text: Hi everyone. Sorry I may be a bit moany on this one. I'm sorry, I just need to talk because the last 24 hours have been really hard and I feel really low. I picked mum up yesterday afternroon so that she could stay with us because it was halloween and I didn't want her to be scared on her own. She was ok, a bit quiet, then I cooked tea, we sat, we talked, she kept repeating herself, she kept going into another world and just staring and she was really hard work last night. We had a social nurse/carer coming round the next day. I asked mum if she was worried about it, she was very negative and didn't think that she had a problem. This morning she was really grumpy. Moaning about where she had moved to and that she felt isolated. My sister came over and she was the same with her. We both tried to let her know different things that go in the community house down the road and also what a lovely area she has moved to with lots of new friends but she didn't want to know. This was hard, because me and my sister spend as much time with mum as we can, and she makes us feel guilty that we can't be there all the time, but I don't think she realises that she is making us feel this way. The nurse came and did assessment tests on mum - she got 17 out of 30 right. I also had to fill in some assessment carers forms. The nurse was pleased with mum and they are now going to monitor her, which is good. I then took her to the community house to meet people, there is a lady who organises events and she is going to see mum, which I thought was great, but no. We get home and then mum is moaning saying that she needs days by herself. I feel I am in a no win situation. I know she has only just lost dad and she is grieving. But I haven't had time to grieve because all my time and worry is taken over by mum. I love mum so much and will do anything for her, but I also miss dad and she doesn't give me time to. Oh sorry, that sounds awful, but it is how I feel. The thing that worries me is that she is only in the early stages of AD, and I know it is going to get harder as time goes on. I just hope I can keep finding the strength to cope. Love Michele


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subset: commoncrawl


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Fairmont Royal York Hotel
100 Front Street West, Floor H
Toronto, ON, M5J 1E3
Head Table Guests
Sharon Rudy, Vice-President, Spencer Stuart and Director, The Empire Club of Canada; Reverend Kim Beard, Christ Church, Brampton; Tri Nguyen, "A" Average Student, Bloor Collegiate Institute; Fernand L. Lamesch, President and CEO, ARBED Americas Inc., New York, and President, Luxembourg-America Chamber of Commerce, New York; Bob Christie, MPP, Deputy Minister of Finance for the Government of Ontario; Jacques Bilodeau, Canadian Ambassador to the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Her Excellency Madame Arlette Conzemius, Ambassador of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Julie Hannaford, Partner, Borden Ladner Gervais LLP and Past President, The Empire Club of Canada; Ray Protti, CEO, Canadian Bankers' Association; His Excellency Henri Grethen, Minister of Economy and Transportation for the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; and The Hon. Maria Minna, MP, Minister of International Co-operation for the Government of Canada.
Introduction by Bill Laidlaw
Having just returned from Europe and experienced so much of its history in everything I saw, I am amazed at what has transpired on this great continent.
The progress that has occurred in this part of the world is truly amazing. Our Canadian history is really also European history.
I only recently came to appreciate the important role that Luxembourg has played on the European continent.
Reviewing this country's history since 1963 is like trying to remember the teams that won the Stanley Cup in the last 100 years. Clearly Luxembourg has had a long and illustrious past and is the envy of many European countries. Today I am sure that it is feeling the uncertainties about its personal security and its economic future, just as we do in Canada.
Despite this recent setback Luxembourg and Europe have a promising future and today we are fortunate to have as our guest the Prime Minister of Luxembourg, The Honourable Jean-Claude Juncker.
Prime Minister Juncker is the current Prime Minister of Luxembourg. He is also Minister of State and Minister of Finance.
In 1979 he obtained a Masters Degree in Law and was admitted to the bar in 1980. His political career has been long in the making.
He began a lengthy tenure as President of the Christian Social Youth from 1979-1985 after having joined the Christian Social Party in 1974, and in 1984 he was elected Member of Parliament in the southern district constituency on the Christian Social Party's list.
After the resignation in 1995 of then Prime Minister Jacques Sauter, Juncker was appointed Prime Minister, Minister of State and Minister of Finance by the head of state. He kept this post until the resignation of the government after the legislative elections in June of 1999.
Prime Minister Juncker's ministerial appointments are too numerous to mention. He has been fortunate enough to have, and continue to have, an illustrious political career that has spanned two decades.
He was the Chair of the European Council and in 1997 opened the doors of the European Union to 10 central and eastern European countries including Cyprus.
