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Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
Boekhoorn SS, Vingerling JR, Witteman JCM, Hofman A, de Jong PTVM. C-reactive Protein Level and Risk of Aging Macula Disorder: The Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(10):1396–1401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.125.10.1396
© 2019
To examine whether C-reactive protein (CRP) level is a risk factor for aging macula disorder (AMD) in a general population.
We examined serum high-sensitivity CRP (HsCRP) levels in 4914 participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study at risk for AMD. After a mean follow-up of 7.7 years, 561 cases of early and 97 cases of late incident AMD (iAMD) were identified. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
After adjustment for age and sex, hazard ratios were 1.11 (95% CI, 1.02-1.21) per standard deviation increase in HsCRP level for early iAMD and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.02-1.60) for late iAMD. Hazard ratios for early iAMD increased per quartile increase in HsCRP level as follows: second quartile, 1.19 (95% CI, 0.94-1.52); third quartile, 1.29 (95% CI, 1.01-1.64); and fourth quartile, 1.33 (95% CI, 1.05-1.70). The risk of late iAMD was higher in all upper quartiles of HsCRP.
Elevated baseline levels of HsCRP were associated with the development of early and late AMD in this large population-based cohort.
Since the first description of age-related macular degeneration in persons with senility,1 at least 20 different names have been given to this disease according to views about its pathogenesis at various times. We now prefer the term aging macula disorder (AMD)2 for the following reasons: age-related does not differentiate between juvenile macular disease and that associated with older age, it is open for debate if and when early or late AMD becomes a disease, and patients do not like disease names to be associated with senility or degeneration.
Aging macula disorder is a condition affecting the center of the retina in older persons. Late AMD is the main cause of incurable vision loss in the Western world,3-5 and its prevalence is estimated to double by 2020.6 Its pathogenesis is unclear, although some modifiable risk factors such as smoking and hypertension have been noted.7
Local inflammatory and immune-mediated events play a role in the development of drusen, the white subretinal extracellular deposits that are a hallmark of AMD.8-10 Direct analysis by liquid chromatography and immunocytochemical analyses confirmed that drusen contain proteins associated with inflammation such as fibrinogen, vitronectin, complement components, and C-reactive protein (CRP).11,12 Some of these proteins seem to be locally produced by damaged retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.13 Also, inflammatory cells such as leukocytes and multinucleated giant cells have been described in the choroid of eyes with late AMD and in excised choroidal neovascular membranes.14-17
Chronic inflammation seems to be a causative factor in the development of AMD. Studies have investigated this possible association from different perspectives. A mouse model with defects in macrophage mobilization demonstrated many pathologic features of AMD, suggesting that macrophage dysfunction plays a role in AMD.18 Data from a case-control study19 demonstrated an association between antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae and wet (neovascular) late AMD. In addition, a modest association was found between pigmentary abnormalities and wet late AMD and emphysema, and gout was associated with dry late AMD.20 Recently, a strong association between the Y402H single-nucleotide polymorphism in the complement factor H (CFH) gene and AMD was found in 3 clinic-based case-control studies21-23 and in a longitudinal population-based study.24 Complement factor H has an essential role in the inhibition of the alternative complement pathway, and abnormal regulation of this pathway leads to an increased inflammatory state.
C-reaction protein is a nonspecific marker of systemic inflammation. It activates the classic route of complement activation directly and via cytokines through Fc receptor–binding by antibodies, which enhances the inflammatory response.12 Two clinic-based cross-sectional studies25,26 and a longitudinal clinical study27 reported an association between CRP level and AMD, supporting the inflammatory pathogenesis of AMD. We investigated whether baseline serum high-sensitivity CRP (HsCRP) serum levels were a risk factor for AMD in the general population.
The Rotterdam Study is a prospective population-based cohort study investigating the incidence and determinants of chronic disabling diseases in older persons. All inhabitants 55 years or older living in a suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, were invited to enroll.28 Of 10 275 eligible individuals, 7983 (77.7%) participated. The ophthalmologic part of the study started after screening of the participants had begun, leading to 6780 ophthalmic participants (response rate, 78%). The tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed, and the appropriate medical ethics committees approved the study. All participants signed an informed consent form and gave permission to retrieve information from medical records. Baseline examinations included a home interview and physical examinations at the research center, were conducted from 1990 until 1993, and were followed by 3 examinations from 1993 to 1994 (response rate, 88%), from 1997 to 1999 (response rate, 80%), and from 2000 to 2004 (response rate, 74%).
At baseline, a nonfasting blood sample was collected and processed using standard techniques and was stored at −20°C.29 In 2003 and 2004, serum levels of HsCRP were determined using the rate near-infrared particle immunoassay method (IMMAGE high-sensitive CRP, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, California). This system measures concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1140 mg/L (to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 9.524), with a within-run precision of less than 5.0%, a total precision of less than 7.5%, and a reliability coefficient of 0.995. In a random sample of the study (n = 29), we compared HsCRP measurements in baseline blood samples from the same participants stored at −20°C and −80°C. The correlation between these measurements was high (Spearman rank correlation, 0.99; P < .001), although HsCRP levels were somewhat lower in blood stored at −20°C (mean difference, −0.5097; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.637 to 0.618). This difference was not statistically significant. Because we used these −20°C stored samples for all our analyses, we do not expect that this affected our point estimates. The HsCRP distribution was skewed. Outliers (with values >3 SDs of the population distribution) of the logarithmically transformed HsCRP values were excluded from the analyses because of the possible presence of an acute inflammatory disease.29
For the diagnosis of AMD, 35° color pictures were taken of the macular area of each eye (TRV-50VT fundus camera; Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) after dilatation of the pupils using a combination of 0.5% tropicamide and 5% phenylephrine hydrochloride. These transparencies and digitized images at the last follow-up visit were graded using ×12.5 magnification according to an international classification and grading system30 by the same 2 trained professionals grading AMD from baseline onward, who were masked for all other determinants.31,32 We deviated from this system by discontinuing use of the term age-related maculopathy in AMD and by categorizing the range of AMD fundus signs into 5 mutually exclusive stages of 0 through 4 that represent increasing risk of late AMD.32 Stage 0 denoted no signs of AMD or hard drusen only (<63 μm); stage 1 denoted soft distinct drusen (≥63 μm) or pigmentary abnormalities. Because we wanted to have for our analyses a clear delineation between participants with no AMD and early AMD and because some participants with only 1 or 2 soft distinct drusen were classified as having stage 1 AMD, we considered stage 1 as no AMD in the present analyses. We included soft indistinct drusen (≥125 μm) or reticular drusen only or soft distinct drusen (≥63 μm) with pigmentary abnormalities as stage 2 early AMD, and we included soft indistinct drusen (≥125 μm) or reticular drusen with pigmentary abnormalities as stage 3 early AMD. Stage 4 denoted late AMD and was usually associated with severe visual loss.32 Late AMD was subdivided into dry (geographic atrophy) and wet (neovascular) AMD. A person was classified according to the highest stage of AMD in either eye and was considered as having wet AMD if both dry and wet AMD were present. Early incident AMD (iAMD) was defined as any sign of early AMD in at least 1 eye during follow-up among participants with no AMD at baseline in either eye. Persons who were free of late AMD at baseline in both eyes and developed it in at least 1 eye during follow-up were classified as having late iAMD.
At baseline, gradable fundus transparencies of 6418 participants were available, of whom 476 (7.4%) had early AMD and 106 (1.7%) had late AMD. This resulted in 5836 persons being at risk for early or late AMD and 6312 persons being at risk for late AMD only. Of 6312 participants at risk for early and late iAMD, 4914 (77.9% of those at risk) participated in at least 1 follow-up examination. Our study population consisted of 4624 participants (73.3%) from these subjects in whom we had baseline HsCRP measurements. Serum HsCRP levels were missing from persons who did not visit the research center or who refused blood sampling and from persons in whom no blood sample was available because of various logistic reasons. We excluded 20 persons (0.43%) at risk of any AMD who had outlying HsCRP levels, leaving 4604 participants as our population for analysis.
Information on all potential confounders was collected at baseline. During a home interview, trained research assistants asked participants about their smoking habits. Smoking was categorized as current, past, or never smoker. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at the research center. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured twice at the right brachial artery using a random zero sphygmomanometer when the participant was in a sitting position. The mean of these 2 measurements was used to determine blood pressure levels. Nonfasting blood samples were obtained from all participants. Serum total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured using an automated enzymatic procedure. Diabetes mellitus was considered to be present when persons used blood glucose–lowering medication or had a nonfasting or postload glucose level above 198 mg/dL (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555).
