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Hangar 9
Contact number: 03-5102264
web: www.ahava.com
Email: email@example.com
Facebook group: AHAVA Dead Sea LaboratoriesDuring your trip to the Tachana visit the new AHAVA Mineral skincare boutique. The elegantly designed store is staffed with expert cosmeticians who are on hand every day to guide you in choosing the most effective products that are ideally suited to your skin's unique condition. The store also offers a variety of pampering and rejuvenating treatments in an exclusively designed therapy space

subset: commoncrawl


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Like most of us, Google Reader has been my goto app for keeping up with the news and blogs. It does an efficient job of processing hundreds of articles a day, but it is not the most pleasant reading experience. My iPad has shown that reading syndicated content can be a delight and I want to be able to enjoy that experience regardless of the the device I'm using.
When I stumbled on feedly, it was the design that first caught my eye. While an RSS feed leaves the style sheet back at the original site, that doesn't mean the news reader should ignore style. feedly delivers. Not only does it arrange the latest content in an attractive newspaper style, the reading pane is also pleasing to the eye yet still provides all the processing and sharing tools in easy reach.
It synchronizes with Google Reader so you can enjoy feedly when you have time to read and put Google Reader to work when you need to push through a lot of stuff quickly.
One feature I've truly enjoyed is the suggested topics. In the right sidebar above, you'll notice the list titled "you might also like" which points you to other sites related to the topic you're currently viewing. This has led me to several fascinating digital publishing blogs and some interesting genea-related sites. I don't always have time to wander through the suggestions, but when I do I've been pleasantly surprised.
feedly is available as a plugin for the Firefox, Safari and Chrome browsers and there are apps for both iOS and Android devices. There is no charge to use it. The video below is a quick tour. Take a look and see if you don't find feedly a delightful option for reading your favorite genea-bloggers.
Feed Your Mind On The Go from Feedly on Vimeo.


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A Ukip MEP has apologised after she described a Thai constituent and party supporter as "a ting tong from somewhere".
Janice Atkinson, an MEP for the south of England, apologised to Fa Munday for using the words, which are used colloquially in Thai to describe a mentally ill person. It was also the name of a Thai transsexual character played by Matt Lucas in the BBC1 comedy Little Britain.
Atkinson made the remarks after recording an interview with BBC South East Today on Friday. The MEP was still wearing a microphone after being filmed meeting local people and Ukip members in Ramsgate, Kent.
Atkinson was heard to say of the filming: "So that was good. We got Fa who's, I don't know, she's a ting tong from somewhere."
Munday told the BBC: "I'm from Thailand. I'm married to an Englishman and now I'm British. No one has ever spoken about me like that before."
Her husband, Vincent Munday, who is also a Ukip supporter, said: "I don't think Ukip are a racist party, but that comment certainly wasn't the brightest thing I've ever heard."
Atkinson said: "I deeply regret the words I used and am incredibly sorry. It was poor judgment and naivety on my part rather than words spoken with any malice. I am devastated that I have caused hurt and apologise profusely to both Mr and Mrs Munday."
A Ukip spokesman said: "Janice has apologised for the words she used. Ukip in no way condones the use of language that may reflect prejudice or cause offence and we sincerely hope this matter can be resolved privately."


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The Batemans Bay Nut Roasting Company has been cooking and selling nuts up and down the South Coast of NSW and in Canberra for the past 18 years.
This is an eCommerce suite build with Joomla! and Virtuemart. The site was redesigned with a responsive template suited for mobile, desktop and tablet browsers.


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School Bus Contractors Insurance in Winfield and Arkansas City, KS
Valuable Coverage for Valuable Assets
Albright Insurance provides insurance for school bus contractors in Winfield, Wichita, Mulvane, Arkansas City, Udall, Oxford, and surrounding areas.
Safety is the top priority when it comes to the operation of school buses. At Albright Insurance, we understand that safety within the industry spans from the operations of the business itself to the day-to-day transportation of students. A quality protection plan will help give you the peace of mind of knowing that all operations are safe.
Albright Insurance is proud to offer the following protection plans to school bus contractors:
- General liability
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Call today to set up a consultation! One of our representatives will help you develop an insurance package that will keep you protected.


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"No hate here."
That's the message people in Granby had Wednesday night in response to a racist message left on a school sign.
Last month, someone took the letters from an announcement board on Granby Memorial School property and rearranged them to spell out a racial slur. When it was discovered, the offensive word was quickly taken down, but the emotions it invoked remained.
U.S. & World
"Hate doesn't belong here. It doesn't belong in our schools. It doesn't belong with our children," said parent Amanda Lukingbeal.
At a board of education meeting, the superintendent addressed the room and called the vandalism deeply disturbing. He added that charges of the incident are expected in the near future.
Parents expressed their concerns as well.
"Our children are watching us. They're watching our reactions to these kind of incidents," said Lukingbeal.
Those who spoke said they want to see an increased emphasis on diversity in the schools and that continuing discussions are important.
Superintendent Dr. Alan Addley said after the incident the district made sure counselors were available to students and that discussion and reflection took place.
"You have to address these particular issues after they happen," said Addley. "It was a deplorable act. There's no place for hate or intimidation."
Addley said they are also continuing to reach out to various organizations to discuss the incident and see what else they can do.


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Awakened Designs
Evoking Love & Beauty In People & Places
I've always loved to make things beautiful.
And I've always been attuned to subtle energy, the life force behind our material world, the invisible world, so to speak.
And guess what? Whether you know it or not, so are you. You intuitively know what feels good and what doesn't.
You've probably gone into a room or a building that technically looks beautiful. Maybe it was even done by a designer. But even though it might be chic and put together, it doesn't feel good to you.
Conversely, you may have gone into a very humble home and felt like you never want to leave. You might not consciously know what the difference is, but you can feel it.
So even if the energy in your home or office is below your radar, it is still affecting you. Why not learn how to use it to your advantage?
My background is in urban planning, but I left that profession because I felt I was putting bandaids on bad design. I also have extensive experience and training in body centered psychotherapy. Now I love integrating the two to help people create soul satisfying environments that make their heart sing. It makes my heart sing too.


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Now through February 15, members of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) can nominate books for the 2009 Nebulas, including The Andre Norton Award for Outstanding Young Adult Science Fiction or Fantasy Book. Fellow fantasy author Janni Lee Simner has a great post about this on her blog:
I would love to encourage any SFWA members who might see this to nominate books for the Norton Award! I am behind in my 2009 reading, still catching up on books published in the last few years, but so far can definitely recommend Janni's Bones of Faerie, Rebecca Stead's When You Reach Me, and Julie Berry's The Amaranth Enchantment, all of which are eligible this year. I am in the middle of Kristin Cashore's Graceling and loving it, and I think that one might also be eligible because of the transition rules in effect this year which allow some books to be included if they were published after July 1, 2008. I'm not 100% sure if that applies to the Norton books as well as the "regular" Nebulas, though. BUT: books for younger readers can be nominated for the Nebula award as well as for the YA-specific Norton.
The Dragon of Trelian is also eligible this year, just so you know. :)
Other books I'm hoping to read before nominations close:
The Dragon Heir by Cinda Williams Chima
Fire by Kristin Cashore (sequel to Graceling)
The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
Sacred Scars by Kathleen Duey
I know there are lots more I'm not thinking of at this moment. Your suggestions and recommendations are welcome and encouraged!


