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Timeline of biotechnology
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The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in order. These discoveries, inventions and modifications are evidence of the evolution of biotechnology since before the common era.
Before Common Era[edit]
- 7000 BCE – Chinese discover fermentation through beer making.
- 6000 BCE – Yogurt and cheese made with lactic acid-producing bacteria by various people.
- 4000 BCE – Egyptians bake leavened bread using yeast.[1]
- 500 BCE – Moldy soybean curds used as an antibiotic.
- 250 BCE – The Greeks practice crop rotation for maximum soil fertility.[2]
- 100 CE – Chinese use chrysanthemum as a natural insecticide.[1][3]
Pre-20th Century[edit]
- 1663 – First recorded description of living cells by Robert Hooke.
- 1677 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers and describes bacteria and protozoa.
- 1798 – Edward Jenner uses first viral vaccine to inoculate a child from smallpox.
- 1802 – The first recorded use of the word biology.
- 1824 – Henri Dutrochet discovers that tissues are composed of living cells.
- 1838 – Protein discovered, named and recorded by Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jöns Jacob Berzelius.
- 1862 – Louis Pasteur discovers the bacterial origin of fermentation.
- 1863 – Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance.
- 1864 – Antonin Prandtl invents first centrifuge to separate cream from milk.
- 1869 – Friedrich Miescher identifies DNA in the sperm of a trout.
- 1871 – Ernst Hoppe-Seyler discovers invertase, which is still used for making artificial sweeteners.
- 1877 – Robert Koch develops a technique for staining bacteria for identification.
- 1878 – Walther Flemming discovers chromatin leading to the discovery of chromosomes.
- 1881 – Louis Pasteur develops vaccines against bacteria that cause cholera and anthrax in chickens.
- 1885 – Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux develop the first rabies vaccine and use it on Joseph Meister.
20th century''
- 1919 – Károly Ereky, a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology.[citation needed]
- 1928 – Alexander Fleming notices that a certain mould could stop the duplication of bacteria, leading to the first antibiotic: penicillin.
- 1933 – Hybrid corn is commercialized.
- 1942 – Penicillin is mass-produced in microbes for the first time.
- 1950 – The first synthetic antibiotic is created.
- 1951 – Artificial insemination of livestock is accomplished using frozen semen.
- 1952 – L.V. Radushkevich and V.M. Lukyanovich publish clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon, in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry.
- 1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA.
- 1958 – The term bionics is coined by Jack E. Steele.
- 1964 – The first commercial myoelectric arm is developed by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the USSR, and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the UK.
- 1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans.
- 1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes.[4]
- 1974 – Scientist invent the first biocement for industrial applications.
- 1975 – Method for producing monoclonal antibodies developed by Köhler and César Milstein.
- 1978 – North Carolina scientists Clyde Hutchison and Marshall Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule.[5]
- 1980 – The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer.
- 1982 – Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
- 1983 – The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived.
- 1990 – First federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a young girl who suffered from an immune disorder.
- 1994 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first GM food: the "Flavr Savr" tomato.
- 1997 – British scientists, led by Ian Wilmut from the Roslin Institute, report cloning Dolly the sheep using DNA from two adult sheep cells.
- 1999 – Discovery of the gene responsible for developing cystic fibrosis.
- 2000 – Completion of a "rough draft" of the human genome in the Human Genome Project.
21st century[edit]
- 2001 – Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project create a draft of the human genome sequence. It is published by Science and Nature Magazine.
- 2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded.
- 2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed, providing information on the locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes.
- 2008 – Japanese astronomers launch the first Medical Experiment Module called "Kibo", to be used on the International Space Station.
- 2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the first viral pacemaker in guinea pigs, now known as iSANs.
- 2012 – Thirty-one-year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system-controlled bionic leg to climb the Chicago Willis Tower.
- ^ a b "Highlights in the History of Biotechnology" (PDF). St Louis Science Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ "Agriculture in Ancient Greece". The Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ "Biotechnology Timeline". Biotechnology Institute of Washington DC. Retrieved 27 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "1973_Boyer". Genome News Network. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ C A Hutchison, 3rd, S Phillips, M H Edgell, S Gillam, P Jahnke and M Smith (1978). "Mutagenesis at a specific position in a DNA sequence". J Biol Chem. 253: 6551–6560. PMID 681366.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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We just got back from Jacksonville on Saturday night. We had tons of fun. Greta cooked us up a storm. Heather and Chris were so great to host us all in their house.We loved seeing the boys, man... have they grown. Here are some pictures.
Christmas in Utah
5 years ago

subset: commoncrawl


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Good evening! I hope everyone has had a great week. The week was pretty mild but this weekend has been a little crazy!!!
Let's start on Friday. Because we did the Derby Mini-Marathon on Saturday (more on that later), we left my car at work because it was closer to the finish line. Not terribly close but MUCH closer than the start line. The start and finish are nowhere near each other and so we have always decided to drop a car at the start and a car at the finish.
Since my car was staying at work, Mom picked me up and we headed to the folks house for waffles. I stuffed myself silly and paid for it later. My stomach felt like I had bricks in it and I was really nauseous. Needless to say, it did not help my nerves. I did a 3 mile run on Wednesday and it really caused my ankle to be sore. I was so nervous that it would not be in good shape to run the mini.
My in-laws drove down to watch the race with some of their friends. They keep in close contact with several of their college friends and some of them run the race while their spouses cheer them on. Since we had to get up early we left them and headed to my parent's house for the night.
On Saturday, the forecast for the morning called for 100% Thunderstorms. Being the paranoid person that I am I was applying Body Glide everywhere and really worrying about chafing. We headed out to our friend, Kiki's house.
She allowed us to rest, use the facilities and stash our car. We walked up to the start line just in time. My ankle and knee we hurting as we walked up. I tried to stretch as much as possible and hoped for the best.
I felt good crossing the start line and all my ailments did not seem to be hurting as I thought they would be. I thought I started out pretty strong but since the course had changed from last year, I wasn't so sure. After mile #1, we headed into Iroquois Park. I am terrible with hills. I usually walk up them and sprint down them so I was not looking forward to it. Not good for my knees and everything else but I am able to make up some of the time I lose by walking.
We passed a huge banner announcing Water Stop #1 but water was no where to be found! I started to get really frustrated but finally I found the water stop 0.1-0.2 miles down the road. I've never been happier to see a water stop. While in the park, I saw Mom which I thought was really weird. I usually never see anyone else because I am the slowest out of my entire family. I could train really hard and never beat anyone else in my family so I was a little worried when I saw Mom.
I ran up next to her and she seemed distress. She said she felt really hot and her arches and knee hurt. I was so proud of Mom for pushing through the pain. We only walked twice and not for too long. I have never run up hills like that and I am so thankful for Mom for pushing me so hard. I loved working with her to get through the park and really appreciated her being there with me.
I had to walk when I first got out of the park so I encouraged Mom to head on without me. Somehow I managed to catch up with her and eventually pass her. I know that she was really discouraged with her race and I hated to leave her behind. I know she wanted me to have a really good race so I tried really hard not to feel bad about it.
I saw the in-laws and friends at the 5 mile marker. I hit that at exactly 1 hr. Not great by most people's standards but I was rockin' it. I did have to walk a lot but I felt much better physically than I have felt in any other mini marathon. I can really say that I enjoyed this race more than any other.
I always love running through Churchill Downs. This race is one of the Derby festivities and it is so neat to see horses being trained while you run around the in-field. This is normally where I always stop for a bathroom break but I hoped I could hold it. I wanted to make sure I didn't waste any extra time.
Around mile #10, my IT band (I think) started to really hurt. I knew where I was time wise and really hoped it would not bother me too much. It did keep me from running as much as I had hoped but I was still doing better than before.
After hitting mile #12 I noticed that we linked back up with the marathoners. Sadly, it was not well marked and there were no volunteers to direct the mini-marathoners. Marathoners were tripping over people and trying to run around them. It was really a shame. If fact, one time I saw them coming and yelled "Marathoner coming through!!!" and luckily many people moved out of the way. I felt so bad for them.
As we turned around the 2nd to last corner, I knew I was going to be cutting it close on my goal time. I tried to run as much as possible but found that several spectators were crossing the street in front of the runners. I almost crashed into an elderly couple and had to yell "EXCUSE ME!!!!" to try and get them out of my way. In all fairness, there was no way to get from the finish line back to cars without crossing in front of the 2 lanes of running traffic. One was strictly marathoners and one was both. There were no other options. It was so distracting to try and side step people with strollers as you are trying to finish strong. I hated that part of the race.
After almost running over the elderly couple (literally) I turned the corner and gunned it. I finished the race in 2:46:27 (official time) and was both elated and a little disappointed. That is definitely my PR (personal record)! I had secretly hoped for 2:45. I could have even been 2:45:59 and been really happy.
Everyone but Mom was super happy with their time. Hubs didn't make his goal but he did take about 16 mins off his time. Dad didn't feel well around mile #11 so he came in later than he thought he would. But overall, we were all pretty happy.
I shaved 24 minutes off of last year's time so really…I could not be happier!!! I did so good for me. I'm not fast but I did feel better this year. With the exception of my IT band, I felt well too.
My friend Lauren also did really well. Remember when she came in at the same time as the hubs in the 10 miler? She came in at the same time in the mini as well but she started later so their times were each 2:40 but she came in behind him. Does that make sense?
I really like the Derby mini-marathon but there were just some really bad parts about this year. They changed the course and it seemed like they forgot about a few things:
- Putting mile numbers at each mile and having them be seen on both sides of the road. I had a hard time keeping track because they weren't marked correctly.
- Putting water stops where they marked water stops would have been nice. Nothing is more frustrating than seeing a big sign for a water stop and then not getting water till later on down the road.
- There were WAY too many people. They changed the course to allow 3,000 more people and it felt really crowded the entire race.
- There were not enough volunteers to keep the mini and marathon separate so that the marathoners could finish strong. They had to fight to get through the mini-marathoners. While there were cones to separate the two, many did not know what that meant because no one was there to let them know.
- Because of how the course was laid out, spectators had to cross in front of runners to get across the street. I almost ran into an elderly couple. It was a complete distraction! And as much as I hated it…I had to do it to so I could meet up with the rest of my family. There was no way to get to cars and away from the finish line without crossing in front of runners.
With that being said…I hope I get to run it again next year. I do enjoy the course and I'm always up for trying to beat a PR. However, the race issues really put a damper on what could have been a really awesome race. I have already tried to contact the organizers for some feedback but I hope they listen to the runners about all the problems changing the course created.
Update: I just read on Facebook that several of these issues are being resolved for next year. And as annoyed as I was when I wrote this, I still think this is a great race and I had a really good time running it this year. I mainly just wanted to vent about some frustrating logistical problems. However, if you are looking for a beautiful race, I think the Derby Mini-Marathon could not be beat (Churchill Downs, Iroquois Park). So Wendell (Derby Race Organizer), if you read this, I mean this to be as constructive as possible. And thanks for all you do!
After the race, we had to book it home to get ready for one of my best friend's weddings. She was a bridesmaid in my wedding and I lived with her for a year at my wedding.
Lauren is on the far left. (Note: she is a diff. Lauren than who ran the mini) Also, Kim, what/who are you looking at?
Since this has gotten ridiculously long, I will show you pics of her wedding tomorrow!