He also assisted with overcoming some of the many challenges and obstacles in establishing a single European currency--the euro. His presence on the national political scene was increased considerably when on August 7, 1999 he was appointed Prime Minister, Minister of State and Minister of Finance for Luxembourg.
It is with great pleasure that The Empire Club of Canada welcomes to the podium the Prime Minister of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg--His Excellency Mr. Jean-Claude Juncker.
Jean-Claude Juncker
Ladies and gentlemen, I have been asked to entertain you with a presentation of current European political and economic issues as well as with the position of Luxembourg inside the European Union. And I have been asked to kindly limit my talk to 15 minutes! I intend to do so.
One cannot make a speech these days without referring to the terrible events that shook the United States and indeed the world on September 11. Although we all know that somehow we have to get back to "normal" life, nothing will be quite the same anymore. Many people including myself--have been deeply shaken not only by the attack itself, but also by the fact that it seems that these criminals have been living among us for quite some time before being "activated."
Paradoxically, this nightmare now also has some positive effects. The scope of measures which the international community is embarking upon to fight the plague of terrorism is indeed unprecedented.
Before dwelling upon the measures that the European Union and Luxembourg have taken in the fight against terrorism, I would like to share with you three concerns.
First, we must avoid any equation of terrorism with the Arab and Muslim world. We call upon the Arab and Muslim world to join the international coalition to fight terrorism. The so-called "clash of civilisations" does not take place between Islam and western civilisation, but it takes place inside both civilisations, between those who recognise the values of tolerance and mutual respect and those who propagate hate and destruction.
Secondly, although the response by the United States is absolutely legitimate, European governments--and I know this is the position of the Canadian government
too--want the counterattack to be targeted and embedded into a broad coalition under the auspices of the United Nations.
Thirdly, a thorough analysis of the causes and origins of the phenomenon of terrorism is urgently needed. Poverty certainly breeds terrorism and we all have to make efforts to increase public development aid. Luxembourg has already crossed the recommended threshold of 0.7 per cent of GDP and is moving towards its self-imposed target of 1 per cent of GDP by 2005. But the level of development of a country or region cannot be the sole cause of the emergence of terrorism. Maybe we should question the present world order and strive for a world architecture that is more balanced and more just.
Let me explain now what urgent measures have been taken in Europe. Again, in a difficult and delicate moment, when they have to confront a serious threat, Europeans rediscover the importance of being united and accelerate their integration! We have reaffirmed our commitment towards the creation of a genuine common foreign security and defence policy and deeper integration in the fields of Justice and Home Affairs. We are now working on a common definition of terrorism which will enable us to create a common European arrest warrant: wanted persons can thus be handed over directly from one judicial authority to another.
Furthermore, we will draw up joint lists of terrorist organisations and strengthen co-operation and exchange of information between our secret services. Joint investigation teams will be set up and the European agency for police co-operation "Europol" will form a specialist antiterrorist team. Co-operation with the U.S., Canada and others will be close of course. It also goes without saying that these investigations have to be carried out in the full respect of fundamental freedoms. We must not change the fundamental nature of our societies.
All international conventions on the fight against terrorism have to be implemented as soon as possible. I wholeheartedly support the idea of elaborating a new UN convention which would embody all legal instruments and measures taken within the last years in order to fight terrorism.
Apart from taking more measures to strengthen airtransport security, the sources of financing of terrorist organisations have to be dried up. Luxembourg has signed the UN convention for the suppression of the financing of terrorism. I acknowledge that we are not the first to sign, but we are not the last to sign either. We will have ratified the convention by the end of the year.
Tax havens and off-shore centres are under close scrutiny now. As so often, my country is mistakenly presented on the part of the press as such a haven; and some articles have claimed without evidence that bin Laden and his organisation hold accounts in Luxembourg. Well, Luxembourg is not a tax haven; nor is it an off-shore centre and even less so a haven for criminals! It is true that we still have banking secrecy, but this secrecy is lifted for criminal offences. Obligation to secrecy does not apply in court cases and before judges. Following the events of September 11, all financial institutions have undertaken to screen their clients' accounts again.
Luxembourg's legislation provides for very strict regulations governing access to the financial sector, in particular with regard to the identity and worthiness of shareholders and managers. Banks have to know who their customers are. Identification requirement applies to all transactions that exceed about C$17,800; from January 1 onwards, this threshold will be lowered by 20 per cent. We have some of the tightest laws in the fight against money laundering, not only with regard to drug trafficking but with regard to a wide spectrum of criminal activities such as procuring and illegal arms deals. By law, financial institutions must report to Luxembourg authorities if they
have the suspicion and even more so if they have the certainty that money stems from criminal sources. They are not allowed to carry out the financial operation requested by their client.