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No photos but just to let you know that I'll be at a quilt retreat for the next few days. The retreat is for four days but I think I'll only stay three. I like the day before I go back to work at home. I hope to have several finished projects completed. I think I'll be doing a lot of hand sewing on binding!! My least favorite but it has to be done!! I have the baby quilt back from the quilter and I have to finish that. She did a wonderful job.
This blog is about all of the things that I'm interested in. Quilting, mixed media, finding bargains, refinishing items, decoupage, ways to save money, etc. Thanks for dropping by and leave a comment.
Thursday, August 8, 2013
Monday, August 5, 2013
Savings for Week 6 and Two Cows
I have to have a couple of photos and they have nothing to do with money. The first one is a block I played around with and the other one is a couple of cows from Kentucky!!
I like cows ----- well I like animals!!!!
Need to find some sheep or goats or pigs or even a kitty!!
Okay I added $20.00 Sunday and that brings my total savings for six weeks to $74.00!!!
I'm glad that I'm going heavy on this end now but if I had followed the plan I would have $21.00.
I'm still excited about this savings plan. I can't wait to spend the money in a year! LOL
Hope your day or evening is wonderful
Sunday, August 4, 2013
Blog That Inspires Me!!
Sometimes I find a blog that inspires me. I love love little houses!! Are these not wonderful? Go check out this blog.
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Tuesday, 1 December 2009
Re: betrayal
The good news is that one of the three suspended managers under investigation at lambeth is my boss getting her cum uppence ! haha what goes around comes around karena ! see you in hell !
Posted by skull at 16:03 Links to this post
Labels: lambeth boss suspended
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Saturday, March 25, 2006
L.A.M.N. (line And Meter Nova Society)
Sample Song: Spangle call Lilli line And Spanova - HEAT OF THE MOMENT
Oh boy, I've been listening to so much Japanese music during the last month, and discovering so much new great artists. Of course, I've always been in love with Spangle call Lilli line's music, so when I found this album I was quite happy. L.A.M.N. is a collaboration album between SCLL, spanova, and speedometer. It is a beautiful 4 song mellow eletronic/post-rock album, and listening to it brings me a warm feeling. I've never heard of spanova and speedometer., so it's nice to find out that they have a similiar sound to SCLL. J-indie music rocks ^_^
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Privacy Policy
Dear Bubbly (merabubbly) Fans,
We want you to have fun with bubbly's products and at our Web site! To make sure your online visit is fun and safe, we don't "play around" with any of the important steps we take to protect your privacy. At merabubbly.com, your trust in our name is serious business!
Below, you will find information about our Privacy Policy. Our privacy policy will tell you how and when we collect information through our Web site, and how this information will be used. By using our site, you consent to our privacy policy.
What the terms and conditions cover:
This covers Bubbly's treatment of personally identifiable information that Bubbly collects when you are on Bubbly's web site and when you use our services. This policy also covers Bubbly's treatment of any Personally identifiable information that Bubbly shares with you. This policy does not apply to the practices of companies that Bubbly does not own or control or Bubbly does not own or employ or manage.
Information Collection and Use:
Bubbly collects information from you when you register on our site, place an order, subscribe to our newsletter, respond to a survey or fill out a form. Bubbly may also receive personally identifiable information from our business partners. When you register with Bubbly, we ask for your name, e-mail address, birth date, gender, occupation, industry and personal interest etc . Once you register with Bubbly and sign in to our services, you are not anonymous to us.
Do we use cookies?
Yes. (Cookies are small files that a site or its service provider transfers to your computers hard drive through your Web browser (if you allow) that enables the sites or service providers systems to recognize your browser and capture and remember certain information.
Bubbly uses cookies to help us remember and process the items in your shopping cart, understand and save your preferences for future visits, and keep track of advertisements and compile aggregate data about site traffic and site interaction so that we can offer better site experiences and tools in the future. We may contract with third-party service providers to assist us in better understanding our site visitors. These service providers are not permitted to use the information collected on our behalf except to help us conduct and improve our business.
If you prefer, you can choose to have your computer warn you each time a cookie is being sent, or you can choose to turn off all cookies via your browser settings. Like most websites, if you turn your cookies off, some of our services may not function properly. However, you can still place orders over the telephone or by contacting customer service.
What do we use your information for?
Any of the information Bubbly collects from you may be used in one of the following ways:
A) To personalize your experience
(your information helps us to better respond to your individual needs)
B) To improve our website
(we continually strive to improve our website offerings based on the information and feedback we receive from you)
C) To improve customer service
(your information helps us to more effectively respond to your customer service requests and support needs)
D) To process transactions Your information, whether public or private, will not be sold, exchanged, transferred, or given to any other company for any reason whatsoever, without your consent, other than for the express purpose of delivering the purchased product or service requested.
E) To administer a contest, promotion, survey or other site feature
F) To send periodic emails
The email address you provide for order processing, may be used to send you information and updates pertaining to your order, in addition to receiving occasional company news, updates, related product or service information, etc.
Note: If at any time you would like to unsubscribe from receiving future emails, we include detailed unsubscribe instructions at the bottom of each email.
Information Sharing and Disclosure
We do not sell, trade, or otherwise transfer to outside parties your personally identifiable information. This does not include trusted third parties who assist us in operating our website, conducting our business, or servicing you, so long as those parties agree to keep this information confidential. We may also release your information when we believe release is appropriate to comply with the law, enforce our site policies, or protect ours or others rights, property, or safety. However, non-personally identifiable visitor information may be provided to other parties for marketing, advertising, or other uses.
Third party links
Occasionally, at our discretion, we may include or offer third party products or services on our website. These third party sites have separate and independent privacy policies. We therefore have no responsibility or liability for the content and activities of these linked sites. Nonetheless, we seek to protect the integrity of our site and welcome any feedback about these sites.
How do we protect your information?
We implement a variety of security measures to maintain the safety of your personal information when you place an order or access your personal information
We offer the use of a secure server. All supplied sensitive/credit information is transmitted via industry standard Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. Our Online Payment process has Highest Level of protection and read more about the protection at this link https://www.merabubbly.com/custom/payment-security/
SSL technology protects data such as credit card details from interception and hacking. We do not store your credit card details and nor do we have access to your credit card data. Your credit card details are sent directly to our merchant bank for processing. Additionally, we have a strict privacy policy that allows us to protect the privacy and security of our customers. We will never disclose or distribute your email addresses and personal details to any third party. Your credit card will not be charged until your order is shipped
Caution: Never reveal your PIN, CVV or password to anyone whosoever. Make sure not to respond to e-mails or SMSes that ask for crucial personal or card-related or bank -related details. No one from Bubbly or bank or credit card firm is authorised to seek card details or bank account details from customers on mail or through phone.
Changes to our Privacy Policy
If we decide to change our privacy policy, we will post those changes on this page.
Contacting Us
If there are any questions regarding this privacy policy you may contact us using the information below:
Bubbly Fun Factory P Ltd.,
#43, Abba Garden 2nd Street
Luna Nagar, Coimbatore, PIN- 641025, India.
Phone:+91 422 2406224 or Mobile: 98942 98924


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Reclaimed Materials Potting BenchDecember 16th, 2011 in member junk
I built this potting bench from reclaimed chippy fence boards that were a light pink color, tung and groove siding with chippy white paint, white chippy pickets, and blue posts. I scraped, sanded and waxed all the pieces then assembled. An old enamel bowl makes a removable vessel great for potting soil. I put some old large nails I had in some existing holes to hold tools and a small rusty grater is great for scissors. Think outside-the-box and use a potting bench as a buffet on a deck or patio using the pan as an ice cooler for drinks.
Pattern or design used: My own design - Sherri Spear
posted in: member junk, vintage, cottage, eclectic, furniture, country, farm, reclaimed wood
Comments (6)
Be Well,
Sue Posted: 7:44 am on December 19th
Sherri Posted: 5:34 pm on December 17th