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Making a Difference in Your Life
Welcome to Marion County Research and Extension. Your local K-State Research and Extension office is a tremendous resource for finding the information that you need. Love gardening? Check out our Lawn and Garden area. If you are interested in being a part of 4-H or being a volunteer, our 4-H Youth Development area has all of the information you need to get started. Visit Family and Consumer Sciences for information on Family and Child Development, Medicare and Aging, Nutrition and Wellness, and much more. Questions about Crops or Livestock...check out our Agriculture and Natural Resources Section!
Marion County Extension service is here to help all county residents by providing unbiased, research and evidence-based information they can rely on. Explore our website and if you don't find the answer you need, please feel free to contact us in person, by phone, or emailing the local Extension Agents.
The Marion County Extension Office is located at 202 S. 3rd, the Marion Courthouse Annex, in Marion, Kansas. Our office hours are 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. You can reach us by phone at (620) 382-2325.
Upcoming Events...
Town Hall Meeting
Marion County Residents are invited to a Town Hall Meeting discussing substance abuse prevention and the increased trend in vaping among youth.
Date: Tuesday, November 19th at 7:00 PM
Location: Hillsboro High School Auditorium
Like Us On Facebook!
Marion County K-State Research and Extension Facebook Page


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|Pastor Arnfinn Trygve Clementsen
1953: born in Skotselv, a village 70 kilometer from Oslo, the capital of Norway,
August 25th.
1968: Personal Christian conversion August 19681972: Fullfilled High
school June 1972
1973-1978: Founder and leader of the youth ministry, New Life, Hokksund, Norway. Evangelism, youth choir, Study groups, concerts and more.1976: Attended Bible School at Filadelfia Pentecostal Church and national Pentecostal center in Oslo, autumn 76
1975-1976: Full time youth worker and evangelist in the Pentecostal Church Saron, Hokksund
1976-1978: Full time evangelist in Norway and Denmark in Pentecostal churches and other denominations as well
1978: Married to Liss-Bente August 19th 19781978-1980: Pastor in Mission Church, «Vesterkirken», Brønderslev, Denmark.
1980-1981: Evangelist and Youth pastor in Tabernaklet Pentecostal Church, Skien. Norway, October 1980 – October 1981
1981-2010: Pastor at Karisma Senter Church, Stavanger, Norway. The church was originally founded in 1916 as Pentecostal church Zion. It was re-established and changed name in 1988 to «Karisma Senter Church» after a period of revival, growth and changes.
2010- Pastor, author and coach connected to Karisma Church as a base for his national and international ministryEvents:
1995: «The Norway campaign»- «Norway back to God»
Meetings and leader seminars in 20 cities all over Norway with a special challenge to pray for the nation.
A part of this was the best selling Christian book in Norway 1995, «Norway back to God» which was spread out in 70000 copies through this campaign.
1985-2010: Seminars and evangelistic campaigns together with churches and leaders in Norway and different nations.
1993-2010: Annual New Year Seminars at Karisma Senter Church
1994-2000: Founder and director of Karisma Senter Bible School
1997-2003: Founder and leader of the Christian organization «Norway back to God»
2000- : Founder and board member of the Christian elementary School, Stavanger Christian School (SKG), 1st – 10th grade.
2004-2005: Diploma for one year pastor school by Word of Life University, Uppsala, Sweden.
2005-2008: Certificate of graduation «Million Leaders Mandate – EQUIP»,
2011 September – Rescieved his PhD – Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) in a seremony at Karisma Church
2011 March: Pastor and leader seminar Minsk, Belrus
2011 November Pastor and Leader seminar – Visakapathnam, India
2015 August: Pastor and leadership conference – Kampala, Uganda


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Introduction: The Baptist Articles of Faith should be reviewed from time to time, as suggested by passages like Titus 3:8. Today, we hope to discuss articles thirteen and fourteen.
Read Articles of Faith 13: Of the Gospel Church
Essentially, we believe that a church is a group of people who have been baptized, profess to being believers, and who are associated by covenant. It carries out the ordinances and is governed by God's Word. It's only scriptural officers are the bishop or Pastor and deacons, according to this articles of faith.
Teaching Points –
- Acts 2:41 demonstrates the importance of baptism before people are considered a part of the number of the church. Matthew 28:19-20 supports the idea of baptism being performed in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
This text also supports the idea that the mission of the church is to evangelize and edify God's way. Evangelism is supported by baptism. Edification is supported by teaching. God's way is supported by Jesus' example in the text.
Let's focus on getting people saved and growing in the Lord, as a gospel church. Every believer ought to work on becoming empowered to lead others to Christ and to encourage them in the Lord. Our church needs to structure itself and conduct itself like evangelism and edification are really the purposes of the church.
- I Timothy 3 gives a list of qualifications of Pastors and deacons. In the Baptist church, Pastor, bishop, and elder mean the same thing. We strongly prefer Pastor. Bishop often conjures up being over more than one church. And the term elder sounds more like what we would call an associate minster or a respected aged person.
By the way, all preachers are not Pastors, but all Pastors are preachers. In brief, both offices should be occupied by mature disciples of Christ who have the skills and knowledge to do the work of the office.
Both offices should be occupied by those who have been tested and passed the test to sit in the highest human offices in the church. There should be challenging but reasonable requirements set for those who desire to serve.
The day is coming when all deacons and preachers will be active Training Union graduates who are involved in teaching, managing, and follow-up ministry. Based on this articles of faith, let's work on developing and supporting reasonable requirements for our scriptural officers.
- I Peter 5:1-4 supports the idea that the Pastor's job is to feed and lead the church. Feeding means to help people understand and live by the word of God. Leading means lifting a vision and managing the affairs related to carrying out the vision.
As important as preaching and teaching is, if the Pastor does not have the authority to lead, the church will always suffer major problems. Because he is the leader, the Pastor should have the authority to present what he believes is God's will for the goals, plans, budgets, cabinet members, and other leadership items.
He would do well to seek the advisement of others (see Pro. 11:14); however, at the end of the day, he does not need anyone's permission to present what he believes to be the will of God to the people of God.
In fact, it is unfortunately true that in carnal churches, the Pastor goes directly to the people to prevent sabotage and energy draining arguing with his officers. Let's work on supporting our feeding and leading Pastor.
- Acts 6:1-6 supports the idea that the deacons and all officers for that matter should assist the Pastor as qualified appointed members. The men in Acts 6 were not called deacons but functioned as deacons (i.e., servants). Notice they assisted the leaders (i.e., Apostles), by following their instructions, not the people's nor traditions.
They were qualified – honest report and full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom. To be "filled" means to be controlled. If an officer is not studying, serving, and giving then he or she is not filled enough.
Studying means week Bible study. Serving means doing something significant in addition to "Each Reach One." And giving means tithing and giving offerings.
They are required to get along with the people and Pastor. They are appointed, not simply elected into office, even though the group may make recommendations. Based on this articles of faith, let's work on developing and maintaining high quality officers.
- As for the other officers in the church – trustees, ministry managers, presidents, and chair people – as it seems good to us, we add, subtract, and modify officers. Perhaps the non-scriptural officer that gets the most attention is the trustee.
The Ohio law calls for a church corporation to have directors or trustees. These are the people who handle the legal and or business affairs of the church.
They are governed by the church's code of regulations or by-laws. Allow me to make several points, 1. The trustees are subject to the church's rulership. They cannot simply do what they want to do with church resources.
That is why by-laws, budgets, and financial statements are so important along with accurate minutes of what was authorized and by absence of mention, what was not authorized.
2. Anyone whom the church chooses can be a trustee. In some churches, to prevent or lessen the power struggle among the senior officers, the Pastor, manager of the Deacon Ministry, ...
and a small group of others make up the major decision making class of the trustees (i.e., class "A" is like an executive committee). The rest of the trustees are basically workers and advisors.
3. Trustees should function as the rest of the officers and ministries in the church. The manager should assist the Pastor as a qualified appointed member. The members of the group should be disciples. Let's support a Trustee Ministry that fits our dynamic church situation.
In summary, in this articles of faith, we believe that the church is a group of people who have been baptized, profess to be believers, and are associated by covenant to carry out God's will with the scriptural officers of the Pastor and deacons.
Read Articles of Faith 14: Of Baptism and the Lord's Supper
Essentially, in this articles of faith, we believe that baptism is an ordinance that identifies us with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is a prerequisite for church membership and the Lord's Supper. We believe that the Lord's supper elements are symbols of Jesus' body and blood being given for us.
Teaching Points –
- Matthew 28:19-20 supports the idea of using the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost/Spirit in the baptismal formula. It is also supports how it comes shortly after accepting Christ as one's savior by faith.
Romans 6:4 supports the symbolic connection with the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ to the end that we strive to live according to God's will. Let's strive to live up to the symbolism of our baptism by loving God, ourselves, and others.
- I Corinthians 11:26-28 teaches that the bread and fruit of the vine are symbols of the body and blood of Christ. Everyone should exam one's self, before partaking. We serve grape juice because it is a non-controversial use of the fruit of the vine. And some people cannot handle real wine.
We use the crackers that we use because we like them and they satisfy the inclusion of bread. We use the style of walking around because it works for now. We have it after both worship services, instead of at 6:00 p.m., because it works for us. Our men wear black and women wear white because we like it like that.
Thy symbolism is more important than the style. Let's spend most of our attention on trying to be what we eat – the body and blood and Christ. Also note that our "open" communion places responsibility on each individual to exam himself or herself, before partaking in the Lord's supper. We strongly urge people to be baptized members of the church before taking communion.
Every communion taker (i.e., child and adult) should be saved, understand the symbolism, and strive to be a disciple. Members can call the church to arrange for special communion.
In summary, in this articles of faith, we believe in a symbolic and memorial view of baptism and communion. There is no power in the water, bread, or grape juice. However, we should have a deep reverence for the symbolism and strive to live up to what the symbols point to.
Conclusion: Let's work on remembering, understanding, and living by the Baptist Articles of Faith. God has much for those who obey His will.
Please click here to let us know, if this has been quality and helpful information for you (i.e., make sure you let us know the name of the article). Feel free to share your questions and comments about the article as well.
From Baptist Articles of Faith: Teachng Seven to Baptist Doctrine


