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4.5: English Accents
- Page ID
- 7021
In this section we'll look at various English accents and how they differ from one another. The point, aside from learning some important aspects of the English language, is to get a deeper understanding of the concepts introduced in this chapter and the last one by comparing several similar phonological systems. We'll see that the ways in which the accents differ correspond to the kinds of knowledge about linguistic form that we've been discussing: the form that particular words take, the distinctions between phonemes, the detailed realization of individual phonemes, the allophones of phonemes that appear in different contexts, and phonotactics.
Accents Revisited
Let's first remind ourselves what an accent is: the set of pronunciation conventions of some speech community. Where we draw the boundaries between accents is pretty arbitrary; if we call General American a single accent, for example, we'll have to deal with the range of variation that exists among speakers within that large community. And any boundaries we draw will be wrong in another sense because the group of people who have one pronunciation convention may not coincide neatly with the group of people who have the other set of conventions that belong to the accent we're considering. For example, the group of speakers who pronounce the words pinand pen the same includes speakers of Southern US accent but also some speakers of General American, which is in may other ways a very different accent from Southern. The point is that conventions of pronunciation tend to cluster together; this is what allows us to talk about "accents" at all.
Another point to keep in mind is that in most countries there is a standard, prestige accent alongside a number of accents associated with particular regions, social classes, or ethnic groups. Each of these non-standard accents can be described in its "broad" form, the form that is most different from the standard in the country where it is spoken, but what many people are speaking much of the time is something in between a particular non-standard accent and the relevant standard. In this section I'll be mostly concerned with broad variants of non-standard accents because they illustrate the range of possible differences best.
Ways to Talk about Differences Between Accents
When comparing two dialects or accents, one possibility is to see one of them as deviating from the other. A biased view of non-standard dialects often starts this way: the speakers of these dialects are seen as just making mistakes with the standard when what they say is non-standard. But of course this is not what is actually happening. Speakers of non-standard dialects learned the conventions of these dialects by hearing other speakers speak them, just as the speakers of standard dialects learned the conventions of their dialects. They are no more speaking the standard wrong than the speakers of the standard dialect are speaking their dialect wrong.
But there is one situation in which it does make sense to speak of dialect A as diverging from dialect B. Dialects of a single language always started out as a single dialect at some point in the past, and for a given convention, one of the dialects may have changed while the other preserved the original convention. Some people seem to have the sense that standard dialects are conservative, and that non-standard dialects are more likely to change, that is, to introduce "innovations". Sometimes this does happen. In fact some of the conventions that eventually become standard started out as innovations in non-standard dialects. We can see this process going on in England now as features from Londan accent are starting to creep into the speech of people in situations where we'd expect the standard accent of England. But it seems just as likely that the old conventions get lost in a standard before a non-standard. In North America, the distinction between /ɔ/ and /ɑ/ is in the process of disappearing in General American and (standard) Canadian English, while this distinction is maintained (conservatively) in all of the major non-standard dialects. Of course if we are not interested in history when comparing two dialects, which is more conservative doesn't really matter, and we can just treat the dialects as different from one another.
Overview of English Accents
Before looking at examples of differences between accents, it might help to have a sense of what the major accents are and where they're spoken. But you can safely skip this subsection if you prefer.
The British Isles
There is no "British" accent. England, Scotland, Ireland, and possibly Wales all have their own unofficial standard accents, and the standards of Scotland and Ireland in particular are as different from that of England as American accents are. The standard, or prestige, accent of England is usually referred to as Received Pronunciation (RP). This is what the royal family, all recent Prime Ministers, and most BBC announcers speak. It is probably what most Americans think of as an "English" accent, though it is spoken as a native accent by no more than about 10% of the English population. It differs most noticeably from General American in the pronunciation of a few vowels and in the way /r/ is treated following vowels. For example, in RP there would be no [r] sounds at all in the phrase the northern fourth of the park.
Within England there are many identifiable regional accents, probably more than in the United States in fact. Among these, London accent (sometimes called "Cockney") stands out because it is familiar to many Americans through film and drama characters such as Eliza Dolittle in "Pygmalion/My Fair Lady" and because it has a number of very characteristic features. Many of the vowels in this accent differ considerably from RP (and General American). Other very striking features are the loss of initial /h/ ("'e 'as an 'ard 'eart" = "he has a hard heart") and the frequent glottal stops in place of other stops in other accents ("iʔ'll taʔe a loʔ o' time to seʔle" = "it'll take a lot of time to settle"). Perhaps the other major accent boundary in England separates the accents of the north from those of the south. Americans may be familiar with northern England English through the speech of the Beatles or the characters in films such "The Full Monty". These accents can be identified fairly easily because they make no distinction between the vowels /ʌ/ and /ʊ/; both are pronounced like /ʊ/.
Scottish and Irish English share one feature with northern England English; the tense vowels /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/ are not pronounced as diphthongs, as they are in RP (and General American). In addition, these accents are like General American, and unlike most accents of England, in how they treat /r/ after vowels.
The Western Hemisphere
The unofficial standard accent of the United States is usually called General American (GA). This is the accent of much of the Midwest and the West and the most frequent accent for US newscasters, though, interestingly, only five of the last ten US Presidents have spoken it. As the prestige accent, it has been encroaching on some regional accents, for example, in the northeast, but at the same time, changes within GA are creating what amount to new accents. One striking example of this is Northern Cities accent, spoken in cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Rochester, and distinct from GA in the pronunciation of lax vowels.
Almost everyone is familiar with Southern US accent, spoken by people mainly in the southeastern part of the country. Like London accent, this accent has strikingly different vowels from other English accents. African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a dialect associated with an ethnic group rather than a region, though of course you don't have to be African-American to have learned it. The accent associated with this dialect is similar in many ways to Southern US accent, while the grammar has its own characteristic properties.
People from the northeastern US are often easy to identify by their accents; the accent of New York City stands out within this region, again mostly for its vowels. Some other US cities, especially Pittsburgh, are known for particular pronunciation conventions. In Pittsburgh, for example, [a] may be used where GA has /aw/, so downtown may be [,dan'tan].
Standard Canadian English (except in the province of Newfoundland) is very similar to General American, and it doesn't vary much from place to place. Two features that can help identify Canadians are their pronunciation of /ay/ and /aw/, which we'll learn about later, and a tendency to use rising pitch at the end of some statements as well as questions.
English is the native language of much of the Caribbean, with some features common to the region and others specific to particular islands. Americans may be familiar with Caribbean English through the speech of Jamaican performers of reggae music. As with other accents, there are characteristic vowels in these accents, and in addition, a tendency in the Caribbean, as there is in some US accents, to make no distinction between /t/ and /θ/ and between /d/ and /ð/. Jamaican English in particular also has quite striking intonation patterns.
The Southern Hemisphere
English is the native language of most Australians and New Zealanders and a sizable minority of South Africans. While the standard English accents of these countries tend to approach RP, the broad accents of most English speakers in all three countries have tense (long) vowels similar to those in London accent. The lax (short) front vowels of Australian and New Zealand English differ from those in other accents. Americans are likely to be familiar with these features from the speech of actors such as the Australian Paul Hogan.
Non-native Accents
English is spoken as a second language by millions of people, especially in regions that were once colonized by Britain in South Asia and Africa. In some of these regions there are particular English pronunciation conventions that derive from the phonology of the local languages. So in the English of South Asians (Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans, Nepalese, Bhutanese, and Maldivians), the alveolar consonants /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/ tend to be replaced by retroflex consonants, an important place of articulation for consonants in the languages of this region. Some of these conventions may be viewed as belonging to a kind of non-native regional or national English standard. These non-native standards are one of the ways in which English is becoming even more of an international language.
Phonetic Differences
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
You learn that the phoneme /e/ is pronounced [yɛ] in Jamaican English. As a speaker of General American, how easy would it be for you to master this aspect of a Jamaican accent?
Probably the most common sort of difference between accents is purely phonetic. A phoneme in one accent corresponds perfectly to a phoneme in another accent, so we can consider it to be the same phoneme, but it differs in its precise realization, that is, how it is articulated and perceived.
How to Make Your /o/s Sound English or Irish or Scottish
Take the vowel /o/. In GA, this is pronounced as a diphthong beginning as a rounded mid back vowel and ending as a rounded high back vowel (or semivowel): [oʊ]. In RP, on the other hand, this same phoneme has a slightly different realization. It begins as an unrounded mid central vowel and ends as a rounded high back vowel:[əʊ]. In other accents, such as Irish, Scottish, and northern English, /o/ is not a diphthong at all; it is realized as [o]. But since the set of words in GA with [oʊ] is the same as the set of words in RP with [əʊ] (with perhaps a few exceptions) and the other accents with [o], we can see these as the same phoneme. If you're a speaker of GA, and you want to sound English, one thing you could do would be to simply pronounce all instances of /o/ in your speech as [əʊ], just as a speaker of RP could pronounce all instances of /o/ as /oʊ/ as a part of affecting an American accent.