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The Corporation for Battery Responsibility (CBR) is an alliance formed by Duracell, Energizer, and Panasonic in 2011 to lead national efforts to promote increased battery responsibility.
Why is CBR promoting battery recycling legislation?
CBR believes that, in order for battery companies to practice good product stewardship, they must lead efforts to develop responsible battery recycling programs. We believe we can expand battery recycling in an efficient and cost-effective way by bringing battery producers, consumers, recyclers, environmental groups, and government agencies together in support of model legislation.
Why do we need an all-battery model bill for battery recycling?
For battery recycling to succeed, we need a set of shared standards and responsibilities across states. CBR supports legislation to ensure that all companies responsible for placing batteries into the U.S. marketplace are accountable for helping recycle them. That's why in May 2014, CBR released a model all-battery recycling bill in partnership with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), The Rechargeable Battery Association (PRBA), and Call2Recycle, Inc.
The model bill presents a path forward for recycling both single-use and rechargeable batteries. It ensures that all companies involved in the sale of batteries in the U.S. market accept their fair share of responsibility. Making sure all battery producers play a responsible role in recycling also guarantees a vibrant and competitive market.
Recycling both single-use and rechargeable batteries makes the most sense for consumers, who increasingly want options to reduce their environmental footprint.
What are the six core principles for battery recycling that must be included in any battery recycling bill to obtain CBR support?
Positive impact on the environment
Even today, the battery recycling process can take a toll on the environment that outweighs the benefits if not carried out thoughtfully. CBR supports programs that have a net positive effect on the environment through the reduction of solid waste and recovery of valuable metals and other materials.
Industry led and managed
As the most involved stakeholder, battery industry partners must lead the design and implementation of the nationwide approach to battery recycling.
Shared responsibility and financial sustainability
A battery recycling program will succeed only if everyone plays a responsible role. Producers are a key part of the equation, but active—though not necessarily financial—participation from consumers, retailers, recyclers, and governments is vital in order to ensure the program is financially sustainable and not an undue burden on any one party.
A level playing field
All companies, not just CBR members, that sell batteries in the U.S. marketplace must contribute to the cost of recycling batteries. Those who make and sell consumer products that contain batteries should make informed decisions based on the effects of their battery choices. CBR believes that battery manufacturers — regardless of whether their facilities are domestic or foreign—should support the costs of recycling. If they do not, common sense and basic fairness requires that the product producer or retailer is obligated to support that effort.
Nationally harmonized
CBR's vision is for a comprehensive battery recycling bill that encompasses both single-use and rechargeable batteries. Different standards for different states add unnecessary complexity, confusion, and cost. All state battery recycling bills should reflect the core tenets of the CBR model bill.
Safe and responsible
CBR is committed to developing recycling programs that protect the safety and wellbeing of workers tasked with the collection and recycling of spent consumer batteries.
How has CBR obtained input from interested parties?
Collaboration has been a hallmark of CBR's approach from the beginning. Before CBR was founded in 2011, the battery industry held a summit of 75 stakeholders including nonprofits, retailers, municipalities, and others impacted by battery use and recycling. Another summit was held in 2014 drawing the same diversity of stakeholders. We have consistently provided updates to all parties, conducted outreach efforts, and incorporated feedback from a wide range of stakeholders in states like Vermont, Connecticut, California, Washington State, and Minnesota. All of this has informed our current model legislation.
What battery recycling legislation already exists, if any?
Vermont became the first state in the country to pass single-use battery recycling legislation when H695 passed in the House of Representatives and was signed into law by Gov. Peter Shumlin under Act 139. It is the first extended producer responsibility (EPR) law in the country that covers primary batteries of multiple chemistries (e.g. alkaline, zinc carbon, lithium primary silver oxide, and zinc-air). California is the only other state that regulates alkaline battery disposal, prohibiting businesses and consumers from disposing of these batteries into their normal waste stream. Unfortunately, both laws have flaws. That is why CBR engaged in Connecticut and other states to pave the way for future legislation that reflects core principles identified as crucial for battery recycling legislation to succeed.
Why shouldn't the Vermont battery recycling bill be used as a blueprint for other states?
The legislation recently passed in Vermont is an important step forward and proves there is sufficient momentum to transition battery recycling from idea into policy. However, the legislation should not be implemented nationwide because it doesn't guarantee participation by all battery manufacturers.
While the language of the bill establishes that most products that incorporate or are sold with batteries are covered by the law, the state does not interpret the legislation in the same way. The state's interpretation allows a large number of batteries to end up in the waste stream without holding those responsible financially accountable.
This is an important issue: recent battery recycling audits in Vermont found that a large percentage of batteries entered the state through consumer products that contain batteries. This finding is consistent with other audits CBR has conducted that found up to one third of batteries came from producers not required to take responsibility. CBR reserves the right to challenge Vermont's interpretation of the bill that has led to a failure in to holding producers of primary batteries equally accountable. CBR believes the current interpretation imposes unfair costs on a few responsible battery businesses.
For major battery producers to support legislation, all those involved in the sale of batteries in the U.S. market must accept their fair share of responsibility. CBR's model legislation addresses this concern.
Who should be responsible for recycling batteries?
When it comes to recycling batteries, we all have a role to play. A battery recycling program will succeed only if everyone does their part. Producers are a key part of the equation, but active participation from all involved parties is vital. CBR is committed to working alongside consumers, retailers, recyclers, governments, and environmental nonprofits.
What is the environmental benefit of recycling batteries?
Battery recycling reduces our consumption of resources such as steel, manganese, and zinc, all of which can be recycled. Even today, the battery recycling process can take a toll on the environment that outweighs the benefits if not carried out thoughtfully. Nonetheless, CBR is committed to developing the framework so we are ready to maximize the environmental benefits as battery recycling technology and infrastructure improve.
What is the difference between the battery responsibility work Duracell, Energizer, and Panasonic are doing in Europe and the U.S.?
CBR members promote battery recycling in Europe because they have effective laws in place that assure a level playing field for all battery producers. CBR member companies would support battery collection in the U.S. in states that incorporated CBR's six core principles into their legislation. CBR is focused on developing battery recycling programs that will incorporate lessons learned from European legislation while at the same time adapting to the unique challenges and opportunities presented by the U.S.
How safe are coin and button batteries?
Coin and button batteries are crucial in powering today's technology. Using decades of data on the ingestion of batteries, the global battery industry has voluntarily adopted special protocols to support their safe use, particularly around children.
Click here to find the battery industry's position paper on coin and button battery safety.
What should be done in case of a battery recycling emergency?
In the case of an emergency, call the national battery ingestion hotline for help at (202) 625-3333.


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A lot of us know that sinking feeling in the tummy as the clock inches towards midnight on Sundays. And that is followed by a set of negative emotions that kickstart a work week. But don't let Monday morning blues weigh you down and make you less productive. Here are simple ways in which you can beat the blues for good.
Identify the problemThe first step to beat the blues is to identify why you are getting them in the first place. If the feeling is persistent, then you need to take it seriously and figure out what it is that you are unhappy about. The problem could be negative co-workers,a meeting that you are not well prepared for or even work that you don't feel challenged about. Identifying the problem is the first step towards fixing it. Be active, take charge and come up with solutions. If that sinking feeling is only occasional, find out ways to cheer yourself in order to begin the week on a great note.
Prepare for Monday on FridaySometimes, Mondays can feel all the more stressful due to work that has piled up from the previous week and it might feel taxing to jump right back in. So if you don't want to feel anxious about Monday, be sure to leave yourself as few dreadful tasks as possible on Friday afternoon. If there are tasks that you aren't excited about on Monday morning, prepare for them in advance on Friday and get done with them first thing as you begin the week. Keep your schedule updated so that you have a clear idea about your assignments.
List things you are excited about While there are things you hate doing at work, there are definitely a lot of tasks that you love doing. List the tasks you like and select three among them that you are kicked about. Make the list on Sunday evening so that you have things to look forward to at work on Monday. This will help you get into a more positive mood.
Relax in the weekendTry to avoid work-related phones or e-mails during the weekend. Reserve the weekend for yourself. Spend time with friends and family. Don't bring work tensions at home and focus on enjoying your time off. Learn to unplug. Set aside some time during the week for fun activities so as to not pack in everything in the weekend. Even a weekend of too many fun activities can drain you, leaving you feeling tired.
Don't live for the weekendWhen you live for the weekend, it makes you feel all the more negative towards work. And this mindset sets unreasonable expectations for the weekend: Instead of being able to enjoy your time off, you feel pressured to make the most of it and, at the same time, feel anxious about having to return to work on Monday. Take it slow and relaxed instead.


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Recommended Pairings for Your Holiday Meal
The holidays are here, and many of you are probably wondering what is the best wine to serve with the big meal? Our Wine Steward Mark Jacklich knows a thing or two about wine pairing and has some advice that we hope you will find helpful.
Recommended Pairings for Your Holiday Meal
By Mark Jacklich
A great pairing for the holidays is sparkling wine. The bubbles work wonders with the variety of foods set on the table. Two of my favorites are Argyle Brut as well as their Argyle Brut Rose'.
If you had your heart set on a red the most versatile ones would be Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, and Syrah. For Pinot Noir I would suggest something with good weight and big flavor, Angela Estate 2010 from Yamhill-Carlton is one that I've had recently that comes to mind.
For Zinfandel and Syrah there is some wiggle room based on your personal preference, styles very but either would work well.
Whatever you choose, may you be in the presence of good friends, family and loved ones. Happy Holidays from Bentley's Grill!
photo credit: Lotus Carroll via photopin cc


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NCCA uses cookies so that you have the best possible browsing experience on our website. If you agree that we can store and use cookies just click "Accept and Close"
or you can learn more about cookies.
Welcome to Junior Cycle Modern Foreign Languages
The curriculum specification sets out clear expectations for students across three integrated strands of MFL for Spanish, German, French and Italian.
To access the curriculum specification, assessment guidelines, examples of student work as well as the Junior Certificate MFL syllabuses for each of the four languages which will end in 2019, click on the graphic opposite. Alternatively, if you wish to print a pdf copy of the new specification click below.
UPDATE: 2018/2019 Key dates for classroom-based assessments timeframe has been broadened. For more information click here.
A short course in Chinese, developed by the NCCA is available here. Short courses in Polish, Russian, Japanese and Lithuanian, developed by the PPLI, are available here.


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英文:The following reaction kettle network of small series with you to introduce enamel reaction kettle operation note.
Feeding time to be careful. Should not be any hard objects out of enamel containers, but also should try to avoid air tank heating and hot pot add cold material, the use of temperature difference should not exceed the technical specifications of the equipment. The material adding equipment to prevent internal entrainment of bulk metal or debris, for large pieces of hard materials, should be added after crushing. Try to reduce the temperature difference between the material and the tank wall, avoid the cold pot heating or hot pot add cold material.
In the use of a clip of the device, it is to slowly pressure heating. The pressure to advance into the 0.1MP, to maintain a quarter of an hour later, and then slowly through the steam up to operating pressure, if conditions permit, according to the actual situation of the unit, to find out the appropriate temperature curve, the general control in 3 C / min. In the operation of equipment, should pay attention to the flange, a connection plate, manhole and stuffing box seals, such as the discovery of leakage should take immediate measures.
Above is the enamel reaction kettle operation notes, the majority of friends have a need to reaction kettle, welcome to inquire to buy.


