text:
Kristin Moe wrote this article for YES! Magazine, a national, nonprofit media project that fuses powerful ideas and practical actions. Kristin writes about climate, grassroots movements, and social change. Follow her on Twitter @yo_Kmoe.
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Truthout is a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization dedicated to providing independent news and commentary on a daily basis. Truthout works to spark action by revealing systemic injustice and providing a platform for transformative ideas, through in-depth investigative reporting and critical analysis. With a powerful, independent voice, we will spur the revolution in consciousness and inspire the direct action that is necessary to save the planet and humanity.
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"THE GREAT DIVIDE" - Awarded the 2013 "Cowboy Poetry CD of the Year" by both the Western Music Association and the Academy of Western Artists. Seventeen stories told in rhyme, with Doc's soulful instrumental music tucked in between the poems.
To preview all 17 original tracks,
or to purchase/download tracks or CD,
just click on:

subset: commoncrawl


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Vienna Family Medicine is an independent authorized clinic carrying the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method and its products.
Since opening our clinic in May 2017, our dieters have lost a total of 1,760 pounds.
To supervise this program developed and endorsed by medical doctors, our dedicated coaches provide weekly support sessions and on-going education. With the Ideal Protein Protocol, you will not only see results, but also be provided with valuable educational nutrition knowledge to help you sustain your results on a long term basis.
If you would like more information about Ideal Protein, please contact Laura Hourani, RN in our office at 703-255-4888.
Monday 7:30 am – 4:30 pm
Tuesday 11:00 am – 8:00 pm
Wednesday 7:30 am – 2:00 pm
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Friday 7:30 am – 4:30 pm
Vienna Family Medicine is an independently owned and operated clinic authorized to promote and sell Ideal Protein products and the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method. Consult www.idealprotein.com for more information about the Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method and Ideal Protein products and services. Any express or implied statement herein that is not made by Ideal Protein itself or is otherwise inconsistent with or different from the express or implied statements contained in www.idealprotein.com materials, including regarding any benefit, performance or specific weight loss expected or achieved with the use of Ideal Protein Weight Loss Method or Ideal Protein products or services is made solely by Vienna Family Medicine, and Ideal Protein specifically disclaims any and all such statements that are not explicitly or implicitly made in, or that are otherwise inconsistent with statements in www.idealprotein.com materials, and Ideal Protein explicitly disclaims any and all responsibility relating thereto.


text:
How Much Should I Charge for Rent? Professional Tips for Property Management in Denver, CO
As Denver property management experts, one of the questions we hear most frequently is: how much can I rent my house for? We are talking about how to get top dollar for your rental unit and how to attract quality tenants.
Making Your Rental Property Move-In Ready
First, you need to be sure the home is ready for prospective tenants. This means that all necessary repairs have been made at your investment property, and you've had it professionally cleaned. The lawn should be manicured and appealing. When you create curb appeal and provide a high quality rental property, you'll be able to attract higher rents and better tenants.
Use Comparables When Determining Rental Value
Your property's market rental value depends on a number of things, including its location, condition, and size. When you're determining how much rent to charge, check and compare your unit to other comparable units in the area. Knowing your competition will help you price your property correctly. There are many websites you can check to help determine your monthly rental price, and then you can adjust that based on your amenities, whether you have any additional space, and extra things you have to offer such as proximity to restaurants and shopping.
Advertising Your Investment Property
All of your advertising must be done on secure and professional websites. You want to have your listing on sites that generate high traffic and attract high quality tenants. Professional pictures should be taken and used with your advertisements, and make sure your property is looking the best it can look. When inquiries start rolling in, make sure you respond immediately. A phone call is always the best way to go, and you can move on from there if a prospective tenant prefers to communicate via email or text.
If you have any questions about property management Denver owners and investors need, please contact us at Performance Property Management. We would be happy to tell you more.


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A Tale of Two Dannies
Abraham Lincoln once said, "let the people know the truth and the country is safe." We will keep the people of this Province fully informed; there will be no secret documents, there will be no hidden agenda. If you and I know the facts then we will collectively decide the best course for our future. At the end of the day, the most formidable judge and jury I have ever faced will be the people of this Province.
- Danny Williams, in his December 5, 2000 PC leadership campaign launch speech
It's time for real leadership that has the common sense to say Yes to opportunity, the common decency to say No to giveaways, and the wisdom to know the difference.
- Danny Wiliams, in his April 7, 2001 speech accepting the leadership of the PC party.
Labels: Our Dear Premier


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A drapey and ultra-indulgent take on Gramps's pullover, replete with a snuggly shawl collar. Cashmere sweater, $1995, at Jil Sander New York, 212.925.2345.
Massive braid trim lends a playful edge to this chic Adam shrug. Merino wool sweater, $325, shopadam.com.
Who knew? Victoria's Secret has consistently turned out some great knits through the years. This surprisingly luxe cardie marries lightness with warmth. Cashmere sweater, $178, victoriassecret.com.
This featherweight softie from Donna Karan is perfect for an overheated office. Cashmere and polyamide sweater, $1295. At Donna Karan, New York, 866.240.4700.
For the Kim Gordon fan in your life, this grunge-y heavyweight number feels handmade. Burberry cotton cashmere sweater, $350, burberry.com.
This long, layerable topper is beyond versatile. Paired with leggings on a frosty day, it's a thigh-skimming mini-dress. When global warming strikes, it pinch-hits as a lightweight coat. Stella McCartney cotton sweater, $1845, at Stella McCartney New York, 212.255.2556.
Despite the decidedly happy price, this ivory v-neck is a great-looking riff on a much more expensive Aran. Gap wool, acrylic and nylon sweater, $68. gap.com.


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School Regulations Article 17 (Leave of Absence), Academic Operations Regulations Article 22 (Application and Permission for Leave of Absence), Article 23 (Leave of Absence Types), Article 26 (Special Leave of Absence Extension), Article 37 (Terms of Study), Article 39 (Tuition for Leave of Absence), Article 41(Tuition Repayment Standard)
Studying is stopped for a certain period by obtaining permission of principal if students can attend the regular semester because of the individual condition.
In case of special leave of absence(pregnancy, foundation, leave of absence by military service, etc.), it's separately applied without application to leave of absence. (necessity of relative documents)
|Semester opening date
|Amount of repayment(tuition)
|Within 30 days
|31~60 days
|61~90 days
|After 91 days


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Wednesday evening we had the pleasure of meeting another blogger friend of mine Susan from Texas
We enjoyed a nice supper at Famous Dave's in Tualatin, not far from where Susan is visiting her mother and other family members. Her husband, Bob, is home in Texas, working and caring for their kitties.
Friday we had a game night with Grandson Jesse, his wife Alyssa and son Bronson. He is a smoocher.
Joe had just given him a "snuggle" and that look says "GG Pa, you need to shave"
|Bronson had fun playing in his "toy" drawer. GG's toys are more fun then the toys he brought with him.
|The strainer and this cup were his two favorite "toys" he found in the drawer.
The forecast for Portland is LOT of rain and very windy! They are right on both! Normally we would have had the RV covered by now, but we plan on doing one more "get away" weekend next month.
|I'm really glad we "battened down the hatches" last week. The tulip and daffodil bulbs are all snuggled in their beds too, waiting for Spring to wake them up.
It's Joe's day off and when it's stormy like this, and all his work is done, he likes to sit back and watch an old movie. Right now he's watching TROUBLE ALONG THE WAY, It is a black and white 1953 comedy drama with John Wayne, Donna Reed and Charles Coburn. It's about a divorced coach and his little girl who build a football team to pull a priests' college out of debt.
And what do I do on a stormy weekend? Well when I'm not doing laundry, fixing meals, general cleaning etc. I enjoy crocheting, knitting, reading from my NOOK and ...this .
working on my blog. Have a wonderful rest of the weekend and if you're in the Pacific Northwest, and out and about, stay dry and forget about the umbrella...it will be inside out as soon as you try to put it up.


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Comicpress users
Anyone that has a webcomic and uses ComicPress, probably know Frumph (Phil) and he wanted to pass along this information about his attending Intervention Con 2010:
I will be at InterventionCon 2010, sept 10th through the 12th holding workshops for WordPress and ComicPress, http://interventioncon.com/
Beginners Workshops:
a.. Creating your website, understanding hosting and CMS's (Content management systems)
b.. Setting up, Understanding & Configuration of your website with WordPress & Comicpress
c.. Understanding how WordPress and Comicpress works.
d.. Basic CSS understanding.
This is always great for those that are not beginners that would like a refresher on the basics.
Intermediate Workshops include:
a.. ComicPress/WordPress Options, Child Themes and getting the most out of your site. (there is *a lot* to this)
b.. Designing your site with CSS, understanding of the basic CSS concepts is necessary.
Advanced Workshops:
a.. Advanced CSS design,
b.. Child theme programming tricks,
c.. Getting the most from your site, ways to increase hits and readers.
c.. Advanced topics that are only available at this workshop.
Dig it. I won't be there but I am looking forward to an after-con report.


