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Caregiver Services
Question: Who is considered a "caregiver"?
Answer: A caregiver is a person who provides some assistance to an older relative or friend. If you take someone to the doctor, shopping, assist with bill-paying, provide emotional support, and/or assist with bathing or dressing you are a caregiver. You do not have to be living with the person or providing 24-care to be considered a caregiver.
Question: Where can I get help for myself?
Answer: As a caregiver it is important to take care of yourself. When you take care of yourself, your energy and mental health are conserved and you will be better able to continue in your role. The two most important aspects of healthy and successful caregiving are seeking out respite for your loved one and seeking out education and support for yourself. The Office for Aging offers respite services, which include Adult Day Care and Personal Care/Housekeeper Chore Aides. Also, there are workers available through the Senior Helpers Program that can be hired to help you in a variety of ways. To provide caregivers with much needed support, the Office for Aging holds a Caregiver Chat once a month where caregivers can come and talk with caregivers who are in similar situations.
Also, for more information about workshops and phone consultations call 607.778.2411 or visit the Office for Aging Caregiver Services web page. For more information, see Respite Care Options in the Greater Binghamton Area.
Question: What can I do if my loved one refuses to accept help?
Answer: Sometimes people are reluctant to accept help at first, but there are strategies that can help overcome their resistance. It is really important to talk with the person you are caregiving for about his or her concerns and acknowledge that they may feel uncomfortable about admitting they are no longer totally independent. Many seniors fear that if they admit they need help, they will no longer be able to remain in their home. I would be worth while to find out about the many alternatives to nursing home care, discuss the options available and explain the reasons. If needed, involve other family members, the person's doctor, clergy, or close friends who may have influence. For information on how to have difficult conversations, or how to hold a family meeting, visit our Caregiver Services webpage or contact the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411
Question: Should I Have My Parent Move in With Me?
Answer:When a parent becomes ill or disabled and can't live alone any longer, you may have an instinctive response to take him or her into your home. It's a generous impulse, but not always the best option. There are many factors to consider before taking the plunge, such as: can you get along with each other full-time? What about the rest of your family? Is your house properly equipped? How much supervision will your parent need? Do your lifestyles meld? Make sure that living together is what your parent wants, too. You may be surprised to find that he or she would really rather pursue other options when given the chance to express his or her wishes. If you think living together may work, you might want to test the waters-- have your parent live with you for a period of weeks or even months, making clear that it's a trial arrangement. "Changing Places: Should Your Parents Move in with You?" is an article you can read as you consider all of your options. Also, you might want to consider obtaining a Personal Emergency Response System (PERS) for your parent or parents, which may help make the living situation safer. It's important to anticipate that your loved one's condition may change and that he or she will need more care later on. Find out about the services and programs in your area that you may need to use in the future. For more information visit our Caregiver Services webpage or contact the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411
Question: When an elderly person needs care or supervision, is a nursing home the answer?
Answer: Most seniors want to stay in their homes as long as possible. There are many alternatives to nursing home placement. There are in-home services that can help with supervision and personal care; there are shopping services, home-delivered meals, Personal Emergency Response System (PERS) and special transportation services; and there are Adult Day Care centers which provide a warm atmosphere for individuals who have mental or physical disabilities to socialize and be supervised. There are also Adult Homes other than nursing homes that provide some assistance, but leave more opportunities for privacy and personal choice. Often times there is some variation of progression from different levels of housing such as obtaining help at home, entering a skilled nursing facility, entering an assisted living facility, or entering a nursing home. Also, there are other options such as family care and foster care homes, which offer seniors a chance to live in a small private home.
Question: I have heard services are very expensive. Is this true?
Answer:The costs of some services may be too high for some people, but there are lower cost alternatives available. For instance, Adult Day Care is available on a voluntary contribution basis, and suggested contributions are very reasonable. Other in-home services through Office for Aging are available on a cost-share basis for people who are income eligible. The Senior Helpers Program is a job matching service which helps people find workers at reasonable rates. For more information, download the How Much Does Care Cost? resource or contact the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411
Question: Why do I feel guilty?
Answer: Guilt, frustration, anger, and/or grief are all natural and normal emotions that many caregivers experience. These feelings develop because of the losses and changes the aging process can bring. Anger and frustration in particular are two emotions that caregivers may have difficult admitting they feel because it is not considered "acceptable". The best way to handle what is creating your guilt is to verbalize your feelings with someone you can trust and who will understand-- for example: a fellow caregiver, a counselor, or a spiritual advisor/clergyperson. A caregiver support group is an excellent way to meet others who can relate to how you are feeling. The Office for Aging holds a Caregiver Chat once a month where caregivers can come and talk with caregivers who are in similar situations.
Foster Grandparent Program
Question: Do Foster Grandparents care for the children in their homes?
Answer: No, the Foster Grandparent volunteers at a school, Head Start, or day care program and is always under the supervision of the teacher or another paid staff member.
Question: Is Foster Grandparents part of the Foster Parents program?
Answer: No. Foster Parents is a completely separate program, unrelated to Foster Grandparents.
Question: If I become a Foster Grandparent, could I volunteer near my home?
Answer: When volunteer assignments are made, several factors are considered, including where you live and transportation options. A school or other agency in a convenient and accessible location is arranged for all volunteers.
Question: If I don't have any way to get to a volunteer assignment, can the Foster Grandparent Program provide transportation?
Answer: No, the Foster Grandparent Program can't provide transportation. The program does reimburse program-related travel costs (mileage for those who drive, or bus fares for those who take public transportation). Bus options include BC Transit (city buses), BC Lift and the OFA Mini Bus. For more information, see OFA Transportation options.
Question: Why do applicants for the Foster Grandparent Program need to meet eligibility requirements to get a stipend?
Answer: The Foster Grandparent Program is a federally-funded program designed to make it possible for low-income seniors to contribute to their community. The program pays a small stipend ($2.65 per hour) and provides other economic benefits (such as travel reimbursement) that are intended to address the economic needs of low-income seniors so they can afford to volunteer. Federal regulations restrict the program to individuals aged 55 and over who are low- income.
The Senior Helpers Program
Question: How much do the workers charge?
Answer: The employer and the worker negotiate the rate of pay, or the charge for the job. The Senior Helpers Program does not establish the rate of pay for any worker or job.
Question: What are my responsibilities as an employer?
Answer: The Office for Aging has prepared a booklet, Hiring the Help You Need, which explains an employer's responsibilities and provides sample contracts and other tools. A copy can be requested by calling the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411. A link to the electronic copy of the booklet can be found on the Senior Helpers Program page.
Question: What do I do if the worker referred by the Senior Helpers Program isn't suitable for the job?
Answer: Contact the Senior Helpers Program at 607.778.6105. The Senior Helpers Program can refer a second worker if the first worker referred isn't acceptable or declines the job.
Question: How quickly can the Senior Helpers Program fill my job order?