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Tag Archives: Gate Motor Repairs
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158 Results for Health
View 101 - 110 results for health comic strips. Discover the best "Health" comics from Dilbert.com.
Friday July 10,
Tags #meeting, #economy, #job, #screaming, #health, #Promotion, #rejection, #denial, #business
The boss says, "Asok, the company isn't growing, and no one is quitting in this economy." The boss says, "Your only hope for promotion is if a senior engineer dies." Dilbert says, "I joined a gym!" Asok says, "No-ooo!"
Saturday July 18,
Tags #angry, #yelling, #assignment, #ridiculous, #overworked
The boss says, "I need you to do product testing for our new release." Dilbert says, "How could I possible have time for all the work you keep giving me?" The boss says, "Have you tried sacrificing your health?" Dilbert says, "Do I look like I can run marathons?"
Monday September 28,
Tags #negotiating, #broke, #poor, #economy, #recession, #comparison, #exaggeration
Negotiating in a bad economy The Boss says, "My company is so poor that we need a 20% price reduction or we'll go belly-up." Man says, "My company is so poor that our only chance of eating involves throwing office supplies at low-flying birds." The boss says, "Shall we say 10%?" Man says, "Our health plan is 'Screaming.'"
Saturday September 22,
Tags #org chart, #personal problems, #appendix, #health, #excuse, #drama
The Boss, "Carol, did you update the org chart yet?" Carol: "No. I kept waiting for it to become more important than my personal problems. But it just never happened." The Boss: "how about right now?" Carol: "Ouch! I think that's my appendix!"
Sunday January 08,
"My allergies are kicking up again." "GAAA!!!" "Good gravy, man! Do you have any idea what you've just done?!!" "Since you brought up the topic of health..." "When I was having my bones set, the doctor noticed that I have a detached colon." "My small intestines will eventually burrow up past my spleen and try to leave my body." "GAAA!!! HERE IT COMES!!!" gurgle "And don't get me started about my bunions."
Sunday January 13,
Tags #engineer of the year, #fly to ny, #receive trophy, #winners, #other companies, #critical time, #name someone lese, #sick day, #sleep, #bathe, #carol, #marketing, #upside awards, #on head, #health, #business
The Boss says to Alice, "Alice, I'm naming you our company's 'Engineer of the Year.'" The Boss continues, "You'll fly to New York and receive a trophy with the winners from other companies." Alice replies, "I'm too busy. Name someone else." The Boss approaches Dilbert. Dilbert says, "That's a critical time for my project." The Boss approaches Asok. Asok says, "I'm flattered but I already have no time for sleeping or bathing." The Boss approaches Wally. Wally says, "I have a sick day scheduled for that Friday." The Boss says to Carol, "Carol, I need you to go to New York and pretend to be an engineer." Carol is standing with other guests at the award party. They have their awards on their heads; one is drinking from his. A guest says to Carol, "Why yes, most of us ARE really from marketing. How can you tell?"
Sunday October 08,
Tags #the inspirational ceo, #poor results, #engineers, #cause & effcet, #generate results, #pathetic losers, #losers, #energy, #squirming, #health
The CEO is at a lecturn. The CEO says, "Our company is too good to have results this poor." Dilbert raises his hand and says, "Question." The CEO thinks, "%#!* Engineers." The CEO says, "What?" Dilbert says, "Are you saying the laws of cause and effect do not apply?" Dilbert continues, "Logically, if we were good, we would generate good results." Sitting between the Wally and Alice, Dilbert continues, "Is it not more likely that we are pathetic losers who get exactly what we deserve?" The CEO says, "Yes, individually you're all losers. But together we're a great company. Thanks to my leadership." Wally says, "I feel like squirming but I don't have the energy."
Sunday May 12,
Tags #interviews, #mental health, #creative, #adhd, #dyslexia, #bipolar, #schizophrenia, #creativity, #normal is boring, #turning tables, #job interview
Boss: I'm looking for an employee who is creative. Interviewee: That's me. I have ADHD and dylsexia. I'm also bipolar and schizophrenic. Dilbert: Checking the Internet... Well... that's surprising. Each of his conditions is highly correlated with creativity. Interviewee: Are you a normal? Boss: I... think so. Interviewee: Wow. I feel sorry for you. It must be hard going through life without any creativity. Boss: What's happening here? Dilbert: It might be some sort of creative thing.
Friday June 14,
Tags #apathy, #exercise & fitness, #beating the system, #exercising, #cubicle, #soul crushing work, #walker
Dilbert: I'm beating the system by exercising in my cubicle. If I stay in good health during my forty years of soul-crushing work, I might enjoy a year or two of good health when I retire. Wally: This is why I don't have goals. Dilbert: I'm going to use my walker on your grave!
Sunday September 22,
Tags #embarras myself, #emotional meltdown, #panicked, #public speaking, #substance abuse, #worry
Dilbert: I'm panicked about my presentation tomorrow. Wally: Relax. What's the worst that could happen? Dilbert: Well, I could embarrass myself in a career-ending way. Wally: Oh. I didn't think about that one. It might be so bad that you can't even get a recommendation for a future job. Then you'd have an emotional meltdown followed by substance abuse, untreated health issues, and a lonely death. And it could all happen because of something as trivial as a typo on one of your slides. I guess I can add "comforting" to my list of things I'm no good at.


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Zee Jay Digital's customer engagement practice un-complicates the customer experience by focusing on interactions that implicate brand and messaging strategies, and are bound in the realities of available technology.
Our team members have broad expertise in messaging development, journey mapping, touch point optimization, buyer and customer behavior, and change management. This expansive knowledge fuses in improvement of your efforts to win engagement.
Because engagement transcends functions and channels — and marketing's role varies across interactions — our approach looks across touchpoints and is technology agnostic. Once the engagement strategy is defined, we study the impacts on functions and channels across the experience, and align technology accordingly. Where technologies and integrations are not in place to deliver successful engagement, our team offers strategies for technology adjustments or expansion.
Customers have rising expectations for an integrated, multichannel experience throughout the buying journey. A successful customer experience ultimately drives engagement.