During the debate on the European directive on money-laundering, Luxembourg insisted that lawyers should be put on the list of those professionals who have to report to authorities. Indeed, if a banker has to report despite banking secrecy, why should lawyers be treated differently?
But it would be naïve to think that a tougher fight against money-laundering will be enough. Indeed, terrorists and their organisations also hold what I would call normal accounts. So, exchange of information is a must. In the framework of the EU, Luxembourg has proposed to strengthen co-operation between financial intelligence units, which are those entities that already exchange information in the context of investigations against money-laundering. We could thus act pre-emptively against terrorism.
What about the economic consequences of the events of September 11? Increased uncertainty is never good for economic prospects! The immediate impact on the U.S. is substantial and growth rates will probably be negative in the third and fourth quarter of this year. In Europe, at least in the euro area, recession will be avoided as fundamentals are sound and as tax cuts and falling inflation are likely to stimulate consumption. Vigilance is needed however and the European Central Bank will have to work closely with the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, the Canadian Central Bank and others. Some sectors are severely touched, especially airline companies and the tourist industry. Insurance companies have just decided not to suffer and declared that they will cease to compensate for damages following acts of war and terrorism. Quite scandalous, I must say. The Luxembourg government as others have decided to provide liability cover to airline companies facing insurance problems. The details of this scheme are currently worked out at the EU level.
In the aftermath of the shock of September 11, we have witnessed how important the achievement of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is. In the absence of the common currency, national currencies would have fallen into complete disarray and some countries would have seen no alternative to devaluation. The euro is a true shield against external turbulence. Already during the recent rise in oil prices as well as in the run-up to EMU, during the Asian crisis notably, we have witnessed this positive shelter effect.
If EMU is such a success, why is the euro weak in comparison to the dollar, you might ask! To be honest: I do not know! In fact, it does not make sense at all. Economic fundamentals are much better in Europe than they are in the U.S. Indeed, there is a strong internal demand in Europe, a highly skilled work force, budgetary discipline, close coordination of economic policies, an independent Central Bank as well as a wide range of structural policies aimed at strengthening the internal market and at modernising European economies.
The only explanation I can find is to say that the dollar is benefiting from an unbreakable trust. Americans have a blind belief in their money and are always optimistic that things will get better when they are not good. Europeans on the other hand cannot celebrate when they have achieved something and they nurture this inferiority complex. "It just can't be that the euro is as good as the dollar." On top of this, we still have 12 finance ministers giving all kinds of mutually contradictory statements about the development of the common currency. And if all of us say the same thing, that is that the euro has a high potential to appreciate, we definitely do not sound convincing enough.
Apart from its shelter function against monetary shocks, the euro has many other implications. In my view,
the creation of the single currency has been the culmination of the process of European integration that started 50 years ago. The scope of what some European countries have achieved is not yet fully understood, even though citizens will hold euro notes and coins in their hands from January 1.
We in the EU hope that the euro will become the strongest currency in the world next to the U.S. dollar and a global reserve currency. Europeans are very well aware of the fact that advantages go together with responsibilities and obligations. The euro should help create a more balanced international monetary environment with a shared leadership and thus a shared burden.
The euro contributes to the emergence of a truly European identity. EMU should allow Europe to realise its ambition to become an influential and responsible actor on the world stage. The impact of the euro on the world economy will grow larger with each additional country joining the common endeavour. By size and economic weight the current euro zone is comparable to the U.S. It has nearly 300 million inhabitants and accounts for almost 20 per cent of world GDP and 20 per cent of world trade. In due course, the current three "outs" will join. In Sweden, Denmark and the U.K., it is a mere political question. Central and Eastern European countries will follow at a later stage.
EMU is a spur to greater internal dynamism and integration. In the past EMU has nurtured among EU-member states a culture of stability which has never existed before. "Economic Convergence" was the magic concept that made countries fit for EMU. This effort has to be sustained and countries must not yield now to a sort of "convergence fatigue" and relax discipline on economic policies. This is why we have created "peer pressure" among ourselves.
Each year, at union level, broad economic policy guidelines are agreed for the EU as such and for each country
taken individually. National governments have to make sure that their national economic policies and decisions are consistent with these guidelines and that they respect the premises of the Stability and Growth Pact which prohibits excessive public deficits and aims at a balanced budget over the medium term. We jointly assess the economic situation, the prospects and devise the policy mix by which to respond. In practice, this is very difficult, believe me!