Another similar example concerns the vowel /ɑ/, as in the words hot, sock, and rob. In RP, this vowel is pronounced in roughly the same position as it is in GA (that is, with the same height and backness), but in RP it is somewhat rounded (leading some Americans to think that the RP vowel in these words is /ɔ/). Sometimes a different symbol is used for the vowel in fact. But this difference between the accents is a bit more complicated than this because, as we'll see below, it applies to only some instances of /ɑ/ in GA.
For English vowels, the pattern of phonetic differences between accents is often more extensive than just the correspondences between individual phonemes. The realization of a number of vowel phonemes in one accent may correspond to different realizations for all of those phonemes in another accent. This may be true for the lax ("short") vowels or the tense ("long") vowels or both.
Let's compare the tense vowels, including the diphthongs, of GA and London accent. These accents have the same set of tense vowel phonemes, which we have been writing using the symbols /i, e, u, o, ay, aw, ɔy/, but each is realized differently in the two accents, in some cases, very differently. The first figure below summarizes what you already know about the tense vowels of GA. Recall that each of these vowels is actually pronounced like a diphthong, though this is not reflected in the symbols used for /i, e, o, u/ and it may be difficult to hear or feel for /i/ and /u/. Each line represents one of the phonemes, and it is labeled with a word containing the phoneme (written in the same color as the line). Circles at one end or the other of an arrow represent rounding, and the arrows next to the words show the direction of the diphthong. The second figure shows the corresponding vowels in London accent. Click on the words to hear my imitation of a Londoner saying them. The colors in the two figures represent phonemes that correspond, though in some cases they differ considerably in their phonetic realization, as you can see.
How "phoned Ray" in London Sounds like "found rye" in Indianapolis
The main point to note here is that there is a clear correspondence between the GA and London vowel phonemes, even though the correspondences might not be reflected in the symbols that we use to represent the phonemes. For example, we have been using /e/ to represent the vowel in bait, but [e] is very far from the vowel in this word in London; for London accent, a better symbol would be [aɪ], which of course is the realization of a completely different phoneme in GA, the one in the word bite. So when we are talking about two phones in different accents, there are two ways we can compare them, phonetically and phonemically/lexically. Phonetically, the vowel [aɪ] in London, as in the word bait, is quite similar to the vowel [aɪ] in GA, as in the word bite. But phonemically or lexically, the vowel [aɪ] in London functions the same way as the vowel [eɪ], that is, /e/, in GA.
Phonemic Differences
Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
You're a young speaker of a Caribbean accent in which there is no /θ/ or /ð/ phoneme (thing is /tɪŋ/; this is /dɪs/). When you start school, you're expected to learn a prestige accent in which distinctions are made between /t/ and /θ/ and between /d/ and /ð/. In what ways might this be difficult for you?
Another possibilitity is that two accents may differ in the number of phonemes. That is, a distinction that is made in one accent and used contrastively is not made in the other accent. This means that some words that contrast in one accent may sound the same in the other accent.
I have already mentioned two examples of this phenomenon. Many, perhaps most, speakers of GA and Canadian English do not make a distinction between the phonemes /ɔ/ and /ɑ/; they have a single phoneme instead. The actual phonetic character of the sound varies somewhat; it is more like [ɑ] for Americans but more like [ɔ] for many Canadians. The point is that the speakers do not distinguish words from one another using a distinction between [ɑ] and [ɔ]. Pairs of words like the following are distinct in other English accents, but they sound the same for these speakers.
- awed, odd
- dawn, Don
- cawed, cod
- caught, cot
In these accents, there is a distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ before /r/, for example, in pairs such as car and core, part and port, lard and lord. But in this same context, there is no distinction between /ɔ/ and /o/, so we could consider a word such as core to be /kor/ rather than /kɔr/.
Because these pairs of words sound the same in this accent, there is a potential problem for the hearer that does not exist in an accent where the distinction is made. We know that this feature of this accent is relatively new; that is, the earlier distinction made in this and other accents has been lost (and is apparently being lost by more and more speakers). Given the problem that hearers have distinguishing words like the pairs above, how can such a change take place? In fact it turns out that there are very few such pairs. The additional burden on the hearer is apparently small enough that the loss of the distinction is tolerated by speakers and hearers of the accent.
Another example was also mentioned earlier, the lack of a distinction between the phonemes /ʌ/ and /ʊ/ in accents of northern England. For these speakers there is a single phoneme, normally pronounced [ʊ]. So the following words, which sound different in most other accents, are pronounced in the same way by these speakers.
- cud, could
- buck, book
- luck, look
- putt, put
- stud, stood
In this case, unlike that of /ɑ, ɔ/ in North America, it is the accent that fails to make the distinction that is more conservative; Middle English did not make a distinction between /ʌ/ and /ʊ/. In any case, as before, the lack of a distinction does not leave hearers for this accent handicapped because there are not many pairs of words distinguished only by this difference.
As a final example of phonemic differences in English vowels, consider how the vowel /ɑ/ in GA corresponds to vowels in RP. In GA this vowel appears in words where it is spelled "o" — hot, shock, stop — and words where it is spelled "a" — father, part, carve. In RP, on the other hand, these sets of words have different vowels, a short, rounded, low, back vowel in the first set (which I'll write with /ɑ/ even though it differs a little from GA /ɑ/) and a long, unrounded, low, back vowel in the second set (which I'll write /ɑ:/). That is, in RP, the words father and bother do not rhyme. Most of the words with /ɑ:/ in RP have an /r/ in GA that does not appear in RP, as we'll see below. This means that, even though RP has two vowel phonemes where GA has one, there are few if any words that are distinguished in RP but not in GA. For example, a pair such as pot and part is distinguished by the consonant (/r/) in GA but by the vowel in RP (GA: /pɑt/, /pɑrt/; RP: /pɑt/, /pɑ:t/).
But RP /ɑ:/ also corresponds to many words that have /æ/ in GA. Some words are pronounced with /æ/ in both accents, for example, gas, bad, can, and lamp. Other words with /æ/ in GA are pronounced with /ɑ:/ in RP, for example, glass, rather, can't, and laugh. Note that there is in general no way to predict from the context which words will have /æ/ and which will have /ɑ:/ in RP. Thus an American trying to imitate an RP accent will have to remember which words have which phoneme. This is difficult and leads to frequent over-generalization mistakes such as the pronunciation of gas as /gɑs/ or stand as /stɑnd/ in American attempts at imitating RP.
Differences in the number of English consonant phonemes are not as common, but there are some. In a number of accents, especially in the Caribbean, in London, in AAVE, and in some US cities, the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ do not exist as separate phonemes. Where other accents have these phonemes, these accents have either /t/ and /d/ or /f/ and /v/. So in accents where /θ/ is not distinguished from /t/ and /ð/ is not distinguished from /d/, each of the following pairs of words would sound the same.
- tin, thin
- tie, thigh
- boat, both
- true, through
- tread, thread
- den, then
- ride, writhe
In these accents an older distinction has been lost, but as with /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ in North America, the loss apparently does not seriously interfere with communication because there are not too many pairs of words that end up as homophones with the loss of the distinction.
Going From an Accent with Fewer to an Accent with More Distinctions is Difficult
Going back and forth between two accents is more complicated when the number of phonemes differs than when there are only phonetic differences. Say a speaker of GA or Canadian English who does not make the distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ wants to learn or to imitate the speech of someone from London or New York or Houston, all places where the distinction between these two phonemes is made. The problem is that words with these phones in this person's mental lexicon are all represented in terms of one vowel category, whereas the same words are represented in terms of two different categories in the mental lexicons of speakers of other accents. For each word, say, caught or hawk or hot or lock, the speaker will have to figure out which vowel in the other accent is appropriate. But unless the speaker has learned this for each word, this will be impossible. In this situation, speakers often make mistakes, over-extending either one or the other phone. For example, a North American speaker might overuse /ɔ/ in trying to speak with an RP accent, using this vowel for words like hot and lock. In the same way, a speaker from northern England trying to speak with an RP accent, might over-extend the vowel /ʌ/, using it for words normally containing /ʊ/ such as sugar and cushion.
Note that a speaker going in the other direction would not have the same problem. A speaker of RP would just have to remember to pronounce both /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ in the same way when imitating GA and to pronounce /ʌ/ and /ʊ/ in the same way when imitating an accent of northern England.
Allophonic Differences
A further possibility is for two accents to differ in the way a phoneme is realized in different phonetic contexts. The allophones of the phoneme may differ, or the contexts in which they apply may differ. Let's consider /t/ again, a phoneme with a wide range of allophones in many English accents. In the context where it is surrounded by vowels and does not begin a stressed syllable, this phoneme is realized as a tap, [ɾ], in GA, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand accents, for example, in words like butter, settle, and city and phrases like put it on and at a glance. Speakers of most accents of England never use this allophone, however. Instead, some of them, especially London speakers and others whose speech is under the influence of London accent, use a glottal stop, [ʔ], in this same context. The glottal stop is a possible allophone of /t/ in GA, but only in the context where it follows a vowel and precedes a consonant, for example, in outright chaos and let me go. In these contexts, even more speakers in England also have glottal stops.