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Silica coating composition for reflective sheeting
Retroreflective sheeting has been improved by a coating comprising silica and a transparent polymer selected from aliphatic polyurethanes, polyvinyl chloride copolymers having a minor amount of a comonomer containing at least one carboxylic acid or hydroxyl moiety, and acrylic polymers. Silica comprises 10-80 weight percent (10-70% in the case of polyacrylates) of the transparent protective coating. For example, a solution or dispersion of polyurethane is mixed with a silica sol and possibly other ingredients (e.g. wetting agent, UV light absorber and adhesion promoter), and the composition is coated onto the retroreflective sheet and dried. The coated retroreflective sheeting has superior soil and dew repellancy, retaining a higher percentage of original brightness after exposure to dirt and/or dew conditions.
Latest Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company Patents:
This invention is in the field of retroreflective sheeting and specialized coatings for such sheeting to impart soil repellency, wetting and other beneficial properties. Specifically, the invention relates to coatings containing silica and to processes for preparing the coated compositions and for applying them to retroreflective sheeting.BACKGROUND
There are several types of retroreflective sheeting: exposed lens (as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,326,634 and 2,354,018), embedded lens (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,407,680; 4,367,920 and 4,505,967) and encapsulated lens (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,159). The drawings of the aforementioned patents illustrate the various sheeting types and are incorporated by reference herein. Retroreflective sheeting, in general, comprises a multiplicity of lens elements and a reflector located behind the lens elements. The lens elements may be, for example, glass or ceramic microspheres in a polymeric base sheet. The reflector may be: a layer of reflective metal (e.g. aluminum which has been vapor deposited on the lens elements or at some location behind the lens elements); flakes of reflective metal embedded in a binder layer; or a dielectric reflector as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,700,305.
Exposed lens retroreflective sheeting generally comprises a polymeric binder film in which is partially embedded a multiplicity of lens elements (e.g. glass microspheres), and a reflecting means disposed on the back (embedded) side of the lens elements.
Embedded or enclosed lens sheeting may be comprised of: a back reflector; an overlying transparent spacing layer; a layer of small lens elements embedded in the spacing layer and in optical connection with the reflector and spaced from it so as to place the reflector at the approximate focal point of the lens elements; a transparent covering layer conforming to the front extremities of the lens elements and having a flat front face; and an optional transparent top layer for improving weatherability.
Encapsulated lens retroreflective sheeting may, for example, be comprised of a plurality of glass microspheres having their back surfaces partially embedded in a transparent polymeric layer with a reflective layer adjacent to and disposed behind the embedded back surfaces of the microspheres and another transparent polymeric layer over the front of the microspheres and bonded to the first transparent polymeric layer in such a way as to result in air cells in front of the microspheres.
Retroreflective sheeting has many applications. Exposed lens sheeting with a dielectric reflector is used as a security film placed on top of documents such as driver's licenses, passports, and automobile titles. They can bear identifying indicia such as a state seal or watermark which can be seen at certain angles, but which do not interfere with the legibility of the document. Exposed lens sheeting is also useful as a safety item on garments to make them reflective at night, such as policeman's uniforms, fireman's coats and jogging outfits.
Both enclosed and encapsulated lens sheeting are useful in applications where they will be exposed to rain because the clear plastic layer which lies over the microspheres or other lens elements helps to prevent water films from adversely affecting the optics of the lenses. Thus, embedded lens sheeting is used in license plates and validation stickers for automobiles, and both encapsulated lens and enclosed lens sheeting have been used in highway signs and reflectors.
In use on highway signs and reflectors (e.g. pavement delineators placed on the road) it is desirable for sheeting to be soil resistant and dew repellent. The accumulation of dirt and oil from the air and road surface onto retroreflective sheeting is detrimental to the retention of its retroreflective brightness. Thus, the term "soil repellent" or "soil resistant" means reducing adherence of soil particles to the reflector surface.
It is well known that droplets of water (e.g., dew) can condense from a humid atmosphere onto a cool surface. Such condensation formed upon the surface of retroreflective sheeting impairs the transmission of light through it. The term "dew modifier" as applied to retroreflective sheeting means a material which is able to avoid a substantial decrease of retroreflective brightness due to formation of water droplets on the surface, for example by causing the dew or water to wet the surface and form a sheet or layer of water rather than droplets.
It is also desirable for the sheeting to be abrasion resistant, especially when it is to be used on the road surface. Retroreflective sheeting is applied to road surfaces in the form of pavement marking tape and as the reflective element in pavement delineators or pavement markers. In these applications, the sheeting is actually contacted by vehicle tires as they traverse the pavement markers or lane marking tape. The force of the tires, combined with any road grit, can abrade the reflective sheeting.
The use of silica coatings to modify the surface of light transmissive materials is known (e.g. antireflective coatings). However, the desired combination of soil repellency and dew modification have not yet been obtained with a silica coating that is able to tenaciously adhere to retroreflective sheeting.DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
Retroreflective sheeting has now been improved by applying a polymer coating containing silica. The invention is summarized as a soil resistant and dew repellent reflective sheet having a transparent protective coating comprising a mixture of silica and
a transparent polymer selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic polyurethanes,
polyvinylchloride copolymers having a minor portion (i.e. less than 15 weight percent) of a comonomer containing at least one carboxylic acid or hydroxyl moiety, and
acrylic polymers having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of -20.degree. to 60.degree. C., preferably less than 45.degree. C.,
wherein the silica comprises about 10-80 wt. % (10-70% in the case of acrylic polymers) of the transparent protective coating.
As used above, the term transparent means transmitting at least 90% of incident light in the visible spectrum (about 400-700nm wavelength). This has been determined using an IBM model 9420 UV-visible spectrophotometer. The inventive protective coating was applied to thin (about 20-55 micrometers thick) polyester film. The dry protective coatings on the samples used had a thickness of about 2.5 to 7.6 micrometers. The light transmittance through the uncoated polyester and through coated samples was measured at various wavelengths. In all cases there was only a small difference in light transmittance between the coated and uncoated polyester (.ltoreq.4% .+-.) regardless of percent silica in the protective coating or wavelength, indicating that transmittance through the protective coating was greater than 96%.
The term aliphatic polyurethane means a polyurethane derived from at least one aliphatic polyisocyanate preferably without any aromatic polyisocyanate. Aliphatic polyisocyanates known to the art are: 1,4 cyclohexane bis(methyleneisocyanate); methylcyclohexylene diisocyanate; 1,4-cyclohexanyl diisocyanate; dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate; 1,6-diisocyanato-2,2,4,4-tetramethylhexane; 1,6-diisocyanato-2,4,4-trimethylhexane; ##STR1## wherein R.sub.3 is --CH.sub.3 or --C.sub.2 H.sub.5 ; and isophorone diisocyanate. The polyols used for aliphatic polyurethanes may be polyester or polyether polyols.
The inventive protective coating can be made permanent. For purposes of this description, the term "permanent" means a coating which is not rubbed off easily by hand and which-is not readily removed by applying common pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and lifting the tape off of the coating.
The protective coating is the last coating applied to the retroreflective sheet. The retroreflective sheet itself may comprise several layers, as described previously, and the term "top layer" will be used herein to refer to top-most layer of the retroreflective sheet just before the protective coating is applied. Thus, as to the retroreflective sheet, the light must pass first through the protective coating and next through the top layer in order to pass through the lens elements and reach the reflector. Typical top layers for retroreflective sheets are comprised of polyacrylate (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate), polyurethane (typically aliphatic polyurethane), polyvinyl (e.g., polyvinyl-chloride) or polycarbonate polymers. The protective coating of this invention has been found to adhere very well to such top films without affecting the retroreflective brightness of the sheet. The modified sheeting has good soil repellency and anti-fogging properties (i.e., dew modification) and is suitable for use in pavement markings, roadway delineators, vehicle license plates and signing products.
The mixtures which are used as coating compositions for the protective coating can be formulated by mixing various concentrations of silica sol (aquasol, hydrosol or colloidal dispersion) with aliphatic polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride copolymers in organic solvents or water dispersion. The acrylic polymers are used in the form of aqueous emulsions. Silica sol colloid particle size is an important factor for preparing a clear and transparent protective coating. The colloid particles should be less than about 50 nanometers (nm) in diameter, preferably no greater than 20 nm in diameter. In the dry protective coatings, the silica particles agglomerate, but individual particles are discernible and have been measured in the range of 0-40 nm diameter or particle size, 15-34 nm to be precise.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graph of brightness retention versus time in minutes for various retroreflective sheet materials exposed to dew conditions. All of the retroreflective sheeting materials tested were of the enclosed lens type and had a vinyl top layer. All samples were exposed to the same conditions in which water droplets condensed on the sheeting surface, and the graph represents the initial loss in retroreflective brightness and the recovery of brightness over time. The solid line is for the control, Scotchlite 680 reflective sheeting, and lines Nos. 1, 2 and 3 represent various embodiments of the invention coated with a mixture comprising 30% silica, with the remainder being comprised of a polymer and (in the case of lines 2 and 3) a wetting agent.
FIG. 2 is a graph of brightness retention vs. time, similar to FIG. 1, except that the polymer used was NeoCryl A601 acrylic polymer from Polyvinyl Chemical Industries, Division of the ICI Group, and the reflective sheeting was Scotchlite 3870 reflective sheeting, from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. The solid line represents the uncoated control. Line A represents the same sheeting coated with NeoCryl A601 polymer. Lines B-D represent embodiments of this invention using coatings comprising NeoCryl A601 polymer and silica in varying amounts.
FIG. 3 is a graph of brightness retention vs. number of test cycles for retroreflective sheeting exposed to soil resistance test conditions to be explained hereinafter. All samples were exposed to the same conditions of dirt and oil splashing, and the graph represents loss of brightness over time. The solid line is for the control, Scotchlite 3870 reflective sheeting, and line A represents the same sheeting coated with NeoCryl A601 polymer. Lines B-D represent embodiments of the invention using NeoCryl A601 polymer and various amounts of silica in the protective coating.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The raw materials selected for making the inventive protective coating should not adversely affect the retroreflective sheeting to which they are applied. For example, they should not require drying conditions which would distort the sheeting and the relationship between the lens elements and the reflector. They should also not contain solvents or other ingredients which would dissolve or corrode the sheeting components. Coating mixtures containing toluene, isopropanol and/or butyl cellosolve have been found suitable for use with retroreflective sheeting.
Colloidal silica dispersions are available commercially with different colloid sizes. Two such dispersions which have been found useful are: Nyacol 1440 colloidal silica, having a colloid size of about 14 nm and a concentration of 40 weight percent silica, available from Nyacol Products, Inc., of Ashland, Md.; and Nalco 1140 silica, having a colloidal silica particle size of about 15 nm and a concentration of 40 weight percent silica in water, available from Nalco Chemical Company of Oakbrook, Ill. Both are suspended in alkaline aqueous media. Other colloidal silica dispersed in glycol ether solvent; e.g., Nalco 84SS-258 silica from Nalco Chemical Co. having a silica particle size of about 20 nm, can be used with polymer resins dissolved in organic solvent.
It is preferred that the polymer mixed with the silica sol is at least somewhat elastic, especially in cases where the retroreflective sheeting is to be applied to a flexible substrate, such as a rubber pavement marker. Several of the polymers which have been found useful are given below, (all monomer percents expressed being weight percent):
Aliphatic Polyurethanes:NeoRez R-960 Polyurethane, a flexible polyurethane sold in 33% by weight concentration in water by Polyvinyl Chemicals Inc., Division of ICI Group, Wilmington, Mass. This polyurethane is believed to be derived from the following monomers: dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate ##STR2## Its molecular weight is believed to be at least 200,000. When the NeoRez polyurethane is used, it has also been found useful to include an aziridine crosslinking compound to improve the physical properties of the final coating. The cross-linking compound used in the development of this invention has been CX-100 cross-linker from Polyvinyl Chemicals Inc.
Permuthane U-6729 urethane resin sold in a 1:1 mixture of isopropanol and toluene at a concentration of 25% resin by ICI Specialty Chemical Division, a member of ICI Group. This resin is believed to be derived from the following monomers: dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate; adipic acid; neopentyl glycol; and 1,6-hexanediol. It is believed to have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of about 33,000 and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of about 11,000.
Permuthane U-23-327 urethane resin sold in a 1:1 mixture of isopropanol and toluene or methyl cellosolve at a concentration of about 35% resin by Beatrice.
Although the polyurethanes used in making this invention have not been the radiation curable variety, e.g. with acrylate or methacrylate end groups, such polyurethanes may be used.
The molecular weight of the polyurethane is preferably over 20,000.
Polyvinyl chloride copolymers:
VROH copolymer, believed to have the following monomer content: vinyl chloride (79-83%), vinyl acetate (5%), and vinyl alcohol (.ltoreq.15%). It is said to have 1.8-2.2% by weight hydroxyl content.
VMCH Copolymer believed to have the following monomer content: vinyl chloride (85-88%), maleic acid (0.8-1.2%) and vinyl acetate (about 13%). Besides maleic acid, acrylic and methacrylic acids may be incorporated into the useful polyvinyl chloride copolymers.
VAGH partially hydrolyzed copolymer believed to have the following monomer content: vinyl chloride (89.5-91.5%), vinyl acetate (3%) and vinyl alcohol (5.2-6.5%). VROH, VMCH and VAGH copolymers are available from Union Carbide Corporation.
Acrylic Polymers:
NeoCryl A601 polymer,
NeoCryl A612 polymer, and
NeoCryl A614 polymer.
These polymers are believed to be copolymers of methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate having a weight ratio of methyl methacrylate units to butyl methacrylate units in the polymer in the range of 0.25-0.6. The ratio for the three named polymers are believed to be as shown below:
______________________________________ Weight ratio of monomeric units in polymer methyl methacrylate/butyl methacrylate ______________________________________ NeoCryl A601 0.33 NeoCryl A612 0.43 NeoCryl A614 0.47 ______________________________________
The molecular weights of the polymers is typically: Mw in the range of 300,000-350,000 g/mole and Mn in the range of 50,000-70,000 g/mole. Analyses of two of the NeoCryl polymers indicates the following molecular weights:
______________________________________ Mw Mn ______________________________________ NeoCryl A612 323,000 60,000 NeoCryl A614 304,000 54,000 ______________________________________
All three NeoCryl polymers were obtained from Polyvinyl Chemical Industries in water emulsion form. These emulsions have a pH similar to that of the silica sols with which they are used, and they form a relatively stable mixture with the silica sols mentioned herein in examples with the acrylates. These emulsions are characterized by: 32 weight percent solids, pH of 7.7-8.0, viscosity at 25.degree. C. of 100-200 centipoise, and specific gravity of 1.0. They are also believed to contain anionic surfactants and some organic solvents (11-14 weight percent) said by the manufacturer to be coalescing solvents, as follows:
______________________________________ A612 A614 A601 ______________________________________ aromatic naphtha 4.3% 3.7% 4.8% 2-butoxyethanol 1.3% 1.1% -- 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol 2.2% 1.9% -- 2-methoxypropanol 5.0% 4.3% -- ethylene glycol 1.0% 0.8% -- diacetone alcohol -- -- 7.9% ______________________________________
Coalescing solvents have an affinity for the polymer and water and a higher boiling point, at atmospheric pressure, than water.
The NeoCryl acrylic polymers can be blended with the NeoRez polyurethanes to form a clear coating with colloidal silica. Such blends (e.g., 2:1 weight ratio of acrylate to polyurethane) have been found to have excellent transparency (light transmittance), flexibility and adhesion.
Other compounds which have been found useful for incorporation into the coating composition of this invention are:
Polyalkylene oxide modified dimethylpolysiloxanes which are polymeric wetting agents sold under the trademark Silwet.RTM. by Union Carbide Corporation. The general formula for Silwet copolymers stated in Union Carbide literature is: ##STR3##
Ultraviolet light stabilizers or absorbers, to improve the stability and weatherability of the protective coating. One suitable ultraviolet light absorber is Uvinul N-539 from GAF, New York, N.Y. whose literature indicates that its formula is ##STR4## 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylate Uvinul N-539 has been used with aliphatic polyurethane polymers. Tinuvin 328 general purpose UV absorber by Ciba-Geigy Corporation of Ardsley, N.Y. has been used with acrylate polymers. Ciba-Geigy literature indicates that Tinuvin 328 light absorber has the following formula: ##STR5## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are t-amyl.
A retroreflective sheeting used in reducing the invention to practice was a wide angle flat top sheet which comprises, in general: a back reflector of vapor deposited aluminum; an overlying transparent matrix; a light-returning layer of transparent microspheres embedded in the transparent matrix and in optical connection with the reflector but spaced from it so as to place the reflector at the approximate focal point of the microspheres; and a transparent overlying solid covering which conforms to the front extremities of the microspheres and has a flat front face. Such sheeting reflects a cone of light back toward a light source even though the incident light beam strikes the sheeting at an angle.