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May 21, 2014 2:39 PM
May 21, 2014: Citrix Synergy recap and VMware CTO Colbert
Profile: Colin Steele
We're back! This Week in Virtualization returns with the highlights from Citrix Synergy 2014 and an interview with Kit Colbert, CTO of VMware's end-user computing division. Hosted by Nick Martin with guests Jake O'Donnell and Colin Steele.


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Retirement Communities in Grand Island, NE
Those who call Primrose Retirement Community their home in Grand Island, Nebraska, don't let much grass grow under their feet. We have an active group of very special residents. This summer we've enjoyed several garden tours, picnic outings, and an afternoon social in a country home to name a few. What fun to enjoy getting out, enjoying the beautiful outdoors and the fellowship of good friends.
by Carrie Barber
Life Enrichment Coordinator
Margaret enjoyed picking mulberries.
What fun to enjoy looking at all the beautiful flowers.
Refreshments in a country home.
Picnic fun!
Another beautiful yard enjoyed by some very special Primrose friends.
To find out more about all the goings on at Primrose, please contact your nearest Primrose Retirement Community today to see more of our fun and social living. We'll happily answer all your questions and show you around our beautiful communities. Come see why we say, THIS IS LIVING!


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Police: Man accidentally shot and killed roommate
KEENE, N.H. (AP) — A New Hampshire man says he was demonstrating a safer way to carry a pistol when he accidentally shot and killed his roommate in their apartment.
Police say 25-year old Adam Anderson, of Keene, recklessly caused the death Sunday of 22-year-old Holden Guyette by failing to ensure the handgun was unloaded and clear. They say he aimed it at Guyette and caused a fatal chest wound.
A police affidavit says Anderson said he was unaware that he shot Guyette, but called 911 when he saw blood. He said he has been shooting firearms since childhood.
Tia Guyette, Anderson's girlfriend and Guyette's sister, witnessed the shooting.
Anderson was charged with manslaughter and was arraigned Monday. His case has been assigned to the public defender's office.


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When Kashiya Nwanguma learned that Donald J. Trump would campaign in Louisville, Ky., where she is a student, she walked into a FedEx store and printed two colorful signs she had found online, depicting his head on a pig's body.
Then she steeled herself for what has become the most provocative and potentially dangerous recurring act committed by ordinary voters in the 2016 presidential cycle: protesting Mr. Trump inside one of his own rallies.
The moment that Ms. Nwanguma, 21, who is black, held up her signs, Trump supporters ripped them away and began shoving her, screaming racial slurs and calling her "leftist scum," she said in an interview.
"Did I enjoy being treated like trash? No, not at all," she said.
At least she came away unharmed. The same could not be said for Rakeem Jones, 26, a protester who was punched in the face by a Trump supporter on Wednesday as law enforcement officers were leading him out of a campaign rally in Fayetteville, N.C.
"He deserved it," the assailant, John McGraw, told the television program "Inside Edition" after the confrontation, which was captured on video from several angles. "Next time, we might have to kill him."
Mr. McGraw was charged with assault and battery and disorderly conduct, and the authorities said they were also preparing to charge him with communicating a threat.
As Mr. Trump has unleashed the pent-up fury of economically displaced Americans, a much smaller but equally fervent movement has materialized in response, of people who are determined to shame Mr. Trump publicly, even if it means withstanding hostility, slurs, shouting or violence.
In recent weeks, the demonstrations have intensified, interrupting Mr. Trump time and again, breaking his train of thought and challenging his ability to command the room.
"Can the protesters stop for a couple of seconds so we can talk?" he said after several interruptions in Orlando, Fla., on Saturday.
Such protests are hardly unique to the Trump campaign, but rarely have they been as frequent or as hostile, and few candidates have been as angry in response.
The rancor is so blatant that Mr. Trump was asked about it during the debate on Thursday night in Miami. He said he had not seen the violent episode in Fayetteville, and when asked if he was encouraging his supporters' fury, he said, "I hope not."
But he added that some of the protesters were "bad dudes" who were seeking confrontation. The "animosity is like I've never seen before," he told Chris Cuomo of CNN after the debate, "and I hope we can straighten it out."
The tensions between supporters and protesters lately seem to be mirrored by clashes between journalists and Mr. Trump's entourage. A Secret Service agent was seen on camera grabbing a photographer by the throat and throwing him to the ground last month during a protest. And on Tuesday night, in Jupiter, Fla., the Trump campaign manager, Corey Lewandowski, roughly yanked the arm of a Breitbart reporter as she tried to ask Mr. Trump about affirmative action, she and another reporter said. (A campaign spokeswoman disputed their account.)
Despite pre-event disclaimers urging peaceable conduct, Mr. Trump's tone often seems to encourage aggression. The candidate has berated security guards for not ejecting protesters quickly enough.
Last year, he suggested that a man wearing a Black Lives Matter shirt who was beaten and kicked may have deserved it. In February, as a protester was being removed from an event in Las Vegas, Mr. Trump said, "I'd like to punch him in the face." And in Fayetteville on Wednesday, as people kept interrupting him, Mr. Trump lamented the "good old days" when, he said, protesters would have been treated more harshly.
Indeed, the disruptions have become as much a fixture of Trump rallies as the chants to "build the wall" and promises to "make America great again" — so routine that aides prepare for them, the candidate anticipates them and his crowds are instructed in how to handle them.
"If a protester starts demonstrating in the area around you, please do not touch or harm the protester," begins a scripted message that precedes all Trump rallies. To quickly alert local law enforcement, the message continues, "please hold a rally sign over your head and start chanting: 'Trump! Trump! Trump!' "
A cat-and-mouse game precedes each Trump appearance. As audiences filter in through security checks, campaign aides scrutinize those in line, trying to spot groups of protesters by their matching shirts or other telling signs. People seen as likely disrupters are often ushered out before Mr. Trump ever takes the stage. People ejected from a rally in Concord, N.C., on Monday included a man in a shirt that read "Fascist Trump," and a group of men and women in black and white shirts who had linked arms.
Perhaps not coincidentally, Mr. Trump has lately started asking his supporters to raise their right hands and pledge their loyalty to him, creating tableaus that critics have likened to the salutes of followers of Hitler and Mussolini.
The response when a protest breaks out can seem almost biological.
Trump supporters typically begin shouting, pointing, jeering — and sometimes kicking or spitting — at the protester, surrounding the offender in a tight circle, like antibodies trying to isolate and expel an unwanted invader from the bloodstream.
In Louisville on March 1, Ms. Nwanguma was shocked by the reaction from Trump supporters, she said in an interview later. A video of the episode shows her clutching her cellphone and pinballing among outstretched, shoving hands. She said she was thinking, "Oh my God, this can't be happening," adding, "I didn't have any way to assign any names to my feelings."
Mr. Trump tries to turn the interruptions to his advantage, showcasing his large crowds and commanding presence, alternately shouting "Get 'em out of here" and "Be nice."
In Concord, he referred to demonstrators as "my friends" and showed flashes of compassion. "Are you O.K., honey? Don't fall," he said, when a protester seemed to stumble.
But six minutes into the event, when another man was led away, raising both middle fingers to the crowd in a show of defiance, Mr. Trump yelled, "Out, out, out!"
"He puts up the wrong finger and we're supposed to take it nowadays, folks," Mr. Trump said. "Pretty sad. Nasty, nasty people."
Still, something is enticing more and more protesters to brave the hostile response.
Maria Alcivar, 27, a student at Iowa State whose family is from Ecuador, helped organize four protests at Trump events in Iowa. At the first, outside a football tailgate party, she said her group's signs were ripped and people shouted.
Now, she said, she and other protesters take safety precautions, meeting in advance to discuss the layout of each venue and agreeing that everyone will leave as a group if one is asked to go.
Ms. Alcivar said she always felt nervous before protesting, fearful of being physically assaulted. But once she begins, she said, Mr. Trump no longer has control over her, or her message.
"Yes, I'm scared and nervous in the moment," she said. "But once I start chanting, I feel superpowerful."


