text: UFDC Home | Help | RSS TABLE OF CONTENTS HIDE Front Cover Copyright Abstract Table of Contents Introduction Acknowledgement The molluscan fauna Helicinidae Annulariidae Pupillidae Subulinidae Bulimulidae Urocoptidae Sagdidae Polygyridae Literature cited Back Cover Group Title: Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Title: A Review of the land snails of Mona Island, West Indies CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00095796/00001 Material Information Title: A Review of the land snails of Mona Island, West Indies Series Title: Bulletin - Florida State Museum ; volume 31, number 2 Physical Description: p. 67-106 : ill., map ; 23 cm. Language: English Creator: Thompson, Fred G ( Fred Gilbert ), 1934-Florida Museum of Natural History Donor: unknown ( endowment ) Publisher: Florida State Museum, University of Florida Place of Publication: Gainesville, Fla. Publication Date: 1987 Copyright Date: 1987 Subjects Subject: Gastropoda -- Classification ( lcsh )Gastropoda -- Puerto Rico -- Mona Island ( lcsh )Mollusks -- Classification ( lcsh )Mollusks -- Puerto Rico -- Mona Island ( lcsh ) Genre: bibliography ( marcgt )government publication (state, provincial, terriorial, dependent) ( marcgt )non-fiction ( marcgt ) Spatial Coverage: Puerto Rico Notes Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-106). General Note: Cover title. General Note: Abstract in English and Spanish. Statement of Responsibility: Fred G. Thompson. Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00095796 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: oclc - 15702341 Table of Contents Front Cover Page 67 Copyright Page 68 Abstract Page 69 Table of Contents Page 70 Introduction Page 71 Page 72 Acknowledgement Page 73 The molluscan fauna Page 74 Page 75 Helicinidae Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Annulariidae Page 81 Page 82 Pupillidae Page 83 Subulinidae Page 84 Page 85 Page 86 Bulimulidae Page 87 Page 88 Urocoptidae Page 89 Page 90 Page 91 Page 92 Page 93 Sagdidae Page 94 Page 95 Page 96 Page 97 Page 98 Page 99 Page 100 Polygyridae Page 101 Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Literature cited Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Back Cover Page 108 Full Text of the FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Biological Sciences Volume 31 1987 Number 2 A REVIEW OF THE LAND SNAILS OF MONA ISLAND, WEST INDIES FRED G. THOMPSON UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCI- ENCES, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 300 pages and are not necessarily completed in any one calendar year. OLIVER L. AUSTIN, JR., Editor S. DAVID WEBB, Associate Editor RHODA J. BRYANT, Managing Editor Consultants for this issue: ARTHUR BOGAN W. LLOYD PRATT Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publications and all manuscripts should be addressed to: Managing Editor, Bulletin; Florida State Museum; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611; U.S.A. Publication date: 30 January 1987 This public document was promulgated at an annual cost of $2220.00 or $2.22 per copy. It makes available to libraries, scholars, and all interested persons the results of researches in the natural sciences, emphasizing the circum-Caribbean region. Price: $2.25 A REVIEW OF THE LAND SNAILS OF MONA ISLAND, WEST INDIES FRED G. THOMPSON* ABSTRACT The fauna consists of 24 species and subspecies. Nine taxa are endemic to the island, four are related to species on Puerto Rico, and three are related to species on Hispaniola. The biogeographic relationships of two are less clear. Thirteen species are regarded as introduced. The remaining nonendemic native species show mixed affinities with Puerto Rican and Hispaniolan taxa. The following new taxa are described from Mona Island: Stoastomops grada new species, Varicella (Sigmataxis) nesiotes new species, Microceramus stenegrus new species, Hoieda insularis eurvtrema new subspecies, and Plagioptycha musicola fortisculpta new subspecies. Hoieda i. insularis new species is described from the satellite island of Monita. The following is a new name combination: Drymaeus virgulatus beatti for D. elongatus beatti Clench. RESUME La fauna de la Isla Mona consiste de 24 species y subespecies. Nueve taxones son end6micos a la isla. Cuatro estan emparentados con species de Puerto Rico y tres con species de Hispaiola. Las relaciones biogeograficas de dos de las species no son muy claras. Trece species se consideran introducidas. Las restantes species nativas no end6micas muestran afinidades tanto con taxones de Puerto Rico como de Hispafiola. Se described los siguientes taxones para la Isla Mona: Stoastomops grada nueva especie, Varicella (Sigmataxis) nesiotes nueva especie, Microceramus stenegrus nueva especie, Hoieda insularis eurytrema nueva subespecie, y Plagioptvcha musicola fortisculpta nueva *The author is Curator in Malacology at the Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gaincsvillc FL 32611. THOMPSON, F.G. 1987. A Review of the Land Snails of Mona Island, West Indies. Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sci. 31(2):69-106. 70 BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) subespecie. La nueva subespecie, Hoieda i. insularis se describe para la isla sat6lite de Monita. La siguiente es una nueva combinaci6n: Drvmaeus virgulatus beattvi en vez de D. elongatus beattyi Clench. TABLE OF CONTENTS IN T R O D U CT IO N ..................................................................................... ........................... 70 ACKNOW LEDGEM ENTS........................................................ ............................. 73 THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA.................................... 73 H elicinidae ............................... ..... .................... .......... 76 A nnulariidae.................. ...................... ............ ........... ........ ..... 81 P upillidae................................ ...... .. ....... ............................. 83 Cerionidae ....................................... ................................. 83 H elicarionidae................................ ........... ................ ............ ... 83 Ferussaciidae ...................... .......................................... ......... 83 Subulinidae .............................. ....... ..... ............................ 84 O leacinidae............................. .................................................... 84 B ulim ulidae............................. ........................... ................... 87 U rocoptidae........................................................ ........................................ 89 Sagdidae .................................................................... ...................................... 94 Polygyridae...................................... ......................................................... 101 X anthonychidae....................... .............................. ........ ...... ........... 101 LITERATURE CITED ................................................... ..... ................ 105 INTRODUCTION In 1972 studies on the flora, fauna, and mineral resources of Mona Island were initiated because of proposed economic developments and a proposed national park on the island (Wadsworth 1975). I visited the island for four days during May 1974 to survey the land snail fauna. A second visit of three days was made during November 1978 for the same purpose. Both visits were at the height of long dry periods, and only dead shells of most species were found. Mona Island lies in the Mona Passage about halfway between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola at 18006'N, 67055'W. It is a small, bean- shaped desert island about 11 km long by 7 km wide. The island is capped by the Miocene Lirio Limestone, which is rugged and dog-toothed. This overlays the middle or lower Miocene Isla de Mona Dolomite (Aaron 1975). The island is bordered on all sides by abrupt cliffs that rise about 45 THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS m high. The island is bounded along its southern and western sides by narrow Holocene coastal plains that were inhabited by Taino Indians at the time of Columbus. It has been inhabited intermittently by settlers since then. Apparently the name of the island is derived from the Taino name Amona and not from the Spanish mona, meaning monkey (Wadsworth 1975). The island plateau is covered with a dense submesic scrub thorn forest similar in floral composition to that of other low-lying limestone islands in the West Indies (Woodbury 1975). This thorn forest contains scattered patches of mesic high forest toward the center of the island and a narrow fringe of low xeric scrub along the north and east edges of the plateau. The coastal plains generally are covered with submesic thorn forests. Along the southwestern base of the plateau, near Sardinero (Station 3), grows a narrow fringe of wet evergreen forest fed by ground- water seepage from the cliffs. FIELD STATIONS Mollusk collections were made at thirteen field stations (Fig. 1). A brief description of each follows. STATION 1. Slopes and bluff behind Sardinero, amid limestone boulders and along cliff. Mesic forest. STATION 2. Base of limestone cliff at Sardinero in an area with a high mesic forest. STATION 3. Base of limestone cliff at Sardinero in high mesic forest with patches of wet evergreen forest. STATION 4. Punto Oeste, among grasses over sandy soil on low coastal plain. STATION 5. Coastal plain near landing field. Snails collected on grasses and shrubs over sandy soil. STATION 6. Uvero. Snails collected on grasses and shrubs over sand-gravel soils in a submesic thorn forest. STATION 7. Talus slope 1 km E of Uvero in a submesic thorn forest. STATION 8. Limestone cliffs east of Uvero along road-cut. Area covered with a dense submesic thorn forest. STATION 9. Playa Pajaro. A submesic forest with dense thickets of Manchanilla. Cliffs with clusters of small bromeliads and cactae. Snails were collected from debris and loose soil at the base of cliff. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) FIGURE 1.- Map of Mona Island showing major physical fcatutirs, anid s1.,tions Irom which specimens were collected. THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS STATION 10. Lirio Lighthouse. Snails collected at night on shrubs and small trees in submesic forest. STATION 11. Coral de Los Indios, 1.3 km NE of Lirio Lighthouse. A high mesic forest. STATION 12. Bajura de Los Cerezos. A limestone depression with a clay-soil substrate in a high mesic forest. STATION 13. Cabo Norte. An area of low sparse xeric scrub on rugged dog- toothed limestone. Specimens were also collected along transects from Station 8 to Station 10 and from Station 10 to Station 12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support for field work on Mona Island was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service contracts No. 14-16-0008-785 and No. 85910-0339. Field work in Puerto Rico essential to this project was sponsored by the Florida State Museum. The U.S. Coast Guard Service at Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, through arrangements made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, provided helicopter transportation to Mona and Monita islands. The following persons assisted me in field work on Mona Island: Howard W. Campbell, Steven P. Christman, Ronald I. Crombie, and Thomas A. Wiewandt. George M. Davis (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia), Joseph Rosewater (National Museum of Natural History), and Ruth D. Turner (Museum of Comparative Zoology) loaned me specimens in their charges and handled other queries relating to this study. The illustrations of the island map (Fig. 1), and of Microceramus (Figs. 32-36) were skillfully executed by Nancy Halliday, Gainesville, Florida. Wendy Zomlefer, Florida State Museum, Staff Artist, rendered the excellent illustrations of Hoieda. Kurt Auffenberg, Florida State Museum Biologist, produced the SEM photographs used in this paper and did many other tasks essential for the completion of the project. I am deeply grateful to all of the above persons for their help. TIlE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA The land snail fauna of Mona Island was first reported upon by Clench (1950), based upon collections made by Harry Beatty and given to the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University), and upon collections made by Paul Bartsch and deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, D.C.). Clench recorded 15 species and subspecies from the island. These are listed below along with the taxa found during the present survey. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) This report Lucidella umbonata (Shuttl.) Stoastomops puertoricensis Baker Chondropoma turnerae Clench Cerion monaensis Clench Guppya gundlachi (Pfeiffer) Habroconus sp. Lamellaxis micra (Orbigney) Bulimulus g. guadelupensis (Brug.) Bulimulus g. evriesi (Drouet) Drymaeus elongatus beattvi Clench Brachypodella beattyi Clench Microceramus guanicanus Baker Hojeda inaguensis (Weinland) Hemitrochus gallopovonis (Pfeiffer) Plagioptycha euclasta (Shuttl.) = Helicina umbonata pitheca Thompson = Stoastomops grada new species = Licina aguadillensis turnerae (Clench) Gastrocopta rupicola marginalba (Pfeiffer) Gastrocopta pellucida (Pfeiffer) Cerion monaensis Clench Guppya gundlachi (Pfeiffer) absent Cecilioides aperta (Swainson) Obeliscus sp. Obeliscus swiftianus (Pfeiffer) Subulina octona (Brug.) Lamellaxis micra (Orbigney) Opeas pumilum (Pfeiffer) Varicella nesiotes new species absent absent Bulimulus d. diaphanus (Pfeiffer) = Drymaeus virgulatus beatti Clench Brachypodella beattyi Clench = Microceramus stenegrus new species Hojeda inaguensis (Weinland) Hoieda insularis eurvtrema new subspecies Thvsanophora plagioptycha (Shuttl.) Hemitrochus gallopovonis (Pfeiffer) = Plagioptycha musicola fortisculpta new subspecies The biogeographic affinities of the Mona Island land snail fauna are summarized in Table 1. The nine species considered to be introduced onto the island by humans are mainly small forms, widely distributed in the West Indies and elsewhere, and characteristically are associated with tropical fructiculture. Three other species, Habroconus sp., Obeliscus swiftianus, and Bulimulus d. diaphanus, also may be human-introduced but are more restricted in their present distribution around Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The remaining 12 species are considered to be natural Clench (1950) THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS 75 Table 1. Biogeographic relationships of the land snail fauna of Mona Island. Puerto Widespread Species Endemic Rico Hispaniola Introduced Helicina umbonata pitheca + + Stoastomops grada + +? Licina aguadillensis tumerae + Gastrocopta nrpicola marginalba + Gastrocopta pellucida + Cerion monaensis + + Guppya gundlachi + Habroconus sp. + ? Ceciliodes aperta + Obeliscus sp. + ? Obeliscus swiftianus + Subulina octona + Lamellaxis micra + Opeas pumilum + Varicella nesiotes + + Bulinmuls d. diaphanous + ? Dtymaeus virgulatus beattyi + + Brachypodella beattyi + + Microceranus stenegms + + lfojcda inaguensis + Hojeda insularis curytrema + Thysanophora plagioptycha + IfHemitrochus gallopovonis + Plagioptycha musicola fortisculpta + + BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) inhabitants of the island. Of these, six are endemic species, and three are endemic subspecies, yielding an endemism of 50% at the species level and 83% at the subspecific level for the native land snail fauna of the island. Of the endemic taxa, four have systematic affinities to species occurring on Puerto Rico, three are related to Hispaniolan species, and two are of uncertain relationships. HELICINIDAE Helicina umbonata pitheca THOMPSON Lucidella umbonata (Shuttleworth), Clench 1950:271; fig. 2. Helicina umbonatapitheca Thompson 1982:15-17; Figs. 36-43. The taxonomic status of the Mona Island population of Helicina umbonata has been discussed recently (Thompson 1982). H. u. pitheca is distributed ubiquitously on the island. Live specimens commonly are found aestivating on low shrubs, grasses, and vines. The brightly colored shell is adaptive for a cryptic existence in this habitat. Stoastomops grada new species Stoastomops puertoricensis Baker, Clench 1950:271. SHELL (Figs. 2-5).-- Small 2.2-2.6 mm wide; 0.81-0.92 times as high as wide; depressed turbinate-conical with 3.9-4.2 whorls. Two color phases: one phase citron yellow, other phase light orange holotypee). Whorls subangular at the periphery and scalariform; flattened or weakly concave above periphery, convex below, umbilical region nearly flat. Protoconch (Fig. 10) raised, slipper-shaped, consisting of 3/4 of a turn; 0.37 mm long and 0.26 mm wide; sculptured with a few weak incremental striations and irregular, oblique spiral striations. Subsequent half whorl with about 10 fine, raised spiral threads, which continue onto lower whorls where they become enlarged and are crossed at irregular intervals by oblique varix-like fimbriations (Fig. 11); 7-10 spiral threads on dorsal surface of last whorl. Spiral threads below periphery weak, discontinuous, and poorly defined on base (Fig. 12). Aperture ovate-auriculate in shape; 0.44-0.53 times height of shell; 0.71-0.80 times as high as wide. Columellar lip conical in THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS FIGURES 2-9. FIG. 2-5: Stoastomops grada new species, Paratypes (UF 40715) (X 24). FIGS. 6-9: Stoastomops puertoricensis Baker (UF 40714; 7.0 km SE Guanica, Puerto Rico) (X 24). BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) shape, hollow internally (Figs. 13-15). Outer periphery of columellar lip angular so that it appears, falsely, to be rimate. Measurements in mm based on 29 specimens are given below. n height width aper. h. aper. w. whorls UF 40678 15 1.9-2.1 2.2-2.6 0.93-1.05 1.24-1.43 4.0-4.2 UF 24989 3 1.9-2.1 2.2-2.4 0.93-0.99 1.19-1.36 4.0-4.2 UF 40677 10 1.9-2.1 2.1-2.4 0.87-0.99 1.24-1.36 4.0-4.1 Holotype 1 1.98 2.17 0.93 1.30 4.1 Specimens from the bluffs near Sardinero generally are larger than specimens from other localities. This may reflect the more favorable mesic habitat characterizing that area. Sexual dimorphism in size cannot be determined from the material on hand, because I found only dead shells on the two occasions I visited the island. OPERCULUM (Figs. 16-18).-- Narrower than in S. puertoricensis Baker (Figs. 19-21). Calcareous plate weakly granular with a low, narrow, weakly arched ridge closely paralleling the columellar margin (Figs. 17,18). TYPE LOCALITY.-- Mona Island, Coral de Los Indios, 1.3 km northwest of the Lirio lighthouse. HOLOTYPE: UF 40676; collected 22 May 1974 by Fred G. Thompson from leaf litter along the base of a low ledge in a mesic forest. PARATYPES: UF 40677 (49); UF 40719 (SEM opercula); same data as holotype. Other paratypes from Station 1 (UF 24989, 9 specimens), Station 3 (UF 40678, 30 specimens; UF 40715, 4 SEM shells), Station 8 (UF 40679, 30 specimens), and Station 9 (UF 40680, 9 specimens). All were found along limestone ledges in leaf litter. Isabella Anchorage (USNM 430974, 13 specimens). DISTRIBUTION.-- Endemic to Mona Island. REMARKS.-- This species is most similar in shape to S. adamsi Baker from Jamaica. It differs from S. adamsi by its sculpture. S. adamsi has 6-7 spiral threads above, and 28-29 below on the last whorl (Baker 1934:10; 1935, fig. 1). The threads are weaker than in S. grada and uniform in size over the surface of the whorl. S. grada is similar to S. puertoricensis Baker in sculpture, but differs in shape and opercular structure. In S. puertoncensis the spire is concave-conical with the whorls separated by a deeply incised suture (Figs. 6-9). The dorsal surface of the whorls usually has a shallow furrow below the suture (Fig. 8). The operculum is broader and the calcareous plate bears a thick, wide, straight vertical ridge that is offset from the columellar margin (Figs. 19-21). THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS 14 -44 15 FIGURES 10-15.- Stoastomops grada new species, Paratypes. FIGS. 10-11: UF 40715 (X 80). FIG. 12: UF 40715 (X 53). FIG. 13: UF 40718 (X 27). FIG. 14: UF 40717 (X 27). FIG. 15: UF 40717 (X 16). BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) FIGURES 16-21. FIGS. 16-18: Stoastomops grada new species, opercula (UF 40719). FIGS. 19-21: Stoastomops puertoricensis Baker, opercula (UF 40713, 7 km SE Guanica, Puerto Rico). (X 53). THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS Baker (1941:1) stated that the columella of S. puertoricensis sometimes is rimate (narrowly perforate). This is incorrect. The outer edge of the columellar lip is angular so that when viewed from the front it appears to form a rimate opening into the columella. Such a condition does not exist in the Helicinidae, because the parietal shelf partially forms a short tube that extends into the columellar lip as a blind caecum (Figs. 13-15). A perforation would puncture this tube. Baker (1934:10), on Pilsbry's advice, described S. adamsi as a new species, although Baker considered it to be synonymous with Helicina tenuis Adams, September 1849, p. 14. Pilsbry contended that Helicina tenuis Adams is not an available name, because it is preoccupied by Helicina tennis Pfeiffer, April 1949, p. 124, not withstanding the fact that Adams (1849:16), two pages later, placed tenuis Adams in Trochatella. Baker (1935:63) surreptitiously reverted to the use of Adams name as Stoastomops tenuis (Adams). The Jamaican species should be referred to as Stoastomops adamsi Baker. ETYMOLOGY.-- The name grada is from the Latin gradus, a step or stairs, and refers to the scalariform step-like whorls. ANNULARIIDAE Licina aguadillensis tumerae (CLENCH) Chondropoma turnerae Clench 1950:271-272, fig.. Licina (Choanopomops) aguadillensis tumerae Baker 1962a:23. This snail is nearly ubiquitous on Mona Island. It was collected at all stations except 2 and 5, which are on loose sand. Baker (1962a) referred populations from Cerro Capron, near Guanica, Puerto Rico, to this subspecies and places all the Puerto Rican Annulariinae in Choanopomops Baker 1928. The operculum of tumerae (Figs. 22, 23) is typical of the subgenus by having on the outer surface a partial carcareous lamella that is reinforced from beneath by calcareous ribs and deposits. The face of the underlying chitinous plate is covered with calcareous granules. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) 24 FIGURES 22-26. FIGS. 22-23: Licina aguadillensis turncrae (Clench), opcrcula (UF 40720). (X 18). FIGS. 24-26: Varicella (Sigmataxis) ncsiotes new species, Paratype (UF 40833). FIG. 24 (X 11). FIG. 25: Sculpture of body whorl at inset in Fig. 24. (X 212). FIG. 26: Sculpture of columella (X 108). THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS PUPILLIDAE Gastrocopta nrpicola marginalba (PFEIFFER) Collected in leaf litter samples from Stations 1 and 3. Gastocopta pellucida (PFEIFFER) Collected in leaf litter from Stations 3, 8, 9, and 11. CERIONIDAE Cerion monaensis CLENCH Abundant and generally distributed on the coastal plains along the south side of Mona Island. Locally distributed on the limestone plateau. HELICARIONIDAE Guppya gundlachi (PFEIFFER) Dead shells were collected in leaf litter at Stations 3, 11, and 12 in patches of mesic forest. Live snails were found crawling on dead leaves at Station 3. Habroconus sp. Clench (1950:273) recorded two specimens of an apparently undescribed species which were collected at Isabella Anchorage (Sardinero). Apparently these are the same as the species common on Puerto Rico. Habroconus was not found on the island during this survey. The specimens reported by Clench cannot be located in the Musuem of Comparative Zoology or the National Museum of Natural History. Apparently they are lost. FERUSSACIIDAE Cecilioides aperta (SWAINSON) Collected at Stations 1 and 3; sifted from loose humus-rich soil. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) SUBULINIDAE Obeliscus swiftianus (PFEIFFER) Dead shells were recovered from leaf litter at Stations 1, 3, 8, 9, and 12. The species appears to be restricted to mesic forests along the escarpment on the south side of the island and in a mesic forest at Station 12. Obeliscus sp. A single specimen of an unidentified species was collected at Station 12. It is similar to 0. simpsoni Pilsbry from Hispaniola but is immature, and specific identification is uncertain. Subulina octona (BRUGUIERE) Nearly ubiquitous in terrestrial habitats on the island. Lamellaxis micra (ORBIGNEY) Collected in leaf litter at Station 1, 3, and 12 in mesic forest. Opeas pumilum (PFEIFFER) Found in leaf litter at Station 3. OLEACINIDAE Varicella (Sigmataxis) nesiotes new species SHELL (Figs. 24, 27-29).-- Very thin, elongate-turrete. Adults about 0.31-0.34 times as wide as high and proportionally more slender than juveniles. Spire about 0.60-0.64 times length of shell (0.61 in holotype), nearly straight-sided in outline. Shell uniformly colored; translucent; axis twisted internally. Whorls 5.3-5.5 in large specimens (5.0 in holotype); embryonic shell with 1.8 whorls. Suture deeply impressed and weakly crenulated by the striate sculpture. Whorls of spire moderately THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS 28 29 0 1 2 mm FIGURES 27-29.- Varicella (Sigmataxis) nesiotes new species. FIG. 27: Paratype (UF 40832). FIGS. 28, 29: Holotype (UF 40831). BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) arched, very narrowly shouldered along suture. Body whorl in large specimens may be flattened or even weakly concave peripherally. Periphery of last whorl slightly below middle of whorl. Embryonic whorls glossy and smooth. Subsequent whorls sculptured with nearly equally spaced arcuate transverse striations that are continuous across surface of whorl, about 8-10 striations/mm on last whorl. Striations U-shaped and about as wide as deep (Fig. 25), diminishing slightly near base. Interspaces between striations flat and glossy. Aperture elongate-pyriform, about half as wide as high and about 0.36-0.40 times length of shell (0.39 in holotype). Columella weakly concave in outline; generally slightly twisted at base but may be evenly arched in large specimens (Fig. 29). Parietal wall with a thin hyaline deposit that is slightly thickened and granular over columella (Fig. 26). Measurements in mm of seven paratypes and the holotype (in parenthesis) are as follows: length 4.7-5.9 (4.68), width 1.6-1.8 (1.68), aperture height 1.89-2.10 (1.82), and aperture width 1.0 (0.98). TYPE LOCALITY.-- Mona Island, Sardinero (Station 3). Specimens were collected along the base of a limestone bluff in leaf debris. HOLOTYPE: UF 40831; collected 21 May 1974 by Fred G. Thompson. Paratypes: UF 40832 (10), UF 40833 (SEM shell); same data as the holotype. DISTRIBUTION.-- Endemic to Mona Island. Other localities from which it was collected are Stations 1, 8, and 12. REMARKS.-- Varicella nesiotes is closely related to two species from Hispaniola, V. verberata (Pilsbry) and V. una (Pilsbry). Both were described as species of Sigmataxis, which then was regarded as a subgenus of Spiraxis (Pilsbry 1907:43-44). Neither has been mentioned in the literature since it was named. These three snails form a disparate group from other Sigmataxis by having a tendency for the columella to be truncate and by having a relatively enlarged body whorl. Other Sigmataxis, all of which are Jamaican, have a strongly twisted columella and a proportionally smaller body whorl. In these respects the Hispaniolan species and V nesiotes are intermediate between Sigmnataxis and Varicella (s. gen. Varicellula), which is also Jamaican. Their subgeneric relationships cannot be clarified until anatomical material is examined. V verberata is a more robust species than V. nesiotes and has a proportionally larger, more inflated body whorl. In addition V. verberata has a more conspicuously twisted columella, and the striations are nearly obsolete below the periphery of the last whorl. V. una is a smaller species than V nesiotes, being just over 4 mm long. Its striations are closer (12/mm), and the columella is strongly twisted near the middle as opposed to near the base as in V. nesiotes. ETYMOLOGY.-- The specific name nesiotes is from the classical Greek meaning insular. THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS BULIMULIDAE Bulimulus guadalupensis (BRUGUIERE) This species was recorded from Mona Island by Clench (1950:273) as B. g. guadalupensis and as B. g. eyreisii (Drouet). Breure (1974:15-26, 46- 47) showed that eyriesii is a distinct species, and that the specimens recorded from Mona Island are typical guadalupensis. I did not encounter guadalupensis on Mona, even though I collected at the same stations from where Clench recorded it. Apparently it is no longer extant on the island. Breure (1974:51) suggested that the occurrence of this species outside of the Windward Islands is attributable to human introductions. Bulimulus d. diaphanus (PFEIFFER) Found at Stations 1, 4, 5, 8, 11, and 12. It was most abundant on the south coastal plain among clumps of grasses. It is generally present on the plateau but is sparser in its occurrence there. Breure (1974:32) recorded this species from Mona Island based upon specimens in the MCZ. Drymaeus virgulatus beattyi CLENCH Drymeaus elongatus beattyi Clench, 1950:273-274, figs. 4-6. D. virgulatus (Ferussac) (=elongatus Bolten) is widespread on Puerto Rico and its satellite islands, the Virgin Islands, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, Curacao, Bonaire, and Aruba. Baker (1924:80-85) presented evidence suggesting that the species was introduced through commerce to the last five islands. Its wide distribution on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands apparently is natural (Pilsbry, 1899:23-27). Drymaeus virgulatus is highly variable in color and, to a lesser extent, in relative obesity. Several names have been proposed for some of these variants, including liliaceus Ferrusac (see Baker, 1962:120). D. v. beattyi is most similar in shape and size to the fossil form extinctus (Pfeiffer) from St. Croix. It is least similar to the larger, more obese forms occurring on Puerto Rico. It is distinguished from all forms of virgulatus by having a narrow, elongate aperture that bears a reflected basal lip. D. v. beattyi is common and nearly ubiquitous on Mona Island. It was collected at all stations. There is considerable local variation in size and obesity, and Mona populations overlap in these traits with extinctus. Measurements of selected specimens of beattyi taken from four lots to show maximum variation are given in Table 2. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) Table 2. Measurements in mm of selected specimens of Dtymaeus v. beattyi taken from four population samples to show maximum variation in size and proportions. Station: 4 6 10 12 N 44 41 21 6 Length 19.5-24.0 19.1-26.2 21.6-27.4 19.2-22.4 Width 8.3- 9.7 8.2-10.5 9.0-11.3 8.3- 9.2 Aperture H. 9.1-11.4 9.2-11.9 10.3-13.1 9.3-10.4 Aperture W. 5.1- 6.0 5.1- 6.4 5.3- 6.8 5.1- 5.7 Whorls 5.6- 6.3 5.6- 6.5 5.7- 6.8 5.8- 6.2 Width/Length 0.38-0.46 0.38-0.46 0.38-0.48 0.40-0.44 Ap. W/Ap. H 0.52-0.62 0.50-0.60 0.48-0.56 0.52-0.55 Ap. H/Length 0.42-0.51 0.43-0.53 0.43-0.51 0.46-0.51 THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS UROCOPTIDAE Brachypodella beattyi CLENCH Brachypodella beattyi Clench 1950:275; fig. 3. B. beattyi is generally distributed on Mona Island. It was found at Stations 1, 3, 4, 11, and 12. This species was described as closely related to B. pallida (Pfeiffer), a species found on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands of St. Thomas, St. Johns, and Tortola (Pilsbry 1904:84-85). B. beattyi differs from B. pallida in several respects, including thin solid ribs and finer, sparser costulate sculpture on the embryonic whorls (Fig. 30). B. pallida has thick hollow ribs and the sculpture on the embryonic whorl consists of denser, heavier axial threads (Fig. 31). In these respects B. beattyi is more similar to some forms of the B. dominicensis complex from Hispaniola than it is to B. pallida. Microceramus stenegrus new species Microceramus guanicanus Baker, Clench 1950:275. SHELL (Figs. 32, 34, 35).-- Elongate-conical, about 0.40-0.48 times as wide as high. Spire slender, straight-sided, regularly increasing in diameter to base. Imperforate. Color opaque white with sparse vertical wavy brown bars that are broader and closer on upper whorls but are clearly defined throughout length of spire. Axis solid with a very weakly twisted callus. Whorls 8.3-10.5 in specimens with expanded peristome; 2.0 embryonic whorls. Suture deeply impressed. Whorls angular at periphery, particularly on upper spire. Body whorl with weak basal-lateral spiral ridge. First half embryonic whorl smooth. Subsequent embryonic whorls sculptured with uniform, thin, regularly spaced, vertical thread-riblets. Postembryonic whorl sculptured with heavier oblique ribs that are slightly recurved near the upper ends and frequently broken and irregular in thickness, more so on lower whorls than upper. Ribs slightly thickened at base, not crenulating suture. About 42-55 ribs on penultimate BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) 32/ 33 Imm FIGURES 30-33.- Fig. 30: Brachypodella beatti Clench, (UF 40870); sculpture of apical whorls. FIG. 31: Brachypodella 2allida (Pfeiffer), (UF 40878), sculpture of apical whorls. FIG. 32: Microceramus stenegrus new species. Paratype (UF 40830). FIG. 33: Microceramus guanicanus Baker, (UF 40876, 10 km SE Guanica, Puerto Rico). THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS whorl in larger specimens (55 in holotype). Ribs continuous, but diminished on base of last whorl. Aperture sub-rhomboid; slightly wider than high, about 0.20-0.27 times height of shell; lying at an angle of about 400-48 to shell axis (430 in holotype). Peristome nearly uniformly expanded and moderately thickened, incomplete across parietal wall. Columella slightly oblique to shell axis. Measurements in mm of holotype: length 6.85, width 2.80, aperture height 1.54, whorls 10.1. Measurements of specimens from four population samples selected to show population variation are given in Table 3. TYPE LOCALITY.--Mona Island, Sardinero; at base of limestone cliff in mesic forest (Station 1). HOLOTYPE: UF 40828; collected 12 November 1978 by Fred G. Thompson. PARATYPES: UF 40829(18), same locality as holotype; UF 40830(91), Station 3. DISTRIBUTION.-- This snail is generally distributed over the island in mesic and submesic microhabitats. It was collected at Stations 1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13. REMARKS.