Another place where English accents often differ with respect to their allophones is the pronunciation of /l/. All English accents have an /l/ phoneme, but it may be realized differently. In many accents, including GA and RP, there are two allophones, a "clear" one, for which the tongue body is pushed up and forward, and a "dark" one, for which the tongue body is pulled backwards. Most GA speakers use the clear allophone only when it comes at the beginning of a syllable (possibly at the end of a consonant cluster), for example, in live, play, and relate. (For comparison, here's how these words would sound with very dark /l/s: live, play, relate.) In other contexts, for example, in full, old, and silly, GA speakers use the dark allophone. (For comparison, here's how these words would sound with very clear /l/s: full, old, silly.) (Note that this description of the contexts requires that we treat the syllable boundary in silly as occurring between the /l/ and the /i/.) In RP, the clear allophone is generally even clearer than in GA (a phonetic difference), and it is used in word such as silly as well, though not in full and old. That is, in RP, we can say that the clear allophone of /l/ occurs generally before vowels. In other accents, one or the other variant of /l/ may be used always. In Irish English and Caribbean English, the clear /l/ tends to appear in all contexts, while in Scottish English, the dark /l/ tends to appear everywhere. So in these accents we can say that /l/ has only a single allophone.
Long Lax Vowels Give Southern US Accent Much of Its Characteristic Sound
Accents may also differ in their vowel allophones. The Southern US accent has unusually complex lax ("short") vowel phonemes. In fact "short" is not at all appropriate for this accent since these vowels are often longer than the "long" vowels. In particular, each of the front lax vowel phonemes, /ɪ/, /ɛ/, and /æ/, has a wide range of possible realizations, depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant, the backness of the next vowel, and whether the vowel is in a word consisting of one syllable. Each of these vowels has at least one diphthong allophone. Listen to the vowels indicated in bold in the following sentence:
- Deb lives in the lab.
Each is realized as a diphthong. When these same vowel phonemes appear before /k/, however, they have (non-diphthongal) allophones close to the GA vowels.
- Mick wrecked the jack.
Since all of these allophonic differences concern realization and not how words are represented in the lexicon, they are more like the phonetic than the phonemic differences discussed above. If a GA speaker wanted to imitate a London speaker's use of the glottal stop allophone of /t/, they would only have to worry about what context each /t/ occurred in, using a glottal stop whenever the /t/ occurred after a vowel and not at the beginning of a stressed syllable. Words in the GA speaker's lexicon with /t/ would also have /t/ in the lexicon of a Londoner, so there would be no need to remember new properties of individual words.
Phonotactic Differences
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)
Some accents (such as AAVE and Caribbean) do not permit consonant clusters such as /st/ and /nd/ at the ends of words, while other accents (such as GA and RP) do. With respect to just this property, would you expect it to be easier for a speaker of AAVE to learn GA or for a speaker of GA to learn AAVE?
The Behavior of /r/ After Vowels is One of the Main Features Distinguishing English Accents from One Another
Accents can also differ from one another in their phonotactics, that is, in the way in which consonants and vowels combine to make syllables. The most noticeable place in English where there is this sort of variation is in the distribution of the phoneme /r/. In most accents, /r/ can occur freely at the beginnings of words, both alone (rat) and in clusters (brat). In GA, however, there are restrictions on which vowels can occur before /r/ within a word. For many speakers, the vowels /i, e, u, o, ʌ/ cannot occur before /r/. In RP (and many other accents, including AAVE and some southern and northeastern US accents), the restrictions are even more severe: /r/ can only occur before a vowel. That is, in words such as harm, port, hurt, and weird, there is no [r] sound at all in these accents. And in words such as car, pour, her, hair, here, fire, and power, there is no [r] sound unless the words immediately precede a vowel in the following word. So the following sentence has no [r] sounds in RP, imitated here by me.
- Arnold carelessly poured the sour yogurt on the fire.
In fact the situation in RP is more complicated than this. First, where there used to be /r/ after a vowel, and where there still is today in most accents, RP sometimes has a [ə], resulting in the diphthongs /ɪə/, /ɛə/ and /ʊə/. These diphthongs are considered to be separate vowel phonemes in some descriptions of RP. There are also pairs of homophones in RP that differ in GA and other accents, for example, farther/fatherand source/sauce. One further complication is that [r] gets inserted in some contexts in RP. But I'll save this for a later section.
Another example of restrictions on the distribution of a phoneme concerns the vowels /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ in Southern US English (and also the English of some neighboring regions), which we've run into before. In these accents, the distinction between /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ is neutralized before [n]; only /ɪ/ occurs in this context. So in these accents, the following pairs of words are pronounced the same.
- pin, pen
- tin, ten
- since, sense
- sinned, send
- mint, meant
As with other cases of the loss of a contrast, there is the possibility of a burden on the Hearer because of the words that are no long distinguished. This loss may explain why speakers of these accents seem to replace pen and pin with longer expressions such as fountain pen, ballpoint pen, and straight pin. Note that pen and pin are both nouns referring to physical objects, so there might be some confusion on the part of a hearer for these two words.
Finally, English accents may differ in what sorts of consonant clusters are possible. AAVE and Caribbean accents, for example, have more restrictions on what can occur at the ends of words than GA or RP do. For example, word-final consonant clusters ending in /p/, /t/, /k/, or /d/ in other accents are simpler or different in these accents: wasp /wɑs/, list /lɪs/, left /lɛf/, act /æk/, desk /dɛs/, ask /æks/, find /fayn/, cold/kol/, loved /lʌv/.
Lexical Differences
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)
In the United States some words have pronunciations that are stigmatized; some of the pronunciations are associated with particular regional accents. Examples are get pronounced /gɪt/ and once pronounced /wʌnst/. If you spoke an accent that included these pronunciations, how easy do you think it would be to learn to pronounce such words in the standard (prestigious) way?
Tomato is /tə'mɑ:to/, but Potato is not /pə'tɑ:to/ in England. Some Pronunciation Conventions are Purely Lexical
A final way in which accents can differ is lexically, that is, in the conventional pronunciation for particular words. For example, a small number of words are pronounced differently by GA and and RP speakers (and most other speakers on the two sides of the Atlantic). Examples include schedule (GA: /'skɛǰəl/, RP: /'šɛǰəl/),tomato (GA: /tə'meto/, RP: /tə'mɑ:to/), laboratory (GA: /'læbrə,tɔri/, RP: /lə'bɔrətri/),lieutenant (GA: /lu'tɛnənt/, RP: /lɛf'tɛnənt/), figure (GA: /'fɪgyər/, RP: /'fɪgə/, beta (GA: /'betə/, RP: /'bitə/). Note that none of these differences is related to any more general difference between the accents; that is, it could not be predicted from what we know about the phonetic, phonemic, allophonic, or phonotactic differences between GA and RP.
There are also lexical differences between GA and other US accents, especially broad Southern and AAVE. Some examples are police (/pə'lis/ vs. /'polis/), wash(/wɑš/ or /wɔš/ vs. /wɔrš/), yellow (/'yɛlo/ vs. /'yælər/), and catch (/kæč/ vs. /kɛč/).
Other lexical differences may apply to larger sets of words. One way this can happen is with the pronunciation of parts of words that recur in many words. The word ending spelled -ile occurs in many English words such as fertile, docile, mobile, and sterile. This ending is normally pronounced /əl/ in GA but /ayl/ in RP. A more familiar example is the pronunciation of the word ending spelled -ing in words of more than one syllable, that is, words like playing, eating, and something, but not thing and sing. Some speakers, located in various places in the English-speaking world, always pronounce this ending /ən/. Many other speakers have two pronunciations for the ending, one reserved for more formal situations, the other for more informal situations. For RP speakers and many GA speakers (including me), the formal pronunciation is /ɪŋ/ and the informal pronunciation /ən/. For other GA speakers (a group that appears to be growing), the more formal pronunciation is /in/.
Even though these differences in pronunciations of word parts such a -ile and -ingapply to large numbers of words, they still need to be seen as lexical differences since there is nothing in what we know about the phonetic, phonemic, allophonic, or phonotactic differences between the accents that would allow us to predict the different pronunciations from the contexts of the phones.
Learning to change your pronunciation of particular words, for example, if you want to make your pronunciation more standard or want to imitate a different accent, is not too difficult, as long as there are no differences of other types (phonetic, phonemic, allophonic, phonotactic) to worry about. On a word-by-word basis, you just have to remember the new pronunciation in terms of the phonemes that are part of your native accent.
Suprasegmental Differences
English Accents Sound More Similar When They're Sung Because Pitch Differences are Lost
In the section on syllables, we saw that languages vary in terms of how they use the dimensions of pitch, loudness, and duration. One very noticeable difference between English accents is in the details of how these dimensions interact with the structure and the meanings of sentences, that is, in their intonation. Because of the inherent difficulty of describing intonation, however, these accent differences are apparently not as well studied as differences at the level of consonants and vowels.
One difference between GA and RP is in the typical pitch pattern used for yes/noquestions, that is, questions that can be answered with yes or no, rather than with phrases like Felix or on Tuesday. In GA, the usual pattern for these questions involves a pitch rise on the stressed syllable of the last stressed word in the sentence followed by a continuing high pitch on succeeding syllables. In RP, the syllables leading up to the stressed syllable of the last stressed word in the sentence are relatively high, and the pitch falls on that stressed syllable and then rises to a high pitch again, remaining high for the rest of the sentence as in GA. Consider the following question in the two accents.
This difference in intonation is similar to phonetic, rather than phonemic, differences at the level of consonants and vowels because it does not involve more distinctions made in one or the other accent. It is just the realization of the yes/no pattern that differs for the two accents.
We've seen that accents within a language can differ in all of the characteristic ways that languages differ from one another. What makes accent differences special is the fact that the different dialects are related to one another; they ultimately derive from the same dialect in the past. This means that either phonemes in one accent correspond directly to phonemes in the other accent, or, if phonemes have split or merged in one of the accents, one phoneme in one accent corresponds to multiple phonemes in the other. These correspondences are easy to observe because of the correspondences between words in the different accents. The word cat is [khæt], [khat], [khɛət], and [khɛt] in different accents (GA/RP, Scottish/Northern English, Northern Cities, Australian/New Zealand), and from the lexical correspondences we can discover the vowel correspondences. One interesting kind of information that we can infer from these sorts of correspondences is the history of the dialects, how the parent dialect turned into the different daughter dialects. Of course the same is true for related languages. That is, we could learn something about the history of Spanish phonology by looking at correspondences between words in modern Spanish and related languages such as French and Portuguese. We'll see more about how this works in the section on phonological change.


