text:
Income Tax Evasion
- LAST REVIEWED: 21 December 2017
- LAST MODIFIED: 31 August 2015
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0188
- LAST REVIEWED: 21 December 2017
- LAST MODIFIED: 31 August 2015
- DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780195396607-0188
Academic writing on the subject of income tax evasion is a fairly recent phenomenon with few sources dating to before the late 1950s and a surge in interest from the 1980s onward. Most of the contributions are from economists, augmented in more recent years by behavioral economists and economic psychologists. Criminologists have been largely silent on the topic, even in criminological texts about white-collar crime. This is consistent with the general focus of criminology on what are often termed "conventional" crimes such as burglary, theft, and physical assaults, but it also reflects the difficulties associated with researching what is largely a hidden crime. For instance, tax authorities rarely initiate criminal prosecutions for income tax evasion, preferring instead to reach negotiated settlements with noncompliant taxpayers. These are classified as confidential tax matters, and thus access to individuals who have evaded income tax is rarely possible and one obvious avenue of research is closed. Therefore, although this article is intended primarily for criminologists, it draws largely on literature from other academic disciplines, chiefly those mentioned above—economics, behavioral economics, and economic psychology. The first of these treats tax evaders as amoral calculators who make decisions solely on the basis of whether the financial benefits outweigh the potential losses, and constructs economic models to determine the impact of, for example, different tax rates or levels of sanctions for evasion; the basic model is usually referred to as the Expected Utility Model, or EUT. The other two disciplines investigate the social and psychological factors that influence tax compliance and noncompliance. Defining income tax evasion may appear simple, but there is often a fine line between tax evasion and tax avoidance. The distinction most commonly made is between illegal evasion—failing to meet one's liabilities under taxation legislation, and lawful avoidance—attempting to minimize one's tax liabilities by legal means. It can be a fine distinction, especially when avoidance becomes "aggressive tax planning." This led to the coining of the term "tax avoision" to denote financial arrangements that are located on the margins of legality. It should also be noted that evasion is not always due to deliberate concealment; it may be caused by error or ignorance as well as deliberate concealment. The focus of the article is on evasion by individual taxpayers rather than corporations or other organizations, and it deals with taxes on income as opposed to other taxes such as value added or sales taxes or excise duty. Some of the sources cited do include some reference to evasion by businesses or evasion of other taxes in addition to income tax, but all of them deal solely or mainly with income tax evasion by individual taxpayers.
General Overviews
Much of the literature on income tax evasion has been published in the form of journal articles. Some of these are reviews of theoretical analysis and research findings, and these are included here along with Cullis and Jones 2009, an example of a general textbook on the economics of public finance, and Lewis 1982, a study of the broad topic tax behavior from a psychological perspective. However, many articles that claim to review the field deal exclusively with the economic approach, so these are included in the section entitled "The Economic Model" Cowell 1990; Andreoni, et al. 1998; and Slemrod 2007, although essentially rooted in economic analysis, all attempt to incorporate factors beyond rational calculation to counter some of the limitations of the economic model, in particular its failure to explain high levels of compliance. Smith and Kinsey 1987 offers a slightly different perspective based mainly on prospect theory while incorporating other factors and acknowledging the complexity of the decision making involved. Alternative perspectives are offered in Elffers, et al. 2006; Kirchler 2007; and Braithwaite and Wenzel 2008 that describe the economic model but reject its principle assumptions about human conduct and decision making in favor of approaches based more on psychological and behavioral science. Of these, Kirchler 2007 is the most comprehensive and should be regarded as an absolutely essential text.
Andreoni, J., B. Erard, and J. Feinstein. 1998. Tax compliance. Journal of Economic Literature 36.2: 818–860.
A comprehensive review of the major empirical and theoretical findings in recent tax evasion literature. The authors argue for greater integration of theoretical models and empirical research and more study of moral, social, and psychological factors in order to integrate them into economic models of compliance, in particular to explain the high rates of compliance that the latter cannot explain.
Braithwaite, V., and M. Wenzel. 2008. Integrating explanations of tax evasion and avoidance. In Cambridge handbook of psychology and economic behaviour. Edited by A. Lewis, 304–331. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511490118E-mail Citation »
Braithwaite and Wenzel describe Expected Utility Theory and its dominant position in early research but contrast alternative explanations from a broader base. They propose a "wheel of social alignment of taxpayers" that shows how the design of the tax system interacts with factors such as perceptions of justice, benefits, and the level of coercion to affect compliance.
Cowell, F. 1990. Cheating the government: The economics of tax evasion. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Cowell offers a full and clear overview of the application of economic analysis to the problem of tax evasion. His main concern is to broaden Expected Utility Theory to include the impact of factors such as social controls and varied motivations for offending or refraining from doing so, and the implications for tax enforcement policy.
Cullis, J., and P. Jones. 2009. Public finance and public choice: Analytical perspectives. 3d ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
One of a number of general textbooks on public finance that includes chapters on "Tax Theory: The Basic Concepts" and "Tax Evasion and the Black Economy." It gives a clear and fairly concise account of both the economic model and the contribution of behavioral economics. They also discuss measuring the "black" economy and the "optimal level" of tax evasion, which has an impact on decisions about trying to control it.
Elffers, H., P. Verboon, and W. Huisman. 2006. Preface. In Managing and maintaining compliance. Edited by H. Elffers, P. Verboon, and W. Huisman, v–x. The Hague: Boom Legal.
Elffers et al. describe the drawbacks of Expected Utility Theory and review alternative models of compliant behavior, as well as outline the content of the book, much of which proposes a "normative or positive, non-deterrence approach" (p. vii), emphasizing rewarding compliance, communications as a means of influence, reintegrative shaming, and putting responsibility on to the regulated.
Kirchler, E. 2007. The economic psychology of tax behaviour. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511628238E-mail Citation »
This is the most comprehensive review of the literature of both the economic approach and the newer economic-psychological approach, including what Kirchler himself has written elsewhere about and the importance of the tax authorities' cultivation of trust. Although strongly favoring his own approach, Kirchler cautions that research is still in its infancy, providing merely isolated results rather than an integrated model of tax behavior.
Lewis, A. 1982. The psychology of taxation. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
Lewis gives a general introduction to the subject of the study of taxation as a whole and of the psychology of taxation. He emphasizes the importance of attitudes and reviews research findings from social surveys in Europe and the United States, and relates this to the problem of tax evasion, going on to compare different proposals for its reduction.
Slemrod, J. 2007. Cheating ourselves: The economics of tax evasion. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21.1: 25–48.
DOI: 10.1257/jep.21.1.25E-mail Citation »
Although focusing mainly on the economic modeling approach, Slemrod also reviews behavioral approaches as well as data sources on the extent of evasion (by individuals and by businesses) and theoretical developments, and the implications for tax policy.
Smith, K., and K. Kinsey. 1987. Understanding taxpaying behavior: A conceptual framework with implications for research. Law and Society Review 21.4: 639–663.
DOI: 10.2307/3053599E-mail Citation »
A review of research and empirical findings, in which they favor prospect theory but with the additional consideration of social and psychological factors. Overall, they present a picture of very complex decision making that presents substantial challenges for methodology.
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text: Back in 1978, 17-year-old George Clooney went to his prom, dressed like the absolute stud that he was(/is): There was a three-piece suit, ruffly top (yesss), and giant bow tie. And that image is now everyone's to enjoy thanks to Jimmy Kimmel, who unveiled the actor's prom pic on his show last night. The two reflected on Clooney's evening as well. (Clooney, gentleman and exemplary prom date that he is, still talks to the girl he went with and has some thoughts on the whole prom king thing.)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
William Kimberley
What does the future hold at Audi? More electronics, for one thing. Expect a much greater integration of mobile consumer electronic devices such as the iPod, the MP3 player or USB sticks into the vehicle with Bluetooth being the key enabler. However, a significant factor in the German automaker's thinking is that the increasing demand for the latest electronic items notwithstanding, the "over 60s" segment of its customer base is growing. What's more, the group ranging in age from 60 to 70 has the greatest purchasing power. This means, says Michael Renz, head of central marketing at Audi, that the emphasis must be placed on helping the customer to operate the vehicle intuitively and safely rather than on patronizing them: "In-car electronics consequently need to provide age-appropriate solutions and straight-forward operating concepts for complex systems. To satisfy these requirements, new standards in the operation of automotive infotainment are being defined."