-- Microceramus stenegrus is a member of a small group of southern Caribbean species that also includes M. bonairensis (Smith) and M. guanicanus Baker by virture of having ribs that do not crenulate the suture and by being imperforate. M. bonairensis is confined to the Dutch Leeward Islands and includes three subspecies that differ principally in size (Baker 1924:95-98). M. guanicanus is known only from a small xeric limestone peninsula east of Guanica, Puerto Rico. M. stenegrus is most similar to M. guanicanus in size and sculpture. It differs from M. guanicanus by having a slender, attenuate spire that is uniformly conical in large specimens, whorls that are angular at the periphery, a more deeply impressed suture, generally a weak baso-lateral ridge on the last whorl, ribs that are much heavier and closer, and a more sharply defined color pattern throughout the length of the shell. M. guanicanus (Figs. 33, 36, see also van der Schalie, 1948: pl. 7, fig. 4) has a relatively obese spire that becomes turrete in larger specimens, the whorls are rounded with a shallow suture, the last whorl lacks a baso-lateral ridge, the ribs are narrower, lower, and more widely spaced, and the color pattern is distinct only on the upper spire. M. stenegnis is a more slender species than M. guanicanus. Both species show considerable variations in the size of the body whorl and the reflection of the peristome. Measurements of major diameter and total length incorporate both of these variables, and on the basis of overall size the two species overlap (Table 3). Measurements of the minor diameter 92 BULL FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) Table 3. Measurements in mm of specimens from samples of Microceramus selected to show variations in size. M. stenegnis n. sp. M. guanicanus Baker Station: 3 11 12 13 UF 40876 UF 40877 N 35 14 10 9 28 17 Major D. 2.0-2.5 2.0-2.4 2.3-2.7 2.3-2.6 2.5- 3.1 2.7- 3.0 Length 4.3-6.4 4.3-5.4 5.0-6.1 5.6-6.4 5.1- 7.3 5.7- 7.2 Maj. D./Length 0.38-0.47 0.41-0.51 0.39-0.48 0.39-0.44 0.40-0.51 0.39-0.47 Whorls 8.3-9.8 7.9-8.9 8.4-9.2 9.0-9.5 8.3-10.0 8.8-10.3 Aper. H 1.1-1.5 1.1-1.3 1.3-1.5 1.2-1.6 1.3- 2.0 1.4- 2.2 Aper.H./Length 0.21-0.27 0.23-0.28 0.22-0.26 0.21-0.27 0.23-0.29 0.23-0.27 Minor D. 1.8-2.2 1.8-2.1 2.1-2.4 2.1-2.3 2.2- 2.8 2.2- 3.0 Spire 3.3-5.0 2.7-4.3 3.7-5.9 4.4-5.1 3.6- 5.5 3.6- 6.1 Min. D./Spire 0.44-0.55 0.50-0.64 0.39-0.60 0.42-0.49 0.50-0.65 0.49-0.67 THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS 35 r 3mm FIGURES 34-36.- FIGS. 34-35: Microceramus stenegrus new species (Fig. 34, Holotype [UF 40828]; Fig. 35, Paratype [UF 40830]). FIG. 36: Microceramus guanicanus Baker (UF 40876). BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) and the length of the spire include less variable parameters, and significant differences between the two species occur in the minor diameter and its ratio to the length of the spire. Most M. stenegrus have a minor diameter of 1.8-2.2 mm and a minor diameter/spire ratio of 0.39-0.52 mm, whereas most M. guanicanus have a minor diameter of 2.3-3.0 mm and a minor diameter/spire ratio of 0.52-0.67 mm. These two differences apply to about 90% of the specimens examined. Specimens of M. guanicanus examined for comparison. PUERTO RICO: 7 km SE Guanica (UF 40877, 27 specimens); 10 km SE Guanica (UF 40876, 38 specimens). ETYMOLOGY.-- stenegrus, from the Classical Greek stenegros meaning narrow, tight, alludes to the slender, compactly coiled spire. SAGDIDAE Hojeda inaguensis (WEINLAND) (Figures 37-42) Collected at Stations 1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13 in leaf litter. This snail is widely distributed on the Florida Keys, the Bahama Islands, Hispaniola, and Mona Island. The use of the name inaguensis by Clench (1950:272) for the Mona Island and Hispaniolan populations is supported by anatomical data. I dissected preserved specimens from Station 12 (UF 40839). The reproductive anatomy essentially is identical to that of specimens from Stock Island, Florida, described by Baker (1940:60). Pilsbry (1940:984, Figs. 571) illustrates a specimen from Boca Chica Key, Florida, as typical for the species. The specimen has an umbilical opening that is about 1/4 (0.25) the width of the shell. I have examined many series of specimens from throughout the range of the species, and none approaches this condition. The umbilicus generally is much narrower, being about 0.15-0.19 times the width of the shell. The snail is conservative in its geographic variation, and the illustrations given in this paper (Figs. 37- 42) are representative for the species throughout its range. The sculpture and protoconch characteristics are illustrated in Figures 43-45. Measurements in mm of five specimens from Station 11 on Mona Island are given for comparisons with the following species. THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS 39 3mm 42 3mm FIGURES 37-42.- Hoieda inag s (Weinland) (UF ). FIGS. 37-39: (UF 40844). FIGS. 40-42: (UF 41575). P BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) height width apert.h. apert.w. umbil.w. whorls 2.05 3.16 1.24 1.43 0.50 3.9 2.02 3.29 1.30 1.55 0.50 4.0 2.17 3.39 1.24 1.49 0.62 4.0 2.42 3.53 1.30 1.67 0.62 4.2 2.54 3.60 1.24 1.74 0.62 4.2 Hojeda insularis insularis new species Hojeda inaguensis (Weinland) Thompson 1976; 152. SHELL (Figs. 55-57).-- Small, about 3.4-3.7 mm wide. Depressed- turbiniform, 0.57-0.64 times as high as wide. Spire low and broadly conical, not depressed, dome-shaped as in H. inaguensis (Fig. 55). Umbilicus moderately wide, about 0.23-0.28 times width of shell. Shell relatively thick compared to other Hojeda, opaque, milky-white. Whorls about 4.0-4.1 in mature specimens. Suture deeply impressed. Protoconch (Figs. 49-51) about 1.4-1.5 whorls with numerous very fine spiral threads below periphery as in H. inaguensis (Figs. 43-45); last 1/4 whorl of protoconch with fine radial growth striations. Following whorls rounded; relatively narrow compared to H. inaguensis (Figs. 37-40); sculptured with numerous incremental growth striations that are irregular in intensity, becoming slightly rough near peristome. Sculpture more rugose than in H. inaguensis (Fig. 43) and nearly uniform over surface of whorls. Aperture semi-lunar in shape, 0.75-0.88 times as wide as high, height 0.57-0.67 times height of shell, width 0.44-0.47 times width of shell. Peristome slightly thickened with an internal callus and blunt-edged at maturity. Columellar lip weakly reflected. Parietal callus conspicuously thickened at maturity (Fig. 55) in contrast to other species of Hojeda. Measurements in mm converted from micrometer units of five specimens selected to show variation are as follows: THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS FIGURES 43-48.- FIGS. 43-45: Hojeda inaguensis (Weinland); UF 40777. Fig. 43, X 15; Fig. 44, X 50; Fig. 45, X 150. FIGS. 46-48: Lacteoluna selenina (Gould); UF 40820 (Stock Island, Monroe Co., Florida). Fig. 46, X 15; Fig.47, X 30; Fig.48, X 150. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) 49 52 FIGURES 49-54.- FIGS. 49-51: Hoieda i. insularis new species, Paratype (UF 40779). Fig. 49, X 20; Fig. 50, X 53; Fig. 51, X 159. FIGS. 52-54: Hoieda insularis eurytrema new subspecies, Paratype (UF 40778). Fig. 52, X 20; Fig. 53, X 53; Fig. 54, X 159. THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS height width apert.h. apert.w. umbil.w. whorls Holotype 2.29 3.60 1.30 1.67 0.87 4.1 Paratype 2.05 3.41 1.18 1.59 0.87 4.0 Paratype 2.05 3.60 1.30 1.61 0.93 4.0 Paratype 2.17 3.53 1.24 1.55 0.93 4.0 Paratype 2.23 3.72 1.30 1.74 0.99 4.1 TYPE LOCALITY.--Monito Island (1809'30"N, 67057'15"W). HOLOTYPE: UF 40814; collected 20 May 1974 by Fred G. Thompson. PARATYPES: UF 40815 (76), UF 40779 (1 SEM shell), UF 40821 (2 SEM shells); same data as holotype. REMARKS.-- Hojeda includes four other species: H. inaguensis (Weinland) is widely distributed from the Florida Keys, through the Bahama Islands, Hispaniola, and Mona Island; H. vanattai Baker (1924) is endemic to Aruba; H. boothiana (Pfeiffer) is a large species (5 mm wide) that occurs in Cuba; H. micromphala Pilsbry is widely distributed on Hispaniola. H. insularis differs from all by the same characteristics in which it differs from H. inaguensis. In general appearance, the shell of H. i. insularis suggests a relationship to Lacteoluna, which also has spiral sculpture on the protoconch (Figs. 46-48). However, the spiral sculpture in Lacteoluna is coarser, and it occurs over the entire surface of the protoconch. In Hojeda it is confined to the periphery. Moreover, all the species placed in Lacteoluna (s.s.) by Baker (1935a:52) have discoidal shells with a bluntly angular periphery. The discoidal form of the following subspecies approaches that of Lacteoluna. The generic relationships of these two new taxa remain tentative until their reproductive anatomies are examined; nevertheless, their protoconch sculpture strongly indicates congeneric relationships with Hojeda. Hojeda insularis eurytrema new subspecies SHELL (Figs. 58-60).-- Similar to H. i. insularis in most aspects of color, sculpture, and protoconch characteristics (Figs. 52-54). It differs by having a thinner, transparent shell. The spire is more depressed, with the shell being about 0.53-0.57 times as high as wide. The umbilical perforation is relatively broader, being about 0.26-0.30 times the width of the shell. The parietal callus is very thin and is nearly indistinguishable. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) -jI~ 60 3mm FIGURES 55-60.- FIGS. 55-57: Hojeda i. insularis new species, Holotype (UF 40814). FIGS. 58-60: Hoieda insularis eurvtrema new subspecies, Holotype (UF 40816). Ilh THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS Measurements in mm converted from micrometer units based on the five largest specimens available from the type locality follow: height width apert. h. apert. w. umbil. w. whorls Holotype 1.74 3.16 1.05 1.30 0.87 3.9 Paratype 1.55 2.91 0.88 1.24 0.81 3.7 Paratype 1.55 2.91 0.93 1.30 0.87 3.7 Paratype 1.61 2.98 0.99 1.24 0.87 3.8 Paratype 1.80 3.35 0.93 4.2 TYPE LOCALITY.-- The base of limestone cliffs at Playa Pajaros, Mona Island (Station 9). HOLOTYPE: UF 40816; collected 23 May 1974 by Fred G. Thompson. PARATYPES: UF 40817 (5), UF 40778 (1 SEM shell), same data as holotype; UF 40819 (6), Coral de Los Indios (Station 11). All specimens are dead shells recovered from leaf litter. REMARKS.-- H. i. eurytrema differs from H. i. insularis to an extent that would constitute specific distinctions among most members of this family. Nonetheless the two taxa are very similar in appearance and apparently are closely related. The two samples from Mona Island consist of only a few specimens and most of these appear to be immature. ETYMOLOGY.-- The name eurytrema is from the Classical Greek eurys, meaning wide, and trema, a hole, and alludes to the wide umbilical perforation of this taxon. POLYGYRIDAE Thysanophora plagioptycha (SHUTTLEWORTH) A single shell was recovered from leaf litter in a patch of mesic forest at Station 11. XANTHONYCHIDAE Hemitrochus gallapavonis (PFEIFFER) Found at Stations 2, 4, 5, and 6. This snail occurs in the Turks and Caicos Islands. It has been found on Mona Island only on the south coastal plains, the portion of the island that was homesteaded. It probably was introduced, as discussed by Clench (1950:250). BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) Plagioptypcha musicola fortisculpta new subspecies Plagioptycha euclasta (Shuttleworth), Clench 1950:276. SHELL (Figs. 61-65).