055, 50179011), the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant no. 50225926), the Doctoral Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (20020532017), the Teaching and Research Award Program for Outstanding Young Teachers in Higher Education Institutions of MOE, P.R.C. (TRAPOYT) in 2000 and the National 863 High Technology Research Program of China (Grant nos. 2001AA644020, 2003AA644010). We are grateful to the anonymous referees for their constructive suggestions, and Prof. Jienan Chen for checking the manuscript. References[1] A. Bes-PG, J.A. Mendoza-Rota, M.I. Alcaina-Miranda, A. Iborra-Clar, M.I. Tborra-Clar, Combination of physico-chemical treatment and nanoltration to reuse wastewater of a printing, dyeing and nishing textile industry, Desalination 157 (2003) 7380. [2] T.L.P. Dantas, V.P. Mendonca, H.J. Jose, A.E. Rodrigues, R.F.P.M. Moreira, Treatment of textile wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process using a new composite Fe2 O3 /carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 118 (2006) 77 82. [3] P. Fongsatitkul, P. Elefsiniotis, A. Yamasmit, N. Yamasmit, Use of sequencing batch reactors and Fentons reagent to treat a wastewater from a textile industry, Biochem. Eng. J. 21 (2004) 213220. [4] J. Garcia-Montano, F. Torrades, J.A. Garcia-Hortal, X. Domenech, J. Peral, Combining photo-Fenton process with aerobic sequencing batch reactor for commercial hetero-bireactive dye removal, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 67 (2006) 8692. [5] D. Georgiou, A. Aivazidis, J. Hatiras, K. Gimouhopoulos, Treatment of cotton textile wastewater using lime and ferrous sulfate, Water Res. 37 (2003) 22482250. [6] S.F. Kang, H.M. Chang, Coagulation of textile secondary efuents with Fentons reagent, Water Sci. Technol. 36 (1997) 215222.
water. With the combination of sand lter, COD, BOD5 , SS and color of the whole system efuent reached 58 mg/L, 19 mg/L, 4 mg/L and 15 (multiple), respectively, with removal efciency of 95%, 94%, 97% and 95%, respectively. It is noticeable that although the hydrolysis/acidication process attained COD, color and SS removal efciency of 30%60%, BOD concentration of the efuent (149 mg/L) remained almost the same as that of the inuent (142 mg/L). However, the subsequent Fenton oxidation reduced BOD acutely (from 142 mg/L to 28 mg/L), further demonstrating the feasibility of combination of hydrolysis/acidication and Fenton oxidation processes. Figs. 6 and 7 show the UVvis spectrums of the original and treated JWW, respectively. It can be seen that there is an absorbing peak at about 290 nm, indicating -* electron transition on benzene ring [28]. The absorbance of the original and treated JWW is 0.838 and 0.0843, respectively, indicating the aromatic compound removal efciency of the combined process is about 90%.
X. Wang et al. / Journal of Hazardous Materials 153 (2008) 810816 [18] H. Gulsen, M. Turan, Treatment of sanitary landll leachate using a combined anaerobic uidized bed reactor and Fentons oxidation, Environ. Eng. Sci. 21 (5) (2004) 627636. [19] S.H. Lin, C.D. Jiang, Fenton oxidation and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatments of high-strength semiconductor wastewater, Desalination 154 (2003) 107116. [20] H. Tekin, O. Bilkay, S.S. Ataberk, T.H. Balta, H. Ceribasi, F.D. Sanin, F.B. Dilek, U. Yetis, Use of Fenton oxidation to improve the biodegradability of a pharmaceutical wastewater, J. Hazard. Mater. B136 (2006) 258265. [21] M. Xing, C. Deng, G. Bukuru, J. Yang, Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing recalcitrant compounds in a Fenton-coagulation process, J. Environ. Sci. 18 (3) (2006) 459463. [22] F. Wei, Analysis of Water and Wastewater, Chinese Environmental Science Press, Beijing, 2002. [23] O. Ince, Performance of a two-phase anaerobic digestion system when treating dairy wastewater, Water Res. 9 (1998) 27072713. [24] J. Yang, M. Wu, D. Li, Treatment of anthraquinone dye wastewater by hydrolytica acidication aerobic process, J. Environ. Sci. 16 (6) (2004) 991993. [25] H. Zhu, J.H. Chen, Study of hydrolysis and acidication process to minimize excess biomass production, J. Hazard. Mater. B 127 (2005) 221227. [26] S.H. Lin, M.L. Chen, Treatment of wastewater by chemical methods for reuse, Water Res. 31 (4) (1997) 868876. [27] F.J. Benitez, J.L. Acero, F.J. Real, F.J. Rubio, A.I. Leal, The role of hydroxyl radicals for the decomposition of p-hydroxy phenylacetic acid in aqueous solutions, Water Res. 35 (2001) 13381343. [28] K. Jiao, G. Lu, T. Yang, J. Wu, Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical study of m-phenylenediamine, Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 24 (6) (2003) 10051009.
[7] S. Kim, C. Park, T. Kim, J. Lee, S. Kim, COD Reduction and decolorization of textile efuent using a combined process, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 95 (1) (2003) 102105. [8] M. Kobya, O.T. Can, M. Bayramoglu, Treatment of textile wastewaters by electrocoagulation using iron and aluminum electrodes, J. Hazard. Mater. B 100 (2003) 163178. [9] S.H. Lin, C.F. Peng, Continuous treatment of textile wastewater by combined coagulation, electrochemical oxidation and activated sludge, Water Res. 30 (1996) 587592. [10] S.H. Lin, M.L. Chen, Purication of textile wastewater efuents by a combined Fenton process and ion exchange, Desalination 109 (1997) 121130. [11] S. Meric, D. Kaptan, T. Olmez, Color and COD removal from wastewater containing Reactive Black 5 using Fentons oxidation process, Chemosphere 54 (2004) 435441. [12] S. Sena, G.N. Demirerb, Anaerobic treatment of real textile wastewater with a Fluidized Bedreactor, Water Res. 37 (2003) 18681878. [13] K. Swaminathan, S. Sandhya, A.C. Sophia, Decolorization and degradation of H-acid and other dyes using ferroushydrogen peroxide system, Chemosphere 50 (2003) 619625. [14] X.R. Xu, H.B. Li, W.H. Wang, J.D. Gu, Degradation of dyes in aqueous solutions by the Fenton process, Chemosphere 57 (2004) 595600. [15] L.A. Perez-Estrada, M.I. Maldonado, W. Gernjak, A. Aguera, A.R. Fernandez-Alb, M.M. Ballesteros, S. Malato, Decomposition of diclofenac by solar driven photocatalysis at pilot plant scale, Catal. Today 101 (2005) 219226. [16] E. Neyens, J. Baeyens, A review of classic Fentons peroxidation as an advanced oxidation technique, J. Hazard. Mater. 98 (2003) 3350. [17] A.M.F.M. Guedes, L.M.P. Madeira, R.A.R. Boaventura, C.A.V. Costa, Fenton oxidation of cork cooking wastewateroverall kinetic analysis, Water Res. 37 (2003) 30613069.