Answer: The length of time it takes to fill a job order varies based on a number of factors such as the type of work, the location of the job, the availability of workers in the area, and so on. The Senior Helpers Program is not an emergency service; plan on giving them at least a week to find the right worker for the job.
Question: Are the workers insured?
Answer: Some of the workers are insured, but most do not carry insurance. You can ask the worker during the interview. Workers who carry insurance will be able to provide proof of their coverage.
Question: Do you check the worker's background?
Answer: No, employers should perform any reference and background checks that they require. All workers are prepared to provide references.
Question: Do employers need to meet any age or income requirements?
Answer: No, anyone may place a job order with the Senior Helpers Program. During periods of high-demand, job orders placed by seniors receive priority attention.
Health and Wellness Opportunities
Question: My doctor told me I need to exercise, where can I go that I can afford it?
Answer: There are many places where seniors can go to exercise. There are local health clubs and their rates vary widely. Senior Centers are your best choice for free or very affordable exercise programs. Many senior centers offer exercise equipment and low cost or free classes ranging from aerobics to light weights or tai chi classes. Please call the Office for Aging at 607.778.2411.
Home Care Services
Question: I live away from my elderly mother. While visiting recently, I became aware that she had fallen a few times and had difficulty getting up. I'm not sure what to do. Should I be thinking of placing her in a nursing home?
Answer: You may want to consider a Personal Emergency Response System, (also known as PERS). This is a button worn around the neck or on the wrist that can be pushed when needed to call for help during an emergency. Call our Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 for more information.
Question: Since I gave up driving I have been relying on my neighbors to do my grocery shopping. My children all live away. Is there anyone I can depend on to help me with shopping?
Answer: The Shopper Service provides ongoing help with weekly grocery shopping and errands (bank, post office, pharmacy) to eligible seniors in Broome County. Shopper Service helps seniors who are unable to shop maintain independence in their homes. The program is provided through volunteers from the Faith in Action Program. Call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 for more information.
Question: My father died suddenly a short time ago. He had been the primary caregiver for my mother. She is having trouble taking care of herself. My sister and I are trying to help but we both work and have families of our own. Is in-home care available for her?
Answer: Yes, the Expanded In-home Services for the Elderly program (EISEP) is available and provides assessment, case management, and in-home care to frail elderly persons who need help to remain independent at home. Assistance with personal care such as bathing, dressing, and household chores like laundry and meal preparation are provided by trained homecare aides. Depending on eligibility of the client, the program may pay for the full cost of the service or share the cost with the client.
Question: I am the primary caregiver for my husband who has Alzheimer's Disease. He cannot be left alone. I so miss the weekly luncheons with my friends. Can you help me in any way?
Answer: A number of programs exist that may be helpful to you. A short term stay can be arranged for the elderly person in a nursing or adult care facility for a three day period. Adult Day Care may be another option to consider. For more information call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411.
ID Card
Question: What is an Office for Aging Identification Card and how do I obtain one?
Answer: The Office for Aging ID Card will provide you with easy access to Office for Aging programs and services. It may be used as an acceptable means of identification and proof of age. Common uses of the ID Card include, transportation and easy access to services at Senior Centers.
Information and Assistance
Question: Are there legal services for seniors who can't afford to hire an attorney?
Answer: Yes, Legal Aid Society of Mid-New York offers free assistance to Broome County seniors age 60 or older who have an economic or social need for legal services. The agency can assist with simple wills, Powers of Attorney, Health Care Proxies, consumer debt, and income maintenance issues. For more information, view our Legal Services web page or call Legal Aid at 607.231.5900.
Question: I'm worried about my Mom. She seems very anxious and depressed. She's not acting like herself. Where can I get help?
Answer: You can call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 to talk about your situation and determine what steps to take next. If your mom needs an assessment or counseling, Information and Assistance workers can inform you about available options and refer you to appropriate service providers in the community. The Information and Assistance Line operates 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, Monday through Friday.
Question: What steps can I take if I suspect an elderly person is being abused or neglected?
Answer: Office for Aging and Adult Protective Services have trained caseworkers who can talk to you about your concerns. The caseworkers can investigate situations of suspected elder abuse, neglect or exploitation, determine what can be done to help, and arrange for necessary services. You can call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 or Adult Protective Services at 607.778.2635. Voicing your concerns and sharing your observations are very important things to do. Your call can make a big difference in the life of a senior, especially since most abused and neglected seniors don't make the call themselves. For more information about what the Office for Aging can do, click here.
Question: How can I get information about programs and services for seniors in Broome County?
Answer: You can obtain a wealth of information about senior and caregiver-related issues by calling the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778. 2411. Staff members can answer questions, identify needs, explore options, link with needed services and mail informational materials to you. Also, Information and Assistance Representatives can assist with obtaining benefits, help fill out forms and applications, and make home visits to homebound seniors when necessary.
Question: Health insurance and prescription drug insurance choices are confusing. Is there someone who can help me understand my options?
Answer: Staff on the Information and Assistance Line can answer general questions about health insurance and prescription drug insurance. Office for Aging contracts with Action for Older Persons (AOP) to provide the Health Insurance Information, Counseling and Assistance Program (HIICAP). This program helps seniors understand the details of health insurance and prescription drug coverage and compares choices. The service is free of charge.
Question: I'm no longer able to drive. What transportation options are available for seniors?
Answer: Available transportation options include the Regular Bus (fixed routes), Office for Aging Mini-Bus, BC Lift, and BC Country. You can also consider asking family or friends to give you rides or call the Information and Assistance Line to inquire about other transportation programs.
Question: I'm living on a fixed income and can't make ends meet. What financial benefit programs are available to help seniors? How do I know if I qualify?
Answer: Office for Aging offers information about a variety of financial benefits that can help seniors save money or increase their income. Some of the different programs include: SNAP/Food Stamps, Medicaid, and Heating Energy Assistance. For information and screening for eligibility requirements, call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411.
Question: My parents are becoming frail and need help with bathing, cooking, shopping and housekeeping. Can the Office for Aging help?
Answer: Yes! Information and Assistance Staff are available to answer questions and inform you about the various Home Care programs that may be of help to you, such as the Expanded In-home Services for the Elderly (EISEP), Shopper Service, and Meals on Wheels (MOW). Your parents may need an in-home assessment to determine what kind of services they need and qualify for. Also, you can consider utilizing the Senior Helpers Program to hire a worker who can help with tasks such as personal care, housekeeping, transportation, yard work, house repairs, snow removal, etc.
Question: I'm a caregiver for my elderly aunt and I'm planning to go on vacation. Can someone help her while I'm away?
Answer: Yes and respite can help you. Respite provides the chance for unpaid family caregivers to get a break so they can attend to personal business, have time for themselves, and visit friends or family. Home Care Services are available to caregivers in the form of respite in the home, respite away from home and Adult Day Care.
Call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 for information and assistance. Download the Respite Care Options in the Greater Binghamton Area handout for information about what is available in this community.
Question: My friend sits around all day and refuses to leave the house. Are there opportunities that can provide her with socialization?