In my view, it is absolutely necessary for the Euro zone to strengthen the management of its common currency by creating a sort of economic government of Europe. It makes no sense that monetary policy is centralised whereas the conduct of economic policy is only co-ordinated between finance ministers.
Let me finish by a few words on enlargement. This is yet another big project on which the European Union has embarked upon. For me, it is a question of war or peace. Indeed, is there any bigger and nobler ambition than to reconcile and reunify Europe? It is the first time that European unification is attempted by peaceful means, not by force.
Of course, candidates have to make themselves fit for accession and that process is very painful for them. They have to take over all our rules and regulations, what we call in EU-speak the "acquis communautaire."
The enlargement process was launched at the European Council in Luxembourg in December 1997. By now we are negotiating with 12 candidates and the point of no return has been reached. Turkey is the thirteenth candidate but negotiations have not yet started. To give you an idea about the scope of the adventure: The EU will increase its geographical size by 34 per cent, respectively 58 per cent if we add Turkey; population will increase by 28 per cent, respectively 45 per cent. But GDP will increase by a mere 4.5 per cent, respectively 6.6 per cent if Turkey is included. GDP per capita varies from 23 to 68
per cent of the union's average. You need not be an economist to understand the difficulty of the exercise. Enlargement has to be sustainable: countries which become members have to be properly prepared; otherwise we risk implosion of the EU. But, if we stick to the right method, this risk is quite small. Now, what is the right method? Negotiations are conducted on the basis of the following principles: the union is negotiating bilaterally with each individual country; each country is judged according to its own merits; it has to comply with the socalled Copenhagen criteria which are political and economic in nature.
When will this enlargement take place, you may ask. I am in favour of speedy negotiations, but I am not in favour of galloping through enlargement. By the end of 2002, negotiations with the furthest advanced candidates will probably be completed. At a recent summit meeting in Sweden, leaders of the EU expressed the hope that the first new members will be able to take part in the elections for the European Parliament in June 2004. Ten countries so far have pledged themselves to be ready for that time-frame. We shall see.
Now you have to be aware that the enlargement process is not very popular with the current member states. EU governments have a huge responsibility here, as some individuals do not hesitate to make politics with people's anxieties. I refer here of course to xenophobic political parties and movements.
Apart from a minimum of political support, we have to pay attention to the social cost and to the financial burden we ask candidates to bear. In some sectors, such as environment and agriculture, transition periods will probably have to be rather long.
We all know that apart from the current candidates, there are many more countries which are interested in joining the European Union. I am talking about the Balkan countries and countries such as Ukraine, Moldova, the
South-Caucasus. They are already knocking on the EU's door. Where do the boundaries of the European Union stop? That is going to be a separate debate.
So, ladies and gentlemen, I am keen on your comments and questions!
The appreciation of the meeting was expressed by The Hon. Maria Minna, MP, Minister of International Co-operation for the Government of Canada Inc.
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Join us on May 18th from 3-6pm for our first annual VBSCA Paw Crawl! We will be crawling to local pubs around the 31st Oceanfront corridor, all in support of homeless animals. Each participant will receive four (4) drink tickets and a commemorative VBSPCA Paw Crawl Stein! This is a dog friendly event, so bring your pup, bring your friends, and get ready to party for the animals! AND, if you wear a VBSPCA T-shirt, you will get a free raffle ticket and a chance to win one of our prizes!
When: May 18th* from 3-6 pm
Where: The event kicks off at Smartmouth Pilot House at 3 pm. Participants will crawl to participating restaurants and pubs and wrap up the afternoon with a party at Murphy's Irish Pub.
Cost: $35 – The fee includes 4 drink tickets and a commemorative stein. Drink tickets can be redeemed at participating pubs, and each pub will offer a selection of beverages from which crawlers can choose. Tickets can be purchased at the link below or at the VBSPCA Shelter, and VBSPCA Pet Supplies & Adoption Center.
Basket Raffle: Tickets are $3 a piece, offering prizes such as a Family Photography Package, a Mutt Masquerade Party Pack, Pet Training lessons, and a VBSPCA Swag bag.
*Rain date May 25th


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Writers love writing about writers they love.
And so right before what would have been beloved columnist and author Celestine Sibley's 100th birthday, we share some thoughts from her fellow scribes.
"Outside my own mother, she was probably the most unforgettable person I've ever had the honor of knowing," said her former colleague Kathy Hogan Trocheck, now a novelist known professionally as Mary Kay Andrews. "She'd had a hardscrabble life, but that never made her bitter. She had a soft spot for the downtrodden, and appreciated the rascals she met at the statehouse and the courthouse. But she had no tolerance for bigots, bullies or puffed-up pretense."