text:
Haki is spiritual energy given t every living creature in the One Piece World This much we know, But there's been lots of mystery shrowding it, despite many thinking they know and understand it's full potential.
This Video will show the hyphotesis about the One Piece World Haki and its possible combinations.
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text:
southampton central station
- Made:
- 1936
- publisher:
- Southern Railway
- artist:
- Patrick Cokayne Keely
Poster, Southern Railway, 'Southampton Central Station' by Pat Keely, 1936, ref. AD 3771 1500/1936. Poaster shows new station design. Format: double royal. Dimensions: 40 x 25 inches, 1016 x 635mm.
- Category:
- Railway Posters, Notices & Handbills
- Object Number:
- 1978-9827
- type:
- poster
- taxonomy:
- commercial records and equipment
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text: Blog Details WARNING: Tornado from Bien-Air in the Forecast at CDA Victoria Jordan Published Date 04/08/2015 0 Comments Attending CDA later this month? Good news: a tornado warning has been scheduled. Better news: I'm not referring to the weather. Bien-Air, a Swiss medical technologies company, recently announced the U.S. launch of the Tornado, a high-speed handpiece set to release on Thursday, April 30—the first day of the CDA meeting. Tornado is a "quietly powerful" tool that delivers an output of 30 watts and operates at a 55-decibel sound level. It features a new spray and illumination system, as well as an improved bur-locking mechanism for increased stability and precision. Designed for optimal performance and user and patient comfort, it hopes to enhance dentists' productivity while producing quality and reliable results. Learn more about Tornado and Bien-Air at booth 224 at the CDA meeting. Tags: High-Speed Handpieces (air-driven), Handpieces, Bien Air Usa, Inc.


text:
@erica no i did not, but the NETBIOS name did the trick here too! We can now logon using Windows Authentication. Yay!
Hi all
I've changed the Default Web Site, and the Application Authentication Settings to the pictures above.
Also tried MarcST1984 workaround, all with the same outcome "Invalid username or password, please verify your credentials!"
No errors in DPS log and all 200-ok http status in the W3SVC log to urls like loginWindows/partial, security/forcepublicipvalidation and the IIS is seeing my credential but as DOMAIN\initials. We logon on using firstname.lastname@example.com
yeah sure thing I'll do that right away
Is there anything inside IIS that we should cross check? My setup is:Running in the Default Web Site, in the dvls subfolder as an enabled application.Application is running with a SSL certificate and authentication enabled for Anoymous Authentcation enabled and Windows Authentication enabled (HTTP 401 Challenge).Read/Write feature delegation on the server for Authentication - Anoymous and Autentication Windows features, as described in your KB.
Apart from that a pretty basic Windows Server 2016 1607 14393.2248 virtual machine built only for the purpurse of hosting DPS, so no fancy configs besides the stuff in your KB regarding DPS and Windows Authentication. Local SQL express with a local db-account for DPS. Both Test Server and Test Database turns up Successfull.
Just to clarify:
Connecting using:- Prompt for credentials - works- Username and password, with or without "Always ask password" option on/off - worksSuccessfull authentication using "Test connection" button or starting RDM with the above options.
Unsuccessfull authentication using "Test connection" button or starting RDM, as soon as i check the "Use Windows authentication"
No nothing new.https://imgur.com/rPebomX
@erica sure thing, sadly no change in behaviour:https://imgur.com/a/NQBWbxC
I click "ok", the same dialog pops up againI click "ok" again, the same dialog pops up/stays on (cant determine), I click "ok" 2-3 times more, before the dialog disappears, and turns back to a disconnected RDM.
Hi again,
I've checked the log in DPS, nothing special here. I have a couple of ArgumentException from the Scheduler, but they are a 10-15 minutes old. Nothing when I push the "Test Autentication" button from RDM.
Kind regardsPeter
Hi Erica,
My fault, just expected the DPS Console to upgrade along with server. Anyway, I've upgraded the DPS Console to the latest, and re-run the Upgrade Server procedure by clicking the Upgrade Server button.
Results: The same, still gives me a login error, when trying to use Windows Authentication from my workstation.
I'll send a DPS Diagostic report again.
I've sent my diagnostic report too.
We are seeing the same "errors". No 500 error anymore, but the Windows authentication mechanisme does not work. As others has mentioned it states invalid username or password.
- Peter
I'm not getting the 500 error message anymore.
I'm getting the "Invalid username or password, please verify your credentials" when using Remote Desktop Manager and a prompt for login if I visit the Password Server via Chrome browser (site is added to trusted sites with automatic logon with current user name and password enabled).
I've tried adding a domain admin account to the Authentication > Domain > Domain Authentication page, with the same result. Dont know if i'm missing something in my setup.
Upgraded to the latest server and client today, but sadly no change here.
No matter which "Username Format" I choose in DPS, I get the "Connection failed!" in RDM.
@Erica I have sent a diagnostic report to you.