We investigated associations between HsCRP levels and early or late iAMD using Cox proportional hazards regression models to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% CIs. Follow-up time in years was used as the time axis of the model. Time to event is included when calculating HRs and HRs can be interpreted as relative risks. Linear trends were analyzed in which the regression coefficient was expressed per standard deviation increase, and quartiles were analyzed continuously and as categorical variables. All analyses were initially adjusted for age and sex. To check whether associations could be attributed to confounding, analyses were repeated with possible confounders added to the model (history of smoking or diabetes mellitus, body mass index, diastolic and systolic blood pressures, and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels). All analyses were performed using commercially available software (SPSS version 11.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois).
Baseline characteristics of participants free of any AMD at the time and of those with early or late iAMD are given in Table 1. Persons with missing HsCRP values were on average older, were more likely to be female, more frequently resided in a nursing home, and had lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Follow-up of participants was, on average, 7.7 years (median follow-up, 10.4 years [follow-up range, 0.3-13.9 years]). During this period, 658 persons were diagnosed as having any iAMD, 561 of whom developed early iAMD and 97 of whom developed late iAMD. Among all participants with iAMD, HsCRP levels ranged from 0.20 to 33.60 mg/L (mean ± SD, 2.67 ± 3.22 mg/L); HsCRP levels ranged from 0.20 to 31.50 mg/L (mean ± SD, 2.69 ± 3.08 mg/L) in those with early iAMD and from 0.20 to 16.80 mg/L (mean ± SD, 3.04 ± 3.18 mg/L) in those with late iAMD.
The risk of early iAMD rose per standard deviation increase in HsCRP level after adjustment for age and sex (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.21) and after multivariate adjustment (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.22). As Table 2 summarizes, the risk of early iAMD also increased with each higher quartile of HsCRP. Additional adjustment for cardiovascular covariates did not substantially change this.
The risk of late iAMD rose per standard deviation increase in HsCRP level (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.06-1.61) and after additional adjustments (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.02-1.60). As Table 3 summarizes, the risk of late iAMD was higher in all upper quartiles of HsCRP. However, this only reached statistical significance in the third quartile of the fully adjusted model. The results adjusted for age and sex follow a dose-response pattern, but this effect was lost after additional adjustments, probably because of a more limited sample size for late AMD.
In this population-based cohort, we confirmed data from 3 clinic-based studies25-27 indicating that baseline HsCRP levels were associated with early and late iAMD, with the highest risks in late iAMD. This supports the theory that inflammation is a mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of AMD in the general population.24
Injury to the RPE and possibly to the choroid caused by smoking, obesity, the toxic effect of light, and low antioxidant intake may induce AMD through a state of chronic inflammation.2,25 Choroidal dendritic cells, which are associated with drusen, respond to locally damaged RPE cells and migrate to the site of tissue damage.10 Dendritic cells trigger immune-mediated pathways. In persons with AMD, the down-regulation of the immune response may be hampered, resulting in a state of chronic inflammation of the RPE and damage to the underlying Bruch membrane, leading to progression of AMD.10
Evidence is accumulating that inflammatory and immune-associated pathways have a role in other degenerative diseases associated with advancing age such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease.33-36 Drusen components have been found in atherosclerotic plaques and deposits in Alzheimer disease,12 and AMD, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer disease may partly share a similar inflammatory pathogenesis.
Differential misclassification is unlikely in our study because AMD graders were masked for HsCRP status and because HsCRP data were collected without knowledge of AMD status. Persons who refused to participate or were lost to follow-up were older and less healthy.32 If persons with higher HsCRP levels and AMD would selectively not have participated, selection bias would have been introduced. We think this is unlikely because subjects were unaware of their HsCRP level and would be aware of symptoms only in late iAMD. We measured HsCRP levels only once. This should not be problematic because HsCRP has a long half-life of approximately 19 hours37 and because concentrations seem to be fairly stable for at least 5 years in most individuals.38,39 Furthermore, there is no circadian variation and no evidence for seasonal variations in HsCRP levels.38,40-42
Large-scale prospective studies43,44 demonstrated that elevated levels of HsCRP are an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events in healthy individuals. In addition to predicting cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction, serum HsCRP level is a predictor of stroke and the development of peripheral arterial disease.45 Although not yet proven, it is hypothesized that CRP directly promotes atherosclerosis and functions as a mediator in the process.45-49 C-reactive protein level–lowering treatments (eg, the use of statins or improvement of lifestyles) are associated with reduced cardiovascular risks.39,45,50,51
Atherosclerosis is a known risk factor for AMD, most likely through decreased choroidal blood flow, directly or indirectly impairing the functioning of the RPE.52,53 Atherosclerosis is associated with elevated HsCRP levels, which could explain the higher risk of AMD.36 After correction for cardiovascular risk factors, the linear trend analysis for early iAMD remained statistically significant, but this was statistically nonsignificant for late iAMD. Statistical power due to the lower number of late iAMD cases could have caused the loss of significance, especially because the HR was still elevated.
Complement factor H is an essential regulator in the complement system. It inactivates C3b and functions as an activation inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway.54,55 Because of the CFH Y402H single-nucleotide polymorphism,21-24 complement activation is less suppressed, leading to an increased inflammatory reaction. This single-nucleotide polymorphism is located in a region that contains the binding sites for heparin and CRP. Complement factor H binds to CRP, which may help inhibit the CRP-dependent alternative pathway activation induced by damaged tissue.54 Complement factor H tends to prevent the assembly of complement complex in the arterial intima.56 It has been suggested that allele-specific changes in activities of the binding sites for heparin and CRP modify the protective action of complement factor H.22 Complement-related damage to choroidal vessels might lead to wet AMD.22,23
It is possible that reduction of CRP levels might lower the risk of AMD. A substance that can selectively inhibit CRP synthesis has not yet been developed, to our knowledge. Smoking and high body mass index increase CRP levels. Moderate alcohol intake, diets with a low glycemic index, and statin and multivitamin use reduce CRP levels.46,57 Additional correction for smoking and obesity, also associated with a higher risk of AMD, did not change our point estimates. Nevertheless, reducing both might have a protective effect.
As mentioned, 2 clinical cross-sectional studies25,26 and a longitudinal study27 found an association between CRP level and AMD, while a population-based longitudinal study58 and a population-based cross-sectional study59 did not confirm this. However, the latter 2 studies included fewer cases, especially cases with late AMD. It has been suggested that differences in results could be attributed to the possibility that inflammation may have a larger role in the pathogenesis of progression to late AMD compared with that of early AMD.58 However, in the present study, we found an association of HsCRP level not only with late iAMD but also with early iAMD. This is in line with the known progression over the years from stage 0 to stage 4 AMD and supports the inflammatory pathogenesis of early and late AMD. Finally, clinic-based and cross-sectional studies are more prone to selection bias; therefore, we believe that confirmation by a longitudinal population-based study is important.
In conclusion, persons with a high HsCRP level (>1.73 mg/L) within the normal range have a statistically significant higher risk of early and late AMD. We consider HsCRP level a potential useful biological marker in profiling the risk of AMD for individual persons.
Correspondence: Paulus T. V. M. de Jong, MD, PhD, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands (email@example.com).
Submitted for Publication: February 16, 2006; final revision received December 11, 2006; accepted December 30, 2006.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and by the following foundations: Optimix, Physico Therapeutic Institute, Blindenpenning, Sint Laurens Institute, Bevordering van Volkskracht, Blindenhulp, Rotterdamse Blindenbelangen Association, OOG, kfHein, Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, Van Leeuwen Van Lignac, Verhagen, and Elise Mathilde. An unrestricted grant was obtained from Topcon Europe BV (all awarded to Dr de Jong).
Role of the Sponsor: The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Additional Contributions: Ada Hooghart and Corina Brussee graded the AMD.
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Desk Study in grey metal and natural wood Bloomingville
Rattan chair noirHbsch
We love the combination of two materials which trsrussi Confre a style both natural and contemporary.
The rattan chair Hubsch give a Scandinavian style design your interior.
Dimensions: Height: 88cmXLargeur55cmXProfondeur47cm
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Fashion and sport. In many ways it's an awkward relationship. As we saw repeatedly at the recent London Olympics (hello weighlifters, synchronised swimmers, shot putters, volleyball players and basically anyone wearing lycra or a tracksuit), function seems to always trump style when it comes to sports fashion. At the national stadium in Freetown however the story is different. It's a carnival of cutting edge functionality uncompromised by gold medal style.
Tommy leads the pack in this off-the-shoulder onesie in red which he fashioned himself simply by pulling one of the straps down to reveal a secret weapon – his right peck.
Bintu is the fastest girl in her class. And it's no wonder with these pink two toned bike shorts.
Pocket rocket Edward psyches out his competitors in these blue spotted lyra shorts. He can run 200 meters in 29 seconds, a very respectable time which he attributes to relentless training and of course his shorts.
Usain…is that you?
Ah no…its his more fashionable Sierra Leonian rival Claudius Bolt who can almost beat his world record time while wearing a beanie.