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With more than 20 years of history, Multicatering Group is a private held Italian company operating in the catering and related services business
Italian and international Companies often have to operate in remote areas, hostile environments and extreme climate conditions. Multicatering Group aim is to help its clients to overcome every difficult; in this way Multicatering provides global support at a local level with a wide range of auxiliary services that become essential in certain part of the world.
Multicatering Group is now a well established organization, with an annual turnover of more than 60 milion euros.

subset: commoncrawl


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The INSIDER Summary:
- On September 21, Paris Jackson took to Instagram and shared a shirtless selfie.
- The photo proudly displays Jackson's unshaven armpits as several tattoos.
- Rather than conform to conventional standards of beauty, the 19-year-old remains firm in her decision to live an au natural lifestyle.
- She has been photographed with her armpit hair exposed on numerous occasions, including New York Fashion Week.
Staying true to herself, despite facing immense pressure from society, is one thing Paris Jackson does best. This means exposing her usual tuft of armpit hair for millions to see.
The news, which we first read about on In Touch, comes after she took to Instagram on September 21 and shared a shirtless selfie.
Posing in what appears to be California's Joshua Tree National Park, Jackson captioned the picture: "Dear apple if you're feelin' up for it, a joshua tree emoji would be pretty far out thanks man."
Taking a closer look at Jackson's Instagram feed, however, it seems like the photo was taken earlier on September 14 and belongs to a series of images posted at that time. According to Elle, Jackson and a close friend retreated to the Joshua Tree National Park for a few days in an effort to connect with nature.
This isn't the first time Jackson has exposed her body hair. During New York Fashion Week, the 19-year-old was photographed on several occasions sporting unshaven armpits. Whether she was arriving at a runway show or sitting front row, not shaving seemed to be the least of Jackson's concerns.
so happy to see her happy 😭❤ @parisjackson #parisjackson #princejackson #blanketjackson #bigijackson #parismichaelkatherinejackson #пэрисджексон #майклджексон #mjkids #mjfam #michaeljackson #kingofpop #imgmodels #celebs #famouspeople #kingofpopkids #tomhamilton #staronfox #nyfw #nyfw2017 #newyorkfashionweek
Aside from her armpits, Jackson's apparently also prefers to keep her leg hair untouched. In August, she drew attention on Instagram when she captioned a post: "If you're not competing with your brother over who can grow longer leg hair wyed [sic]."]
Overall, these photos are just another sign that she remains happy and comfortable with living an au natural lifestyle regardless of what anyone thinks.


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Sacred Spirit Journeys
Our mission at Sacred Spirit Journeys is to facilitate opportunities for spiritual growth and personal development through the various healing modalities, spiritual practices and ancient wisdom teachings that are traditional to the sacred region we are journeying.
Dependent on the region travelled, Yoga, Meditation, Shamanic Ceremony & Ayurveda Detox retreats will be made avilable to enhance and facilitate your inward journey, connecting you even further and deeper to your sacred surroundings and personal spiritual path.
Sacred Spirit Journeys offers unique, custom-made tours intertwining a deep inner spiritual journey with a powerful outer experience of some of the most sacred places on earth.
We offer the following spiritual journeys:
*Sacred Journey India & Nepal
*Sacred Journey Burma
*Sacred Journey Peru
*Sacred Journey Egypt & Jordan
*Sacred Journey India
♥ Welcome to Sacred Journey India, where secrets of relaxation, rejuvenation and revitalization become revealed to us through the ancient wisdom teachings of Yoga & Ayurveda. We will journey to Rishikesh, home of Yoga in its purest form and one of the holiest cities in India; we will visit the Taj- Mahal, an outstanding majestic monument and one of The Seven Wonders of the World, and we will spend time in an authentic and highly traditional Indian Ashram, undergoing an Ayurvedic Panchakarma Detox, the oldest known natural health care & spiritual system in the world
♥ Sacred Spirit Journeys will take you into the heart of the Middle East to Egypt & Jordan where we will venture to ancient and mystical tombs, temples & pyramids, to the beautiful beaches and sublime mountains of Sinai, to the majestic deserts of Wadi Rum, to the rose colored city of Petra and many more of the deeply spiritual sites and places that are present in this region. This journey will include two 5 day yoga retreats in outstanding natural locations.
♥ Sacred Journey Peru will take you deep, deep into remote parts of the Amazon Jungle, to little known Shipibo villages to learn and experience ancient shamanic customs, rituals and traditions. It is here we learn that every plant, tree and flower is a true teacher and as we journey deeper, through sacred Ayahuasca ceremonies, we become more sensitive to their spirits, learn to hear their voices and eventually become ready to receive their teachings. We will journey to Maccu Picchu and travel to the Sacred Valley, famous for its shamanic roots, Incan ruins and outstanding natural beauty.
♥ Sacred Journey India & Nepal follows closely in the footsteps of the Buddha, taking you to the most revered and spiritual Buddhist sites on earth, including Bodhgaya, place of Buddha's enlightenment; Kushinagar, place of his Mahaparanirvana; and, Lumbini, place of Buddha's birth. The spiritual weight of this ancient Buddhist pilgrimage has been likened in strength to the power of many months spent in silent retreat, offering karmic merit that is invaluable. As we journey along this route, we come face to face with ancient and powerful wisdom teachings capable of transforming the heart and mind.
♥ Sacred Journey Burma will take you on a Buddhist pilgrimage through a country renowned for its enlightened teachers, for a faith and devotion to Buddhist practice that is unparalleled and for its magnificent and inspiring spiritual temples. This Journey will include a 10 day meditation retreat at a tradtional Burmese monastery.
For more information please visit our website
Our facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/sacredspiritjourneys333


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I have put out requests to various ag publications for permission to use their feeds. So far everyone has been happy for me to use their news feeds as I only ask for a summery of the articals and then I point readers to their respective websites to read the full artical.
So far everyone that I have asked who has bothered to respond has been happy to hear from me. I started with Capital press. They provide regional news and do an OK job.
The next round of requests I sent out 3 requests and got one reply from beef. They do beef industry stuff. They do not post much, but they are interesting enough.
Today, I reached out to Drovers. They claim to be one of the longer running Magazines. I do not know about that. I do know we get 3 copies in the mail. They support beef check off and were very anti COOL. They post many times a day and have access to a lot of data about sales, imports, exports, beef butchered, ect.
I am on the look out for other sources of news. Have a suggestion? If so drop me a line.


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Check out our specials at the Flower Farm and online! There's always something new for your garden or home. Read more…
Daylilies are Easy to Grow
Daylilies come in a variety of shapes, sizes and colors and bloom cycles, giving your garden blooms all season!
They are known as one of the easiest plants to grow. Read more…
Nursery & Gift Shop
Looking for that special item to brighten up your garden (or that of a friend)? Our gift shop in Plymouth, California….Read more
Need Ideas?
See over 4 acres of landscaped demonstration gardens!
Plant your garden with beautiful daylilies!
Visiting this incredible place, picnic goodies in tow, has been a spring & summer tradition in our family for many years now. With the daylilies starting to bloom, it is a 'Do Not Miss' experience.
Keep in touch!


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- Did you mean
- urban agricultural garden soil less
Search results
Inaugural Distinguished Professors of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences announced
Sherrie R. Whaley COLUMBUS—The Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and ... Environmental Sciences (CFAES) has announced four inaugural Distinguished Professors of Food, Agricultural, and ... impactful contributions," said Cathann A. Kress, vice president for agricultural administration and dean of ...
News tips and events for the week of Dec. 9
concerned with field compaction. When planting in wet soils, soil particles become pressed together, ... Extension will host some of North America's leading experts on compaction research and management. ... Hear speakers from Oklahoma State University, Iowa State University, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, and ...
Chow line: Hold the raw, unpasteurized eggs from your holiday recipes
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the Centers for Disease ... University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. "Cooking the egg mixture for homemade ... can be so severe that it leads to hospitalization or even death, the CDC says. So how do eggs become ...
Growing Together: A Guidebook for Teaching Garden-Based Science to Kids
Growing Together: A Guidebook for Teaching Garden-Based Science to Kids This guidebook is designed ... for teaching garden-based science to kids. 4-H and master gardener volunteers, parents, and teachers ... Examples of subjects included in the ten units are pollination, soils, insects, trees, and decomposition. ...
Precision University- Combating Compaction
COMBATING COMPACTION Learn how to minimize compaction and maximize soil productivity from industry ...
Northwest Ohio Corn-Soybean Day to be held in Archbold- January 17th
Crop Production and Soil Health (15P/15C) Eileen Kladivko, Professor, Purdue University Biology and ... Increased Conservation in Agriculture Robyn Wilson, Professor, OSU School of Natural Resources Corn ... Richer, Extension Educator, Agriculture & Natural Resources, 419-337-9210 or email@example.com for more ...
Growing Hemp in Ohio
Department of Agriculture Hemp Cultivation Practices Soil Nutrition Fundamentals Steve Culman, Ohio State ...
CFAES Distinguished Professors Award
https://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/inaugural-distinguished-professors-food-agricultural-and ...
Chow Line: Romaine lettuce alert affects Ohio, other states
Yuma, AZ agricultural region was implicated in an outbreak," said Sanja Ilic, Food Safety State ... College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. "As a result, all Romaine lettuce was recalled ... a previous edition of Chow Line, if animal feces are in the irrigation water, the field or in the soil in ...
Darke County Agriculture Law Update
to register • Agriculture Nutrients and Water Quality • Agritourism • Energy – Solar Leasing • Farm ... • Nuisance/Lawsuit Defenses for Agriculture • Property • Roadways • Technology ...


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Camo clothes not very camouflaged
I haven't noticed any difference to animal behaviour when I'm wearing camo clothes. I have maximum hunting skills.
Also they show on my character as white pants and vest and the other players on my server are complaining and telling me to put clothes on.
rentechd last edited by
They are still a work in progress. Some of the textures do not work right so the clothing does not show up on your char and not all the benefits work yet either
toxxikz last edited by
Yes tailoring is one of the newest skill sets and is still being worked, you can make all of the items but most do not provide the benefit as of yet
Thanks for the responses. Sometimes it's hard to know what should be working and what isn't yet... Patience of the alpha gamer :)
The running shoes seem to make a difference but that might just be my imagination...
SlowMoneyGreen last edited by
While it means walking around in your underwear, camo clothing pretty much lets you walk up to a bison, and swat it on the nose, when combined with proper animal instinct skills.
drynyn last edited by
Likewise, I have found camo gear to be effective.
I have noticed that if you take off the camo gear and re-equip it, there are improvements. I have not been able to 'walk up to a bison' yet but it is better. I think this is the same issue I had with the big bear pack losing capacity (when I re-equipped it, it gave the proper capacity again).
MGrand3 last edited by
@underwurldchris The "improvement" is applied when you equip the item, but currently restarting the server seems to break this so you have to re-equip after every restart for the effect to come back, same for all the tailoring gear with bonuses.