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Forge your own path in "Pox". An epic action adventure through the medieval ages, full of test subjects in which you can try your newly developed plague.日发布: 2018/02/10
Unity语言: English
very nice arts! Is it your first game? I don't see other games on your profile.
Can you add also screenshots about the gameplay?


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Comfy Cone Soft Pet E-Collar Black Small
The Comfy Cone flexible e-collar for dogs or cats lets your pet recuperate and heal in comfort. The Comfy Cone is constructed of durable, cleanable nylon with a semi-rigid foam interior. It can be worn in two ways: either "soft" and more forgiving, or with the plastic stay inserts (included) for more structure. With either approach, your pet will appreciate the comfort of these cones versus normal plastic cones, as they can even eat and lay down in comfort. You will appreciate that your home's walls will not be scratched, either!This is a great invention! We have carried Comfy Cones for a long time and they have made many healing dogs and cats a lot less miserable.Features: Water resistant and repellant. Elastic attachment points to connect the cone to your pet's collar. Adjustable velcro closures for precise sizing to neck. Reflective trim.Veterinary tested and approved. Choose from Black or Tan color. Imported.Choose from the following sizes (it is important for the width of the collar to extend past the tip of your pet's nose). Please measure carefully before ordering -
- X-Small: neck size 9.5 to 12.5 Inches, Nose to snout 4.5 Inches
- Small: neck size 10 to 14 Inches, Nose to snout 5.5 Inches
- Medium: neck size 12 to 15 Inches, Nose to snout 8 Inches
- Large: neck size 14 to 22 Inches, Nose to snout 10 Inches
- X-Large: neck size 21 to 25 Inches, Nose to snout 12 Inches
- XX-Large: neck size 20 to 27 Inches, Nose to snout 14.75 Inches
Manf. Brand
All Four Paws
Northwest Pets #1 - Eagle, ID
Northwest Pets #2 - Meridian, ID
Northwest Pets #3 - Boise (Overland), ID


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Trees play a vital role in maintaining the balance of our environment. Lack of proper care and maintenance can seriously harm the health of the tree, which in turn can cause personal and property damage. The best way to prevent this kind of a loss is to take care of the tree properly so that it is healthy and safe. Here are few tips that can help you in avoiding severe injury and damage, which is caused due to the health condition of a tree.
1. The first and the most important thing that you need to keep in mind before planting a tree is its selection. Always select a tree that is healthy and has no wounds. A tree when pruned heavily in the nursery or heavily wounded might have some serious health problems later causing serious tree hazards.
2. While planting a tree keep in mind that, there is a lot of space for the tree and its root to grow. You should always plant tree in shallow - which ensures that the root of the plant grows rapidly.
3. Mulching is an important maintenance practice for trees, where wood chip or bark, is applied to the base of the tree at a depth of two to four inch which is done in all directions of the tree , but then, you need to be conscious that the mulch does not go deeper than four inches. Mulching need special attention during winter, in order to avoid rodent activity. You should also renew the mulch on regular basis, so that there is a constant layer of mulch around the tree. Never use plastic sheet or rock to protect the tree root, this might suffocate the root, which might cause personal and property damage.
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text: Main Menu >Other Handcrafted Products Sku #:Halloween Halloween Hanging Name Happy Halloween Beware Home Sweet Haunted Home Trick or Treat Price: $19.95 each Happy Halloween Beware approximately 12.25 x 23.5" Home sweet haunted home approximately 11" x 22.75" Trick or treat approximately 17.75" x 24" Each Jeepers creepers Halloween hanging comes with a sleeve for hanging, and I've enclosed a wooden dowel for your convenience. On the back of rack is Halloween and fall fabrics. The sleeve is quite large, so when you hang it, use a pin to pin it close to the dowel. I did this when taking pictures. Pin not enclosed due to safety concerns. The sleeve is roomy in case you need to remove the wooden dowel. The fabrics are 100% cotton. The stiff interfacing is either peltex, timtex, buckram, or a similar stiff interfacing.Ā Beware (click for larger images) Trick or Treat Home Sweet Haunted Home In Stock (3) You may also be interested in: Jeepers Creepers panel


