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Pictures of Panic
Constructing hard times in words and images
In the late spring of 1837, Edward Williams Clay put grease to stone in the Manhattan shop of H. R. Robinson, a caricaturist and publisher. Clay was inspired. His move from Philadelphia to New York City in 1835 offered him a front-row seat to one of the most dramatic events of his lifetime, a financial crisis of unprecedented proportions.
Philadelphia had long been the home of the Second Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) and the center of the nation's finances, but since Clay's move to New York City, times had changed. President Andrew Jackson removed the federal government's deposits from the B.U.S., depositing the funds in banks throughout the nation. Western land sales spurred by Indian removal and duties collected on imports generated more money than the federal government needed. Congress redistributed this surplus to the state governments, further decentralizing the nation's finances. By the end of 1836, more than 700 banks were printing their own paper money in the United States. More than 100 of them had opened their doors for the first time just that year. Many of the new banks were located far away from the traditional ports of the Atlantic coast; their only tie to global trade existed on paper in the charters of not-yet constructed canals and railroads. To build these "internal improvements" companies raised capital by selling stocks and bonds in the nation's largest financial market, located in lower Manhattan. Mere blocks from Clay's desk, brokers with international connections managed the nation's trade through a variety of commercial paper: stocks, bonds, bank notes, and bills of exchange. They sent accounts of imports, exports, debits, and credits across the Atlantic to the world's central financial market in London where English investors were eager to earn the highest interest rates available in America. During Clay's first two years in New York City his new neighborhood was the scene of not merely local but transnational and international economic excitement.As the crisis intensified, the notion that each man assumed responsibility for his economic fate seemed increasingly flawed. Everyone, that is, was ready to claim credit for prosperity; none were willing to confess to personal failure.
During the first few months of 1837, the times changed again. News from London arrived regarding investors' doubts about America's continued prosperity. British lenders raised interest rates. The confidence that had undergirded business trust evaporated. On both sides of the Atlantic, creditors demanded payment. Banks tightened up their loaning practices. Factors, brokers, and merchants failed to make payments. As one failure triggered another, the always precariously balanced system of credit collapsed. The prices of commodities, including land and slaves, plunged, pushing many to seek "safe" investments such as gold and silver coin (also known as specie). For although bank notes promised "to pay ten dollars on demand," the banks themselves only held a small fraction of the value of their circulating paper in actual coins. Most of their assets were tied up in mortgages on property, bonds, and stocks that, like everything else, were now rapidly losing value. With anxieties rising, bank directors worried that too many holders of their notes might simultaneously demand specie. While few such bank runs had occurred by mid-May, banks throughout the nation sought to protect themselves from the possibility by preemptively suspending specie payments. This brought an end to the initial moment of panic as individuals now faced the certainty of their failure. But troubles kept mounting. Note holders and depositors, including the federal government, lost access to their assets. Foreign debtors sued their American creditors over unpaid debts. Unable to pay their workers, buy raw materials, or sell their products, factories stopped manufacturing. Unemployed workers fled cities. Farmers could not sell their produce. Creditors, sheriffs, and customs collectors seized all forms of property in lieu of debt payments. Lawsuits multiplied. Trade ground to a halt, especially in New York City, whose financial district was particularly hard hit by the crisis. Desperate speculations and miscalculations provoked a second panic in 1839 which was followed by a period of general economic depression that lasted until the early 1840s. Although this entire period would be remembered as the Panic of 1837, contemporaries only used the term "panic" to describe their anxieties during the initial months.
Fig. 1. "H.R. Robinson, Lithographer, Publisher and Caricaturist. 52 Courtlandt Street, New York. Printed from Stone," between 1836 and 1842. Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Fig. 2. "Ten Dollar Note—The New Orleans New Gas Light & Banking Company," (New York, 1800?). Courtesy of the Bank Note Collection at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Panic inspired Clay's art. His productivity soared after the banks suspended specie payments, a turn of events that inspired several hand-painted lithographs. One of these pictures, "The Times," (fig. 3) staged the nation's financial ills as if they were a theatrical production. In the foreground, the characters evoke sympathy or scorn. Shoeless tradesmen huddle beside overpriced commodities and broadsides advertising high prices for coins and credit, as well as schemes and frauds. A respectable widow and child, dressed in neat mourning black, beg for a hand out from a fat mortgage holder. A dark-skinned soldier, stogie in his mouth, watches a drunk pass a bottle of gin to a young mother lying barefoot and spread-eagle on the dirty straw floor of a lean-to. The troubles of a commercial community in crisis fill the background. Crowds throng the liquor store, pawnbroker's shop, sheriff's office, and almshouse. Attorneys wait on clients emerging from luxurious carriages. Clerks sit idly by the Customs House windows above a sign demanding specie for payment of duties as ships (and their cargoes) rot in the harbor. Well-dressed men make a run on the "Mechanic's Bank," which announces to depositors that "no specie payments" will be forthcoming, while soldiers march upon the unarmed crowd. No billows of smoke emerge from the stacks of the railroad engine or steamboat. Signs on the city's offices, hotel, and factory respectively read "to let," "for sale," and "closed for the present." A woman draws the shutters closed above the pawnshop of "Shylock Graspall." A fort named "Bridewell," an infamous English poorhouse and debtors' prison, prepares to welcome a new inmate while a veteran tenant hangs from a gibbet. All the while, in an expression of visual gallows humor, the well-tended fields produce crops that have no hope of being transported to markets or of alleviating the hunger in the city.
"The Times" has become the iconic image of the Panic of 1837. It has graced the covers of monographs, collections of essays and conference programs, and appeared in textbooks as the definitive illustration of the financial crisis and the national depression that followed. But, in fact, this is a strange choice, for "The Times" looks nothing like most of the other images produced in America during and after the crisis. The latter blame the hard times on politicians and the political system, and are replete with monstrous figures and literary analogies, with little interest in conveying a realist account of the events of 1837. These images are rooted in a vision of economic life as inseparable from political and moral judgment. Nothing of the systemic neutrality and objectivity that we assign to the economy is in evidence here.
"The Times" also contains something of this earlier polemical convention. Clay set a scene of bank runs two months later than it actually occurred, for instance, in order to give it a more symbolic date, July 4, 1837. But his argument about the political causes of crisis remains at the margins. The suicide of several figures leaping out of a burning hot air balloon labeled "Safety Fund" alludes to problems with Democratic financial policy. Jacksonian emblems on the sun, together with several of his famous quotations, or "popular sayings," suggest that the former president had something to do with the current hardships. In general, however, Clay's vision was a distinctive image of panic that abjured convention by reflecting uncertainty about the cause of crisis. The vague, quasi-realism of "The Times" suggests that hard times have a recognizably timeless quality. Such a perspective was anathema to prevailing economic thought in the 1830s. At the same time, it allowed Clay to achieve immortality, for its generic imagery transcended time and place and so appealed to future generations using a vastly different lexicon to think about the economy.
Fig. 3. "The Times," (New York, 1837). Courtesy of the Political Cartoon Collection at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Click image to enlarge in a new window.
Fig. 4. "Hard Times," page 2, The American Comic Almanac for 1838 (Philadelphia, 1837). Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
In 1837, Americans panicked. That, at least, is what they called their experience as the immediate financial crisis ended in May 1837 and they sought an explanation for the unfathomable, nearly universal failure of business. Before the crisis began, when the economy was still prospering, popular novels, domestic economy manuals, and even political economy textbooks taught contemporaries that individuals were responsible for their own economic successes or failures. When George Putnam preached his sermon, "The Signs of the Times" on March 6, 1836, for example, he imagined "the figures and coloring of a picture, a painted canvass prefiguring the moral history of the coming prosperous year." This "crowded canvas" included stories of successful individuals who made smart, safe, frugal, and industrious choices, as well as failures who had abandoned morality in pursuing or convincing others to follow "visions of sudden wealth." True, impersonal forces such as "the swelling tide of prosperity" or the "stormy sea of speculation" are found in Putnam's word painting. The end result, however, lay with the individual who "plunges into a raging sea that he has never sounded, to work like a drowning man for his life, to sink or swim amid the stormy and treacherous waves." To Putnam, as well as innumerable other pre-Panic writers in a variety of genres, individual souls bore responsibility for individual fates.
Within a year, Putnam's prediction of continued prosperity proved disastrously wrong. Indeed, the financial crisis challenged the prevailing theory of individual economic responsibility. With the outbreak of troubles in March, individuals throughout the nation and across party lines struggled to find the words in letters, diaries, and newspapers to describe their experience. "The agitation, the panic, I may call it," a New Yorker wrote to the National Intelligencer, "no pen can properly describe." But many pens and even more printing type tried. The editor of the New Orleans Bee fumbled about for the right language, writing about "the excitement, the terror, the panic, or whatever you please to term the state of public feeling." "In one word, excitement, anxiety, terror, panic, pervades all classes and ranks," a correspondent from New Orleans wrote to a northern newspaper, incapable of restricting himself to merely "one word." These examples are revealing of more than just a national failure to find a vocabulary to convey the economic reality. They point to the absence of a conceptual apparatus that could explain the crisis. The terms "capitalism" and "the economy" had not yet been invented. The latter still referred, for instance, to a frugal management of resources, either those of a household or of a nation, and not to a societal structure.
As the crisis intensified, the notion that each man assumed responsibility for his economic fate seemed increasingly flawed. Everyone, that is, was ready to claim credit for prosperity; none were willing to confess to personal failure. Across the ideological spectrum, ornate metaphors, similes, and tropes exposed the general desire to blame everyone and everything but one's own choices. William Leggett, the editor of the New York Plaindealer, mixed his metaphors with abandon. In one brief essay he drew on the entire lexicon of panic: He described the nation's business as "unhealthy," as a "machine" that had been "thrown out of repair, if not broken all to pieces," as a fabled frog that had been "blown up to unnatural dimensions," or as "the dreadful consequences of a deluge of bank credit" produced by "effusion from the fountain of evil." Whether the crisis was imagined in terms of contagious disease, technological disaster, fantastical horror, unpredictable weather, and divine (or satanic) test of human morality, it turned men into victims.
Fig. 5. "'And if we fail—we fail!'—Macbeth," page 7, Elton's Comic All-my-nack 1838 1:5 (New York 1837). Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Fig. 6. "The Explosion," lithograph by H. R. Robinson, between pages 30-31 of Vision of Judgment, Or A Present for the Whigs of '76 and '37, by Junius Jr. (New York, 1838). Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
The less control observers exercised over their finances, the more they described their experience in terms that eliminated their personal economic agency and the more they used the word "panic." According to the 1828 edition of Noah Webster's American Dictionary, the term referred to "a sudden fright; particularly, a sudden fright without real cause, or terror inspired by a trifling cause or misapprehension of danger." Those who now adopted the term were determined to discover forces larger than themselves which had provoked the crisis. Moses Taylor, a New York merchant, wrote to his correspondents in Cuba that "we are at the present moment enduring a panic greater than has yet been felt in the US." The scale and acuteness of the crisis seemed unprecedented, unique, and incomprehensible. As Taylor wrote to another correspondent, "it is almost impossible to conceive of the disastrous state of affairs here."