Sibley died of cancer at age 85 in 1999.
"She showed unimaginable courage when she had breast cancer, keeping up her columns, riding the bus into town wearing a scarf and a bad wig after chemo treatments," Andrews said. "She was so tickled when her stick-straight hair grew back curly! And when the cancer came back and the news wasn't good, she was determined to die her own way."
Sibley died at her Dog Island, Florida, beach house less than a month after her final column, titled "Back porch soothes when sleep won't come," ran in the newspaper where she worked for more than five decades.
"I talked to her on the phone that week," Andrews said. "I did ask if she was 'picking at the covers,' her own term for those contemplating death. There was a long pause and she said, in that familiar drawl, 'Well, honeeeeyyy,' and I thought that would be the last of our talks."
Sibley seemed to be making peace in her final column.
"On such a night when the weather turns cool, it's good to have that extra piece of cover handy," she wrote in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution's July 25, 1999, Dixie Living section. "Old quilts are intended for such a night. When they are old and faded and almost weightless, you pull them up and remember the women who made them and the families they 'kivvered' with them."
Journalist and author Elliott Mackle recalled Sibley fondly.
"Along with Pat Conroy, she was one of the two best listeners I've known," he said. "She could take a pack of cigarettes across Marietta Street, hang out with the homeless people and get two columns out of it. For the same reason, she rode MARTA rather than driving downtown — to listen. That's why, at least for many, including myself, she was the voice of Atlanta."
Sibley's fans remember not only her heartfelt columns but also her hard-news reporting. The Georgia State House press gallery was named for her to honor her legislative coverage.
"Don't forget, she covered the statehouse and criminal courts earlier in her career, before she started doing the column," Mackle said. "She looked sweet and ladylike, but she was as tough a reporter as they come."
> RELATED: Remembering Celestine Sibley on her birthday
By and About Celestine Sibley
Photos of Celestine Sibley over the years
If there is a queen of our news shop, it is Sister Sibley (by Ralph McGill)
Celestine Sibley, a great Georgia woman, gets her due
Celestine Sibley column: Christmas means love
For my years with Muv, I'm eternally thankful
About Celestine Sibley: 'A granddaughter's reminiscence'
Celestine Sibley column on the death of Martin Luther King Jr.
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Model No: CW340
Holds Most Flat Panel TVs up to 42" , 80lb Top/50lb Bottom Wt Capacity , Tinted Tempered Safety Glass , Holds up to 3 Audio-Video Component, , CMS® Cable Management System
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Bell'O products contain real wood and wood solids. Visual differences in grain and color tone should be expected due to natural stain absorption and room lighting conditions. Products viewed on a computer monitor may also vary in appearance.
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• CMS® Cable Management System hides and manages interconnect cables and power cords
Overall Dimensions: 40"W x 36"H x 18"D
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Bottom Shelf: 34"W x 12"H x 17"D
TV Size: Up to 42 inches
Weight Capacities:
Top Shelf: 50 lbs. (22.7 kg)
Middle Shelves: 25 lbs. (11.3 kg)
Bottom Shelf: 75 lbs. (34 kg)
Carton Dimensions: 44.9" x 23.6" x 6.1"
Gross Carton Weight: 77 lbs.
UPC Code: 748249103402
Method of Assembly: Regular Assembly
All measurements shown are nominal usable space. Specifications are subject to change without notice.
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A case of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in a domestic cat is described from Saint Petersburg, Russia. Ultrasonography showed numerous cysts with hyperechoic walls and anechoic contents within the cat's abdominal cavity. Molecular identification based on mitochondrial DNA genes indicated that the causative agent was Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1 strain). This is the first report of CE in a cat caused by E. granulosus sensu stricto with molecular confirmation.
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HSUS today released yet another cruelty video, this time documenting horrendous conditions and unconscionable cruelties at a Vermont veal slaughterhouse. The USDA responded to the video by immediately shutting down the plant.
Not a bad time to revisit a quote from the Animal Agriculture Alliance that I blogged this past month:
The Alliance strongly encourages, and will assist with as possible, a thorough investigation of all reports of mistreatment, and if the investigation information confirms that acts of animal cruelty occurred, then all individuals involved should be held accountable, disciplined, and prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law – including those who participated in such acts solely for the purpose of recording them.