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Internet companies common internet pharmacies have become beneficial investments. Online pharmaceuticals are solutions to Americans who can't afford the expensive prices of nearby pharmacy. Transactions online are cheaper for the reason that come from an foreign business. These offshore companies take advantage of the individual's incapability to buy higher expensive charge in their area. Foreign businesses are commonly based in Canada or India.
The high prices of medicines range from strict policies of america and UK authorities for pharmaceutical . These increased prices are an chance pharmaceuticals found far away. They can have more sales and still pay smaller production costs. These smaller production expenses set the inexpensive charges of web drugs. Profits increase as more customers see the convenience of cheap medicines.
Sadly, these online pharmacies can still pose monetary risks. Most online customers pay for the web without really knowing if for example the drug store is trusted or not solely. They end up spending their cash without receiving medicine they actually wish. You may also acquire drugs the particular mail but you are not certain if these properly manufactured. Most of web pharmaceutical buys are purchased with a credit card. Such credit card charges count as high risk merchant account for pharmacy accounts. Banks see these accounts as trouble for the purchaser's identity isn't readily verified. You will find there's greater chance for charge backs and fraudulent transactions. These dangers make that it is hard for online pharmacies to have a proper credit card model. Though using credit cards online can be a popular application, your time and effort it can cause make it a bad risk transaction. Its state as a precarious business involves higher transaction fees.
Internet drug stores have a better time acquiring credit cards processing account that they establish themselves as the legitimate business. Faster approval happens which offers API is perfectly found on the site's shopping convey. The API assures security to clients as they give away their credit card information. This lessens the probability of chargeback. Companies that deal with their sales via the phone will have an added difficult time. More papers are necessary telemarketing transactions. However, the right company plan and an organized set up guarantees faster approval for just a merchant account.
If you thinking about purchasing from an online drug store, make sure that they deal with payments using charge. Noting the difficulty of attaining a credit card processing account, private credit information purchase is a guaranteed indicator of the business' legitimacy. You can even check out online pharmacy reviews and browse if customers could not undergo any issues. Don't buy from pharmacies that need you to send payment. Pharmaceuticals that will get pay without any traceable record are just out to get their money. To take added caution, you will ask the company which bank handles their credit card processing. You may double check while using bank to really ensure your cash goes to the proper place. In this particular way, you possess your cash returned instantly with the bank's cooperation.


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Treatments (Face) - La Roche-Posay - EFFACLAR Duo
Have used Everything over the counter. Everything. Hormonal breakouts. Then, I had this wierd blackhead that just wouln't go away for weeks. I have used this for one month. finally the black head is gone. My skin in smooth. and for the first time in over a year, no hormonal breakout this month. I have been washing my face once a day with neutrogena after work out wash, then pat …Read more


text: Hate walking but love camping? Try Bike Packing... Over the last few summers more and more people are getting out and bike packing. Camping with their bikes. Like all adventures, there is a range of options from the Tour Divide Bike Race to a simple overnight trip. For me, it...Read More


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Balin's Jungleland is a playground in Golden Kingdom at Six Flags Great Adventure. It's worth seeing on a time-permitting basis.
Submit Photo
How do you rate this?
A "best in the park" must-do
Not a must-do, but also recommended
Something if you have the time
Skip it
Register and log in to submit a written review, as well as a rating.
Orlando attractions
Southern California attractions


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Mapping the world's prices 2019 - Copenhagen/Denmark tops the list on coffee 6,5 $ for a cup...
Mapping the world's prices 2019 - Copenhagen/Denmark tops the list on coffee 6,5 $ for a cup...
I was in Iceland last year and like everything else in Scandinavia (living like kings ain't cheap), the coffee I had at Rejkjavik Roasters was quite pricey.
I've just been looking to buy a burr grinder and I must say, I can't believe the prices they are asking. I completely 'get' the idea that blade grinders produce an inconsistent grind with some grinds coming out like little crystals and others like talcum powder in the same batch, but some of the burr grinders are way beyond my humble pocket.
Anyone have any burr grinder suggestions less than say $35? Hand-cranked or electric, I don't care.
That's at a quick glance. There's myriad more on the bay.
"If you want to see the true nature of humanity, just look at the internet."
According to This article at The Wirecutter about the-best-coffee-grinder
you probably want to spend more than $50 on a burr grinder.
Hand grinders will be sort of ok for 1 cup at a time, but grinding enough for a pot might prove to be more work than it is worth.
"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it."
-- Aristotle
Nostalgia, you know, ain't what it used to be. Furthermore, they tells me, it never was.
A Man Who Does Not Read Has No Appreciable Advantage Over the Man Who Cannot Read - Unknown
I recommend the Cuisinart Grind And brew. Should cost less than $80, combines a burr grinder and a drip maker with a timer - set it up the night before, wake up to a pot of freshly-ground coffee of your choice. Can't beat that with a stick. Not a big pain to clean either.
Maka ki ecela tehani yanke lo!
I'm just amazed - but glad - that this thread is still going. Wish we'd all have met in the green room at NEARfest when I was running my coffee palace back then. Every year was a new magical find.