Renz explains, "The Audi MMI [Multi Media Interface] system aims to keep enhancing ease of operation, safety and communication of information for older people, too. Gesture recognition by means of special 3D cameras, new display technologies and laser projections are important elements in the implementation of new concepts. Enhanced safety is assured by implementing assistance functions and intelligent information management such as call suppression if the momentary traffic situation is critical."
However, it is not just the aging population that is guiding Audi's thoughts on its future products but also the widening of its market base geographically. "Increasing globalization is a further trend," says Renz. "The topic of navigation in Asian markets exemplifies the wide-ranging differences in requirements from one region to another. Navigation systems with 3D graphics, animated buildings and real-image representations are already standard there, and Asian characters and an MMI system optimized to each specific country are an absolute 'must'. In order to satisfy the credentials of a global player, all standards such as characters, modified system languages, differing national network standards and statutory requirements need to be met." What's more, Eastern European countries are becoming increasingly important to Audi. In Russia, for example, 12-cylinder A8s are immensely popular. So they realize they'll need to have a navigation system that uses Cyrillic characters.
According to Renz, the rapid implementation of regional differences requires modular software: "This modularity will make it possible to adapt the software to typical national requirements or individual custo-mer needs flexibly and independently of the hardware. This clearly demonstrates how important even the domain of electronics that is not visible to the customer is."
One issue related to the deployment of consumer electronic devices in vehicles, Renz notes, is that the automotive development cycles of around three to four years and production lifespan of about seven years contrasts poorly with development cycles of just a few months and a product lifespan of often less than one year in the world of computers, processors and other electronic terminal devices. "The solution to this dilemma involves designing the electronics in a vehicle in such a way that they can be subsequently updated and upgraded at any time," says Renz. "Although this situation adds to the complexity of the development phase, it opens up prospects for keeping the vehicle up to date over a longer period. It also provides scope for new business models."
Bluetooth, the open standard that is valid worldwide for wireless close-range communication for voice and data in the license-exempt 2.4 GHz frequency band, looks set to be a vital key in this area, says Peter Kohlschmidt, head of connectivity development at Audi. "Even in the mobile phone industry, with its rapid innovation and product development cycles, after the official founding of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group [SIG] in 1998, it took until the end of 2000 before the first production-ready mobile phone with integrated Bluetooth headset preparation appeared. This first volume-produced business phone with this hands-free profile did not appear on the market until the end of 2001. At the end of 2002 there were then eight mobile phone platforms, one year later as many as 28, then 78 at the end of 2004 and 115 in May 2005, often with several different model versions with a hands-free profile. Today, the Bluetooth SIG mentions hands-free use as the application that has helped Bluetooth to achieve a broad-based breakthrough. A recent study found that 120 million Bluetooth chips had been delivered worldwide by the end of 2004 and that 1.2 billion of these chips will have been sold by 2009. Studies quote the increasing spread of retrofit solutions or ex-works, prompted by legislation as well as growing familiarity of end users with this technology."
It is for this reason that Audi is launching the new Bluetooth car phone with the launch of the new Audi Q7 which will be able to be "left in the jacket pocket" and not be placed in an adapter set. The Audi Bluetooth car phone solution will shut down the GSM stage of the cell phone completely. "The mobile phone will thus serve as a mobile SIM card reader," says Kohlschmidt. "No twin card or constant juggling of SIM cars, as with a classic built-in phone, will be necessary. The data for authenticating the user will be transmitted via Bluetooth in a secure, encrypted form. The control unit built into the vehicle contains an integral GSM module that establishes an optimum radio connection with the phone network via the vehicle's exterior aerial. The big advantage is that the mobile phone no longer radiates any transmission energy inside the car. In other words, a connection to the external aerial is no longer needed on the mobile phone. As the mobile phone's power consumption is also significantly reduced thanks to the GSM stage being shut down, the now-customary battery capacity means that the mobile phone need not be recharged in the car even on a long journey. The SIM's card's phone book can moreover be accessed, though not the contact details saved in the phone itself. However, our developers are already working on the latter aspect and we will have come up with a solution by the end of this year."
The popularity of the Apple iPod is another factor carmakers are having to address, especially following the demand by consumers to have it as a fitment in their cars. "Since market launch, over 10 million players have been delivered worldwide, including 8.2 million in 2004 alone," says Kohlschmidt. "This has prompted calls both from this device's market and from the market in general to integrate MP3 players into the vehicle, not simply to play music via the vehicle's speakers but also to control the device's functions via the MMI. There are various technical options for this integration into the vehicle. Undoubtedly the fastest and most obvious solution would be to connect it up directly to an interface in the vehicle via a device-specific interface. However, such a solution will mean it is only possible to connect up the devices on one particular manufacturer rather than all portable music players, as the cable-dependent interfaces of the various MP3 player manufacturers are not standardized. Microsoft's portable players based on the 'PlayForSure' concept are strongly backing the USB interface."
Kohlschmidt points out that there are electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and software complexity in integrating it into vehicles. Other devices use either their own specific interfaces or do not offer any scope for remote control over and above an analogue connection of the audio signal. With cell phone manufacturers currently pursuing the strategy of integrating MP3 players into a multimedia smart phone, there appears to be a potential solution for the transfer of audio data to the vehicle, says Kohlschmidt, especially as the standard of quality it achieves is on a par with high-grade MP3 compression. Audi has consequently developed an initial prototype of a Bluetooth audio gateway for the vehicle environment that not only features playback via the vehicle's speakers but also remote control of the portable audio player with Stop, Play, Pause, Next Track, Previous Track, Next Playlist and Previous Playlist commands.
"A number of technical hurdles nevertheless remain to be overcome before a solution that is fit for production use is realized," say Kohlschmidt. "On the one hand, the constellation of commands that are currently possible is inadequate for full integration into the MMI. Above all, there is a need for a more convenient way of navigating through the music tracks stored on the mobile device - sorted by playlists, tracks, albums, artists or music styles - and for a means of displaying detailed information about the music track currently playing. On the other hand, it is necessary to find a solution to the problems posed by pieces of music that are protected by copyright, where the licensor expressly prohibits digital transmission in the license agreements, as is actually the case with Bluetooth audio streaming. These requirements will need to be included in a future version of the standard by the Bluetooth SIG, so that there are no longer any obstacles to the full integration of mobile music players in the car."


text:
Fox News Resurrects "Makers vs. Takers" Narrative To Predict Civil War
Fox News is again using its own bogus narrative to stoke fears of a civil war in the U.S. between "makers" and "takers," after repeatedly pushing the argument that people who receive government benefits are "takers" and pitting them against "makers."The following support traces it back to Romney, the republican presidential nominee, and how it was picked up by right wing media - the GOP's propoganda arm. That doesn't mean it didn't come from somewhere else - I already provided another example.But the concept of society being divided into "makers" and "takers" is a manufactured distinction, one that Fox has pushed aggressively.
There's a whole page of examples here.
Here too:
Just for info here's my original statement from post 43:
No mention of the GOP...which I said. I've provided it's origins in the popular media nonetheless following from the highest ranks of the GOP. My original statement is supported above.Ok, not yours. The conservative propaganda arm. "Makers" and "takers" is commonly used.