In fact, the panicked victims of 1837 lacked the concepts that would guide later attempts to identify the causes of crisis. Twentieth-century economic historians have explained the troubles of the late 1830s and early 1840s as a result of small changes in monetary policies in Great Britain, the United States, and China, exacerbated by the enormous interlocking character of a global economy. In 1837 no one could see this as the cause of crisis since no one had the statistical tools, the historical perspective, and a century of economic theory for making such an argument. James Gilbart, an English advocate of democratized banking, argued that "the science of statistics has received till lately but little attention in this country, and perhaps, the statistics of banking have received less attention than any other portion of that science." If statistical data had not yet become a feature of English economic thought, America barely accepted the theories of political economy, in words or numbers. When one of the nation's first and most popular political economy textbooks, Francis Wayland's The Elements of Political Economy, first reached readers mere months before the crisis, reviewers pointed out that "we meet with men grown grey in politics and legislation, who emphatically term the science of Political Economy a humbug, and its partisans a set of visionary schemers and theorists." Macroeconomic monetary forces may have been at work in 1837, but contemporaries had no way of seeing them. Indeed, some contemporaries yearned for this type of economic overview. As Charles Francis Adams wrote in the summer of 1837, "one obstacle to the success of Political Economy as a science and consequent attention by practical men to its injunctions, is found in the difficulty of attaining a position elevated enough to look over the whole surface of action. Hence a danger of mistaking the relative importance of events, of giving to an exception the character of a rule, and of making a partial view weigh as much as if it was a general one." The people of 1837 could not visualize the system they had not yet come to call "the economy," let alone the crisis, from a macroeconomic bird's-eye view.
While the present might have been difficult for contemporaries to see, the past proved no less difficult to bring into focus. They knew that economic history was full of "bubbles," "revulsions," "pressures," and "panics." Within a few decades, theorists would sketch the outlines of a business cycle. But in 1837 past crises were independent events the causes of which could be easily misunderstood and barely compared. Richard Hildreth argued in his The History of Banks (1837) that "the great pressure in the money market, produced by the high value of money, has been mistaken by practical men, whose experience does not extend beyond the panic of 1819." The real parallel, Hildreth argued, was the "pressure" caused by the "scarcity of capital" during "the whole period from 1793 to 1808." Few looked back that far. As recently as 1834, Americans had experienced a credit crunch when the B.U.S. contracted its loans after Jackson withdrew federal deposits. The cause of this much less severe crisis had been clearly political, namely, the bank war between President Jackson and B.U.S. president Nicholas Biddle.
Fig. 7. "Uncle Sam Sick with La Grippe," printed and published by H. R. Robinson (New York, 1837). Courtesy of the Political Cartoon Collection at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Click image to enlarge in a new window.
Fig. 8. "New Edition of Macbeth. Bonk-Oh's! Ghost," printed and published by H. R. Robinson (New York, 1837). Courtesy of the Political Cartoon Collection at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Click image to enlarge in a new window.
Politics provided the most obvious explanation for individuals who wanted to think of themselves as victims of an event caused by forces beyond their control. As one Senator excoriated, "some have the hardihood ... to call it a panic, and to assert that it is manufactured, as if the public were feigning distress to make an exhibition of itself." Politicians of all varieties used the idea of a manufactured panic to attack their opponents. Commercially oriented Democrats who had supported state-chartered over federally chartered banks blamed panic on speculating merchants who, in turn, sought to blame state chartering for causing their own "overtrading." "Hard money" Democrats and working class Locofocos blamed banks of all kinds for fomenting an unnecessary panic in order to prevent the establishment of a specie currency. Whigs argued that the crisis was caused by the Jackson administration's policies and called the event a panic in order to emphasize the role the federal government could play in ending this "experiment" with the nation's financial system. Before the crisis ended, a coalition of New York Whigs and commercial Democrats called on President Martin Van Buren to convene an emergency session of Congress that would pass measures they believed necessary for restoring liquidity to financial markets and confidence to the nation's foreign creditors. When Van Buren refused, they blamed his inaction for the panic's severity. And when the bank suspensions forced Van Buren to call a "panic session," he blamed the Whigs for manipulating the banks for political purposes.
Partisans of both sides therefore crafted a picture of national and impersonal panic that diverged from the local and psychological experience described by individuals in their letters and diaries. Only after the panic ended were references to meltdowns, tempests, epidemics, and biblical punishments replaced by arguments about victimization at the hands of the political system. The Bank of England was pushed far offstage. Instead, images of Jackson, Van Buren, Biddle, and the other politicians of the day came to dominate images of panic as well as the consequent writing of its history. The only figures who panicked in most of these accounts were the villains and heroes of national party politics.
Aside from a few crude engravings published in humorous almanacs in 1838, the only images of panic from 1837 are political cartoons. Most of these are single-page broadsides. One interesting exception is a bizarre pamphlet entitled Vision of Judgment, Or A Present for the Whigs of '76 and '37 which narrates the story of the Jackson and Van Buren administrations by means of beastly characters. Ironically, the words and the pictures in this allegory do not tell the same story about financial crisis. The text seeks to describe the panic as a human experience:
It happened, one cold morning, a little before sunrise, that an "awful explosion," like an earthquake, was felt all over the plain, even to the farthest extremity. The whole nation were in the greatest consternation. Some thinking, from the rocking of the walls, that their houses were falling down on their heads, began to weep and lament in the most distressing and alarming manner. Others tore their hair in the agony and frenzy of the moment, running about and screaming in the most heart-rending tones; while others again gave themselves in sullenness to despair, and cursed the day of their birth. In short it would be impossible to describe half the distress and wretchedness produced on that dreadful and never-to-be-forgotten day.
Fig. 9. "The Modern Balaam and His Ass," printed and published by H. R. Robinson (New York, 1837). Courtesy of the Political Cartoon Collection at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Click image to enlarge in a new window.
Fig. 10. "Balaam and His Ass," Nuremberg Chronicle, folio XXX, Hartmann Schedel (Nuremberg, Germany, 1493). Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
The accompanying image, however, a lithograph produced in Robinson's shop, displayed none of the feelings conveyed in the text (fig. 6). It focused, rather, on how "the golden ball," a symbol of the policies of Hard Money Democrats, "was found to have been hollow within and only gilt without." "From it, as from the fabled box of Pandora, issued every evil thing which could be imagined," the description continued, "Poverty, Distress, and Famine came forth, followed by a ghostly train, bearing in their arms whole bundles of paper." To Whigs, these were symbols of the hypocrisy of Van Buren's Subtreasury plan, a federal department whose creation was proposed in the summer of 1837 to protect government deposits from the suspended banks but would, like them, become an issuer of paper notes (or Subtreasury "rags"). Rather than illustrate the "never-to-be-forgotten" human suffering described in the words, the artist rendered an exclusively political argument.
Most of the era's images of economic crisis avoided these confusions because they had no separate text. Single-page political caricatures were long popular in England but such lithographs only became commercially successful in America in the mid-1820s, just in time to lambaste the escapades of a very colorful era of partisan politics. Although we have few details regarding the total circulation of these prints or of how they were displayed, we can trace the increasing popularity of this medium by counting the number of images produced each year. Before 1831 the annual production of caricatures in the country never exceeded ten. From 1829 to 1852 the average reached almost thirty. Costing between twelve-and-a-half to twenty-five cents, caricatures constituted a significant expense for urban manufacturing laborers who earned about a dollar a day. For the same price they could buy any of Hannah Farnham Sawyer Lee's bestselling novels, which instructed families how to survive a financial crisis. Not surprising, then, most of these cartoons presented the perspective of wealthy Whigs or commercially oriented Democrats. The interpretation of the financial crisis as a national panic provoked by the foolishness of the Democrats provided an ideal subject for cartoons. Clay, the era's most prolific caricaturist, produced over 100 lithographs in his thirty-year career, a third of these images coming in the three years of economic upheaval from 1837 to 1840. They highlight his erudition but look nothing like the images we associate with economic history. There are no plummeting graphs and few depictions of bank runs. As historical sources, the caricatures of this period are very difficult to read because of their oblique references, suggesting the winks and nudges of inside jokes. Clay and other artists who made these images developed four dominant motifs for depicting the crisis: animalistic allegories, national political figures experiencing a metaphor of panic, literary allusions, and fake bank notes.
Clay clearly included the metaphors of panic in his cartoon "Uncle Sam Sick with La Grippe" (fig. 7). Many commented on the need for a "remedy" for the "disease" which had overwhelmed the nation's commerce in the spring of 1837. In Clay's image, a sick Uncle Sam (dressed in moccasins and a liberty cap and holding a sheet of paper listing the dollar amounts of failures in New York, New Orleans, and Philadelphia) is tended to by a variety of medical practitioners attired in eighteenth-century styles but displaying the visages of contemporary Democratic Party politicians. Jackson diagnoses the illness as "overeating," a reference to American "overconsumption" of imports. Through an oversize syringe, Thomas Hart Benton, the leader of the Hard Money Democrats, administers his "gold pills" and "mint drops" as a cure. Dressed like an eighteenth-century nurse, "Aunt Matty," a nickname crafted by Davy Crockett for the refined and diminutive Van Buren, blames Uncle Sam's sickness on "over issues"—a reference to the increased number of bank notes. Uncle Sam takes issue with "Dr. Hickory" and insists that he is not a glutton but "half starved." He blames "Apothecary Benton" for "tying up my bowels" and reminds his nurse that he was once "as hearty an old cock as every lived." Outside the sickroom, Biddle arrives with his own set of remedies—a variety of paper money—and is greeted by a desperate Brother Jonathan, a symbol of America's English creditors. To avoid starvation, the bald eagle suggests flying to the Republic of Texas, a popular location for absconding from debts. The cartoon argues that the Democrats' attempts to restructure American finance nearly killed the country. The individual experience of panic is nationalized and embodied in the character of Uncle Sam.
Fig. 11. "Great Locofoco Juggernaut, A New-Console-A-Tory Sub-Treasury Rag Monster" (1837). Courtesy of the Political Cartoon Collection at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Click image to enlarge in a new window.
Fig. 12. "Specie Claws," printed and published by H. R. Robinson (New York, 1837). Courtesy of the Political Cartoon Collection at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Click image to enlarge in a new window.
The ghost of a dead bank is the featured character in another Clay cartoon, "New Edition of Macbeth. Bank-oh's! Ghost." In this image (fig. 8), "the ghost of commerce" who has been strangled by the specie circular (a hard money policy) confronts a startled—one might say panicked—Van Buren. With pockets full of "bills protested" and "bills not negotiable," the specter points to the paper at the heart of the crisis: a listing of millions of dollars in failures in New York, New Orleans, and Philadelphia, interest rates of six percent, etc. Quoting Shakespeare, Van Buren insists on his innocence while Jackson (dressed as Lady Macbeth, complete with Bowie knife), a mint julep-swilling cotton planter, and an unkempt Locofoco toast commerce's death. Although Van Buren's face provides some idea of what personal panic may have looked like, the point of this cartoon is that the Democrats killed the nation's trade, which is again embodied in a single character representing the collective experience of merchants.