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Irish House may keep opening outlets across the city of Mumbai, but each one continues to surprise you and has an aura of mystique about it. Stepping into one, never tires me. I was as gung-ho about exploring the Andheri West outlet, as I was when I had been to the first one in Lower Parel, several aeons ago.
The characterstic décor and ambience greeted us. Teeming with people, this place was pulsating. It seemed oh-so! Familiar and yet new. Loved it from word go.
Once seated, we settled for Drunken mushrooms. These oven roasted infused with tequila, topped with spinach, goat cheese n parmesan were the perfect beginning. Absolutely melt-in-the-mouth and with an array of flavours and textures in one dish. we were ready for the evening.
As I sipped my refreshing Kiwi & Lime Iced tea, I bit into the Wasabi japonica – rock shrimp tossed in wasabi mayo. Ooh! I was in for a huge disappointment. Gooey, doused in mayo, the shrimps had lost their taste, texture and flavour completely. Luckily the Irish Sergeant potato skins came to our rescue and revived our taste buds. The cheesy potato skins with corn, were familiar to my palate and I realised those were such a safe bet.
Goat cheese salad came next. Warm goat cheese with kalamata olives, goat cheese, plum tomatoes n parmesan croutons, salads are my comfort food anyway and this one too proved to be just that. The crunchy salad with the tangy olives, soft creamy goat cheese and balsamic vinaigrette teased our taste buds sufficiently. My palate was cleansed and ready for the next dish.
Traditional stuffed chicken in a pastry shell served with a rosemary merlot sauce indeed ended up being "our" chicken dish that evening and we were floored with it. Baked to perfection, the crispy pastry shell was an ideal complement to the chicken and the sauce added the right amount of flourish. We decided to share it as it seemed too big to relish alone. It was a sensible decision. After all the dark bottom Kahlua verrine was waiting for us. A treat for the taste buds, it was sinful as expected but not cloyingly sweet. A bit heady too, but just the right flavours. A winning combination.
The menu of course is exhaustive with typical favourites like Smokie's Lamb pie, hearty burgers, Fish n chips, Hunter's penne et al. Each dish is value for money, robust and filling. That's what appeals to me about Irish House.
The sight of young people guzzling draught beers and enjoying themselves is common. Adds to the ambience actually.
All in all, a great evening, with foot-tapping music, refreshing drinks and delicious food. I want to go back soon!


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Mentoring Sea Service Families Since 1965!
First of all, let's make something clear. I, PERSONALLY have not been mentoring sea service families since 1965 But, Naval Services FamilyLine has! We are proud of our heritage - having been founded by the likes of Mrs. Arleigh (Bobbie) Burke and others, in 1965, to support the families of our active-duty, sailors, marines and coasties!
But, mentoring is what we do - and we do it well after almost 50 years! So, yesterday, I spoke to the Naval Officer Spouse Club of D.C. We met for lunch inside the beautiful, new clubhouse of the Army/Navy Country Club in Arlington, VA. There were about 50 navy spouses in attendance. The topic of my lunchtime speech was "Mentoring". Below, you will find my Part One of my summarized remarks. Enjoy and come back soon to read Part Two! Go FamilyLine!
"Mentoring" (Part One)
Speech 1/31/2013
Gina Buzby
Chairman, Naval Services FamilyLine
"We will go over two points:
What is Mentoring? and How can Naval Services FamilyLine help make you a better mentor?
The original concept of a mentor was based on a character from Greek mythology, namely, Homer's story of the Odyssey. Within this legend, a goddess appears in different forms to help guide, protect and support the journey of the main character of the story. This all-knowing and powerful figure that Homer describes as "Mentor" has shaped our modern day expectations and perceptions of what a mentor does-or more importantly what a mentor should do.
We typically think of mentoring as a valuable facet of the business world, where a basic definition of a mentor is one who helps you reach career goals. But, today, we are focusing on mentoring in respect to helping each other cope with the challenges of a military lifestyle.
My personal definition of a mentor: Someone we have something in common with, who has more experience in that area and is able to communicate those lessons learned to you – without authority – but with friendly guidance." Mentoring relationships are those in which a more experienced person (young or old) acts as a guide, role model, teacher or sponsor of a less experienced person (protégé', mentee, or mentoree).
Mentors provide proteges with knowledge, advice, counsel, support and opportunity in the protégé's pursuits.
I am sure you all have had some wonderful mentors, both men and women, young and old. I have as well. - In my early years, as a career woman and as a navy spouse.
These are my "Top Six" / favorite, most-appreciated and most-forwarded pieces of NAVY SPOUSE advice…
1) Be yourself – (Consistently be true to yourself – be authentic!
2) Tell yourself - this isn't rocket science. (If you are newly married, if you are new to the navy, if you're entering into a new role,- whatever the situation, you can figure this out – be confident).
3) Ask yourself - what can we do to make this fun – (alleviate the stress when at all possible).
4) Semper gumby! (Always flexible) (Never fall in love with your plan, because your plan is sure to change).
5) Never wear your spouse's rank unless...it helps someone truly in need.
6) Remember humility. (You are not above others - and should never consider yourself such. You make mistakes too and you should share them - they make you more approachable.
These have served me well over the years. I know all of you could add a much longer list. So, we've put together a starter list of some popular pieces of advice SEE ATTACHED PDF FILE.
And, we would like to hear from you about your favorite pieces of advice given / received. Email us your advice so we may add it. we would like to keep a running list that would be accessible on our new website and social media.
Collection of Mentoring Advice (PDF)
(Stay tuned for Part Two)


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A woman whose brother was killed by a drink-driver told this week of her family's heartbreak following the tragedy.
Keith 'Robbie' Roberts, from Slinfold, died when his sports car was hit head-on on the A24.
His sister Alison Longhorn said: "It shouldn't have happened. Robbie was just in the wrong place at the wrong time."
Robbie, 58, died after being airlifted to St George's Hospital in Tooting following the crash in December 2014.
Alison was at home in Oak Tree Way, Horsham, when police told her that Robbie was critically injured and she rushed to be with him - eventually sitting holding his hand in hospital until he died.
And after the man who caused the crash - and who was nearly twice over the legal alcohol limit at the time - was jailed this week, Alison urged other people to think twice before attempting to drive after drinking.
"I would say just don't do it," she said. "Think of the consequences. Why put your own and other innocent people's lives at risk?"
She said she and Robbie's family were satisfied that the man responsible for her brother's death had been sent to prison but that any sentence would not be long enough "because it will never bring back Robbie into our lives." And she added in a statement read to the court: "I am so angry that he was wiped out this way after he had innocently spent an evening out. It is so unfair."
She said Robbie - who had an illustrious 30-year career with the Royal Navy - had "a zest for life" and was "one of life's gentlemen."
Robbie's father sadly died soon after Robbie. "He simply gave up, knowing his son had gone," said Alison who added that the whole family had been left "shocked and devastated to the core" by Robbie's sudden and tragic death. "He went so quickly most of his family were unable to get to see him in time to say goodbye."
Robbie was given a military funeral, organised and attended by the Royal Navy's State Ceremonial Training Officer.
The man who caused the head-on collision - Gary Holmes, 44 from Ashtead in Surrey - was jailed for four years at Isleworth Crown Court on Monday.
He was also banned from driving for seven years after being found guilty of causing death by careless driving following the collision on the A24 in the early hours on December 13, 2014, Surrey Police said.
The court heard that Holmes had spent a busy day working before meeting a friend in Leatherhead, during which time he consumed a number of alcoholic drinks, later shown to be almost twice the legal limit. After eating a meal, the two men went to a nightclub and then, despite the offer of a bed for the night, Holmes decided to drive home to Ashtead, a police statement said.
Just two miles before reaching his home address, Holmes failed to negotiate a bend on the A24 at Leatherhead and crashed head-on with a vehicle being driven in the opposite direction by Robbie Roberts.
Det Sgt Gary Wright said: "Mr Roberts' death was solely down to the bad choices Holmes made that evening."
The judge rejected a claim by his defence that a previously undiagnosed sleep apnoea condition had been responsible for the collision, police said.
DS Wright said police would continue to target "dangerous individual drivers who put themselves and others at risk by being under the influence of drink or drugs.
"If you are caught you are most likely going to lose your licence, which could affect your job, increase your insurance premiums or in the worst of cases go to prison for killing someone which will be on your conscience for the rest of your life."
He added that Mr Roberts's life was "taken unnecessarily and we will continue to do everything we can to stop and prevent offending motorists in a bid to prevent collisions and save lives on the roads across the county's road network."
Meanwhile, family and friends of Robbie Roberts have raised a considerable amount of money for the Kent, Surrey and Sussex Air Ambulance and St George's Hospital's intensive care unit following Robbie's death.
They are urging more people to support the air ambulance service. Robbie's sister Alison Longhorn said: "If anyone would like to donate to the air ambulance service in Robbie's memory we would be very grateful as you never know when you might need their help."
The family are now also hoping to complete a sponsored walk for BRAKE, a charity for road crash victims. It works to prevent road casualties, make communities safer, and support families suffering the aftermath of a road crash.