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"Dun Wife" which is reminiscent of early 90s dancehall has already become a fan-favourite and Spice says the video will feature a number of surprises for fans. "I definitely can't let everything out the box yet but people will be in for a treat with this video."
In addition, "Twerk", which features a faster tempo has female fans everywhere energetically 'twerking' to the beat. The video for "Twerk" which was recorded last week, will be both colorful and entertaining, says Spice.
"The video will showcase the twerking technique for those fans who are not sure how to do it as yet. Apart from that it's going to be a very sexy but fun, dancing video. So fans can look out for that in a few days," she says.
Immediately after releasing both videos, Spice will leave the island for shows in England.


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How Can I Possibly Forgive?
Is it really possible to forgive?
Sometimes it's a struggle to forgive a friend, a family member, a coworker, or a neighbor. This book helps you look at the meaning of forgiveness and the impact that choosing to forgive—or refusing to forgive—has on your life. It will help you identify the battles worth fighting and the ones that aren't and how to tell the difference.
As she did in her popular one-year experiment with submission, Sara Horn reveals through personal experiences and stories what she's learned about forgiving with God's help and healing.
Life isn't about holding on to destructive and painful experiences. It's about letting go. And it's about letting God work in our trying situations so we can see Him more clearly on the other side.
In How Can I Possibly Forgive, Horn explores the steps toward forgiveness, including how to
• take care of the little problems we allow to become big issues
• move on from painful slights and deep wounds
• be real with ourselves and God first and then be real with others
• find closure when disappointment in others doesn't resolve itself
• let go of regret, anger, and bitterness that keep us from living in the freedom God intends
"Forgiveness can be one of the most difficult disciplines and the most freeing decisions in a person's life. In How Can I Possibly Forgive?, Sara Horn shows us how to go from bitter to better, from resentful to restful, and from holding on to past hurts to releasing offenses to live gracefully free."
~ Sharon Jaynes, Author of The Power of a Woman's Words and Praying for Your Husband from Head to Toe
Don't you wish more people were able to forgive?
Help let others know it IS POSSIBLE,
by helping spread the word about How Can I Possibly Forgive?
What Other READERS are Saying:
"It's tough to forgive and it's tough to accept forgiveness-especially when we have to forgive ourselves. Horn – a wife, mom, and the founder of Wives of Faith (a ministry for military wives)-gives a warm, encouraging presentation of a very challenging issue. She reminds us that relationships are messy and people are complicated; yet forgiveness is essential if you want a good relationship with our heavenly father as well as family and friends. Horn's topics are on target, and at the end of each chapter she gives five ways to deal with each particular issue. While reminding readers to develop a habit of giving everything over to God, she maintains we need to "forgive in our time and with God's leading." ~ Donna Watson, PhD., CBA Retailers and Resources, October 2014
"I related to so much of this book, I had over 120 notes and bookmarks in the Netgalley on my Kindle….This book has really resonated in my heart, showing me how far I've come in my journey of forgiveness for some deep hurts, as well as showing me how to move forward in more recent heart-bruising instances." ~ Pattie
"Sara puts a lot of heart into her writing and use such real experiences from her own life to help readers deal with the hurts, the scars, the noise and anything else that cause us pain so that we can learn to forgive others and most importantly ourselves." ~ Katie
"I have yet to read a book of Sara's that I have not liked, or come away with more understanding of me and God's way of helping in our journeys. How Can I Possibly Forgive? has been no different. From helping us to understand how to listen through the noise we so often hear in our own heads to learning to forgive ourselves, this book touches at the heart of what Jesus wants us to do, forgive others as He has done with us." ~ Penny
"This is the fourth "Sara Horn" book I have read, so to say I am a fan is an understatement. How Can I Possibly Forgive? is another example of her down-to-earth writing style that I love so much. She is honest when giving testimonials to make her point and her sense of humor makes her books enjoyable to read while also offering important concepts to think about. I consider myself a relative newby when it comes to matters of faith & Christianity, but because Sara is "user friendly" in her approach, she makes her ideas and lessons easy to follow. I found myself nodding along several times–sometimes she is able to say the things I have been thinking but didn't know how to actually put into words." ~ Brooke
"Each chapter is written as though Sara is seated next to you as a dear friend talking you through the steps of forgiving that lead to freedom. Her writing is genuine with heartfelt honesty and yet accompanied by practical tips to aid the reader down the path and journey to living a life of freedom." ~Carrie
"Forgiveness can be something easily said but so hard to actually do – in the same winsome style as her previous books, Sara helps readers to get to the nuts and bolts of the matter all while expressing understanding, empathy and grace." ~Holly
"This is an incredible book for teaching how to forgive others and yourself. This occurs through solid biblical teachings,as well as, the authors own experiences, situations, pains, and hurts." ~Shirley
Order Your Copy Today
5 Comments
[…] so we don't run the risk of getting our feelings hurt? Read on for an excerpt from my new book, How Can I Possibly Forgive? Rescuing Our Hearts from Resentment and Regret, for three things you can STOP doing today that will also help STOP those hurts – or at least […]
[…] so we don't run the risk of getting our feelings hurt? Read on for an excerpt from my new book, How Can I Possibly Forgive? Rescuing Our Hearts from Resentment and Regret, for three things you can STOP doing today that will also help STOP those hurts – or at least […]
[…] following is an excerpt from the book, How Can I Possibly Forgive? Rescuing Your Heart from Resentment and Regret, available in stores October […]
Please advise on how to pay for the signed copy.
Grateful for a prompt response
Please advise on how to pay for the signed copy. (How Can I Possibly Forgive?)
Grateful for a prompt response


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Tower Calculator V1.08
Update: V1.08, March 5, 2017
|Calculator created.
|UI improvements.
|Fixed max SE values for levels past 100, and simplified formulas for precision.
|Fixed a small error when current level = 1. Added assumptions.
|Calculated expected final level based on EXP earned.
|Increased precision of expected final level based on EXP earned.
|Adjusted MAX SE after level 100.
|Changed event helper percentages.
|Added new EXP ratios, calculator now works for players up to lv 400.
Ever wondered how many potions it takes to reach 15,000 event currency drops? Ever wondered how many points you can earn with your existing potions? Introducing Otogi Tower Calculator!
What is it?
It's a simple calculator – well an Excel spreadsheet – that takes on a few inputs and produces 4 outputs. The calculator is meant to be used for Tower events, to help users predict how many potions they'll need to use to achieve their goals, based on their situation. We've made the calculator so that it considers your playing time, current level, level ups, and event helpers.
How do I use it?
Download the Excel file here, and follow the instructions. You must download, do not try to open it via Google Spreadsheets! Input values in the green cell only. Here's an example.


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Gwen Pearson is Purdue University's Department of Entomology Education and Outreach Coordinator. She occasionally writes as a freelance science writer for WIRED Science, the Washington Post, and other news outlets.
From 2012-2014, Gwen worked as a freelance web consultant specializing in science communication strategy and website building for nonprofits and nature centers. This website documents some of the projects she worked on, as well as several presentations on how to use social media for science outreach.
Gwen spent most of her early career as a faculty member at teaching-intensive colleges and universities. In 2002 Gwen jumped the tenure track to move into administration, working as an Instructional Designer, in a Dean's Office, an Assistant Vice Provost's office, and as Assistant Director for a large research station. For many years she also served as Network Coordinator for the Organization of Biological Field Stations.
Some past interviews with Gwen about science writing and communication:
- How to talk to a reporter about your research. ESA National Meeting, 2017.
- 5 Ways to Improve Your Science Writing. ESA National Meeting, 2014.
- Planet of the Apps: Social Media, Outreach, and Your Research. Nature.com, December 2012. PDF Handout with more resources.
- Social Media for Science Outreach Case Study: Career Changing and Pseudonyms. Nature.com, April 2013.
Gwen's CV (PDF)