In addition to theatrical references, cartoonists mobilized phrenology, Don Quixote, and the Bible to depict the crisis. "The Modern Balaam and His Ass," by H. R. Robinson (fig. 9), draws an analogy between national politics and the Old Testament story of a prophet who is reproached by an angel for beating his talking donkey when the animal stops to make way for a divine messenger. The image drew on iconography familiar since at least the fifteenth century, coupled with the new symbol of the Democratic party, the donkey. Jackson beats his ride here with a veto stick for delaying the delivery of the "specie currency." Meanwhile, the animal has been frightened by a "protest," a sign of the inability of the federal government to pay its bills because the funds are stuck in the suspended banks. Van Buren walks behind the ass, as he promised in his inaugural address to "tread in the footsteps of my illustrious predecessor." Blaming a shortsighted Jackson and his unthinking follower, the cartoon illustrates the nation's financial troubles with a sign posted on the door of the "Mechanic's Bank" that reads: "No Specie payments made here!" As such, the president rather than individual investors have failed a divine morality test. But the voters are not entirely off the hook, for in America, the politicians who induced the Panic hold office only after winning the support of the voters, represented here by the donkey, who have sought to stop the crisis but could not prevent the ensuing destruction. This notion of a system composed of individuals yet beyond the control of all but the most powerful offered a model for a new kind of economic thinking. Once Americans recognized "the economy" as a system, they would have an answer to the question of economic responsibility that combined agency and victimization. Despite the ancient and early modern references to literature, iconography, and the language of conspiracy, caricatures of panic actually offered nineteenth-century Americans a new conceptual model, the system.
With so many banks each issuing their own paper currency, the most tangible symbol of economic relationships—money—looked to be anything but systematic. Nevertheless, the thousands of varieties of bank notes all shared a common graphic organization, language, and iconography. Several political caricatures, assuming the form of paper money, poked fun at the substance of these currencies and the president's Subtreasury plan by critiquing both the form and the substance of finance. D. C. Johnston copied the style of bank notes in producing "The Great Locofoco Juggernaut, A New Console-A-Tory Sub-Treasury Rag Monster" (fig. 11). The title refers to Democratic party machine politics, British government securities, and dubious paper money, the paper itself physically derived from rags. This "shin plaster" (a slang for fractional currency) represents a value of twelve-and-a-half cents, probably the price of the cartoon. Most bank notes and other paper promises contained icons of stability, economic growth, and patriotism to evoke confidence. Johnston, in contrast, depicts the lenders as laughable characters unworthy of trust. In a critique of the hypocrisy of Hard Money Democrats, the caricature lists "Locofoco" in the place normally reserved for the signature of a bank president and has been "accepted" for payment by Benton as if he was the cashier. Jackson, dressed in drag and trampling on the people's rights, frames one side of the bill. The other side shows a small version of "A Modern Balaam and His Ass," with Van Buren assuming monkey-form and Jackson's head imposed on the ass carrying the deposits and advancing on the road "to ruin." The accompanying seals argue that "officeholders" are paid in "yellowboys" (gold) while the "people's pay" consists of "treasury rags." The note is crowned by a monstrous Van Buren, the monster having been the symbol used by Democrats in attacking the Bank of the United States during the Bank War, riding a carriage carrying the federal government's deposits and pulled by his appointees to federal offices. Running on "jackass power," the "railroad to perdition" crushes the people despite a well-dressed character's declaration that the "experiment" (a nickname for Jacksonian financial policy) would "end the people's sufferings." Here is a metaphor of panic: an out-of-control machine. Instead of guaranteeing the paper's worth the text at the center of the bill ridicules Democratic politicos. The slogan "good for a shave" reflects the high fees charged by bill brokers who pocketed a portion of the face value of paper money for their own profits. Below, Benton appears in the shape of a bug—the same insect that appears in the image from Vision of Judgment—and flies around Van Buren who, like the ghost of a bank in the Macbeth cartoon, is being strangled by the "Specie Circular." This portrait is called "Laocoon," another literary reference, this time to Greek mythology. All this dense imagery mirrors the complexity of American finance, suggesting that if there were a system, it's a joke.
Fig. 13. "Migrant Mother," photograph by Dorothea Lange. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Not all of the caricatures displayed such dark humor. "Specie Claws," a homophone of the "specie clause" in Van Buren's Subtreasury plan that allowed only coin to be used for the payment of federal debts, was the title of the only picture besides "The Times" to literally remove national political leaders from focus (fig. 12). Faint portraits of Jackson and Van Buren hang on the wall of a one-room, attic apartment of a poor family in this image depicting the effects of national policies on domestic life. Seated at a table upon which rests an empty platter, a carpenter leans on a copy of the Locofoco newspaper, the New Era, while listening to his children's requests for bread. "I'm so hungry," exclaims the tallest boy. His mother, nursing the couple's youngest child, says "My dear, cannot you contrive to get some food for the children? I don't care for myself." He replies that he has "no money and cannot get any work." Meanwhile, two well-appointed men carrying a warrant and "distraint for rent" wonder "where we are to get our costs." One of the most emotive images of the period, "Specie Claws" was meant to provoke sympathy with the family's plight and the father's emasculating experience of being unable to provide food and shelter for his family. Robinson's image, however, is deceptive. Although it assigns an anonymous human face to the economic crisis, it does so for purposes of national politics. The key to this underlying agenda is uttered by the second son. "I say Father can't you get some specie claws?" he asks. This Whig lithograph was designed to expose the mistaken allegiance of workers to the Democratic party, blaming the former for supporting the Locofoco's hard money policies. The father cannot get his "claws" into the specie hoarded by the federal government and the banks. But by having voted for such policies he must shoulder responsibility for their outcome, namely, his family's poverty. All Locofoco supporters bore responsibility for the nation's economic troubles. Like "The Modern Balaam And His Ass," "Specie Claws" also describes a combination of agency and victimhood that would eventually be moved from the political arena to a newly conceptualized economic system.
During the century separating the 1830s from the 1930s, proponents of laissez-faire were so successful in advocating an economy that purportedly operated independent of the political system that New Deal supporters had to convince voters that the government could (and should) intervene economically on behalf of suffering Americans. In the 1930s, Dorothea Lange used a technology unavailable in 1837 to photograph the plight of economic victims in her composition "Migrant Mother." Shot in a California pea picker's camp during the Great Depression for the government's Farm Security Administration, the photograph is strikingly similar to "Specie Claws." The posture of the central characters is nearly identical. Both pictures appeal to emotion to make an argument about the effects of economic events on families. These images, however, make opposite arguments about the cause of economic disaster. "Specie Claws" blames the political system; "Migrant Mother" demands its intervention. The pictures might look similar but the subject had changed; economics replaced political economy as the discipline that offered tools for understanding panic. In a recent New York Times review of Linda Gordon's biography of Lange, David Oshinsky praised the "timelessness" of Lange's work. Pictures of panic and depression might seem timeless to us, but the political cartoons of the Jacksonian period provide evidence that our understanding of the economy has changed dramatically over the past two centuries. Up until the Great Depression, economists naturalized financial crises as part of a business cycle powered by individual choices yet beyond individual control. Since the 1930s, these experts (equipped with statistical indicators, complex models, and national or international financial institutions) have convinced us that specialized knowledge can be used to regulate the forces of the economy. We presently view our own financial crises as, at least in part, the result of a failure by regulatory agencies to flatten the business cycle and moderate those economic forces that victimize us. We recognize the hardship of "The Times" because, unlike George Putnam, who believed in complete individual economic agency, we believe in economic victimhood. Each small detail of "The Times" portrays economic disasters that resemble familiar photographs of the Great Depression as well as images of later nineteenth-century downturns. These visual commodities reinforce our twenty-first century belief in the business cycle, for they demonstrate that economic crisis looks the same across time. By choosing "The Times" to represent the Panic of 1837, we validate our present-day theories of victimhood, though we do little to further our understanding of what happened in 1837.
Further reading
The Panic of 1837 has inspired prize-winning books in both political and economic history. For competing political interpretations of the crisis, see: Reginald Charles McGrane, The Panic of 1837 (Chicago, 1924); Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson (Boston, 1945); Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America (Princeton, 1957); Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion (Stanford, 1957); Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy (New York, 2005); and Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought (New York, 2007).
For competing economic interpretations of the crisis, see: Leland Hamilton Jenks, The Migration of British Capital to 1875 (New York, 1927); Richard Timberlake, "The Specie Circular and the Distribution of the Surplus," Journal of Political Economy 68 (1960): 109-117; Peter Temin, The Jacksonian Economy (New York, 1969); Peter Rousseau, "Jacksonian Monetary Policy, Specie Flows, and the Panic of 1837," Journal of Economic History 62 (2002): 457-88; and John Wallis, "What Caused the Crisis of 1839?" NBER Historical Working Paper 133 (Cambridge, Mass., 2001).
For the social history of the depression, see Samuel Rezneck, "The Social History of an American Depression, 1837-1843," American Historical Review 40, No. 4 (1935): 662-687. For a recent discussion of the effect of the panic on fiction, see Maria Carla Sanchez, Reforming the World (Iowa City, 2008).
For the rise of the concept of the economy, the business cycle, numeracy, economic individualism, and genres of economic writing, see: Margaret Schabas, The Natural Origins of Economics (Chicago, 2006); Harold Hagemann, ed. Business Cycle Theory (London, 2002); Ann Fabian, "Speculation on Distress: The Popular Discourse of the Panics of 1837 and 1857," Yale Journal of Criticism 3, No. 1 (1989): 127-42; Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People (Chicago, 1982); Jeffrey Sklansky, The Soul's Economy (Chapel Hill, 2002); and Mary Poovey, Genres of the Credit Economy (Chicago, 2008).
Much recent scholarship has explored the culture of capitalism in the early American republic with a particular emphasis on failure, bankruptcy, and confidence. For examples, see: Scott Sandage, Born Losers (Cambridge, Mass., 2005); Stephen Mihm, A Nation of Counterfeiters (Cambridge, Mass., 2007); Jane Kamensky, The Exchange Artist (New York, 2008); Edward Balleisen, Navigating Failure (Chapel Hill, 2001); and Bruce Mann, Republic of Debtors (Cambridge, Mass., 2003).
Nancy Reynolds Davison's University of Michigan doctoral dissertation "Edward Williams Clay" (1980) is an invaluable source on this prolific artist and his lithographs. For a broader perspective on nineteenth-century American political caricature, see: Frank Weitenkampf, Political Caricature in the United States (New York, 1953); and Bernard F. Reilly Jr. American Political Prints, 1776-1876 (Boston, 1991).
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text:
Crab Apple Malus Profusion - Tree
Invest in ornamental apple tree Malus 'Profusion' for your bird- and bee-friendly garden. The tree is a natural food-supply to provide for...Read More
Delivery: 7-10 working days
Invest in ornamental apple tree Malus 'Profusion' for your bird- and bee-friendly garden. The tree is a natural food-supply to provide for wildlife all year round!
In spring your Malus 'Profusion' tree will put out lots of fat bursting buds before revealing leaves and flowers later in spring. Handsome bullfinches will appreciate some of the fat bursting buds.
Once in flower 'Profusion' will attract pollinating insects such as bees, lacewings and hoverflies. This will help to increase the bio-diversity in your garden, promoting lots of wildlife to thrive.
Flowers are followed by purple fruits in autumn which are popular with birds such as blackbirds and other members of the thrush family including winter visitors like fieldfares. In winter much of the fruit remains on the tree, and is appreciated as a supplementary food source for blue tits, great tits and a variety of finches.
In winter the bare branches form convenient roosting places for flocking birds such as long-tailed tits and make ideal perches for nocturnal birds like tawny owls..
How to plant your tree
This bare-root variety arrives to you as a bare-root plant fully-labelled with its roots surrounded by a polythene bag to give the roots a good, humid environment.
There should be some healthy roots which will develop strongly in the ground over winter. The stems are bare on arrival- this is perfectly fine- and will start to grow and develop leaves in spring the following year when the weather warm up.
Bare-root plants are perfect for you to plant in the ground or in containers anytime from autumn to spring. The head of leaves and stems will burst into leaf and flower from next spring, and a good root network which will establish in the ground over winter.
Remove the polythene bag and water the root area of your bare-root plant on arrival. Try to plant straight away but if this is not possible your plant will survive up to two or three days with its roots buried in some loose moist soil. Keep out of direct-sun.
Once planted in rich, moist soil provide a thick layer of compost on the surface around the plant will keep the soil area warm and the roots stimulated for over winter.
Eventual height: 6m (20ft)
Supplied as bare-root plant
Delivery from early November to early April