Answer: Yes, there are many different options available for seniors that can provide social interaction. Socialization opportunities include Senior Centers, volunteer opportunities, Health Education and Wellness Programs, Recreation Opportunities, Senior Events and the Senior Games. Call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 for information about any of these programs. You may also want to encourage your friend to read the Office for Aging Senior News each month and the Successful Aging column in the Press and Sun-Bulletin each week to learn about opportunities available in the community.
Question: My sister and I think Mom shouldn't live by herself any longer. She's becoming increasingly confused. What can we do?
Answer:You can call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411. There are staff members who can answer your questions and inform you about options available to you and your mom.
Question: How do I get an Office for Aging Identification Card? What will it do for me?
Answer:The Broome County Office for Aging ID Card provides proof of age and identification for Office for Aging programs, including Senior Centers, and the Office for Aging Mini Bus. The ID Card is also accepted by many businesses that offer senior discounts. The ID Card is free and available to seniors age 60 or older and their spouses. The card may be obtained by completing a short application form. You can call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 for information. You can have an application mailed to you or can click here for a downloadable version. Proof of age is required.
Question: What housing options are available for seniors in Broome County?
Answer: There are different housing choices available for seniors depending on the level of independent functioning of the senior. Types of housing include independent living and various levels of assisted living. There are a number of senior housing facilities located in Broome County. Eligibility requirements apply and vary depending on the facility. Applications vary. Waiting lists often exist; therefore, it's important to plan ahead and apply in advance of need. Download the Senior Apartment Housing Guide for more information. Call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 for help determining appropriate housing options.
Question: What are Food Stamps? How can they help me?
Answer: Food Stamps are a nutrition program that helps individuals living on low income and resources supplement their food purchases. Eligibility requirements apply. For more information on Food Stamps call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 or click OFA Food Stamps page.
Question: What is Medicaid?
Answer: Medicaid is a comprehensive health care benefit that is in addition to Medicare and other private medical insurance. In order to qualify, you must meet certain income and resource guidelines. For more information on Medicaid call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411 or click OFA Medicaid page.
Meals on Wheels
Question: How can I get Meals on Wheels and how does the program work?
Answer: If you think you are eligible, you can call the Office for Aging at 607.778.2411. You will be referred to an Office for Aging nurse or case manager who will call you to set up an appointment to visit you in your home and determine if you are eligible. If you are eligible, a hot lunch and cold supper meal will be delivered to your home Monday through Friday.
Question: How do I volunteer to help deliver meals?
Answer: We welcome and encourage you to call the Meals on Wheels Office at 607.778.6206. Volunteers work in teams of two, one person drives their car while the other person brings the meals into the homes.
Senior Centers
Question: Who can come to a senior center?
Answer: The Senior Centers are open to the public. However, programs and services are geared for people over 60. People of all ages, incomes and backgrounds come to Senior Centers. Activities and events are designed to fit a wide spectrum of needs and interests. Visit our Senior Events web page to find out about upcoming events.
Question: Is there a charge for coming to a senior center?
Answer: While there is not a "charge" to come to a Senior Center, people are asked to contribute toward the costs of some programs and services. For example, individuals age 60 or over and their spouse are asked to contribute $3.25 for lunch. Individuals under the age of 60 are charged $4.25 for lunch.
Question: Do you have to "join" a senior center to attend?
Answer: No, however some Senior Centers may ask people to join as members to receive special program privileges that are offered to the center "members."
Question: What volunteer opportunities are available the Senior Centers?
Answer:There are all kinds of volunteer jobs available at Senior Centers. We encourage you to use your talents and unique skills to enhance our Senior Centers. Volunteers can lead group exercises, answer telephones, plan parties, teach art classes, share information about traveling, help serve meals, and much more. Let us know how you want to volunteer - any kind of help is welcomed and greatly appreciated!
Senior Games
Question: Do I have to be a Broome County resident to participate in the BC Senior Games?
Answer: No, the Broome County Senior Games are open to everyone 55 years and older. Call the Office for Aging at 607.778.2411 for an application or more information.
Question: How does the Office for Aging help with transportation?
Answer: We first determine the exact nature of the senior's needs. Then we identify all the choices available to the senior and help him/her select the best transportation option. Having done that, we'll help the senior schedule his/her ride.
Question: What days does the OFA Mini-Bus run?
Answer: The OFA Mini-Bus offers rides Monday through Friday from 9:00 AM to 4:30 PM. To learn when BC Country is available in your area of the county, call the Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411.
Question: How can I get a ride on the OFA Mini-Bus?
Answer: First, you start by getting an OFA ID Card. The ID application can be downloaded here, or sent to you by calling 607.778.2411. Second, you call 763.8747 between 8:00 am and 4:00 pm Monday through Friday to make a reservation. Reservations can be made up to one week in advance of your ride. You need to make a reservation to your destination and another to be returned home. You will receive a confirmation of your ride the day before your trip. You must take your OFA ID Card with you to be eligible to ride. The suggested contribution rate is $1.50 for each one-way ride.
Question: I don't understand how to schedule a ride. It all seems so confusing. What should I do?
Answer: You should call the Office for Aging Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411. Information and Assistance staff will walk you through the scheduling process. They will help you become comfortable with scheduling rides for yourself. They will also answer any other questions you have.
Question: When I schedule a ride to my doctor on the OFA Mini-Bus, will the bus come back automatically to pick me up after my appointment?
Answer: No. If you schedule a ride to somewhere and want the OFA Mini-Bus or BC Country to take you home again, you must schedule a return trip, too. When scheduling your ride, be sure to mention that you want the bus to return you home. You must also leave a time to be picked up from your appointment or shopping trip.
Question: When will I receive confirmation of my OFA mini-bus or BC Country ride?
Answer: Seniors using the OFA Mini-Bus or BC Country can reserve rides one week in advance of the trip. However, in most cases, you will not receive confirmation of your ride until the afternoon of the day before your trip.
Question: What if I need someone to travel with to help me get around?
Answer: You can have someone travel with you, but you need to schedule a ride and return trip for them as well. If they are a senior and have an Office for Aging ID Card they can ride for a suggested $1.50 contribution. If they are not 60 years old or older, they will have to pay a $2.50 fee.
Question: How do I hire a Senior Helpers driver?
Answer: You call the Senior Helpers Program at 607.778.6105. The Senior Helpers staff will take your job order and give you the names of one or more people from your area who are willing to be hired out as a driver. You then call a driver, see if they are available for hire, and negotiate the fee for the ride.
Question: Do I have to volunteer at the same time every week or can I have a more flexible schedule?
Answer:OFA arranges the volunteer's schedule according to their needs. While some programs like Adult Day Care like to plan to have volunteers on a scheduled basis, other opportunities exist for people who do not want to commit to a set schedule.
Question: Who do I contact if I want to volunteer?
Answer:First, OFA welcomes you to check out the volunteer web page to learn about the program(s) that interest you. To volunteer or to learn more about the available opportunities, call our Information and Assistance Line at 607.778.2411.