Agribusiness doesn't want to see extreme animal cruelty done away with, it wants the people who inform the public about this cruelty thrown in jail. Something to keep in mind when watching the video below. USDA Press Release Link. HSUS Summary Link.


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(NIOSH/CDC 1996-2001) Aerosolized crab antigens are suspected etiologic agents for asthma among crab processing workers. The goal of this study was to characterize crab antigen levels in processing facilities in relative to the prevalence of respiratory symptoms. Industry and labor representatives in the Northwest have identified respiratory illness, specifically asthma, among those who process crab. In addition, industry representatives have noted difficulty in determining which processing areas may be associated with the greatest risk. UniSea, a Dutch Harbor, Alaska crab processing company, was identified as a research study site to assess the respiratory health of crab processing workers. Specifically, the project goals were to characterize the cross-seasonal changes in respiratory function, as well as determine the incidence of respiratory symptoms, particularly those meeting a rigorous case definition of asthma. The study included pre- and post-season questionnaire administration, pulmonary function testing including methacholine challenge, blood collection to assess immune system responsiveness to crab proteins, and crab antigen exposure assessment.
Publication List
- Beaudet N, Brodkin C, Stover B, Daroowalla F, Flack J, Doherty D. Crab allergen exposures aboard five crab-processing vessels. AIHA Journal. 2002;63:605-609.
- Oregon Crab Fishing Safety Evaluation 2011 Symposium on Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Health and Safety, Presentation


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The first fossil Discolomatidae (Coleoptera) from Hispaniola
Discolomatidae are a small beetle family distributed in subtropical to tropical ecosystems. Many of the modern members of the genus Fallia Sharp inhabit Central America while some species occur on Hispaniola, the Galapagos Islands, and the Hawaiian islands. A new fossil species belonging to the same genus, F. palaeodominicana sp. nov., has been found in a piece of Dominican amber, and described as the first fossil member of the family. The presence of extant as well as extinct species of Fallia on Hispaniola provokes questions about the age and origin of the genus Fallia and how long ago it settled Hispaniola.
KeywordsCoccinelloidea Fallia New species Dominican amber Paleoentomology
The family Discolomatidae Horn, 1878 has a complex taxonomic history (Cline and Ślipiński 2010), however recent molecular data has confirmed its placement in the superfamily Coccinelloidea (Robertson et al. 2015) within the bothriderid group of families (Bothrideridae Erichson, Ceryloniade Billberg, Discolomatidae Horn, Euxestidae Grouvelle, Murmidiidae Jacquelin Du Val, Teredidae Seidlitz) as a sister group to the newly erected family Murmidiidae. Monophyly of discolomatids is well supported by several unique apomorphies including adults with glandular openings lining the lateral pronotal and elytral margins and the meso- and metacoxaelong and transverse but nearly concealed by meso- and metaventral plates. The age of the family is estimated based on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions from around 110 Ma (Zhang et al. 2018) to 142 Ma (McKenna et al. 2015), but no fossil records had been found until now.
The biology of discolomatids is poorly studied, but in general they are regarded as fungivores (Cline and Ślipiński 2010), and have been found in leaflitter, subcortical spaces, compost heaps, and polypore fungi. Some species are thought to be myrmecophilous, and were collected in ant nests (Cline and Ślipiński 2010).
Discolomatidae is a relatively small beetle family containing about 400 extant species grouped in 16 genera (John 1959a; Cline and Ślipiński 2010). A majority of species are distributed in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. The New World fauna consists of about 45 extant species belonging to 4 genera: Discoloma Erichson, 1845, Fallia Sharp, 1902, Holophygus Sharp, 1899 and Solitarius John, 1943 (Cline and Ślipiński 2010).
The age of Dominican amber deposits has been discussed by several authors and, based on the place of origin, it was concluded that it dated back to the early Middle Miocene (15–20 Ma) (Grimaldi 1994; Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1996; Iturralde-Vinent 2001; Grimaldi and Engel 2005; Penney 2010). That period corresponds to the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO) when a global warming period was occurring (You et al. 2009), and tropical zones had expanded their ranges (Pound et al. 2012). Fossils discovered from Dominican amber enable a possible reconstruction of the environment of the 'Dominican amber forest' as similar to that of present-day tropical moist forest (Poinar and Poinar 1999).