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Opposites Assent (Underground Fortitude 1)
Amazon / MLR Books
Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.
~Winston Churchill
Every good leader knows that a war can't be won by sheer strength alone. There have to be strong brains, too. That is what the few remaining humans have left in Jared and Avis. Jared is the young, tough soldier who fights the alien invaders out in the ruins of what was once the flourishing city of Detroit. Avis is the youthful doctor who struggles to keep what is left of humanity surviving, while trying to figure out what make the Outwarders tick.
That's not their only enemy, either. Their biggest adversary may be within their own ranks. Will it tear Jared and Avis apart just as they finally accepted their feelings for one another? Or will it make them grow closer together?


text:
Installation of Visual Studio 2010 Hangs/Very Slow Resolved
I dont have problem in installing 2010, 5 month ago. It smoothly installed. But I had problem in installing 2010 yesterday. It was very very slow and opening screens after 2 min. And it is such a slow, I could not install it. I have searched at lot of places but no solutions was given but lately found following article which has worked for me.
Just creating registry dword as shown in article smooth installation:


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NEW YORK, N.Y. July 30, 2013–For the sixth consecutive month, confidence levels among the American workforce reached pre-recession highs, according to the July Randstad Employee Confidence Index released today. The ECI hit a low of 41.3 in Q4 2008 and remained below 50 for most of the period spanning 2008 to 2011, but has since remained in the mid-50s for the past six months – consistent with levels seen before the recession. In fact, employees across the nation remain confident about many aspects of the workforce, with the Index remaining virtually unchanged at 56.3 in July (vs. 56.8 in June). This online survey, conducted by Harris Interactive on behalf of Randstad in July of 2013, included 1,065 employed U.S. adults ages 18 and older.
According to the Randstad July Index, almost half (49%) of employees are confident in their ability to find a new job and more than three-in-five (62%) are confident in the future of their current employer. Three-in-ten (30%) U.S. workers believe the economy is getting stronger.
"Employees continue to show pre-recession levels of confidence throughout the first half of 2013, keeping pace with increases in job gains, home values and stock prices," said Jim Link, managing director, Randstad U.S. "We see a connection between rising consumer confidence levels and increases in leisure and hospitality industry employment – which makes sense. Leisurely activities, vacations and other incidentals are the types of things people typically cut back on during tough times. This, coupled with revisions to previous month's job numbers, seems to be a big contributor to the stability of our Index."
Randstad, the second largest staffing and HR services firm in the world, puts an average of nearly 100,000 people to work in the U.S. each week and has been tracking workforce trends and publishing the U.S. Employee Confidence Index since 2004.
About Randstad US
Randstad US is a wholly owned subsidiary of Randstad Holding nv, a $22.0 billion global provider of HR services. As the third largest staffing organization in the U.S., Randstad holds top positions in permanent placement, office and administrative, IT and accounting and finance. From professional services, commercial staffing, recruitment process outsourcing, to managed services and more, Randstad delivers a comprehensive range of temporary, temporary-to-hire, permanent placement and outsourced placement services. With its 5,660 employment experts, Randstad puts an average of nearly 100,000 people to work in the U.S. each week, through its network of more than 900 branches and client-dedicated locations.
Learn more at www.randstad.com and access Randstad's panoramic US thought leadership knowledge center through its Workforce360site that offers valuable insight into the latest economic indicators and HR trends shaping the world of work.
This 2013 Randstad Employment Tracker was conducted online within the United States by Harris Interactive on behalf of Randstad between July 9-11, 2013 among a U.S. sample of 1,065 employed adults, aged 18 years and older. Results were weighted as needed for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, and region. Propensity score weighting was also used to adjust for respondents' propensity to be online.
All sample surveys and polls, whether or not they use probability sampling, are subject to multiple sources of error which are most often not possible to quantify or estimate, including sampling error, coverage error, error associated with nonresponse, error associated with question wording and response options, and post-survey weighting and adjustments. Therefore, Harris Interactive avoids the words "margin of error" as they are misleading. All that can be calculated are different possible sampling errors with different probabilities for pure, unweighted, random samples with 100% response rates. These are only theoretical because no published polls come close to this ideal.
Respondents for this survey were selected from among those who have agreed to participate in Harris Interactive surveys. The data have been weighted to reflect the composition of the U.S. adult population. Because the sample is based on those who agreed to be invited to participate in the Harris Interactive online research panel, no estimates of theoretical sampling error can be calculated.
About Harris Interactive
Harris Interactive is one of the world's leading market research firms, leveraging research, technology, and business acumen to transform relevant insight into actionable foresight. Known widely for the Harris Poll® and for pioneering innovative research methodologies, Harris offers proprietary solutions in the areas of market and customer insight, corporate brand and reputation strategy, and marketing, advertising, public relations and communications research. Harris possesses expertise in a wide range of industries including health care, technology, public affairs, energy, telecommunications, financial services, insurance, media, retail, restaurant, and consumer package goods. Additionally, Harris has a portfolio of multi-client offerings that complement our custom solutions while maximizing our client's research investment. Serving clients in more than 196 countries and territories through our North American and European offices, Harris specializes in delivering research solutions that help us - and our clients—stay ahead of what's next. For more information, please visit www.harrisinteractive.com.
Media Contact:
Lesly Cardec
Senior PR Director, Randstad
800-422-3819; firstname.lastname@example.com
for job seekers
for business
career resources
learning center
about randstad