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The 'Users' menu in endpoint manager allows you to add, view and manage users/user groups and to manage roles. Once users have been added, you can enroll iOS, Android, Windows or Mac OS devices associated with each user.
You can also assign users to an endpoint manager administrator role.
Create New user :
The 'User List' interface allows administrators to create new administrator and end-user accounts. After a user is created they will receive an enrollment mail which requests them to activate their account and set their account password. User device(s) can only be enrolled after the user has been added to the system.
Step[1]: Go to ENDPOINT MANAGER →
USERS → 'User List' then click the 'Create User' button
Click the 'Add' button at the menu bar and choose 'Create User'.
Step[2]: The 'Create New User' form will open, enter the details, select the role for the new user and click the 'Submit' button.
(1) Username : Provide login username for user.
(2) Email : Provide the registered email address of the user. Account and device enrollment mails will be sent to this address. Please ensure users respond to the device enrollment mail from the device(s) you intend to enroll.
(3) Phone Number(Optional): Enter the phone number of the user.
(4) Company : Choose the company from drop down to which the user belongs.
(5) Assign role: Select the role from drop-down to be assigned to the new user from the 'Assign role'.
Endpoint manager has four default roles:
Note: By default, enrolled users with the role 'Users' do not receive an account activation mail nor gain console login rights. Only personnel with the default roles 'Administrator', 'Technician', or a custom role with access to the administrative console, will receive an activation email.
Step[3]: Endpoint manager will send account activation emails to the newly added administrators.
Note: Technicians account created within endpoint manager would be able to login only from endpoint manager MSP account, not from one.comodo.com
For example, login URL is https://taylor-msp.cmdm.comodo.com/user/site/login
Create a New User Group:
User Group helps to add as many as users to a group in order to manage an organization.
The 'Create Group' button allows you to add and populate a new user group. Configuration profiles applied to the group will then be pushed to all devices owned by users in the group.
For example, users could be grouped according to existing corporate units ('Sales Dept.', 'Accounts Dept.') and/or by type of user.
To create a new user group:
Step[1]: Open the 'User Groups' interface by clicking the 'Users' tab from the left and choosing 'User Groups' from the options->Click 'Create Group' above the table->The 'Create User Group' dialog will open.
Choose Users: It allows you to add as many users to the group. To add a user, start typing the first few letters of the username and select the user from the drop-down. Repeat the process for adding more number of users.
Note: A single user can be a member of more than one group. The configuration profiles applied to the all the groups to which a user is a member of, will be applied to the devices belonging to the user. In case the settings in a profile clashes with another profile, endpoint manager follows the 'Most Restricted' policy. For example, if a profile allows the use of camera and another restricts its use, the device will not be able to use the camera as per the 'Most Restricted' policy.


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Safeway monopoly started from the 6th of February 2019. You can SHOP, PLAY and WIN $250 million or any prize equivalent to $250 million. You can buy monopoly tickets and monopoly board from Safeway, , Albertsons, Tom Thumb, Jewel-Osco, VONS, United Supermarkets, Amigos, Star Market, Pavilions, Acme, cars and Randalls stores. You can play via online by 5/17 and the tickets will be given out until 5/7. In 2019 the winning prize will upto $250 million and three $1 million cash prizes, three $1 million vocational homes, brand new car, brand new boat, gift vouchers, vocational trip and lots of cash prizes.
In this article, we have described briefly everything about safeway monopoly game such as how to play it, what are the rules for playing this game etc. Follow the article everything is given below.
How to Play Safeway Monopoly Game
- 1. Buy a Monopoly Game Board from any local Safeway store.
- 2. In your daily routine, you shop something from Safeway store and you get a game ticket. You can also get an additional bonus game ticket by buying special products that offer game tickets. Inside the game tickets, you will get 4 types of game markers such as a special discount offer on any product, SHOP PLAY WIN via Online Code, Instant Winning Prizes i.e. Grocery Gift Card, free product or free cash or 2 free extra Game Tickets.
- 3. You should have to download the SHOP, PLAY and WIN App from play store for Android or from iTunes for iPhone users this are how you can quickly scan the QR codes to check that if you have any winning tickets. This app will help you to check you a game marker on the ticket, but this is not enough you must need to fix the game markers to the board and then you can claim you are winning the prize.
- 4. Set the game tickets on the perforated lines and find the matching code according to the game ticket on the Monopoly board. Lick the glue strip on the back of the official game markers and put on the exact respective prize area.
How to Play Safeway Monopoly Game via OnlineYou can play safeway monopoly game by 5/17 with the help of online game ticket. You have put shop play and win a code that mentions on the ticket for playing and earn token prizes. You can use your token prizes in many ways such as $5000 home makeover, Universal Studios Trip for 4, $1,000 daily sweepstakes, $25,000 shopping spree, $75,000 Cadillac Escalade or a $250,000 Super Sweepstakes. As well as you can also your tokens in electricity and gas bills payment, Fandango rewards a $5 Fandango reward will cost 80 tokens and $10 Fandango rewards will cost 150 tokens and vice versa. You can also use your tokens in grocery gift card it has the same rates like Fandango that is $5 grocery gift award for 80 tokens and $10 grocery gift will cost 150 tokens and vice versa.
Safeway Monopoly Game Board 2019This year the latest version of Monopoly game board has been released. This is time everything is only on one side there is no need of flip. But the drawback is it takes so long so if you can face difficulty in order to find corresponding photographs.
Safeway Monopoly Game Tickets 2019The Safeway monopoly game tickets come with 2 holes edges that you peal out from top to bottom to check your game ticket. You can get some discount on the products of the Safeway store, 2 extra free tickets, instant cash prize or online game play ticket.
On the ticket, you will get the square shape 2-D barcode on the back of the game marker section of the monopoly game tickets. You can scan this QR barcode with the SHOP PLAY and WIN app to check the prize and keep the track record of the game markers you have received for your board. This will make it quicker to check in the event that you as of now have a game marker and assuming this is the case, you can simply discard the copies, or in the event that you are playing on different boards, you can put the copies on the optional board. This does not supplant the need to physically stick the markers to the board for the genuine prizes.
Safeway Monopoly Game Prizes
- Three $1,000,000 Cash Prizes
- Three $1,000,000 Vacation Home
- Fifteen $100,000 Cash or Boat prizes
- Thirty $30,000 Pair of Jet Skis
- Thirty Five $25,000 Home Theater
- Fifty $20,000 College Tuition
- Sixty $10,000 Cash prizes