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HIV-Positive Pottawattamie County Inmate Facing Charges After Throwing Urine at Detention Officer
POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY, Iowa — An inmate in the Pottawattamie County Jail is facing charges after officials say he threw his urine at a detention officer, according to The Daily Nonpareil.
Charles Perkins, who is 52 years old and HIV positive, is charged with assault by inmate with bodily fluids or secretion.
Police tell the paper the incident happened earlier this month, and Perkins had intended to throw the urine on another inmate.
The officer is now being evaluated for HIV exposure.
41.284369 -95.864979


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The following is an edited version of an essay originally published in spiked in 2013, under the title, 'Porn: no longer a dirty little secret'.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, pornography consisted of printed or visual material that was available only on the margins of society. Individuals who bought pornographic literature would feel embarrassed if they were seen by others. Salacious and obscene magazines were kept in brown envelopes; buying porn was a dirty little secret between shop assistant and consumer.
That was then. Today, pornography has gone mainstream. It has been so normalised, people talk openly about 'my porn'. Porn talk is a part of modern-day conversation.


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Part A: In General
Part B: How To Write Your Own Wedding Vows
Q: If we want to start from scratch and gather information writing our own vows ourselves, where can we find this info?
A: There is so much information about writing vows We understand that you can feel overwhelmed and don't know where to start. You want to have it simple. And we, too, want it simple for you. And of course, this article and our questions are a part of all the information too. We hope our questions and comments will be helpful for you.
Q: How long should vows be?
A: This is a question about the length of something in a wedding ceremony and the answer is similar to any question about the length of something in a wedding ceremony like the length of the ceremony itself, length of a singer or musician's performance, length of a reading, etc.
A: In general, it's best not to have the length of anything in the ceremony such that it would make people stir or otherwise takes their attention away from the ceremony itself. A wedding is about the couple's wedding and marriage and is not about a song, a performance or reading as such. A wedding ceremony get's everyone's attention and needs to keep it; every part must keep moving. The length of vows is one of these parts. I suggest that initially, you write your vows freely without thinking about length. Then, when done, see how it feels to you. You may also want your officiant to comment on the length.
Q: Is there a best TYPE of vow?
A: Yes. Traditionally, vows are promises to the spouse to be ("I promise to always love you."). There is also a modern way of vows which is not a promise to the spouse. Rather, it's a promise to one's self ("I vow to be true to the love I'm feeling right now inside of me for you."). The latter vow is inside the person making the vows as an agreement with themselves. I call this a "Vows to Oneself". The vow maker is promising him/herself. Her/his integrity is to follow through because of themselves, not the other person. Vows to Oneself are stronger by far and more reliable than the traditional way because no matter what changes may occur in the spouse's life, it doesn't affect the Vow to Oneself. A Vow to Oneself is not conditioned on the spouse. Examples: From a book singer Kenny Loggins wrote, here are 4 of his "Vows to Oneself":
"As I look into your eyes I reaffirm my vow to stay committed and true to this love that I am feeling.
"I vow to be vigilant so that nothing comes between us inside of me.
"I vow to seek refuge inside of me for the things that I fundamentally need.
"I vow to learn what I need to learn in order to be the best partner for you.
How do each of you want to write your vows? What would be best for each of you to write your vows (note: you can each do it differently –you don't have to do it the same way. And there is no right or wrong good or bad with any of this). For this section, you may want to have a conversation about the questions. You may want to jot some ideas down. Here are a few questions:
Would you like to write your vows by alone physically or with your partner in the physical space with you? You each can decide this for yourselves and you don't have to do it the same way.
Would you like to write your vows by yourselves and interact with each other as you do this?
Is there another combination that you can think of that would be better for you yet?
Do you want your vows to be a secret from your partner until during the ceremony? Again, there's no right or wrong and a reminder to not take any of this personally.
Some couples will do them alone but may run a few vows past their partner so they can hear out loud how it will sound (what it feels like).
Some will use their partner for one or two vows that they may have a question about (e.g., "Honey, does this sound clear to you?" or "Does this make sense?" or your partner may say may offer: "What do you mean by that?" or "What are you trying to say?").
Since you are each best friends, each other's feedback can be fantastically helpful.
Summary: Talk about your vows together and how to best support each other.
By the way, vow writing is not a competition. Your vows could be serious from beginning to end. Their vows could be similar but have a funny part in it. So what if the guests laugh on one of yours and not theirs. Does it matter? You can discuss this too.


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Intel holds year end Corporate Overview Session in Karachi – Greatness awaits in 2016
Intel is one name which is not only common among every other household or office you can possibly think of, its reminiscent of greatness. The world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturing company held a lavish event at one of the local hotels in Karachi yesterday where Mr. Naveed Siraaj, GM Pakistan shared a few thoughts on what the company has achieved so far in 2015 and also shed light on what great things we are to expect from the tech giants going forward in 2016.
In the words of Mr. Siraj, "Asia is a hotbed of innovation. New devices from numerous Chinese Tec Technology Ecosystem are increasingly coming to market, enabling more personal and engaging experiences designed specifically for the Asia-Pacific and Japan region. Simultaneously, some of the latest and and most innovative technologies ranging from super computers to computer processors, are being developed right here in Asia"
Besides some of the aforementioned key highlights, Intel is also currently working with some of the leading tech Original Equipment Manufacturer's (OEMs) in Asia such as Lenovo and Asus as far as mobile computing is concerned and hopefully we might get to experience those devices in the not so distant future here in Pakistan as well. The latest trends in tech these days mostly comprises of smartphones, portable computing devices like tablets, hybrid PCs, wearable devices such as smart watches and health bands and last but certainly not the least, the fast growing trend of Internet of things (IoT). With rapid advancements in silicon technology, Intel has not only opened a gateway for integrating and enhancing its own ecosystem, but at the same time has also provided a platform for other OEMs to pursue their resources towards R&D and innovation.
As far as the future is concerned, we are expecting to see a host of new innovations that include the next generation of nano chipsets on the 14nm architecture along with smart devices such as the next gen version of the Intel Compute Stick, the 6th generation Sky lake processors for PCs and servers, the ultra fast and powerful Cherry Trail processors for portable devices and the upcoming range of Intel SoFIA chip sets for smartphones and tablets with support for ultra fast LTE and 5G cellular connectivity. In 2016, both these processors will find their way into even smaller form factors.
A key trend to watch in 2016 is the potential for miniature form factors such as Intel's Next Unit of Computing (NUC) and Compute Stick to drive greater take-up of computing throughout Asia Pacific and Japan. The user case for the NUC – as a miniature PC that fits within a human hand yet offers capabilities that rival a desktop – is particularly compelling in emerging markets. Although it requires a connection to other components that must be purchased separately such as a keyboard, monitor and hard drive, it is ideal for people eager to customize setups. The NUC's compact size makes it ideal for homes and workplaces in densely populated Asian cities where floor space is scarce. In addition, its ability to store and play high-quality media including movies, music, and games makes it a dynamic home entertainment tool.
Finally, the NUC's power efficiency enables massive cost savings and upscale potential. For example, a school in an underprivileged community may quickly exhaust its power budget with only a handful of desktop computers. By contrast, using NUCs allows exponentially more students to gain access to classroom technology. This represents an incredible opportunity in Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam which have a 2.4% penetration rate and 89 million students combined.
Originally innovated in Malaysia, the Intel Compute Stick is another miniature, low-cost form factor with exciting potential to erode technology adoption barriers. At present, there are about 50 million digital television sets in South East Asia. By plugging in the Compute Stick, a television monitor can instantly become smart and compute-ready, offering a variety of attractive educational and entertainment uses. For example, students could simply take their Compute Stick to school each day rather than have to carry around a laptop or a USB that's susceptible to viruses. In a sign of things to come in 2016, Intel has begun collaborating with telecommunications providers such as StarHub in Singapore and PLDT in the Philippines to bundle the Compute Stick as part of home broadband and video-streaming subscriptions. Businesses have also shown interest in using the form factor to deliver intelligent digital signage.
Therefore, in 2016, Intel innovation is poised to act as a force multiplier for the innate strengths of Asia Pacific and Japan: it's increasingly affluent middle-class population, its nascent start-up culture, its growing tech ecosystem, and young people who are the world's leading adopters of technology. As a world of ubiquitous connectivity comes into view and begins to drive new value for individuals and societies, Intel is confident that the future of computing is indeed bright.
Talk Android Phones would like to once again thank Intel for letting us be a part of this event and we wish the company best of luck for the future.


