text:
Listings in Oakland, Dana Point, San Luis Obispo, Sherman Oaks, Van Nuys and Los Alamitos
L & C Coins
Business Contact: Lee Crane
in U.S. Coins, Type Coins, Quarters, Half Dollars, Gold Coins, Dollars, Dimes, Cents
Boasting an extensive inventory, L&C Coins specializes in Collector coins and Modern Issues as well as World coins. L&C Coins provides quality coins at a fair price to novice and seasoned collectors, alike.
11061 Winners Cir
Los Alamitos, California 90720
United States
Star Coins
Business Contact: Phil Iversen
PO Box 5207
Sherman Oaks, California 91413-5207
United States
Society of Lincoln Cent Collec
13515 Magnolia Blvd
Sherman Oaks, California 91423-1417
United States
California Coin And Stamp
253 B Granada Dr
San Luis Obispo, California 93401-7340
United States
Sheridan Downey Numismatist
4400 Keller Ave Ste 140 #398
Oakland, California 94605-4233
United States
PO Box 616
Dana Point, California 92629
United States
5912 ? Van Nuys Blvd
Van Nuys, California 91401-3623
United States
(818) 909-0155
Fax: (818) 909-0166
Bick International
PO Box 854
Van Nuys, California 91408-0854
United States
(818) 997-6496
Fax: (818) 988-4337


text:
Thrive Internet Marketing Agency - Miami, FL
A full-service digital marketing agency that provides custom web development and online marketing to businesses that are looking to increase brand exposure or to generate more online conversions. Thrive offers seo services, local seo services, social media marketing services, ppc management, content writing, email marketing and web design.
Thrive is a Google Analytics Technology Partner, trusted Google Partner, Bing Ads Accredited Professional, and a Yext Certified Partner.
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Target City : Miami
Last Update : Mar 13, 2019
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|Item Owner : Matt Bowman
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Contact Phone: 786-600-2128
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subset: commoncrawl


text: BackPage has been seized by the Feds. Black Lives Matter can't matter because of Lesbians. Crazy Mommy who thinks she's an activist. CBO says the spending bill will make us be a Trillion Dollars in debt. Quicker than a speeding bullet Sinclair fires Allman over a tweet about David Hogg. Michigan has abandoned the city of Flint after they poisoned it for capitalism. Lee Witnum tossed out as she protested the Democratic debate in Connecticut. A white Australian uses Facebook to allegedly scam people with a huge Black Lives Matter page.


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Last year, my friend Richard was transferred to Dallas, Texas. Even though I'd never been to Dallas, I had a strong opinion about what my liberal-minded vegan was stepping into. Best intentions aside, I finally arrived over a year later on his doorstep to see how he was faring in his adopted city. I chose Columbus Day weekend to discover Richard's new homeland.
Dallas is a surprise! Despite hearing the "Dallas" television theme song in my head, the ride from the airport wasn't a vast collection of ranches. I didn't see one horse or cowboy hat. In my head, I pictured more of a desert motif. The area is pretty green with plenty of trees, oaks next to cactus. In the near distance was the skyline of a metropolitan city. Modern skyscrapers gleaming against the cloudy day. And between the actual city and us were all these neighborhoods of shops and restaurants.
Richard lives in a trendy area called SoHip (South of Highland Park). He has a three story town home with a roof deck. The contemporary townhouse complex is nestled in a neighborhood of beautiful single family homes and other multiple living dwellings. A few blocks in any direction boasts stores, restaurants, bars, Starbucks and pet stores. Dallas is incredibly pet friendly. Dogs are allowed on restaurant patios. Gourmet shoppes cater unique treats and baubles specifically for pets.
Rosie Malone is new to Richard's household. The pit bull-box terrier mix has been living here for two months. She is an excited, tongue-licking gal. She greeted me at the airport with lots of sloppy kisses and was very welcoming in sharing the house with another woman. She's pretty happy-go-lucky! Rich, on the other hand, has new single parent syndrome. He schedules Rosie's day for optimal activity. He worries about her getting along at day care with the other dogs. And he frets about her carrying the daunting pit bull stigma. On Monday, Rosie interviews for a better day care. Rich is agonizing over it like it's an application to Harvard. If Rosie isn't accepted, it'll affect her future. I'm not a big pet person but I do love Rosie. She is full of personality! She is not so much camera-shy as just not willing to have her picture taken. Every time I tried to capture that sweet face, she'd look away.
We ate Saturday brunch at Sundown at Granada. The chef has a soft spot for vegans but still caters to the carnivores too. I had the Sundown egg benedict that came with brisket… yummy! I accompanied it with a cucumber martini. We were the only ones sitting on the patio. It was brisk in the 60s and Dallas was waiting out the overcast day, indoors. The big rival game of University of Oklahoma against Texas Longhorns had folks glued to their televisions. The game was playing in Dallas so merchants decorated their shops with orange/white balloons (Texas) and red/white balloons (Oklahoma). Our restaurant was right next to a theatre showing the game on its big screen. We watched fans on both sides stumble out.
We tooled around Rich's neighborhood until dinner. Rosie and I both got in some steps. Bobby G joined us for dinner. Bob, another Chicagoan, took a job in Dallas about 6 months before Rich. The entire weekend was like a Chicago reunion. Rich and Bob took me to Meso Maya. As our server described it, 'this isn't my mama's cooking. It's my grandma's.' Although the flavors had a very savory, slow cooked, old world taste, the presentation was today's gourmet. I ordered Budin Azteca Camaron. This cheesy flour tortilla dish with shrimp was amazing. The tortilla was served like a wedge of famous au gratin potatoes. The shrimp encircled the thinly layered stack of cheese and tortillas. So good!
We left there to go to Parliament for a nightcap. The swanky bar has craft cocktails. It's fairly small with guests spilling out onto the patio. The perfect mix of sophistication and casual, our server was welcoming and efficient. She helped me stalk and secure a table. Dale, another recent Chicago transplant, arrived with his friend Antonio. Parliament had a great ambiance. The music was high energy but not too loud. We were able to converse without screaming. My Dallas trip was already off to a great start.


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- My version of The Truth is different from yours. Take note of testimony regarding recent local cases, the JFK assassination and other events witnessed by many. My version of The Truth is filtered through all my life experiences including prejudices I've felt and prejudices I've been subjected to.
- The Truth is subject to manipulation. In PR/marketing/advertising, what's generally shared is a portion of The Truth. Look at ads for movies containing critic blurbs. You'll see "laugh-filled romp" but you won't see "tedious drivel."
- The Truth is subject to revision. E.g., Santa Claus.
- The Truth can be subject to doubt. Have you ever actually seen a water molecule? Probably not. You likely believe, however, that it's The Truth that it's composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in a certain structure. But are you sure?
- A good documentary film supports an advocacy position. This does not mean such a film is untrue. It is a version of The Truth.
I've been thinking a lot about The Truth lately. I recently read The Night Of The Gun by David Carr. In writing his memoir, he went back to people who were in his life in prior decades for The Truth about episodes that had become blurred through the fogs of addiction and time.
Following questions about The Truth of the movies Selma and American Sniper last winter, I've seen two recent movies, True Story and While We're Young, that examine The Truth and its manipulations. Articles this past weekend in the Wall Street Journal (click HERE) and The New York Times (click HERE) consider the importance of The Truth in reporting.
I strive to deliver The Truth in all of my messaging. Communicating my messages and those of the people and organizations I work with involves versions of The Truth. By necessity, when one simplifies a message to make it easier to consume, one must be selective about what stays in and what is edited out. As Oscar Wilde said (and David Carr quoted in his book): "The Truth is rarely pure and never simple."
(photo credit: http://www.flickr.com/photos/62518311@N00/11155039524, http://photopin.com, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)


text:
Sarasota Auto Insurance Questions – Answered!
1) Red Cars cost more to insure. Color is not a factor in determining your insurance rate. When we determine your auto insurance policy, we take into account make, model, year, age, body type, engine size, and drivers on the policy.
2) Cheaper cars cost less to insure. Even if your car was inexpensive, it could cost more to insurance if it has a large engine, is an unusual model, or if it weighs a lot. Your car will have a lower Comprehensive coverage rate, though, which covers damage due to vandalism, theft, fire, weather conditions, or vehicle collisions with animals.
3) Older cars cost less to insure. Insurance rates depend on a wide variety of factors, including the drivers and annual mileage.
4) One speeding ticket will make your rates skyrocket. You should always follow posted speed limit signs, as there are repercussions for speeding. Auto insurance rate increases are not usually one of those consequences, though. Your total driving history and how long you have held your current insurance policy are important considerations, as well as how fast you were going when you were ticketed when reviewing your policy rates.
5) If someone else drives my car and gets into an accident, I am not responsible. Many times, the auto insurance policy that covers the vehicle is considered the primary insurance, meaning that your insurance company will be responsible for paying damages caused by the accident. There are certain circumstances in which the driver's insurance company could be responsible for the damage, but as a rule of thumb, consider your policy responsible regardless of the driver.
6) Car insurance rates go down drastically for drivers over 25. Young drivers and old drivers tend to have the most car crashes. When determining auto insurance rates, insurers consider many factors about you, including your age, vehicle information, claims history, and the claims histories of drivers similar to you. While generally your rates will go down after age 25, changes in these other factors could cause your rate to be higher, lower, or even the same when you turn 25.
7) I only need the bare minimum of auto insurance. Sorry, but this isn't true! Every state has their own requirements. In Florida, the auto insurance minimum liability is 10/20/10, meaning that in an automobile accident, the insurance company is required to pay $10,000 (10) per person injured, up to $20,000 (20). The last number refers to the total coverage per accident for property damage, in this case $10,000. When choosing an auto insurance policy, it is possible – and often recommended – to exceed the state liability minimum.