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Free Tips to prevent Allergies such as Hay fever
How to enjoy summer sunshine without suffering with Hay fever & other allergies.
Wouldn't it be great to able to comfortably enjoy the beautiful sunshine, warm weather and beautiful colours and scents of summer blooms, without being bothered by allergic asthma or hayfever. This article is intended to help you avoid allergic rhinitis and asthma by teaching you some acupressure, massage and Buteyko breathing techniques to help you to minimise the effects of allergic triggers such as pollen, dust, moulds and animal dander. I am an acupuncturist , author and Buteyko breathing teacher, I no longer suffer with allergies or asthma, you too can become symtom free by using these simple and powerful methods of controlling symptoms. If you are suffering with chronic or acute asthma / hayfever or other allergies you may require a few sessions of acupuncture and Buteyko breathing to stop your symptoms and tailor a program for your specific needs, so that you can manage your condition in the long term. Please feel free to contact me (Ph: 0879618344) with any queries. Enjoy the summer.
Follow these simple tips and you should be able to enjoy a summer without red irritated eyes, a runny nose, sore throat and or wheezing.
What is hay fever & what causes it.
Hay fever is an immune reaction to allergens such as pollen, moulds, animal Dander etc., which are released and carried in the air in high concentrations in warm dry, windy, weather. Pollen is often still present in the air on cold days but usually in lower concentrations, wet weather tends to soak up these airbourne particles and prevent them from floating through the air and entering the body. If there are no allergens entering the body the allergic symptoms are minimal or non- existent. It is important to control your exposure to your triggers by following the advice below.
These microscopic pollens, animal dander, mould or dust particles over stimulate the immune system which sees them as a threat and tries to neutralise them by a cascade of events which involves many reactions including the release of Histamine from immune system mast cells. This chain of events results in the mucus cells of the nose and the cells around the eyes producing increasing amounts of mucus and tears, the throat and airways can become irritated and blocked also as the immune response tries to stop this apparent threat posed. The resulting symptoms can be similar to those of a cold or flu, and have a dramatic effect on the sufferer's quality of life.
Traditional Chinese Medicine's interpretation.
Hay fever and similar type allergies are usually caused by wind and often dampness usually combined with cold or heat. There is usually an underlying weakness with the Spleen and Lung resulting in the formation of dampness and phlegm. Acupuncture, diet, and patent herbs can quickly address the causes to eliminate the wind damp and other causative factors while nourishing the underlying weakness of the lung & spleen.
Avoid the Triggers / Allergens
- Breathe through your nose (see below for nose clearing exercises), it filters the air, if necessary use petroleum gel at the end of the nostrils to trap excess allergens.
- Avoid areas of high concentration of what you are allergic to. (Find out what it is you are allergic to).
- Keep windows closed and use air conditioners where necessary.
- Use tumble dryers or dry clothes indoors when the pollen count is high.
- Wear wrap round sun glasses when out to avoid allergens entering the eyes.
- If it is dust mite get rid of areas they accumulate in such as carpets & thick curtains or keep a barrier between them and you, use dust covers on your bed.
- If you have a problem with mould be sure to keep areas that mould grows clean.
- Shower before bed to avoid allergens on you getting on bed clothes and aggravating you at night.
- Regularly clean animals that cause your allergies, you can even vacumn (use HEPA filtered vacumn cleaners) excess animal dander from pets (careful with cats!!) and carpets.
Self Maintenance to reduce allergic symptoms
(Please don't attempt this if you have any neck problems.)
- Nodding
In a comfortable upright seated position synchronise your breathing as you nod your head up and down. Start with your chin as close to your chest as you can and as you raise your head up towards the ceiling breath in at your normal rate. Breathe out as you lower your head to the position you started in. Repeat this procedure about 8 times. You should be relaxed and your nose should feel clearer at the end of this, if not, repeat this and use the other methods listed below to improve the results . Once your nose is clear, keep it clear and breathe through it, it acts as a filter to prevent most allergens getting into your lungs. Nose breathing also produces Nitric Oxide which prevents infections and acts as a bronco – dilator.
- Acupressure
Press firmly on acupuncture point LI 4 (Hegu) (it should feel sore) which is found at the end of the crease between the Thumb and forefinger when the thumb is pressed against the index finger, pressure should be maintained for 3-4 minutes on each side. Don't use this point if you are pregnant.
Press the points UB2 (Zanzhu) just above the inner canthus (corner) of your eyes, almost at the medial (inner) end of the eyebrow you will find a small tender depression press firmly here for a couple of minutes.
Press on points St2 (Sibai) which are found approximately 1 inch below the pupil when your eyes are looking straight ahead. Feel for the small depression and press into it for a couple of minutes, don't press too hard!
- Massage
From the middle of the eyebrows acupuncture point Yintang gently but firmly across the eyebrows for a couple of minutes.
Both sides of the nose from just below the inner canthus of the eyes to the end of the nostrils, you can use gentle pressure with your thumb in fluid strokes alongside your nose (use a little powder or oil on your thumbs to prevent friction burns).
Use massage and acupressure points at least twice a day, especially before bed.
Chinese Herbs and other remedies
- Bi Yan Pian
- Locally produced honey a teaspoon per day helps to de sensitise you to the common pollens in your area.
Common Medication for allergic hayfever
Anti histamines and mast cell stabilisers such as Sodium Chromo glycates in the form of eye & nasal drops are often used as the first line of defence to try and suppress this over stimulated immune system. They can be beneficial in the short term, but often lose their potency over time.
This article is aimed at helping you to control allergic hayfever and asthma symptoms, it is intended as a guide and not a substitute to what you have been advised by your G.P. If you wish to contact me to learn Buteyko breathing and have acupuncture to treat the root cause of your problems please feel free to do so. I will design a treatment plan to address your particular needs so that your symptoms are no longer an issue and in most cases you will be able to reduce, change or stop using pharmaceuticals for your condition.
Author; Dave Shipsey B.Sc Biology(Hons), Grad Dip., C. Ac, A. Ac, M.A.F.P.A., M.B.B.A.