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Project Details
Oliver Green Kitchens required a 'high end' looking website to showcase its bespoke kitchen design and installation service. It was important the website appealed to the upper end of the market, featuring a gallery of completed kitchen installations.
The whole website is updatable via the CMS, including the blog, testimonials, gallery and page text.
The website is fully responsive so that it works just as well on mobiles and tablets as it does on desktop machines and laptops.


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Cheyenne Auto & Heavy Truck Towing Service
Big Al's Towing & Recovery provides light & medium duty vehicle towing and roadside assistance as well as heavy duty truck towing in Cheyenne, Southeast Wyoming & Northern Colorado. Serving their customers for over a decade, Big Al's Towing & Recovery prides itself in offering quality, affordable towing services to the community. Call 307-632-6999 or now to get the area's best and most affordable and reliable towing provider working for you. Their towing and roadside assistance services are available 24 hours daily, 365 days a year.


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Why say 'Happy Halloween' when you can wear it instead! Haunted House Light Up Halloween Necklace is great to share with family and friends, stay safe during All Hollows' Eve, or to give out as treats instead of candy. Comes with a black lanyard and break away clasp for safety and easy removal.
To activate your Halloween LED Necklace, remove the pull tab and press the button on back. Light function continuously transitions from slow change and flash.
Make sure to check out all of our Halloween Body Lights or Halloween Light Up Toys.
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Please fill out the fields below for a quote on customizing this product. A representative from our custom department will get back to you shortly. You can also call us to inquire at 888.755.9449 and select option 2 for imprinted and custom products.


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Here's the future for you, and they're starting early apparently. A 7yr old has designed a better racing game, at least it's better in his and his brother's opinion. The game is Tires of Fury and it's on iOS, but the story is that they weren't happy with the racing games out there so him and his little brother decided to design their own game. Their father owns a a gaming company and they helped bring the boy's creations to life. How is it? I don't know, but it looks cool.
Jared, a 7 year old in Tampa, Florida, presented his father David with a few drawings that represented his vision of a new and unique flavor of monster truck racing game. Working closely with his son, David and his team spent over a year under his son's direction using these drawings and ideas to build the newly released "Tires of Fury" game from Ignotus Games, for iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and Mac OSX, with Android and Windows coming soon.
Apple seems to have liked the game, as they have placed it predominately on their first page of "New and Noteworthy" apps page.
A seasoned veteran of other racing games, Jared set out to design a game fun for everyone, insisting each Monster Truck have its own signature vehicle and track design. He spent hours sketching up vehicles, winding racetracks, and even an instruction manual. While many kids spend time drawing up their own visions of the "perfect" video game: very few have a dad who directs a video game development studio. He made his son's vision a reality.
With these sketches in hand, the development team at Ignotus Games went to work. The result is "Tires of Fury," their flagship release for Christmas, 2011.
According to David, the remarkable game follows Jared's original vision of the game. "I'm really happy with how this game turned out," David said. "We were able to transform Jared's drawings and concepts into a truly unique and fun game."
The multiplayer, cross-platform truck racing simulator is the latest game to come out of Ignotus Games, LLC. In the game, players pick their characters and vehicle, line up at the start and then the race begins through 12 unique environments: including deserts, swamps and cities. By winning, players earn tires, which are the currency of this game. Game players use them to upgrade their trucks abilities in acceleration, top speed and handling.
While multiplayer or multiplatform games are nothing new, games that are both are relatively rare. This is what makes "Tires of Fury" stand out from the pack and offer a way for friends and the whole family to get involved in the fun. The average game require that everyone view the action on a single screen, usually their television, dividing the screen into separate sections for each player. "Tires of Fury" gives each player their own personal screen, from their own perspective, to view the action. It is quite an experience to "drive your phone" in this intriguing offering from Ignotus Games, LLC.
The game is available for download on the Apple iTunes App Store for iPhones, iPads, and iPod touches; the Apple Mac App Store for Mac OSX computers, and soon for Google Android phones and Microsoft Windows computers.
Ignotus Games, LLC is a software development company based in Tampa, Florida.
Company Homepage:
iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch:
Mac OSX:
Android and Windows:
Coming soon!


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What's the difference between So Say SMEs in Virtualization and Cloud (SSS) and Solutions by Engineers for Engineers (SEE)?
SSS is a high level, impromptu conversation about the latest tech trends in virtualization and cloud. The topic is broad. It is not meant to be a technical deep dive. On the other hand, SEE is a technical deep dive on a specific topic. It's focused on a single topic.


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Today I remember my son Mario Emmanuel for his 9th Birthday !
We miss you Emmu ! we are glad you have been a part of our lives !
We are grateful to God for the gift of you, and today we Celebrate your presence where ever you are !
We love you, our darling Son !
You have been a joy to me,
A companion friend to your sister and
a beloved to your father.
On this beautiful day, we wish you a very Happy Birthday !!


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The Mike Coward Prize
The Mike Coward Prize is awarded for the best student talk (undergraduate or postgraduate) presented at the TSG Annual Meeting, showcasing the student's own original research. The student must also be the first author and presenting largely their own original research. The winner is decided by a panel of invited judges. The prize is named in memory of Mike Coward.
Mike Coward (1945-2003)
Considered "one of the late 20th century's most influential structural geologists", Mike Coward was at various times H. H. Read Professor of Geology at Imperial College, Council Member of the Geological Society of London, and Chair of the UK Tectonic Studies Group. Mike's career was an eclectic mix of pure and applied research in structural geology that straddled continents and geological time. Normal chronological narratives can hardly do justice to a man who could step from theme to theme at times, seemingly to colleagues, almost on a daily basis. Mike's early years were spent at Imperial College learning from the likes of John Ramsay and Janet Watson, from whom he acquired his love of structural geology. His PhD studies focused on the geology of the Outer Hebrides, in particular, South Uist. It was here that his love of all things Scottish was established. Following his PhD, Mike then moved onto studying many remote and far flung regions of the world, including the high Andes, the Australian outback and Africa.
Following in the footsteps of John Ramsay, Mike became a lecturer at Leeds in 1975, where he helped to build a formidable research group (working on the Moine, NW Scotland) and undergraduate course. Students either loved or hated his 'work hard–play hard' philosophy and the occasionally outrageous field classes, complete with Hebridean singing. Mike also played a leading role in the steering group of the NERC-sponsored BIRPS seismic programme in the early 1980s. Using knowledge gained from studying ancient orogenic belts, Mike was also one of the pioneering workers in the NW Himalayas, following construction of the Karakoram Highway.
Mike returned to Imperial in 1984 to take up the prestigious position of H. H. Read Chair of Geology. It was at this time in his career that Mike's studies moved to the offshore: initially looking at the continuation of the Moine into the West Orkney basin, and then to the wider waters of the UK (culminating in major contributions to the widely referenced Millennium Atlas, 2003). During the latter part of his career, Mike worked in collaboration with industry (petroleum and mining), and was a valued consultant by all.
Mike married a fellow geologist, Alison Ries, in 1987, a good friend since his postgraduate days. Their daughter Sarah was born in 1989, and Charlie was adopted from Paraguay five years later. Mike sadly passed away in 2003, but leaves behind a highly influential legacy (including a huge collection of published articles, edited books, notebooks, maps, manuscripts and independent reports). One of Mike's most significant achievements was his capacity to pass on his enthusiasm and passion for geology to all he met.
Words adapted from "Deformation of the Continental Crust: The Legacy of Mike Coward"