Question: Can I volunteer for more than one OFA program?
Answer:Yes! However, you will need to work closely with each program to arrange your volunteering schedule.


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Imaginary homelands: essays and criticism, 1981-1991
Granta Books, 1991 - 432 pages
Rushdie at his most candid, impassioned, and incisive--an important and moving record of one writer's intellectual and personal odyssey. These 75 essays demonstrate Rushdie's range and prophetic vision, as he focuses on his fellow writers, on films, and on the mine-strewn ground of race, politics and religion.
Avis des internautes - Rédiger un commentaire
IMAGINARY HOMELANDS: Essays and Criticism, 1981-1991Avis d'utilisateur - Kirkus
Lively, wide-ranging collection of 75 pieces written over the past ten years by the author of The Satanic Verses. Would this collection exist had The Satanic Verses not made the Ayatollah Khomeini's ... Consulter l'avis complet
Review: Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991Avis d'utilisateur - Ayushman Khazanchi - Goodreads
The literary essays are quintessential Rushdie - insightful, thought-provoking, and even comical. They're definitely worth a read. The rest of the book, especially the notes on other authors, reads a ... Consulter l'avis complet
Table des matičres
Imaginary Homelands 9
Droits d'auteur
27 autres sections non affichées
Autres éditions - Tout afficher
Expressions et termes fréquents
Adelaide adventure Africa American Anita Desai asked become believe Bombay Britain British Bruce called Calvino characters cinema Commonwealth literature culture death dream English exist fact faith feel fiction film Gandhi Grass Handsworth Songs happened Hindi Hindu human idea images imagination India Islam kind Kipling language literary live look Malan Marquez Mayta means Midnight's Children migrant movie murder Muslim Nadine Gordimer Naipaul narrator nation never novel novelist once Pakistan Palestinian perhaps political portrait Rajiv Raymond Carver readers reality religion religious Rian Malan Sakharov Salman Rushdie Satanic Verses Satyajit Ray secular seems sense Shapinsky Sikh sort South speak story talking tells there's things Thomas Pynchon told true truth trying turn V. S. Naipaul Vargas Llosa Vietnam woman word writer Zionism
Références ŕ ce livre
Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race
Robert Young
Aucun aperçu disponible - 1995
Tous les résultats Google Recherche de Livres »
Law and Disagreement
Jeremy Waldron
Aucun aperçu disponible - 1999


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Ida Mae Fry, 85, Wabash, died at 1:25 p.m. Wednesday, Nov. 20, at Wellbrooke of Wabash. She was born Nov. 28, 1927 in Wabash, to Benjamin and Rosa (Clupper) Friermood.
Ida Mae was a 1946 graduate of Somerset High School. She married Glen Monroe Fry in Lagro on July 4, 1948; he died April 29, 2011. She was a homemaker, the bookkeeper at Moore's Department Store, worked at the Bureau of Motor Vehicles, and worked in the Payroll Department at General Electric in Wabash. Ida Mae was a member of the First Brethren Church in Wabash. She enjoyed gardening and sewing.
She is survived by two sons, Phillip (Wendy) Fry, Andrews, and Fredrick Fry, Wabash, three granddaughters, Katie (Steven) Fry Blackard and Emily (Matthew Graves) Fry Nelson, both of Huntington, and Megan Fry, Chicago, Ill., five great-grandchildren, Henry Blackard, Oliver Blackard, Nathan Nelson, Ella Jane Nelson, and Colton Graves, all of Huntington, sister, Colleen Campbell, Wabash, sister-in-law, Louise Friermood, Wabash, and several nieces and nephews. She was preceded in death by her parents, husband, three brothers Harold, William, and James Friermood, and one sister, Lucille Hemphill.
Funeral services will be 10:30 a.m. Monday, Nov. 25 at Grandstaff-Hentgen Funeral Service, 1241 Manchester Avenue, Wabash, with Pastor Dan Gray officiating. Burial will be in Memorial Lawns Cemetery, Wabash. Friends may call 2-4 p.m. Sunday, at the funeral home.
Preferred memorial is Wellbrooke of Wabash.
The memorial guest book for Ida Mae may be signed at www.grandstaff-hentgen.com.


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Designer: Linda Lum DeBono
3⁄4 yard pink floral
1⁄4 yard red-and-black dot
1 yard lining fabric
25x34" batting or crafts fleece
1⁄2 yard 5⁄8"-wide black-and-white check, wire-edge ribbon
Clear monofilament thread
Finished stocking: 12x23"
Yardages and cutting instructions are based on 42" of usable fabric width.
Measurements include 1⁄4" seam allowances. Sew with right sides together unless otherwise stated.


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Deltorphin A peptide was isolated from skin extracts of the South American frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei. Deltorphin A is a potent and selective agonist for the delta-opioid receptor.


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"If climate scientists were credit-rating agencies," the environment editor for Australia's largest newspaper quipped March 30, "then climate sensitivity — the way climate reacts to changes in carbon-dioxide levels — would be on negative watch but not yet downgraded." The Australian for March 30 concluded that "the fact that global surface temperatures have not followed the expected global warming pattern is now widely accepted."
The Australian was reacting to an article published the same day in the British magazine The Economist, which quoted David Whitehouse of the pro-regulatory Global Warming Policy Foundation as admitting that "If we have not passed it already, we are on the threshold of global observations becoming incompatible with the consensus theory of climate change." Whitehouse's statement means that even the hyper-regulatory zealots are now admitting their apocalyptic models are exaggerated.
According to The Economist, the growing gap between predicted global warming in computer models and a flat average global temperature means the scientific "consensus" manufactured by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change may have been wrong all along:
The IPCC's estimates of climate sensitivity are based partly on GCMs [general-circulation models]. Because these reflect scientists' understanding of how the climate works, and that understanding has not changed much, the models have not changed either and do not reflect the recent hiatus in rising temperatures.
The mismatch might mean that — for some unexplained reason — there has been a temporary lag between more carbon dioxide and higher temperatures in 2000-10. Or it might be that the 1990s, when temperatures were rising fast, was the anomalous period. Or, as an increasing body of research is suggesting, it may be that the climate is responding to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in ways that had not been properly understood before.
The stable temperature of the Earth since industrial era highs in the 1990s — despite increasing CO2 emissions from virtually every country (and especially from developing economies) since then — has also meant increasing skepticism from within the scientific community. Back in February, James Taylor of the Heartland Institute stated in Forbes magazine,
Only 36 percent of geoscientists and engineers believe that humans are creating a global warming crisis, according to a survey reported in the peer-reviewed Organization Studies. By contrast, a strong majority of the 1,077 respondents believe that nature is the primary cause of recent global warming and/or that future global warming will not be a very serious problem.
The study Taylor mentioned, "Science or Science Fiction? Professionals' Discursive Construction of Climate Change," does not put scientific opinion into quite those simple terms. The November 2012 peer-reviewed journal article in Organization Studies concluded that scientists do not merely have "a binary debate of whether climate change is 'science or science fiction.' There are more nuanced intermediary frames that are constructed by these professionals."