text:
Vinot is a professional manufacturer, supplier of Garment-bag-making-machine-price, we provide Garment-bag-making-machine-price OEM & ODM wholesale, Garment-bag-making-machine-price price and more questions, please contact us and follow our Facebook , We will respond in a timely manner, we are not the lowest price of Garment-bag-making-machine-price, but we will provide you with better service.
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text:
Climate and Weather
Major overview
Ever wondered what causes cyclones, or what's really happening to the ozone layer?
Our climate and weather systems influence a lot more than what you decide to wear each morning. In fact, ongoing and unpredictable changes to our climate and weather will greatly challenge how – and where – we live in the future.
Study Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land surfaces through this major, and discover how they combine to influence temperatures, rainfall and other weather.
Learn about climate modelling and prediction, the role of principal wind and ocean current systems, and build your skills in many of the different sciences that play a role in climate and weather.


text:
Chef John Folse's south Louisiana shrimp remoulade sauce
- Recipe created by FabFood on Jul 23, 2007
- Permalink: http://sheknows.com/recipes/chef-john-folse-s-south-louisiana-shrimp-remoulade-sauce
- View more recipes by FabFood.
- Prep: –
- Cook Time: –
- Total: –
- Serving: –
- Shrimp:
- 3 dozen shrimp, peeled and deveined
- 2 quarts cold water
- 1/4 cup lemon juice
- 1 lemon, sliced
- 1 onion, diced
- 4 tablespoons salt
- 1/2 cup celery, diced
- 2 tablespoons cracked black pepper
- 3 bay leaves
- Sauce:
- 1 1/2 cups mayonnaise
- 1/2 cup Creole mustard*
- 1/4 cup parsley, minced
- 1 tsp hot sauce
- 1/2 cup green onions, minced
- 1/4 cup celery, minced
- 2 tablespoons garlic, minced
- 1 ablespoon Worcestershire sauce
- 1/2 tablespoon lemon juice
- salt and cracked black pepper to taste
- *or substitute Dijon mustard
- Cook Shrimp:
- Note: This step may be done the night before.
- In a 4-quart stock pot, over medium-high heat, add water and all seasoning ingredients. Bring to a rolling boil, reduce to simmer and allow to cook 15 minutes for flavors to develop. Bring mixture back to a rolling boil, add shrimp and stir approximately 3-5 minutes. At this point, shrimp should be pink and curled. Test for doneness, being careful not to over-cook. Once water returns to a boil, shrimp should be perfectly done. Pour off boiling water and replace with cold tap water to stop the cooking process. Drain and place shrimp in a serving bowl. Cover with clear wrap and refrigerate.
- Prepare Sauce
- Combine all sauce ingredients in a 2-quart mixing bowl and whisk well to incorporate the seasonings. Once blended, cover and place in the refrigerator, preferably overnight. A minimum of 4 hours will be required for flavor to develop. When ready to serve, remove from refrigerator and adjust seasonings to taste.
Filed Under:
Dips, Seafood, Shellfish, Camping, RV, Make Ahead, Low Carb, Mardi Gras, Finger Foods


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We believe that the most effective way to train you to teach your subject is to allow you to spend the maximum time possible in the classroom with an experienced practitioner as your Mentor. You will undertake teaching placements in at least two different schools. During each placement you will be supported by a subject specialist who has been trained to act as your Mentor, as well as a Senior Member of staff who oversees the placement.
Within the School Direct routes, we offer (Qualified Teacher Status) QTS but can also provide trainees with the opportunity to gain a Level 7 PGCE (Post Graduate Certificate in Education) qualification. This is a distance learning PGCE, completed online and delivered and assessed by Leeds Beckett University. https://courses.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/SPGCE/. This is an option available to all KMT trainees and is studied alongside the KMT QTS programme. As an accediting provider, KMT is able to award QTS independently.Those choosing to do the PGCE will achieve 60 MA credits. Anybody wishing to teach abroad must check with the entry requirements as these vary considerably in different countries.
We also offer places through the Schools Direct programmes in Science, Maths, English,MFL, Business Studies, History, Geography, PE, Dance, Computer Science, Art, RE and DT.
PGCE core ATs who train in Science, Maths, MFL, History, Business Studies, Geography,English and Primary participate in the relevant Subject Studies and are awarded the PGCE along with QTS.