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1. What exactly do you do?
- What field is your job in?
- What is your job title?
- Please provide a brief description of the firm or organization that you currently work for (size and general description of what type of organization it is)
I work for a large gas station chain. Each company has at least 5 employees and has at least 15 in each state.
- How long have you been employed in this position?
1 year
- How many hours do you work a week on average?
- Please provide a BRIEF description of your duties and responsibilities. (job description)
- Please provide a BRIEF description of your duties and responsibilities. (job description)
My duties include either opening or closing the store, cash register operation, customer assistance, light cleaning, and audits.
- What was your gross income last year? Please include any bonuses or incentives received.
- What is your expected gross income for this year? Please include any bonuses or incentives you expect to receive.
- Please list any benefits you have (Please include number of weeks vacation, sick leave and type of health insurance, retirement plan 401k)
Paid sick days after a required amount of hours have been worked
- Do you feel you are under/well/over compensated at your current position?
2. Work environment!
- Does your job entail you working with others on a daily basis? Is this something you like/dislike about your job? Explain
yes it does and I do very much enjoy it
- Do you work collaboratively with supervisors/managers?
- Do you work collaboratively with your co-workers?
- Describe your work location (e.g., office, home, theatre, in the field) and what you like/dislike about working in it
its a small gas station, handcart and it's a nice quiet neighborhood.
- Please rank in order of importance from 1-8 (1- most important 8- least important) Assign each number once.
- 3 Income
- 2 Work Environment - co-workers
- 1 Work Environment - supervisors
- 5 Benefits
- 4 Hours
- 6 Level of responsibility
- 7 The actual "work" you do at your job
- 8 Job Title
3. How should someone new to the workforce get a J-O-B like yours?
- If someone wanted to go about getting a job similar to yours, what would you recommend for him or her to do?
They should walk in to various stations and ask if they are hiring, even if they say no, one should fill out an application anyway because these type of jobs can have a high turnover rate.
- What skills do you think a person should have if they want to pursue a position like yours? Please be specific and explain why (e.g., social skills, organization skills, technical skills)
They should be proficient with cash handling as well as being able to be social with people.
- Do you feel that you need a certain level of education or training to be successful in your job?
Just a high school diploma and basic math skills
- What advice would you give to someone who was about to start work in your position/ line of work?
Make sure you're prepared to handle all types of people.
4. How did you get your J-O-B
- How did you find your current job? (e.g. newspaper, internet, referral, etc.)
They had a sign on their door
- What was the application process for your job? (e.g. submitted resume, paper application, electronic application, all, etc.)
It was a short application, then they performed a background check, and then a tox screen.
- Did you have to interview for your current job? If yes, what did the interview process entail? (e.g., number of interviews, who you interviewed with, group interview, individual interview, etc.)
Yes, it was brief. The manager asked about my previous experience and why I thought I qualified for the position. He asked if I had reliable transportation and if I would feel comfortable closing or opening the store. He asked if I graduated high school because that is a requirement for the position.
- If you can remember, what questions were you asked at your interview?
I was asked if I felt I could open and close the STORE,WHERE I had worked previously, and when you availability would be.
- Is this the job / field you planned to work in?
- If your job is in a different field from your original plan how did you get here? Explain (Plan can be from high school/college/post college/personal plan)
I had really wanted to become a. Drug and alcohol counselor or a counselor for adolescents. I started going to school to earn my degree but I couldn't afford my student loan payments nd defaulted on them. In order to qualify for financial aid is must return from an delinquency. I have an 8 month old son and need to support his and want to give him. Great life, so I found this job because I knew I'd. Be good at it and could make enough money to make do.
5. Background: Are you qualified?
- Was there training for your current position? If yes, what did it entail?
Yes there was. Since I had already worked in this business they had me train for about 4 days I shadowed a fellow employee during their daily routine and then they supervised me while I tried for myself. I worked for 8 hours each shift and quickly caught on.
- Do you feel your employer properly prepared you for your job? Explain
Yes, I do. They waited for me to tell them when I felt comfortable on my own. They would've let me train as long as I needed to(to an extent) they went over everything with me very thoroughly.
- Do you feel your educational background prepared you for your job? Explain
In some ways. Mostly with basic math nd working with others helped a great del.
- If applicable, do you feel your internship experience helped you prepare you for your job?
6. The Future and Beyond (FINAL SECTION)
- If someone were to observe you at work, what would he or she say is "fun" about your job?
Probably all the interactions with people
- What is (are) the most fulfilling aspect(s) and least fulfilling aspect(s) of your current employment? (e.g. fiscal, spiritual, type of work, hours, commute, compensation, etc.)
Most fulfilling is the fact that I always feel as if I accomplished something by the end of the day. Least fulfilling is that one out of every fifteen customers treated like I'm worthless and look down on me because I'm a cashier at a gas station, it can be very unnerving.
- Is your current employment part of your career plan? Why or why not?
It wasn't at first, but now I realize that it can be because I am constantly seeing all different types of people with different walks of life and learning how to talk to them and interact with them, so it'll definitely help with the career of a therapist.
- What are your current career goals? (Can be broad or specific)
To pay off my debts and go back to school to get my degree
- Is there anything else you would like to share about your career?
No thanks.
7. A Day in the Life Of...
- 7 am - 8 am
- 8 am - 9 am
- 9 am - 10 am
- 10 am - 11 am
- 11 am - 12 am
- 12 am - 1 pm
- 1 pm - 2 pm
I arrive at work by 130 pm. During this time the first shift employee let's me know what to do to finish out the chores for the day Nd which ones have already been completed. We balance out the drawer together and they leave.
- 2 pm - 3 pm
I restock cigarettes and remake all the coffee. I refill half Nd half Nd milk, as well as restock the sugar, coffee cups, Nd lids.
- 3 pm - 4 pm
- 4 pm - 5 pm
This hour I dedicate to customers and cleaning. I windex all windows and glass.
- 5 pm - 6 pm
I change all garbage cans and break down cardboard.
- 6 pm - 7 pm
I empty all coffee pots, restock the coffee area,
- 7 pm - 8 pm
- 8 pm - 9 pm
- 9 pm - 10 pm
- 10 pm - 11 pm
- 11 pm - 12 pm


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By offering tutoring for Executive Functioning, Varsity Tutors helps the learner to increase processing speed, emotional well-being, self-regulation of attention, and organization of current and new tasks.
This sounds like my child. Should I be concerned?
Difficulty with executive functioning is common among school-age children. Organizational skills and study habits are not consistently taught in school settings, so children often rely on their own instincts for how to handle organizational tasks, homework, test preparation and other significant aspects related to academic success. Every child handles these aspects differently; if your child is struggling in any of the following areas, Varsity Tutors can help:
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- Ask questions: Speak with your child's tutor, teachers, coaches, and any other adults that your child works with on a regular basis. Ask them if they see improvements in the specific areas that your child is working to improve. Their input is very valuable to measuring your child's success.
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Contact Us
For exceptional creative capabilities, advanced technical expertise, dedicated customer service, and unique design that works strategically… call Integrated Designs!
|Integrated Designs, Inc.
7477 Baltimore Annapolis Blvd., Suite 101
Glen Burnie, Maryland 21061
Phone: 410.760.3360
Fax: 410.760.3320
- Integrated Designs is located on the corner of Baltimore Annapolis Blvd. and Delaware Avenue. Our front door is under the maroon awning.