text:
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Phil Randazzo is a second generation Sicilian who learned early on from his father that this country offers the greatest opportunities in the world. At a young age, he quickly learned the value of hard work. From busing tables at his father's restaurants to working three summer jobs from age fifteen until graduating college, to starting his first company at age twenty-four, Phil has never shied away from hard work His time is currently being spent writing, consulting, and developing a National Entrepreneurship and Coaching program called American Dream U, held at military bases around the country. American Dream U is a nonprofit organization that assists the military transitioning into civilian life. The program, taught by some of the world's best and most successful entrepreneurs, is designed to provide soldiers, airmen, sailors, marines, and coast guard personnel with the tools to obtain their dream jobs or start their own businesses.


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English languages (pictures and video)
"There are many French customers, and I can speak French. I have just given them a brief introduction about chả cá, or fried fish, and they seem fascinated. Sometimes, guests go down to the chicken, clap their hands and exclaim". So say Truong Dinh Tuyen, an 84 years old patron at Thuy Hong, a restaurant on Hanoi's Hang Tre Street that specializes in fried fish.
Mr. Tuyen recalls going out for "chả cá" with his mother as a young boy. At the time, the restaurant owner presented dinner with a tray of fish skewer. When it came time to pay the bill the owner would count the empty skewers.
In winter, Hanoi is typically cool and drizzly. On just such a day I share a meal with Ms. Thuy, the owner of the Thuy Hong. She fried up a pot up charcoal and pours oil into a pan, then adds thin pieces of lean fish, peanut sauce and fresh dill. I eat the hot, moist fried with cool clumps of vermicelli noodles, dipping everything in pungent, salty fish sauce. The meat is washed down with special rice wine from Van village. Sitting over this delicious meal, the weather no longer seems as biting. While cha ca is enjoyed year-round, it is especially satisfying in the winter. At around VND130,000 per serving, is a well-priced treat.
To prepare ordinary fried fish is a simple process. The fish is cleaned, spiced and fried. Hanoi's "chả cá" is another story. The recipe as been passed down for generations. Catfish are preferred, ideally from an area of the Lô river with a strong current so cleaning, the fish is soaked in boiling water, then cut to square chunks. Spicing is the tricket, say Ms. Thuy mother, Mrs. Truong Hoang Bich Lien.
Every chef has his or her own secret recipe, but standard ingredients include fermented shrimp paste, saffron, galingale, onions, and shallots. Marinated fish is put on skewers five chunks to one skewer, and frilled over charcoal. Fresh dill, shrimp paste, white and green onions and peanuts are added. When done, the fish is served with rice-vermicelli.
Chef Bich Lien learned to cook "chả cá" from her own mother, herself a famous producer of salted fish in Hanoi. The charcoal alters the fish's flavor, claims Ms. Lien. She buys hers from Huong Pagoda, as is burns without smoke. The high quality fish cost around VND400,000 per kilo. The peanuts come from Bac Ninh provine, and the vermicelli from Phu Do village. While many foreigners find the shrimp paste (mắm tôm) too strong, everyone wants the chance to sniff this stranger sauce!
Just as no visitor to Hanoi should miss sampling a bowl of "phở" (beef noodle soup), one should pass up a plate of sizzling "chả cá".
Hanoi television introduces our Restaurant :


text:
Bor Community in Canada
London ON
For immediate Release
The Attack on Jalë Payam of Bor, Jonglei State (RSS)
(London, ON, October 24, 2015), The members of Bor Community in Canada send their condolences to the families of the victims of the attack at Jale Payam on October 22, 2015. We condemn this inhumane act with the strongest possible terms. It is an evil act that deserves condemnation for all peace loving communities and individuals around the world. There is no justification for such criminal acts aimed at taking the lives of innocent people and destroying their properties.
It is regrettable that some communities in South Sudan have chosen violence as a means of acquiring wealth instead of making efforts to explore other means of survival.
The use of violence by Murle's youth is not new to Bor Community and other surrounding communities, but this kind of criminal behavior has gone on for too long. It needs to stop. The government of South Sudan—-at the national and local levels—- must devise ways to curb such activities. They are counterproductive to peace building, the economic prosperity of the country, and the promotion of social cohesion in the society.
We members of Bor Community in Canada, therefore, urge the government of South Sudan to investigate this incident, other incidents of unjustifiable attacks, and cattle rustling that have led to killing and displacing of civilians in Bor and neighboring communities. Individuals and organizers of those criminal acts must be brought to justice and held accountable for their crimes.
When the perpetrators of such acts go unpunished for their crimes, they repeat the same thing now and then. It has a potential to encourage others to do the same activity. It has to be stopped before the communities that face the attacks take the law into their own hands. Everyone knows that it is the responsibility of any government to protect its citizens, and allowing criminal elements to act with impunity suggest otherwise.
It is not only a catastrophe to the communities that face this barbarity on a daily basis, but it also suggests that the government has lost control over maintaining peace in the country. Something needs to be done to stop those organized crimes.
Malith Kur On behalf of Bor Community in Canada


text:
Waikiki Run SPF 20
$ 34.00
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0.24 oz / 7g


text:
Feel the rug on video
This Berber Kilim rug will undeniably warm a room with colors, authenticity and character. It brings an ethnic touch to your room.
This Hanbal rug will add perfectly cachet to your bohemian décor. It can also be transformed into wall decoration for a touch of originality.
Highly prized in recent times, the Moroccan rug pleases for its "kinfolk" style. A bohemian chic style in the process of dethroning the Scandinavian that has lasted for several years.
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Budding Firms Can Stay Ahead In Online Business Only When They Choose Right SEOs
Start-up firms which are planning to increase their online sales should engage only talented and skilled SEOs those who have years of experience in this domain. There are many companies which are portraying themselves as one of the world's best SEO companies. When these start-up firms do some survey and.


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7 Gluten Free Kid Friendly Recipes Everyone Will Love
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OK folks, this is something slightly off tangent to a cooking blog but I wanted to share some exciting news with you. Today sees the launch of a new digital magazine called Halal Gems and I am proud to be writing for them. The quarterly magazine is free to download from the App Store and will also be made available to Android users. I should also mention the magazine is not yet available on the iPhone but the team is working on it!
In the meantime please download it and have a read. This issue I am talking about shoe designer Jimmy Choos' restaurant, Maximini in London. I would love to know what you think of Halal Gems.


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Since inception of the project in 2009, we have independently originated and presented almost 100 long and short-form dramas on stage and since 2014 we have also moved into digital film productions of our work to ensure posterity for the material.
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When it come to winter, there are two extreme positions: complain about it, or embrace it. The people of Quebec City, Canada, have chosen the latter path, with their Quebec Winter Carnival, or as it's called in French, Le Carnaval de Québec. This 17-day party relies on snow, ice, and cold for its spirit.
Carnaval is not the only winter carnival out there, nor is it the oldest, but it is the most widely attended, drawing between 550,000 to 600,000 people a year. It's typically held during the first two weeks of February, and the 2015 edition will be January 30 through February 15.
What do all those people do? Spent a lot of time outside. The signature event may be the canoe races. There are three versions, but in all of them, teams push canoes over chunks of ice down to the open water of the St. Lawrence River and then continue the race in the chilly open water. (Here's a bonus geography point: the river drains the Great Lakes into the Atlantic Ocean.) The race has its roots in the early days of European settlements of the province, when canoes were a primary mode of transportation. But today the canoes are high-tech affairs in which elite teams bring engineering prowess to bear on the design process.
A more sedate competition is the international snow sculpture contest, and if you'd like to simply watch a spectacle, you can take in one of several nighttime parades.
The festival has a
mascot, benevolent ruler, Bonhomme, a snowman-like figure come to life, wearing only black buttons, a red cap, and a multi-colored sash about the torso. Bonhomme Carnaval, to use his full name, is also considered to be the ruler of Carnaval and more generally, an ambassador for Quebec's claim to be the "winter capital." Supporting Bonhomme is a cast of over 60 employees, a staggering 1,400 volunteers, and a budget of $10 million Canadian.
As you've no doubt surmised, ice is a big part of the event. There's an ice palace for Bonhomme, which is open to the public for viewing. Separate from the carnival, but a short distance from the festivities, is an ice hotel, with over 40 rooms and suites.