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These are obviously my own views about the recent Felbrigg debacle, NOT those of the National Trust.
As everyone knows, the 50th anniversary of the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality in England and Wales is being marked by many huge heritage institutions, including the British Museum, Tate Modern/Britain, Historic Royal Palaces, V&A etc. It seems though that the only institution to be consistently ruffling the feathers of homophobic right wing rag commentariat is the National Trust.
When the 2017 Prejudice and Pride programme was announced at the end of last year, Breitbart fascist Delingpole claimed the 'once great' institution had been sullied by the inclusion of LGBTQ histories, and name dropped my beloved Sutton House as being his former favourite property, now hosting the 'nonsensical' Sutton House Queered programme.
I'm currently at my family home, and I'm ashamed to say my dad buys and reads the Daily Mail. Today, amidst the political chaos in our country, the Daily Mail deemed the National Trust front page material. He made a joke about hiding it from me. He mistakenly thinks that my distaste for the Daily Mail in contrast to his reverence for it is amusing.
I know very well that the Daily Mail is reactionary, and barely based on truth. We all do. But earlier in the year when the rag bemoaned with outrage that the National Trust had CANCELLED EASTER, I could only roll my eyes, as the day before I had helped to hang a huge canvas banner emblazoned with the word Easter in front of a National Trust property. It was amusing because it was laughably reactionary, and also, very easily demonstrably not true. It also created the largest number of visits for the Easter weekend that Sutton House had ever seen.
Today's headline reads MUTINY IN THE NATIONAL TRUST, and is in response to volunteers from Felbrigg in Norfolk who refused to wear Prejudice and Pride badges. In response to their refusal, the Trust asked them to move away from public-facing duties for the duration of the programme. Firstly, let's just unpick the headline. 10 'furious' volunteers out of a body of over 70,000 volunteers across the National Trust (ie 0.01%) is emphatically not a mutiny. It's a mere drop in the ocean.
When the Prejudice and Pride programme began, the Trust approached it very carefully, working with and consulting many experts (including myself), such as Stonewall, curator of Queering the Museum and Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery Matt Smith and Leader of the Leicester University School of Museum Studies, Richard Sandell. We worked together on a series of training days to discuss how various inevitable challenges could be met. Volunteers were always a great consideration. The Trust is so privileged that so many people devote their time, skills and energy to volunteering there, but sometimes volunteers can be difficult- anyone working in museums and heritage can tell you that much. I visited Seaton Deleval in Northumberland once and I had to walk away from an elderly volunteer who was using sexist language to refer to a Mary Eleanor Bowes portrait, when he noticed her portrait had caught my eye. Not everyone thinks LGBTQ history should be uncovered, they prefer that it should continue to be hidden, like a shameful dirty secret, and unfortunately, out of 70,000 volunteers, it's inevitable that some of those would share that view.
The news that the National Trust had stood firm on this ruling that volunteers must wear lanyards or badges reflecting the programme at the house was like music to my ears. Like a lot of large charities and organisations, the Trust has a set of values and behaviours that all staff and volunteers must abide by. These range from being respectful to people, to being willing to try new things, but also that we be advocates and ambassadors for the National Trust.
So often, as with many of my own visits to National Trust properties, the only people you will encounter as a visitor is a volunteer. It makes perfect sense then, that they be 'on message', for whatever is going on in the property at that time.
Pam Meecham, my PhD supervisor, has written about the Hello Sailor exhibition at the Merseyside Maritime Museum, and noted how some of the museum staff wanted nothing to do with the exhibition, and were vocal in their disapproval of it. It shouldn't be behaviour that is tolerated from staff, and therefore should not be tolerated by volunteers. The difference is, volunteers are not contractually bound to sharing the values of the Trust, so the alternative, if they are not prepared to do so, is to take their skills elsewhere, and use their time where their values are in line with the organisation (the daily mail perhaps?). I think it's very generous for the Trust's stance to be to allow them to move their duties away from front of house rather than just showing them the door.
I obviously feel very strongly about criticisms about the Trust's LGBTQ engagement, and take a lot of it very personally given my role in laying the foundations for it, and in building the programme this year (especially since I know that people like my parents are consuming the sort venom that is being written about it). It hasn't always been easy, both from inside and outside the Trust, but reading that they were taking such a bold stance made me feel really valued, and genuinely moved by the Trust's devotion to these important histories, and to making their properties more inviting and welcoming to LGBTQ communities.
I'm disheartened to see they have reneged this bold stance in the face of criticism from the Daily Mail and the Telegraph. They haven't yielded to the 'fury' of volunteers, they've yielded to homophobia/transphobia. And if you change your course in response to hatred and ignorance, you give weight and merit to that hatred and ignorance, and say that those who voiced it are in the right. This is really disappointing, it feels like one step forward and too steps back and it's exhausting.
The Daily Mail is the enemy of many people and many things and carries a lot of power given its colossal readership. But if you continue to worry about what the Daily Mail is going to say about every thing you do, and if you cave in to bullying from thick right wingers, you'll never get anything done. The future members and visitors of the National Trust are not old white Daily Mail readers, so we really, really need to stop bending to the every wishes of old, white Daily Mail readers.
I feature on episode three of the National Trust's Prejudice and Pride podcast, speaking with Dr Gus Casely-Hayford and Clare Balding about hidden queer histories. The whole series is great, written by Museum of Transology's E-J Scott, check them out here.


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Roko LED Stainless Steel Wall Light 67701
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Roko LED outdoor wall light made from marine grade stainless steel.
The fitting has a clear plastic lens that sits in a robust frame, the lens is ideal for allowing the full brightness of the bulb to shine through.
The bulb is positioned in the tubular body which helps cut down the glare.
The 3.5watt GU10 LED bulb is included and has a colour temperature of 5000k cool white with a lighting output of 345 lumen.
Comes with a 2 year warranty.
This is part of the Roko LED Range.
Data Sheets:
67701 mounting instructions
Class 1 Requires an Earth..
Finish: Stainless Steel.
Light Source: LED with a GU10 lamp holder. Fittings that are supplied with non-dimmable GU10 LED bulbs or those supplied without any GU10 bulbs can, in most instances, be made dimmable by installing a dimmable GU10 LED.
Dimming Info: Suitable for dimming when dimmable GU10 LED bulbs are used.
IP Rating: IP44.Size:
- Height: 228mm
- Width: 160mm
- Projection: 195mm


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What NASA insisted for decades could not bea spacecraft using solar energy rather than nuclear power going beyond the orbit of Marswill be proven false next Monday, July 4th, Independence Day, when the solar-energized Juno space probe arrives at Jupiter.
NASA had maintained that to provide on-board power and heat on spacecraft in deep space, plutonium-powered systems were requireddespite the disaster if there were an accident on launch or in a fall back to Earth and the plutonium was released. I broke the story 30 years ago about how the next mission of NASA's ill-fated Challenger shuttle was to involve lofting a plutonium-powered space probe and I have been reporting in articles, books and on television on the nuclear-in-space issue ever since.
If the Challenger accident did not happen in January 1986 but the shuttle exploded on its next scheduled mission, in May 1986, with the plutonium-powered space probe in its cargo bay, the impacts could have been enormous. Plutonium is the most lethal of all radioactive substances.
Still, when NASA re-scheduled the two plutonium-powered missions it had planned for 1986one the Galileo mission to Jupiterit not only publicly declared that plutonium systems to provide on-board power for space probes in deep space were necessary but swore to that in court.
Opponents of the Galileo mission brought suit in U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. in 1989 seeking to stop the nuclear-energized Galileo shot because of its public health danger in the event of an accident, and they pressed NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) on the availability of a safe energy alternative. NASA and DOE officials swore that only nuclear power would do that far out in space, that solar energy could not be harvested beyond the orbit of Mars.
And now comes NASA's own Juno spacecraft energized by solar energy functioning in deep space. Indeed, NASA acknowledges, "This is the first time in history a spacecraft is using solar power so far out in space."
Says Bruce Gagnon, coordinator of the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space: "All during out campaigns to oppose NASA plutonium launches during 1989, 1990 and 1997"when NASA launched its Cassini space probe with the most plutonium NASA ever used in a power system on a spacecraft"the space agency maintained in court and in the media that solar would not work as an on-board power source in deep space. Then, in part because of grassroots pressure from around the planet, NASA decided to use solar on the deep space Juno mission."
"To this day," Gagnon went on last week, "NASA still maintains that it must use deadly nuclear devices on some of its space missionsfurther evidence that the nuclear industry maintains a stranglehold on the space agency. The nuclear industry mistakenly views space as a new market for its toxic product that so many have rejected back here on Earth."
Gagnon added: "We will continue to organize to stop the nuclearization of spaceand we will use NASA's own Juno mission as evidence that …read more
Read more here:: http://enformable.com/2016/06/juno-spacecraft-demonstrates-viability-solar-power-deep-space/