-- Depressed-helicoid with a low dome-shaped apex. Shell 0.51-0.66 times as high as wide. Brown, opaque; aperture, peristome, and columella lighter brown or dusky. Suture weakly impressed. Umbilicate; perforation half covered by columellar reflection. Whorls 4.6- 4.7 in larger specimens. Embryonic whorls 1.8. Upper whorls weakly arched between sutures. Body whorl bluntly angulate at periphery and descending slightly to the aperture. Peripheral angle of last whorl lying below middle of whorl. Body whorl strongly curved below periphery, moderately arched above. First 1.2 embryonic whorls smooth. Subsequent whorls with strong, oblique, recurved axial ribs that are continuous across the surface of the whorls and into the umbilicus where they are only slightly diminished in size. Interspaces about 2-3 times as wide as ribs. Ribs smooth and glossy, interspaces sculptured with a meshwork of extremely fine granules. Aperture semi-elliptical, about 0.58-0.63 times as high as wide. Peristome incomplete across parietal wall; simple, not reflected or thickened internally. Parietal wall with a thin but well defined parietal callus. Columella nearly vertical and widely reflected above, continuing obliquely into basal lip. Measurements in mm of the holotype and three paratypes selected to show maximum variation follow: height width apert. h. apert. w. whorls Holotype 6.1 9.8 3.7 5.6 4.7 UF 40825 5.2 10.0 3.2 5.5 4.6 UF 24979 6.8 10.3 3.8 6.3 4.7 UF 40826 6.7 11.3 3.7 6.3 4.7 TYPE LOCALITY.-- Mona Island, Bajura de Las Cerezas (Station 12). HOLOTYPE: UF 40823, collected 13 November 1978 by Fred G. Thompson. Paratypes: UF 24979 (3), same data as holotype; UF 40825 (3), Coral de Los Indios (Station 11); UF 40824 (1), Lirio Lighthouse (Station 10); UF 40826 (1), 1 km W Uvero (Station 7); MCZ 171028 (2), "Mona Island." Apparently this snail is arboreal. Fresh dead shells and one live juvenile were found in bromeliads. REMARKS.-- P. m. fortisculpta is closely related to P. m. musicola (Shuttleworth), from which it differs by the shape of the shell, the THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS 67 68 69 70 71 72 FIGURES 61-72.- FIGS. 61-65: Plagioptycha musicola fortisculpta new subspecies. FIGS. 61-63: Holotype (UF 40823). FIG. 64: Paratype (UF 24979). FIG. 65: Paratype (UF 40826). FIGS. 66-69: Plagioptycha musicola euclasta (Shuttleworth). FIG. 66: ANSP 28305; St. Thomas Island, Virgin Islands. FIGS. 67-69: ANSP 1032; St. Thomas Island, Virgin Islands. FIGS. 70-72: Plagioptycha m. musicola (Shuttleworth). ANSP 256407; Cabo Rojo, Mayaguez Dist., Puerto Rico. All figures X 5.5. BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) shape of the aperture, by having more whorls, and by having a shallower suture. P. m. fortisculpta (Figs. 61, 64, 65) has a depressed dome-shaped spire, and the peripheral angle lies below the middle of the last whorl. The aperture is narrowly elliptical. In mature specimens the shell consists of about 4.6-4.7 whorls that are separated by a shallow suture, which results in relatively flattened whorls between the suture. P. m. musicola (Fig. 70) has a helicoid or depressed helicoid spire and the periphery of the last whorl lies at or above the middle of the whorl. The aperture is more broadly elliptic. Seldom does the shell have more than 4.2 whorls, with a maximum of 4.4 whorls (33 lots examined; ANSP, UF), and the suture is deeply impressed, producing strongly arched whorls between the sutures. P. m. fortisculpta generally bears stronger sculpture than does P. m. musicola. All P. m. fortisculpta examined are rugosely costate. Generally, P. m. musicohl is more weakly sculptured, but this trait is highly variable. In a single lot some specimens may be nearly smooth, while others may be quite strongly costate. The two subspecies also differ in the development of the parietal callus. P. m. fortisculpta has a distinct but thin callus. P. m. musicola has a thinner. hardly noticeable parietal deposit. P. m. fortisculpta was previously reported from Mona Island as Plagioptycha cuclasta (Shuttleworth) (Clench 1950:276). Some observations regarding the systematics of P. musicola (Shuttleworth 1854) are appropriate at this point. P. musicola was originally described as a Helic (Helicidae), as were most other helicoid snails at that time. Pilshry (1894:57) placed musicola in Thysanophora (Polygyridae), where he included an heterogenous assortment of unrelated species. Later, Pilsbry (1926:112) proposed the genus Suavitus (Sagdidae) and the subgenus Euclastaria and designated musicola as the type species of the latter. Baker (1943:85) showed that anatomically Euclastaria is in the Xanthonychidae. subgenerically related to Plagioptycha. P. musicola is divided into three subspecies in addition to P. im. fortisculpta: P. m. musicola (Shuttleworth), P. m. euclasta (Shuttleworth). and P. m. bcattyi Clench. P. m. musicola (Figs. 70-72) is widely distributed in Puerto Rico and is typical of wetter and more elevated localities. P. in. euclasta (Figs. 66-69) is found along lower, drier coastal areas of Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Johns, Tortola, and Vieque (Baker 1961:145). Ic\\ differences occur between the two subspecies. P m. cclasta is more depressed than P. m. musicola. Great overlap occurs in this character in some population samples from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (van der Schalie 1948:83-84). Clench (1950:276) apparently overlooked \a;n de Schalie's observations and continued to treat eclc/asta as a difrncit .prLcies. Baker (1961:145) reaffirmed van der Schalie's observations. l'he third subspecies, P. m. beattyi, is known only from St. Croix (Clench 1040(:244). It is characterized by having a depressed shell with an acutrelv c;rini;atc periphery. THOMPSON: MONA ISLAND LAND SNAILS ETYMOLOGY.-- The name fortisculpta is from the Latin fortis, meaning strong, and sculpta, carved, and alludes to the strong sculpture of this subspecies compared to other subspecies of Plagioptycha musicola. LITERATURE CITED Aaron, J.M. 1975. Geology and mineral resources of Isla de Mona P.R. Appendix B in F.H. Wadsworth (ed.). Las Islas de Mona y Monito: Un Evaluaci6n de sus Recursos Naturales e Hist6ricos. Vols. I, II. Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Oficina del Gobernador, Junta de Calidad Ambiental. Adams, C.B. 1849-52. Contributions to Conchology. Bailliere, New York, 258 pp. Baker H.B. 1924. Land and freshwater molluscs of the Dutch Leeward Islands. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (152):1-159; pls. 1-21. 1928. Mexican mollusks collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. Pt. I. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (193):1-65; pls. 1-6. 1934. Jamaican land snails. Nautilus 48:6-14. S1935. Jamaican land snails, 2. Nautilus 48:84-88. 1935a. Jamaican land snails, 6. Nautilus 49:52-58. 1940. Some Antillean Sagdidae and Polygyridae. Nautilus 54:54-62; pls. 4, 5. 1941. New Puerto Rican land snails. Notulae Naturae (88):1-6. 1943. Some Antillean helicids. Nautilus 56:81-91; pls. 9-11. 1961. Puerto Rican Xanthonichidae. Nautilus 74:142-149. 1962. Puerto Rican Holopopodes. Nautilus 75:116-121. 1962a. Puerto Rican land operculates. Nautilus 76:16-22. Breure, A.S.H. 1974. Caribbean land molluscs: Bulimulidae, 1; Bulimnulus. Stud. Fauna Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 45:1-80; pls. 1-8. Clench. W. J. 1940. Two new land shells from Puerto Rico and St. Croix. Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 14:243-244; pl. 42. 1950. Land shells of Mona Island, Puerto Rico. .. Conchyl. 90:269-276. Dall, W. H., and C.T. Simpson. 1901. The Mollusca of Puerto Rico. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. (1900) 1:352-524; pls. 53-58. Pfciffer, L. 1849. Description of twenty-nine new species of Helicina, from the collection ol H. Cuming, Esq. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1848:119-125. Pilsbry. H.A. 1894. Manual of Conchology, Ser. II, 9:i-xlviii, 1-366. pls. 1-71. Philadclphia. 1899. Manual of Conchology, Ser. II, 12; 1-258; pls. 1-64. Philadclphia. 1903-1904. Manual of Conchology, Ser. II, 16:i-xi, 1-329; pls. 1-37. Philadclphia. S 1907-1908. Manual of Conchology, Scr. 11, 19:i-xxvii, 1-333, Ils. 1-52. Philadelphia. 1926. The land mollusks of the Republic of Pl'aniu:ma and the Canal /t.I I'lno. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 78:57-133. 1940. Land Mollusca of North America, Vol. I, Plt. 2. Monoglr. -\ciad. Nit. Sc! Philadelphia: 575-994. 106 BULL. FLORIDA STATE MUS., BIOL. SCI. 31(2) Schalie, H. van der. 1948. The land and freshwater mollusks of Puerto Rico. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (70):1-133; pls. 1-14. Shuttleworth, R.J. 1854. Diagnosen Neuer Mollusken, No. 6. Beitrage zur naheren Kenntnis der Land- und Sisswasser-Mollusken der Insel Portorico. Bern. Mitth. Natur. Gesel.: 33-56. Thompson, F.G. 1976. Land snails from Monito Island, West Indies. Nautilus 90:152-153. 1982. The Helicina umbonata complex in the West Indies (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Helicinidae). Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sci. 28(1):1-23. Wadsworth, F.H. 1975. The historical resources of Mona Island. Appendix N in F.H. Wadsworth (ed.). Las Islas de Mona y Monito: Un Evaluaci6n de sus Recursos Naturales e Hist6ricos. Vols. I, II. Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Oficina del Gobernador, Junta de Calidad Ambiental. Woodbury, R.O. 1975. The vegetation of Mona Island. Appendix G in F.H. Wadsworth (ed.). Las Islas de Mona y Monito: Un Evaluaci6n de sus Recursos Naturales e Hist6ricos. Vols. I, II. Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Oficina del Gobernador, Junta de Calidad Ambiental. Contributions to the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SERIES, may be in any field of biology. Manuscripts dealing with natural history of systematic problems involving the southeastern United States or the New World tropics are solicited especially. Manuscripts should be of medium length--circa 35 to 200 pages (10,500-60,000 words). Examination for suitability is made by an Editorial Board. The BULLETIN is distributed worldwide through institutional subscriptions and exchanges. It is considered the responsibility of the author to distribute his paper to all inter- ested individuals. To aid in this the authors) receives) 50 copies free, and he(they) may purchase additional separates at cost if ordered when page proof is returned. The author is also responsible for any charges incurred for alterations made by him on galley or page proofs. The Museum will send an invoice to the author for this amount upon completion of publication. PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPT Contributors should consult recent numbers of the BULLETIN for preferred style and format. Highly recommended as a guide is the CBE Style Manual, 3rd Edition, 1972 (American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C.). Manuscripts must be submitted in duplicate and satisfy the following minimal requirements. Please submit duplicate copies of manuscripts. They must be double-spaced throughout, including tables, figure captions, and literature citations. Figure legends and tables should be typed on separate sheets. Also, please submit a copy of the complete text and tables on one or more 51/4" flexible diskettes from (1) IBM or compatible microcomputer with Microsoft WORD; or (2) Apple microcomputer with Applewriter submit document files. 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Hounslow council has unveiled a solar power project, which the local authority says is the largest of its kind in the capital.
Six thousand panels have been placed on the roof of a wholesale market in the borough, costing £2 million.
The council says it will save £250,000 a year on energy bills - but it's unclear if or when the scheme will benefit people living and working in the area.