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SANTA CLARA, Calif. – Arteivia Lilomaiava continues to play an increased role on Santa Clara University's women's basketball team. Lilomaiava (pronounced 'lee-low-my-ava') is a sophomore, who starred at nearby Aragon High School, where she was twice named the San Mateo County 'Player of the Year.' She recently took the time to answer a few questions from SantaClaraBroncos.com (SCB) about basketball, academics, her teammates and motivation.
SCB: As a sophomore, cracking into the starting lineup and emerging as a key player, what was the biggest challenge you had to overcome to be an impact collegiate player?
AL: The biggest challenge I had to overcome is learning to slow down and have composure on the court and to just be an overall solid player for my teammates.
SCB: Academically, what classes have interested you most at Santa Clara thus far and why?
AL: I am majoring in Liberal Studies; in the future I would love to be a teacher. I am currently taking classes that focus on learning how to teach such as teaching skills for elementary math teachers and health education 70.
SCB: Going 6-1 to start this season was exciting to watch. What was your favorite memory/game/moment of that early-season run and why?
AL: My favorite game of this early season was our win against Southern Utah. The biggest memory from this game was running onto the court after Ashley Armstrong hit the winning three.
SCB: Beginning the season in October and going through March, what are some of the things that keep you motivated on a daily basis?
AL: My family and my team are my two biggest motivations. My family comes to all my home games and they support me when times get rough. As well as with my teammates, we are like one big sisterhood. We keep each other's heads up and we push one another to get better everyday.
SCB: It seems like you and your teammates have a lot of fun together. How would you describe the team's culture? What are some things you have really enjoyed about being part of SCU basketball?
AL: The best way to describe our team is UNIQUE. We are all interesting and crazy in our own little ways. The biggest thing I enjoy about this team is how close we are and how we can make an ordinary day turn into a crazy day full of laughter and smiles.
April 27, 2012 Join SCU Women's Basketball at its 2012 BlongoBall Event!
April 23, 2012 SCU Broncos Sign High-Scoring Prep Guard Brooke Gallaway
April 11, 2012 Schlesinger Weighs in on Time at Santa Clara
March 20, 2012 4th Annual SCU WBB Golf Tournament Set for Friday, April 13
February 28, 2012 Santa Clara Women's Basketball 2012 WCC Tournament Preview
February 23, 2012 BYU Women Ease Past Santa Clara in Provo
February 22, 2012 Big Games for Bronco Women: at BYU Thursday, Senior Day Saturday vs. USF
February 19, 2012 Alyssa Shoji Makes Eight 3s, Leading SCU Past Portland 71-70
February 15, 2012 Creating a Culture of Academic Success; Santa Clara Women's Basketball
February 14, 2012 SCU Aims for Road Wins at Gonzaga and Portland This Week
February 11, 2012 Santa Clara Falls to Saint Mary's 57-47
February 10, 2012 Santa Clara Wins Again, 61-57 Over LMU
February 4, 2012 Santa Clara Women Surge Past USF, Winning 59-51
February 3, 2012 Santa Clara Drops a Heartbreaker at USD, 56-50
January 31, 2012 SCU Women Face San Diego and USF This Week on the Road
January 28, 2012 Santa Clara Nearly Upsets No. 23 BYU at the Leavey Center
January 26, 2012 SCU Falls at St. Mary's; Broncos Host No. 23 BYU Saturday
January 21, 2012 Santa Clara Women Unable to Overcome Slow Start at LMU
January 20, 2012 No. 25 Gonzaga Women Hold Off Santa Clara, 81-68
January 14, 2012 Santa Clara Women Edged By Pepperdine 67-57
January 13, 2012 Broncos Look for a Big Road Win in Malibu
January 10, 2012 USD Stops Santa Clara in WCC Women's Matchup
January 9, 2012 Broncos-Toreros to Play Monday Night in Santa Clara
January 6, 2012 Huge Second Half Allows Broncos 78-63 Win Over Pilots
January 3, 2012 Santa Clara Women Host Portland Thursday Night at 7 p.m.
January 3, 2012 Santa Clara's Alyssa Shoji is NCAA's Top 3-Point Shooter
December 31, 2011 SCU Dominates First Half, But Pepperdine Rallies for 62-56 Win
December 29, 2011 Broncos Battle Waves in Santa Clara's WCC Opener Saturday
December 22, 2011 Bronco Women Score 96 Points, Beat Hornets by 20 in Sacramento
December 20, 2011 Non-Conference Finale On Tap For Santa Clara Thursday Afternoon
December 19, 2011 Santa Clara-Princeton Game Goes to Tigers
December 17, 2011 Spartan Women Top Broncos in Local Rivalry Game
December 15, 2011 Bring Books to Donate! SCU Women's Basketball Hosts SJSU and Princeton
December 13, 2011 Shoji's 22 Not Enough for Santa Clara in Loss at Seattle
December 10, 2011 Cal Pulls Away From Santa Clara Women in Second Half
December 8, 2011 Road Games in Berkeley and Seattle Next for Santa Clara Women
December 3, 2011 Santa Clara Edged By UC Irvine Saturday Afternoon, 88-82
December 1, 2011 Santa Clara Scores 90 Points in Lopsided Win Over CSUN
November 29, 2011 Road Games in Southern Calif. Next for 5-1 Santa Clara Women
November 29, 2011 Santa Clara Keeps Rolling, Knocking Off Unbeaten UC Davis 81-78
November 22, 2011 Santa Clara Women Top Long Beach State, Improve to 4-1
November 22, 2011 Streaking SCU Broncos Host Big West Champs UC Davis Monday Night
November 19, 2011 Santa Clara Rallies for Dramatic 79-78 Win Over SUU
November 17, 2011 Santa Clara Women Roll Past Northern Colorado, 71-37
November 15, 2011 SCU Women Aim to Capitalize on Early-Season Home Schedule
November 13, 2011 Broncos Lose Close Game on Road to Reigning WAC Champs
November 11, 2011 Bronco Women's Basketball Impressive in 93-87 Season-Opening Win
November 10, 2011 Santa Clara Women's Basketball Signs Washington Guard Katie Hawkins
November 9, 2011 Santa Clara Women Top Sonoma State in Exhibition Tune-Up
November 3, 2011 SCU Women's Basketball Preps for 2011-12 Season-Opener
November 2, 2011 SCU Alumna Lena Gipson Signs Pro Contract to Play in Malta
October 31, 2011 SCU Women's Basketball: WCC Names Alyssa Shoji Among Best Players
October 3, 2011 Preseason Camp Opens for Santa Clara Women's Hoops
September 21, 2011 Meet Nici Gilday, Part of SCU's Nationally-Ranked Recruiting Class
September 16, 2011 Introducing Santa Clara Basketball Freshman Tyler Woods!
August 24, 2011 Santa Clara Women's Basketball Announces 2011-12 Schedule
June 6, 2011 Fulps Excited to Take on Larger Leadership Role


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The Minnesota Vikings have agreed to terms on a five-year, $72 million contract extension with Danielle Hunter.
The deal includes $40 million in guaranteed money, with a $15 million signing bonus. The annual average worth is more than $14 million, on par with fellow Vikings defensive end Everson Griffen.
"I had to get this out of the way," Hunter said, acknowledging relief to have signed before training camp. "I didn't want to be bothered by anything."
Via Associated Press