If you're not interested in staying overnight in the hotel, with an average indoor temperature in the 30s, you can take a tour during the day.
Not everything happens outdoors, though. There's a formal dance at the Hotel Frontenac, a century-old building that evokes even-older castles. The Frontenac has seen more than its share of world leaders involved in key events, such as Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt drawing up plans during World War II.
Click here for the main page about Quebec.


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Value of company assets is 2147483647 dollars
The users of the Spanish server La sala de juegos (The Hall of Games) stated Eurofly as the 2nd best game of 2017. Thank you!
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Welcoming the world
World Rowing Championships 2017: Event Branding
Other than the Olympic Games, the World Rowing Championships is the pinnacle of the international rowing calendar. And, for the first time in a number of years, the honour of hosting it falls to an American State: Florida.
This was Florida's chance to welcome the world, to show the global rowing community and the wider public that the State has world-class water, backed by world-class hospitality.
But for the event to be a success they needed to present a consistent feel to everyone from professional rowers to locals and overseas visitors alike.
To create a look and feel worthy of a global event.
We branded the event, looking at both the graphic language of the Championships and the way they communicated with spectators and competitors.
The starting point for this was the event logo. Featuring a graceful Pelican resting on a still lake it embodies the Sarasota and Bradenton region of Florida that the Championships are taking place in. Warm, welcoming and relaxed, this area is a million miles away from the touristy Florida of Miami and Disneyland.
The Pelican illustration formed the basis of the event graphic language. We added extra colours, shapes and lines to give the design a more fluid feel better associated with the energetic sport of rowing. We also created two forms of the Pelican: static and flying, to represent the competitive and spectator sides of the championship.
The two Pelican graphics were designed to be broken down and used across the entire World Championships, from signage to wayfinding, spectator areas to awards podium. So they needed to be flexible and easy to use.
We created a simple grid to help multiple stakeholders and suppliers use it effectively in all kinds of shapes and formats, from full images to abstract crops and carrying messages. This gave the event a powerfully dynamic yet visually consistent design language.
The graphic language of the event is supported by a written and spoken language too. The 2017 World Rowing Championships are set to be the most welcoming and inclusive championships ever, so our event strapline needed to reflect this: We welcome the world.
Welcoming spectators from far and near, welcoming the world's finest athletes and welcoming a global audience watching online. But if this is going to be the most inclusive championships ever, it's important that people actively get involved. Our event language invites people into the experience, to quite literally Feel it
Every headline, every message, every part of the event should encourage people to feel part of it. Adverts and posters invite you to come and Feel every moment. Waterside hoardings encourage you to Feel the rush, sponsors and event host cities can Feel proud and the winner's podium should make you Feel like a champion.
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!! History Commons Alert, Exciting News
This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event April 16, 1997: Justice Department Report Criticizing FBI Crime Lab May Impact McVeigh Trial. You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be.
The Alfred P. Murrah Building after being bombed. [Source: CBS News]A truck bomb destroys the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168 people in America's worst domestic terrorist attack. Timothy McVeigh, later convicted in the bombing, has ideological roots both in the Patriot world and among neo-Nazis like William Pierce, whose novel, The Turner Diaries (see 1978), served as a blueprint for the attack. [Washington Post, 4/20/1995; Southern Poverty Law Center, 6/2001; Clarke, 2004, pp. 127] Initially, many believe that no American set off the bomb, and suspect Islamist terrorists of actually carrying out the bombing (see 10:00 a.m. April 19, 1995 and After). Their suspicions prove groundless. Investigators will find that the bomb is constructed of some 5,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, carried in 20 or so blue plastic 55-gallon barrels arranged inside a rented Ryder truck (see April 15, 1995). The bomb is detonated by a slow-burning safety fuse, most likely lit by hand. The fuse is attached to a much faster-burning detonation cord ("det cord") which ignites the fertilizer and fuel-oil mixture. [New York Times, 4/27/1995] The Murrah Federal Building houses a number of federal agencies, including offices for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF); the Social Security Administration; the Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Veterans Affairs, and Agriculture departments; and the Secret Service. [Washington Post, 4/20/1995] It encompasses an entire city block, between 5th and 4th Streets and Harvey and Robinson Streets, and features a U-shaped, indented drive on 5th that allows for quick pickup and delivery parking. The entire building's facade on this side is made of glass, allowing passersby to see into the offices in the building, as well as into the America's Kids day care center on the second floor, which by this time is filling with children. It is in this driveway that McVeigh parks his truck. [Serrano, 1998, pp. 99-102] Entering the City - McVeigh drives into Oklahoma City, entering around 8:30 a.m. from his overnight stop in Ponca City, Oklahoma; the details reported of his entrance into the city vary (see 7:00 a.m. - 8:35 a.m., April 19, 1995). At 8:55 a.m., a security camera captures the Ryder truck as it heads towards downtown Oklahoma City [Douglas O. Linder, 2006] , a sighting bolstered by three people leaving the building who later say they saw the truck parked in front of the Murrah Building around this time. At 8:57, a security camera captures an image of McVeigh's Ryder truck being parked outside the Murrah Building in a handicapped zone. One survivor of the blast, Marine recruiter Michael Norfleet, later recalls seeing the Ryder truck parked just outside the building next to the little circle drive on 5th Street leading up to the main entrance of the building. Norfleet had parked his black Ford Ranger in front of the Ryder. McVeigh Lights Fuses - McVeigh drives the Ryder truck west past the Murrah Building on NW Fourth Street, turns north on a one-way street, and turns right on Fifth Street. He pulls the truck over and parks near the Firestone store, next to a chain-link fence. He then lights the five-minute fuses from inside the cab (see 8:15 a.m. and After, April 18, 1995), sets the parking brake, drops the key behind the seat, opens the door, locks the truck, exits, and shuts the door behind him. A man later claims to have hit his brakes to avoid someone matching McVeigh's description as he crossed Fifth Street around 9:00 a.m. McVeigh walks quickly toward a nearby YMCA building where he has hidden his getaway car, a battered yellow Mercury Marquis (see April 13, 1995), in the adjoining alleyway, crossing Robinson Street and crossing another street to get to the alleyway. He begins to jog as he approaches his car. He later says he remembers a woman looking at him as she is walking down the steps to enter the building; he will describe her as white, in her mid-30s, with dirty blonde hair. According to McVeigh's own recollection, he is about 20 feet into the alley when the bomb goes off. [Stickney, 1996, pp. 184-185; PBS Frontline, 1/22/1996; Serrano, 1998, pp. 158; Douglas O. Linder, 2006; The Oklahoman, 4/2009] Truck Explodes - At 9:02 a.m., the truck explodes, destroying most of the Murrah Building and seriously damaging many nearby buildings. Eventually, it will be determined that 168 people die in the blast, including 19 children. Over 500 are injured. The children are in the second-story day care center just above the parking space where McVeigh leaves the Ryder truck. McVeigh will later tell his biographers that he is lifted off his feet by the power of the blast. Devastation and Death - When the bomb detonates, the day care center and the children plummet into the basement. The building, constructed with large glass windows, collapses, sending a wave of flying glass shards and debris into the building and the surrounding area. The oldest victim is 73-year-old Charles Hurlbert, who has come to the Social Security office on the first floor. Hurlbert's wife Jean, 67, also dies in the blast. The youngest victim is four-month-old Gabeon Bruce, whose mother is also in the Social Security office. One victim, Rebecca Anderson, is a nurse who runs towards the building to render assistance. She never makes it to the building; she is struck in the head