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Two of the country's highest ranking former intelligence officials took President Donald Trump to task on Sunday for his continued refusal to acknowledge Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections, a stance that they say puts the United States in danger.
"Putin is committed to undermining our system, our democracy and our whole process," former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper told Jake Tapper on CNN's State of the Union. "And to try to paint it in any other way is, I think, astounding and, in fact, poses a peril to this country."
Clapper and former CIA Director John Brennan were responding to comments Trump made on Saturday during his five-nation tour of Asia. Trump criticized multiple congressional and special investigations underway into Russia's interference, claimed that his campaign did not collude with the Russians, and suggested that he believes Russian President Vladimir Putin didn't interfere in the 2016 election despite findings to the contrary by U.S. intelligence agencies.
"Every time he [Putin] sees me he says, 'I didn't do that.' And I really believe that when he tells me that, he means it. But he says, 'I didn't do that.' I think he is very insulted by it, if you want to know the truth," Trump told reporters aboard Air Force One en route to Vietnam. "Don't forget, all he said is he never did that, he didn't do that. I think he's very insulted by it, which is not a good thing for our country."
While giving credence to Putin's denials of involvement, Trump simultaneously insinuated that there is doubt about the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies, which have, in fact, determined conclusively that Russia meddled in the elections.
"And then you hear it's 17 agencies. Well, it's three. And one is Brennan and one is whatever. I mean, give me a break. They're political hacks. So you look at it — I mean, you have Brennan, you have Clapper, and you have Comey. Comey is proven now to be a liar and he's proven to be a leaker," Trump told the reporters on Air Force One, referring to former FBI Director James Comey whom he fired last May. Trump later told NBC News that the Russia probe was part of his rationale for firing Comey.
Brennan told CNN on Sunday that it's clear the Russians interfered in the U.S. election based on U.S. counter intelligence findings made available to Trump, making it all the more puzzling as to why the president doesn't acknowledge that and counter Putin's denials.
"The Russian threat to our democracy and our democratic foundations is real. And I think his [Trump] continuing to not say very clearly and strongly that this is a national security problem and to say to Mr. Putin, we know you did it, you have to stop it, because there are going to be consequences if you don't," said Brennan.
Trump's attacks on Clapper, Comey and Brennan as "political hacks" are part of his effort to delegitimize the intelligence community's assessment, said Brennan. He noted that contrary to what Trump insinuated, the assessment was not compiled by Comey, Clapper nor Brennan.
Brennan told CNN that he found it "particularly reprehensible" that on Veterans Day Trump would attack the integrity of a veteran such as Clapper, a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force who served in combat support missions in Vietnam.
"And like Sen. [John] McCain, [he] really did put his life at risk because of this country's national security," said Brennan. "And to impugn the character of somebody like Jim Clapper — on Veterans Day — who has dedicated so much of his life to this country, I just find that outrageous, and it's something I think that Mr. Trump should be ashamed of."
Trump tried to walk his comments back on Sunday in Vietnam, telling reporters there that he agrees with the intelligence community's conclusions on Russia's interference in the elections.
"I'm with our agencies, especially as currently constituted with their leadership," Trump said during the news conference held jointly with Vietnam's President Tran Dai Quang.
But Trump had already relayed Putin's reaction to the U.S. intelligence community's conclusions on Russian interference, CNN's Tapper pointed out Sunday, and further noted that the Russian president was insulted by this conclusion. Brennan responded that Trump's behavior sends a disturbing signal to America's allies and partners who are concerned about Russian interference in their democratic processes as well.
"I think Mr. Putin is very clever in terms of playing to Mr. Trump's interest in being flattered. And also I think Mr. Trump is, for whatever reason, either intimidated by Mr. Putin, afraid of what he could do or what might come out as a result of these investigations. So it's very worrisome," said Brennan. "So it's either naïveté, ignorance or fear, in terms of what Mr. Trump is doing vis-a-vis the Russians."
Trump's refusal to hold Putin accountable for Russia's interference in the election baffled Clapper, who noted that the evidence presented by the U.S intelligence community in January reinforced "the depth and magnitude and scope and the aggressiveness of the Russian interference."
"I don't know why the ambiguity about this, because the threat posed by Russia, as John just said, is manifest and obvious and has been for a long time," said Clapper.
Clapper acknowledged the detrimental effect of Trump's continued attacks on the U.S. intelligence community, but he said the intelligence community would forge ahead regardless.
"I do believe in my heart that the men and women of the intelligence community will continue to convey truth to power, even if the power ignores the truth," said Clapper.