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Originating over 5,000 years ago, records of the linguistic history of India began with early pictures that transformed into pictorial scripts and engravings and eventually to modern orthographies. Ancient documents and linguistic reconstruction also assist in the understanding of the evolution from early proto-languages to the modern Indian languages that belong to the Indo-Aryan languages, Tibeto-Burman languages and the oldest Tamil language comes under Dravidian languages.
Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-Aryan sub-family of the Indo-Iranian branch. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the Hindu religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations, dated to roughly 1500 BCE. It is around this time that Sanskrit began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning, marking the beginning of the Classical period.
The oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar is Pāṇini's Aṣtādhyāyī ("Eight-Chapter Grammar") dating to ca. the 5th century BCE. It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines (rather than describes) correct Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts, mostly to account for Vedic forms that had already passed out of use in Pāṇini's time.
When the term arose in India, "Sanskrit" was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages (the people of the time regarded languages more as dialects), but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment and was taught mainly to Brahmins through close analysis of Sanskrit grammarians such as Pāṇini.
Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Paninian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. However, they are extremely similar in many ways and differ mostly in a few points of phonology, vocabulary, and grammar. Classical Sanskrit can therefore be considered a seamless evolution of the earlier Vedic language.[citation needed]
Prakrit (Sanskrit prākṛta प्राकृत (from prakṛti प्रकृति), "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", i.e. "vernacular", in contrast to samskrta "excellently made"[citation needed], both adjectives elliptically referring to vak "speech") refers to the broad family of Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. Some modern scholars include all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography.
The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the ksatriya caste. The earliest inscriptions in Prakrit are those of Asoka, emperor of Northern India, and while the various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions.
In Sanskrit drama, kings speak in Prakrit when addressing women or servants, in contrast to the Sanskrit used in reciting more formal poetic monologues.
The three Dramatic Prakrits - Sauraseni, Magadhi, Maharashtri, as well as Jain Prakrit each represent a distinct tradition of literature within the history of India. Other Prakrits are reported in historical sources, but have no extant corpus (e.g., Paisaci).
Pali is a term used to describe the Middle Indo-Aryan language in which the Theravada Buddhist scriptures and commentaries are preserved. Pali is believed by the Theravada tradition to be the same language as Magadhi, but modern scholars believe this to be unlikely. Pali shows signs of development from several underlying prakrits as well as some Sanskritisation.
The prakrit of the North-western area of India known as Gāndhāra has come to be called Gāndhārī. A few documents written in the Kharoṣṭhi script survive including a version of the Dhammapada.
The Prakrits (which includes Pali) were gradually transformed into अपभ्रंश apabhraṃśas which were used until about 13th century CE. The term apabhraṃśa refers to the dialects of North India before the rise of modern North Indian languages, and implies a corrupt or non-standard language. A significant amount of apabhraṃśa literature has been found in Jain libraries. While Amir Khusro and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi-Urdu, many poets, specially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. Apabhraṃśa authors include Sarahapad of Kamarupa, Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE), Pushpadanta of Manikhet (9th c. CE), Dhanapal, Muni Ramsimha, Hemachandra of Patan, Raighu of Gwalior (15th century CE). An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is in Vikramūrvashīiya of Kalidasa, when Pururava asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared.
The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages[1] that are mainly spoken in southern India and northeastern Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of Afghanistan and Iran, and overseas in other countries such as the UK, US, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore.
The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages. Inconclusive attempts have also been made to link the family with the Japonic languages[citation needed] and with the extinct Elamite language (Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis).
Legends common to many Dravidian-speaking groups speak of their origin in a vast, now-sunken continent far to the south. Many linguists, however, tend to favour the theory that speakers of Dravidian languages spread southwards and eastwards through the Indian subcontinent, based on the fact that the southern Dravidian languages show some signs of contact with linguistic groups which the northern Dravidian languages do not. Proto-Dravidian is thought to have differentiated into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian and Proto-South Dravidian around 1500 BCE, although some linguists have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub-families points to an earlier split.
It was not until 1856 that Robert Caldwell published his Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established it as one of the major language groups of the world. Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the Sanskrit drāvida, related to the word 'Tamil' or 'Tamilan', which is seen in such forms as into 'Dramila', 'Drami˜a', 'Dramida' and 'Dravida' which was used in a 7th century text to refer to the languages of the south of India. The publication of the Dravidian etymological dictionary by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau was a landmark event in Dravidian linguistics.
Telugu is hypothesised to have originated from a reconstructed Proto-Dravidian language. It is a highly Sanskritised language; as Telugu scholar C.P Brown states in page 266 of his book A Grammar of the Telugu language: "if we ever make any real progress in the language the student will require the aid of the Sanskrit Dictionary" [2]. Inscriptions containing Telugu words dated back to 400 BCE were discovered in Bhattiprolu in District of Guntur. English translation of one inscription as reads: "Gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha".[3]
It is possible to broadly define five stages in the linguistic history of the Telugu language:
Telugu separated from Proto-Dravidian between 1500-1000 BCE.[4] Telugu evolved as a distinct language by the time any literary activity began to appear in the Tamil lands.[5]
Inscriptions in Telugu dating to 400 BCE were discovered in Bhattiprolu in the district of Guntur. The English translation of one inscription reads: "A gift of a slab by the venerable Midikilayakha.[3]. The discovery of a Brahmi inscription reading Thambhaya Dhaanam as engraved on a soapstone reliquary is dated to the 2nd century BCE on paleographical grounds proves the antiquity of Telugu.
Primary sources are Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions found in the region, in which Telugu places and personal names are found. From this we know that the spoken vernacular was Telugu, while the rulers, who were of the Satavahana dynasty, used Prakrit in their monumental inscriptions.[6] Telugu appears in the Gathasaptashathi Maharashtri Prakrit anthology of poems from the first century BCE from the Satavahana King Hala. Telugu speakers were probably the oldest peoples inhabiting the land between the Krishna and Godavari rivers.[citation needed]
The first inscription that is entirely in Telugu corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history. This inscription, dated 575 CE, was found in the districts of Kadapa and Kurnool and is attributed to the Renati Cholas, who broke with the prevailing practice of using Prakrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in Anantapuram and other neighboring regions. The earliest dated Telugu inscription from coastal Andhra Pradesh comes from about 633 CE.
Around the same time, the Chalukya kings of Telangana also began using Telugu for inscriptions.[citation needed] Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit than Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. This literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 CE). During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. This was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.
The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary language. Ketana (13th century CE) in fact prohibited the use of the vernacular in poetic works. During this period the divergence of the Telugu script from the common Telugu-Kannada script took place.[7] Tikkana wrote his works in this script.[citation needed]
Telugu underwent a great deal of change (as did other Indian languages), progressing from medieval to modern. The language of the Telangana region started to split into a distinct dialect due to Muslim influence: Sultanate rule under the Tughlaq dynasty had been established earlier in the northern Deccan during the fourteenth century CE. South of the Krishna River (in the Rayalaseema region), however, the Vijayanagara empire gained dominance from 1336 CE till the late 1600s, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the sixteenth century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered to be its golden age.[6] Padakavithapithamaha, Annamayya, contributed many atcha (pristine) Telugu Padaalu to this great language. In the latter half of the seventeenth century, Muslim rule extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the princely state of Hyderabad by the Asaf Jah dynasty in 1724 CE. This heralded an era of Persian/Arabic influence on the Telugu language, especially on that spoken by the inhabitabts of Hyderabad. The effect is also felt in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the Kaifiyats.[6]
The period of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries saw the influence of the English language and modern communication/printing press as an effect of the British rule, especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by scholars like Kandukuri Viresalingam and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.[6]
Since the 1930s, what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools as a standard. In the current decade the Telugu language, like other Indian languages, has undergone globalization due to the increasing settlement of Telugu-speaking people abroad. Modern Telugu movies, although still retaining their dramatic quality, are linguistically separate from post-Independence films.
At present, a committee of scholars have approved a classical language tag for Telugu based on its antiquity. The Indian government has also officially designated it as a classical language.[8]
Though Carnatic music (Karnataka sangitha) has a profound cultural influence on all of the South Indian States and their respective languages, most songs (Kirtanas) are in Kannada & Telugu. This is because the existing tradition is to a great extent an outgrowth of the musical life of the principality of Thanjavur in the Kaveri delta. Thanjavur was the heart of the Chola dynasty (from the 9th century to the 13th), but in the second quarter of the sixteenth century a Telugu Nayak viceroy (Raghunatha Nayaka) was appointed by the emperor of Vijayanagara, thus establishing a court whose language was Telugu. The Nayaks acted as governors of what is present day Tamil Nadu with their headquarters at Thanjavur (1530-1674 CE) and Madurai(1530-1781 CE). After the collapse of Vijayanagar, Thanjavur and Madurai Nayaks became independent and ruled for the next 150 years until they were replaced by Marathas. This was the period when several Telugu families migrated from Andhra and settled down in Thanjavur and Madurai. Most great composers of Carnatic music belonged to these families. Telugu, a language ending with vowels, giving it a mellifluous quality, was considered suitable for musical expression. Of the trinity of Carnatic music composers, Tyagaraja's and Syama Sastri's compositions were largely in Telugu, while Muttuswami Dikshitar is noted for his Sanskrit texts. Tyagaraja is remembered both for his devotion and the bhava of his krithi, a song form consisting of pallavi, (the first section of a song) anupallavi (a rhyming section that follows the pallavi) and charanam (a sung stanza which serves as a refrain for several passages in the composition). The texts of his kritis are almost all in Sanskrit, in Telugu (the contemporary language of the court). This use of a living language, as opposed to Sanskrit, the language of ritual, is in keeping with the bhakti ideal of the immediacy of devotion. Sri Syama Sastri, the oldest of the trinity, was taught Telugu and Sanskrit by his father, who was the pujari (Hindu priest) at the Meenakshi temple in Madurai. Syama Sastri's texts were largely composed in Telugu, widening their popular appeal. Some of his most famous compositions include the nine krithis, Navaratnamaalikā, in praise of the goddess Meenakshi at Madurai, and his eighteen krithi in praise of Kamakshi. As well as composing krithi, he is credited with turning the svarajati, originally used for dance, into a purely musical form.
Kannada is one of the oldest Dravidian languages with an antiquity of at least 2000 years.[9][10][11][12][13] The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-Dravidian source earlier than Tamil and about the same time as Tulu.[14] However, archaeological evidence would indicate a written tradition for this language of around 1500-1600 years. The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other Dravidian languages and independent of Sanskrit.[15] During later centuries, Kannada has been greatly influenced by Tamil in terms of vocabulary, grammar and literary styles.[16]
The first written record in the Kannada language is traced to Emperor Ashoka's Brahmagiri edict dated 230 BC.[8][17] The first example of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics resembling those of Tamil in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription, dated c. 450, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language by this time.[18][19][20] Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far.[21] The Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 AD is another example.[22][23] Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 AD Badami cliff shilashaasana of Pulakesi I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in Hale Kannada script.[24][25]
Examples of early Sanskrit-Kannada bilingual copper plate inscriptions (tamarashaasana) are the Tumbula inscriptions of the Western Ganga Dynasty dated 444 A.D.[26][27] The earliest full-length Kannada tamarashaasana in Old Kannada script (early eighth century) belongs to Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem.[28] The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in Old Kannada and is that of Dhavala, dated to around the ninth century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district.[29] The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written in ink.[29]
Tamil has the one of the oldest literature amongst world languages , with epigraphic attestation dating to the 300 BC.
Literary works in India or Sri Lanka were preserved either in palm leaf manuscripts (implying repeated copying and recopying) or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible. External chronological records and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicates that the oldest extant works were probably composed sometime between the 3rd century BC and the 2nd century AD.
The earliest extant text in Tamil is the Tolkāppiyam, a work on poetics and grammar which describes the language of the classical period, the oldest portions of this book may date back to around 300 BC . Preliminary results from archaeological excavations in 2005 suggest that the oldest inscriptions in Tamil may date at least to around 300 BC[1]. Apart from these, the earliest examples of Tamil writing we have today are rock inscriptions from the 3rd century BC, which are written in an adapted form of the Brahmi script (Mahadevan, 2003). Many Tamils argue in favour of a much earlier date for the literature by referring to Tamil legends of a lost continent, or by positing links to the Indus valley civilisation, the Sumerian Tammuz, and the Australian Kamilaroi, but none of these theories have been recognised by the mainstream scholarly community.
During the medieval period, a number of Sanskrit loan words were absorbed by Tamil, which many 20th century purists, notably Parithimaar Kalaignar and Maraimalai Adigal, later sought to remove. This movement was called thanith thamizh iyakkam (meaning pure Tamil movement). As a result of this, Tamil in formal documents, public speeches and scientific discourses is largely free of Sanskrit loan words. Between 800 and 1300, Malayalam is believed to have evolved from Tamil into a distinct language.
Meitei language, Bodo language, Naga language, Garo language
The Austroasiatic family of languages includes the Santal and Munda languages of eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, along with the Mon-Khmer languages spoken by the Khasi and Nicobarese in India and in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southern China. The Austroasiatic languages are thought to have been spoken throughout the Indian subcontinent by hunter-gatherers who were later assimilated first by the agriculturalist Dravidian settlers and later by the Indo-Aryan peoples arriving from northwestern India.
The Austroasiatic family is thought to be the first to be spoken in ancient India. Some believe the family to be a part of an Austric superstock of languages, along with the Austronesian language family.
According to Joseph Greenberg, the Andamanese languages of the Andaman Islands and the Nihali language of central India are thought to be Indo-Pacific languages related to the Papuan languages of New Guinea, Timor, Halmahera, New Britain,etc. Nihali has been shown to be related to Kusunda of central Nepal. However, the proposed Indo-Pacific relationship has not been established through the comparative method, and has been dismissed as speculation by most comparative linguists.
Nihali and Kusunda are spoken by hunting people living in forests. Both languages have accepted many loan words from other languages, Nihali having loans from Munda (Korku), Dravidian and Indic languages.
The term Indus script refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization of ancient India (most of the Indus sites are distributed in present-day Pakistan and northwest India) used between 2600–1900 BC, which evolved from an early Indus script attested from around 3500–3300 BC. They are most commonly associated with flat, rectangular stone tablets called seals, but they are also found on at least a dozen other materials. The first publication of a Harappan seal dates to 1875, in the form of a drawing by Alexander Cunningham. Since then, well over 4000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as Mesopotamia. After 1500 BC, use of the symbols ends, together with the final stage of Harappan civilization. There are over 400 different signs, but many are thought to be slight modifications or combinations of perhaps 200 'basic' signs. The symbols remain undeciphered (in spite of numerous attempts that did not find favour with the academic community), and most scholars tend to classify then as proto-writing rather than writing proper.
The best known inscriptions in Brāhmī are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE. These were long considered the earliest examples of Brāhmī writing, but recent archaeological evidence in Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu suggest the dates for the earliest use of Brāhmī to be around the 6th century BCE, dated using radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating methods.
This script is ancestral to most of the scripts of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria, and perhaps even Korean Hangul. The Brāhmī numeral system is the ancestor of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, which are now used worldwide.
Brāhmī is generally believed to be derived from a Semitic script such as the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, as was clearly the case for the contemporary Kharosthi alphabet that arose in a part of northwest Indian under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. Rhys Davids suggests that writing may have been introduced to India from the Middle East by traders. Another possibility is with the Achaemenid conquest in the late 6th century BCE. It was often assumed that it was a planned invention under Ashoka as a prerequisite for the his edicts. Compare the much better documented parallel of the Hangul script.
Older examples of the Brahmi script appear to be on fragments of pottery from the trading town of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to the early 5th century BCE. Even earlier evidence of the Brahmi script has been discovered on pieces of pottery in Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu. Radio-carbon dating has established that they belonged to the 6th century BC. [2]
A minority position holds that Brāhmī was a purely indigenous development, perhaps with the Indus script as its predecessor; these include the English scholars G.R. Hunter and F. Raymond Allchin.
The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient abugida (a kind of alphabetic script) used by the Gandhara culture of ancient northwest India to write the Gāndhārī and Sanskrit languages. It was in use from the 4th century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use along the Silk Road where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century CE in the remote way stations of Khotan and Niya.
Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharoṣṭhī script evolved gradually, or was the work of a mindful inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the Aramaic alphabet but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indian languages. One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid conquest of the region in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE. However, no Aramaic documents of any kind have survived from this period. Also intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coins inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and mature form.
The study of the Kharoṣṭhī script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the Gandharan Buddhist Texts, a set of birch-bark manuscripts written in Kharoṣṭhī, discovered near the Afghan city of Haḍḍā (compare Panjabi HAḌḌ ਹੱਡ s. m. "A bone, especially a big bone of dead cattle" referring to the famous mortuary grounds if the area): just west of the Khyber Pass. The manuscripts were donated to the British Library in 1994. The entire set of manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts in existence.
The Gupta script was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brahmi and gave rise to the Siddham script.
Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected), descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script, which also gave rise to the Devanāgarī script as well as a number of other Asian scripts such as Tibetan script.
Siddhaṃ is an abugida or alphasyllabary rather than an alphabet because each character indicates a syllable. If no other mark occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal (anusvara), and the aspirated vowel (visarga). A special mark (virama), can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words. See links below for examples.
The writing of mantras and copying of Sutras using the Siddhaṃ script is still practiced in Shingon Buddhism in Japan but has died out in other places. It was Kūkai who introduced the Siddham script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda trained monks including one known as Prajñā. Sutras that were taken to China from India were written in a variety of scripts, but Siddham was one of the most important. By the time Kūkai learned this script the trading and pilgrimage routes over land to India, part of the Silk Road, were closed by the expanding Islamic empire of the Abbasids. Then in the middle of the 9th century there were a series of purges of "foreign religions" in China. This meant that Japan was cut off from the sources of Siddham texts. In time other scripts, particularly Devanagari replaced it in India, and so Japan was left as the only place where Siddham was preserved, although it was, and is only used for writing mantras and copying sutras.
Siddhaṃ was influential in the development of the Kana writing system, which is also associated with Kūkai – while the Kana shapes derive from Chinese characters, the princlple of a syllable-based script and their systematic ordering was taken over from Siddham.
Descended from the Siddham script around eleventh century.