by a piece of falling debris and will die in a hospital four days after the blast. Her heart and kidneys will be transplanted into survivors of the bombing. [Denver Post, 6/3/1997; New York Times, 6/3/1997; Serrano, 1998, pp. 153-154; Oklahoma City Journal Record, 3/29/2001] Sherri Sparks, who has friends still unaccounted for in the building, tells a reporter in the hours after the blast, "Oh, I can't stand the thought of… those innocent children, sitting there playing, thinking they're safe, and then this happens." The explosion leaves a 30-foot-wide, 8-foot-deep crater in the street that is covered by the wreckage of the building's upper floors. The north face of the nine-story building collapses entirely. [Washington Post, 4/20/1995; Washington Post, 4/22/1995] Mary Heath, a psychologist who works about 20 blocks from the Murrah Building, says the blast "shook the daylights out of things—it scared us to death. We felt the windows shake before we heard the noise." In a neighboring building, a Water Resources Board meeting is just commencing; the audiotape of the meeting captures the sound of the blast (see 9:02 a.m. and After, April 19, 1995). [Washington Post, 4/20/1995; The Oklahoman, 4/2009] Norfleet, trapped in the Marine Corps office, is thrown into a wall by the explosion. His skull is fractured, and a shard of glass punctures his right eye. Three separate arteries are pierced, and Norfleet begins bleeding heavily. Two supply sergeants in the office are far less injured; Norfleet asks one, "How bad am I hurt?" and one replies, "Sir, you look really bad." One of the two begins giving Norfleet first aid; Norfleet later recalls: "He immediately went into combat mode and started taking care of me. He laid me on a table and he started looking for bandages to administer first aid. And while I was laying on that table, I just knew that I was losing strength and that if I stayed in the building, I would die." Norfleet wraps a shirt around his head and face to slow the bleeding, and the two sergeants help him to the stairs, through the fallen rubble, and eventually out. Norfleet will later say that he follows "a blood trail of somebody that had gone down the steps before me" to get outside, where he is quickly put into an ambulance. He loses almost half his body's blood supply and his right eye. He will never fly again, and will soon be discharged for medical incapacity. [Serrano, 1998, pp. 161-162] Eighteen-month-old Phillip Allen, called "P.J." by his parents, miraculously survives the blast. The floor gives way beneath him and he plunges 18 feet to land on the stomach of an adult worker on the floor below, Calvin Johnson. Landing on Johnson's stomach saves P.J.'s life. Johnson is knocked unconscious by the blast and by the impact of the little boy falling on him, but when he awakes, he carries the toddler to safety. P.J.'s grandfather calls the child "Oklahoma's miracle kid," and media reports use the label when retelling the story of the miraculous rescue. P.J. is one of six children in the day care center to survive the blast. [Stickney, 1996, pp. 275-277] Some people later report their belief that the Murrah Building was rocked by a second explosion just moments after the first one, the second coming from a secure area managed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) that illegally stored explosives. Law professor Douglas O. Linder will later write, "Both seismic evidence and witness testimony supports the 'two blast theory.'" [Douglas O. Linder, 2006] That theory is later disputed (see After 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995). Explosion's Effects Felt Miles Away - Buildings near the Murrah are also damaged, seven severely, including the Journal Record newspaper building, the offices of Southwestern Bell, the Water Resources Board, an Athenian restaurant, the YMCA, a post office building, and the Regency Tower Hotel. Two Water Resources Board employees and a restaurant worker are killed in the blast. The Journal Record building loses its roof. Assistant Fire Chief Jon Hansen later recalls, "The entire block looked like something out of war-torn Bosnia." Every building within four blocks of the Murrah suffers some effects. A United Parcel Service truck 10 miles away has its windows shattered by the blast. Cars in parking lots around the area catch fire and burn. Millions of sheets of paper, and an innumerable number of glass shards, shower down for hundreds of feet around the building. [Stickney, 1996, pp. 28-30] Truck Axle Crushes Nearby Car - Richard Nichols (no relation to bomber Timothy McVeigh's co-conspirator Terry Nichols), a maintenance worker standing with his wife a block and a half away from the Murrah Building, is spun around by the force of the blast. They throw open the back door of their car and begin taking their young nephew Chad Nichols out of the back seat, when Richard sees a large shaft of metal hurtling towards them. The "humongous object… spinning like a boomerang," as Richard later describes it, hits the front of their Ford Festiva, smashing the windshield, crushing the front end, driving the rear end high into the air, and sending the entire car spinning backwards about 10 feet. Chad is not seriously injured. The metal shaft is the rear axle of the Ryder truck. Later, investigators determine that it weighs 250 pounds and was blown 575 feet from where the truck was parked. Governor Frank Keating (R-OK) points out the axle to reporters when he walks the scene a day or so later, causing some media outlets to incorrectly report that Keating "discovered" the axle. The scene will take investigators days to process for evidence. [Stickney, 1996, pp. 32; New York Times, 6/3/1997; Serrano, 1998, pp. 187-189] First Responders Begin Arriving - Within minutes, survivors begin evacuating the building, and first responders appear on the scene (see 9:02 a.m. - 10:35 a.m. April 19, 1995). McVeigh's Getaway - McVeigh flees the bomb site in his Mercury getaway car (see 9:02 a.m. and After, April 19, 1995), but is captured less than 90 minutes later (see 9:03 a.m. -- 10:17 a.m. April 19, 1995).
Entity Tags: Mary Heath, Phillip ("P.J.") Allen, Regency Tower Hotel (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), Oklahoma City Journal Record, Michael Norfleet, Murrah Federal Building, Richard Nichols, Social Security Administration, Sherri Sparks, Timothy James McVeigh, US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Terry Lynn Nichols, Jon Hansen, Southwestern Bell, Jean Hurlbert, Ed Kirkpatrick, Frank Keating, US Secret Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Water Resources Board (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma ), Young Men's Christian Association, William Pierce, Gabeon Bruce, America's Kids (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma ), Chad Nichols, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Calvin Johnson, US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Charles Hurlbert, US Department of Agriculture, Douglas O. Linder
Timeline Tags: Complete 911 Timeline, Domestic Propaganda, US Domestic Terrorism
A federal grand jury indicts Oklahoma City bombers Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995) on 11 counts of murder and conspiracy. Neither McVeigh nor Nichols are present during the hearing. The grand jury is only empowered to bring federal charges; the eight murder charges are in regards to the eight federal agents slain in the bombing: Secret Service agents Mickey Maroney, Donald Leonard, Alan Whicher, and Cynthia Campbell-Brown; DEA agent Kenneth McCullough; Customs Service agents Paul Ice and Claude Madearis; and Paul Broxterman, an agent in the Office of the Inspector General at the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Both Nichols and McVeigh are expected to face 160 counts of murder brought by the state of Oklahoma; both will plead not guilty to all counts of the indictment (see August 15, 1995). The indictment levels the following charges: on September 30, 1994, McVeigh and Nichols purchased 40 50-pound bags of ammonium nitrate (2,000 pounds in total, or one ton) in McPherson, Kansas, under the alias "Mike Havens" (see September 30, 1994); on October 1, 1994, McVeigh and Nichols stole explosives from a storage locker in Marion, Kansas (the actual date of the theft is October 3—see October 3, 1994); on October 3-4, 1994, McVeigh and Nichols transported the stolen explosives to Kingman, Arizona, and stored them in a rented storage unit (see October 4 - Late October, 1994); on October 18, 1994, McVeigh and Nichols bought another ton of ammonium nitrate in McPherson, Kansas, again using the "Mike Havens" alias (see October 18, 1994); in October 1994, McVeigh and Nichols planned the robbery of a firearms dealer in Arkansas as a means to finance the bombing, and on November 5 they "caused" firearms, ammunition, coins, cash, precious metals, and other items to be stolen from gun dealer Roger Moore (see November 5, 1994); on December 16, 1994, McVeigh drove with Michael Fortier to Oklahoma City and identified the Murrah Federal Building as the target of the upcoming bombing (see December 16, 1994 and After); in March 1995 McVeigh obtained a driver's license in the name of "Robert Kling," bearing a date of birth of April 19, 1972 (see Mid-March, 