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There are two main approaches to custom tracking: data attributes and data layer, but what …Read More »
How could Watson and Big data help pick a better US president
Being an immigrant, this is the first time I have started to take a deeper interest in the US Presidential election. I have been following both the candidates (Barack Obama and Mitt Romney) ,their proposed policies, and media's deciphering those policies with bias, made me anything but sure. So, I can connect and feel sympathetic towards undecided voters, and for …Read More »


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The renowned actress has had a turbulent year after suffering from anxiety and depression and losing her dad Colin last year.
Sheridan, has now decided to open up on the dark period for the first time.
The blonde told Sunday Times Culture Magazine: "My life was falling apart and I didn't tell anyone.
"I was totally terrified that I was going to come unstuck, that I couldn't hold these feelings of insecurity in much longer without it coming to a head. Which it did last year. My dad getting cancer triggered it, but it had been a long time coming.
"Things have been weird for years."
Sheridan ended up having to cancel many of her performances in stage show Funny Girl at the time as she couldn't cope with everything.
Leading up to this, the star admitted that she was increasingly getting more anxious and insecure as she became more successful in TV hits such as Cilla and The C Word.
She added: "All I could imagine was people thinking, 'You should be grateful. Get over yourself.'
"But when you have that degree of anxiety, you can't just pull yourself together and you can't explain it. It just snowballs until it's out of control."
However, time out of the Spotlight has helped Sheridan gain control again.
The beauty recently made an appearance on Strictly Come Dancing to perform her new song My Man.
Fans were loving the comeback, as the star performed in a slinky gold dress.
One Twitter fan gushed: "Loved Sheridan Smith on Strictly, what an amazingly talented woman."
While another added: "I know we all know it but I'm going to say it anyway - Sheridan Smith really is a one of a kind isn't she? #Strictly."
For confidential support call on issues such as depression and anxiety, call the Samaritans on 116 123 or visit a local branch, see www.samaritans.org for


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Friday, 9 June 2017
Twelve Month Challenge - June
We have our next rhyme for June on The Craft Barn's Twelve Month Challenge and this time I had a suitable stamp for the extra challenge which was to add a posy of flowers! I used one of my favourite Crafty Individual stamps for the main image as it is of children and so therefore fitted the bill!
Posted by Lesley at 13:33 7 comments:
Labels: 12 Month Challenge, Crafty Individuals, stamping
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◄ Search Results Showing Item 8 of 22
Review of WIC food packages : improving balance and choice : final report / Committee to Review WIC Food Packages, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, a report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine.
Electronic resources
Search for related items by subject
|Electronic books.
Record details
- Physical Description: 1 online resource (1 PDF file (xvii, 1044 pages)) : illustrations.
- Publisher: Washington, DC : National Academies Press, [2017]
Content descriptions
|Bibliography, etc. Note:
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
|Formatted Contents Note:
| Introduction and the process for revising the WIC food packages -- The WIC program : changes since the last review and continuing challenges -- Alignment of the current food packages with dietary guidance, special dietary needs, and cultural eating practices or food preferences -- Nutrient and food group intakes of WIC participants -- Nutrient and food group priorities for the WIC food packages -- The revised food packages -- Evaluation of cost -- Sensitivity analysis for food package nutrient, food group, and cost models -- How the revised food packages meet the criteria specified -- The regulatory impact analysis (abridged) -- Recommendations for implementation and research -- Appendix A: Acronyms and abbreviations -- Appendix B: Glossary -- Appendix C: WIC food package regulation -- Appendix D: Details of the Committee's information-gathering strategies -- Appendix E: USDA-funded studies of the 2009 food package changes -- Appendix F: Changes in the WIC food packages and program participation -- Appendix G: Barriers to participation and redemption -- Appendix H: Kosher and halal substitution options -- Appendix I: Complementary feed: summarey of information reviewed -- Appendix J: Nutrient and food intake of WIC subgroups: analytical methods and results -- Appendix K: Study design strategies for reducing the effects of selection bias in studies comparing WIC participants to others -- Appendix L: Gap analysis -- Appendix M: Behavioral approaches in WIC as a potential action -- Appendix N: Comparison of current and revised food packages -- Appendix O: Specific nutrient comparisons -- Appendix P: Food specification detail -- Appendix Q: Foods and food specifications that were reviewed, but not changed -- Appendix R: Development of the food package nutriend and cost profiles -- Appendix S: Sensitivity tests and results -- Appendix T: Amounts of food groups and nutrients provided by the current, compared to the revised WIC food packages -- Appendix U: The regulatory impact analysis (complete) -- Appendix V: Committee biosketches -- Index.
| The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) began 40 years ago as a pilot program and has since grown to serve over 8 million pregnant women, and mothers of and their infants and young children. Today the program serves more than a quarter of the pregnant women and half of the infants in the United States, at an annual cost of about $6.2 billion. Through its contribution to the nutritional needs of pregnant, breastfeeding, and post-partum women; infants; and children under 5 years of age; this federally supported nutrition assistance program is integral to meeting national nutrition policy goals for a significant portion of the U.S. population. To assure the continued success of the WIC, Congress mandated that the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reevaluate the program's food packages every 10 years. In 2014, the USDA asked the Institute of Medicine to undertake this reevaluation to ensure continued alignment with the goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In this third report, the committee provides its final analyses, recommendations, and the supporting rationale.
|Funding Information Note:
| This activity was supported by Grant No. AG-3198-D-14-0050 0001-005 from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
|Source of Description Note:
| Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (viewed July 12, 2017).
◄ Search Results Showing Item 8 of 22