Materials and methods
This study is based on a Dominican amber piece that came from the private collection of Janusz Kupryjanowicz (Białystok, Poland), and will be deposited in the Andrzej Myrcha Nature Center at the University of Białystok (UCPUwB) with the collection number UCPUwB 1024. The material was polished manually with emery papers of different grain sizes and subsequently lustrated with polishing powder. The specimen was examined and photographed with a Leica M205A stereomicroscope with Leica DM 6000 digital camera attached to a Leica Application Suite LAS 3.7. Total length (TL) is defined as the distance from the anterior margin of the pronotum to the apex of the elytra, and total width was measured at the widest point across the elytra. Pronotal length (PL) was the length measured at the midline from the anterior to posterior margin, and pronotal width (PW) was measured at the widest point across the pronotum. Elytral length (EL) was measured from the anterior margin to the apex along the suture, and elytral width (EW) was measured at the widest point across both elytra. Mesosternal length (MsL) was the length measured at the midline from the anterior to posterior margin, and mesosternal width (MsW) was measured at the widest point across the metaventrite; metasternal length (MtL) and (MtW) were measured as for mesosternum. Terminology used in this paper follows Cline and Ślipiński (2010), Lawrence et al. (2011) and Cline and Shockley (2012).
To confirm the origin of the amber sample designated as the holotype, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained (Szwedo and Stroiński 2017; Szawaryn and Szwedo 2018) in the Laboratory of the International Amber Association, Gdańsk, Poland, with a Nicoleti S10 spectrometer with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory. A reference curve number in the collection archives serves as the registration number of the specimen, with suffix 'IR'.
Systematic palaeontology
Order Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758
Suborder Polyphaga Emery, 1886
Superfamily Coccinelloidea Latreille, 1807
Family Discolomatidae Horn, 1878
Subfamily Aphanocephalinae Grouvelle, 1912
Genus Fallia Sharp, 1902
Type species. Fallia synthetica Sharp, 1902, subsequent designation.
Fallia palaeodominicana sp. nov.
Etymology. Specific epithet derived from the type locality—Dominican Republic, and prefix 'palaeo' meaning ancient.
Locality and Horizon. Amber mine in the Cordillera Septentrional of the northern portion of the Dominican Republic, La Toca. Suite of clastic rocks from the upper part of the La Toca Formation, Early to early Middle Miocene 15–20 Ma (Iturralde-Vinient and MacPhee 1996).
Diagnosis. F. palaeodominicana is slightly more elongate than F. iviei with the length to width ratios 1.4 and 1.3, respectively. It is also rather flattened, while F. iviei is more hemispherical. The difference can be also observed in punctation of pronotum and elytral disc which is fine in F. iviei and more coarse with punctures distributed more densely in F. palaeodominicana.
Description. Length = 1.78 mm; width = 1.28 mm; TL/EW = 1.39; PL/PW = 0.57; PL/EL = 0.43; PW/EW = 0.76; EL/EW = 1.00; MsL/MsW = 0.94; MtL/MtW = 0.32. Body round, slightly elongate (Fig. 2a, b), flattened (Fig. 2g); widest across middle of elytra; pronotal and elytral margins visible from above.
Head—Entirely visible (Fig. 2g), slightly declined, not retracted underneath pronotum (outstretched); eyes large; temples about 1.5 × longer than eye length. Shape somewhat rectangular, lateral margins of fronto-clypeal region not distally convergent. Antennal insertions fully exposed, medially positioned on vertex between eyes. Surface glabrous with minute, irregular punctures. Antennal grooves short, extending along ventral margin of eye. Vertex convex. Fronto-clypeal suture conspicuous and evenly arcuate between antennal insertions. Clypeus large and moderately convex, about twice as broad as its length. Eyes prominent, rounded, coarsely faceted, with no interfacetal setae (Fig. 2e). Antennae 9-segmented with annulate 1-segmented club (Fig. 2e). Scape elongated, more than 2 × longer than pedicel; pedicel barrel-shaped, antennomere 3 elongated about 1.5 × longer than antennomere 4, antennomere 4 longer than pedicel; antennomere 5 about as long as pedicel; antennomeres 6–8 subequal slightly elongated, shorter than pedicel. Club elongate with broadly rounded apex and narrowed base; club as long as segments 5–8 combined. Terminal segment with apex bearing several elongate setae extending beyond the apical margin. Labrum transverse, about 2 × broader than its length, anterior margin broadly concave. Mandibles apically bifid. Ventral mouthparts (including maxillary and labial palpi) clearly visible from below (Fig. 2g). Clypeo-labral suture concave. Maxillary palpi well-developed, 3-segmented, terminal segment conical with entire apex covered with sensory pegs. Labial palpi well-developed, 3-segmented, terminal segment conical with entire apex covered with sensory pegs.