1995); on April 14, 1995, McVeigh bought a 1977 Mercury Marquis in Junction City, Kansas, called Nichols in Herington, Kansas, used the "Kling" alias to set up the rental of a Ryder truck capable of transporting 5,000 pounds of cargo, and rented a room in Junction City (see April 13, 1995); on April 15, 1995, McVeigh put down a deposit on a rental truck under the name of "Robert Kling" (see April 15, 1995); on April 17, 1995, McVeigh took possession of the rental truck in Junction City (see 3:00 - 5:00 p.m. April 17, 1995); on April 18, 1995, at Geary Lake State Park in Kansas, McVeigh and Nichols constructed the truck bomb using barrels filled with ammonium nitrate, fuel, and other explosives, and placed the cargo in the compartment of the Ryder truck (see 5:00 a.m. April 18, 1995 and 8:15 a.m. and After, April 18, 1995); on April 19, 1995, McVeigh parked the truck bomb directly outside the Murrah Building during regular business hours; and on April 19, 1995, McVeigh "caused the truck bomb to explode" (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995). The indictment accuses McVeigh and Nichols of plotting the bombing "with others unknown to the Grand Jury." It does not mention the person identified earlier as "John Doe No. 2" (see June 14, 1995). The grand jury says it is confident others, as yet unidentified, also participated in the plot. Lead prosecutor Joseph Hartzler says: "The indictment mentions unknown co-conspirators. We will try to determine if there are others who aided and abetted this crime." After the indictments are handed down, Attorney General Janet Reno says: "We will pursue every lead based on the evidence.… [M]ost of these leads have been pursued and exhausted.… [W]e have charged everyone involved that we have evidence of at this point." Prosecutors say that while others may well have been involved, the plot was closely held between McVeigh and Nichols. US Attorney Patrick Ryan has already announced he will seek the death penalty against both McVeigh and Nichols (see July 11-13, 1995), a decision supported by Reno (see 4:00 p.m., April 19, 1995). A third conspirator, Michael Fortier, has pled guilty to lesser crimes regarding his involvement; Fortier has testified against McVeigh and Nichols in return for the lesser charges (see May 19, 1995 and August 8, 1995), and defense lawyers are expected to assail Fortier's credibility during the trials (see April 19, 1995 and After, April 23 - May 6, 1995, and May 8, 1995). Nichols's lawyer Michael Tigar says, "Terry Nichols is not guilty of the allegations of which he is charged," calls the case against his client "flimsy" and "irresponsible," and accuses prosecutors of attempting to try his client "in the national media." Periodically, Tigar holds up hand-lettered signs reading, among other messages, "Terry Nichols Wasn't There" and "A Fair Trial in a Fair Forum." Prosecutors have dropped all charges against Nichols's brother James Nichols, who was indicted on three related explosive charges (see December 22 or 23, 1988, April 25, 1995, and May 11, 1995). US Attorney Saul A. Green says that "additional investigation failed to corroborate some of the important evidence on which the government initially relied." [Washington Post, 8/11/1995; New York Times, 8/11/1995; Stickney, 1996, pp. 189-191; Mickolus and Simmons, 6/1997, pp. 811; Washington Post, 12/24/1997; Serrano, 1998, pp. 245; Douglas O. Linder, 2001] McVeigh's lawyer, Stephen Jones, tells reporters after the hearing that he has been in contact with a man who, he says, told the government early in the fall of 1994 of plans to blow up federal buildings. This man, Jones says, was given a "letter of immunity" by the authorities in exchange for information involving a trip he had taken to Kingman, Arizona, Fortier's hometown, and for information about his discussions with potential bombers whom, Jones says, the man had described as either "Latin American or Arab." Jones refuses to identify the person to whom he is referring. [New York Times, 8/11/1995]
Entity Tags: Terry Lynn Nichols, Timothy James McVeigh, Geary State Fishing Lake And Wildlife Area, Cynthia Campbell-Brown, Alan Whicher, Stephen Jones, Donald Leonard, Claude Madearis, Roger E. ("Bob") Moore, Saul A. Green, Paul Broxterman, Paul Douglas Ice, Janet Reno, James Nichols, Kenneth McCullough, Joseph H. Hartzler, Michael Joseph Fortier, Patrick M. Ryan, Mickey Maroney, Michael E. Tigar
Timeline Tags: US Domestic Terrorism
Four FBI workers who evaluated evidence surrounding the Oklahoma City bombings (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995 and August 10, 1995) are transferred after a Justice Department report criticizes the FBI's crime lab procedures. One of those suspended is forensic scientist Frederic Whitehurst, whose long-standing complaints triggered the Justice Department investigation. That investigation found that evidence in about two dozen cases had been mishandled. Whitehurst is placed on administrative leave with pay just days after the report is received by FBI HQ. The Justice Department report does not allege that evidence had been manipulated to benefit prosecutors. Some evidence was possibly contaminated, and in some instances, the FBI laboratory exercised lax control over evidence. Three of the 23 units in the laboratory were found to have substandard procedures. [Washington Post, 1/28/1997; Indianapolis Star, 2003] According to a technician (not Whitehurst), the black denim jeans that accused Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995 and August 10, 1995) wore on the day of the bombing were shipped to the forensics lab in a brown paper bag, and not a sealed plastic evidence bag as procedure dictates. A gun and a knife purportedly taken from McVeigh during his arrest (see 9:03 a.m. -- 10:17 a.m. April 19, 1995) were sent to the lab in a manila envelope. According to an FBI summary of interviews conducted with lab technicians, an employee in the explosives unit, LaToya Gadson, told investigators that "the evidence was a 'mess' when it came in because it had not been collected in an 'orderly fashion.' Additionally, most of the debris was not properly bagged, some was not bagged at all, and many of the bags were not closed tightly, allowing debris to fall out." Travel cases potentially contaminated with explosive residue from the bomb were placed in an area where bomb debris had been stored awaiting testing, rendering the cases impossible to accurately test. And a technician obtained a false reading of cocaine in McVeigh's car, possibly from using improperly cleaned equipment. The sample was discarded, a worker says. Three technicians who examined evidence from the bombing case were reassigned: David Williams, who supervised evidence collection; Roger Martz, head of the laboratory's chemistry unit; and James T. Thurman, chief of the laboratory's explosives unit. Lab workers say Williams changed his dictated reports in violation of laboratory policy. Martz examined explosive evidence even though he lacked the proper training to do so. [New York Times, 1/31/1997]
Entity Tags: James T. Thurman, David R. Williams (FBI), Frederic Whitehurst, Timothy James McVeigh, Roger Martz, Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice, LaToya Gadson
The Justice Department inspector general releases a report criticizing the FBI's practices at its crime laboratory that may cast doubts on evidence to be presented in the trial of accused Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995 and August 10, 1995). The report, issued after an 18-month investigation of the laboratory, includes questions about the handling of evidence relating to the Oklahoma City bombing, including the size and composition of the bomb, and of chemical residues found on McVeigh's clothing and on a knife he was carrying when apprehended. McVeigh's lead lawyer, Stephen Jones, says he has always intended to challenge the integrity of the physical evidence against McVeigh. The report, prepared by the Justice Department's inspector general, Michael R. Bromwich, finds that FBI examiner David R. Williams prepared his September 5, 1995, report on the explosives used in the Oklahoma City bombing "in a way most incriminating to the defendants" (McVeigh and co-conspirator Terry Nichols). Williams, his supervisor, and two other agents were transferred in January in response to Bromwich's preliminary findings (see January 27, 1997). Williams has been dropped from the government's witness list. [New York Times, 4/17/1997]
Entity Tags: Timothy James McVeigh, David R. Williams (FBI), Michael Bromwich, Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice, Terry Lynn Nichols