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Thursday, February 5, 2009
This Blog Has Moved (sort of)
The reason I moved my blog is the small image size on blogger. At my new blog you will that my photos are much bigger. I think it looks a lot better.
I started the new blog a month ago. It was running in parallel with this one for awhile, but it was too much work updateing both sites with the same posts.
I'm not 100% sure if this blog will die off, or if I'll morph it into something else.
Friday, January 16, 2009
It's Too Cold for Dogs
Jack in Hobbs Woods, originally uploaded by Gamut's Edge.
Winter is in full force here in Wisconsin. Yesterday I took the dogs and my camera out to Hobbs woods to take advantage of the fresh snow. Thanks to the zero degree thermometer reading the dogs and I had the woods all to ourselves. Maria (my girlfriend) said it was too cold to bring the dogs out. The dogs disagreed. I think they would have stayed out all day. Too bad the weather had all the rabbits and squirrels hidden away.
Technical note: I have been experimenting a lot with getting pictures of my black dog Jack in the snow. Here's the technique I've developed over the last two months.
1) Shoot in RAW.
2) Set the the camera to manual and find an exposure that puts the snow on the far, far right of the histogram without over exposing. A few over exposed specs are OK. They can be recovered in the RAW converter. Also, snow is white. A couple little overexposed white areas are OK.
3) Using the photoshop RAW converter set the white balance using the white balance dropper. Click the dropper in a neutral area in the snow. Click around some different spots until you find a good looking white balance.
4) Set the black point slider to zero. You need as many pixels as you can muster to render a black dogs fur.
5) Open the photo into photoshop and make a duplicate layer. Use the shadow highlight adjustment on the new layer to bring out details in the black dog and the bright snow. Mask the layer to taste, or keep the adjustment global.
6) Do some sharpening to the dog's face, and add a little saturation to the dog. This makes it pop out.
7) Your done
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Nobody is Looking
Winter Over the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, originally uploaded by Gamut's Edge.
Out the right side of the aircraft you can see the Grand Canyon.
Lake Havasu
Lake Havasu, originally uploaded by Gamut's Edge.
Since I am on first year first officer pay right now I've had to substitute orders from amazon.com with trips to the Library. Yesterday we went to the Fond du Lac public library to get some books for Ella. I picked up a couple photography books also. One of the books was by the photographer Eliot Porter. This might reveal my compete ignorance; I had never heard of him before. Here's a Wikipedia link for those readers as undereducated as me.
The book is full of gorgeous color prints. As I looked through the book I began to notice that none of the photos had a pure white tone. Even photos of snow didn't have a single speck of white that matched the white of the paper the photos were printed on. The pictures still looked marvalous. This set me to thinking about my own photo editing techniques. I always strive for the white areas in my pictures to be pure white after post process. For me figuring out a white point and a black point is the starting point for setting the correct contrast. None of Elliot Porter's photos had a pure white and they still looked perfectly natural and realistic. Many of his landscapes feel like you could walk right into them. Maybe I don't need a pure white either.
That brings me to the photo at the top of this post. It's lake Havasu, Arizona. I took this picture three days ago, but I didn't edit it until this morning. During the post process I did my best to make this photo look like an Elliot Porter print. Notice, there is nothing pure white in this picture.
Thursday, January 8, 2009
Buddhist Fish Offering
Walleye in a Bucket, originally uploaded by Gamut's Edge.
I talked to my dad on the phone yesterday. He said an eagle ate the remains of the Walleye that we left on the ice.
OK, the story is actually more complicated than that. We didn't leave the Walleye on the ice. We put the head skeleton and tail in a grill that was next to an ice shanty across the lake. The fillets are safe in my dads freezer. Why would we leave a fish carcass in our neighbors grill? First of all, it was my dad's idea. I was just along to verify the story.
The people across the lake run a mechanized ice fishing outfit. They set up twenty tip-ups with the aid of a snowmobile and motorized ice auger. Then, once they are set up they do their fishing from the comfort of a heated ice shanty and they cook brats outside on their grill. It's all peachy for them. My dad does his fishing in the open air with the cold north wind howling. He drills his own holes with an ancient man-powered ice auger. And, he only puts out his legal limit of three tip ups.
If you caught the biggest Walleye in the lake would you tell your competitors across the lake about it, or would you sneak across the dark-frozen lake in the middle of the night and leave the remains of the trophy walleye in their grill? Imagine their surprise the next afternoon when they went to cook up some Johnsonville Brats and watch the Green Bay Packers in their heated shanty. The leader of their outfit opens the grill and takes a step back in horror at the first site of the frozen carcass in his grill. After a few seconds his reeling mind begins to comprehend that he has been outfished and outsmarted. He looks around for tracks in the snow. Where did these people come from? But, we were too smart for that. We walked confusing circles around the ice shanty and ended or mission backtracking down a packed snowmobile trail. There are no tracks to follow.
In the end the bald eagle got to eat the fish remains. The guys with the shanty left the fish on the ice and the hungry eagle found it a couple hours later. My dad said the eagle carried the fish into the tree above our cabin and ate it.
Wednesday, January 7, 2009
Rocky Mountain National Park Locked in Winter
Rocky Mountain NP Locked in Winter, originally uploaded by Gamut's Edge.
I took this photo two days ago while flying high above Rocky Mountain National Park. The sun had set a five minutes earlier, but enough alpine glow remained for me to get this shot.
I've spent some time in Rocky Mountain National Park so I can give you a little tour via this photo. The ridge on the left bottom is where Trail Ridge Road crosses the mountains. The main ridge in the center of the frame is the continental divide. At the end of the center ridge is Long's Peak, the highest mountain in Rocky Mountain National Park. This is me on top of Longs Peak.
I photographed these guys two summers ago. They're probably sleeping somewhere under all that snow right now, or maybe they're in a coyote's belly?
More Las Vegas Real Estate
Las Vegas Trailers, originally uploaded by Gamut's Edge.
Here's another photo from my walk around Las Vegas. This storage lot is located walking distance from The Strip.
Tehnical note: When taking photos in bright midday sun it is easy to get tricked by your camera's LCD into underexposing. Under exposed shots look better on the LCD when viewed in a sunny area. If you're bracketing and don't pay attention to the histogram you could easily fool yourself into underexposing a whole series of pictures. I've done that a few times in the past. Now whenever I shoot in the sun I pay close attention to the histogram. For this photo I based my exposure off the white in the trailers. I made sure there was a spike on the right side of the histogram as close to the edge as possible without overexposing. This spike was the white trailers. I took a few bracketed shots over and under just to be sure I got a workable image. And of course, the underexposed frame looked best on my LCD. However, when I got back to my computer and downloaded the photos the image with the whitest yet not blown out trailers looked best.
Why do underexposed photos look best on the camera's LCD? I am not sure but I have a theory. First of all underexposed photos are darker so they are easier to see in bright sun. Secondly, I think the camera actually does a little post processing of its own when it displays the photos. I could b wrong, but I think most cameras set a white point and black point, kind of a rough levels adjustment, to the photos displayed on the LCD. This is used strictly for the LCD display and isn't saved for to the file data. That's why your images always look contrastier on the LCD than they do once they're downloaded. This white point setting adds saturation just like it does in photoshop. That's why the underexposed photo has more saturation. A sharper correction was made to create a white point and black point in the underexposed image. Therefore there is more saturation in the underexposed photo in the LCD display and it still looks good because it has a black point and a white point. You don't notice the image is messed up until you download it onto your computer or take a second to analyze the histogram n camera.