For example, the survey found that "virtually all respondents (99.4%) agree that the climate is changing. However, there is considerable disagreement as to cause, consequences, and lines of action." The 36-percent figure mentioned by Taylor in Forbes refers to what survey authors Lianne M. Lefsrud and Renate E. Meyer termed "comply[ing] with Kyoto." "Kyoto" references the Kyoto Protocol, a 1997 amendment to the 1992 international treaty signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, that calls for radical global regulations to combat greenhouse emissions. Only 24 percent say that climate change is exclusively natural, while most of the rest of scientists believe climate change is a combination of human and natural factors.
The study did find that belief among scientists in "anthropogenic [human-caused] climate change has fallen from 75% (for the period between 1993 and 2003) as of 2004 to 45% from 2004 to 2008." The Organization Studies analysis of scientific opinion did not update the figures after 2008, as computer models began to fail. The analysis also noted that many scientists who believe in man-made climate change do not see it as a disaster, as the Earth has experienced in its long history several periods of significantly warmer weather than in the last 100 years.


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Naouri Group of Companies
Naouri Group of companies, one of the largest Transport and Travel Groups in Jordan, Iraq & the Levant region with 17 companies, 51 offices in Jordan, Iraq and Syria and 650 staff members. Since its establishment in 1994, Naouri Group represents international top ranking companies, and provides differentiated high class services in the fields of Freight Forwarding, Shipping, Customs Clearing, Cargo and Vessels Inspection, ISO Certification, Trading, Security, Travel and Tourism & Agriculture projects. Ever since it was founded, Naouri Group of Companies has been striving to reinforce its backbone on which it was built and prospered, the goal of ultimately gathering a pioneering, professional and extremely capable staff was effectively fulfilled through its Human Resources Department. Naouri Group is empowered by its pioneer and highly experienced top management, which was able to create a seventeen-companies-group, endorsing over 100 Job Categories at a 12 levels-employment-pyramid for over 650 employees. Aware of the competition and high demand on excellent job candidates, Naouri Group has worked over the years to provide the best job opportunities and tempting incentives through its excellent job packages. In Naouri Group, we care about our employees, and we work hard to guarantee their future through our excellent salary packages and Social Security system. Also, Health and Life Insurance plans have been introduced for the welfare of our employees. We always appreciate our employees efforts to keep the Group at a constant pace of growth and prosperity, and we reward them through our Annual and Semi-Annual bonus packages reaching up to a rewarding 2-3 months pay. Quality is an important concept upon which we treat our staff, we encourage the idea that all employees are equal and should be treated accordingly. We also encourage our employees themselves to work and develop their skills to stand out and prove their high qualifications, entitling them to extra incentives and higher bonuses and ultimately higher positions within our organizat
Naouri Group is one of Jordan's success stories; it was established in 1994 as a small company and grew throughout the next 14 years to become a group of 8 companies, employing over 350 staff members in its 32 office in Jordan. Naouri Group enjoys a unique culture and working environment where highly effective individuals are immediately spotted and are given special attention throughout their career. There are many possible career paths at Naouri Group that present an interesting and challenging career for any person committed to achievements; we are already involved in many activities and we continue to grow quickly in response to the different opportunities that are presenting themselves in Jordan's emerging market. If you believe that you have what it takes to meet Naouri Group's ever growing ambition, then apply now.


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STAGE TUBE: ENCORES! Alumni Kelli O'Hara, Victoria Clark, Chuck Cooper and More Reminisce for 20th Anniversary
The Encores! 20th Anniversary season opens on January 30, and Encores! alums have been sending in their best wishes. Below, check out a video of Stephen Wallem, Victoria Clark, Mylinda Hull, Chuck Cooper, Elizabeth Stanley, Judy Kaye, Mayor Bloomberg and more riffing on their Encores! experiences!
The anniversary season opens with Bock and Harnick's Fiorello! (January 30 - February 3), the story of Mayor Fiorello LaGuarda, the man singularly responsible for saving City Center from the wrecking ball, and transforming it into Manhattan's first performing arts center. The season will continue with It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman, followed by On Your Toes. Encores! Music Director Rob Berman will helm both Fiorello! and It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman. Founding Encores! Music Director Rob Fisher will return as Music Director for On Your Toes.
New York City Center Encores! (Artistic Director Jack Viertel and Music Director Rob Berman), has presented 57 musical productions since its founding in 1994 for an audience of more than half a million people. The series celebrates the rarely heard works of America's most important composers and lyricists. Each season, Encores! gives three glorious scores the chance to be heard as their creators originally intended. Each production is a whirlwind, with just eight days of rehearsals, one day of dress rehearsal and seven performances. The cast is backed by The Encores! Orchestra, often more than 30 players strong.
Over the years, Encores! has presented the works of Harold Arlen, Burt Bacharach, Irving Berlin, Leonard Bernstein, George and Ira Gershwin, Lorenz Hart, Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern, John Kander and Fred Ebb, Johnny Mercer, Cole Porter, Richard Rodgers, Stephen Sondheim, Kurt Weill and many others. The program received a special 2000 Tony Honor for Excellence in the Theatre, as well as an Outer Critics Circle Award, Lucille Lortel Award and Jujamcyn Theater Award. Past productions have included Christine Baranski, Kristin Chenoweth, Tyne Daly, Christine Ebersole, Sutton Foster, Anne Hathaway, Heather Headley, Megan Hilty, Cheyenne Jackson, Patti LuPone, Donna McKechnie, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Donna Murphy, Bebe Neuwirth, Rosie O'Donnell, Kelli O'Hara, Lynn Redgrave, Ann Reinking, Vanessa L. Williams, Charles Dutton, Peter Gallagher, Nathan Lane, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Robert Morse, James Naughton, Martin Short, Jock Soto, Patrick Wilson and Jerry Zaks.


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VIENNA - U.N. nuclear inspectors recently counted nearly 200 advanced machines fully or partially installed at Iran's main uranium enrichment site, the International Atomic Energy Agency reported Thursday, confirming diplomats' accounts that Tehran has begun a major upgrade of a program that can be used to make atomic arms.
Iran denies it wants such weapons and says it is enriching only to make reactor fuel and for scientific and medical purposes under international law specifically allowing such activities.
But because it hid its enrichment program - and other nuclear activities - for decades, many countries fear Tehran ultimately wants to enrich to weapons-grade level, suitable for arming nuclear warheads. U.N sanctions and Security Council demands for a halt in enrichment have been ineffective, with Iran instead expanding the activity.
The IAEA also has failed to re-launch an investigation into allegations that Iran worked secretly on components of a nuclear weapons program.
Noting a years-long lack of progress, the report said that without Iranian "engagement," the IAEA will be unable to resolve concerns "which need to be clarified to exclude the existence of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program."