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The Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) is a national examination in Singapore administered by the Ministry of Education and taken by all students near the end of their sixth year in primary school, before they move on to secondary school. This examination tests students' proficiency in the English language, their respective mother tongue languages (typically Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and some other South Asian languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu), mathematics and science. Students have around two hours to complete each subject paper, except for certain components of language subjects. Students answer multiple choice questions by shading their responses on a standardised optical answer sheet (OAS) that uses optical mark recognition to detect answers.
The format of the PSLE and the presence of it in the Singapore education system gives the PSLE a part in national culture. PSLE material has also been exported to other countries. Some schools[which?] abroad have their students taken the international version of the exam, the iPSLE, in August to help them benchmark themselves vis-a-vis the performance of other foreign schools.
The format of the examinations within the PSLE has been revised consistently throughout its history, in order to suit the Singapore Ministry of Education's policy. However, the standard examination procedure retains many of the same elements throughout the years despite changes being made to the requirements of each question, the score allocated to each question and the revisions in emphasis.
In order to test the students' grasp of the language subjects, such as the English language or the mother tongue languages at the end of primary school, there are several separate examinations. As the student is usually required to take examinations for both his/her mother tongue language and the English language (with the exceptions of exemption or additional languages), the average student repeats the following procedures twice. With each mother tongue subject, there are three levels of examination, the standard level, the foundational level and the separate and optional "Higher Mother Tongue" subject. A student will have to choose between standard and foundational mother tongue based on his/her proficiency in the language. Whether a Higher Mother Tongue subject is taken also depends on the student's proficiency in the language. English, Mathematics and Science are available at the standard and foundational levels. A student can opt to take different subjects at different levels. In the past, whether a student took Higher Mother Tongue or not was determined by which stream he/she was in, namely the EM1 (higher) stream and the EM2 (standard) stream. These streams had the same standard subjects except for the additional EM1 subject of Higher Mother Tongue, which differentiated the streams. This streaming was based on the overall performance of the student when he/she was in Primary Four, his/her fourth year in primary school. There was also an EM3 (foundational) stream, in which a student took all four subjects (English, Mother Tongue, Mathematics and Science) at the foundational level. EM3 Science (a foundation Science curriculum for the EM3 stream) was not available then, it will be only available from 2010, and also the new science syllabus. From 2007, Primary Four pupils underwent subject-based rather than overall streaming, so that the labels EM1, EM2 and EM3 disappeared, leaving only the options to take different subjects at the standard or foundational level and the option of taking Higher Mother Tongue. At the end of Primary Four, the students' parents decide their combination of subjects. At the end of Primary Five, the school will make the final decision on the student's combination of subjects.
The examination format tends to vary by language, but each language examination usually has:
The oral examination for the English language usually lasts about ten minutes per student; however, students are of the examination, the examination is often divided into two days of two separate sets of material each to reduce the inefficiency caused by the waiting time.
The maximum score for this examination is 30. The oral examination is divided into three sections: students are required to read a passage fluently (also known as Read Aloud), this being graded on a score of 10. The students are then required to describe and interpret a picture (Picture Discussion) as thoroughly and detailed as possible in a clockwise or anti-clockwise way, and giving comments about their actions in a formal way and predict the consequence of such an action, and this also having a score of 10. It is advised that students do not point to the picture. No names should be given and everything is to be said in present tense. The final section (Conversation) requires the students to answer any questions the teachers asks of them related to the two sections, which often require their opinion and inference, and provides the final ten marks. The examination is judged by two teachers who have to agree on a single score for each student.
A listening comprehension examination will test the students' ability to comprehend the spoken English language in various daily situations, and is composed of twenty multiple choice questions which is based on information contained in audio played to the students, and the examination is taken as a class, not individually. Usually questions will be based on one of seven passages in different scenarios. This particular examination lasts around 20 minutes, with the maximum score being 20.
There is a two-section composition question consisting of situational writing, where students write an informal or a formal letter, informal or formal email, recipe, book or movie review, memo, note, report or even combination of multiple formats, e.g. a recipe in an email. An essay, also known as continuous writing, usually written in the form of a narrative or third person drama. The continuous writing consists of 2 sections, a picture-guided one and a situation-guided one, from which students are supposed to pick one question. These two sections last a total of 1 hour and 10 minutes. The situational writing has a maximum score of 15; and the continuous writing has a maximum score of 40. Two teachers are required to grade a composition paper, and the disparity in scoring made by each teacher should be minimal, and the average of the scoring taken if the disparity is small in order to yield the score for the questions. If the disparity is too large, the question papers are required to be re-graded, this time with three teachers.
The essay section in particular usually avoids giving questions requiring logical argument and favours scenic or event description. This stands in contrast to some of the questions often asked in the GCE Ordinary Level (O-level) examination. The paper asks the students to choose from two questions. The first question takes the form of a picture, representing a scene in which the students are supposed to write about and describe, and the second takes the form of a given situation or scenario, each including writing criteria, such as the required setting of each of the two questions in which the students are supposed to fulfill.
The final examination testing the students' proficiency in the language is a written paper which tests the student's comprehension of the written language being tested, and usually lasts about 1 hour and 50 minutes in length. It has a total score value of 95. Multiple choice questions are given in the first section of the written paper; students will first answer multiple-choice questions based on a graphical stimulus, with a total weightage of 5. It then tests grammar, where students are required to spot a mistake in tense and provide the correct conjugate or word form, or provide correct punctuation which as of 2005 has a weight of 10. It also tests vocabulary the students are required to choose a word from a list that fills in a blank that will express a sentence logically, with a current weight of 5. A vocabulary cloze is then given, also with a weightage of 5. After this, students will be given a comprehension passage, which they have to answer five questions about, with a weightage of five.
A cloze passage with a total of ten items and a weight of 10 is provided to the student; the passage tests grammar specifically. Following this ten sentences with highlighted spelling and grammar mistakes which are supposed to be copyedited, with a total weight of 10. After this, students are given a cloze passage testing comprehension as opposed to grammar, which currently has a weight of 15 in which they fill in blanks with words on their own. Students are then given a passage to comprehend, and will have to answer ten open-ended questions with a total weight of 20.
To yield the final grade for the student taking the language, all of the students' examination scores for that language are added; as the maximum total score is 200, the total is divided by 200% to yield the students' percentage score for the language subject. The format described is the format of 2013; it varies slightly in weight for each section, with deletions of some sections if the student is taking Foundation English as part of the EM3 stream.
A science paper is 1 hour and 45 minutes long. Students are given 30 multiple choice questions with a weightage of 2 marks each, thus a maximum score of 60. 14 open-ended questions, with a weightage of 0.5, 1, or 2 marks each, measure proficiency in several units of the curriculum, with a total weightage of 40. The questions in the examination paper are set to test concepts instead of memorised knowledge, hence assessing the true science ability of pupils. The syllabus covers various aspects of chemistry, physics and biology, and basic interpretation of statistics on a primary school level. These distinctions into different fields are not made in the examination format but can be derived based on the different themes:
The mathematics examination in the PSLE is often one of its most distinctive elements due to its format and style in contrast to most other examinations in other countries. The examination is 2 hours and 15 minutes long, and is divided into three booklets. Paper 1 includes Booklet A and Booklet B while Paper 2 is in one whole booklet itself. Booklet A is multiple choice and consists of fifteen questions, the first ten being one point each in score value, and the other five being two points, and account for 20% of the examination score in total. Booklet B requires open-ended input, and comprises 15 questions, the first ten questions are worth one point and the other five questions are worth two points. They usually require little effort from the students and are meant to test individual knowledge components of the student. Paper 2 is worth a total of 60 points, and consists of several questions which are worth from 2 to 5 points. The questions are usually arranged in escalating difficulty, and some of the questions towards the end have received a degree of controversy from parents and educators from other countries. From 2009, the use of calculators were allowed in only Paper 2 of the Mathematics examination.
Long-answer questions in the PSLE worth four or five marks tend to be in two types, a heuristic type of question, which may require students to form a new theorem, concept or algorithm from pre-existing knowledge in order to solve the question, although this does not have to be shown; however a logical statement and evidence connecting the question to the answer has to be shown in order to be awarded marks.
The mathematics examination in the PSLE has faced complaints from parents who complain about material outside the syllabus, while facing criticism from some educators from overseas who argue that the examination eventually encourages rote learning rather than actual conceptual knowledge based on incentives to the student. The 2005 paper drew criticism due to the poor setting of one of the multiple-choice questions, as mentioned below.
Although the students have an absolute score, each student's absolute score are compared with other students in order to yield an aggregate score, and the students are ranked according to that basis. This allows the examination to accommodate for overly easy or overly difficult questions. Contrary to popular belief, the PSLE aggregate score has no ceiling of 300. In 2007, for example, the highest aggregate score for the PSLE was 294 and the lowest aggregate score was 87. The lowest score for 2011's PSLE was 43 but the highest score was 283.[1]
All examination scripts are shipped to the Ministry of Education for processing, which then sends them to other teachers in Singapore on a random basis for marking. Part of this procedure is to prevent possible bias in marking, either intentional or unintentional, that may result when teachers mark examination scripts of students from their own schools. The multiple choice questions are graded by a machine in the Ministry of Education, which reads the optical answer sheets.
Pupils who fail the PSLE would be retained in primary school to retake the PSLE in the foundation stream the following year.
Pupils who pass are required to choose up to six secondary schools to which they would be posted by aggregate score. A computer will then allocate slots to each school's intake for the next year. In line with the ideals of meritocracy, all pupils who attempted the PSLE would be "queued" in order of merit, with the places in schools being filled up from the highest scorer to the lowest scorer. Thus the pupil with a higher aggregate score would get into his school of second choice (if he was not accepted into his school of first choice) over a pupil with a lower aggregate score who chose the same school as the first choice. The score of the last pupil who was allocated is known as the "cut-off score" for the school for that year.
If none of the six schools chosen accept the pupil, the Ministry of Education will work towards finding a school that based on proximity and location, rather than academic excellence of the school, without consulting the student. This makes proper selection of the six choices important. Priority organisation of the choices is also important; if the pupil's score both meets the requirements of the school of his or her third choice and second choice for example, the second choice will be allocated without the pupil being able to change his or her decisions.
Before 2003, pupils picked their choices before they took the examination and received their score. From 2003, pupils picked their choices after they received their score, after complaints by parents they could not make informed choices about their children's secondary schools before the examination scores were received, as the pupils might perform much better or much worse than expected.
Though complaints were made about the 2007 PSLE Papers being out of syllabus and too challenging, this continued in the 2008 PSLE Paper. The difficult questions in the papers were intended to filter the average and below average students, as explained by the Ministry of Education.
In 2009, such things happened again, with plenty of students unable to finish the maths paper. The entry scores for schools in 2009 dropped for many schools. For example, Hwa Chong Institution and National Junior College saw their PSLE cut-off point drop by two marks.
The score is calculated based on a bell curve. For example, if many do well in a paper, there is a potential reduction of the raw score and vice versa, despite differences in performances each year. For example, an average student would get a score of 210+ if he/she scored 3 low As and a high B. A highly proficient student would easily get a score of 250 and above if they scored 2 or 3 A*s and high As.
In each examination subject, a T-Score is computed based on the raw examination score as follows:
By definition, then, the average T-Score in each subject is 50. Since there are four examination subjects, the average aggregate score is always 200.
In 2005, 51,087 pupils sat for the examination, a 0.4% increase from the previous year. The majority (or 97.8%) of the pupils qualified for secondary school. 62.2% of those who passed were eligible for the Special/Express course and the remaining 35.6% were eligible for either the Normal (Academic) or Normal (Technical) courses. 1133 pupils (2.2%) of the cohort assessed was not ready for secondary school in 2006 or are more suited for vocational training.
The 2005 mathematics paper for EM1 and EM2 students was flawed due to a question having no definite method of working the answer out. The "Question 13" was spotted by many and became infamous. The question was mathematically inconsistent in that one will get one set of answers when worked out one way and another set of answers when worked out by a different method. The Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB) acknowledged the mistake a few days after the examination, annulling the question and awarding 2 marks to every student for the question.[2]
Students have the choice to go to other schools which does not use the posting system. Some of the top schools and the government schools have Direct School Admission (DSA). Some can go to other schools such as Singapore Sports School, NUS High School of Mathematics and Science or School of the Arts and School of Science and Technology.
Independent schools and Autonomous schools can admit up to 20% and 10% of their students via the Direct School Admission scheme (DSA) respectively. Students apply through exercises conducted by the schools around July and August, receiving notice of the results shortly after. Schools offering the Integrated Programme (IP) can take in as many students as they want via DSA. Other schools have also been granted permission by the Ministry of Education to take in students specialising in the schools' niche areas up to a maximum of 5% of their total student intake.[3]
Since 2004, two international schools were given licenses to operate under the Ministry of Education's compulsory practices such as playing the national anthem, and following the nation's bilingual policies, to allow Singaporean or Singapore Permanent Resident students to enter without the Ministry of Education's permission. These schools were granted the permission in April 2004 and started the school year in January 2005. They are Anglo-Chinese School (International) and Hwa Chong International School. Another school was granted the permission to set up a school similar to the original two in 2006, the school is SJI International School, which offers a similar programme to ACS (International).
The Singapore Sports School is for students who are perceived by the school to excel in sports it offers. This includes swimming, badminton, table tennis, soccer, golf, track and field, and sailing. It was opened in January 2004 and the school takes students directly into the school provided they have an active background in the sports offered by the school. When the school had its first intake, many students applied who were judged to excel in their sport but were posted to the Normal (Academic) or Normal (Technical) streams. The school rejected these pupils as the school sought pupils who excelled both physically and academically. The school was criticised for being too result wise instead of grooming them into future sportspeople. Some of the students were finally accepted on an appeal basis after that. Students in the school aim for the International Baccalaureate (IB) paper as it is less strenuous in comparison to the GCE Advanced Level (A-level), allowing the students to focus on their sports, the Singapore Arts School follows similarly.
The NUS High School of Mathematics and Science opened in 2005 with an intake of 225 Secondary 1 and 3 students, offering a six-year programme leading to the NUS High Diploma. Students will also sit for Advanced Placement (AP) and Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) examinations in the senior years for benchmarks for admission into foreign universities. The school offers an accelerated mathematics and science curriculum based on a modular system, also offering languages, humanities, arts, and other elective subjects integrated into its modular system. Students are admitted based on several factors, performance in an application form, interviews, tests, and an admission camp. 25 places out of the 170 places offered in 2007 are also reserved for Primary 6 students wishing to apply with their PSLE results.
The School of Science and Technology (SST) is located at Technology Drive, which is about seven minutes walk from Dover MRT Station. There is also a bus stop outside the school campus.[4]
Government, University, United Kingdom, Canada, Boarding school
Indonesia, Singapore, World War II, Aesthetics, Heraldry
Singapore Police Force, Foreign relations of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Pakistan, Indonesia
Choa Chu Kang, Singapore, MediaCorp, Creative Technology, Abbreviation