subset: commoncrawl


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Upcoming Showsno upcoming shows listed
Past Shows
Fri. November 14th 2014
@ Haney Public House Maple Ridge BC (No Minors)Bad Moon Risin', Brick Yard
Tue. July 1st 2014
@ Bandstand Maple Ridge BC (All Ages)Brick Yard, Bad Moon Risin'
Brick Yard
Available for Shows/Gigs - Confirmed: Aug. 18, 2016 (Awaiting Update)
Dance Rock from Vancouver BC
Contact DetailsRob Mellof
"BrickYard" enjoys playing classic rock music.
Songs by Mellancamp, Eric Clapton, John Fogerty, The Rolling Stones
The Beatles, Van Halen, George Thoroughgood,Motley Crew, and Kid Rock, just to name a few.
"BrickYard" wants to play at your next event.
No audio samples have been linked to this profile.
Status: Available for Shows/Gigs
Lower Mainland - Last confirmed Aug. 18, 2016


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Daily Content Archive(as of Wednesday, December 16, 2015)
|Word of the Day
|Article of the Day
Swami VivekanandaSwami Vivekananda was a Hindu mystic, a disciple of Ramakrishna, and one of the most influential spiritual leaders of the Vedanta philosophy. In 1890, Vivekananda began a journey that would take him throughout India as a wandering monk. A few years later, he represented Hinduism at the US World Parliament of Religions and is credited with helping kindle Western interest in the religion. His Ramakrishna Mission, now one of the largest Hindu monastic orders in India, was founded on what principle? More...
|This Day in History
Last Recorded Eruption of Mount Fuji Begins (1707)Majestic Mount Fuji, located about 60 mi (100 km) from Tokyo, is the tallest mountain in Japan. The beauty of the snowcapped symmetrical cone, ringed by lakes and virgin forests, has inspired Japanese poets and painters throughout the centuries. Though the volcano is classified as active, its last major eruption began on December 16, 1707, and ended in early 1708. As a sacred mountain, Mount Fuji is a traditional pilgrimage site, but the Aokigahara forest at its base is a popular site for what? More...
|Today's Birthday
Margaret Mead (1901)A prolific writer and avid speaker, anthropologist Margaret Mead was instrumental in popularizing the anthropological concept of culture in the US. Though many later anthropologists have questioned both the accuracy of her observations and the soundness of her conclusions, she remains highly regarded for her many contributions to the field. Over the course of her career, Mead made numerous field trips to observe the peoples of Oceania. What honor was awarded to her posthumously? More...
|Quotation of the Day
|For in the final analysis, our most basic common link, is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breathe the same air, we all cherish our children's futures, and we are all mortal.
John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
|Today's Holiday
Posadas (2018)This nine-day Christmas celebration in Mexico commemorates the journey Mary and Joseph (the parents of Jesus) took to Bethlehem. Reenacting their search for shelter (posada in Spanish) in which Jesus might be born, a group of "pilgrims" will knock on someone's door and ask the owner to let them in. The master of the house finally invites them to enter and the Posadas party begins. The children are blindfolded and given a chance to break the piñata by swinging at it with a stick. The posadas are repeated for nine evenings, the last occurring on Christmas Eve. More...


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Grow your career with the best minds in marketing technology
See Current Openings
When you work at Valassis Digital, you get to build your career by challenging yourself in a fast-paced environment that rewards intelligence and curiosity. We're at the forefront of marketing technology, and we credit our team with getting us here.
In addition to working with some of the highest achievers in the industry at a company that is defining the future of marketing technology, there are even more benefits to building your career at Valassis Digital.
Stay Healthy
We offer a variety of options for medical, dental, vision HSA/FSA, and much more. We've got you covered.
Fitness Incentive
Whether you're an avid yogi, karate-kid-in-training, or a CrossFit enthusiast, we'll help to keep you moving.
Live Life
Take advantage of our paid time off and holidays, parental leave, and flexible work hours.
Feel Secure
Enjoy a robust 401K with company match and long-term incentive plan benefits help you plan for your future.
Play Hard at Work
Quarterly office outings to slow down, have a little fun, and take a break from our industry-changing work. Plus we've got foosball, ping pong, and basketball.
Enjoy Each Day
Our breakrooms are fully stocked with snacks and drinks. Celebrate with Friday happy hours, team building events, volunteer days, and birthdays.
Keep On Learning
Our tuition assistance allows employees to develop in-demand skills for professions of the future.
Referral Bonus Program
Employees are one of the best recruiting sources for the company – they're smart, talented, and passionate. You can make the team stronger and get paid to do it!
There's a culture of curiosity. With so much changing in digital advertising daily, there isn't one person who has all of the answers. Regardless of seniority, there's always someone who will sit down and work through the problem with you.
Campaign Manager
Tech Careers
Petabytes of data? Nothing we can't handle.
The Analytics team comprises two main functional areas. One area focuses on demand generation including measurement-based analytics for developing and leveraging our marketing intelligence tools that integrate enterprise data with our proprietary data. The second is operational-based analytics for campaign targeting, optimization, and insights.
Hiring Areas
Marketing Science
Business Analytics
Business Analytics
Product Management
Product Management is responsible for the strategy, road mapping, and feature definition of our products, including usability and design. The Product Management team is also responsible for translating those strategies into timelines for delivery and go-to-market plans in which we translate the value of our products to our customers.
Hiring Areas
UI/UX Design
Product Marketing
Product Management
Product Marketing
Product Management
The Engineering team creates and maintains a distributed, big data technology platform supporting a high-volume, high-throughput managed service operation for real-time advertising opportunities. The team also develops and supports current and future product/service capabilities working in close partnership with Product Management and Data Science.
Hiring Areas
Software Engineering
Data Science
The Data Science team is heavily involved in all stages of product development by identifying gaps and opportunities in our products, researching new methods, prototyping innovative algorithms, and developing and deploying analytic software. The group solves complex problems on a massive scale by developing real-time processes that classify and predict the location, interests, and behavior of online users using hundreds of machine-learning models trained on petabytes of data and driving billions of decisions every day.
Hiring Areas
Data Science
The IT Department is made up of 3 teams: IT Security, Production IT and Corporate IT. IT Security is charged with protecting Valassis Digital, customer, and personal information. The Production IT team manages the servers, networks, databases, colocation facilities, and infrastructure supporting Valassis Digital's day-to-day revenue-generating operations. Corporate IT provides solutions and support for internal users' software and hardware technology tools.
Hiring Areas
System Admins
Helpdesk Specialists
Helpdesk Specialists


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Domestic plumbing household emergencies can take place suddenly, therefore it is often a good idea to have a name of your plumber accessible just in case. Several of the domestic plumbing emergency situations that could require a Plumber Castle Hill consist of broke water lines, dripping pipes, frozen pipes, sewage backup, or maybe clogged drains. Throughout each of such situations it may be plausible to be able to carry out the work by yourself, but it's certainly not encouraged. Working on the project yourself can mean the actual fixes are not finished properly, or perhaps you may end up neglecting something important that makes the issue even worse down the line.
To find an Emergency Plumber Castle Hill, start with checking out the accessible local plumbers. Look for testimonials of them on the web and only think about whoever has great critiques. When you've refined your list down, you may call to inquire about urgent situation response time frame, the typical expense regarding problems, and any additional questions you may have. With this, you will find the right Castle Hill Plumbing Service to suit your needs.
Once you have a plumber's number, ensure that it stays obtainable. You might like to save it in your cellphone or perhaps ensure it is on the family fridge where it may be effortlessly located in an urgent situation. If you have an unexpected emergency, promptly turn off the actual water supply to your property. Once the water has quit, you can get in touch with the plumbing technician. You will be glad you have their number available. They will be able to get to your property promptly and begin working away at the problem you might be having.
A plumbing technician is going to do more than resolve the urgent problem. They'll have the ability to ensure there isn't any other concerns that may lead to one more unexpected emergency later on. They do not repair anything without giving you a quote, but if they do discover anything at all it's a wise idea to have it repaired whilst the plumbing technician is already there.
Castle Hill Plumbers are accessible for virtually any unexpected emergency you could have. Whenever you find the correct plumbing company, keep their phone number somewhere you will find it quickly. If you have an emergency, shut off the main water supply and give them a telephone call. They're going to be there right away and they'll get everything fixed for you right away.


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Abigail shines with a sparkling smile.
Young Kazran in his father's storage chamber.
Get caught up in the latest full episodes of BBC America shows
Abigail shines with a sparkling smile.
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How to make Cashewnut paste
Soak a 8-10 whole cashewnuts in 1/4 cup of warm water for 15-20 mins. Grind it to smooth paste along with the water used for soaking. Adding cashewnut paste makes gravies thicker and creamy.
How to make homemade Garam Masala
Fennel Seeds - 1 tbspCloves - 10
Cinnamon stick - 2
Cardamom - 4
Star anise - 1
Whole black pepper corns -15 - 20
Dry roast all the ingredients lightly in a pan at medium heat for about 2-3 mts. When it cools down, grind to a fine powder and store in an airtight container.
How to soften store bought Paneer
Store bought paneer is often hard than homemade ones. This could be due to being in the cooler racks for many days. To make the paneer soft, cut them into cubes and soak in hot water for 10 minutes. Drain to a kitchen towel and pat dry.
How to Puree tomatoes
1. Boil tomatoes in hot water for 5-10 mins.
2. Peel off the skin and remove and discard the seeds.
3. Grind the tomato into a smooth paste in a mixer.
How to extract tamarind pulp
1. Soak tamarind in hot water for 5-10 mins.
2. Mash it with your fingers to form a pulp.
3. Filter it using a sieve.