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Game description
Vote: Did you like this game? 22
Thanksgiving is coming up soon and Rachaels mom is very busy preparing for the thanksgiving dinner party. Rachaels mum has invited all her friends and relatives for the party. Since its a lot of work Rachael has asked for your help to complete all the tasks before her mom finds out. Help Rachael surprise her mum and make her happy. You have to complete the entire tasks in the given time limit. Use the hints in case you get stuck anywhere.
Game controls:
This game is played with mouse only.


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- Secure Storage Containers in Fuquay Varina, NC.
- All Steel Container Products.
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text:
Step 1Heat the oven to 325 degrees. Line cookie sheets with parchment.
Step 2In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, or in a large bowl using a hand mixer, add the butter. With the mixer running, slowly beat in the sugars a little at a time until light and fluffy. Beat in the vanilla.
Step 3With the mixer running, beat in the egg until fully incorporated, then beat in the egg yolk. Beat in the salt and baking soda, scraping down the sides of the bowl to make sure everything is evenly incorporated.
Step 4Slowly beat in the flour, mixing just to incorporate. Be careful not to overmix, or the cookies will toughen. Gently mix or fold in the chocolate chips by hand.
Step 5Scoop about half-cup portions of the dough onto the parchment-lined cookie sheets. This should make about 10 cookies; you can make smaller ones if you prefer. Space the cookies evenly on the sheets (only 3 cookies will fit on each sheet if making the larger, quarter-pound cookies). Press the cookies slightly to flatten once they are on the sheet.
Step 6Bake the cookies, 1 sheet at a time, until set and lightly golden, 20 to 22 minutes for the quarter-pound cookies; smaller cookies will bake in less time. Rotate the cookies halfway through baking for even coloring.


text:
Vicky Branton is the Teche Life Section Editor for New Iberia's Daily Iberian newspaper. The Daily Iberian can trace its roots back to 1893, when it published its first issue on February 9 of that year.
She is the author of the children's book Donkey Otie, who loves to tell stories about Jesus and recently establish a writers group to meet the needs of writers in the New Iberia area.
Contact Vicky : firstname.lastname@example.com or call (337) 321-6734


text:
Tom Wood's upgraded 1350 series Double Cardan (CV) rear drive shaft for 2012-2018 Jeep JK Wrangler Unlimited 4-door.
Fully greasable.
Built using our Gold Seal Universal Joint.
Comes with required output yoke for transfer case, flange for differential, and all other attaching hardware.
Lifting your jeep causes higher drive shaft angles. this shaft will easily handle the angles that your stock shaft can not. for best results you may need to adjust your rear pinion angle.
**if you have 35" tires or bigger and stock differential gears, or if you plan on extreme use, this is the shaft for you.


text:
221.614.01 International Political Science for PH Practitioners
- Department:
- International Health
- Term:
- 2nd term
- Credits:
- 2 credits
- Academic Year:
- 2019 - 2020
- Location:
- East Baltimore
- Class Times:
- Thursday, 3:30 - 5:20pm
- Auditors Allowed:
- Yes, with instructor consent
- Grading Restriction:
- Letter Grade or Pass/Fail
- Contact:
- Kwaku Nuamah
- Course Instructor :
- Resources:
- Description:
Provides a basic understanding of structures of authority and power; economics and political systems; role and limits of international organizations in development; current concepts of development and the political process; state collapse; and the origins of conflicts. Focus is on developing countries. Compares regional political trends and forces in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the former Soviet bloc that affect health of populations and development of health services. It is an introduction for Public Health students to International Political Science. Stress aspects of political science which have the greatest impact on development and health of populations, particularly in developing countries.
- Learning Objectives:
Upon successfully completing this course, students will be able to:
- Define a collapsed state and list the signs of impending state weakness
- Discuss the limitations of fragile states and be able to set out the ways health systems must adapt to function in these circumstances
- List the ways political trends affect disease patterns and development programs
- Methods of Assessment:
Students will be evaluated based on class attendance and participation, case presentation, and written assignment.
- Instructor Consent:
No consent required


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The Adventures of an Intern
Last year, as a junior in high school, I walked into the Sioux Center Chamber office in high hopes that they would allow a young high schooler to intern with them for the fall of 2016. As I entered the office, they immediately welcomed me with a big smile and discussed the projects I could look forward to in the coming year. I left anticipating a semester of participating in fun events and getting to watch what goes on behind the scenes of Sioux Center. What I wasn't anticipating was all of the extraordinary people I would get to meet, and experiences that would transform the way I thought of the town that I have grown up in since I was a kid.
Sioux Center is thriving with different businesses. With 258 Sioux Center Chamber Members, our town's economy is really taking off. The Chamber's job is to support business in every way, shape, and form. Let me just say, our chamber staff do an exceptional job at this. In every event they plan, and every business they sponsor, they put 110% into what they do. I have been so fortunate to get to tag along with them to multiple meetings, and participate in the Women's Expo alongside them. I have learned about customer service, how to make a business thrive, and leadership in the community. These things that I have discovered have transformed the way I go through my everyday life, and will definitely carry into how I work in the future. Sioux Center is so extraordinary blessed! We have so many different people here that are working hard to make this a great place to live.
As I reflect on my internship I would like to not only give a big thanks to Barb, Heather and Amber, but also to the community. Thank you for giving youth opportunity to learn and grow here. Thank you for caring and seeking out the needs of all the people living here. Most of all, thank you for making Sioux Center a bright place to learn and grow.
Mikaela Van Soelen
Senior at Unity Christian High School
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Barb Den Herder is the Executive Director of the Sioux Center Chamber, an inexperienced blog writer, and an advocate for over 250 chamber businesses.
September 2019