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In a preferred embodiment, the basic control system is combined with additional feedback loops developing servo information regarding rate and actuator position to provide a overall position control system, such as is particularly useful in place of the hydraulic actuator systems now employed in aircraft.
|Motor apparatus
|Brushless D-C motor
|Solid state servo amplifier for a D.C. motor position control system
|DC Motor driving circuit
|Rotation sensor device
|Uchida et al.
|Brushless DC motor control utilizing a ROM
|Control arrangement for a brushless D-C motor
|Liska et al.
|Servo control apparatus
|Current control circuit
|Inductive load current measuring circuit
|Born et al.
|Stepper motor control apparatus
|Constant torque induction motor drive system
|Rotary machine
|Knight et al.
|D. C. motor control system
|Dixon et al.
|CMOS differential amplifier circuit utilizing a CMOS current sinking transistor which tracks CMOS current sourcing transistors
|Kawano et al.
|Masse et al.
|Motor control for controlling both armatures and field circuits
|Motor control system
|Chubb, Jr.
|September, 1967
a brushless DC motor having a plurality of windings;
a plurality of solid state power switches respectively connected to said windings for selectively applying power to develop current therein;
means for determining the states and order of switching between states of said solid state switches in response to a current error signal;
means for deriving a current feedback signal indicative of current in the motor windings; and
means for combining the current feedback signal with an applied current command signal to develop the error signal.
applying a current error signal to a plurality of level d ependent switches to selectively control the conduction states thereof, each of said switches being biased to develop a change of conduction state at a unique level of control voltage;
applying signals developed from the outputs of the level dependent switches to control the states of the power switches;
deriving a current feedback signal indicative of motor current; and
combining the current feedback signal with an applied current command signal to develop the error signal.
wherein A+, B+, C+, A-, B- and C- designate specific power switches; .0.1, .0.2 and .0.3 designate specific phase signals corresponding to rotor position; and CWP, CWM, CCWP and CCWM designate signals from the level dependent switches..
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related generally to electromechanical actuation systems and, more particularly, to a multi-quadrant brushless motor drive system for controlling the magnitude and direction of the torque output of a DC motor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Numerous applications require an actuation system for positioning a specified load as a function of a position command signal. Actuation systems used to control aircraft flight are of particular importance in the design of safe, energy-efficient aircraft. The design of an electromechanical actuation system or an aircraft flight control system is complicated by the necessity of satisfying numerous, and often conflicting, requirements such as steady-state and dynamic performance, duty cycle, weight, envelope, installation, reliability and cost.
A variety of motor control systems are known, none of which completely satisfies the needs met by arrangements in accordance with the present invention. For example, the Masse et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,254 discloses a servo system which contains provision for protecting against instabilities and system performance due to system noise. The system provides for automatic noise cancellation and acts, through velocity control in the servo system driving circuitry, to limit the drive whenever the system is subjected to noise. However, the disclosed servo system is directed to the control of a stepping motor, and therefore is not pertinent to the present system for controlling a brushless DC motor.
The Dixon et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,019,107 discloses an arrangement for controlling a shunt DC motor, rather than the permanent magnet DC motor to which the present system is directed. Moreover, this system utilizes a tachometer readout to develop a motor speed signal which is required in the control system.
Imamura U.S. Pat. No. 4,156,169 discloses a system designed to control the velocity of a motor by comparing a velocity signal with a velocity command signal to vary the motor drive. This differs from the present system which is capable of developing control without resort to motor shaft velocity.
The Liska et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,693 discloses a commutation circuit for controlling a brushless DC motor. However, the control circuitry of this patent is principally directed to reducing the sensitivity of the drive circuits to self-induced current spikes.
Smooth motor operation is essential in providing the degree of safety and control required in aircraft actuator systems. Such prior art DC motor systems as are known fail to provide sufficiently smooth motor operation for electromechanical actuators used in aircraft flight control systems. A typical prior art DC motor drive system controls the operation of the motor only in the first quadrant, where both the voltage and current are positive, and in the third quadrant where both the current and voltage are negative. A DC motor drive system which provides driven operation of a motor only in the first and third quadrants ignores the transients which some switching actions develop in the second and fourth quadrants. The failure of prior art systems to provide smooth motor operation during voltage and current transients throughout the operating cycle results from discontinuities in the logic which controls the switching actions. The difficulties associated with the prior art motor drive circuits are particularly acute in electromechanical actuators such as may be used in aircraft flight control systems because the motors in such systems are often operated at low speed where the effects of logic discontinuities have the greatest effect.
There are prior art DC motor drive systems which provide four-quadrant operation; however such systems generally require an input signal indicative of the direction of rotation of the rotor. Known prior art four-quadrant motor drive systems are complex and fail to provide the smoothness of motor operation required for aircraft flight control systems.
A particular DC motor control system is needed which can provide smooth, precisely controllable motor operation for aircraft flight control systems which are suitable for replacing hydraulic actuation systems presently in use.
In brief, arrangements in accordance with the present invention comprise control circuitry for driving a brushless DC motor. This control circuitry controls the application of power to the field windings of the motor and is effective in all four quadrants of motor operation; that is, when the motor current and voltage are both of the same polarity (quadrants I and III) and when the motor current voltage are of opposite polarity with respect to each other (quadrants II and IV).
In one particular arrangement of a basic control circuit in accordance with the invention, a current command signal, derived as an error signal from a comparison of signals representing shaft position and desired position, is compared with a feedback signal corresponding to current in the switching circuit. The difference between the current command signal and the feedback signal is integrated and processed in a dynamic compensation network of a mathematical form comprising an integration and a zero and a pole. The zero and the pole form a lead-lag network which controls the modulation frequency of the switching control loop. The thus-processed current error signal is applied to a level dependent logic stage which comprises a plurality of drive switches, each designed to change state between saturated on and saturated off conditions at different levels of the control current. The outputs of these switches are applied to a commutation logic stage where, in combination with signals indicating motor rotor position, the determination is made as to which of the power switches are to be turned on or off to control the application of power to the respective motor windings.
Each of the power switches has connected in parallel with it a reversely poled diode to provide a path for motor current when the associated transistor switch is turned off. Those switching transistors coupled to one side of the power supply are tied in parallel to a common series resistor which serves as a first sensing resistor for feedback current. The associated diodes are tied in common to a second series resistor which serves as a second sensing resistor for feedback current. The feedback current signal is developed from a comparison of the transistor current and diode current, and the absolute value of the higher of the two sensing current signals is used for the feedback current.
As the error current signal sweeps across the control range of the level dependent switches, the switches respond to select the motor windings which are to be energized, relative to instantaneous rotor position. Quasi-steady state conditions may develop in the level dependent logic in which motor current approaches the level of the command current in a given mode. However, typically, motor current overshoots the current command level. This is sensed through the feedback current, which results in a change in the error current so that the motor current again approaches the command level, but from the other side with subsequent overshoot back and forth about the command level. This occurs as the error current input to the level dependent logic dithers back and forthe about the switching point of one or another of the level dependent logic switches. This dithering occurs at a rapid rate, compared with the electromechanical response characteristics of the motor circuitry and components--typically in the range of 10 kilohertz--with a corresponding high repetition rate for the application of pulses of power to the motor windings. Operation of the level dependent logic switches in the manner described permits pulse width modulation control of motor current. The parameters of the networks in the control loop dynamic compensation network are dependent upon the characteristics of the motor to be driven and on the desired ripple frequency. A principal function of this loop is to allow a high frequency oscillation in the error current at a low amplitude. This oscillation allows the motor to be driven under pulse width modulation control. Variation of the duty cycle in the pulse width modulation control scheme is effected by selecting the extent of the hysteresis in the level dependent logic switches (that is, the extent of the potential difference between the switch-on voltage and the switch-off voltage) and selecting the gain of the dynamic compensation network which processes the error current for application to the level dependent logic circuit.
Another dynamic compensation network is provided ahead of the point at which the current command and the feedback current signal are compared. The two dynamic compensation networks serve to prevent erroneous switchings in the control circuitry due to command signal noise. This additional dynamic compensation network operates as single pole filter to reject sharp transients, such as noise, in the command signal. The input of this dynamic compensation network also includes a current limiting circuit which arbitrarily limits the command signal to a level compatible with maximum permissible current levels in the motor windings.
The level dependent logic allows the appropriate transistor switches to be turned on without having to know which transistors are are required because of variations in operating modes. This operation is possible by virtue of the feedback current which is switched in polarity after derivation of the absolute value of the highest sensed current, depending upon whether or not the motor is to be driven in the counterclockwise direction. Thus, in this current loop as described, it is not necessary that a tachometer signal be provided to indicate motor speed or direction.
In one particular application of the motor control system of the invention described above, a tachometer loop and actuator position sensor loop are added, together with appropriate comparison circuitry, to develop the current command signal. In that control circuit, a position command, indicative of the desired position of an actuator driven by the motor, is compared with a feedback signal indicating true actuator position. The difference is applied as an error signal to a further comparision stage for combination with a rate feedback signal from a tachometer coupled to the motor. A tachometer signal is useful in determining the level of current for the current command signal. Rate feedback in this manner allows the use of higher loop gains for improved performance of the overall control circuit, and helps to mitigate instability due to non-linearities and large inertial loads.
A better understanding of the present invention may be had from a consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the switching parameters of motor control switches employed in arrangements embodying the invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram provided for purposes of illustration in explaining the operation of the invention, in conjunction with FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing particular waveforms developed in the operation of a motor control circuit of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a control circuit in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5 is a simplified circuit diagram of the motor switching circuit of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6, comprising parts 6a and 6b, is a schematic diagram representing portions of the control circuitry of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a graphic representation, similar to FIG. 1, showing the conditions of various switching stages in the level dependent logic as a function of control voltage; and
FIG. 8 is a partial diagram of the circuit of FIG. 5, illustrating a modification thereof.
It might be helpful to an understanding of the concept of the present invention to briefly discuss a simplified control circuit for an electric motor. FIG. 1 is a graphical representation, without scale designation, of the four power control switches TS1-TS4 in FIG. 2. These switches are shown in FIG. 2 as connecting a motor between plus and minus line voltage. Each of the switches is connected in parallel with a diode (D1 to D4) poled for conducting current in the opposite direction to its associated switch. The switches have been given designations indicative of their position in the circuit and their driving effect on the motor M. Thus, switch TS1 is designated CWP (for "clockwise positive"). Switch TS2 is designated CCWP (counterclockwise positive), TS3 is designated CCWM (counterclockwise minus) and switch TS4 is designated CWM (clockwise minus).
The graphical representation of FIG. 1 indicates the states of their respective switches TS1-TS4 as a function of an applied bias voltage (corresponding to a variable control level). As the voltage applied to the respective control terminals of the respective switches is varied between a value of -V, at which all switches are in the condition indicated at the left side of the figure, to +V, at which all switches are in the condition indicated at the right-hand side of the figure, the switches change state along paths indicated by the arrows. In changing state between saturated off and saturated on conditions, each of the switches changes state from off to on at a slightly different bias potential from that at which it changed state from on to off, thus exhibiting the hysteresis loops shown in FIG. 1. The arrows indicate the direction of the change of state versus control voltage. Moreover, the switching circuits are designed so that each switch exhibits its changes of state at a different level of control voltage.
There are three cases to consider in discussing the operation of the simplified control circuit of FIG. 2: motor current negative, motor current zero, and motor current positive.
With the control voltage at -V (see FIG. 1) both counterclockwise switches TS2 and TS3 are on, while the clockwise switches TS1 and TS4 are off. This results in a motor voltage of -VL across the motor M. As the control voltage becomes more positive, switch TS2 turns off first, resulting in zero voltage being applied to the motor. The back EMF of the motor now drives current through the conducting switch TS3, then through the transistor current sense resistor RS1 and back through the diode current sense resistor RS2 and diode D4. It will be noted that when a shunting diode conducts as the result of turning off one of the control switches, current in the diode sensing resistor is opposite in direction, relative to line potential, to current in the transistor sensing resistor. The resulting current sensing levels are picked off from the circuit of FIG. 2 as feedback currents IS1 and IS2, for transistor current sensing and diode current sensing, respectively. As the control voltage is increased further, the switch TS3 turns off and the energy stored in the inductance of the motor drives current to and from the line through diodes D1 and D4, respectively. The voltage applied across the motor is +VL.
Again starting with the most negative input (-V of FIG. 1) to the level dependent logic, this condition results in -VL being applied to the motor, as before. As the control voltage is increased, switch TS2 turns off and the application of line voltage VL is removed, so that the voltage across the motor becomes equal to its back EMF. This is the voltage seen across the motor until the applied control voltage reaches the highest level, at which switch TS1 is turned on. At this point voltage +VL is applied across the motor.