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I have a finished paranormal romance and want to begin shopping it around. However, I'm frustrated with the "when is it cooked" syndrome. Meaning, when do I stop mucking around with the story? I've heard other authors say – when it's done. That's my problem. When is it done? Just as I think it is, I'll let it sit then go back and think I need to rework the whole beginning. Not that the other beginning was bad, but, hmm, by moving this scene, adding that paragraph and so on, I can make it better.
Aarrghh! When does it stop? So, my question, is as an agent, with your clients, how do you tell them their story is finished? Do you have to pull a manuscript from protesting hands? How do you advise your clients as to when a manuscript is "cooked?"
Dear Word Chef – It's never done, silly. Most authors could pick up one of their books on the 50th printing and STILL feel like tweaking it.
But that's not particularly helpful, is it? Let's concentrate on the import word in your question, then: "story." When is the STORY done? Now that's a different question than when is the manuscript ready to be sent.
Does your protagonist have a full story arc? Does he triumph against all odds and does his plot come to a conclusion? Is there trouble on her journey that she can overcome? Are your loose ends tied in neat little bows?
That's not tweaking, that's writing. If that's what you're still doing, then no, your manuscript's not done, and not ready to send out. But if you're futzing with word placement, with having a scene that moves the plot along happen at chapter 5 instead of chapter 6 – that's tweaking.
And you know who's super good at tweaking? Editors. Yup. They are STARS at it.
So polish your stories, and get your manuscript in shape for company, then send it out. It's like housecleaning, I suppose. (If I did that, and didn't just hope that dust would magically disappear.) If you're hosting a dinner party, you want to make sure your dining room and living room are fit for guests, that your powder room is spic and span, and that you have enough space in the kitchen to whip up a fantastic dinner. But you might let your bedroom be a little untidy, or the kids' playroom stay in a state of disarray. What I'm saying is make an effort, of course, but recognize that you're not going to refinish the dining room floor or repaint all the kitchen cabinets just because you're having people over for dinner. Do what you can with what you have.
Happy cooking!
Filed Under: Ask Daphne!
Tags: advice, editing, revisions, The End
3 Responses to "Ask Daphne! Is it done yet?"
Caryn Says:
January 21st, 2008 at 1:17 pm
I hope you don't mind if I chime in, too, because I've had this issue and I've seen it with some of my writer friends…
First of all, Word Chef, do you have a critique partner or two? If not, find a couple of good ones, people who are good readers, know the basic rules of writing, and are honest enough to tell you if the story's truly ready to be sent–and, if not, what to do to make it ready.
Sometimes it's easy to keep a story around too long out of fear. After all, if you're still tweaking it then it's not ready to be held up for possible rejection, is it?
And, finally, after too much tweaking you run the risk of killing the story, sucking the life out of all those precious words.
http://windowvacguide.wordpress.com Says:
May 30th, 2014 at 4:44 am
constantly i used to read smaller content that also clear their motive, and that is also happening with this paragraph which I am reading here.
automotive locksmith chula vista Says:
May 31st, 2014 at 10:53 am
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Services include lock changes, lock and key preparation technology has made
available better security systems. It is wise to keep the guy that rekeyed the apartment reputable and trustworthy?
If you wish to have a Miami locksmith who tells you that the incidents of


text:
Cali and Brianna are history doctoral students at Arizona State University who passionately believe that history should be accessible to all and that historical thinking is both relevant and highly in demand in the twenty-first century.
To address these needs, they are in the early stages of planning a website — www.historytothepeople.org — with a tentative launch date of February 1, 2012. This website will provide a forum in which a non-academic audience can obtain scholarly historical information that maintains its high academic standards and yet is directed specifically toward a public audience. Thus, blog posts, videos, and other media will emphasize application and the historical thinking behind the material. As well as a legitimate and accessible source of information, they envision historytothepeople.org as a vehicle promoting historical interest and conversation, a place in which people can ask questions, consider new ideas, and engage in a dialogue about history and the role of historical thinking in our daily lives.


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Hydrogeology of the Salamanca area, Cattaraugus County, New York
Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4149
- Plates:
- Open Access Version: Publisher Index Page
- Download citation as: RIS | Dublin Core
The hydrogeology of a 132-sq mi area centered at Salamanca, NY, is summarized in five maps at 1:24,000 scale. The maps show locations of wells and test holes, surficial geology and geologic sections, water-table surface, soil permeability, and land use. The valley-fill aquifer in the Salamanca area serves approximately 7,000 people through two major distribution systems with an average daily pumpage of 1.2 million gal/day. The aquifer, composed of outwash sand and gravel, averages 60 ft in thickness and overlies as much as 200 ft of lacustrine silt and clay. The aquifer is recharged directly from precipitation and through seepage from streams. Average annual recharge to the aquifer from direct precipitation and infiltration of runoff from adjacent hillsides is estimated to be 13 inches or 0.6 million gal/day/sq mi. The glacial features in the Allegheny valley near Salamanca are associated with Illinoian and Wisconsin glaciations. Illinoian features consist of small, isolated exposures of outwash and till emplaced against the valley walls. Wisconsin features deposited during Altonian and Woodfordian Times of the Wisconsin consist mainly of end moraines and valley-train outwash. (USGS)
Additional publication details
|Publication type
|Publication Subtype
|USGS Numbered Series
|Hydrogeology of the Salamanca area, Cattaraugus County, New York
|Series title
|Water-Resources Investigations Report
|Series number
|Year Published
|5 maps and 1 data sheet ; 69 x 86 cm., on sheet 76 x 92 cm., folded in envelope 33 x 25 cm.


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Behold: Another way to work Greek yogurt into your diet.
More often than not, packing lunch comes down to simple math: One sandwich plus one apple plus a small salad equals lunch. Divide the sandwich in half and you may have to add a small cup of soup; take the derivative of the sandwich and you have a meat and cheese plate with some toast. Start snacking on potato chips and watch how they increase exponentially.
Recently, I discovered another formula: Toast plus Greek yogurt plus a vegetable spread equals a pack-ahead lunch that's a step above the trusty sandwich. Several lunches later, I've found that I'm a devotee at the altar of yogurts and spreads: It's easy to pack, its desk-side assembly makes me feel like I'm at a picnic, it makes use of a semi-homemade lunch, and has all the components of a filling meal—some carbs, protein, and fiber. Oh, and it's delicious.
Last week's lunch was a beautiful marriage between Greek yogurt and Kendra Vaculin's Eggplant Miso Tahini Spread.
Here's how to do it:
1. At the start of the week, make five servings of a batch of a roasted vegetable spread or thick dip: Think zucchini butter, guacamole, or eggplant-tahini spread.
2. On Monday, bring a container of plain Greek yogurt to leave in your office's refrigerator. If you don't have a refrigerator, simply pack the Greek yogurt in with the spread the morning-of—they're both going on the toast, anyways.
3. That morning, slice and toast your bread of choice at home.
4. In a roughly quart-sized container, put a serving of the spread at the bottom, then cover it with a square of plastic wrap. Place the bread on top of the plastic wrap (which will keep it from getting soggy).
5. At lunch, schmear the Greek yogurt across your toast, then top with your vegetable or fruit spread. Rejoice in your renewed love of math.
Have you recently discovered a go-to lunch? Are you, too, a member of Greek Yogurt and Spread Lovers Anonymous? Tell us in the comments below!
Photo by Leslie Stephens
See what other Food52 readers are saying.


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Party & Marquee Hire Batemans Bay to Wollongong
Savanagh & William Miller, Private Property Berry, November 2018
Dear South Coast Party Hire Team,
I wanted to send a BIG thank you your way.
You guys made things so easy, from the get go with Madalyn and Erin providing support, answering questions, changing numbers on quotes and always responding promptly with expert advice, to the team setting the marquee up just days before the wedding you guys provided great service and quality equipment. Even with ridiculous winds that pulled a few straps of the marquees the day before the wedding… you guys saved me from a bridezilla moment, sending the team straight out to fix it for us!
Can't thank you enough!
Steff Clayton, Willow Farm, March 2018
My partner and I got married at Willow Farm on the 31st of March and needed quite a few extra things to bring it together! SCPH were a dream to work with and made everything so easy! Everything was dropped off and picked up from the venue which made everything so so easy! Everything was in great condition as the pictures showed! Would definitely use again (although I am not planning on getting married again anytime soon but definitely for bigger events or parties!
Susan Killingback, Daughters 21st, December 2017
We used South Coast Party Hire for our daughter's 21st in December. The second time we have used them for this kind of event. They were very helpful and flexible, answering silly questions with a minimum of fuss and had great advice on what works etc. The guys putting marquee up and taking it down just get on and do their job and make it look easy! I'll be using them again for the next one!
Belinda Alderson, Seacliff Farm, February 2017
Amazing!!! Having South Coast Party Hire a part of our wedding was a no brainer and they proved it every step of the way! Thank you so much for everything you did to make our day run smoothly!!
Erin you are the most wonderful, lovely & helpful person and the same traits flow right through to your staff, including the guys who installed everything at the venue.
The quality of your marquee's & hire stock are top notch and the constant care you had to ensure everything we needed for our wedding site was taken into account. This is why we went into our wedding with no stress or concerns. I had complete trust that everything was going to be ok and it absolutely was! You allowed me to enjoy the lead up to the wedding knowing we had the best team in place. Any couple who has South Coast Party Hire involved in their day will have the best experience and no regrets, I am so so grateful that you were a part of ours.
– Vicky, Willow Farm Berry, February 2017
We used SCPH for our wedding last week at Willow Farm Berry. They were great to deal with, so friendly. They knew the venue well and were so knowledgeable on wedding hire that we could be confident we had everything we needed. I would recommend them to anyone.
– Ellen, Peppers Manor House, April 2016
We were having trouble finding a reasonably priced option to seat guests for our outdoor wedding and then we found South Coast Party Hire! Great customer service and helped us develop a cost effective plan. On the day they were on time and the ceremony was set up and then packed up quickly and quietly with no disturbances to the rest of the wedding.
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St Polycarp's letter to the Philippians
|You have been saved by grace
Polycarp and the Elders with him, to the Church of God sojourning in Philippi: all mercy and peace to you, from God Almighty and Jesus Christ our Saviour.
When you welcomed those copies of the True Love and took the opportunity of setting them forward on their road, I rejoiced with you in Jesus Christ. The chains that bound them were the badges of saints, the diadems of men truly chosen by our Lord and God. I rejoiced too that your firmly rooted faith, so well-known since the earliest times, still flourishes and bears fruit for our Lord Jesus Christ. He bore the burden of our sins even as far as suffering death, and God raised him up, releasing him from the pains of the underworld; you did not see him but still you believed in him, in unspeakably glorious joy. Many desire to come into this joy, knowing that you are saved by grace, not by works, – not by your actions but by the will of God through Jesus Christ.
So gird up your loins and serve God in fear and sincerity. Leave aside empty vanities and vulgar error, believing in him who raised up our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead and gave him glory and a throne on his right hand, to whom are subject all things in heaven and earth, whom everything that has breath serves, who is coming as the judge of the living and of the dead: God will require vengeance for his blood from any who disobey him.
Now he who raised him from the dead will also raise us up if we do his will and walk according to his commandments and love the things which he loved, if we refrain from all unrighteousness, covetousness, love of money, evil speaking, and false witness, if we do not render evil with evil, abuse for abuse, blow for blow, or curse for curse, but if we remember what the Lord taught when he said, Do not judge, that you may not be judged; forgive and you will be forgiven; be merciful and you will receive mercy. For whatever you measure out to other people will be measured out to you also… Blessed are the poor, and they who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the Kingdom of God.