Wide angle flat top retroreflective sheeting may be made, for example, by a solution casting technique comprising the following process steps: (a) providing a paper carrier web coated with a release agent such as polyethylene; (b) coating the release agent side of the carrier web with a 25% solids solution of fully reacted aliphatic elastomeric polyurethane of the polyester type in an isopropanol, toluene, xylene solvent in sufficient amount to yield about a 50 micrometers dry film thickness; (c) drying the coating from step (b) for example at about 90 C for 15 minutes; (d) applying a bead bond coat about 5 micrometers thick of the same polyurethane material used in step (b) to the dry coating from step (c) and contacting the wet polyurethane surface with glass microspheres (e.g., about 20-120 micrometers diameter and 1.9-2.5 refractive index); (e) drying the microsphere-coated web for example at 93 C for 5 minutes; (f) coating a spacing layer polymer of the same aliphatic elastomeric polyurethane composition onto the microsphere-covered web or sheet from step (e) in sufficient amount to yield a dry film thickness about equal to the focal length of the microspheres; (g) drying the sheeting from step (f); (h) vapor coating the spacing layer with a specularly reflective material (e.g., aluminum); (i) removing the paper carrier web; and (j) coating the back side of the reflective material with an acrylate-base pressure-sensitive adhesive having a silicone coated release liner.
The soil resistant reflective sheeting of this invention is prepared by the following steps:
A. The protective coating composition is prepared by mixing colloidal silica with one of the selected polymers, such as polyurethane, and any other desired ingredients, such as light stabilizer or cross-linking agent;
B. A retroreflective sheet is provided, and it is coated with the protective coating composition by conventional means, such as a wire wound bar, knife coating, coating roll or dip coating; and
C. The wet coating from step B is dried and cured by placing the retroreflective sheet in an oven.
The details of each of the above steps will now be explained. In one preferred sequence for step A, the protective coating composition is prepared as follows:
(1) Dilute Permuthane U-6729 polyurethane solution with a 1:1 volume ratio mixture of toluene and isopropanol to about 25% concentration.
(2) Add light stabilizer in solution form to the solution from step (1).
(3) To the solution from step (2), slowly add colloidal silica (30% solids) and mix.
(4) To the mixture from step (3), add hydrophilic Silwet L-77 siloxane wetting agent and mix.
(5) Mix in minor amount (<10 weight percent) of Silane Xl-6106 adhesion promoter from Dow Corning Corporation and mix gently to obtain a homogeneous colloidal silica suspension.
It is generally desirable not to add the colloidal silica as the last part of step A, because small gel particles can be formed, and the coating may become hazy. However, in the case of acrylate polymers, the silica should be added last. The concentration of SiO.sub.2 in the final dry coating is typically between about 15 and 60 weight percent.
When using the polyvinyl chloride transparent polymers, they are normally furnished dissolved in organic solvent (e.g. 10 weight percent in methyl ethyl ketone). In that case, silica is also furnished in an organic medium, e.g. Nalco 84SS-258 colloidal SiO.sub.2 dispersion in glycol ether.
The protective coating has good adhesion to retroreflective sheeting with a polyurethane top layer. However, for retroreflective sheeting with a polyacrylate top layer, it has been found desirable to pretreat the sheeting with corona treatment to improve adhesion between the sheeting and the protective coating. A general discussion of corona treatment of webs for improving adhesion is found in Cramm, R. H. and Bibee, D. V., "The Theory and Practice of Corona Treatment for Improving Adhesion", TAPPI, Aug., 1982, pp. 75-78. The apparatus used in such corona treatment has been a Softal-Electric Company machine from West Germany, Model 3025DW, having 1.2 Kw maximum power and electrode 0.56 m long. Sheeting has been treated using a current of 180-300 milliamps and drawing the sheeting through the apparatus at a rate of 10-100 m/min. for a sheet about 0.3 m wide. One typical treatment level is about 14 Watts/ft.sup.2 /min. (150w/m.sup.2 /min).
The concentration ranges for the minor ingredients in the protective coating composition are: for the hydrophilic siloxane, 0-5 weight percent, preferably about 3%; for the silane adhesion promoter 0-3%; and for the light stabilizer 0-6 weight percent, preferably 2-4%.
The conditions for step C are generally about 50.degree.-93.degree. C. for 1-5 minutes in an air atmosphere. Generally, retroreflective sheeting having a polyurethane top layer can withstand somewhat higher temperatures, and a curing condition of 93.degree. C. for 2-3 minutes is appropriate. However, in the case of polyacrylate top layers, conditions are preferably about 65.degree.-71.degree. C. for 1-3 minutes. Thickness of the final protective coating is generally less than 150 micrometers.
The invention will be further clarified by the following examples, which are intended to be purely exemplary. In the examples, percentages of protective coating constituents are expressed as weight percent taking the total of SiO.sub.2 and the transparent polymer (e.g., polyurethane or polyvinylchloride copolymer) as 100%.Example I
In the case of the vinyl resins used in this invention, the stability of the protective coating composition (as measured by retention of brightness) has been found somewhat dependent on SiO.sub.2 concentration. This is shown by the following table:
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Brightness Sample Vinyl Resin SiO.sub.2 Wt % Retention (%) ______________________________________ A VAGH 20 98 B VAGH 30 95 C VAGH 40 86 D VAGH 50 26 E VMCH2 20 102 F VMCH2 30 102 G VMCH2 40 100 H VMCH2 50 96 ______________________________________
The above data show that the SiO.sub.2 is quite stable in the VMCH.sub.2 vinyl resin from Union Carbide Corporation; whereas, above 30 weight percent concentration, it becomes less stable in the VAGH resin. A white precipitate was formed in some of the VAGH resin mixtures. Therefore, within the class of vinyl copolymers described, some experimentation is required to discern those which are useful and the concentration limits within which they are useful.EXAMPLE II
In soil repellency tests, retroreflective sheeting samples were mechanically splashed with road dirt and water containing a trace amount of vehicle motor oil. The retroreflectivity retention of splashed and dried specimens was tested using a retroluminometer after each test cycle. The brightness retention corresponding to each test cycle is shown in Table 2 below:
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Sample Control 23-A 27-A 27-B 27-F ______________________________________ Wt % SiO.sub.2 0 33 33 25 60 Silwet no no yes yes yes Siloxane Organic -- -- x x x base H.sub.2 O base -- x -- -- -- % Initial Brightness Retained after: 1st cycle 58 75 92 91 91 2nd cycle 42 68 88 86 87 3rd cycle 44 75 85 86 85 4th cycle 46 76 83 82 81 ______________________________________
In the above table, the control was an encapsulated lens retroreflective sheeting which is used in traffic signs, and all of the other samples were specimens of the same type of sheeting modified in accordance with this invention. In each of the inventive samples, the transparent polymer used was a polyurethane, and the term organic base means that the polyurethane was dissolved in organic solvent, while the term H.sub.2 O base means that the polyurethane was dispersed in water. The data show that the inventive retroreflective sheeting samples retained more than 80% of their initial brightness, while the uncoated control retained only about 46%. The data also indicate that the presence of a small amount of the hydrophilic siloxane wetting agent may enhance the soil repellency without adversely affecting brightness.Example III
Dew tests were performed in accordance with the following procedure. Samples of retroreflective sheeting were laminated to aluminum panels which were placed in direct contact with the outside surface of a rectangular, galvanized metal box filled with ice water. As the samples cooled, moisture in the air gradually condensed on their surfaces to form water droplets. A portable retroreflectometer was used to monitor the brightness of the sheeting samples over time. The retroreflectometer used was made by Retro-Tech of La Mesa, Calif., and it reads in units of candela per lux-meters squared (cd/lux-m.sup.2). The results are indicated on FIG. 1 attached. The solid line is the plot for the control sample, Scotchlite 680 retroreflective sheeting. The other three plots are for specimens which were the same as the control, except that they had been coated with the inventive protective coating. In all three of those cases, the concentration of SiO.sub.2 was about 30%. For line no. 1, the protective coating contained no siloxane wetting agent. For line 2, the protective coating contained 3 weight percent Silwet siloxane wetting agent, and for the specimen represented in line 3, the protective coating contained 5 weight percent Silwet wetting agent.
From FIG. 1, one can see that the initial loss of brightness over approximately the first five minutes was about the same for all four of the test specimens, but the recovery of brightness was quite different. It is evident that the wetting agent helps in the rapid recovery of brightness, since specimen 3 recovered about 87% of its brightness in 30 minutes. In other similar tests in which all conditions were kept constant except for silica concentration, it was found that specimens with higher silica content appeared to retain more of their brightness and recover a greater percentage of original brightness over time.
Thus, the protective coating has been made hydrophilic. That is, it is readily wetted by water. Hydrophilic nature can be measured by the change in contact angle of a drop of water on the surface, over time, i.e. the angle between the side of the drop and the surface at the perimeter of the drop. For example, a contact angle which increases over time or remains high (e.g. over 70 ) would exemplify a hydrophobic surface, whereas, a contact angle which decreases over time or remains low would exemplify a hydrophilic material. That is, on hydrophilic surfaces, water drops tend to spread out, while, on hydrophobic surfaces, water tends to form beads.
Although the protective coating can be made hydrophilic, it resists absorption of water deep into the coating where it could cause opacity. In dew or rain conditions and even after immersion in water, the inventive retroreflective sheet remains clear and transparent, wet with water drops on its surface.EXAMPLE IV
Various embodiments of the retroreflective sheeting were made using the coating compositions as shown in Table 3 below. In each case, the coating composition was prepared by first mixing the polyurethane solution and silica sol together, adding the light absorber, then adding the siloxane wetting agent (if used). Finally, the silane adhesion promoter (if used) was added. In each case the coating composition was applied to the same-type of retroreflective sheeting which was used in Example II. All of the coating compositions were coated by means of a wire wound coating bar (wire 0.914 mm diameter). the coated samples were dried in a forced air oven at about 66.degree. C. for about 3-4 minutes. Each sample was subjected to an adhesion test similar to ASTM Test No. D-3359, using Scotch.RTM. 610 adhesive tape. The cross-hatch or lattice pattern was made in the coating samples and the adhesive tape was applied and removed in a similar manner to the ASTM Test, but results were reported as adhesion failure percent. That is, by visual observation, an estimate was made of how much of the protective coating was lifted off by the tape, indicating adhesive failure. The results reported are the average of more than three specimens. The adhesion test results and the compositions of the samples are reported in Table 3 below:
TABLE 3 __________________________________________________________________________ Polyurethane SiO.sub.2 sol (30% in Tinuvin light Siloxane Silane* adhesion 25% Solids Toluene/ glycol ether solvent) absorber wetting agent promoter % of final Isopropanol 1:1 % of final % of final % of final % of final Adhesion Sample wt (g) caoting solids wt (g) coating solids coating solids coating solids coating failure __________________________________________________________________________ % 1 50 70 50 30 2 0 2 200 70 200 30 4 0 3 200 50 200 50 4 0 4 25 70 25 30 4 5 100 5 25 70 25 30 4 3 2 10 6 25 70 25 30 4 5 2 30 7 25 70 25 30 4 8 2 100 8 25 50 25 50 4 5 5 9 25 50 25 50 4 3 2 0 10 25 50 25 50 4 5 2 40 11 25 50 25 50 4 8 2 100 __________________________________________________________________________ *Added as 20% solution in isopropanol (75%) and H.sub.2 O (5%). Weight reported is silane component only.
The above data show that, in general, increasing concentration of the siloxane wetting agent is detrimental to adhesion, while adding the silane adhesion promoter helps to overcome that effect. The adhesion of the inventive sheeting without either the wetting agent or the adhesion promoter appeared to be excellent.
In another test, the same type of retroreflective sheeting was treated with corona discharge and then coated with colloidal silica sol and dried at 66.degree. C. or 93.degree. C. for 3 minutes. The adhesion test showed poor adhesion of the resulting silica coating to the top layer of the reflective sheet, and the silica could be removed completely by wiping it with wet paper.EXAMPLE V
Accelerated weathering tests have been conducted in QUV and KRC weatherometers. The results of the first 500 hours testing showed 90%-95% brightness retention for the inventive retroreflective sheet in which the protective coating contained 0.5%-1.5% Tinuvin 328 light stabilizer.EXAMPLE VI
Acrylic polymers have been tested by making several protective coating compositions with them, making the treated retroreflective sheeting of the invention and measuring the brightness of the sheeting both before and after the application of the protective coating composition. The reflective sheeting used was Scotchlite 3870 high intensity sheeting. In addition, another acrylic polymer (Rhoplex E-1895) was used instead of the NeoCryl acrylic polymers in one of the experiments. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
TABLE 4 ______________________________________ Colloidal Silica Containing Polyacrylate Coating 22-A 22-B 22-C 22-D 22-E ______________________________________ NeoCryl A614 30 g 40 g -- -- -- NeoCryl A612 -- -- 30 g -- -- NeoCryl A601 -- -- -- 30 g -- Rhoplex E-1895 -- -- -- -- 20 g Nalco 1140 (40% SiO.sub.2) 24 g 13.7 g 24 g 24 g 25 g Coating Weight Percent SiO.sub.2 50 30 50 50 -- Initial Brightness (cd/lux-m.sup.2) 300 300 304 300 302 Brightness of Treated Sheeting 308 304 303 305 18 Brightness Retention (%) 100 100 100 100 6 ______________________________________
The above data demonstrate that the inventive acrylate-silica coatings do not diminish the retroreflective brightness of the sheeting; whereas, the coating made with the Rhoplex polyacrylate emulsion resin was unsatisfactory since it reduced brightness substantially.EXAMPLE VII
Dew tests were performed like those described in Example III on samples of the inventive reflective sheeting made with the acrylate polymers, and the results are shown in FIG. 2. The samples for lines B, C and D had 15 percent, 30 percent and 50 weight percent silica in the protective coating respectively. FIG. 2 shows that the specimens treated with the mixture of acrylate polymer and colloidal silica lost less reflectivity and recovered it more quickly than untreated sheeting. With about 50 weight percent silica in the coating, specimen D of this Example lost virtually no brightness throughout the test. However, without the presence of the colloidal silica particles, the reflective sheeting, even with the acrylate polymer (line A) lost substantial brightness, and reflectivity recovery of the specimen was slow.EXAMPLE VIII
Soil repellancy tests like those of Example II were also performed on samples of the inventive reflective sheeting using the acrylate polymers in the protective coating. The data for these tests are shown in FIG. 3. As in the case of FIG. 2, the specimens for lines B, C and D utilized 15 percent, 30 percent and 50 percent silica in the protective coating respectively. The figure shows that brightness retention of the inventive sheeting increases substantially as the proportion of colloidal silica is increased. Without the presence of the silica, specimen A, the soil resistance was poor, although somewhat better than the control.
Other embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this specification or practice of the invention disclosed herein. Various omissions, modifications and changes to the principles described herein, may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention which is indicated by the following claims.
1. A process for making a retroreflective sheet having a protective silica coating comprising the steps of:
- A. preparing a protective coating composition by the steps of:
- 1) providing a transparent polymeric composition selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers having a glass transition temperature of -20.degree. to 60.degree. in aqueous emulsion containing at least one solvent having a boiling point higher than that of water;
- 2) slowly mixing with the polymer from step (1) a silica sol, wherein the colloidal particle size is less than 50 nanometers, in such a proportion to the polymeric composition from step (1) that the SiO.sub.2 content is 10-70 weight percent, of the total of SiO.sub.2 plus the polymer solids from step (1);
- B. providing a retroreflective sheet and coating said retroreflective sheet with the protective coating composition from step A; and
- C. drying the coated retroreflective sheet from step B.
2. The process of claim 1 which further comprises exposing the retroreflective sheet of step B to corona discharge before it is coated with the protective coating composition.
3. A coating composition which produces a transparent coating, comprising a mixture of colloidal silica aquasol wherein colloid particle size is less than 50 nanometers and a polymer composition selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyurethanes having a molecular weight greater than 20,000 in water dispersion, aliphatic polyurethanes having a molecular weight greater than 20,000 in organic solvent, and acrylic polymers having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 300,000 to 350,000 and a glass transition temperature of -20.degree. to 60.degree. C. in aqueous emulsion containing at least one solvent having a boiling point higher than that of water in which mixture the silica comprises: 30 to 80 weight percent of the total of silica plus polymer solids for aliphatic polyurethane polymers; and 30 to 70 weight percent in the case of acrylic polymers.
4. A coating composition comprising a mixture of colloidal silica aquasol wherein colloid particle size is less than 50 nanometers and a polymer composition selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 300,000 to 350,000 and a glass transition temperature of -20.degree. to 60.degree. C. in aqueous emulsion containing at least one solvent having a boiling point higher than that of water in which mixture the silica comprises 30 to 70 weight percent of the total of silica plus polymer solids.
5. A coating composition comprising a mixture of colloidal silica aquasol wherein colloid particle size is less than 50 nanometers and a polyvinyl chloride copolymer having a minor amount, not more than 15 weight percent, of a comonomer containing at least one carboxylic acid or hydroxyl moiety, in which mixture the silica comprises 10 to 80 weight percent of the total of silica plus polymer solids.
6. The coating composition of claim 5 wherein silica comprises 30 to 80 weight percent of the total of silica plus polymer solids.
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- Wright et al, Solid Polyurethane Elastomers, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1969, p. 78. Cramm, R. H. and Bibee, D. V., "The Theory of Practice of Corona Treatment for Improving Adhesion", TAPPI, Aug., 1982, pp. 75-78.
Type: Grant
Filed: Jul 20, 1990
Date of Patent: Dec 17, 1991
Assignee: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (Saint Paul, MN)
Inventor: Tzuli J. Huang (Woodbury, MN)
Primary Examiner: Janyce Bell
Attorneys: Gary L. Griswold, Walter N. Kirn, Douglas B. Little
Application Number: 7/555,380
International Classification: B05D 506;