Starting again with the most negative applied control voltage, -VL is applied to the motor as before, although the direction of motor current is opposite to that of Case 1, corresponding to a deceleration of clockwise rotation. As the level of control voltages increases, the voltage across the motor remains -VL until the switch TS4 is turned on, resulting in zero volts being applied across the motor. Thereafter, when the switch TS1 turns on, the voltage becomes +VL across the motor.
The following table may be constructed to illustrate the different levels of motor voltage for the different switch conditions.
CWP off off off off on
CWM off off off on on
CCWM on on off off off Switch condition
CCWP on off off off off
+VL Motor Voltage
Upon examination of Table I, it can be seen that in every case as the input level increases to the control switches (level dependent logic) the motor voltage increases. The motor current affects where the changes to the motor voltage take place. Since the difference between the desired or commanded motor current and the actual motor current is integrated, the time average of the actual motor current will equal the commanded motor current. The output of the integration (the control error signal) will always be moving in the direction to bring the actual motor voltage toward the desired motor voltage (and current). Since the motor voltage switches from one discrete level to another, it is always too low or too high and the feedback current changes accordingly, thus causing the error signal applied as control to the level dependent switches to oscillate correspondingly.
FIG. 3 illustrates waveforms showing motor operation for a brief interval during a specific control mode. The command current Ic is shown rising to a steady state level. The motor current Im follows and overshoots, then oscillates back and forth about the command current level. The error current Ie which is applied to the control switches for the example of FIG. 1 dithers back and forth across the biasing level at which a particular one of the switches changes state. The voltage to the motor (Vm) shifts correspondingly between +VL and zero. Thus, when the motor voltage Vm is first switched off, the slope of the motor current Im changes sign and motor current decreases. This causes the feedback current to change, thus causing the error signal Ie to move positively until a particular switch affecting control turns on. Motor current then increases until the switch is turned off and the cycle repeats. The time span for the segments of waveform illustrated in FIG. 3 is approximately one millisecond. Thus it can be seen that the oscillation frequency is about 10 kilohertz.
The block diagram of FIG. 4 shows a control circuit 10 for a motor 11 coupled to drive an actuator 12, which may, for example, be a member coupled to control the position of a control surface of an aircraft, the position of which is to be set in response to an applied position command signal.
A position sensor 14 is coupled to the actuator 12 to develop a position signal which is applied to a summing stage 16 for comparison with the applied position command signal. The difference between the two signals is amplified in amplifier 18 and applied to comparison stage 20 for comparison with a rate feedback signal from a rate feedback loop including a tachometer 22 coupled to the motor 11 and providing a rate signal through a demodulator 24 and amplifier 26. The thus-modified position error signal is applied to a dynamic compensation stage 28 which has at its input a current limiting circuit 29. This current limiting circuit 29 may comprise an operational amplifier having a pair of Zener diodes for limiting the command signal between predetermined limits which correspond to the particular maximum currents to be permitted in the motor 11.
The portion of the circuit of FIG. 4 shown within the broken line 10A represents the basic control circuitry of my preferred embodiment, and it will be demonstrated hereinafter that this control circuit can be used to control a motor without the need for a rate feedback signal, as developed from the tachometer 22 and applied to the comparator 20 to modify or condition the applied position error signal. Thus, any suitable current command signal can be applied as input to the current limiter 29 and first dynamic compensation stage 28 to drive the basic control circuit 10A. In the preferred embodiment, the dynamic compensation stage 28 includes a single pole filter providing a roll-off at 15,000 radians per second. This has the LaPlace transform function 1/(S/15,000+1). The resulting filtered current command signal from the dynamic compensation stage 28 is applied to a comparison stage 30 which also receives as its input a feedback current signal from a feedback loop which includes a current sensor 41 coupled to a power switching circuit 40 which drives the motor 11. As will be explained further, this current sensor 41 provides a signal equal to the absolute value of the larger of two currents which are sensed in the switching circuit 40. This absolute value signal is then multiplied in the stage 42 by a signal (designated NORMAL) from the level dependent logic stage 34 which has a value of either plus or minus 1. The output stage 42 will then be either positive or negative, depending on the state of the NORMAL signal from the stage 34. This feedback signal is then fed through a filter 44, preferably having a roll-off at approximately 314,000 radians per second, having the LaPlace transform 1/(S/314,000+1). The result of the comparison in stage 30 of the command current and the filtered feedback current becomes the error signal Ie which is applied to the second dynamic compensation stage 32. There the signal is amplified, integrated and filtered in accordance with a function having the LaPlace transform KN/[S(S/199,000+1)], wherein, in one preferred embodiment, the gain K=725, and N=0.0000503S+1. As noted above, the compensating functions of dynamic compensation stages 28 and 32 operate together to prevent erroneous switching due to command signal noise. The compensation provided in dynamic compensation stage 32 is used to control the modulation frequency of the switching.
The rest of the circuit of FIG. 4 comprises the level dependent logic stage 34, coupled to receive the compensated error signal Ie from stage 32 and provide signals to a following commutation logic stage 38 representing desired on and off states for the switches corresponding to those shown in FIG. 2 (CWP, CWM, CCWM, and CCWP, and their complements). These are combined with phase signals (.0.1, .0.2 and .0.3 and the complements thereof for the three phase winding shown in FIG. 5) as developed from the motor 11 by a rotor position sensor stage 36. Circuitry in the commutation logic stage 38 develops control signals for the switching circuit 40 which drive the motor 11 from a power source.
FIG. 5 is an exemplary circuit corresponding to the switching circuit 40 of FIG. 4 wherein the motor 11 is represented schematically as having windings A, B and C (respectively numbered 50, 48 and 46) connected in a wye configuration and coupled to switching transistors A-, B-, C-, A+, B+ and C+. The switching transistors shown in FIG. 5 are merely exemplary of solid state switching devices. It will be understood that the actual circuits corresponding to these individual transistors may comprise conventional power switching circuits as are known in the art. In the circuit of FIG. 5, the negative transistors A-, B- and C- have their emitters coupled together and connected to ground through a series sensing resistor RS1. The positive switching transistors A+, B+, and C+ have their collectors coupled together and connected to a positive line voltage terminal 52. The free end of each motor winding is coupled between the two transistors of a pair. Thus, for example, the pair of transistors A- and A+ which are connected to the A winding 50 have the capability of connecting the winding 50 either to ground or to positive VL terminal 52. The same is true for the remaining transistor pairs and the corresponding motor windings 48 and 46.
Each of the switching transistors of FIG. 5 has an associated diode 56, 58, 60, 62, 64 or 66, connected in parallel with it, but with a polarity such as to permit current flow in the opposite direction to that through the associated transistor. Diodes 56, 58 and 60 are coupled together and connected to ground through a diode current sensing resistor RS2.
By comparison with the circuit of FIG. 2, the similarities between the switching transistors of FIG. 5 and the switching transistors of FIG. 2 can be discerned, except that the circuit of FIG. 2 is for a single phase motor, whereas the circuit of FIG. 5 is for a three phase motor. As indicated in FIG. 2, the transistor current sensing and diode current sensing signals IS1 and IS2 are picked off the sensing resistors RS1 and RS2 for application in the current sensor stage 41 (FIG. 4).
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating particular details of the circuitry employed in the level dependent logic stage 34 and the commutation logic stage 38 for driving the switching circuit 40 (see FIGS. 4 and 5). As shown in FIG. 6a, the integrated error signal Ie is dropped across a voltage divider comprising resistors R1 and R2 and filter capacitor C1 and applied to one input of each of four level dependent switches U1A, U1B, U1C and U1D. These are connected across positive and negative power supplies as shown, and furthermore the two switches U1A and U1B have second input terminals coupled through resistors R9 and R10 to the +5 volt supply while the switches UlC and U1D have their second input terminals coupled through resistors R13 and R14 to the -5 volt supply. The different connections and the different values of the input coupling resistors develop different bias levels for the switches U1A-U1D so that the switches change state for different levels of applied error signal Ie, applied at the terminal block 70. Phase signals from the rotor position sensor 36 (FIG. 4) are also applied at the terminal block 70 and fed directly through to the commutation logic stage 38. These lines are connected respectively to the +5 volt power supply through resistors R3-R8. Plus 15 volts, -15 volts, and ground connections are provided to establish the + 5 volt and -5 volt power supplies. The +5 volt power supply comprises a Zener diode 76 and filter capacitors C2 and C3, connected to the +15 volt line 72 through series resistor R11. The plus voltage for the switches U1A-U1D is taken from another 15 volt line through series resistor R19, filtered by capacitors C6 and C7.
The -5 volt supply is developed from -15 volts supplied through series resistor R12 and the Zener diode 78 and parallel capacitors C4 and C5. Each of the switches U1A-U1D is provided with resistors R15-R18 and R20-R23, respectively, connected as shown, plus output coupling resistors R24, R26, R28 and R30, respectively. These switch output lines are further connected to the +5 volt line through respective resistors R25, R27, R29 and R31. As noted in FIG. 6a immediately above these resistors, these output lines correspond respectively to the switching signals representing CWP complement, CWM complement, CCWM and CCWP. These output signals from the level dependent switches in level dependent logic stage 34 are applied to comparators in the commutation logic stage 38 for combination with the respective phase signals .0.1, .0.2, .0.3 and their respective complements which are combined in the manner indicated in the circuit of the commutation logic stage 38 by means of the NOR gates U2A-C, U3A-C, U4A-D, U5A-C, U6A-C, and U7A-D as shown. The six outputs of the commutation logic stage 38 are indicated as the complements of signals A+, B+, C+, A-, B- and C- which correspond to the following commutation equations by virtue of the operation of the commutation logic on the variables indicated:
The development of the commutation equations in the circuitry of FIG. 6 may be considered by an example with respect to the upper line involving the NOR gates U2A, U2B and U4A. The inputs to NOR gate U2A are .0.1 and the complements of CWP and .0.3. The output of NOR gate U2A, applied as one of the inputs to NOR gate U4A, will thus be true (or representing the value 1) only when all three of the inputs are false (or 0). This is equivalent to .0.1.0.3CWP.
Similarly, the inputs to NOR gate U2B are .0.3 and the complements of .0.1 and CCWP, the latter being developed by inversion through the NOR gate U4D. The output of NOR gate U2B, applied as the other input to NOR gate U4A, is .0.1.0.3CCWP. The output of NOR gate U4A thus becomes the complement of the commutation equation for A+, which becomes inverted in the transistor stage 84 to develop the A+ signal as expressed in the commutation equations.
The remaining portion of FIG. 6, located within the broken lines to the right of the figure and designated 40A, represents a driving stage to the power switching transistors of the switching transistors designated 40B in FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 6b the driving transistors are designated by numbers 84-89, having respective resistors R33-R38 connected to the +15 volt side of a power supply which is center tapped to ground and has filter capacitors C8 and C9 coupled to +15 volts and capacitors C10 and C11 coupled to -15 volts. -15 volts is fed out through the terminal block 103 as the minus side of the respective drive line pairs carrying the signals corresponding to the commutation equations. It will be understood that, although the transistor switches of FIG. 5 are shown as single transistors for simplicity and ease of understanding, these transistors are in fact, as indicated above, more complex power switching circuits to which dual drive lines are connected for control. The other one of each pair of the output control lines from the terminal block 103 in FIG. 6 is coupled to the output terminal (collector) of a corresponding one of the inverting driver transistors 84-89. In series with each such output line is a corresponding one of a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs) 97-102 which are included in the circuit for test purposes.
Another switching stage, similar to the stages U1A-U1D but not shown in the circuitry of FIG. 6, is included in the level dependent logic stage 34 of the circuit of FIG. 4. This switching circuit is biased to change state about the zero level of applied control voltage. This provides the NORMAL output and its complement (+1/-1) which is applied as the multiplier for the feedback current in the stage 42 so that the feedback current can be made negative when counterclockwise operation is desired. The relationship of the NORMAL switch relative to the remaining switches in the level dependent logic is indicated in FIG. 7. The changes of state of the NORMAL switch occur as the applied error signal changes polarity and as the control circuitry is progressing from counterclockwise operation to clockwise operation (considering the applied control voltage progressing in the positive direction). With the exception of the addition of the NORMAL switch states shown in FIG. 7, FIG. 7 corresponds to FIG. 1 and the explanation is comparable thereto.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the level dependent logic, as just described, allows for the proper switching transistors to be turned on without having to have prior knowledge as to which transistors are needed because of variations in the operating modes. As described above, the current sensor 41 receives the feedback current signals IS1 and IS2 developed across the sensing resistors as shown in FIG. 5 and provides an output signal corresponding to the larger of the two. Since the currents through RS1 and RS2 only give the absolute value of the current flow in the motor, the resultant current feedback signal must be inverted if the motor is being driven in the counterclockwise direction. The current feedback is inverted in the stage 42 (FIG. 4) depending on which transistor switches are being turned on next. The feedback sign may not agree with the current in the actual motor winding, but this is in accordance with the four-quadrant control realized by the control circuit of the present invention.
The "highest wins" stage for comparing the absolute value signals developed across RS1 and RS2 of FIG. 5 may be eliminated and a simple summing stage may be used if the circuit modification shown in FIG. 8 is employed. FIG. 8 represents a portion of the circuit of FIG. 5 showing the diodes 62, 64 and 66 coupled in association with switching transistors A+, B+ and C+, similar to the arrangement in FIG. 5 except that the common connection to the cathodes of the diodes 62, 64, 66 is connected in series with a resistor RS2' to the +VL terminal 52. With the switching circuit connected as shown in FIG. 8, the resistor RS2 of FIG. 5 would be eliminated, and the diode feedback signal IS2 is derived from the resistor RS2'. With this circuit, a simple summing stage can be provided for comparing IS1 and IS2. The method of driving the motor is independent of the method of making the current measurement for the feedback signal.
The use of control circuits in accordance with the present invention as shown and described hereinabove for controlling the power applied to an actuator motor is particularly advantageous in electrical actuating systems for controlling the control surfaces and certain other elements which are now controlled by hydraulic systems in aircraft. Indeed, control systems in accordance with the invention may be used in many applications where reliable operation, simplification of hardware and reduction of weight are desired. It will be understood that for fail-safe reliability, as in an aircraft control system or the like, dual channel redundancy is provided by duplicating the actuator motors, control circuits, and the like.
Although there have been described above specific arrangements of a multi-quadrant brushless DC motor drive in accordance with the invention for the purpose of illustrating the manner in which the invention may be used to advantage, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto. Accordingly, any and all modifications, variations or equivalent arrangements which may occur to those skilled in the art should be considered to be within the scope of the invention as defined in the annexed claims.