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Weight monitoring
In response to market demands for an efficient weight monitoring tool for topsides, Ramboll offers an advanced and proven weight monitoring service, known as 'MON', which tracks weight distribution by monitoring and controlling weights, loads and CoG. MON has been widely applied in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea since the 1990s.
MON provides details of weight and centre of gravity for all types of offshore structure at any stage of its life cycle. This provides our clients with inexpensive insurance against stability problems and structural overutilisation.
MON is a stand-alone and user-friendly access database system that generates reports on loads for every defined support point, including all large equipment and bridges – which can be used for structural analysis or re-analysis. MON can also feed into client's reporting systems.
In addition to weight monitoring in the operational phase, MON can be applied in the design phase to keep track of topsides weights and weight distribution as the project concept materialises into specifications. This type of weight estimation serves to prevent budget overruns and time delays.
MON follows industry standards and tracks weight details for all project phases from detailed design to fabrication, installation, operation and decommissioning.
Mail: email@example.com


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CENTCOM Wasting Taxpayer Dollars Trolling Liberal Blogsites
By Elaine Meinel Supkis
The military is boasting about how they are going after antiwar bloggers, trolling their blogs. They also spend a lot of taxpayer time high fiving pro-military web sites, heaping praise on each other over the great job they are doing in Iraq and Afghanistan.
From Defense Link.mil:
"We were given the mission to do electronic media engagement," Flowers said. "The idea was put forth that so many people are getting their news from online sources that we would be remiss if we neglected that audience."OK. Instead of fighting in Iraq, these right wingers can sit at headquarters and troll the net. Isn't that fun? People can learn all about the military's doings in Iraq by reading the news. If the sole function of these trolls is to get victims to read fake propaganda churned out by neo-cons, well, I think this is a total waste of taxpayer dollars.
Flowers is one of three people who read blogs and try to drive Internet readers to the CENTCOM Web site, where readers can learn more about operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.
"We needed to do something to make people aware of the fact that we had this clearinghouse of photos and information," Flowers said. "We can get the whole story out there. We let them know we have a Web site."
We are paying for all this and the military is wasting billions of dollars playing games as if they were little boys sitting in mom's basement, eating Cheetos. Half a trillion dollars wasted a year and we don't have even the skeleton crew needed to pluck people off of roofs during floods! We don't have alert troops protecting America from attackers on 9/11. We don't have many things but we do have trolls.
For years, we liberals suspected both the GOP and the government paid trolls to harrass or annoy us at our websites. We clock their hours, the 9-5 pattern is pretty obvious. We examine their "post by rote" propaganda which is both uninspiring, insipid and identical. Namely, they seem to all be using the same template, the same rhetoric.
And it is pure Limbaugh who is still, despite being unmasked as a drug abuser who broke the law, is broadcast daily within the miltiary. This is also why most of the military staff still erroneously believes that Saddam has something to do with 9/11, a completely false idea and one that lies at the root of our inability to find bin Laden and win hearts and minds.
Being totally insane, our military can't negotiate through the shoals of reality.
This part of the article is a direct hit at me:
In another blog contact, the team wrote a blogger who had written untrue information about U.S. military tactics. The blogger stated that the U.S. military routinely used children in Iraq and Afghanistan as human shields during their operations by using candy to entice and lure kids near them. The team posted a comment on the writer's blog stating that the U.S. military did not use human shield tactics and explained the full circumstances of the incident where Iraqi children died in 2004 when insurgents attacked U.S. forces in Baghdad.OK. I wrote several articles about children being blown up after fully armed troops wearing bullet proof vests entered dangerous neighborhoods and then, in order to protect themselves, handed out candy and toys to kids so they would be surrounded by a cloud of children and thus, able to go about the place, arresting older brothers and fathers and uncles. The other purpose of this is to feel better about stealing oil. "See, we are Santa Claus!" our troops can say to each other.
Most blogs ordinarily have a feature that enables readers to contact the writer or allows readers to post comments. When the team "reaches out" to a blogger, the team members do not conceal their identity. They fully disclose that they are public affairs personnel and identify themselves accordingly. And, McNorton said, they are there to correct information, no more.
Third is the propaganda. "See, the children love us even if their parents hate us!". When, during a bomb attack alert, the troops announced they were handing out toys at a hospital, a whole bunch of children were blown up along with our troops.
According to CENTCOM's trolls, they saw my outraged article about this and they successfully argued with me. I googled and web explored for other stories like mine and found only pro-military tales attacking the insurgents and praising the handing out of candy and luring children into fire fights.
Here is one article I wrote. I note that there is no CENTCOM trolling in the comments section but I did receive email from them. They didn't identify themselves, it was a rather crude email and I don't want to bother digging for it. The main thing is, there was no other blogger talking about how this practice of luring children to our soldiers should be stopped, I went through 100 articles seeking one and over and over again, it came up "Culture of Life News" articles. So, either they were lying about posting comments or they were just lying but my articles needled them so much, they had to pretend they won an argument with me, concerning this issue.
If the situation is such that our soldiers were walking around with no more than a light sidearm if even that, fraterizing with friendly children, then they could indulge in displays of charity and fun. But they are target number one in an insurrection that is very serious, very effective and very obvious. Luring children to surround our troops in this hostile situation is insanity.
The Pentagon last year should have put out a directive forbidding this. The sole reason is to protect the children from the battlefield which is all of Iraq. Of course, the urge to win the hearts and minds of tots by bribing them is very strong. We hoped they would go home and lobby mommy and daddy to stop fighting us and let us pump Iraq dry and leave them with nothing at all.
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Washington Pest


text: Dropped in the middle of the remote Scottish highlands for a routine training mission, a small squad of British soldiers soon discovers they are up against a pack of freakishly intelligent warewolves. When the full moon comes out, they have no choice but to barricade themselves inside an isolated house in a fight to the death. It's either an allegory for the parasitic nature of fame or just a scary-ass fucking movie. And we're going with the latter.


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Introduction And Background
Every teenager or young adult probably wonder what they ever did that brought about terrible skin conditions such as acne. It is the worst thing that could happen to them, especially in the prime time of their lives when their appearance matters a lot to them. But instead of focusing entirely on curing their acne, they should also be aware of whatever caused it in the first place. It is equally important so as to make sure it doesn't happen again and to inform those around them so that it doesn't happen to them either, that is families and friends.
What Causes Acne?
There are many factors behind the outbreak of acne. Sometimes it is not entirely your fault and is a genetic cause. That means you inherited this condition from your parents or grandparents who most likely had it when they were the same age as well. But most of the time, it is your own fault because teenagers are known not to take care of their skin. They do not clean it properly, especially boys, and they do not eat the proper diet. They do not nourish their skin in any way so of course, acne is bound to appear when such a treatment is given. All these actions can lead to acne. But still, girls take better care of their skin. Then the question is why acne is more prevalent in their gender? Cosmetics and Make up is the reason behind this. Yes, Make Up does cause acne.
The Role Of Make Up In Causing Acne
Make Up is something that almost every girl in this world uses. Even some boys, especially in the fashion and movie industry, use Make Up quite often. This is one of the main reasons of why acne comes about. Here is why it does:
• Even if using Make Up proves not to be dangerous at times, the person makes it dangerous by not cleaning up properly afterwards. Most women put on their full party Make Up attire and then when they get home, they're often so tired that they do not take enough time to get rid of all the chemicals they have put on their face. This overnight stay of these chemicals on the face can do a lot of damage to you, especially if they settle inside the pores of your skin or clog them which can also cause inflammation or pimples and often leads to acne. Sometimes, the chemicals have a mild reaction with the skin since they've been there for longer than they're supposed to and destroy the smoothness of the skin, also leading to acne in worst case scenarios.
• Make Up is something foreign. Our body does not normally react well to foreign substances, especially if they've settled in layers on our skin. Most often than not, the body starts to protect itself against such foreign antigens and reacts in a manner which causes inflammation on the skin and pimples develop which can accumulate considerably to become acne.
• Make Up can also cause bacteria and dirt to settle more on your skin which can also lead to acne. And at times, the process of taking off make up which takes a lot of usage of soap and face washes can also roughen up the skin or dehydrate the skin which can also lead to an outbreak of acne but this does not happen very often. Mostly, the skin just roughens up.
How To Deal With Make Up Without Getting Acne?
There are a few things you can do to make sure you do not get acne, even if you are using Make Up. Make it a rule to use it for lesser periods of time. And make another rule to wash away the Make Up as soon as you get home and not leave it on for more time. Another thing you can do is spread a layer of lotion on your skin as a protective covering before you put on any Make Up. This also reduces chances of developing acne as your pores are somewhat protected this way.
Using Make Up too much is not a good thing. With all the chemicals present and mostly people do not even use good quality Make Up because it is too expensive. And then they get riddled with Acne. However, there are ways of curing acne. And using Natural Acne Kits is one of the best ones. It is a safe and effective way and unlike Make Up, it is made from all natural ingredients that will not only heal your skin but nourish it as well. They are not that expensive either and are one of the most reliable and safest ways of curing acne. So, in case you do use a lot of Make Up and cannot stop but fear that acne is about to string up, be sure to make Natural Acne Kits a priority.


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Textile Manufacturing Global Market Outlook 2018Including: Fabrics manufacturing, Yarn, Fiber and Thread Manufacturing, Home Furnishings and Floor Coverings ManufacturingCovering: Toray Industries Inc., Mohawk Industries, Indorama, Beaulieu International Group, Beaulieu Of America Inc.
The textile comprise establishments that manufacture fiber, yarn, threads, carpets, rugs, linens and other textile products. This industry also comprise establishments engaged in processing fiber, yarn and fabric to produce finished products.
The Textile Manufacturing Global Market Outlook 2018 provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the global textile manufacturing market.
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