Iran announced in January it planned to upgrade its Natanz enrichment facility, then said earlier this month it had started doing so. On Wednesday, diplomats told The Associated Press that upward of 100 enriching centrifuges had already been installed.
However, the IAEA report, circulated Thursday to the 35-nation agency board, was the first independent and on-record confirmation that the work had begun and was advancing. The confidential IAEA report, which was leaked to news media, said IAEA inspectors saw 180 of the high-tech IR-2m centrifuges fully or partially mounted at Natanz during a Feb. 6 inspection tour.
The advance is significant both in terms of technology and timing.
The IR-2ms can enrich three to five times faster than the outmoded machines now being used at Natanz. For nations fearing that Iran may want to make nuclear arms that would mean a quicker way of getting there, should Tehran actually break out of the present peaceful enrichment program it has shown the IAEA and openly work on a weapon.
The start of the upgrade is also of concern to six world powers preparing to resume talks with Iran about its nuclear program on Tuesday in Kazakhstan. They want Tehran to cut back on enrichment - but the installation of new machines instead sends the signal that the Islamic Republic has no intention of doing so.
Israel - which sees Iran's nuclear program as an existential threat that must be stopped by all means, including a military strike - was quick to condemn the Iranian advance.
The report's findings "prove that Iran continues to advance quickly to the red line" that Israel considers intolerable, said a statement from Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's office, adding: "Iran is closer than ever to achieve enrichment for a nuclear bomb."
The "red line" also was a term Netanyahu used to the U.N. General Assembly. There, he said the world has until next summer at the latest to stop Iran before it can build a nuclear bomb.
U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland called the centrifuge upgrade "yet another provocative step" that the six powers - the United States, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany - will focus on at their upcoming talks.
"It's very hard for the international community to understand what Iran is doing, when it claims that all of this is peaceful," she told reporters.
Both she and the British Foreign Office suggested that the centrifuge installations would additionally burden already difficult nuclear negotiations with Tehran, which have led to lack of substantial progress in previous rounds. While the U.S. and its Western allies want a rollback of enrichment before any easing of sanctions crippling Iran's oil sales and financial transactions, Tehran has refused to even consider making a move before some sanctions are removed.
Nuland said the move on the centrifuges "doesn't make it any easier to get where we want to go," while the Foreign Office, in a separate statement, said the timing "concerns and disappoints us."
It was unclear, however, how quickly Iran would proceed with the centrifuge upgrade. It hinted last month that it planned to install more than 3,000 of the new machines, and former IAEA Deputy Director General Olli Heinonen has told the AP that Tehran could do that within nine months, assuming it has the components to make them.
But a senior diplomat who is familiar with the report said the agency could not tell whether Iran did in fact possess enough centrifuges - or the raw materials to make them - to reach that goal any time soon. He said the next few months will be crucial to establishing how many machines will be installed and in what time frame. The diplomat demanded anonymity because he was not authorized to comment.
The IAEA report noted that other developments reflecting Iran's determination to expand enrichment. It said that Tehran had installed 2,255 of its mainstay IR-1 centrifuges since the last report on Nov. 16, bringing the total to 12,699 - although not all were operating.
David Albright, whose Institute for Science and International Security is often consulted by the U.S. government on proliferation issues, said that at that pace "Iran is installing the IR-1 centrifuge at a faster-than expected rate."
The report also said the number of other advanced centrifuge models being tested at an R&D site at Natanz separate from its enrichment plant had substantially increased to more than 300 as of this month.
While moving to increase the potency of its enrichment program, however, Tehran also has recently resumed converting some of its higher-level enriched uranium at into reactor fuel plates after suspending the activity last year. That is likely to provide some reassurance to nations concerned about Iran's nuclear aims because the plates are difficult to reconvert back into weapons usable material.
About 700 of the old machines at Fordo - a site separate from Natanz - are churning out higher-enriched material that is still below - but just a technical step away - from weapons-grade uranium. Iran says it needs that higher-enriched level to fuel a research reactor.
With higher-enriched uranium their immediate concern, the six powers' main demand during the talks on Tuesday in Kazakhstan is suspension of enrichment at Fordo.
About 250 kilograms - 550 pounds - of that higher-enriched uranium is considered to be the standard amount needed to make 25 kilograms, or 55 pounds, of weapons grade uranium.
The IAEA report noted that - with the amount converted subtracted from its present stockpile - Iran now had close to 170 kilograms (375 pounds) of 20 percent enriched uranium. That's 15 kilograms (33 pounds) more than in November but still well below the amount needed for a weapon.


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Tuesday, November 29, 2011
a super swap experience
After I pretty much freaked out in jealousy about this Krista's paperpieced pouch, Suzanne contacted me about doing a private swap. I'm back to swearing off large group swaps, but the idea of a private swap with her was totally exciting. Suzanne does beautiful work, and in return she wanted a version of Cooper's mini bike quilt (something I really enjoyed making).
This is the beauty I received, stuffed with fun goodies:
As if the paper-pieced perfection on the front wasn't enough, look what she stitched on the back:
Since I'm someone who pretty much stinks at embroidery, to get a peice of personalized loveliness like this is a dream come true. It so happens that this pouch is made to hold an embroidery hoop too. I can look at this for inspiration as I try to get better with my own projects.
In return, I sent her this little quilt for her bedroom. This design never gets old for me.
Suzanne and I are now both in the Pastiche Bee together, and I can't wait to get to know her better over the next year of making blocks. This experience is yet another testament to how great it is getting to know other crafters through flickr and blogging.
9 comments:
- Kristen, pajama mama said...
ok those are awesome. as a newbie, can you tell me how you learn of bees to join? i'd love to join one in the new year, but always see them after they're full.
- November 29, 2011 at 1:35 PM
- randi said...
both of these projects are great! very nice items to swap!
- November 29, 2011 at 7:32 PM
- felicity said...
Totally agree about meeting new people! Love both projects - yours AND Suzanne's! I am a lucky owner of a Suzanne creation and I love love it.
- November 29, 2011 at 9:44 PM
- Debbie said...
Very fun!! Love your little quilt.
- November 30, 2011 at 5:27 AM
- **nicke... said...
it really is fun to meet new people and become friends. i love the blogging world because of that. it makes the world a much smaller place. you are super lucky to have that pouch! the K embroidery is so so pretty! i am a little green over here! :)
- November 30, 2011 at 8:15 AM
- Jacey said...
Private swaps are so much fun. It's neat to get to know more about someone in that way. I love the pouch, and especially the embroidered K!
- November 30, 2011 at 1:29 PM
- Poppyprint said...
LOvely!! I had a great swap with Suzanne as well. Now we have matching hoop project pouches! Have you entered my giveaway for the embroidery guide book? It's a great reference.
Looking forward to seeing what else you've got going on, but get some rest so you're not all worn out for the holidays!
- November 30, 2011 at 4:10 PM
- Dianne said...
The swap items are lovely!
I hope you have been taking Krista's advice and are getting some rest. I just wanted to wish you a Merry Christmas and a wonderful 2012. Blessings to you and your family!