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This weekend I am doing another read through and edit on my next novel Hearts Afire. I haven't read it in a while so there will no doubt be lots of things that jump out at me and have me shaking my head and thinking "How did I miss that last time?"
Part of the book takes place at a resort on a tropical island.
Today's question is this. If you could name a tropical paradise what would you call it?
Don't forget to check out Mr Right and Other Mongrels at Amazon.
You can enter to win a print copy on the front page of this site. Print version will be out in July.
6/21/2012 10:44:27 am
Pasithea - after the Greek goddess of rest and relaxation.
Linda Gauthier
6/21/2012 10:45:59 am
Paz de La Isla -- I don't know why. In Spanish it means Peace of the Island.
6/22/2012 06:12:25 am
Did reading/hearing about that CEO who just bought 98% of Lanai give you the idea for this post? I guess if it was already named, I'd stick with it. If not, Anne's Place. Nice and simple.
6/27/2012 09:24:04 pm
I wasn�t positive exactly where to ask this, i wondered if the author could reply. Your blog looks brilliant and I wondered what theme and program you used? Any help would be a big aid and i would be very greatful as I'm inside the method of beginning a weblog similar to this topic!
10/18/2012 12:41:31 pm
Isla de Paradizo.That's how I will call my tropical island.Nice name isn't it?
Leave a Reply.
Copyright © 2019 Monique McDonell


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In light of this week's State of the Union Address, I thought I should maybe just come out and share something with you.
Kinda like being asexual, only way easier, because it doesn't require me to know how to tie a man's necktie.
Socially, I am what you might call, liberal, and that takes precedence for me. My financial status is just way more Cup-O-Noodles than Scrooge McDuck, so I just simply don't find the benefit in most conservative financial platforms.
But, the truth of it is, I don't like much of anything that is going on.
I like gay people.
And minorities.
I would like to treat them the same exact way I treat straight people and majorities. Which is sometimes friendly, other times so socially awkward they avoid making eye contact and eventually ask me to stop humming My Humps by Black Eyed Peas in line at the DMV.
Guns are scary. I should never be allowed to shoot them. And, I would also like them never shot at me. Unless you were shooting nachos. But, even then, you'd need to use round chips, for safety. That's a no brainer.
I'd like to stop having war. That seems like the absolute best way to support our troops. Let's keep them all alive and home and give them loads of money for doing all the scary shit none of the rest of us want to do.
Religion has absolutely nothing to do with my politics, and since only about 20% of the elected officials in Washington DC share my religious beliefs, I would like for your religion to also have nothing to do with my politics.
I am currently more comfortable with my kids watching Saw III, than watching a political news show on television. Remember back in 2003 when the Dixie Chicks said they didn't support the war, or the president, and then people fanatically shunned them and called them treasonous for bad mouthing a sitting president during a time of war? Yeah. What happened to that rule? Is that like the Slug Bug rule? It's only in effect if you are totally high, waiting in line for your triple thick shake and curly fries at the Arby's Drive through, until you completely forget you are even playing, because Tom Petty's Free Falling comes on the radio?
Muslim and socialism aren't bad words. I also think that nobody knows what those words mean, so maybe we can have another stimulus, only instead of money, we all get dictionaries and copies of the Garden State soundtrack.
Death Panels are not real. Much like the Chupacabra. Or Keith Richards. The elf who lives in my panty drawer that breaks all my under wires and drains the batteries from my vibrator, however, totally real. I mean really. All this can be solved by reading (borrrinnngggg).
So, here I sit, all jaded and without affiliation.
Perhaps I shall involve myself in the political process of electing the next American Idol.
The only bad thing to come of that is a new JLo album and Clay Aiken.
You're welcome, America.