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Taken From :
Title: Colon and Rectal Surgery, 5th Edition
Editors: Corman, Marvin L.
Copyright ©2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Guest Contributor John L. Petrini
I have asked a former colleague, John Petrini, to provide this contribution to the fifth edition of this book. Dr. Petrini is Chief of the Department of Gastroenterology at the Sansum Medical Clinic in Santa Barbara, California. During our 12 years of association, I have relied on him for his expertise and insight into the management of some of the difficult conditions that colon and rectal surgeons face. I believe that a chapter on diet and drugs for the benefit of general surgeons, as well as colon and rectal surgeons, should be a useful addition to this text.
A drug is a substance that, when injected into a rat, produces a scientific paper.
The role of diet in a healthy bowel has been a stimulating and controversial subject for two millennia. There are data to support numerous statements and recommendations, but controlled clinical trials defining the benefits of various foods and therapies are quite limited. In general, diets high in fiber and roughage help facilitate the normal passage of stool. In addition, they may be beneficial to the overall health of an individual by reducing cholesterol, maintaining blood sugar in the normal range, and decreasing the incidence of diverticulosis. Cruciferous plants also contain anticarcinogens that may reduce the incidence of colonic neoplasms. Furthermore, aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) appear to reduce the incidence of colon cancer. Other ideas—for example, that cow's milk and dairy products may be harmful for young children and most adults—have some validity. There are a host of other claims, but the data in support of them are very weak.
Patients may solicit the opinion of a physician for concerns that do not necessarily require surgical intervention, or they may experience gastrointestinal symptoms that are consequences of an operation. For many, dietary manipulations and medical therapy may provide relief of the discomfort and disability. Initial therapy for most disorders of the colon and rectum is usually dietary adjustment. This approach is often instituted by the patient himself or herself. The symptoms of certain conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, diarrhea, and constipation, can often be ameliorated by dietary manipulation, even though the cause of the disorder may not be related to a specific food. The addition of medication, either for symptomatic relief or to treat the specific disease state, may also contribute to the relief of a patient's symptoms. It is important, however, to understand the pathophysiology underlying the bowel symptoms in order to offer the appropriate treatment. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information available for many disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract that may aid the physician in appropriate therapeutic decision making. This chapter focuses on some of the more common symptoms and conditions for which patients seek the attention of physicians trained in gastrointestinal disease and gastrointestinal surgery.
Constipation can be defined as either a decrease in the frequency of stools or an increase in the difficulty of passage of stool. Patients may also complain of hard bowel movements, small actions, inability to evacuate, or the sensation of incomplete evacuation. Some studies have demonstrated that 95% of healthy adults will have a minimum of three bowel movements per week.25,33 Those with fewer than three stools a week are considered to have "constipation,†but they may not be truly symptomatic or seek medical attention. Those who do request help usually complain of either decreased frequency or difficulty in passing stool. Therapy is therefore directed at either increasing the water content (i.e., softening the stool) or increasing the frequency of bowel movements.
In order to make a recommendation concerning therapy, a carefully obtained history is essential. This should include the duration of the complaints, dietary habits, the use of medications, and lifestyle. These often provide the information necessary to arrive at the source of the patient's complaints. It is not within the purview of this chapter to present a complete discussion of all the disease states, endocrine abnormalities, medications, neurologic disorders, and dietary issues that are associated with constipation. However, it is important to note the more common endocrine conditions that may affect the bowels and that should be considered: hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and hyperparathyroidism. Other diseases that predispose to constipation include uremia, porphyria, amyloidosis, and short-segment Hirschsprung's disease.
As mentioned, medications are a frequent cause of constipation, so it is important to obtain a history of all medications used, including those available over the counter. Although the list is extensive, the more common ones to consider include the opiate/analgesics, antipsychotics (particularly the monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants), anticholinergics, iron and other heavy metals, antacids, anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.
The perineum should be carefully inspected for obvious pathologic entities that may impede the passage of stool. Instrument examination, contrast studies, transit studies, gynecologic examination, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and physiologic studies may be required in selected patients. Certainly, gastrointestinal evaluation at some point must be accomplished to rule out the presence of a specific etiologic factor. These are discussed in the following chapters.
The standard treatment of nonspecific constipation begins with dietary manipulation, usually through increasing dietary fiber and fluid intake. In addition, several classes of medication are available to increase stool water or stool frequency. These include bulk laxatives, stool softeners, osmotic or saline laxatives, cathartics, and motility-enhancing drugs (prokinetics).
Those who have constipation usually benefit from increasing the water content of the stool by increasing their intake of fiber and water. It is well known that individuals who live in so-called developing countries consume a large amount of unprocessed fiber. However, the diet in most developed countries contains inadequate roughage or unprocessed dietary fiber.6,18 Dietary fiber consists of plant products that are not digested or absorbed by the small intestine. These include cellulose, lignin, gums, pectins, hemicelluloses, and polysaccharides. Increasing fluid intake without adding fiber to the diet is usually ineffective for correcting constipation. Fiber, however, will improve stool consistency irrespective of the water intake.45 Interestingly, fiber with small amounts of water can be used to treat diarrhea. Some foods, particularly dairy products, actually decrease stool water content and contribute to constipation. Good sources of dietary fiber include fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grain cereals, and unprocessed carbohydrates such as bran, whole wheat, and brown rice (Table 3-1). Total daily fiber intake should be adjusted to approximately 30 g or more.
TABLE 3-1 Fiber Content of Selected Dietary Items
|Food Group
|Low Fiber
|High Fiber
|Apples (cooked)
Fruit juices
|Prunes (stewed)
Apples (with peel)
Dates (dried)
Summer squash
Vegetable juices
Sweet potato
White bread
Flour, white
Potato (mashed, chips)
Kidney beans
Brown rice
Flour, whole wheat
|Meats, seafood
Dairy products, eggs
Nuts and seeds
Fiber Products
Those individuals whose diet remains inadequate in fiber can increase stool water-carrying capacity by adding a fiber-containing bulk laxative. Psyllium husk, either as powder or granules, is obtained from various species of plantain. Bran is a product of the milling of wheat. Either, when taken with adequate dietary water, will provide additional bulk to the stool and increase the water content, trapping it in a mucin within the stool.
Other bulk laxatives utilize hydrophilic substances, such as polycarbophil and powdered karaya (sterculia) gum. The amount of bulking agents can be adjusted to what is required to alleviate the patient's constipation. This range is usually between 4 and 10 g/day, with the administration divided if a higher dose is required. The major disadvantage of bulking agents is the bloating and gas commonly associated with the cellulose and lignin-based products. Fiber products with a base of hemicellulose or pectin seem to reduce these side effects, as does the use of the polycarbophil bulk agents. However, patients seem to require higher doses of the latter than of the cellulose-based products in order for similar results to be achieved. One of the side benefits of the use of bulk agents is the lowering of serum cholesterol. This is probably effected through the binding of bile salts and reducing their reabsorption, so that the bile salt pool is lowered. Problems associated with the use of bulking agents include intestinal obstruction and fecal impaction, particularly if there is an underlying pathologic entity. Additionally, allergic reactions have been reported.
Stool Softeners
Patients who are resistant to the bulking agents alone can increase the water content further with stool softeners or emollients. The principal agent is docusate (dioctyl sulfosuccinate), which is available as the sodium, calcium, or potassium salt. These products inhibit the normal water-absorptive capacity of the colon while producing only a minimal decrease in the transit of fecal contents. Once one of these products has been administered, it may take 1 to 3 days to see an effect. In essence, they act to soften the stool but do not promote defecation. The usual adult does is from 50 to 250 mg/day. Ducosate should not be given with mineral oil because absorption of the oil as well as other medications is enhanced.
Osmotic and Saline Laxatives
Should bulking agents and surfactants fail to enhance the passage of stool, the next preferred step would be to employ an osmotic or saline laxative. Magnesium phosphate, sodium sulfate, and potassium tartrate are poorly absorbed chemicals. Ingestion increases the stool water content through an osmotic effect. Surgeons are familiar with the use of saline laxatives for bowel preparations before operative or diagnostic procedures. In smaller doses, they can be utilized for their cathartic effect. However, they should be used only intermittently. Certain antacid products contain magnesium, and it is this agent that produces the side effect of diarrhea. There is, furthermore, some evidence that magnesium may actually increase motility of the small intestine through stimulation the release of cholecystokinin from the duodenum.16 The phosphate-containing solutions may cause a high serum phosphate level and impair cardiac contractility. They should therefore be used with caution in individuals with renal, cardiac, or hepatic disease. Dehydration can also be a consequence of the use of saline laxatives. Patients should be cautioned to take adequate fluids when using these agents.
Modified doses of colonic purgatives used to clear the colon prior to surgery and gastrointestinal procedures are also available to treat constipation.10 Miralax provides increased water to the colon by adding an osmotically neutral fluid to the gastrointestinal tract. The osmotically nonabsorbed, active agents, polyethylene glycol and a mixture of sodium and potassium sulfate, are not absorbed. The usual dose is 17 g mixed with water; it can be given on a daily basis. There is minimal fluid or electrolyte shift, and side effects are rare.
Some carbohydrates are also poorly absorbed. This results in an osmotic effect that leads to enhanced water in the stool. These products include lactose, lactulose, and sorbitol. Lactulose has been particularly useful in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, but lower doses (30 to 60 mL/day) can be an effective laxative for patients with chronic constipation. Side effects include gas, bloating, cramps, flatulence, and, of course, fluid loss at high doses.
Mineral oil, a petroleum distillate, has been employed for the treatment of constipation. The mechanism of action appears to be penetration of the stool by the oil with resulting softening. However, because of the potential for complications, long-term use should be avoided. These include decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids. Furthermore, penetration of the mucosa can occur, and a foreign-body reaction in the mesenteric lymph nodes, mucosa, and spleen has been reported. As previously mentioned, mineral oil should not be used with surfactants, because there is the potential for increased absorption of the mineral oil.
Stimulant Laxatives
What rhubarb, senna or what purgative drug, would scour these English hence?
--William Shakespeare: Macbeth V, iii, 55
Cathartic laxatives are mucosally active agents that reduce net water and electrolyte absorption in addition to increasing bowel motility. The most frequently employed substances include phenolphthalein and the anthraquinone cathartics (senna, cascara sagrada, danthron). These drugs act primarily to increase periodic mass movements within the colon and to decrease the segmental contractions that slow bowel activity. Generally, they become effective in 4 to 6 hours. The primary side effect, in addition to diarrhea, is that of cramping. Another drug, bisacodyl (Dulcolax), is a synthetic diphenylmethane that is similar to phenolphthalein. However, it is available not only available for oral administration but also for rectal use. Because of the problem of gastric irritation, it is enteric coated. The standard adult dose is 10 to 15 mg.
Senna is an anthraquinone cathartic obtained from Cassia acutifolia or Cassia angustifolia. Preparations of the whole plant, leaflets, pods, and extracts are commercially available. Cascara sagrada is another anthraquinone; it is obtained from the bark of the buckthorn tree. Like all cathartics, these are variously effective depending on the dosage but can cause a problem with cramping. Furthermore, melanosis coli, a dark pigmentation of the colon mucosa, may be a consequence of long-term use of senna and cascara.
Another cathartic, castor oil, a triglyceride of ricinoleic acid, acts in the small intestine by pancreatic hydrolysis, thereby decreasing water and electrolyte absorption and decreasing transit time. Because it is quite potent, it should be employed with special care. Long-term use should be avoided.
Motility Agents
Three agents are currently available that decrease transit time through acceleration of the muscular activity of the bowel. Gastrointestinal motility can be enhanced through the use of metoclopramide, erythromycin, and tegaserod. Another agent, the subject of considerable investigational effort, is cisapride, but it has been taken off the market in the United States. Metoclopraminde and erythromycin have little or no effect on the colon, but tegaserod has been shown to increase bowel activity and ease constipation in those patients with IBS in whom constipation predominates.22 Tegaserod is a partial agonist of the type 4 serotonin receptor (5-HT4) with high binding affinity and little or no affinity for other serotonin receptors. It appears to enhance motor activity in the colon and elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract by normalizing motility and stimulating intestinal secretion. Another beneficial effect in patients with IBS appears to be reduction in visceral sensitivity, thus ameliorating abdominal pain. Tegaserod is approved for oral administration, 6 mg twice daily, before meals for 4 to 6 weeks, with another 6-week course if needed.
Long-term use of intestinal stimulants and cathartics can lead to fluid and electrolyte disturbances, including dehydration, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia, steatorrhea, protein-losing enteropathy, and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Furthermore, patients may become dependent upon laxatives, and what is known as a "cathartic colon,†or a chronically flaccid colon, may develop. A good general principle is that if laxatives are to be used, the lowest effective dose should be given. Long-term use should be discouraged. Most individuals will benefit from a program of increasing fiber and water content of the stool, with the addition of laxatives intermittently as needed to produce at least two or three bowel movements per week. The application of surgical intervention as a treatment for constipation should be offered only after an adequate trial of medical therapy and appropriate evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract (see Chapter 16).
1. Baron JA, Beach M, Mandel JS, et al. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 1999;340:101–107.
2. Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2003;248: 891–899.
3. Benson MJ, Roberts JP, Wingate DL, et al. Small-bowel motility following major intra-abdominal surgery: the effects of opiates and rectal cisapride. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:924–936.
4. Bonacini M, Quiason S, Reynolds M, et al. Effects of intravenous erythromycin on postoperative ileus. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:208–211.
5. Bradette M, Delvaux M, Staumont G, et al. Octreotide increases thresholds of colonic visceral perception in IBS patients without modifying muscle tone. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39: 1171–1178.
6. Burkitt DP, Walker ARP, Painter NS. Effect of dietary fibre on stools and transit times, and its role in the causation of disease. Lancet 1972;2:1408–1412.
7. Byrne TA, Persinger RL, Young LS, et al. A new treatment for patients with short-bowel syndrome: growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet. Ann Surg 1995;222:243–254.
8. Creed F, Guthrie E. Psychological factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1987;28:1307–1318.
9. Dapoigny M, Abitbol J-L, Fraitag B. Efficacy of peripheral kappa agonist fedotozine versus placebo in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:2244–2248.
10. Di Palma JA, De Ridder PH, Orlando RC, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of a new polyethylene glycol laxative. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:446–450.
11. Drossman D. Rome II critera. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94: 2912–2917.
12. Drossman DA, Leserman J, Nachman G, et al. Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disease. Ann Intern Med 1900;113:828–833.
13. Duma RJ, Kellum JM. Colonic diverticulitis: microbiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Curr Clin Topics Infect Dis 1991;11:218–247.
14. Edes TE, Walk BE, Austin JL. Diarrhea in tube-fed patients: feeding formula not necessarily the cause. Am J Med 1990; 88:91–93.
15. Giondretti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A, et al. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000;119:305–309.
16. Harvey RF, Read AE. Mode of action of the saline purgatives. Am Heart J 1975;89:810–212.
17. Hasler WL, Soudah HC, Owyang C. Somatostatin analog inhibits afferent response to rectal distention in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;268:1206–1211.
18. Heller SN, Hackler LR. Changes in the crude fiber content of the American diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:1510–1514.
19. Hislop IG. Psychological significance of the irritable colon syndrome. Gut 1971;12:452–457.
20. Jepson S, Klaerke A, Nielsen PH, et al. Negative effect of metoclopramide in postoperative adynamic ileus: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Br J Surg 1986;73: 290–291.
21. Kellow JE, Phillips SF. Altered small-bowel motility in irritable bowel syndrome is correlated with symptoms. Gastroenterology 1987;92:1885–1893.
22. Lacy BE, Yu S. Tegaserod: a new 5-HT4 agonist. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002;34:27–33.
23. Longo WE, Vernava AM III. Prokinetic agents for lower gastrointestinal motility disorders. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36:696.
24. Manning AP, Thompson WG, Heaton KW, et al. Towards positive diagnosis of the irritable bowel. BMJ 1978;2: 653–654.
25. Martelli H, Duguay C, Devroede G, et al. Some parameters of large bowel function in man. Gastroenterology 1978; 75:612–618.
26. Mathias JR, Clench MH, Reeves-Darby VG, et al. Effect of leuprolide acetate in patients with moderate to severe functional bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1155–1162.
27. Munakata J, Naliboff B, Harraf F, et al. Repetitive sigmoid stimulation induces rectal hyperalgesia in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1997;112:55–63.
28. Nordgaard I, Nortensen PB. Digestive processes in the human colon. Nutrition 1995;12:35–45.
29. Ogilvy AJ, Smith G. The gastrointestinal tract after anesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl 1995;10:35–42.
30. Painter NS, Burkitt DP. Diverticular disease of the colon: a deficiency disease of Western civilization. BMJ 1971;2: 450–454.
31. Papi C, Ciaco A, Koch M, et al. Efficacy of rifaximin in the treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease of the colon: a multicentre double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9:33–39.
32. Parks TC. Natural history of diverticular disease of the colon. Clin Gastroenterol 1975;4:53–69.
33. Rendtdorff RC, Kashgarian M. Stool patterns of healthy adult males. Dis Colon Rectum 1967;10:222–228.
34. Ritchie JA, Truelove SC. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with lorazepam, hyoscine butylbromide and ispaghula husk. BMJ 1979;1:376–378.
35. Roberts JP, Benson MJ, Rogers J, et al. Effect of cisapride on distal colonic motility in the early postoperative period following left colonic anastamosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38:139–145.
36. Sandler RS, Halabi S, Baron JA, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;348:883–889.
37. Snape WJ Jr, Carlson GM, Cohen D. Colonic myoelectrical activity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1976;70:326–330.
38. Stefanini GF, Saggioro A, Alvisi V, et al. Oral cromolyn sodium in comparison with elimination diet in the irritable bowel syndrome, diarrheic type. Scand J Gastoenterol 1995; 30:535–541.
39. Talley NJ, Owen BK, Boyce P, et al. Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a critique of controlled treatment trials. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:277–286.
40. Verlinden M, Michiels G, Boghaert A, et al. Treatment of postoperative gastrointestinal atony. Br J Surg 1987;74: 614–617.
41. Walker EA, Byrne PP, Katon WJ. Irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:565–572.
42. Walker EA, Katon WJ, Roy-Byrne PP, et al. Histories of sexual victimization in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150: 1502–1506.
43. Walker EA, Roy-Byrne PP, Katon WJ, et al. Psychiatric illness and irritable bowel syndrome: a comparison with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1656–1661.
44. Whitehead WE, Holtkotter B, Enck P, et al. Tolerance for recto-sigmoid distention in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1990;98:1187–1192.
45. Zieghagen DJ, Tewinkel G, Kruis W, et al. Adding more fluid to wheat bran has no significant effects on intestinal functions of healthy subjects. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991;13:525–530.