- December 19, 2011 at 2:01 PM
- The McSzathmary's said...
I am in LOVE with this bike quilt! Do you have a pattern by chance?
- February 2, 2012 at 5:06 AM


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Poker ladies interview!!9 minutes long. Enjoy http://cbs2.com/video/?id=113986
I get great vibes from these two. Personally I quite like them and hope they go far!
I didn't care for these girls at all. Maybe it was just a bad edit or something, but I thought the lie was totally unnecessary. Gald they got caught on it early in the game.
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The 30,000 additional troops deployed to Iraq in January could come home by next July, but further American withdrawals would be "premature," the U.S. commander there told a fractious congressional hearing Monday.
"Our experience in Iraq has repeatedly shown that projecting too far into the future is not just difficult, it can be misleading and even hazardous," Gen. David Petraeus said at a joint hearing of the House Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees. "The events of the past six months underscore that point."
The testimony by Petraeus and Ryan Crocker, the U.S. ambassador in Baghdad, was interrupted numerous times by demonstrators.
"The American people want our troops home," one woman shouted. Watch Petraeus say how "surge" has worked
Rep. Ike Skelton, D-Missouri, the Armed Services Committee's chairman, ordered several protesters arrested for interrupting what he said "may be the most important hearing of the year." Read full article »
CNN's Barbara Starr, Dana Bash and Ted Barrett contributed to this report.
All About David Petraeus • Baghdad • The Pentagon • Iraq War


text: Fiber-Rich Recipes to Help You Lose Weight Fiber-Rich Recipes to Help You Lose Weight Add more fiber to your meal to help you shed pounds.The average American adult gains one to two pounds each year, according to various reports. But new research suggests a way to prevent this weight gain or even encourage weight losswithout dieting. The secret? Eat more fiber. These high-fiber recipes help you get your fill. See Recipes ADVERTISEMENT Recipes in slideshow ADVERTISEMENT


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Martha Conkle
Martha "Jean" Conkle, age 92, formerly of 2348 Barrington Dr., Toledo, Ohio, passed away May 13, 2014, at Wesley Glen Retirement Community in Columbus, Ohio.
Jean was born to the late Dr. Will Chris Jessen and Bernice Smith Jessen in Wichita, Kan. She grew up in Peabody, Kan., and was a graduate of Peabody High School. Jean attended the University of Kansas and graduated with a B.A. from the University of Toledo in 1983.
She was preceded in death in 2012 by her husband, Allan J. Conkle. They were married in the U.S. Naval Academy Chapel, Annapolis, Md., in 1945.
Jean was a loving wife, mother, grandmother, and a devoted homemaker. Jean was a member of the Toledo Museum of Art Ambassadors, Toledo Bar Association Auxiliary, and Chi Omega sorority. Jean was a Cub Scout Den Mother and the proud mother of three Eagle Scouts.
She was a World Book Encyclopedia salesperson and thus became known as the "book lady." She and her mother, Bernice, of 302 Vine St. in Peabody, never failed to write each other weekly.
Jean is survived by her three sons, William (Christina) Conkle of Santa Monica, Calif., John (Phyllis) Conkle of Santa Monica, and Thomas (Mary Beth) Conkle of Columbus; nine grandchildren, Christian, John, Christopher, Ann, Catherine, Elizabeth, Jeff, and Billy Conkle and Jennifer (Adam) Bartrim; and a great-granddaughter, Sarah Bartrim.
Visitation was from 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 p.m. Monday, May 19, 2014, at Coyle Funeral Home, 1770 S. Reynolds Rd. in Toledo. Mass of Christian Burial was at 10:30 a.m. Tuesday, May 20, 2014, at Gesu Roman Catholic Church in Toledo, with Fr. Alan Zobler, OSFS, Celebrant. Interment followed at Calvary Cemetery in Toledo. A memorial service will be at 6:30 p.m. Friday, May 23, 2014, at Wesley Glen Retirement Community, 5155 N. High St., Columbus, Ohio, 43214.
Those planning on an expression of sympathy are asked to consider a donation to the Toledo Museum of Art. The family wishes to thank Jean's devoted caregivers from Home Instead, Senior Independence Hospice, and the staffs at Wesley Glenn Retirement Community and Swan Creek Retirement Community.
To sign and view Jean's guestbook, please visit www.coylefuneralhome.com.


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Sales figures are typically pretty boring! Except for when, they're interesting. And by interesting, I mean telling.
Recently, Sony held the PlayStation Awards in Japan. This is a publicity stunt—and usually a dull one at that—in which Sony gives awards to those domestic studios which sell a certain number of units, such as over a million and between half a million and a million. Platforms include the PSP, the PS Vita, and the PlayStation 3, hence the name of the event.
This year, the sales figures were based on the units sold in Japan between November 1, 2011 and October 31, 2012. In previous years, the numbers were based on a similar time frame. The key difference was both the games and the game-buying audience, which is increasingly being lured away by smartphone games.
The PlayStation Awards have been held every year since 1995. As Mainichi points out, this year was the first in seventeen years that there was not a million-selling game at the PlayStation Awards. That's right, there wasn't a million seller on the PSP, the PS Vita, or the PS3. Meaning big games like Final Fantasy XII-2 and to a lesser extent Resident Evil 6, which was released in early October, didn't hit that magic number. Ouch.
A year to remember for Sony, this ain't.
「PlayStation Awards 2012」開催 [Game Watch Impress]
(Top photo: Game Watch)
Kotaku East is your slice of Asian internet culture, bringing you the latest talking points from Japan, Korea, China and beyond. Tune in every morning from 4am to 8am.


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Journal of the South African Veterinary Association
On-line version ISSN 2224-9435
Print version ISSN 1019-9128
J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. vol.82 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2011
A serological survey for infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in free-range village chickens in northern Tanzania
E S Swai; M J Kessy*; P N Sanka; P F Mtui
Veterinary Investigation Centre, PO Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania
A study of infectious bursal disease (IBD) or 'Gumboro disease' seroprevalence rates in healthy, non-vaccinated indigenous scavenging chickens in northern Tanzania was conducted in November and December 2009 on 362 chickens raised in a traditional management system. Individual bird and flock-level information was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, and serum samples were screened for IBD virus (IBDV) antibodies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study revealed high rates of IBDV antibodies, yielding an overall seropositive rate of 58.8 % and with at least one positive bird detected in 82.8 % (74/90) of flocks. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that seropositivity to IBDV varied significantly (χ2= 16.1, P < 0.001) between the study sites. The flock seroprevalence was found to vary from 37.5 % to 91 % between districts and from 75 % to 90 % between regions. The results of this study showed that IBD is an endemic and widely distributed disease in northern Tanzania.
Keywords: free-range chickens, infectious bursal disease, prevalence, risk factors, Tanzania.