Opening statements are presented in the trial of accused Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995 and August 10, 1995). Heavy Security - Security in and around the Byron Rogers Federal Building and Courthouse in Denver, where the trial is being held, is tight. Roads and sidewalks approaching the building are blocked off. Special credentials are needed to walk around certain areas inside the courthouse. Pedestrian traffic in and out of the federal office next door is constrained with a heavy police presence. Federal officers look under the hoods of cars and check beneath vehicles with mirrors on the streets surrounding the building. Concrete barriers prevent vehicles from getting too close to the building. Even the nearby manhole covers are sealed shut. [CNN, 4/17/1997; Serrano, 1998, pp. 274] Jury Makeup - The jury (see March 31, 1997 and After) is composed of seven men and five women; their identities and personal information have been shielded so they can avoid being sequestered. Six alternate jurors—three men and three women—are also available. The jurors include a retired teacher, a registered nurse, an auto mechanic, a real estate manager, and a store manager who served in the Air Force. Several are military veterans. One said during jury selection that he hopes the trial will not turn McVeigh into another victim: "I believe there have been enough victims. We don't need another one." James Osgood, the jury foreman and store manager, believes in mandatory gun ownership. (Like the other members of the jury, Osgood's identity will not be revealed until after the trial is concluded.) Several expressed their doubts and worry about being able to impose the death penalty if McVeigh is convicted. Some 100 potential jurors were screened to create this jury of 12 members and six alternates. As the trial commences, McVeigh greets the jury by saying, "Good morning." He will not speak to them again during the trial. Judge Richard P. Matsch begins by saying: "We start the trial, as we are today, with no evidence against Timothy McVeigh. The presumption of innocence applies." [Washington Post, 4/23/1997; New York Times, 4/23/1997; Serrano, 1998, pp. 275; Douglas O. Linder, 2001] Prosecution: McVeigh a Cold, Calculating Terrorist - Lead prosecutor Joseph Hartzler begins with an emotional evocation of the bombing and the story of one of the victims, Tevin Garrett, a 16-month-old child who cried when his mother Helena Garrett left him at the Murrah Building's day care center. The mothers could wave at their children through the day care's glass windows, Hartzler says. "It was almost as if you could reach up and touch the children. None of those parents ever touched their children again while they were alive." He says of Tevin Garrett's mother, "She remembers this morning [the morning of the bombing] because it was the last morning of [Tevin's] life" (see 9:02 a.m. - 10:35 a.m. April 19, 1995). Hartzler wastes little time in slamming McVeigh as a "twisted," calculating terrorist who murdered 168 people in the hope of starting a mass uprising against the US government. McVeigh, Hartzler says, "chose to take their innocent lives to serve his own twisted purposes.… In plain and simple terms, it was an act of terror and violence, intended to serve a selfish political purpose. The man who committed this act is sitting in this courtroom behind me. He is the one who committed those murders." Hartzler says that McVeigh blew up a federal building in Oklahoma City to avenge the federal assault on the Branch Davidian religious compound outside Waco, Texas (see April 19, 1993, April 19, 1993 and After, and April 24, 1995). "Across the street, the Ryder truck was there to resolve a grievance," Hartzler says. "The truck was there to impose the will of Timothy McVeigh on the rest of America and to do so by premeditated violence and terror, by murdering innocent men, women, and children, in hopes of seeing blood flow in the streets of America." He notes that McVeigh carried an excerpt from the violently racist novel The Turner Diaries (see 1978) that depicts the bombing of FBI headquarters in Washington. Hartzler reads the following line from the excerpt: "The real value of our attack lies in the psychological impact, not in the immediate casualties." Hartzler also notes the T-shirt McVeigh wore when he was arrested, a shirt that Hartzler says "broadcast his intentions." On the front was a likeness of Abraham Lincoln and on the back a quote from Thomas Jefferson: "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants." Drops of scarlet blood dripped from a picture of a tree. Investigators found traces of residue on McVeigh's shirt, in his pants pockets, and on a set of earplugs found in his pocket (see Early May 1995 and After). Hartzler reads from a document McVeigh had written on a computer belonging to his sister, Jennifer (see November 1994). In a letter addressed to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, McVeigh wrote: "All you tyrannical [expletive], you'll swing in the wind one day for your treasonous attacks against the Constitution of the United States.… Die, you spineless, cowardice [sic] b_stards" (see May 5-6, 1997). Hartzler says the trial has nothing to do with McVeigh's beliefs or his freedoms of expression: "We aren't prosecuting him because we don't like his thoughts. We're prosecuting him because his hatred boiled into violence." Of the innocent victims, Hartzler tells the jury that McVeigh "compared them to the storm troopers in [the popular science fiction movie] Star Wars (see October 21 or 22, 1994). Even if they are innocent, they work for an evil system and have to be killed." Hartzler moves to preempt expected defense attacks on the prosecution's star witness, Michael Fortier (see After May 6, 1995, May 19, 1995 and August 8, 1995), on reports that evidence was mishandled by an FBI crime lab (see January 27, 1997), and the failure to identify or apprehend the now-infamous "John Doe No. 2" (see June 14, 1995). Hartzler concludes: "Timothy McVeigh liked to consider himself a patriot, as someone who could start a second American revolution. Ladies and gentlemen, statements from our forefathers can never be twisted to justify warfare against women and children. Our forefathers didn't fight British women and children. They fought other soldiers, they fought them face to face, hand to hand. They didn't plant bombs and then run away wearing earplugs" (see Early May 1995 and After) Hartzler returns to the prosecutors' table; Matsch calls a brief recess. Defense: McVeigh Innocent, Framed by Lies - McVeigh's attorney, Stephen Jones, tells the jury that McVeigh is innocent, and says that McVeigh's views fall within the "political and social mainstream." Like Hartzler, he begins with the story of a mother who lost one of her two children in the bombing, saying that the mother saw someone other than McVeigh outside the Murrah Building before the bomb went off. "I have waited two years for this moment," Jones says, and says he will prove that other people, not McVeigh, committed the bombing. Jones sketches McVeigh's biography, focusing on his exemplary military service and the bitter disappointment he suffered in not being accepted in the Army's Special Forces (see January - March 1991 and After). It was after he left the Army, Jones says, that McVeigh began to steep himself in political ideology. But far from being an extremist, Jones says, McVeigh began to study the Constitution. The shirt he wore when he was arrested bore the motto "Sic Semper Tyrannis," but that is not merely a revolutionary slogan, Jones notes: it is the motto of the State of Virginia. McVeigh was "extremely upset" over what he viewed as government abuses of individual liberty, Jones admits, but says it was no different from how "millions of people fear and distrust the government." McVeigh's statement that "something big was going to happen" (see Mid-December 1994, March 25, 1995 and After, and April 15, 1995) had nothing to do with the bombing, Jones says, but was merely a reflection of the increasing anxiety and concern he was seeing among his friends and fellow political activists, all of whom believed "that the federal government was about to initiate another Waco raid, except this time on a different scale" (see April 19, 1993 and April 19, 1993 and After). "[B]eing outraged is no more an excuse for blowing up a federal building than being against the government means that you did it." Jones spends much of his time attacking Fortier's credibility as well as the consistency of other prosecution witnesses, saying that they will give "tailored testimony" crafted by the government to bolster its case, and focuses on the reports of crime lab mishandling of key evidence (see April 16, 1997): "The individuals responsible for the evidence… contaminated it… manipulated it, and then they engaged in forensic prostitution," he says. After the case is done, Jones says, the jury will see that the evidence shows, "not just reasonable doubt, but that my client is innocent." He closes by reminding the jury, "Every pancake has two sides." [Washington Post, 4/25/1997; New York Times, 4/25/1997; Serrano, 1998, pp. 275-280; Douglas O. Linder, 2006]
Entity Tags: Byron Rodgers Federal Building and Courthouse, Federal Bureau of Investigation, James Osgood, Joseph H. Hartzler, Helena Garrett, Richard P. Matsch, Stephen Jones, Timothy James McVeigh, Michael Joseph Fortier, Tevin Garrett