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If you live in a newer suburban community or planned unit development, you are probably a member of a homeowners association (HOA). It's also a good bet that you haven't given your HOA much thought until you have a problem. Since HOAs make and enforce the community rules, it's smart to understand what you can do if you can't or don't want to follow them.
HOA facts
Each HOA, a volunteer group of neighbors who manage common areas of a subdivision, creates its own covenants, conditions, and restrictions. These CC&Rs cover resident behavior, property management, and common responsibilities.
Average annual dues for a homeowners association is $420, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. And there's value in the fee. A 2005 study, which appeared in the Cato Institute's Regulation magazine, compared a group of Washington, D.C., area HOA properties with similar homes without community benefits. The HOA house values were found to be .54% higher. That's $1,067 on the average U.S. home value of $197,600.
When you don't like the rules
Some boards can impose what some homeowners believe are invasive, silly, or elitist rules. HOAs have broad legal powers to collect fines and fees and regulate activities. If you don't respond to letters from the board, property manager, or a collection agency, the HOA can and will turn to small claims court or file a lien against your property. You can handle some issues, if they don't affect the CC&Rs, with a phone call. If you want to do something that's against the rules — like flying the American flag in your yard — start by making a written request for variance, using the appropriate HOA form in your CC&R documents. A variance gives you permission to be the exception to the rule. Submit your request to the board and property management company. Help your cause by seeking a compromise: That you'd like to fly the American flag, but only on national holidays.
Don't expect a quick solution
Some HOA boards meet as little as twice a year. If the board decides the issue is worth pursuing, it may require a community vote. If it passes a majority, the board will adopt it. Board members also may consult the HOA attorney to see if there's a legal liability if they rule against you. If you don't get a timely response, request a hearing and resubmit your request for variance with as much support for your cause as possible. If the board rules against you without a community vote, you can appeal the ruling with a petition signed by a majority of other homeowners.
But if you fly your flag without permission, expect to get fined. Fines can range from a nominal $25 to a painful $100 or more depending on the issue. Your CC&Rs will indicate the fine schedule—per day, per incident, etc. Interest for nonpayment can accrue, and the HOA can sue you in small claims court. If you feel the ruling or the fines are unjust, the last resort is to hire an attorney and sue the HOA, as a flag-flying couple did in 1999. They battled their HOA in court for nine years before the case was settled in their favor.
Become the rule-maker
If you don't like the rules, the best way to change them is to become part of the process.
1. Know your CC&Rs, annual budget, and employee contracts. Do you see areas where expenses can be cut? Are service providers doing their jobs?
2. Volunteer for a committee or task. If the board needs to enforce parking rules, for instance, you can volunteer to gather license plate numbers of residents' vehicles. In addition, put your professional expertise to work: Assist the board with data entry, accounting, or website design.
3. Stand for election to the board. When a position becomes open, the board notifies the members, and you can put your name forward. New board members are elected at the annual meeting by member majority vote. Many boards are three to nine members large, with terms of one to two years.
Involvement drawbacks
As a board member, be prepared to spend two to four hours a month reviewing property management reports, monitoring budgets, or talking to other board members and residents. Most boards meet quarterly; small boards only meet twice a year, for a couple of hours. Accept that you might become less popular if homeowners don't like your decisions.
Involvement benefits
But there are rewards. You'll feel more in control of your community's fate. You may find that some rules you didn't support have merit after all. But most of all, you'll know you're doing all you can to protect your quality of life and your home's value.
For more useful information about HOA's and homeownership talk to a REALTOR® today.


text: Interview with Pathos Departure! November 6, 2014Micah No Comment Facebook Genre(s): Deathcore Location: Conneaut, OH PSAB: Why was "Pathos Departure" chosen for your band name? PD: We chose Pathos Departure because all the other names we came up with were stupid. Anyways, Pathos comes from Aristotle's Three Laws of Emotion, this one meaning "appealing to an audience's emotion." Since it's a departure from that, it just basically means we make the music we want to, regardless of what people may think. PSAB: Your debut album is set to release sometime this month. How excited are you to be releasing it, and what can we expect from the album? PD: Not at all…but seriously, it's our first professionally recorded album. Zach at Third Eye Studios did a great job with it, so we're pretty excited for everyone to hear it. You can expect a pretty heavy amount of loud, random noise, breakdowns, inaudible gurgles, unnecessary glucks and talentless creativity. PSAB: What are your hobbies outside of the band and creating music? PD: We have a pretty fair amount of rap battles, a lot of drinking, riding around in hoopties, and throwing things down hills…we play music sometimes too. PSAB: If you were able to play a show in any section of the universe, which section would you choose? PD: Anywhere that allows riding around in hoopties while drinking, places with big hills with weak littering laws, and towns with multiple breweries. For example, I hear Portland has a lot of breweries, but they have pretty strict environmental laws, so throwing things down their hills doesn't sound like much of an option. PSAB: What are some of the bands that play an influence on your music the most? PD: Immortal Technique, Acacia Strain, old Carnifex, Waka Flocka Flame, old Norma Jean, Blood Has Been Shed, Rick Ross, old Whitechapel, old Job For a Cowboy….and angry, hissing backdoor alligators. PSAB: Do you have any shout outs to give to the readers out there? PD: Yeah, shout out to Seabass, Clint Beastwood, Diamond Cutter, Zach at Third Eye Studios, Nik at Total Deathcore, Jim Kociemski, Zack "The Kodiac Bear Killer" Kubiak with Prophesied Design, Erik Bossert with EBoss Promotions, Alex Harrilla with Gimp Guy Underground, Robert Jensen at Basement Transmissions, Mike Ball and Riley Gustafson at Bearded Baby Productions, Bill Zakovec at The Foundry, and every local band out there that drives 100 miles to play a show for 10 kids for no money. Interview, NewsDeathcore, pathos departureShare : Tweet ‹ Interview with Blight! Interview with Ben Simon! ›