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We can do the oddest things while trying to teach our dogs. For one thing, we can get so serious about it.
I know plenty of times when I've wanted my dog to perform just one more time or to perfect an exercise, to straighten a sit or heel just that bit closer. I would get intense and that would travel down the leash to my dog, who would instantly stop working at all for me.
So it's a good idea every once in a while to relax, take a deep breath and have a good laugh.
Dogs must think we are strange, the way we jump up and down and get red in the face about the stupidest things. When you think of the above circumstance from a dog's perspective you can see how our dogs must think we are awfully silly. They don't have a concept of "mess" but they definitely can tell when we are upset with them!
Dogs can easily do an exercise a couple of times, then "forget". Then need variety to stay consistent. My breed in particular lives by the motto of "I did that yesterday!" For them variety really is the spice of life.
This comic was one of my first and the text is a bit fuzzy. The last caption is "Eventually you can get your human to come all the way across the room!" It's definitely true that while I work and work to train my dogs, they are working and working to train ME!
Finally, kids and dogs both need training. Dogs need to learn that kids deserve respect even though they can dance and giggle about just like a mouse or a lizard, and kids need to learn that a dog is never an animated teddy bear or Barbie doll.
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This is the front of our card "Papillon Kisses". Ten 5 x 8 cards are $18.50. To pick up your set, click on
The Store At About Small Dogs.
You can find lots of small dog Greeting, Thank You and Sympathy Cards there at surprisingly low prices. All our cards are hand drawn by the Maxwell Award winning artist Sandy Bergstrom Mesmer. We also recently opened our seasonal Christmas Card page.
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European Foot & Ankle Clinic
We can help you! For your first evaluation and resolution to your concerns please visit us at any of our 4 Chicago land locations , call today (773)205-0106. We speak English, Spanish, Polish and Russian.
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- Board Certified in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery (ACCPPS)
- Speaks: English and Polish