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Are You Retired or Nearing Retirement?
Active retirees looking for a way to preserve their hard-earned wealth, and not-so-active retirees concerned about future health care expenses, all work with the financial planning team at Safe Harbor Financial to make sure they won't run out of money in retirement.
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Retirement Planning for Single Women and Widows
The basics of sound financial planning are the same for men and women, but women — especially widows who may be relying on their husbands' survivor benefits — frequently face additional economic issues that require special consideration.
Lifetime Retirement Income
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Browse our Resource Library
Looking for answers to specific questions about your financial and retirement planning? Check out our Resource Library, filled with videos, podcasts and The Wealth Report.


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It's now on Steam Greenlight, and is looking for your support to help get it up for sale through Valve's Steam service.
The developers, Geeta Games, have also released a trailer for the game. It seems to be shaping up to be quite the charming adventure. The art and animation style is supurb. It is scheduled be released this Autumn for Windows, Mac, and Linux.


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The Boxer pictures we use to make Boxer gifts and collectibles are created from exclusive Boxer art by Gone Doggin, your source for Boxer dog breed gifts for dog lovers. Our unique dog gifts are high quality breed specific dog lover gifts showing the breed in their natural surroundings and accurately depicting the breed standards, making our Boxer merchandise truly unique dog owner gifts.
Originating in Germany in the 19th century, the Boxer was first used as a fighting dog and excelled at hunting down large game animals. They became instinctively good guard dogs and later used as couriers during war time. Today, because of the Boxers affectionate personality and awesome temperament they are also used for guide dogs for the blind and other disabilities. This breed absolutely loves human contact and adores children, making these dogs excellent canine companions. The Boxer was first recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1903 and classified under the working group. One hundred years later they are now considered one of the most popular breeds in America. p>


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Hello, welcome to my blog.
Wow. How can someone just sit there and think that we won't say anything when they aren't pulling their weight or contributing to the group assignment? BECAUSE WE WILL.
It's literal name is GROUP assignment, meaning multiple people, working together.
I'm going to give you a little back story – for one of my units at Uni, we're making a documentary. Our groups documentary is on Sydney Trains and the day-to-day activities that happen on the stations and platforms. Our group gets together, makes a Facebook group chat and starts a Google shared document to work on our plan and proposal for the documentary. Everyone is adding and helping out, writing, throwing out ideas, listing the equipment we need and ultimately our project is coming along well. With Google shared docs, you can see who's completed what and edited which part of the document. So we log on and look and one of the girls in our group has logged on, changed her name to the correct spelling, and logged off. It's been about 3-4 days and she hasn't been on since. Not one single word, fullstop, comma, letter or underline. Zip. Zlech. Nothing.
To add to it, we had class today and the same girl messages the group chat and says she can't come to class because she's helping her friend with her assignment that's due tonight.
So what did we do? Well, I don't like to be a snitch but my other friend in the group and myself saw no other option then to tell our tutor. This girl has done nothing and been no help, the assignment is basically completed as it's due tomorrow, so there's nothing she can do because we have already completed it.
Moral of the story? Sometimes you have to be a dibber dibber because sometimes people don't deserve the marks.
Cya l8r alig8tr.


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Step 1Heat the oven to 350 degrees.
Step 2Combine the parsley, onion, potato, garlic powder, pepper, salt, egg, tomato juice and tomato paste. Mix well. Add the beef and mix well again.
Step 3Pack the mixture into a 9x5-inch loaf pan. Bake the loaf until a meat thermometer inserted in the middle registers 160 degrees, about 1 1/2 hours. Drain the grease from the pan and cool the meatloaf in the pan 15 to 20 minutes before removing.