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Search for a Certified Arborist near you
What is a certified arborist?
These professional arborists have a minimum of three years experience in some aspect of tree care and have passed an exam developed by an international panel of experts. The exam extensively covers every aspect of tree care and the individuals must have an acceptable level of knowledge in all areas of arboriculture.
How can I become a certified arborist?
To learn about becoming a certified arborist, visit the International Society of Arboriculture or contact Paul Buck.
Find a CERTIFIED ARBORIST Exam
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Find a BOARD CERTIFIED MASTER ARBORIST Exam
Upcoming exams:
October 24, 2019: ISA Certified Arborist, Utility Specialist, and Municipal Specialist Exam, St. Paul


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Home » News » Press Releases » Verdict in Indonesia: A Disturbing Blow to Religious Freedom and Pluralism
Verdict in Indonesia: A Disturbing Blow to Religious Freedom and Pluralism
July 28, 2011
The disproportionately lenient sentences handed down today by an Indonesian court against twelve people accused of brutally killing three members of the Ahmadiyya community sends a disturbing signal that religious minorities will not be adequately protected in Indonesia, according to Freedom House.
A court in Serang District, West Java sentenced the ten men and two boys to 3 to 6 months in prison today on a variety of assault charges, but stopped short of convicting them of murder. The charges stem from a February 2011 incident in which a mob of approximately 1,500 Islamic militants attacked an Ahmadiyya community in Cikeusik in the province of Banten, West Java, leaving three dead and at least five injured. Video recordings of the incident, which were uploaded to YouTube and subsequently retracted, show dozens of people beating, stoning, and mutilating almost nude corpses. Three days before the attack, local police were reportedly warned about the possibility of violence, but failed to provide adequate protection.
"As one of the only vibrant democracies in the region, Indonesia should be at the forefront of protecting human rights and promoting religious freedom and pluralism. The recent escalation in attacks on religious minorities, particularly the Ahmadiyya, greatly detracts from Indonesia's reputation as a multi-ethnic, multi-faith country of tolerance," said Sue Gunawardena-Vaughn, senior program manager for International Religious Freedom and SouthEast Asia at Freedom House. "Freedom House is deeply disappointed in today's verdict as it sends the distressing signal that those who commit acts of religious violence can do so with impunity."
Attacks against the Ahmadiyya community have risen in recent years against a backdrop of increasingly restrictive legislation targeting them as a community. In 2010, the Indonesian Minister of Religion, Suryadharma Ali, called for the group to be banned outright. In the last year, several provinces have also passed local decrees further limiting the right to practice their faith. The Setara Institute for Peace and Democracy, an Indonesian think tank, estimates that in 2010 there were fifty attacks against the community and in many instances law enforcement failed to provide adequate protection for victims or punish those responsible.
"Attacks like the one that happened in Cikeusik and today's verdicts send the chilling message that violence and religious hatred are tolerated in Indonesia. The Indonesian authorities must revoke all ministerial decrees and local legislation that target the Ahmadiyya and implement meaningful protections to ensure that all religious minorities can practice their faiths freely and without fear," concluded Gunawardena-Vaughn.
Indonesia is ranked Free in Freedom in the World 2011, Freedom House's survey of political rights and civil liberties, and Partly Free in Freedom of the Press 2011.
For more information on Indonesia, visit:
Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization that supports democratic change, monitors the status of freedom around the world, and advocates for democracy and human rights.
Join us on Facebook and Twitter (freedomhousedc) and stay up to date with Freedom House's latest news and events by signing up for our RSS feeds.
Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization that supports democratic change, monitors the status of freedom around the world, and advocates for democracy and human rights.
Join us on Facebook and Twitter (freedomhouse). Stay up to date with Freedom House's latest news and events by signing up for our newsletter.


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Tool Shed Plans – Construct Your Own Shed Workshop
Tool Shed Plans
Would you like to develop a device get rid of in your yard? As soon as you have appropriate tool get rid of ideas, it isn't really that tough to develop your very own shed workshop.
Allow us go more than the actions concerned in creating a device drop.
one. First Requirements
- Choose the proper shed creating plans. You can discover many get rid of blueprints at your local Diy shop. There are also numerous publications and magazines obtainable which include instrument drop plans.
- Downloading the drop programs from the world wide web can nevertheless save you a lot of time. Also you will get a much broader assortment of shed plans to pick from.
- Go to your neighborhood creating division and examine if you need any particular construction allow for developing the device drop. The drop programs must give you all the measurements and particulars required for filling out the paperwork necessary.
- Determine on your budget. The instrument get rid of blueprints ought to include a complete list of components necessary for development. Get this listing to you neighborhood lumberyard and verify the prices of the various things talked about in the ideas. Also get into thing to consider the value of providing the things if you would have the retailer provide the items to the creating website. This will assist you properly estimate the expense of constructing the shed.
2. Planning the Development Website
- Collect all the resources and tools needed for construction. Lay down the electric strains, the plumbing and other providers like cable and web if you would need those too for your shed just before you begin work on the shed basis.
- To build the drop basis, commence with the footings. The footings have the entire excess weight of the get rid of and need to be capable of withstanding rain, wind and snow. Check that the ground is level making use of a spirit stage. Obey the developing recommendations for footing depth and quality of wood to be employed in the footing supports and the measurement of the footings.
- If there is a inclination for h2o to get collected on the web site in which you are heading to build the get rid of, dig out drains about the ground to redirect the h2o. If h2o will get collected beneath your get rid of basis it will begin rotting the wood and threaten the integrity of the shed. You could also develop a slope into the ground to immediate the h2o absent from the shed base.
three. Constructing the device drop
- After contemplating and comparing the prices of different kinds of lumber at the store, order the lumber which greatest fits your spending budget. Have them reduce the lumber into the proper measurement pieces you would want for building. Your device get rid of ideas will help you find out the measurements and angles of the various components required.
- Get the shop to provide the lumber directly to you building web site and have it all organized with each other so that all the pieces are useful as and when you want them in the course of construction. This will conserve you a good deal of time and efforts which would otherwise be invested is browsing for the correct piece of wood when the require arises.
- Stick to the instructions in the drop blueprints and construct the get rid of workshop.
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Now that the world has seen the wonders and potential of the printing press and has begun using it, communications, literatures, religions, and politics, along with basically everything, have never been the same again.
- Still in 1450s in Germany
The Gutenberg Bible comes in many names. Some call it the 42-line Bible or the B42 while others dubbed it as the Mazarin Bible. What is so special about this book aside from the word "bible" (which almost all people will indubitably relate to the holy book of the Christians)?Ladies and gentlemen, this book is the first ever major book in the West that has been made in print with the use of a movable type of printing press. Even in the contemporary times, 48 copies of the book's original edition have survived till this day.
- 19th century
It was in the 19th century that modern factory-produced type of printing press was introduced. We call the drawers that house the letters for printing a "job case."Remember the "upper case" and "lower case" letters? We got these terms from this model because the capital letters are located in the drawer on top of the other letters while the "lowercase letters" are found in a drawer underneath the capital letters.
- April 1812 in London
The German inventor named Friedrich Gottlob Koenig was renowned for his invention of the Koenig Steam Press. Unlike the manually-operated printing press built beforehand, Koenig's invention uses steam in order to run the presses. He also replaced the flatbed printing surface and utilized rotating cylinders.This made printing faster and to top it off, more affordable. From here on out, everybody was exhilarated to venture into this industry thus making the printing press companies more common.
- 1976
Fast forward to a century of innovation within the printing company, 1976 took the printing press to great height with the use of the inkjet printer. Before the mentioned year, only people with a lot of money were enjoying the resources of printing at home.
- 1988
This was the most momentous year in the century because ordinary households started to print in the luxury of their homes. This happened when the DeskJett inkjet printer was made public by Hewlett-Parkard.With all the innovations of the printing press, no one could ever have imagined what else we are capable of inventing. But it is during the 21st century when the world's mind was blown away.
- 2010
This is the remarkable year when 3D printing or additive printing flourished and became a public knowledge.
The printing press has journeyed a lot in the past few years and it is because of businesses like our Crystal Graphics Equipment Inc. that the public can enjoy Wholesale Printing Press Machines in Wyandanch Ave., Wyandanch, NY.