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The number of small farms in the United States is increasing, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Nearly 300,000 farms have begun operation since 2002. If you are pondering starting a small-scale farm or live on a large tract of land and need a rugged tractor to carry out chores, the purchase of a Ford 3000 tractor could be a wise investment.
The Ford 3000 tractor was designed to be used in an agricultural setting. This model was manufactured between 1965 and 1975. It was produced by Ford at its manufacturing facility in Highland Park, Michigan. The last models that were produced in 1975 retailed for $6,300.
The Ford 3000 tractor engine is a 47 horsepower, three-cylinder engine. The cylinder block of this engine is made from heavy-duty cast iron. There are two varieties of this engine, one that runs on regular gasoline and one designed for diesel fuel. It holds 13 gallons of fuel and 8 quarts of oil.
The tractor has a manual transmission. The options are four speeds, eight speeds or 10 speeds forward and one reverse speed. The 10-speed transmission is a Select-O-Speed transmission, which is a Ford trademark.
The tractor weighs 3,700 pounds without any attachments added on. The wheelbase is 75.8 inches, which is about the same size as the other models manufactured by Ford during the same time period.
Standard Equipment
Standard equipment on this model tractor includes a tachometer-hour meter, fuel gauge, oil pressure warning light, generator warning light and water pressure gauge, which are located on the lighted instrument panel. This tractor is also equipped with two front headlights, a taillight and a flashing safety light for traveling on roads. A deluxe seat, vertical exhaust and a toolbox round out the features
Optional Equipment
Power-assisted steering is an optional piece that could be installed by the manufacturer. Differential lock is also an available option. This feature allows tractor tires to seek traction when driving on difficult ground, propelling the tractor forward. It automatically disengages when no longer being used. Power-adjusted rear wheels and horizontal exhaust are two other options that might be included on the Ford 3000 tractor.
Accessories that can be purchased for the Ford 3000 tractor include a radio and canvas cab for operator comfort. Front wheel weights, rear wheel weights and a bumper with weights can also be added. A grease gun holster and tire pump can be purchased to aid in tractor maintenance. An implement work light and switch and a slow-moving vehicle sign round out the choices of accessories.
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View All Events »
View All News »
The Community College of Beaver County is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. The accreditation attests that the Commission on Higher Education considers the institution to be offering its students the educational opportunities implied by its objectives.
For Accreditation information contact: Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools at:3624 Market StreetPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-2680Phone: 267-284-5000Fax: 215-662-5501URL: www.msche.org
CCBC also offers programs accredited or approved by the following:Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN) - ADN nursing program. Contact the ACEN at:ACEN3343 Peachtree Road NE, Suite 850Atlanta, GA 30326Phone: 404-975-5000Fax: 404-975-5020URL: www.acenursing.org
National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS) – Phlebotomy program. Contact NAACLS at:NAACLS5600 N. River Road, Suite 720Rosemont, IL 60018Phone: 773-714-8880Fax: 773-714-8886URL: www.naacls.org
CCBC is also approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The College is certified by the Pennsylvania Department of Education for education and training of veterans. This enables veterans to receive VA benefits while attending classes.
CCBC Main Campus
1 Campus Drive
Monaca, PA 15061
CCBC Aviation Sciences Center
125 Cessna Drive
Beaver Falls, PA 15010
CCBC at Parkway West
7101 Steubenville Pike
Oakdale, PA 15071
CCBC at Western Area Career & Technology Center
688 Western Ave
Canonsburg, PA 15317


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Casaverde Navalcarnero
Casaverde Navalcarnero is a nursing home of modern facilities with a multidisciplinary team who leads daily activities, composed by Occupational therapy, Psychologist and Physiotherapist. The spaces combine all the comfort typical of a hotel with the care and individual attentions of a first level nursing home.
The centre is composed by totally adapted double rooms with bathroom, as well as several common areas where the residents perform groupal and individual activities.
Navalcarnero, España.
Teléfono: +34 918 112 493


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Posts Tagged 'Guns'
The Importance of Stun Gun and Taser
With a variety of crime dedicated against anyone in different country at the moment, learning tips on how to protect yourself has grown very worthwhile. Modern know-how has helped quite a lot in any creation associated with new gadgets that is used by just a civilian to safeguard the pup from any specific attackers. Being among the most popular gadgets utilized for self-defense at the moment are all the stun and also Taser firearms. For a common person, the difference relating to the two may just be hard to identify that one could be called the different and vice versa. The principle difference can be determined about how each are accustomed. The tip for the stun gun really need direct exposure to the attacker for being effective as the Taser gun is usually used from your distance. Both even if have comparable process employed to temporarily disable a man or woman. Electrical today's or electric utility shock is employed by both. Though they experience slight variations, both ones have exact same purpose and additionally both of those are beneficial weapons intended for self-safety.
When you will encounter a fabulous suspicious man, it is constantly advisable you ought to move away wherever possible. Resorting to make sure you violence or possibly any bricks-and-mortar contact should be a person's last holiday resort. However, there can be instances which usually physical contact most likely is not avoided especially if you happen to already using attack. This can be when weapons for instance the Taser and therefore the stun weapon becomes beneficial. Both manage to disable a man or woman and come up with room in a victim to flee an enemy. What is normally good obtain that the application of both pistols is non-lethal.
Both Taser additionally, the stun gun can be important weaponry used as well as by civilians but law enforcement officers too. Ahead of, authorities ought to resort to be able to shooting individuals using a really gun to be able to disable any criminal and getting very unsafe. Today, our police could now possess a weapon that are going to just for the moment destabilize the particular criminal not having causing permanent marring the individual. There are a large amount of situations which all these weapons might very practical since not on daily basis a police agency should need to utilize a real gun rather than regularly they are able to subdue any criminal making use of physical email only.
Stun Guns: How They Work, What Are They
So how does a stun pistol work – The manner in which a stun firearm works is certainly by interrupting a communication signals in the brain with the body. A stun gun is not going to harm an individual permanently; it exclusively temporarily disrupts the manner in which our physical structure functions. A stun pistol won't bring about damage overall because your electricity going without shoes delivers to a person's is very higher voltage yet low amperage electrical power charge. Using this method, the charge is not really intense good enough to bring about any long-term damage to your person.
And once you media the stun marker against an individual and produce the shock with them, a very few things happen adding to their immediately after [stunned] affliction. The electronic shock delivered by way of the stun handgun will match the utility signals belonging to the brain this will confuse your system and cause it to be hard to safely move. Another impression the stun gun might have is causing a man or woman to carry out excessive levels of work guided towards nothing from a particularly short length of time. This uses the entire person's energy so they will temporarily struggle to do just about anything. When brought on, the stun marker emits an important bright electro-mechanical blast that could be quite overwhelming and makes an extremely loud swallowing noise they'll attract a person's eye of everybody within earshot.
Which happens to be better? Stun Marker or Stun Baton – I might need to say that Stun Baton since it has enough stopping power but will shock the attacker whenever he makes an attempt to grasp it as a result of you 6″ down from your tip-top. Or until you want a little something so great, go using the cell mobile stun marker. The mobile phone stun gun is definitely the neatest stun pistol I ever before seen and has now plenty involving raw capacity to back the application up one hundred and eighty, 000 volts in addition to a personal worry all in a single. How can I use a good stun pistol – To possess a stun firearm, hold the particular electrodes safely and securely against an important muscular section of the attacker's body like a shoulder, upper leg, or bottom? You will likely not receive your shock even though you are touching someone being surprised. To 100 % subdue an attacker, the stun gun should be continuously applied for several seconds. A longer period is required generally if the person is certainly large, or that you're using poor voltage version.
Taser and Stun Gun – The Importance of Them
With different kinds of crime focused against anyone in a country in recent times, learning easy methods to protect you is becoming very worthwhile. Modern technological innovation has helped considerably in the particular creation in new gadgets which might be used by just a civilian to defend her or him from any specific attackers. Very popular gadgets employed for self defense lately are the actual stun and additionally taster pistols. For a typical person, the difference amongst the two might be hard to identify that you can be defined as the many other and vice versa.
The most crucial difference might be determined about how each are being used. The tip belonging to the stun gun needs to have direct connection with the attacker so that you can effective with regards to taster gun is usually used on a distance. Both while have very much the same process useful to temporarily disable an individual. Electrical up-to-date or electric powered shock is used by both. Regardless that they currently have slight discrepancies, both individuals have exact same purpose plus both of these are vital weapons utilized for self shield.
When one encounter any suspicious man, it is often advisable which you move away regularly. Resorting to help you violence or perhaps any bricks-and-mortar contact would be wise to be your current last inn. However, could possibly be instances in which physical contact might not be avoided especially when you're already below attack. It's when weapons such as the taster additionally, the stun marker becomes invaluable. Both are capable to disable an individual and come up with room for one victim to flee an assailant. What will be good at this point is that the effective use of both tools is non-lethal.
The taster and also the stun gun are quite important firearms used but not only by civilians but cops too. Earlier than, authorities may want to resort to help you shooting a man or woman using an actual gun to make sure you disable a new criminal and it may be very critical. Today, our law enforcement could now make use of a weapon designed to just briefly destabilize the entire criminal without causing permanent trouble for the individual. There are a whole lot of situations which a majority of these weapons may just be very important since not on a regular basis a officer should need to train on a real gun and not just regularly they will subdue a new criminal utilizing physical call only.
Regardless that taster and even stun guns are extremely important, responsible control should definitely observed. These typically are not toys so it's not necessary to play along with it. It has to only supply by a person who knows the right way to use it in support of when critical.
Martial Arts Weapons Is Simple Use Of The Hands And Feet
Each and every Asian region had its model of just what defense system it counted on centered often around the lording it over political strength which could often deprive it is citizens' in the guns employed by it is military and so the frequent folk would rely in whatever tools they'd readily available and also convert those to guns.
One other facet of fighting methods guns will be the basic connectivity to the palms and foot. Despite the fact that wanting virtually any physical system apart from alone these wings are take into account by many countries as a dangerous weapon on the specialist or dark-colored belt stage. The word Martial art actually implies empty palm which can be just how fighting methods is first researched.
Nonetheless portable guns demand a specific expertise to be able to effectively utilize them. The particular blunt timber weapons demand speed and also force in addition to huge arcing motions to build the strength required to provide an enemy neutralized. The particular sharper steel weapons make use of skill and also adroitness to be able to puncture or perhaps cut their challenger. The two demand a considerable level of exercising to efficiently defend one self. It is just a few regular repetitions in order that the motions become area of the individual's reflexive actions without moment for consideration to go in. Simply then is one able to say they are proficient in this guns make use of. Recalling as well that will practice is only going to consider one to date and that the genuine test depend on the particular overcome itself since only and then is one able to learn beneath the quick threat regarding great body injure or perhaps death just how one's efficiency will probably be.
Why Have a Gun in The First Place
For the similar factors we now have smoke cigarettes sensors, first-aid packages, fireplace extinguishers; living, wellness, dental care and house insurance coverage. Simply because preparing, preparing and investment decision in correct tools as well as gadgets — give to us much more control more than ourselves as well as our future and wellness in an industry.
Individuals tend to be none natively courageous or brave and since individuals are natively much more comfortable, much less afraid, getting something at hand with regard to self as well as family protection; possessing a tool at hand or perhaps an approach to protection and safety is definitely an inner instinct which is inbuilt and indigenous. That may consist of decisions in order to lock opportunities, reside in more secure areas remaining aware of information and present occasions. Actually people who detest guns as well as want every one of them eliminated, usually appear to possess a kitchen area cutting knife, the baseball softball bat or perhaps a blade (Ha) to protect on their own along with.
Actually the authorities aren't actually likely to turn up to protect a person. They may be anticipated just, for legal reasons, in the future as well as tag chalk outlines around your own dead man remains which of the family members – and also to article the actual reviews, get pictures from the bloodstream splattered wall space and ground, as well as file all of them away together with a statement about what these people find in the picture of the killing. Take a look; the particular Best Court states experienced made the written choice to that particular level.