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Volunteer Testimonials
Here are a few stories from some of our volunteers to give you an idea of what you could gain from getting involved. Don't forget to go back to fill in our Volunteer Form!
Michael Buggy
My name is Michael , I am 63 years old and I have been an IWA Volunteer since the middle of 2010.
My background was 24 years in the Irish Defence Forces and 22 Years with RTE Security Dept. I took early retirement in November 2009, after some months I applied to do some voluntary work and have not looked back since.
I find the work with the IWA very fulfilling and it gives me a purpose in my retirement life, it is my privilege to participate in helping in this wonderful organisation. I hold an all categories/class driving licence which I have put to good use by driving the IWA bus for the Youth Service. My driving licence allowed me to use a skill which I had but never appreciated it totally until put to use again after many years.
IWA have assisted me by providing training in a Child Protection Course and a Clamping Course for the buses which is essential. I have found that the Staff I work directly with to be so totally committed, that I find my admiration for them to be inspiring. I would recommend anyone that is considering volunteering to do so as the rewards are so great.
Thank you IWA and your staff for allowing me this pleasure to help on Tuesday and Friday nights. Continued success in all your endeavours.
Lorraine Maher
I am in my twenties and I have been a volunteer with the Integrated Arts Project in Tallaght since 2008. My role with the project has progressed over the years from being a support person for the activities to taking on leadership responsibilities. I support the young people to organise their transport to the activities, I let them know the dates and times for the activities and I travel with them to ensure they get home safely.
It does not seem like work at all. I mix well with the young people and I get to share my experiences of life with a disability. Some of the young people confide in me and talk about what's going on for them.
I feel like I've grown up within the role and I am delighted to be involved. I used to be a service user in the Youth Service but today I am a Volunteer giving something back to young people with and without disabilities in my area. It's great and a real important part of my busy life.
Jen O'Brien
I volunteer in the Knockmitten Youth Cafe in Clondalkin. We play pool, table tennis, games or just chat.
I heard about the Knockmitten Youth Cafe through Foróige. I work for permanent tsb who sponsor the Foróige Youth Citizenship Awards. Seeing all the great things that young people were doing made me want to get involved. I was in a youth club when I was younger and really enjoyed it so I wanted to work with young people in my local area. Luckily the IWA Knockmitten Youth Cafe is in Clondalkin so I decided to volunteer there.
I'm volunteering since February 2011 and really enjoying it. It's not a big commitment of time but its very rewarding. I really feel like I'm really getting to know the young people now and that they like having me around too. I've been saying for ages that I wanted to be able to give something back to my community and now I can.
I feel like I'm making a small difference in the lives of the young people who are in the Café and that's a great feeling! I was a bit nervous the first night I went down but everyone has been so nice and friendly, it's made me want to keep it up.
So if you're interested in volunteering, stop thinking about it and just give it a try!


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Shakyamuni and Amida are our father and our mother,
Full of love and compassion for us;
Guiding us through various skilful means,
They bring us to awaken supreme shinjin.
(Shinran Shonin, Hymns of the Dharma Masters 74; CWS, p. 380.)
This verse comes from the section celebrating the life and work of Master Shan-tao (613-681) in Shinran Shonin's Hymns of the Dharma Masters. It reminds us of the tender care of the two Buddhas and their over-riding concern for beings; their vocation to understand 'suffering and the relief of suffering.'
Not only do they teach us about the causes and cure of our own personal existential agony, but they also embrace us in their kind concern and care. They bring joy to our hearts and minds. To say that they are our true parents is no exaggeration, because not everyone experiences the love and care that they deserve as a human being from those who are supposed to look after them. Shakyamuni Buddha and Amida Buddha actually provide us with the way to live: their compassion is unlimited.
I have sometimes heard Buddhist teachers compare Shakyamuni with a stern father and Amida Buddha with a kind mother. But both Buddhas offer us only compassion.
Shakyamuni Buddha lived some two and a half thousand years ago in India. He was perfectly enlightened and taught his followers accordingly. Among his teaching legacy are The Three Pure Land Sutras, and it is these that guide the understanding and practice of all beings. In these sutras Shakyamuni Buddha tells us about Amida Buddha, the Buddha of Immeasurable Light and Life.
Amida Buddha's wisdom knows us thoroughly, perfectly, exactly as we are, far better than we do. Because he knows us so well, he gives us his pure mind and heart in the form of the Name, Namu-amida-butsu. This gift is the act of great unbridled compassion. When we accept and adopt the Name, we receive Amida Buddha's entrusting heart (shinjin), which is also Amida Buddha's wisdom and compassion.
Since Amida Buddha's compassion is freely and unstintingly available to all, it hard to see why beings would not accept it. In fact, in time, all will do so. As Shan-tao's teacher, Tao-ch'o (562-645) says,
I have collected true words to aid others in their practice for attaining birth, in order that the process be made continuous, without end and without interruption, by which those who have been born first guide those who come later, and those who are born later join those who were born before. This is so that the boundless ocean of birth-and-death be exhausted. (CWS, p. 291)


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Los Angeles Times - In a quest to fortify its bullpen, the Dodgers have expressed interest in Royals closer Wade Davis, according to people familiar with the situation, though it is unclear if Kansas City is willing to part with him. The Dodgers attempted to pair Aroldis Chapman with their own closer, All-Star Kenley...
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Trey Smith
Terrorism, as we all know, occurs when Muslims attack the US or her allies in an effort to kill and maim as many people as possible to further their own "warped" religious and political objectives. At least, that's the definition that so many Americans go by. As I've mentioned before, a group or person's economic agenda doesn't factor into this definition. I think the primary reason that economics is shielded from inclusion is because it generally is employed by us, not "them," and America is not a terrorist organization.
Try telling that to the people of the Dhaka suburb of Savar, Bangladesh! On Thursday, hundreds of them lost their lives when the sweatshop they were working in collapsed. This certainly isn't the first such "accident" to occur in this region. In fact, these sorts of "accidents" happen more frequently than you might guess.
While the immediate responsibility for this incident lies with a sub-contractor, the tentacles reach back to the United States. You see, these sub-contractors work for western retail giants like Walmart. As Vijay Prashad reports,
The big garment producers no longer wanted to invest in factories – they turned to sub-contractors, offering them very narrow margins for profit and thereby forcing them to run their factories like prison-houses of labor. The sub-contracting regime allowed these firms to deny any culpability for what was done by the actual owners of these small factories, allowing them to enjoy the benefits of the cheap products without having their consciences stained with the sweat and blood of the workers. It also allowed the consumers in the Atlantic world to buy vast amount of commodities, often with debt-financed consumption, without concern for the methods of production.
It could easily be argued that requiring workers to ply their trade in a dilapidated structure that is an "accident" waiting to happen is a form of terrorism. Imagine going to work each day with the terror of not knowing whether or not you will make it out of the building alive after the end of your marathon shift for measly wages. You think these workers didn't know that the building they worked in was a candidate for collapse?
Terror comes in many forms. We tend to focus on the more explicit and graphic examples, while ignoring the implicit and structural varieties. We ignore the latter because we believe it is less prevalent and less deadly, but I'd bet the workers in places like Bangladesh would disagree.


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The scroll iron art bench began with a piece of reclaimed pine that was sitting in my studio covered in dust. With a slight twist to the wood the iron art base needed to be built to allow for the unevenness.
The base began to be made from individual hand bent iron and was finished with a hand painted soft iron finish. It now resides with a patron in Pennsylvania USA.
This art piece has been SOLD. I would be happy to create something similiar for you, please contact me.


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You're in good company…
Top real estate brands use Matterport to become leaders in their market.
KENDYL YOUNGRealtor, DIGGS
"Traditional photography or a flat floor plan can't tell the story of how you live in a multi-story home. The Dollhouse View, elevator tool and ability to 'walk' through the home is critical to a true understanding of the home's value to the individual."
CAVAN HADLEYPhotographer, Cavan Hadley Photography
"The realtors who take part in [Matterport] will be leading the charge - the rest will follow."
PHILIP WEINGROWManaging Broker, Alain Pinel Realtors
"My sales team has been delighted with the public's response to Matterport's 3D Showcase. Our agents have won listings away from the competition."


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- Prep Time: 10 minutes
- Cook Time: 15 minutes
- Servings: 4
- Course: Breakfast
Add spice to your breakfast table with this easy-to-prepare frittata. This dish can be quickly and easily assembled in a non-stick aluminum foil-lined casserole dish to be enjoyed in the morning.
Reynolds Kitchens® Tips
Reynolds Kitchens tip
Prepare for a great morning with this Easy Mexican Breakfast Frittata! Simply line your casserole dish in non-stick aluminum foil, bake and serve. It's that easy. Plus, with no food sticking to the pan after, cleanup will be a breeze.
- 10 large eggs
- 6 tablespoons milk
- 1/2 cup grated Mexican cheese mix
- 1 tablespoon + 1 teaspoon of taco seasoning
- 4 tablespoons cilantro, chopped
- 2 tablespoons, finely chopped jalapenos (optional)
- 5 cups coarsely-crushed (by hand) tortilla chips
- Salsa
- Salt and pepper
Step 1
PREHEAT the oven to 375°F.
Step 2
LINE an 8-inch casserole dish with Reynolds Wrap® Non-Stick Aluminum Foil.
Step 3
WHISK the eggs, milk, cheese, chili powder, cilantro, and chopped jalapenos together until combined in a large bowl.
Step 4
FOLD in the tortilla chips until they are completely covered in the egg mixture. Let stand for 10 minutes, until the tortilla chips soften slightly.
Step 5
POUR into lined casserole dish.
Step 6
PLACE frittata in oven and bake for 15-20 minutes until set and 165oF in center; a toothpick should come out clean.
Step 7
REMOVE from oven.
Step 8
SERVE topped with salsa, and season with salt and pepper to taste.
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