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There are actually of us that state that there's absolutely no market immediately for commercial realty. Which is not precisely so. If you happen to take the time to read in regards to the approach and one of the best ways to method getting your real property business appropriately deliberate, you will discover that you'll find excellent revenue on this market.
Usually Italians take their holidays in August, particularly the weeks across the fifteenth of August, which is known as Ferragosto. That is a main holiday in Italy, with fireworks, parades, air shows, and so forth. Such a lovely island. I was in Maui just a few years again and was scheduled to visit The Big Island the subsequent day; however hurricane Ronald changed my plans. Had to skip it and nonetheless hoping to get there in the future. A nasty girl is someone who refuses to be sure by the place society defined for her, somebody who blazes her own trail," Deborah Gaston, director of schooling on the Nationwide Museum of Women in the Arts , defined to The Huffington Publish. We're not prepared for Stage 2 just yet, so hold your horses J. Stage 2 will start straight after the 2017 Kiwi Brevet.
First Board Meeting Tuesday, September 17, 2013 @ 6 PM Pendleton Library – Assembly Room The Pendleton Leadership Basis is to be administered by a 16 member board of directors consisting of the officers and the category representatives of previous Management Pendleton lessons.
STAY PRESENT: Wednesday, 1 February 1967. Founder's Theatre, Hamilton. On the graduation of this performance Jimmy Page is sick and is replaced for three numbers by local assist act Larry's Rebels guitarist, 20 year outdated John Williams. The Rebels later record a version of Prepare Kept A Rollin' titled The Flying Scotsman, after Page showed Williams the right way to play it.
Through the signing portion, an androgynous teen and her mom come up and say that though they are not into flowers they like my quirkiness and wish to support me. Once I inform her daughter that the e-book is known as after Julia Kid's The French Chef, she perks up saying she needs to be a chef. In that second, we each felt a nudge of perseverance.
I'm dreaming of buying an Aliner Classic and would love to do the Nice Lakes tour. The element you have given me here tells me how many parks there are that we might potentially camp in alongside the way in which. For those who're in hang-out of a holiday abroad, Singapore and Thailand are two great choices to choose from. These Southeast Asian are blessed with astonishing pure magnificence and mesmeric cultural charms. Pack snacks and water. However, there are an abundance of roadside stands offering local treats like banana bread or kalua pork, caught right out of the jungle! Zion National ParkThe majestic Zion region has been eroded over time by the Virgin River, which slims right down to the difficult mountain climbing area of the Narrows.
Tours Loire Valley Airport connects the Loire Valley to London Stansted Airport , Marseille and Porto. Scheduled flights to Dublin and Manchester in addition to constitution flights to Ajaccio and Figari are also out there through the summer time. The idea is to reveal your self to the allergen and construct up resistance. It was amazing! After about 6 months to a year I was completely cured. No asthma at all. While you're in Europe, check out Lucca Music Pageant. Elton is there on July 11. Billy Idol on July 10. How about July 12 – July 17. Haven't seen you because you performed with the USC Marching Band when Tusk came out. The next morning displaying the view from the wildlife camera. Note the Magnolia tree trunk. Our booking website is not going to be available until subsequent Could so simply name 231 445 0770 to RSVP! Each sculptor had creative freedom in portraying his or her presidential topic.


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I'm trying to write a program that transforms a user given pattern into a standard pattern as follows:
1 2 3 4
8 7 6 5
(imagine each number as a different colored square on a board.)
There's three different transform operations that can be made:
A = Switch rows,
B = Rotate each row right one step,
C = Rotate the mid four "squares/numbers" clockwise one step.
So, if the user enters "2 6 8 4 5 7 3 1", the starting position becomes;
2 6 8 4
1 3 7 5
from which the computer program attempts to transform it into the standard form. In this case, the moves required are: BCABCCB.
Now, the issue for me is not to write it in C, but rather to come up with a suitable algorithm for solving the puzzle. I've tried a few methods but they didn't work, so I'm hoping someone could perhaps give me a hint?
Thanks in advance.


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Mtn Trax UTV Rentals is a family owned business located in Townsend, Tennessee. We have enjoyed the splendor of the Smoky Mountains our entire lives and want to share its beauty with open air rides that allow unobstructed views of our majestic mountains. We are located just 25 minutes from Cades Cove, 30 minutes from Pigeon Forge, and 40 minutes from Gatlinburg. Are you ready to rev up your engine and experience the best tour or rental experience in Townsend?
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"Awesome Experience"
"Have a great experience! Rented a UTV for 4 hours. A must do when visiting the great smoky mountains." – Maria V.
"The best thing to do in East TN"
"Such an adrenaline filled, relaxing and awesome experience!! The smile on my husband's face is worth it all. We'll definitely do this again & again." – Amy B.


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A reading will include some or all of: mediumship, clairvoyance, tarot reading, medical intuition, animal intuitive, and business psychic consultation. These components will depend on your preference and the insights your spirits and guides choose to bring to you.
Readings are available at psychic fairs or privately. Book an Appointment to set up a time.
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 905-380-2083
Short Reading (20 minutes) $60
All Prices Include Tax (HST)
Disclaimer: Although many clients find spiritual readings very helpful in many ways, they are a supplement, not a substitute for professional services from competent practitioners in the fields of medicine, law, psychiatry and accounting. Seek professional advice when necessary.
© Copyright Sheila J Watson 2015-2020 All Rights Reserved


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Grand Prix Gold: 1982 South African GP
A new season dawned in South Africa with the turbocharged Renaults proving as reliable as they were quick and Frenchman Alain Prost proving that he was quickly becoming one of Formula 1's finest drivers with a superb charge to victory from a lap down
There was nothing unexpected about the final result of the South African Grand Prix. The turbocharged cars dominated at the high-altitude Kyalami track, but the eventual winner Alain Prost had to work hard for his victory, driving a brilliant race back through the field after losing a lap to replace a punctured rear tyre, which so nearly proved his downfall.
"Another few yards into the corner and I would have crashed at over 250kph, while on the way back to the pits the tyre came right off the rim and I was worried that the car had suffered suspension damage," said Prost after the race, which he described as "the most satisfying win of my career".
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Avoid becoming victim of a 'gypsy' contractor
There are steps you can take to avoid becoming victimized by a gypsy contractor, according to Dante Angelus, owner of Motola's Paving in Lehighton.
First and foremost, if work is being done that you did not authorize, or if the contractor is using high-pressure tactics, immediately call the police.
Do not let them into your residence, and be sure all doors out of sight are locked.
Some other tips by Angelus:
Consumers should only do business with a properly registered company in good standing with the PA Attorney General's office. All contractors doing business in the state have to be registered, and must display the registration number on advertising, cost proposals, and invoices.
Get estimates. Do not let a contrator tell you that the only way he can honor an estimated prices is if you sign a contract immediately.
Consider checking out the company with the Better Business Bureau. Angelus said, "Even companies that do not pay to be BBB accredited are given ratings based on past information. Their on-line search tool is a useful function."
Get references. Don't hire a company on the spot. Check with others about the firm and its work quality.
Mostly, if you do become a victim, or feel a firm is trying to scam you, don't try to outsmart the gypsies. Instead, call your police department.