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Facebook, the social media platform that hosts 2.01 billion monthly active users, is a platform your brand needs to utilize. Over the years this platform has become a crucial way to build businesses online; in fact, over 40 million small businesses have active pages to advertise themselves digitally. With the increased use of Facebook metrics, it's now even easier to properly manage your business's digital presence. All of Facebook's metrics can be accessed through your businesses page within the 'insight' tab. From there, you can dive into the data your page has recorded and execute informed decisions on reforming your marketing strategy. You're able to see when your followers are online which will help dictate what time and day is best to post, the demographics of your audience, your follower growth and so much more. But, which metrics should you be paying close attention to?
This metric measures the number of times a user took action on your post, whether it be liking, sharing, commenting or clicking a link. This will indicate how users actually feel about the content in which you are posting. If your page has 5,000 followers but everything you post is only getting 5 likes - it will be clear that you need to go back to the drawing board. This metric also plays a big part in Facebook's algorithm, which is what determines where your posts will show up in users News Feed. The more your post is engaged with the more likely it'll surface on your followers feed.
This shows you the number of users that saw your post on Facebook and will allow you to analyze both the organic and paid reach. This metric is important because let's say you have 500,000 followers but you've only reached 1%, you'll now know that you've been spending money and time focusing on content that no one is seeing. An in-depth view of your pages reach is available in a separate tab of the insights page.
Likes and Follows
This metric allows you to see who "likes" your page and those who opted-in to have your posts be displayed on their News Feed - "followers." This metric can be seen directly on your page but a more in-depth view is available within the insights tab. The in-depth view will allow for you to see your page's likes over time in addition to the number of 'unlikes' and a full breakdown of paid vs. organic likes. Over time your page likes should be growing, this is because it's seen as a "vanity metric." The likes don't necessarily represent your marketing efforts success when compared to engagement and reach but if you're not gaining likes you're doing something wrong. This is why measuring like/follower growth is so important because ideally, you want to retain those you have and gain new ones, but without tracking you'll be left in the dark.
Video Retention
This metric applies to those pages that are honing in on the growing popularity of Facebook videos. As of January 2016, 100 million hours of video were watched on Facebook daily, so it's clear that this form of digital marketing is skyrocketing. But, posting any old video won't cut it; you need to ensure your content is enticing. If your 3-minute video is only holding an audience to the minute mark, it's clear that the content needs to be optimized. "Audience retention" can be viewed by going to the "post details" of your video and selecting the "video average watch time." (You can also view your videos engagement just like how you view other posts engagement.)
CTR (click-through rate)
Within Facebook Ads, you'll see over 100 metrics that can be measured, but in truth you won't be going through all these metrics. Now, each brand's goals will dictate what metric is actually important to them but one that is consistently imperative is the CTR. This shows the percentage of people that see your ad and click on it, if your CTR is low that means users are seeing your ad but not taking action. Tracking this metric will help you determine if your content is engaging and also will allow you to have a higher ad's relevance score. As stated before, Facebook uses an algorithm when positioning posts on users News Feeds, so if your ad is receiving impressions but no clicks it will assume the audience is uninterested. Having a low CTR can result in paying more per click plus lead to overall poor performance.
In Conclusion
Facebook offers a plethora of metrics to analyze which can lead to the daunting task of deciding where to start in terms of data analyzation. Utilizing these 5 metrics will help you get a grasp on the basics of Facebook metrics. Once you analyze your metrics, it is suggested to address where your Facebook campaign strategy is struggling and from there, create a reformed strategy. But, be aware that tracking your campaigns is not a one time task, you should be regularly tracking your page's performance to ensure you're publishing content that will appeal to your audience and keep them interested.


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A twist on a student classic, try out this easy Spicy Cheese on Toast recipe.
- Mild Cheddar Cheese (Grated)
- Onion (Medium) 1
- Red chilli Powder
- Salt and pepper
- Slices of bread
- Oil
How to make Spicy Cheese on Toast:
- In a Pan heat very little oil and add chopped onions.
- Add chilli powder salt and pepper after caramelizing the onions.
- Remove from heat.
- Put a little butter on the bread slice and cover it with the onion mixture.
- Sprinkle with grated cheese and put in the oven for around 10 minutes at 180 degree C or wait till the cheese just starts to brown.
P.S. – You can even add some pepper or mushrooms to increase the taste, but with just onions it tends to be cheap and quick as well. You can garnish with coriander as well.


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Tayfun Ozcan KO4 Andy Souwer (Retains Enfusion 72.5kg Title)
Ozcan's precision and power were too much for the legend. Souwer started off trying to use movement, but as he got the worse of the action, tried to press forward. Ozcan knocked Souwer back with a right hand in the first, and again hurt him with punches in the second. Whenever they exchanged punches, it was the Turk who got the better of the action. Ozcan was also able to score with some nice low kicks and push kicks. In the fourth, Ozcan backed up Souwer with a couple of low kicks. Souwer came in with a left hook, but Ozcan timed a looping right that caught Souwer and dropped him face first to the canvas. It was a brutal ending. A very impressive performance for Ozcan.
Nordin Ben Moh WD3 Albert Kraus72.5kg
The younger and quicker Ben Moh was too sharp for Kraus, now 37 and the first ever K-1 Max champion. Ben Moh kept his guard high, and landed some nice leg kicks and punches. Ben Moh stunned Kraus near the end of the first round with punches, and tagged Kraus with a good left hook to the body in the second. Kraus landed some good body punches in the third. Kraus is now 80-21-3, while Ben Moh improves to an impressive 79-5-1(49).
Soufine Kaddouri WD3 Baris Karabas 63kg
Kaddouri landed hooks, knees, and even a high kick but couldn't knock down the tough Karabas. Karabas pressed the action throughout, and Kaddouri kept his guard tight and connected with punches and knees. Karabas was able to land his own shots here and there, but Kaddouri landed more and cleaner shots. Kaddouri improves to 28-4(14).
Ismael Benali KO1 Engin Kutuk 70kg
Benali stunned Kutuk early with a left hook, and controlled the fight before stopping Kutuk with a beautiful punch combination. Benali threw a jab followed by a right that landed, and a follow up left hook had Kutuk in trouble before a right hand finished him. Kutuk's corner threw the towel in during the count and the bout was waved off. Benali's record improves to 33-1-2(12. Kutuk is 19-6(9)
Bilal Loukili KO1 Moreno Monti 72.5kg
The fight started with a good pace, and Loukili threw a left hook downstairs then grabbed Monti's head and brought a knee upstairs to score the stoppage win. Monti went down and got up but the fight was called by the ref. Loukili is an impressive 29-2-2(7) and only 19 years of age.
Youssef El Haji UD3 Khalid El Moukadam
El Haji showed good defensive skills and landed some solid knees and punches in winning the decision over El Moukadam. El Haji was the taller fighter, and used a tight guard and head movement to block and make El Moukadam miss. El Moukadam did better later in the fight as he picked up his output, but El Haji landed the cleaner blows and outscored El Moukadam. Youssef improves to 23-3, Moukadam is 25-48).
Redouan Laarkoubi WD5 Nordin Van Roosmalen Enfusion 75kg Title
Laarkoubi prevailed over fellow Netherlands fighter Van Roosmalen in a tough give and take battle to earn the vacant Enfusion 75kg title. Down the stretch, Laarkoubi was the more active fighter to get the win. Laarkoubi is now 32-2(9). Van Roosmalen suffered only his second loss in 71 fights.