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|Cooperative Research Units
Education, Research And Technical Assistance For Managing Our Natural Resources
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July 2015 - October 2018
The black-footed (BFAL) and Laysan (LAAL) albatrosses are long-lived seabirds of conservation concern to the USFWS. Specifically, a petition to list the BFAL under the Endangered Species Act has recently been submitted to USFWS. Furthermore, over 65% of the world population of these albatross species nest on remote island refuges in the Pacific. Although Southern Hemisphere albatross species are well-studied, through intensive research projects conducted by multiple countries, relatively little is known about the life history, survival, breeding frequency, and reproductive success of Northern Hemisphere albatross species. Such information is important, given the variety of threats that these species face (e.g., fishery bycatch, plastics ingestions, contaminants, loss of breeding habitat due to sea level rise).
A banding/recapture program to monitor the vital rates of these species, under protocols developed by the Principal Investigator and collaborators, was initiated by USFWS on Midway Atoll and Tern Island in 2004, and on Laysan Island in 2005, thus encompassing the vast majority of each of these species. Designing, developing, and maintaining this monitoring program of these globally significant populations has been an ongoing collaboration among the USGS (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center before 2010 and the Colorado Cooperative and Wildlife Research Unit since), the USGS Bird Banding Lab, the USFWS Pacific and Remote Refuges, and the USFWS Region 1 Division of Migratory Birds and Habitat Programs.
The main purpose of this project is to, based on the first 10 years of this data collection, (1) to assess the life history and demographic parameters (survival, recruitment probabilities, breeding probabilities, reproductive success, variability in these metrics across populations) of these Northern Hemisphere species. The parameter estimates and variability from this effort can be incorporated into a stage-based population model, to inform status assessment and provide predictions for candidate conservation actions. (2) Review whether the level of sampling effort recommended in the monitoring protocols has produced inferences with sufficient precision for management purposes (i.e., whether effort should be increased, or could be reduced).
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International Women's Day Events 2018
GGJ member organizations and allies organized marches, celebrations, workshops and panel discussions in honor of International Women's Day throughout the month of March. Below is a list of events organized this year, and click HERE to see event photos. We continue bringing a gender justice lens to all areas of our movement work throughout the year. In addition to planning and supporting local avents and actions, our members organized a social media campaign to reclaim feminisms for the grassroots. Click HERE to see the feminist memes created by GGJ member organizations.
International Working Women's Day March and Celebration - Oakland, CA organized by Gabriela Oakland, and co-sponsored by Causa Justa::Just Cause and MUA.
International Women's Strike and March - New York, NY organized by the NY chapter of the International Women's Strike endorsed by GGJ.
International Women's Day: Understanding the Intersections of Gender and Climate Justice - New York, NY workshop and member meeting organized by WE ACT.
La Mujer Luchando, al Mundo Transformando - New York, NY organized by the Movement for Justice in El Barrio, featuring Grassroots Global Justice, Domestic Workers United and the Rural Women's Assembly.
Feminists Demanding Ecological and Climate Justice - New York, NY Parallel event to the UN Commission on the Status of Women organized by Women's Environment and Development Organization, co-sponsored by GGJ, featuring UPROSE.
March for Black Women - San Diego, CA organized by Black Lives Matter: San Diego and co-sponsored by Activist San Diego
International Women's Day Celebration: The Resistance Continues - Albuquerque, NM organized by SWOP and the March 8th Women's Committee.
Dismantling Patriarchy, Building Food Sovereignty - Chicaco, IL organized by the US Food Sovereignty Alliance with Little Village Environmental Justice Organization (LVEJO) and Comite de Apoyo a los Trabajadores Agricolas (CATA)
International Working Women's Day Celebration - Seattle, WA organized by Got Green and GABRIELA - Seattle.
International Women's Day Celebration and Potluck - Fairbanks, AK organized by Native Movement Alaska and the Fairbanks Climate Action Coalition
Raggae for the Revolution and Salsa for Social Justice - Miami, FL organized by the Miami Workers Center
International Women's Day celebration and workshop - San Francisco, Chinese Progressive Alliance member meeting.
International Women's Day celebration and workshop - Oakland, APEN member meeting.