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Unleash your inner artiste and create a masterpiece worthy of a Harman Kardon Onyx Speaker!
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Just upgraded from S7 to S10+ and used alarm for the first time this morning. Even at low volume it was so loud that I tweaked my neck when it shocked me out of sleep! 😫 Then I shocked my wife awake with my girlish scream. 😳 What happened to the "gradual increase" option? Why remove a great optional feature like that Samsung? It took less that 24 hours for "new and improved" to become a literal pain in my neck!
Please bring this back! This feature is trivial. I will use Google clock for now.
really do not understand why they do this
increasing RINGTONE would be fine too (!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
You can download an MP3, edit it in a computer (fade in) and use it.
But I agree that is in unlucky to remove any feature which people want.
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A decade after its onset, 2017 was the year markets finally saw the financial crisis come to an end.
The Federal Reserve raised interest rates three times and began to wind down its crisis-era program of asset purchases. The Trump administration talked about rolling back post-crisis banking regulations.
The stock market is at a record high, and with the surge in cryptocurrencies seen in the last few months, investor psychology once again allows for full-blown manias.
The labor market, meanwhile, has continued to grow with the unemployment rate now sitting at a 17-year low of 4.1%. Consumer and business confidence are at cycle highs.
And on this background, Congress has approved a huge corporate tax cut.
So pick your metric, but 2017 is clearly the year that something changed in the U.S. economy, in the psychology of the U.S. consumer, of the investor class, and it is the year that folks went from being scared that the next crisis was right around the corner to accepting the current economic expansion.
In late November we harped on the theme of "complacency" becoming the dominant narrative in markets and the economy. And when the present moment becomes good enough, the scars of yesterday's economic downturn have clearly started to heal.
Wall Street expects that 2018 will look a lot like 2017 — stock gains should be solid with economic growth continuing apace and corporate tax cuts bolstering all of this.
So as markets move into 2018, expect investors to stop fighting the last war. The financial crisis is over, and the misdeeds of yesterday will be replaced by the excesses of today.
The Fed expects it will raise interest rates another three times in 2018, shifting its policy stance from normalizing interest rates to actually tightening policy. Meanwhile, the European Central Bank, perhaps an afterthought for some U.S. investors but a major driver of the global credit markets, is set to slow down its current pace of asset purchases.
There is, quite simply, a new era for monetary policy coming to markets in 2018.
And with stocks rallying to records, cryptocurrencies doubling and tripling all over the place, while consumers and businesses get a tax break, the "animal spirits" so many economists look to be unleashed during any economic cycle will emerge in force.
Of course, there will be another economic downturn, with the flattening — and potentially inverting yield curve — likely to be a major markets story in 2018.
But the housing bust and the crisis that followed stopped being the background against which markets and the economy were judged in 2017. So now we can start worrying about what's next.
Myles Udland is a writer at Yahoo Finance. Follow him on Twitter @MylesUdland
Read more from Myles here:
- The markets story of 2017 — real returns, fake news
- Evidence shows corporate tax cuts don't work
- Walmart's strong quarter shows why Amazon had to buy Whole Foods
- Foreign investors might be the key to forecasting a U.S. recession
- It's been 17 years since U.S. consumers felt this good about the economy
- TOM LEE: Bitcoin is an important asset for investors to own