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Heart Of Historic Pocklington, Close To Shops, Restaurants And Arts Centre
Carpenter's Cottage is conveniently located in the heart of historic Pocklington; a very short stroll from shops, restaurants, arts centre (cinema and theatre), sports centre and Burnby Hall gardens, famous for its waterlilies. It is the perfect base for visiting the nearby city of York (13 miles) by bus or car, or for walking and cycling in the Yorkshire Wolds. Underfloor heating and a wood burning stove make the cottage cosy and comfortable all year round. Hand-crafted wooden fittings and a stained glass window in the en suite king-size bedroom all add to its charm. There is a utility room with washer/dryer – handy for walking and cycling holidays in all weathers. The cottage has its own private courtyard, secure cycle store and off-street parking, and guests are very welcome to share our large garden and its home-grown produce.
Ready to Book?
(Just want to know our rates before you book? You'll find them at the bottom of this page…)
To make a booking, select CHECK IN and CHECK OUT dates then fill in your details to send us a booking request.
We will usually respond with a confirmation of the price and payment details within an hour. Your booking will be confirmed once your deposit is received. Minimum stay is two nights.
(We use a secure payment platform and charge NO BOOKING FEE)
What our guests say...
* * * * * Sara – Fell in love with the cottage…
Lovely greeting from Helen and Patrick on arrival. Fell in love with the cottage as soon as we walked in the door. Lovely card, chocolate tea cakes, milk and freshly laid eggs from the girls left for us. Cottage immaculate and cosy. Pocklington has everything you need, shops, bars, restaurants and takeaways all within a 2 min walk from cottage. Love is so much we booked another stay!
October 2018
* * * * * John and Michelle – What an amazing place!
What an amazing place. The cottage is beautiful, everything you need. Thank you to Helen and Patrick: really lovely couple.
February 2018
* * * * * Mary – Wonderful!
What a wonderful little cottage. The location has been perfect for my visit. I will spread the word to all my friends and family in Louisville, Kentucky.
December 2017
* * * * * Rod – BRILLIANT!
Hi we were house hunting and needed something central and you cannot get much closer to the centre than this – 150metres!. The accommodation is self catering and is ideal for a single or a couple. Iit consists of a ground floor with lounge/diner/kitchen BUT is more than enough with the bed and bathroom on the first floor. Its November so its cold outside but this little gem is warm and cosy. 'Light the wood fire' – says Patrick (the host) but its not needed. We had travelled 250 miles and the little things like: fresh flowers, cakes, tea coffee even milk – meant we felt at home immediately. Clean? – immaculate, Cosy? Absolutely. Cooking Facilities? – cooker, microwave – what more do you need. Ok there are pubs and takeaways/restaurants within 300 metres if you need these. The hosts were perfect – we introduced ourselves and they were available (or not) as you desired. No its not a multi national hotel chain – it is what it is – self contained 1 bed cottage – but it beats most every tie. As a hotel inspector for 25 years plus – if only I could have done my reports and moved into something like this!
November 2017
* * * * * Sharon C – Perfect
A very cosy, comfortable and beautifully presented little cottage. We loved it and can't wait to visit again.
July 2017
* * * * * Anne M – An enjoyable week in a lovely place
Carpenter's Cottage is an immaculate, compact, comfortable and well-equipped little gem located in the centre of Pocklington; it was very convenient for good local shops, pubs and cafes, and for accessing surrounding areas with walks from the door. The private off-road parking is very useful or you can just as easily park on the road outside. Helen and Patrick were lovely hosts, welcoming and helpful, and we very much appreciated the blue free range eggs from Gladys, Agnes, Mavis and Phyllis who seemed to enjoy our company in the beautiful garden. When the sun shines in the morning the colours and reflections from the stained glass window in the bedroom are truly beautiful. The Bean cafe, a couple of minutes away, is most excellent – I enjoyed a turmeric latte with a huge slice of meltingly fresh apricot, orange and carrot cake which must rival anything seen on GBBO. We used the cottage as a base to catch up with old friends and visit old haunts in the area and staying here was ideal.
July 2017
* * * * * Cherie S – Delightful!
A warm welcome from Helen and a beautiful little cottage to stay in! All the basic comforts means you do not need to worry about things like washing up liquid for instance. Fresh eggs from the families hens were delicious (Thankyou!) and the personalised note was a lovely touch. Pocklington is a pleasant town with plenty of places to drink coffee in the day and pubs and bars in the evening. The park and ride to York is about 20 minutes away and would recommend if visiting the city.
June 2017
* * * * * Lesley C – Cottage and location just perfect
The cottage is cosy and in the best meaning of the word: comfortable; warm and relaxing. Ideal for a couple. It is spotlessly clean with clear attention to detail from the owners: fresh flowers; a handwritten welcome note and a box of eggs from their lovely chickens. Helpful additions include: milk; tea bags; coffee; cooking oils; condiments; shower/bath gel and shampoo and all matters for dish and clothes washing. The owners, Helen and Patrick, make you very welcome when you arrive and assure you of their availability throughout your stay. They provide helpful tips on places to visit. They provide total access to their garden. Their chickens are an absolute delight and make regular visits if you sit outside on the patio. The place itself is located for exploring the Yorkshire Wolds (check the map for exact entry points and places to park); Bempton Cliffs (RSPB nature reserve £4 per adult for non members) is just over an hour's drive but worthy just to see the cute Puffins!! Pocklington Canal is a lovely walk and the Canal Head is in Pocklington opposite the Wellington Pub! Pocklington is a lovely little town with plenty of cafes; pubs/restaurants and a couple of rather nice chippys! Would definitely recommend.
May 2017
* * * * * Harvey R – Could not better
Fantastic location convenient for Town centre but quiet.Ideal for Arts Centre gig on Saturday night 5 mins walk Perfect for Park and Ride into York centre all information needed in cottage. Helen and Patrick perfect hosts unobtrusive but available super cottage just right exceptionally clean and every appointment required even down to fresh milk and eggs and very polite welcome card.
Could not better.
April 2017
* * * * * Ruth M – Comfortable cosy cottage for two
Enjoyed a relaxing couple of days here. Everything you need in cottage and in Pocklington, with York nearby as well. Recommend as a great alternative to a hotel stay in the city.
April 2017
* * * * * Elizabeth D – Fabulous cottage within easy reach of York
Carpenters cottage was very cosy and spotlessly clean, Helen and Patrick have thought about every detail, the lovely log burner and comfy recliners in the living room area was a welcome treat after a long day on our feet, the bedroom was spacious and the bed very comfy, another bonus was the secure parking if you want to leave your car for the day and take advantage of the park and ride, thankyou for the delicious eggs from your free range chickens, we hope to be back soon.
March 2017
* * * * * Ann S – Amazing hidden little gem of a cottage
Hidden little gem in Pocklington near York. Look no further it's a fantastic cosy relaxing cottage ideal for a get away from it all break. Lovely little private courtyard with table and chairs and an area to park your car. The stained glass window in the bedroom adds a lovely feature to the cottage. The guest book speaks volumes and guests who have returned time and time again. We shall definitely return. A very warm welcome from the owners Helen and Patrick from the lovely fresh eggs from their chickens, milk in the fridge, personalised welcome card logs for the log burner to name but a few things we honestly could not fault anything. Relax on the recliners next to the log burner in the lounge. You are within a 2 minutes stroll of Pocklington town centre shops cafés restaurents butchers chemist takeaways deli pubs banks etc… Local bus service into York or use Yorks park and ride. If you are looking for a break away just outside York this is the place to be. We just loved Carpenters Cottage.
Feb 2017
* * * * * Yolanda B – Short Break
Cosy, clean and comfortable cottage. Lovely log burner for extra warmth and atmosphere. A great location. Easy walking distance to shops, pub and restaurants. Half an hour by bus to York. Very handy service. Great location for visiting surrounding area.
Jan 2017
* * * * * Ben H – A very cozy cottage with everything you could need
Had a lovely few days at Carpenters cottage. A very friendly welcome from the owners then on to the serious business of relaxing for a few days. He cottage is very well appointed and perfect for a couple to sit back and relax. Waking up to the light coming through the stained glass window in the bedroom is really lovely. Pocklington itself is worth a thorough investigation with lots of interesting shops and places to eat out. It's also only a short drive into York. This was our second visit and we will be back again. It's one of our favourite places to hide away from the world, relax and recharge our batteries.
Dec 2016
* * * * * Sarah M – Cute, cosy and convenient
Wonderful welcome, lovely layout and spacious but cosy feel. Excellent location (very easy to get to York or walk 2 mins into Centre of Pocklington) and great facilities – what more could you need?
Dec 2016
* * * * * Catherine P – Perfect Stay
We couldn't have been happier with the Carpenter's Cottage. All the comforts of home, conveniently located, spotlessly clean. The hosts were kind and helpful. Highly recommended.
Nov 2016
* * * * * Gaynor W – Lovely little cottage
We have just had or 2nd stay at this lovely cottage. It has everything you need and the log burner heats the cottage up very quickly if you go in the cooler months. Situated in Pocklington makes it perfect for walks, visiting York, the seaside etc and Pocklington itself is a great market town with plenty of shops and places to eat and drink. Why go anywhere else when everything is easy reach. We love it here. Lovely hosts make sure you have a warm welcome and are happy to pass on there knowledge of the surrounding areas. We really can't fault anything.
Oct 2016
* * * * * Kay G – Spent a wonderful week in Pocklington
Our hosts Helen and Patrick were very friendly and made us feel at home at Carpenter's Cottage. To begin with, the communication between Helen and I was outstanding. Emails were quickly responded to and contained very useful information. Once we arrived we were warmly welcomed and throughout our stay had informative and friendly chats. The accommodation was very clean and felt like home with eggs, tea, coffee, washing machine and kitchen detergents and toiletries. The location was in walking distance to local shops and supermarkets and being flat made it easy to meander through the town. The dual recliner was extremely comfortable and easy to just relax. The bed was also comfortable and the bedroom was spacious. The secure car park space was beneficial as we always worry about hire cars. We walked to the Buddhist Retreat and the Pocklington Canal with ease. We drove to Scarborough, Robin Hood's Bay and Whitby all in a day. Day visits to York were easy as we made use of the Park and Ride, but there is also a regular bus run which we took on our first visit to York. We definitely recommend Carpenter's Cottage to travellers and would stay again if we visited this area. Thank you Helen and Patrick for the opportunity to stay in Carpenter's Cottage and also your hospitality. Kind regards, Kay and Don (Australia)
Sept 2016
* * * * * Beau L – Lovely stay at Carpenter's Cottage
Beautiful cottage with lovely owners and in a perfect location. Would definitely recommend a stay here.
Aug 2016
* * * * * Robert W – Five Star
From the moment we arrived Helen was there to meet us with open handshake.
Cottage was brilliant with secure parking minute walk from village centre tea rooms pubs.
Plenty places to eat or drink I was there with wife who is 70 years young and myself 69 years old we have been to a lot places over the years but this was very good built-in to levels but We managed the stairs hope to return some time in future First Class
July 2016
* * * * * Veronica D – Delightful cottage in a perfect location
A haven of peace in the middle of a bustling town and easily the best place we have ever stayed in Pocklington. Helen and Patrick did everything to make us feel welcome and comfortable after our eight hour journey and have thoughtfully provided all you could need for a truly comfortable stay. This is the first time we have ever awarded five stars to a property and we can't wait to visit again.
June 2016
* * * * * Carol R – Fantastic place to stay
Beautiful cottage with everything you could need. The log burner was a lovely touch. Helen was extremely welcoming and always on hand. Would highly recommend this cottage.
May 2016
* * * * * Margaret W – Lovely cottage in small village
My husband and I recently had a three night stay in this lovely little cottage. We thoroughly enjoyed our time here an the hosts provided everything that you could wish for. The cottage is extremely clean and very cosy – perfect for a couple. There is a lovely kitchen and lounge area downstairs and a spacious bedroom and bathroom upstairs. The host provided tea, coffee, milk and even some fresh eggs from her lovely free range chickens. Pocklington is a nice small town not far from York. We had a car and the cottage provided for off street parking which was great. There were several pubs and restaurants in town to choose from if you did not wish to go into York as well as local supermarkets – all within walking distance. It was a great base to explore York which we did as well as a day in the North Yorkshire Moors National Park and a quick visit to Scarborough and Whitby. Highly recommend this cottage – would definitely stay there again if we ever pass through that way again.
April 2016
* * * * * Gaynor W – A perfect holiday cottage
We stayed for a weekend in this wonderful little cottage. We found it on the web and thought it looked lovely in the photo's but we thought it was even better when we arrived. Everything you need for a Yorkshire break. We couldn't fault the cottage, it was spotlessly clean and well maintained. Helen and Patrick are very friendly and welcoming. The bonus is that it is situated in a small village that offers just about everything. Cafe's bars, shops, gift shops, all you could want is here. We will definitely be returning to Carpenters Cottage and have recommended it to family.
A fantastic place to stay.
Dec 2015
* * * * * Nicola G – Excellent!!!!
The property was very well maintained with everything you needed for a short (or long!) stay. Very close to all amenities – local shops, banks, pubs etc but also far enough away for the property to be quiet. Helen and Patrick are a lovely couple – on hand and very receptive. Everything exactly as described. Had a wonderful short break here and loved every minute – didn't want to leave! Will definitely be back for another visit x
Sept 2015
* * * * * Ann P – cosy ideal location
Lovely cottage quiet but really near to town. Just had a lovely week there and will definitely be back. Short walk to nice little town parking and wfi real bonus. Helen and Patrick a great help with local knowledge, but not pushy. The cottage was clean and well laid out with all you need. Lovely pub meals near by.
June 2015
* * * * * Nick S – Very Comfortable and Convenient
First time in Pocklington and certainly not the last. Carpenter's Cottage is superbly appointed and a great place to relax. It is extremely convenient for the village centre, being only a 2 minute walk away. The facilities are very good – we made full use of the secure bike store. The internet speed was quick and reliable.Plenty of hot water and the comfy underfloor heating was excellent. It's a shame it wasn't cold enough to have used the log burning stove! The valuable off-street parking included at Carpenter's Cottage should be mentioned as without this, parking elsewhere would have been a bit awkward.
Regarding Pocklington itself, then it has most things one could possibly want or need. There is a wide range of eateries and shops. The shops range from independent family owned establishments to well known firms such as Aldi, Sainsburys, Co-operative, and Costa, but the latter do not impinge on the lovely charm of the village. There are lots of little cafes and restaurants, and some great pubs serving real ales.
We chose Pocklington as a base for our visit to the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire bike race. This proved a great move as it is in easy reach of the east coast, York, Selby, and Beverley. The area is very good for bike riding. We did quite a bit of road cycling – there is the option of pan flat rides, or you can find some quite challenging hills. The back roads are very quiet and mostly well maintained. For the off-road cyclist there is the nearby Dalby Forest which we understand is very good for mountain biking.
To put it in a nutshell, if you want to wind down from the stresses of a busy life, then Carpenter's Cottage is the place to come. We will be back.
May 2015
* * * * * Diane – Great short break
We stayed in the Carpenters Cottage for 3 nights recently and enjoyed it very much. The cottage is cosy and warm with all amenities. It's within a couple of minutes walk to the centre with it's shops and pubs. We ate in the Feathers which served reasonably priced food. We also took bikes as there are some lovely cycle routes around (not too hilly!) and some nice walks. This is the first time I have been to this area, will definitely return and would recommend this cottage.
March 2015
* * * * * Liz B – Cosy cottage in pleasant market town
We love staying in Carpenter's cottage and have been here several times! The cottage is really cosy, clean and comfortable with everything you need, and it's perfect for two people. It's tastefully decorated with a few finishing touches of hand crafted wood, hence its name! There's always a warm welcome from the owners. It's very handy for the town centre – we often go to the brilliant arts centre and restaurants in the town. You can walk out of town and be up in the Wolds in a few minutes with fabulous views over the vale of York. On a clear day you can see York Minster! Highly recommended!
Jan 2015
Good to know:
Bike Store
If you want to keep your bike under lock and key we can help with that.
Washer and Dryer
Want to put a wash on half way through your holiday? That's no problem.
You have full access to our large, private, south facing garden. Sit in the sun or chat to our friendly chickens.
There's pots, knives, crockery, glasses, microwave, coffee pot… we think we've thought of everything, but if you are not sure just drop us an e-mail.
Private Bathroom
Basin, toilet and a bath with shower over, and there's always hot water!
Sleeps 2
A double bedroom with a king sized bed, crisp cotton bedding and en suite bathroom awaits…
Private Patio
…right outside your door
Free Parking on Premises
Private off-road parking is available right outside the cottage.
Wood Burning Stove
There's free wood with our wood-burning stove – we'll even help you light it if you want us to!
High Speed Internet Access
You are on holiday, but if you still want to stay connected there is an excellent wifi signal.
The nitty gritty...
- Sleeps 2
- Linen and towels included
- Tea, coffee, milk, sugar, salt, pepper, cooking oil, washing up liquid, rubber gloves, tea towel, shampoo, shower gel, soap and a basket of logs all provided
- Check In between 2pm and 10pm
- Key safe available if we are not in
- Check Out by 11am
- Secure, off-street parking
- Lockable bike store available
- Not suitable for children
- Sorry, no pets
- Carpenter's Cottage is a no smoking property
- Walking distance to shops and supermarkets
- 4 minute walk to the bus-stop for York, Beverley, Bridlington and more
- A dozen places to eat, drink and be merry within a 3 minute walk!
Cottage Rates
We will send you an accurate invoice for your exact dates when you make a booking request. Minimum stay is two nights. There is a discount if you choose to book for 7 nights or more, and remember: we use a secure payment platform and charge NO BOOKING FEE.
- (November to March, excluding Christmas and New Year)
- *£85 Friday or Saturday, £465/week
- Sleeps 2
- En-suite bathroom
- Off road parking
- Wood burning stove
- Free wifi
- Ideal for Xmas shopping in York!
- (April to October, plus Christmas and New Year)
- *£90 Friday or Saturday, £515/week
- Sleeps 2
- En-suite bathroom
- Off road parking
- Wood burning stove
- Free wifi