text:
Why do you volunteer as a Mentor?
I have been very fortunate to have had great mentors my entire career. These have evolved into life-long friendships and resources that I know I can reach out to at anytime for any guidance/support. Volunteering with New Sector is my way of being able to pay forward what I've been lucky enough to receive.
Tell us about a great experience with your Mentee.
My Mentee, whiteboarding her activities to provide a visual view of how her work ticks-and-ties and learning how much has been accomplished to-date in such a short time frame! The part that made this a great experience though was collaborating with her on articulating her value-add to the organization that she is working for (e.g. ensuring this accurately reflected her efforts, showed how her activities fit in with the overall organization's goals and objectives, and conveyed this in a manner that was easily understood). Was eye opening and helpful for both of us to 'see' how the pieces fit together as well as see the size/scope of her efforts.
University of Minnesota Twin Cities


text:
Customer You
Why do so many lose their heads and their wallets to prostitutes. At home they are always, always, sordid andRead more
Why do so many lose their heads and their wallets to prostitutes. At home they are always, always, sordid andRead more
A fool and his money they say are soon parted but that is'nt me i'm just so good hearted ThisRead more
The sticky humidity pricks our skin as soon as we alight the aircraft. It's almost midnight and the three ofRead more
Epilogue After leaving Nok I felt pretty bad. I quite simply did not want to leave Thailand. I buried myselfRead more
Nok was awake before me the following morning, she was putting my things in my suitcase more neatly than IRead more
I prised Geoff away from his new friend by showing him the pork kebabs I had cooked and told himRead more
The next morning arrived like a volcanic eruption. I awoke just before midday to one of those only too familiarRead more
I love the smells and sounds of Thailand. There is an ever present aroma of cooking, ginger, chilli, garlic andRead more
Nok left in the morning after listening to me snore for 8 hours. I decided to have a lie inRead more
The things regular travellers to Thailand take for granted were all new to me. One thing that struck me wasRead more


text:
A repository of all the quest ideas that have been brainstormed and then lost through the cracks
Seven things I've learned about NPCs
Sometimes playing a major NPC that's part of the party can be tough. After all, it's hard not to have the NPC come up with a winning strategy, spot a piece of evidence or find a trap the PCs overlooked. However, if one does this too much, the NPC becomes the crutch the group leans on as soon a problem presents itself.
When done too little, the NPC is usually treated as a useless addition outside of menial labor and an extra weapon in combat. Here are a few techniques to keep them fun and useful , and become a party member the GM and players will like having around.
"Don't think for a minute just because you're "go'in commando" it's going to improve your gun skills or our chances of gettin out of this alive." -Jessy Hannaford, commenting on Heather's lack of undergarments.
"Cheap talk from the guy wearing *my* panties on his leg." -Heather Wilks, pointing to her makeshift bandage adorning Jessy's leg wound.
"On second thought I might just get 'mself a preachers collar and a rabbi cap, jus in case." -Jessy Hannaford discussing the "spray and pray" method of full auto fire with Riley.
"You'd better bring a bible for your last rites as well, and shovel, 'cause if your "friendly fire" comes within spitting distance of me or my pups again, I'll bury your grizzled, dehydrated, jerky lov'n ass on boot hill!" -Heather Wilks, still fumed about Jessy's last full auto experience almost killing her.
"I see why they call her a hound master now, that gals one right bitch most'a the time."-Jessy Hannaford's quiet observation spoken to Riley.
"Whooeee Uncle! you smell like the inside of a cows butt hole!" -Tommy Booths, commenting on his uncles new "cologne."
"So does his breath." -Renee Black, quietly stating the obvious.
Session #1 may be found Here.
"A road trip? In this mess that used to be America? Yer outta your minds, I'd rather sleep with a rabid porcupine!" -Phil McGuire Ranch Hand on the Happy Trails Horse Ranch when asked about coming with the group to find a safer haven up north.
A Dead Reign zombie apocalypse campaign synopsis, Session #1 of 32.
A few quick and techniques any GM can use to make a zombie apocalypse campaign a success without becoming to stressful or repetitive for to run over the long term:
Learn how to apply one of screenwriting's most effective tools to your own campaign, for a game with better pacing and solid endings.
When photons bounce off your subs and into my retinas, this is how my headmeats give me numerals.
So you've finally done it. With the best of intentions all around the table, your PCs have finally blundered into the blender like curious gerbils, and now they are hopelessly outnumbered and outgunned. They are doomed, unless you unleash Secret GM Gambit #4 on them.
Everyone dies. But delaying that impending sentence is the holy grail. Science, scorcery, and wishful thinking do all in their power to bestow such delays. Be your deeds pure or evil, cheating death is neither easy nor reliable.
A collection of everyone's current characters!
snagged from a tweet, what are seven things you've learned about writing in general, writing for gaming and gamers, or for the citadel?
After seeing the [My First Character] thread a while ago and it newly popping up in my inbox for some reason, I thought I'd add a scroll where players could share their introduction to roleplaying.
Wanderers beware, these gates open not,
Except to those only who the way have bought.
You may purchase the right to pass me by,
By each guessing my riddles. Care to try?
And the walls came tumbling down...
Letting one of my players encounter a Raccoon might have been a bad idea... (now with PC summaries written by their respective players.... if everyone does it)
Get ready, a great deal happened.
Interrogating the suspects doesn't go as planned.
Forsht Bligo is a dwarf who loves the taste of blood. He's become quite the connoisseur over the years. Pigs blood, sheeps blood, cow's blood, if it's red and warm, Forsht considers it a delicacy. The fresher and hotter the better. Forsht will often sneak up on cattle, prick them with his dagger, and catch the flowing blood in his orc-skull drinking cup. His life goal is to taste the blood of every living animal. Although he has not yet sampled humanoid blood, he is not averse to doing so if the right opportunity presents itself. He is not particularly unpleasant if approached and can be easily befriended. Its just that he simply can't get enough of the "Juice of Life", as he calls it. Forsht's troubles come in the form of frightened and angry villagers who have proclaimed the misunderstood dwarf a vampire. Since Forsht is amused by this, he does little to dissuade anyone. This will lead to some dicey situations for Forsht in the near future.