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Our services range from initial design to mass production. Find out how we can help you.
"Not your average manufacturer"
We specialise in design, product development, production sourcing and delivery for small to medium sized brands and retailers, both in the UK and Off-Shore.
Our founder Fazane Fox has spent the past 13 years working in the fashion industry, firstly for a global clothing manufacturer developing and producing ranges for the likes of Hobbs, Jaeger, Monsoon, Boden, Whistles, John Lewis and many more, and secondly through designing and producing collections for her own womenswear label…..and of course more recently managing The Production Lab.
Fazane first worked as a Senior Account Manager for High Fashion a Chinese owned company with offices in the UK, USA, France & Italy. She travelled extensively during her time there to China, Hong Kong, America and France and regularly visited their garment factories in China as well as visiting their fabric, dying, spinning and weaving mills.
She left High Fashion in 2012 to concentrate on her own womenswear label 'Fazane Malik' which was operational until 2016 when she decided to focus solely on the Production Lab.
A year after starting her fashion label, Fazane started The Production Lab after noting a gap in the market to help designers develop their designs into a mass produced commercial product here in the UK, as well as to help already established brands upscale their production off-shore.
Fazane has won a number of awards for both her businesses. In 2013 she won 'Midlands Independent Designer of the Year, In 2014 'Runner UP Entrepreneur of the Year' at the Nottingham Post Women In Business Awards' and more recently won two awards in the 'Manpack Global Manufacturing Awards 2017…..Best in SME Retail Product Development UK and Award for Excellence in Customer Service Nottinghamshire'
Fazane is also from 2019 an external advisor to the Innovative Fashion Production MA at the London College of Fashion
With Fazane's own experiences of the reality of running a womenswear label, her extensive production experience, coupled with her team of industry experts…..we believe that we are the perfect people to develop your ideas into reality!
Our services range from initial design to mass production. For more information on how we can help you with your product, get in touch
It's been said that we are our clients "Best Kept Secret"
So as much as we would LOVE to tell you exactly who we work with our lips are tightly sealed.
See below for some of the different types of clients we are working with and keep an eye on our social media for sneaky peeks of live projects.
"I can't recommend Fazane and her team enough! They have been key in the development of my brand and I am so grateful for their work and help. From start to finish everything felt like it was under control and I can't wait to extend the range in the future with their help!"
Fazane and her team have been incredibly helpful in guiding me through putting together my first collection. I would highly recommend working with these guys, they are very professional, have great knowledge and a lot of patience!
"Just wanted to say thank you for yesterday, such a good day and a relief to have such great people on board who get the brand and are as excited as I am ( well almost) about getting it to market"
"We had a great reaction to the collection and seen some great social media coverage.The samples looked great and everyone mentioned the quality which was great"
"We would highly recommend Fazane and her team!
Extremely knowledgeable, well connected and easy to get along with.
We both look forward to working with the team in the future!"
"Thanks Fazane. We couldn't have done it without you and we have really enjoyed the experience. Looking forward to a continuing relationship and making use of all your expertise"
Starting my own collection has been an absolute dream thanks to Fazane and her team. The attention to detail, effort and time everyone has put into my project has been absolutely awesome.
Considering I have no experience Fazane made everything clear, concise and easy.
I have learnt so much over this last year and have enjoyed every second, it has been lovely working with you all and I can't wait to get my second collection underway!
Thank you so much
Fazane has been instrumental in the growth of my children's clothing brand and although the business is still in it's early days she has helped me realise my vision of the brand.
From our very first meeting, Fazane immediately understood my brand vision and proceeded to source various prints in high quality fabrics to feature in The Little Style House collection. She has worked with me to get the range to production, on hand to answer any queries every step of the way.
I am very impressed with Fazane's professionalism, knowledge and skills of the industry and hope to be working with her for the foreseeable future.
Fazane and her team were fantastic and went over and beyond to help me set up my clothing brand, Thorsager. I can't wait to complete our next project together in 2018. Would recommend to any small business looking for a good partner.
When I started Good Joe I knew I needed someone with expertise and experience of garment manufacturing – a completely new area for me. I found it in abundance in Fazane.
Surprisingly, the project proved to be less straightforward than anticipated and Fazane led it with great organisation, efficiency, and professionalism, tackling problems head on with a real positive attitude.
The path to launch would have been far bumpier without her skills and support and that's worth a great deal when starting out.
I wouldn't hesitate to recommend her to anyone who needs an industry expert who puts her clients at the heart of what she does and will always go that extra mile for you.
"Fazane was recommended to me and has assisted in the set-up of the production side of my business from day one. Her business has been of great help with each stage of development by offering advice from her own experiences and knowledge of production guidelines and procedures. Could not be without her!!"
"Being a new fashion start-up, working with Fazane has been instrumental in getting my brand off the ground.
She has always been at hand through each step, from design to development and helped to bring my vision into reality.
It really has been a pleasure working with her"
"They're here! Just been looking at the purple ones and they are perfect!
Best Christmas present imaginable!"
"I can't recommend working with Fazane and the team enough. Especially as someone who didn't have much (or any!) experience with this kind of thing they've been so helpful and come up with ideas that I never would have thought of myself. Ideas that are now some of my favourite things about the range. Very much looking forward to working with them some more!"
"We worked with Fazane to produce our first range and can't wait to work with her again. We honestly couldn't have done it without her skills and services, plus she's really nice to work with too "
"The base layers are fabulous! And the feedback is that the quality is great! We would really like to do more with them as so pleased with everything!"
"Thank you so much for sending over all the designs, I LOVE!! You two really are the DREAM team!xx"
"A huge thanks to you and the team for helping us launch our first collection!
its been great working alongside you and hope we can work together again in the future!"
"I really like the designs and am so pleased, so thank you and especially doing this with such a heavy workload. I am so grateful to you, you are really bringing this to life for me in the exact way I imagined!"
"I just wanted to say thanks so far to you and your team! You're making this process a really positive one and stress free so far and I'm really grateful for all of your help!"
"Thanks so much, I'm SO glad I found you!!!!"
"Just a quick note to say how lovely quality and popular your baselayers and polos are! Everyone loves them so much!"
"I just wanted to say the samples have arrived and I LOVE them. The adult size is just absolutely perfect and I adore the material, it sits beautifully and looks amazing.
Thank you so much for bringing this to life for me, I couldn't be more pleased!"
"I would just like to take the opportunity to say it has been an absolute pleasure to work with you and thank you for always being consistently pleasant, funny and understanding"
Working with Fazane's team was a great experience. They produce high quality work and are very easy to work with. They demonstrate integrity and professionalism and have great response times. I would highly recommend them.
"It was great seeing you guys Friday for fits – I came away feeling really positive about the collection and wanted to say a big thank you to everyone for all the hard work that's going into it from your end!"
"We just wanted to say a big thank you for the proto fit meeting the other day – really exciting to see the products coming to life!!! Thank you so much to you and the team for your work so far. Very good stuff and we are so excited!"
Keep up to date on Fazane's fashion fun by following her on these popular social networks.
© 2019 Fazane Fox Production Lab | Powered by Skizzar


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We understand why startups are creating a new ad network every day: Investors are willing to fund them. But why are big media companies starting ad networks? Aren't they busy selling ads for their own websites?
In the old days, when traditional media was strong and growing, being in the media business was a good thing. It was enough. Media properties had their own sales forces, and while there were ad networks (they were called rep firms) they really weren't seen as strategic. Big media companies didn't sell ads for small ones. But small ones, if they were lucky, could survive by selling their own.
But today, while anyone can start a Web media property, the likelihood that it will be profitable selling advertising is very very small. Everyone intuitively understands this, which is why everyone wants to be higher in the food chain.
Ad networks are the answer of the day. They are also basically pyramid schemes. Not that they're illegal, like true pyramid schemes. But the key characteristic of a pyramid is that if you are the first guy in at the top of the food chain, you win. Being an ad network is like being at the top of the pyramid. No one else makes money but you and perhaps a few of your associates. Everyone else is just really a salesman for your network, and most generate a pittance for themselves.
The epitome of this is Google's AdSense and AdWords platform. Google sells ads for an enormous number of websites, most of which make very little money. But for Google it's all in the volume. The media companies are now trying the same thing: They'd rather be the guy selling the ad inventory than the guy making the ad inventory.
Alas, this won't end well. Because the real problem is no matter how you slice it, there are just not enough advertisers to support all the stuff that we are putting on the web right now. Too much supply and not enough demand is just not a good thing -- no matter where you are in the food chain. Unless you're Google.
SAI Contributor Hank Williams is a New York-based entrepreneur. He recently launched a new blog: Why Does Everything Suck? Exploring the tech marketplace from 10,000 feet, where this post was originally published.
See Also: Blog Platform Six Apart Launches Ad Network
Travel Ad Network Raises $15 Million Series A


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To extend the User object with custom fields, the Django docs recommend using UserProfiles. However, according to this answer to a question about this from a year or so back:
extending django.contrib.auth.models.User also works better now -- ever since the refactoring of Django's inheritance code in the models API.
And articles such as this lay out how to extend the User model with custom fields, together with the advantages (retrieving properties directly from the user object, rather than through the .get_profile()).
So I was wondering whether there is any consensus on this issue, or reasons to use one or the other. Or even what the Django team currently think?


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NAYPYITAW, Myanmar (AP) -- India agreed Monday to provide Myanmar with a $500 million credit as one of 12 deals signed during Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to the Southeast Asian country.
Singh is on a three-day visit that underscores India's quest for energy supplies and concerns about China's strong influence in Myanmar.
He met with Myanmar's reformist President Thein Sein, and together they attended the signings for the credit line between the Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank and the Export and Import Bank of India, an air services pact and other agreements.
Singh's visit is the first in 25 years by an Indian prime minister, even though the two countries share a 1,600-kilometer (1,000-mile) land border, as well as a maritime border in the Bay of Bengal. Then-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited Myanmar in 1987.
The current trip follows high-level visits to India by Thein Sein in October and reciprocal visits by the foreign ministers of the two countries.
In the 1980s and early '90s, India was a strong supporter of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi in her fight against Myanmar's military. Singh will meet Tuesday with Suu Kyi, now the parliamentary opposition leader.
But in the mid-'90s, India changed tack to engage with the country's military junta, resisting pressure from the Western democracies that had imposed economic sanctions on Myanmar.
New Delhi insisted it had to follow a pragmatic policy because it needed its neighbor's help to crack down on Indian rebels who had built hideouts in the jungles along the India-Myanmar border.
India is also wary of China's major influence in Myanmar, and is in competition with its large regional rival for access to the country's large natural gas resources.
India remains "committed to a close, cooperative and mutually beneficial partnership with the government and people of Myanmar," Singh said in a statement before leaving New Delhi on Sunday.
The installation last year of Thein Sein as a military-backed but elected president and his initiation of democratic reforms opened up new prospects.
The field became more level for foreign traders and investors, but also more competitive as Western nations eased economic sanctions imposed during the previous military regime.
Indian automotive giant Tata Motors announced Monday that it has entered into an agreement with Myanmar's Apex Greatest Industrial Co Ltd. for the distribution of Tata's commercial vehicles and passenger cars in Myanmar.
It already has constructed a heavy truck assembly plant for a Myanmar state enterprise that was inaugurated in December 2010.
Bilateral trade between India and Myanmar was around $1.2 billion in 2011. Both sides hope to push trade to $3 billion by 2015.


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Marie Byrne – RIP 10th December 2015
Marie Byrne (née Martin) (Dalkey, Co. Dublin) December 10, 2015 peacefully in St Vincent's University Hospital, Marie, beloved wife of Jerry, loving mother of Kevin, Fionnuala, Yvonne, Niamh and Sinéad; Sadly missed by her husband, children, daughter-in-law, sons-in-law, her 11 grandchildren, brothers Matt and Tony, sisters Sheila and Ann, extended family and friends.
Reposing on Sunday at her home from 3pm to 7pm. Removal Monday to the Church of the Assumption, Dalkey arriving at 11.20am for 11.30am Funeral Mass


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* Tracking Protection Working Group Issue Tracker wrote: >[as raised by Thomas Roessler] "top-level domain" has a technical >meaning (the last part of a hostname, .com, .org etc.). We mean the >hostname of the top-level browsing context (as defined by HTML), and I >suggest the term "top-level origin" (with the meaning given, and with >thanks to Adrian for the pointer) An "Origin" per RFC 6454 would include the resource identifier scheme, like "http" or "https", so it would be odd for a "top-level origin" to exclude it, as "hostname of the top-level browsing context" suggests. -- Björn Höhrmann · mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com · http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de Am Badedeich 7 · Telefon: +49(0)160/4415681 · http://www.bjoernsworld.de 25899 Dagebüll · PGP Pub. KeyID: 0xA4357E78 · http://www.websitedev.de/Received on Wednesday, 3 October 2012 16:05:49 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Friday, 3 November 2017 21:44:58 UTC


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Project funding
TUGE Energia OÜ received funding from EAS; 28145,00 EUR in total for the project "TUGE 10 sertifitseerimine Taani turule". The goal of the project is to certify TUGE 10 small wind turbine for Danish market. Project is supported according to the act nr 131 of the Minister of Enterpreneurship of 12.11.2015 "Innovatsiooni- ja arendusosaku toetuse andmise tingimused ja kord". The funding is from EU European Regional Development Fund.