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Kudos to parents who succeed in getting their kids to eat fruits and vegetables! Sneaking them into sauces, pasta dishes and casseroles is one way – and certainly better than nothing – but why not feature these healthy foods front and center in fun and appealing ways? Adults need fruits and vegetables too so these tips for highlighting fruits can be applied to the whole family:
Test Your Knowledge then check out Lauren's Blog.
Q: How much fruit is recommended per day for most age groups?
A: About 1 1/2 to 2 cups, but may vary due to activity level.
Q: How can you get the most out of a fruits flavor and texture?
A. Buy it fresh and in-season and consume according to storage guidelines
Q: What are some ways to make fruit attractive, easy and convenient?
A: Prepare fruit snacks such as a small bowl of grapes, cut up cantaloupe, apple slices (with lemon juice) ahead of time and put them in the center of the refrigerator where they can be seen. Prepare a bowl of fresh fruit to place in the center of your kitchen so you will see it as you enter and leave.
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"All the flowers of tomorrow are in the seeds of today."
Hands covered in soil, brows glistening in the sun, and a smile across their faces: a group of elementary school students have just finished planting up some saplings. Without a doubt, there is something amazing that happens when kids learn about nature in a completely hands on way. This year we set out to share that experience with the youth of our community. In developing the free educational program for Garden View Nursery's Young Gardener's Club, in partnership with our local schools, we have developed a program that is not only incredibly fun , but exposes students to new ways of thinking about the world. When a student gets to see the fruit of their labor in growing a tree from a small size, in taking responsibility for a living thing, and then taking home the tree to plant in their yard and one day building a tree house is an utterly rewarding method to instill an appreciation for nature.
We want the kids to liken themselves to seeds, small packets of potential that will one day grow into beautiful flowers or majestic sequoias. Garden View has been indebted to our fellow San Gabriel Valley residents for supporting our company over the years and in developing this program we hope to give back to our community in the best way possible: cultivating the minds of tomorrow.
Giangelo Leos "Mr. Gio"
How it all Comes Together:
Our program starts with parents, school administrations, and teachers who see the benefits of an outdoor and hands-on curriculum that brings together nature and young minds.
From that point it's a fairly simple process.
We provide the lesson plans, activities, planting materials, trees, and a passionate garden teacher and schools provide enthusiastic teachers, parents, and most importantly, adventurous students. Every student gets the opportunity to learn about gardening, become environmental stewards, and expand their view of the natural world. From growing their own trees to studying the lifecycle of worms, our program aims to give every student the possibility to learn about their world through first hand exploration.
Feel free to contact our Educational Outreach Coordinator to find out how to start a GVN Young Gardener's Club at your school today!


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A relaxing afternoon drive almost turned deadly for three people who were injured last Thursday in a two-car collision near Fort Gibson. The Muskogee Phoenix reported the incident occurred around 5:00 PM at the intersection of 2 Mile Road and US 62.
Oklahoma Highway Patrol spokesperson Trooper Ron Watson stated a 2008 Chevrolet Malibu driven by a 24-year-old woman was cruising southbound on 2 Mile Road, crossing through the intersection with US 62. Before she could clear the intersection, a 1994 Mazda driven by a 47-year-old man, heading east on US 62, smashed into the front passenger side of the Malibu. The male passenger in the front seat of the Malibu was severely injured and had to be transported to an area hospital by helicopter, while the drivers of both vehicles were taken to Talequah City Hospital by ambulance for treatment of non-life threatening injuries.
Investigators say all victims were wearing seat belts at the time of the crash, and airbags deployed in both vehicles. These two safety features combined may have saved the victims' lives. The National Highway Safety and Traffic Administration (NHTSA) reported that between 2004 and 2008, seat belts saved an estimated 75,000 lives and say use of seat belts along with proper deployment of airbags can exponentially increase chances of survival in a crash.
The Oklahoma car accident lawyers with J. Colbert Injury Lawyers encourage you to contact them immediately if you have been injured in a car crash that was no fault of your own. They may be able to help you reach a settlement involving compensation for numerous types of losses.


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Home > Eyeglasses > JB by Jerome Boateng > ALEX (JBF111 - 4)
Alex JBF 111 is available in 3 additional attractive styles
Size and availability
Low prices
Low prices
Alex Eyewear
With these designer eyeglasses, you are always perfectly dressed. The JBF111 is brand new on the market in 2018, with this eyewear you are at the cutting-edge of trends. Would another colour not be a better match for your favourite outfit? Check also the other styles of JBF111in our 2017, and 2018 JB by Jerome Boateng range.
This JB by Jerome Boateng model is an all-rounder, equally suiting men and women. Eyewear is in. Full rim is extremely popular, because you feel that you get more eyeglass for your money. It is not just about their resilience, but also about the visibility of material and design, which are of the highest quality. Round eyeglasses are extremely prestigious. A fact John Lennon was aware of, being rarely seen without them. Harry Potter would also not be the same without his characteristic eyeglasses. Due to its shape the JBF111 will be a long-time companion, because round eyeglasses never really go out of fashion. The metal frame is very light and comfortable to wear. It is both robust and classy.
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