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Christmas Special Dinner
Each of the hotel's restaurants will serve special Christmas dinner menus from Friday, December 20th until Wed […]
PARK HYATT TOKYO 40th floorTel. +81 3 5323 3460
Lunch: Daily - 11:30 am to 2:30 pm
Dinner: Daily - 5:30 pm to 9:30 pm
A meal at Kozue is a journey into the heart of Japan's sophisticated culinary culture.
Carefully selected seasonal ingredients, skillfully prepared and exquisitely arranged on earthenware crafted by top artisans,
are accompanied by premium sake from around the country to create the ultimate Japanese dining experience.
In pursuit of umami, Chef Ooe offers a menu that spans a range of culinary pleasures
from traditional country-style dishes to an innovative interpretation of kaiseki.
Enjoy modern Japanese cuisine in a bold architectural space of serenity and natural splendor.
Each of the hotel's restaurants will serve special Christmas dinner menus from Friday, December 20th until Wed […]
Kenichiro Ooe began his culinary career at the age of 20, and worked at many different restaurants around Tokyo, familiarizing himself with the varied methods and principal styles of traditional cuisine. He honed his skills at restaurants including Kagaya in Akasaka and Shikitei in Kodaira, as well as obtaining his license for handling fugu. In 1989, he was named Chef de Cuisine at Ginza Koyou and then joined Park Hyatt Tokyo in 1994 where he has served as Kozue's Chef de Cuisine ever since. At Kozue, he creates a menu that spans a range of culinary pleasures from hearty, country-style dishes, to his own innovative interpretation of kaiseki cuisine.
*Information on Our Dress Code
We kindly request that all guests refrain from wearing the following garments at Kozue:
Dress shorts (restricted after 5 pm); Beach sandals; Male sportswear such as training jerseys, tank tops or other sleeveless garments.
For inquiries, please call at +81 3 5322 1234 or email us at email@example.com.
*Food Allergy & Dietary Needs Guide for Guests
*We kindly ask that guests taking photographic mementos while using the hotel's bars and restaurants give due consideration to the privacy and comfort of other patrons. In the interest of ensuring the enjoyment and privacy of other guests, please understand that hotel staff may on occasion approach you regarding the use of cameras and/or other recording equipment.


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I have recreated my dead(ish) hiking blog Are We Lost Yet?. Sometimes I can access the ghost of it's presence on my publisher's site. Sometimes I can't. I have yet, after six mnths of promises, been able to add to or modify the site, so I am pulling the plug on my end as well.
New hiking content (as well as some old retreads) will appear at Arewelostyet.blog.
Who knows? I might even make a dollar or two.
Old Suns joke:
Why haven't the Suns ever won a championship?
Because Alvan Adams is still the best center they have ever had.
But I saw the Suns preseason opener tonight, and I believe DeAndre Ayton could get there. As a raw rookie, I yet disbelieve he's going to be the 20/10 all star he has been projected to become, but he is already starting quality.
Wasted, of course on a team that is still painfully young, and has a 30 win ceiling, despite any of Ayton's heroics, because they neglected to trade for or sign a starting quality point guard.
In other news, I need a pirate costume by October 12th because of my girlfriend. I just like having that sentence not be random gibberish in relation to my life.
In particular I need a shirt.
Worcestershire sauce, spilled all over the floor, is disturbingly like blood.
Word count is 3000, mostly on the new blog, which is remarkable given my distractions of late.
But … oh my lookit the time.
Now we know.


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Plunger Lift
The DCS-NG (Differential Control System - Next Generation) typically operates by monitoring of the casing pressure, tubing pressure, and differential pressure between them. The DCS-NG also has the ability to operate as a Dual/Single Valve Timer or a High-Low Controller. The DCS-NG allows the operator to achieve the most efficient production without guesswork. With many communication possibilities, the operator can generate reports and graphs which allow him to troubleshoot, fine tune, and maximize production.
|Padded Plungers
|Bumper Springs
|Plungers are designed to act as an interface between the gas pushing and the fluids being lifted to the surface within the tubing string.
|Padded plungers are designed to compensate for any inconsistencies in the tubing, thus creating a consistent seal against the walls of the tubing and maximizing efficiency.
|Bumper Springs are used to protect the tubing and plunger from impact damage.
| Hollow Steel Plunger
Brush Plunger
Teflon Plunger
Other Types Available
|Single Pad Plunger
Dual Pad Plunger
Welded Construction
|Free Standing Bumper Spring
Cup Seat Bumper Spring
Cup Seat Bumper Spring / Ball & Seat
|Plunger Sensor
|Motor Valve
|Lubricators are designed to absorb the impact of plungers arriving at the surface.
|The plunger sensor notifies the controller when the plunger arrives.
|Working Pressure: 3500 psi
Supply Pressure: 15-30 psi
Stainless Steel Stem, Seat and Valve Housing
Various Port Openings Available
Body Weight: 16 lbs.
Top Works Weight: 32 lbs.
Total Weight: 48 lbs.
Field Friendly: Stem, Seat, & Packing can be changed in less than 15 minutes
|O-ring Seal
HMW or Steel receiver
Spring Rubber
Optional port configuration
Flanged Available
|PS4-R: Plunger Sensor
PS4-A: Adjustable Plunger Sensor
|Legacy Controllers
|Digital High-Low
|Single Valve Timer
|Dual Valve Timer
|Digital Pressure Switch
|Pressure and Time Controller
|Single Valve Pressure Controller