Prothorax—Pronotum transverse, widest at posterior angles, flattened, coarsely punctate, with punctures more dense than those on elytra, separated by 1–2 times their diameter. Anterior angles broadly rounded, posterior angles distinct. Lateral margins narrowly explanate, evenly and arcuately convergent toward anterior angles. Lateral marginal bead with 2 secretory pores, 1 near 0.2 and 1 near 0.8 length from posterior angles (Fig. 2b, g). Anterior margin broadly concave. Posterior margin broadly sinuate. Posterior margin bordered. Length between anterior margin of procoxal cavities and anterior margin of prosternum shorter than length of mesosternum (Fig. 2d). Prosternum with well-developed, oblique impressions anterior to coxal cavities extending antero-laterally from the procoxae, for reception of protibiae in repose (Fig. 2d). Prosternal process extending posterior procoxae; in lateral view, flat. Procoxal cavities separated by 1 × procoxal cavity width.
Pterotorax—Scutellum visible, triangular (Fig. 2b); similar surface punctation as on pronotum. Mesosternum well-developed, flat, and at same level as metasternum; surface punctation faint. Meso-metasternal junction concave with anterior margin of metasternum broadly convex. Mesocoxal cavities separated by more than mesosternum length in mid-line. Metasternum transverse; metasternal disc punctation faint, punctures minute; lateral regions of metasternum with rugose microsculpturing present. Postcoxal lines of mesocoxae absent on metasternum. Metacoxal cavities separated by almost 3 × procoxal cavity width. Elytra with lateral margins narrowly explanate. Each elytron bearing 6 secretory pores along the lateral margin (Fig. 2b, e). Punctation more fine and sparse than those on pronotum, with punctures separated by 3–4 times their diameter. Humeral angles not raised. Wings not visible.
Legs—Tibiae and femora strongly flattened (Fig. 2a, f). All femora excavated for reception of tibiae. All femora and tibiae elongate elliptical, widest near middle. Each tibia with small, stiff spines present along posterior margin. Tarsal formula 3–3–3 (Fig. 2f); tarsi simple with some projecting setae ventrally; claws simple with small basal angulation (Fig. 2c).
Abdomen—Abdomen with five ventrites (Fig. 2f). Abdominal ventrite 1 broadly truncate between metacoxae, large, about as long as ventrites 2–4 combined. Ventrites 2–4 subequal in length, ventrite 5 slightly longer, broadly rounded at posterior margin. Sex undetermined. Genitalia not visible.
The Dominican amber inclusion described above can be immediately classified as a member of the family Discolomatidae because of the presence of a lateral row of six secretory pores on each elytron and two on each side of the pronotum, which is unique to this family of beetles. The beetle also possesses globular coxae and trimerous tarsi. Although the current classification system of Discolomatidae is typological, the following characters enable the authors to place the newly described species in the genus Fallia: head not covered by the pronotum, nine segmented antennae, elongated mesoventrite (not transverse as in Aphanocephalus), glabrous dorsal surface (setose in Holophygus Sharp, 1899, Parafallia Arrow, 1939), rounded elytral margin (not corrugated as in Holophygus, Notophygus Gory, 1834), elytral margin with narrow lateral margin (broadly extended in Discoloma Erichson, 1845, Cassidoloma Kolbe, 1897).
No phylogenetic analysis is available for Fallia nor for Discolomatidae, thus any discussion about the biogeography and evolution of that genus in Mesoamerica is highly theoretical. Nonetheless, the presence of the extant F. iviei Cline and Shockley, as well as fossil species of Fallia on Hispaniola, provoke questions about the age of the genus Fallia and how long ago it settled the island. Was Hispaniola independently settled twice by the Fallia species (in Miocene and more recent times), or is F. palaeodominicana an ancestor of modern F. iviei? This newly described species is the first fossil representative recorded for the family Discolomatidae, and it can be potentially used for time-tree calibration in the future phylogenetic analyses.
We would like to thank Agnieszka Klikowicz (International Amber Association, Gdańsk) for her kind help with obtaining FT-IR spectra, and Ewa Wysiecka-Wegner (Gdańsk University of Technology) is acknowledged for the analysis of spectrum and confirmation of authenticity of the amber piece. Jacek Szwedo is acknowledged for valuable comments on the early draft of this manuscript. Alexander Kirejtshuk and second anonymous reviewer are acknowledged for their constructive and helpful comments.
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The NDSU Extension Service in Cavalier County has teamed up with a senior at Langdon Area High School to bring a new program to the area designed to get area youth interested in and more knowledgeable about government.
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