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Gas Giant by Jacob Hashimoto
The Wäinö Aaltonen Art Museum is having a really good year. Their exhibitions tend to go for the more "out there" stuff, some of which is amazing and some just going for the shock value; the shock value stuff tends to leave me cold, but art is subjective, of course. Fortunately, the current exhibition, Jacob Hashimoto's Giants and Uncertain Atmospheres, soars right into the "amazing" category.
Hashimoto's work is colourful, fun, and inspired by science fiction and video games, so it's right up my alley. He uses a lot of kites in his work, like the installation pictured above. A photo can't do it justice. You need to experience the scale of it to really get a feel for how beautiful it is.
Super-Robots and Celestial Mechanics
I liked the mix of Japanese minimalism and playfulness. Kids would love this exhibition. Some of the pieces reminded me of fractals and vintage video games, and I loved the use of science fiction elements, like references to wormholes and spaceships.
This one has the feel of '50s science fiction cover art.
The Air Smelled of Subversion and Boundaries, All Glitter with Bright, Sourceless Light
This piece showcases Hashimoto's interesting technique. Are the shadows cast by the piece part of the piece, or just coincidental? Could one construct a story based on the visual representation here? And don't you love that title?
The exhibition is open until September 24th, if you want to check it out.


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By Bruce Richardson
Back in the last century I started carving soapstone with my pocket knife when you could find all you wanted along the Skagit River up above the small community of Marblemount. My first big "Aha" moment came when I finished sanding and rubbed my little frog with linseed oil! Where did all those colors come from?
At Camp Brotherhood for my first time three years ago, I took the plunge and with the help of Ruth Mueseler and Tamara Buchanan, learned about working granite with diamond tools and angle grinders. Although the actual carving process took a lot longer, that same excitement was there as polishing revealed unsuspected depth and patterns in the stone. That granite whippoorwill was only 12" long, but she convinced me hard rock was music I was destined to dance to.
Next summer when some barely manageable-sized pieces of columnar basalt showed up at the auction, I bit. How could I resist after seeing what Tom Small and others were doing with basalt and how they transformed it into black glass. A dull six sided grey column does not exactly generate a lot of instant ideas in one's mind from its looks. Being a realistic sculptor who likes to carve animals I tried to imagine the most flowing and plastic creatures lurking inside with bodies that could be manipulated to minimize the amount of rock to be removed. In the end my artistic muse saw a river otter, so I started to fret my way into unknown territory. After three days of chips and dust clouds a number of wandering spectators asked if I was carving a slug.
With basalt the learning curve is steep. How much detail is realistically achievable? Curves need to be polishable. Small projections aren't a good idea. And then there was always that pushy muse in the background repeating, "Nothing ventured, nothing gained."
Camp B, year three, otter and me. After four long days in my bathing suit wet polishing I got my reward; a slippery, glistening, curvy otter, just out of the river wondering where she came from? That first assault on basalt got me hooked for life. (And should keep me fit for life ….)
As I waited for the ferry back to Lopez Island on my way home that year, filled with wild excess energy from seven days with seventy other stoned fanatics gathered on "Planet Granite," I noticed the black long necked cormorants drying themselves on the dock pilings. Wet, black, shiny and plastic! There had to be a way to find one in that other basalt column in the back of my truck that didn't have a foot long neck and a narrow beak waiting to be snapped off by an unplanned encounter with a vacuum cleaner. Like otters, they are amazing contortionists and before long one showoff twisted his neck around to preen the back of his wing and I was a witness. The deal was sealed and the rest history …. and chips and dust and pools of water.
Two otters, a cormorant and a porcupine later as I pondered a scarred and broken chunk of the other "black gold," a high mountain pika let out its characteristic warning cry. Yes, they are rabbit relatives, but with short mouse-like ears, no tail, no skinny legs, but fat bodies …. hmm. I scratched my head. She scratched hers. I gave in. She posed for her portrait and the writing was on the wall, or chips were in the scrap bucket, as the case may be.
Come to camp next summer for chapter six, "Marmot Meets Maniac," and maybe chapter seven, "Squirreled Away for a Million Years."


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Last week was awesome, in good meaning. Things were so fun. Anyway, let me show you my skin now.
Can you see the difference? Hmm, sadly, because of the bad lighting, I am afraid of you can not see clearly my skin condition was changed. But the texture is perfectly different, much much much smoother! Ah, one by one. Albion Excia AL Milks helps me pretty well.
And my stomach condition is also good. I think this is the biggest factor!
Significant difference is the red circle. even in 1st, I could not find in my eyes, and seems 14th, I am feeling it is almost going away! Still there are problem with white and blue circles. The blue thing, in this picture, you may find they are not opened pores, and I am not quite sure…
Still the site circle is my big problem. I am going to focus on brightening!
Anyway, I guess I can show you how foundations covers now!
What I used 1st – 14th of Sep.
Medicines: Cystina-C, Biofelmin S
Cosmetics: DHC Deep Cleansing Oil, Fancl Washing Powder (#2 Moist), Lancome UV Expert XL, Albion Excia AL Whitening Extra Rich Milk, Fancl Whitening Lotion & Emulsion


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Larry and Cathy Skeet, Lane, are celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary.
The couple were married in Abilene, Kansas on December 21st, 1963. The couple have three children: Bret (Jill) Skeet of Chula Vista, California, Bart (Lori) Skeet of Lane, Kansas and Belinda (Ben) O'Dell of Richmond,
Kansas. Larry and Cathy have eight grandchildren. The couple's children are hosting a reception at the Carnegie Cultural Center in Ottawa on Saturday, December 21st from 2-5pm. Cards may be sent c/o Belinda O'Dell PO Box 83 Richmond, KS 66080.
Cao and Nowasell
Mr & Mrs Mark Nowasell, Tonganoxie, are proud to announce the engagement of their son, Alex Michael to Qiwei (Claire) Cao, daughter of AnPing Teng.
Claire is originally from DaQing, China. She graduated from Qingdao Technological University. Upon arriving
in the United States, she earned her Masters in Civil Engineering from UMKC and is currently a Phd student there.
Alex is a 2007 graduate of Tonganoxie High School. He earned his bachelor's degree in Biology from The University of St. Mary in 2011, and will earn his Doctorate in Chiropractic in August of 2014.
They will be wed on Jan 3rd 2014, at Alvamar Golf and Country Club in Lawrence, Ks. The family will travel to China next summer for a ceremony there, as well.
Alex and Claire will reside in K C Mo.


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For the special little Girl in your life....
This beautiful designer padded Moses Basket is a great addition to our range and made from a fantastic quality 100% Cotton.
Standard package is the Natural Moses Basket with padded original liner with fitted base, matching Hood and a foam mattress.
You can click on the mattress option to select an upgrade to our fantastic wool mattress, or if you would like to add a hood.
If you would like to add a stand go to the Moses Basket stand page to choose from one of our three designs.
Buzzin Bee, Designer Lined Moses Basket
Blue- At Sea Designer Lined Moses Basket with Hood


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Nutrition and Catering Consultancy has 21 years experience working in the aged care sector. Audits are undertaken to meet the needs of the organisation and are designed to assist with:
- Redevelopment of services
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Foodservice audits are based around finding solutions which are cost effective and efficient to improve services to residents and staff. Audits are comprehensive and come with written recommendation reports.
Foodservice audits consist of:
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Audits can be carried out anywhere in Australia and overseas.
For all rates and to discuss your requirements please contact Karen on 0417 608 206 or use the form below.


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David eating from Adrian on Vimeo.
David eating from Adrian on Vimeo.
That is hysterical! I LOVE it!. Great job Dad!
so fun!!!
So cute!!
I laughed out loud! I love the water spill.
WOW, LOVE IT!! So professional...and LOVE the quote from Grandma too!
OK - how creative is that! Please show that at his wedding rehearsal dinner!
HILARIOUS!!! There ought to be a law against two extremely creative people marrying each other. Please share the wealth of talent with the rest of us!
I love it! So fun! How creative!!
That is fantastic!!!
That is TOO funny! Love how technology can make even the most common of moments - extraordinary!! :) He's set the bar high, though...
That video is impressive. I am sad about David's food allergies. When I was little I was allergic to bran and strawberries, but totally grew out of it. Hopefully he'll do the same!