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Café Asante is pleased to be able to serve quality food for any of your corporate meetings or lunches. We offer a full array of delicious meals.
We can accommodate any request to customize your needs. Minimum order is for a group of five.
Please contact us for more information at 204-956-5996 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Any item on our regular menu can also be arranged for caterings ( Some restrictions apply ).
24 Hours notice is much appreciated.
Catering MenuClick to download our catering PDF
We Provide:
Disposable straws, plates, napkins, cutlery, etc. with all our deliveries.
Allergy Note:
Our kitchen is NOT a nut-free facility.
Continental Breakfast tray
Assortment of bagels, tea biscuits, danishes, banana-carrot-loafs, assorted jumbo-muffins, etc.
Hot Breakfast Platter
Ham & cheese croissants, western sandwiches (Denver), breakfast wraps, breakfast sandwiches.
Seasonal Fresh Fruit Tray
Seasonal and tropical assortment of fresh cantaloupe, honey dew, pineapple, watermelon and strawberries.
Market Fresh Vegetable Tray
Fresh assortment of baby carrots, broccoli, cherry tomatoes, cauliflower, sweet snow peas, celery sticks or cucumbers served with buttermilk ranch dip.
Deli Sandwich Platter
Loaded with freshly sliced and shaved deli meats such as, smoked turkey, cajun chicken, roast beef, corned beef, salami, black forest ham, BBQ spicy chicken, Mediterranean chicken. Salad sandwiches also available on request, including egg salad, tuna salad, chicken salad and salmon salad. All sandwiches served on a variety of fresh breads.
Gourmet Sandwich Platter
Chef's favourite gourmet sandwiches are served on demi breads with gourmet meats such as tandoori chicken, BBQ chicken breast, oven roasted turkey, Mediterranean chicken, jerk chicken, gourmet chicken, Caesar chicken.
Signature Wrap Platter
Our popular wraps are served with gourmet meats and a variety of tortillas including whole wheat, spinach, tomato cheese, vegetable salsa, etc.
Signature Wrap and Sandwich Platter
A great combination of our signature wraps and deli sandwiches are sure to please any crowd. (Gluten free or vegetarian options available on request.)
Cheese and Pickle Platter
Variety of cheddar, mozarella, havarti, gouda and marble cheese. Platter also includes an assortment of Kalamata olives, Manzanilla/Queen olives, pickled sweet gerkins, tangy baby dill pickles and sweet pearl onions.
Deli Meat Platter
Freshly sliced and shaved deli meats such as, roast beef, smoked turkey breast, lean chicken breast, corned beef, salami, black forest ham, maple ham, spicy chicken. Served with butter, mayo, mustard and rolls.
Dessert Platter
An assortment of our dainties, cut into bite size portions, great variety.
Cookies Platter
Variety of chocolate chip, oatmeal raisin, peanut butter and Imperial cookies.
Salad Bowl
Choice of almond Mandarin, spinach pinenut cranberry, garden toss salad, Caesar salad, Greek garden salad and California salad.


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The Nationwide Solicitors Alliance (NSA) has selected The PC Support Group as their preferred IT support provider to the group. The NSA is an organisation that helps lawyers retain and gain more business and reduce overheads by providing a framework to work together as a powerful group. Tracy Thompson, Managing Director of the NSA said… Read more »
To Bing or not to Bing, that is the question.
Posted by Phil Bird & filed under IT Support.
So Bing, the "new" search engine from Microsoft is out, ahead of it's planned date to a much surprised techie press. Microsoft's previous search engine incarnations have been given a hard time (rightly!) over the last few years. This was mainly due to the lack of relevance of the results compared to the king of… Read more »
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text:
University of Bari
Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali
The Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali (Acronym DISAAT) of the University of Bari promotes and coordinates research activities at national and international levels with the aim of developing, disseminating and exploiting the results of scientific research and increasing knowledge in key thematic areas identified in the framework of cooperation and integration at European level and collaboration with universities and other public and private institutions. The scientific activity deals with the following topic areas: (a) structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems; (b) silvicultural management and wildfires prevention; (c) productivity and management of rural and environmental resources; (d) ecosystem services and applications; (e) techniques for inventory, monitoring and land analyzing (geomatics, remote sensing, GIS); (f) sustainable planning and management; (g) ecological planning; (h) map production methodologies and implementation of procedures for collecting and processing data. An activate cooperation with other national and international agencies have helped to create and enhance relationships with several scientific and accredited partners.
Prof. Giovanni Sanesi email@example.com
Dott. Giuseppe Colangelo email@example.com
University of Florence
Dipartimento di Scienze delle produzioni agro-alimentari e dell'ambiente - DISPAA
The section of Plant Protection of the Department of the Agro-food Production and the environment (DISPAA, the new name of the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, from 1 January 2013) is responsible for the management of phytosanitary problems in various cultural contexts: natural and artificial forest stands, industrial woody crops, urban green, nurseries.
Prof. Salvatore Moricca firstname.lastname@example.com
D.ssa Beatrice Ginetti firstname.lastname@example.com
University of Milan Bicocca
Environment, Land and Earth Sciences Department
The Department deals with the study of the environment, the land and the earth. It carries out interdisciplinary research activities concerning natural, human and technological components and the relationships that take place between them, in order to verify the feasibility of a sustainable development model.
Flora end fauna: dott. Emilio Padoa Schioppa email@example.com
Pedology: dott. Roberto Comolli firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Super-geek producer/director Kevin Smith (Clerks, Mallrats) is bent on bringing back the quirky '80s classic The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension as a new TV series. The original 1984 film was a bizarre mashup of genres featuring RoboCop's Peter Weller as a charismatic rock-star-neurosurgeon-test-pilot and his rowdy band of musician adventurers, the Hong Kong Cavaliers, battling interdimensional baddies led by John Lithgow's Lord Whorfin, insane leader of the evil Red Lectroids. Directed by W.D. Richter, the screenwriter of Big Trouble In Little China, Needful Things and the 1978 remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers, it was a wacky cinematic romp with catchy tunes and a comic book sensibility perfect for the times.
Kevin Smith calls the kooky-cool film a major inspiration for his more absurdist material, and in a recent podcast of his Hollywood Babble-On, the hockey-jersey-wearing fanboy explained how MGM approached him with an offer to reboot Buckaroo Banzai for television.
"MGM said, 'Hey, we heard you like Buckaroo Banzai...we took Fargo and turned it into a TV show and it's won awards, and we have another property we want to do that with, and we're wondering if [you're] interested.' So I went in and met with those cats, and we talked about 'What would you do to turn it into a series?' That's what we want to turn it into. I was like, 'Oh my Lord, well I've loved this movie for forever. If you're going to do that, basically you just do the entire movie for season one, and then season two you finally do the sequel we've all dreamed about, Buckaroo Banzai vs. The World Crime League...in the next month, we take it out and try to find a home for it."
Buckaroo Banzai is one of the odd gifts bestowed upon us by the gods of the '80s, and I think it could be a perfect vehicle for Kevin Smith's peculiar sensibilities and foul, offbeat humor as an episodic TV series. Would you tune in to a new show starring Buckaroo and his posse of rock-and-roll crusaders?
(Via Geek Tyrant)


text:
New hard drive. Can't install OS
Installed a new hard drive. Formatted new hard drive but I still get a message that "OSX can't be installed on this computer"
I ran memtest OK
I ran repair OK
I ran verify OK
Drive is partitioned and shows up in disk utility but does not appear on reboot.
Is this like windows. Can only the DVD that was supplied with the machine work? I do not have the orig. OS DVD.
A new OS is on the way from the apple store but I'm afraid it won't install.
Es esta una buena pregunta?


text:
It's taken a good while for me to write about this, The New Woman is now 9 months established, so I'll be writing in retrospect. I think, with hindsight, that that's a good thing as it's been a very emotionally stressful time – for everyone. Much better to write with a clearer head, it'll hopefully keep me out of trouble…
So let's take it back. My first and last mention of the new GF was way back in The Day The Game Changed.
That was my first experience, post marriage breakdown, of how it felt when someone else was prioritised over me. After being together for well over 10 years, and despite being separated a year earlier, RB and I have maintained a close relationship since our split so I was used to still being the Significant Other. Yes, I know it's weird. So, to suddenly find myself ousted from my position took a bit of getting used to. I had become settled in our new way of life and still relied on RB to be at the end of the phone or to ask a favour of. The introduction of his new SO changed all of that, seemingly overnight.
Don't get me wrong, I was (and still am) really happy for him. What I wasn't expecting were my, totally unexpected, feelings of abandonment. I left him after all.
After that week it became clear that Miss A was going to be sticking around. Now, RB hadn't had a string of short-term flings or one night stands. Miss A was the first date he's been on since our split, so neither of us had experience of what it might feel like having a new woman in the mix, or what kind of emotions that would stir up. I'm not generally a jealous person and I was, and remain, genuinely happy for him. However, when it came to the kids, I was fiercely jealous. This new dynamic has undoubtedly been the hardest thing I have ever had to deal with in my life – accepting that, for half the week at least, another woman would be taking part responsibility of my children.
I remember the first time it hit me. It was like a gut-wrenching feeling of sadness. RB had been telling me about how great Miss A is and how they had discussed plans for a possible future together, and how she might slot into our little nuclear family. I think he'd been worried about how to approach the subject. He was very careful to explain her feelings of what her potential relationship would be with the girls and he uttered the immortal words,
"She doesn't want to tread on your toes in any way, you'll always be their mother, she's just going to be like their best friend"
I felt sick. That's MY job. I'm their best friend. I'm their mother. In fact, I feel my emotions rising as I write this as the memory of that moment comes flooding back. The innate need for me to provide all the love and care that my children need was RAW.
I was a bear and these are MY cubs.
The following few hours are bit hazy, I vaguely remember having a big row and leaving his house in an angry emotional whirlwind. It was a bit like being in a crazy jealous rage. How dare he! How dare he assume that MY children would like her? How dare he believe that MY children would let someone take Mummy's place? How could he possibly assume I would let that happen??? They would never 'cheat' on Mummy. They love ME, there's no room for anyone else.
Obviously, all these thoughts were borne from a totally unexpected psychological trauma – I had been emotionally punched in the solar plexus by someone who I had never met – of course I thought those thoughts. I'm not proud, but I do apologise for them.
Generally, I always try to see both sides of the story, and make assumptions based on the full picture but there I was totally blind. I had no mental memory to fall back on, nothing similar has ever happened to me.
What I should of taken from the conversation was the part about Miss A not wishing to tread on my toes in any way, a totally positive and mature olive branch.
Now, I have to point out that these feelings were in no way a reflection on Miss A's behaviour. Thankfully she has the grace and maturity to understand the potential distress that her involvement in the children's lives might have on me. Throughout the whole situation she has been kind, respectful and always thinks about how her actions might affect the status quo.
9 months in and we're all still finding our feet in this new arrangement, and I still struggle not to want to put my arms around the girls and say, 'NO, they're mine, you can't have them!'. But, as we all adjust to the new relationships that are forming, I'm learning that welcoming a sweet, gentle and caring woman into our lives is a positive step for our girls.
Causing friction will only drive a huge ugly wedge into the heart of what RB and I have worked so hard to maintain – a stable, open and honest environment for our children to grow up in. There's no place for jealousy in there.
RB and Miss A have recently moved in together and I couldn't be happier for them. The girls love her and she loves them. What more could a mother want?