FBI forensic expert Steven G. Burmeister and chemist Ronald L. Kelly testify in the trial of Timothy McVeigh (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995, August 10, 1995, and April 24, 1997) that the FBI crime lab found residues of explosives on McVeigh's shirt and jeans, clothing that McVeigh was wearing when he was arrested less than 90 minutes after allegedly detonating a bomb in front of an Oklahoma City federal building (see 9:03 a.m. -- 10:17 a.m. April 19, 1995 and April 21, 1995). However, Burmeister says his experts found no such residues in the car McVeigh was driving when he was arrested. Nor did they find any such residues in a Kansas storage locker that prosecutors say McVeigh and co-conspirator Terry Nichols used to store bomb supplies (see September 22, 1994, October 4 - Late October, 1994, October 17, 1994, and November 7, 1994). Prosecutors use Burmeister's testimony to establish the exact composition of the bomb. Lab experts found residue of three substances on earplugs McVeigh was carrying when he was arrested (see Early May 1995 and After): nitroglycerine; PETN, a crystalline substance found in detonation cord; and EGDN, which is added to dynamite. PETN was also found on the white T-shirt and long-sleeved undershirt McVeigh was wearing when he was stopped by a state trooper, and PETN and nitroglycerine were found in the right pocket of McVeigh's jeans. McVeigh's lawyers cross-examine the two about a search they performed in the aftermath of the bombing; the two experts found and bagged items, including two fragments of the Ryder rental truck that prosecutors say carried the bomb (see April 15, 1995). One was a red-and-yellow piece of the truck body, which Burmeister later determined contained crystals of the explosive ammonium nitrate. Prosecutors say the bomb was composed of ammonium nitrate, a substance often used as fertilizer but which can become a powerful explosive when mixed with fuel oil or racing fuel. Burmeister testifies that such a bomb would require a detonator and an explosive such as dynamite to boost the explosion. Kelly admits to picking up and bagging several items, including a truck part, before an FBI photographer could take pictures of them; Kelly says he replaced the items, let the photographer take pictures, and rebagged them. Defense lawyer Christopher L. Tritico indirectly accuses Kelly of planting evidence. "You didn't find it in the parking lot, yourself, isn't that right?" Tritico asks, to which Kelly replies, "That is absolutely incorrect." Defense lawyers hammer away at the two over reports that the FBI crime lab had been criticized by a Justice Department report on its use of substandard procedures (see April 16, 1997), but Burmeister emphasizes that he, Kelly, and the other technicians were extremely careful about their evidence retrieval and testing. McVeigh's lawyers elicit an admission from Burmeister that no PETN or EGDN was found at the scene of the bombing. Burmeister also admits that the crime lab's handling of the bombing evidence could have been better, citing the practice of using paper bags to transport McVeigh's clothing from the Perry jail to the FBI lab. Judge Richard P. Matsch limits the scope of the defense's attack on the lab's evidence handling, and repeatedly refuses to allow the jury to hear criticisms of the crime lab's procedures issued by former lab employee Frederic Whitehurst (see January 27, 1997); nor does he allow the defense to introduce the Justice Department report. The last witness of the day, Linda Jones of the British Ministry of Defense's Forensic Explosives Laboratory, testifies that "it would be fairly simple" for one person to build such a bomb as was used in Oklahoma City, challenging the defense's theory that only a large number of conspirators and bomb experts could have built the bomb. [New York Times, 5/20/1997; New York Times, 5/21/1997]
Entity Tags: Richard P. Matsch, Christopher L. Tritico, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Linda Jones, Ronald L. Kelly, Timothy James McVeigh, Frederic Whitehurst, Steven G. Burmeister, Terry Lynn Nichols
The defense in the trial of accused Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995, August 10, 1995, and April 24, 1997) calls Dr. Frederic Whitehurst, an FBI forensic lab specialist who has become a "whistleblower" for what he has called shoddy practices at the central FBI crime lab (see January 27, 1997). Lead defense lawyer Stephen Jones uses Whitehurst's testimony to attack the credibility of the forensics tying McVeigh to the bombing (see April 16, 1997). Whitehurst casts aspersions on one lab technician's handling of evidence obtained from a piece of the Ryder truck destroyed in the blast; the lab technician, David Williams, never told Whitehurst that the piece from the truck was found by a civilian and therefore of questionable evidentiary value. However, Whitehurst is unable to say that any evidence from the bombing itself was contaminated or handled poorly. Judge Richard P. Matsch refuses to allow the defense to introduce the Justice Department report criticizing the FBI lab's "poor" handling of evidence in several cases (see April 16, 1997). [University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, 5/27/1997; CNN, 5/27/1997; Douglas O. Linder, 2006] Former US attorney Mimi Wesson later says that "the prosecution was able to dilute quite a bit of the impact of Whitehurst's testimony during cross-examination." [Salon, 5/29/1997]
Entity Tags: Stephen Jones, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Frederic Whitehurst, Richard P. Matsch, US Department of Justice, Timothy James McVeigh, Mimi Wesson
Lawyers for convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh (see June 2, 1997 and June 11-13, 1997) ask Judge Richard P. Matsch for a new trial. They cite a number of reasons for the request, including what they call juror misconduct. Lead lawyer Stephen Jones says that jurors violated an order by Matsch not to discuss the case among themselves before they began their deliberations, referring to a conversation held on May 9 in which one juror allegedly said during a break, "I think we all know what the verdict should be." Matsch was made aware of the conversation and decided it warranted no action. However, Jones says the conversation proves that McVeigh did not have "an impartial jury." Jones also says McVeigh was denied a fair trial by Matsch's ruling that the defense could not introduce into evidence a Justice Department report that criticized practices at the FBI crime laboratory (see January 27, 1997 and April 16, 1997). Jones also attacks Matsch's refusal to allow the testimony of federal informant Carole Howe (see May 23, 1997), which might have led the jury to conclude that "the government failed to investigate leads which concerned a larger conspiracy to bomb the Federal Building in Oklahoma." Matsch ruled that Howe's testimony would have been irrelevant to the charges against McVeigh. "Had the defense been allowed to admit Howe's testimony and present evidence that others may have committed the bombing," Jones argues, "the seeds of reasonable doubt would have been planted in the minds of the jurors." [New York Times, 7/8/1997] Prosecutors will oppose the request, calling the trial "scrupulously fair" and "close to perfect" in its handling. [New York Times, 7/25/1997] Matsch will deny the request (see August 12, 1997).
Entity Tags: Carole Howe, US Department of Justice, Stephen Jones, Richard P. Matsch, Timothy James McVeigh
Experts testify in the trial of Terry Nichols (see 8:35 a.m. - 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995 and November 3, 1997) that the bomb used to destroy the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was probably made with ammonium nitrate. Prosecutors have shown that Nichols bought two tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and stored it, along with other bomb components, in lockers rented under false names (see November 6, 1997). In aggressive cross-examination, defense lawyer Michael Tigar attempts to cast doubt on the forensic evidence presented by the experts. FBI laboratory supervisor Steven G. Burmeister, who has already defended his findings on ammonium nitrate crystals found in a shard of wood he and other experts believe was from the Ryder truck used to deliver the bomb (see November 28 - December 2, 1997), admits that nitromethane that, according to an FBI report, was found in Nichols's home might have come from a container of model airplane fuel. Burmeister says that the evidence of nitromethane was found near model airplane parts; nitromethane is used in model airplane fuel. "When you reported out your results, did you report that you had found model airplane fuel and a model airplane?" Tigar asks, and Burmeister replies, "No." Tigar then emphasizes: "You just reported you had found nitromethane. Right?" Burmeister responds, "The result was nitromethane and methanol." Tigar continues to press, saying: "But did you take steps to make sure that people were going to understand that this was found right next to some model airplane parts? Did you do that?" Burmeister says he did not. British explosive expert Linda Jones, who testified in the trial of convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh (see June 2, 1997 and June 11-13, 1997), says she believes the bomb weighed 3,000 to 6,000 pounds and contained ammonium nitrate. Its other elements were apparently consumed in the explosion. The prosecution has called Jones as an independent expert because of widespread criticism of the FBI laboratory and its employees (see January 27, 1997 and April 16, 1997). [New York Times, 12/2/1997]
Entity Tags: Linda Jones, Steven G. Burmeister, Terry Lynn Nichols, Michael E. Tigar
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