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With massive breakthroughs in medical research - combined with new thinking and approaches - there are so many cures seemingly right around the corner. But what's holding them back? In this short talk, Dr. Ronald Klatz, founder of the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, pinpoints some of the ... Read More ›
September 8, 2016


text: Includes new Fill Light control and improved sharper output.Austin Texas (October 17th, 2005) - Bibble Labs today announced availability of version 4.4 of its popular Raw Workflow software. Now supporting over 60 of the most popular DSLR and prosumer cameras, this update includes support for the new Canon 5D and 1D Mark II N cameras, as well as the Minolta 5D, A200 and Pentax *ist DL. Using Bibble's integrated Photoshop plug-in, users of older versions of Photoshop including 7.0 and CS can now open raw images from the latest cameras without having to pay for a costly upgrade.The new "Full Light" Feature allows photographers to easily brighten overly deep shadows and reveal detail in the dark areas of high contrast photos. Combined with the existing "highlight recovery" feature, photographers now have two powerful yet easy to use tools to enhance their digital images .Further refinements to the raw processing engine results in sharper output then ever beforeOther new features include the ability to display and export GPS position information embedded in files as well as the ability to shoot tethered on the Macintosh with all supported DSLR's. Bibble 4.4 is a free update to all owners of any prior version of Bibble 4. Availability: Bibble is available in both "Pro" and "Lite" versions for Windows, Macintosh and Linux. Please visit our web site at http://www.bibblelabs.com for further details and to download a fully functional 14 day trial version.About Bibble Labs: Located in Austin, Texas, Bibble Labs Inc was founded in 2000 to develop technologies and software for high quality processing of raw files from a wide variety of digital cameras. Bibble Labs' stand-alone products are used by thousands of photographers all over the world to quickly and accurately process their raw photos. Bibble Labs' technologies and expertise are increasingly becoming the standard other companies turn to when they wish to embed raw image processing technology in their products. For more information, please visit our web site at: http://www.bibblelabs.com. Licensing inquiries may be addressed to [email protected] # # #Copyright �2005 Bibble Labs, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the sole property of their respective owners. Photoshop is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.


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Tell me about your day yesterday. Meetings, meals, projects, your commute to the office, weather, a sick child, the funny story you heard…the details are specific and easy to recall. Tell me about your day tomorrow. Details? No, just what you anticipate will happen. You have a plan for the day, but you cannot know what will happen with certainty. Your plan and what you anticipate is based largely on what you know of yesterday and what is happening today.
Four Great Leadership Challenges of Yesterday
Last week, I wrote about Four Great Leadership Challenges in What Lies Ahead?—Part I. These are issues that leaders have been dealing with for the past several years. Leaders of healthy organizations have developed some level of mastery in leading through these four issues:
- Dealing with horrible economic conditions—the Great Recession has impacted every aspect of organizational and personal finance.
- Dealing with an increasingly diverse workforce and customer base—increased diversity in ethnicity, religion, and sexuality has changed the face of who we work with and those we serve.
- Dealing with rapid change in technology—this has transformed how we work and what we think is possible, but also presents new challenges and ethical questions.
- The shift away from self-reliance and toward dependence on others—American culture is losing its individualistic, localized problem-solving ethic and trading it for a top-down, entitlement-oriented philosophy.
That's where we've been. What lies ahead? What should we anticipate about what it will be like to lead tomorrow based on what we know of yesterday and what we understand about today?
Two Emerging Leadership Challenges of Tomorrow
- Gradual legalization of drugs. Look at the news. These "tea leaves" are not hard to read. Washington and Colorado have legalized recreational use of marijuana. Its use is largely ignored by authorities in other states. A recent Gallup poll found that "a clear majority of Americans (58%) say the drug should be legalized." The shift has been in process for years, largely encouraged by an entertainment industry that has endorsed marijuana and glamorized harder drugs for years. Imagine a near future in which it is legal for your employees to be using mind altering and addictive substances in their personal time. This is already the case with alcohol abuse and you know the potentially devastating effects in the workplace. Think about what an expansion of this problem means for leading your company.
- Loss of "protected" status for the church. Currently, laws in the United States afford a number of protections for churches and other religious organizations. The most significant exceptions are regarding taxation and employment law. Additionally, local governments often provide additional accommodations and code enforcement flexibility for local churches and other religious organizations. Historically, these "benefits" have been provided because of the recognized value that churches of all faiths have in the community. However, as the percentage of Americans who attend church weekly continues to slip (some pretty solid research puts the figure at less than 20%), the "mindshare" that the church has had among community leaders also continues to slip. The US has been unique in this respect for a very long time. The picture is different in other countries. My readers in other countries can speak to the evils of true persecution of the church! For leaders of faith-based organizations, the implications are clear. Leaders of other organizations cannot dismiss, though, the effects on their employees of a culture that increasingly marginalizes the role of the church and faith in society and in people's lives.
As anticipated and emerging leadership challenges, the details are not clear. However, I don't think you can present a solid argument that either of these challenges will not be a factor in future leadership. You cannot ignore them. You need to consider today how these emerging factors influence your approach to leading.
Dr. Scott Yorkovich is a leadership coach and consultant. He works with individuals, small and medium organizations, and ministries. Contact him at ScottYorkovich[at]LeadStrategic.com with your questions.
Photo "Future City" by Sam Howzit. Available at Flickr.com.


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Beverly Hills Launches Definition Of Luxury, A Luxury Campaign
Beverly Hills Conference & Visitors Bureau (BHCVB) is partnering with twelve celebrity influencers to launch its multi-channel Definition of Luxury campaign, including a published book and digital content, reinforcing the city as the leading destination of luxury.
This initiative comes as a follow-up to the release of BHCVB's global trends report, The Future of Luxury, which takes a look at current luxury trends and those to come. The Definition of Luxury takes personal a approach to inspire and influence the fields of cuisine, hospitality, fashion, wellness, art, design, architecture and real estate. The tastemakers who provided their definitions and how they are inspired by Beverly Hills include:
Dining … Curtis Stone – Founder & Executive Chef of Maude
Style … Rachel Zoe – Celebrity Stylist & Fashion Designer
Design … Kelly Wearstler – Interior Designer
Wellness … Gunnar Peterson – Celebrity & Pro-Athlete Personal Trainer
Property … Jeffrey Hyland – Co-Founder, President of Hilton and Hyland
Architecture … Ma Yansong – Founder of MAD Architects
Art … Vanessa Prager – Artist/Painter
Hotel Cuisine … Chris Ford – Executive Pastry Chef at Beverly Wilshire, A Four Seasons Hotel
Hotel Cuisine … Olivier Quignon – Executive Chef at L'Ermitage Beverly Hills, AVEC NOUS
Hotel Cuisine … Erika Tucker – Chef de Cuisine at Montage Beverly Hills, The Rooftop Grill
Hotel Cuisine … Stephanie Boswell – Executive Pastry Chef at The Peninsula Beverly Hills, The Belvedere
Hotel Cuisine … Alberico Nunziata – Executive Chef at The Beverly Hilton
"Beverly Hills is luxury," said Julie Wagner, Chief Executive Officer of BHCVB. "In the wake of the completion of our Future of Luxury global trends report, this campaign reiterates the positioning of Beverly Hills as a leader of luxury and taps top influencers and celebrity tastemakers who have an affinity for the pillars that the city is founded upon, and also have an overall love for the destination.
"Beverly Hills definitely embodies those classic and timeless principles," said celebrity stylist and fashion designer, Rachel Zoe. "I think [the city] will always embody that luxurious, old Hollywood sensibility and will forever remain an iconic luxury and travel destination."
Designer Kelly Wearstler, who recently led the redesign for the Viviane restaurant at Avalon Hotel Beverly Hills and is leading the $2M renovation of the hotel property, said, "Beverly Hills maintains an interesting, consistent blend of the iconic and the modern; forging a unique mixology of the past perfect with a constant eye on the future… [keeping] the city at the forefront of luxury and an inspiration for other destinations around the world."
BHCVB's spring campaign will include the limited edition production of a book named, The Definition of Luxury, which features the celebrity tastemakers' and influencers' thoughts as it relates to luxury and Beverly Hills. BHCVB will also launch a dedicated microsite for the campaign on LoveBeverlyHills.com, digital web ads that will continue through the year, a robust social media campaign, campaign videos and video vignettes that highlight the various tastemakers and the beauty of the City. The campaign's creative channels were designed and led by Yes Design Group.
To learn more about Beverly Hills' spring campaign, visit www.lovebeverlyhills.com/definitionofluxury.