text:
Review of Technologies for Specific Identification of Biological Warfare Agents: Part 1 - Man Portable System - Background Literature
- Authors
- Corporate Authors
- Defence R&D Canada - Suffield, Ralston ALTA (CAN);University Technologies International Inc, Calgary ALTA (CAN)
- Abstract
- The Canadian Forces (CF) have identified the requirement to develop improved technologies for identification of biological warfare agents in the environment by the year 2000. Reviews to date of off-the-shelf commercial technologies for this purpose have focused largely on detection of particulars or generic biological materials in atmospheric samples. CF has contracted this review to address additional issues relevant to: * identification of a range of biological agents including bacteria, viruses and toxins from a variety of environmental samples; * sample pretreatment requirements prior to testing in identification devices; * cost of identification system, purchase price and maintenance cost; * Canadian content of the identification system, its components or its assembly. University Technologies International Inc. (UTI), a technology transfer and licensing company whooly owned by the University of Calgary was contracted to critically review the world literature for technologies with potential as man portable systems for field identification of specific biological agents from a variety of enviornmental samples. Current off-the-shelf and emerging technologies were to be reviewed. UTI's critical review of the literature and interviews with companies manufacturing potential man portable diagnostic systems has identified enzyme immunoassay as the current technology best suited to CF's criteria.
- Report Number
- DRDC-SUFFIELD-CR-2002-178-BK-2 — Contractor Report
- Date of publication
- 01 Jun 1997
- Number of Pages
- 425
- DSTKIM No
- CANDIS No
- 520433
- Format(s):
- Hardcopy;Document Image stored on Optical Disk
Document 1 of 1
- Date modified:


text:
Finally played with copper glass enameling last night. I used the sifting method, and it wasn't as easy as I thought. It made me realize I prefer slightly larger 'canvases' … But, one very important lesson learned regarding what NOT to do: … Read More
So, we will be off to Brighton Farmer's Market Harvest Fest in T-7 hours … We put in some work, but we're as ready as we're gonna be! All but Chloe, that is … who managed to catch a few fading Summer-rays… Read More
I know … I KNOW!!! I'm supposed to be cooking for TWO! I KNOW THIS ~ but, it can't be stopped! I started with what I hoped would be a yummy, roasted cauliflower recipe (Pinterest strikes again!) … No offense, but it was… Read More
Or trying to, anyway. We're waiting for some supplies to come in. Like a crate of Bullseye glass (they had a sale – what can I say?) and some stainless steel sheeting. [DH is going to make a vit speed pot for… Read More
… I think(!) … Maybe … Yes!!! I've been wanting to play with the torch and making my own murrini for a while now. I'm just about ready … So – this is it! … … AFTER physical therapy! [Arrrgghh! – my… Read More
Tomorrow is my ortho appointment … Time to see if a 20 pound full-arm cast or surgery is my penalty for 'refusing to heal' … Personally, I'm hoping for curtain number 3 … ??? In the meantime – I've made a few… Read More
It's official – Clayton Hill Studio will be at the show on November 18, 19 & 20th. Come join us for some Holiday shopping! All are WELCOME! Now to get busy! PS – tried to embed a countdown clock … After… Read More
Jeez Louise, my sleep schedule is a mess right now! Seems I'm embracing this menopausal-nuttiness. In between 10 hour slumbers, combined with a few blocks of no energy, I'm waking up after 3-5 hours, somewhere around 4am – wide awake and ready… Read More
I have three kilns running and more projects planned. What a productive week … I worked on some jewelry, wrapping up a custom cab order. Here's a double dichro dragonfly pendant moving along (in the kiln now for a fire-polish) and a… Read More


text:
It jerks when you put it in reverse
My car has 75000 miles.
My car has an automatic transmission.
Hybrid vehicles are quite complicated, and by nature, their control computers are also both complicated and somewhat intelligent. If your vehicle suggests to not drive it, it's probably for a very good reason.
The symptom you described can be caused by a higher than normal idle speed in traditional vehicles. It can also be caused by low transmission fluid. I suggest checking your transmission fluid to make sure it is full.
Another possibility is that your electric motor is turning quicker than it should before you put it in gear. There are a few Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs) that address harsh gear shifting and engagement. If you want to have this looked at by an independent mechanic, a certified technician from YourMechanic can come to your car's location to diagnose the shifting issue.
Our certified mechanics come to you ・Backed by 12-month, 12,000-mile guarantee・Fair and transparent pricing


text:
Colorplan - Stucco (Hammered finish) 135gsm & 270gsm 10 sheet packs
Colorplan- Stucco (Hammered Finish) A4 Coloured Card & Paper 135 GSM & 270 GSM 10 Sheet Mini Packs
Genuine Colorplan Card
A premium quality uncoated paper and card available that is in a class of it's own. Available here in both 135 GSM and 270 GSM 10 Sheet Packs while stocks last. For the full range of 50 colours and for larger amounts and specific custom orders, see our full range of Colorplan here
Suitable for most printers, perfect for
Card Making,
Place cards
This coloured card is manufactured in the UK to the highest standard.
This card is suitable for most printers, please check printer settings to confirm suitability.
Pack size: 10


text:
We really want to know about your experience at Captain Ted's. Your feedback is much appreciated. Send us a question or a comment and we will get back to you as soon as possible.
Party bookings over the phone
If you would prefer to talk to us over the phone regarding bookings or to find out more information please telephone 0191 2135813
Parties and Exclusive use
We have some great party packages to make your child's birthday one to remember. You can also hire the whole of Captain Ted's!
We regularly update our facebook page with comments, photos and feedback from events. Have a look at what other people are saying about Captain Ted's!


text:
Call Toll Free: 877-985-2695
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|Barney Songs
|The N Game
|Written by
|Philip Parker
| previous
Frosting the Cake
| next
Alphabet Soup
"The N Game" is an original Barney song that first appeared in "Alphabet Soup!". It uses the same tune as I Can Laugh, My Family's Just Right For Me, The Clapping Song, and The T Game.
- Can you think of a word that starts with an "N"
- That rhymes with the word I say?
- If you know a few words that begin with "N",
- Then I think we're ready to play.
- Here it goes! Ice. (N-N-N-N-Nice)
- Pail. (N-N-N-N-Nail)
- Pickle. (N-N-N-N-Nickel)
- Hose. (N-N-N-N-Nose.)
- Can you think of other words that start with an "N"
- That rhyme with the word I say?
- If you know some more words beginning with "N",
- Then let's continue to play.
- Here we go now. Game. (N-N-N-N-Name)
- Best. (N-N-N-N-Nest)
- Tap. (N-N-N-N-Nap)
- Light. (N-N-N-N-Night)
- Well, that was fun and you've known a lot
- Of words that begin with "N".
- If we're ever just looking for something to do,
- We should play this game again.
- Last time now. Ice. (Nice)
- Pail. (Nail)
- Pickle. (Nickel)
- Hmmm... Hose. (Nose)
- Game. (Name)
- Fun. (None)
- We're all done!
Barney Song Used In...
- Alphabet Soup!
- What's In A Name?
- Grandparents Are Grand (1999)
- A to Z with Barney (Episode Featured: What's In A Name?)
- Barney's Learning Round-Up (Episode Featured: What's In A Name?)
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


text: Longyearbyen, world's most northern town. 13/01/2019 by derwombat 4 Longyearbyen is in the far-flung Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, known for its views of the northern lights, In her series This Is Not Real Life, photographer Dominika Gesicka celebrates the stark beauty of the Svalbard archipelago. The collection includes bleak, sombre-toned images of the eerie surroundings. She describes life in Longyearbyen: 'In the winter time it is completely dark, but in the summer the sun never sets … Although it is difficult to regard it the best place to live, many people fall in love with it at first sight' See more images via Hyperreal visions of the world's most northerly town – in pictures | Art and design | The Guardian Share this:PocketEmailPrintMoreTweetLike this:Like Loading... Related