Free-range poultry are an important constituent of Tanzanian's poultry industry, with 80 % of the country's 56 million chickens reared in traditional free-range systems in villages20,21 Most flocks are small and of mixed age, distributed between many households and feed mainly by scavenging. This feeding habit exposes them to contact with wild birds, which might be a source of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection16,32. The seroprevalence of IBDV has been demonstrated in free-living wild birds in Japan including migratory species24. Very virulent IBDV has been isolated from wild birds in Korea11.
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) or Gumboro disease is a highly contagious immunosuppressive viral infection of young chickens (3-6 weeks old) causing severe economic and production losses worldwide22. IBDV is the causative agent of IBD. IBDV is a double-stranded dsRNA virus that has a bi-segmented genome and belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae 26. The virus is extremely lymphocidal and infects IgM-bearing B-lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, leading to immunosuppression1. There are two distinct serotypes of IBDV, and within each serotype antigenic variation is considerable9. Only serotype 1 viruses cause economically significant immunosuppressive disease in young chickens1, 30. Serotype 2 infects chickens and turkeys but does not cause clinical disease. 'Variant' strains of IBDV, which have major antigenic differences from the 'standard' strains, cause immunosuppression but not clinical disease in older chickens10. Continuous presence of IBDV in village poultry populations has been reported elsewhere13,31. The first IBDV isolates from various locations in Tanzania were characterized as very virulent (vv) type in 200713. These 'variants' were found to be widely distributed throughout Tanzania and demonstrated great similarities with isolates from western Africa and European/Asian vvIBDV variants14,19.
Some of the risk factors that have been associated with the maintenance of IBDV include carrier chickens, village poultry population dynamics, other poultry species, including wild birds, and heterogeneity of IBDV13,29,30. Transfer of the virus from house to house is through fomites. The virus is also released in the faeces, ingestion of which is the main method of bird-to-bird spread33.
The epidemiology of IBDV in village chickens in Tanzania is insufficiently studied but it appears that IBDV is the most important recurring disease every year2,31. Although IBDV represents one of the most severe poultry diseases and is responsible for marked economic losses, few studies of IBDV have been done on chickens in Tanzania, which hinders the implementation of effective diseasecontrol measures. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence rate of IBDV and the factors that may be associated with risk of infection in free-range poultry in northern Tanzania.
Study sites
This study was carried out in 4 regions (Tanga, Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Manyara) comprising 7 administrative districts (02'11-6'14S, 35'11-38'26E) in northern Tanzania.
The climate is sub-humid with temperatures ranging from 14ºC to 23ºC in high elevation areas and 30ºC to 37ºC along the northern coast of the Indian Ocean. The study areas experience 2 main seasons, the dry season from May to October, and the wet season from November to April. Rainfall ranges from 635 mm to 3.050 mm, with low rainfall in the low-lying areas and high rainfall on the high-altitude and plateau areas.
Household selection and data collection
Households for the study were selected based on the past experience of chicken keeping, possession of chickens and willingness to participate in the study. This sampling procedure included 40 villages and 90 households. Primary data related to chicken production were collected through consultative procedures from various sources including the respective district agriculture and livestock department offices. The secondary data, coupled with a checklist and farm inspection, were collected using semi-structured questionnaires which were completed at all selected households during a single visit. The questionnaire was administered in the national Swahili dialect by veterinary department staff members, who were trained in participatory research methodologies. Important household and flock-level data recorded included location, owner, source (brought in or homebred), history of IBD vaccination, health status at time of visit (subjectively classified as healthy or unhealthy), sex, housing (classified as permanent chicken Banda or dwelling), external parasite type and infestation were categorized as Yes or No. Birds were categorized as follows: chicks (1 to <3 months of age), growers (>3 to <9 months) and adults (>9 months). The data were collected during November and December 2009.
Blood sampling and storage
Approximately 1.5 to 2 mℓ of blood was collected from the humeral region of the wing vein with a 3-mℓ syringe. The syringe was laid nearly horizontally until the blood clotted. After clotting, the syringe was returned to a vertical inverted position to permit the serum to ooze out. The sample was then kept at 37 ºC for several hours or left overnight before the serum was removed. The separated serum was transferred to cryovials, labelled, and stored at -20 ºC until the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect antibodies against the IBD virus26,27.
Serum analysis
The ELISA test was done following procedures outlined by the infectious bursal disease virus antibody test kit (ProFLOK Plus, Synbiotics Corporation, San Diego, CA, item no: 96-6500) and Snyder et al. 28All serum samples tested in the present study were processed in a single well each, according to the standard protocol. Briefly, the ELISA plates (Co-star) were supplied pre-coated with IBDV antigen. The samples were added and the plates subsequently washed and soaked, followed by the addition of 100 µℓ of goat anti-chicken IgG conjugate [HRP/IgG (H+L) PO] diluted at 1:100 into all wells and incubation at room temperature for 30 min. Following incubation, the plates were soaked, washed in PBS-T and developed by adding 100 µℓ of ABTS-Hydrogen Peroxide/Substrate solution per well and incubated at room temperature for 15 min. Absorbance was measured using an ELISA reader (Multiscan Ex., Lab systems, Finland) at 405 nm. The reader was connected to a computer loaded with ELISA Data Interchange (EDI) software. Calculation of the sample to positive (sP) values was done manually using the following equation: [sP = (sample absorbance) - average normal control absorbance)/corrected positive control absorbance]. Sp values were manually converted to percentage positivity (PP) by using the following equation: [PP = Sp value of the sample/Sp value of the corrected positive control] × 100. Samples with Sp values of 0.299 and higher or equivalent to PP >30 % (cut-off) were considered positive for IBDV infection.
Data analysis
Collected data sets (birds, flock and laboratory) were entered, managed and analysed using Epi-Info, Version 6.04b6(Centres for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA). Descriptive statistics generated included counts, frequencies and proportions. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the association between dependent (seroconversion status: positive or negative) and independent variables (location, sex, age category, source, health status, level of ectoparasites infestation). In all chi-square tests a probability level of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Study flock characteristics
All the selected farms/flocks were visited, owner(s) interviewed and chickens sampled. A voluntary participating rate of 100 % was thus achieved. Overall, 362 birds of mixed ages and sex from 90 flocks/farms were examined. The number of birds examined and sampled per village varied from 2 to 29. No history of IBD vaccination was recorded in any of the surveyed sites. Thirty-two (8.8 %) birds had signs of illness (ruffled feathers, lacrimation) and drooping wings during sampling. The proportions of birds in each category of each variable investigated during the study are shown in Table 1.
Antibody response to IBDV exposure
Of 40 villages sampled, 35 had at least one individual bird IBDV seropositive, which implies a seroprevalence of 87.5 % (range, 66.6-100) among villages. The overall seroprevalence rate for IBDV antibodies was 58.8 % (213/362). Seroprevalence rates of 69.4 %, 66.7 %, 47.3 % and 54.8 % were found in Tanga, Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Manyara, respectively (Table 1). There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between sexes, source, health status, housing and age categories in IBD virus seroprevalence rates. However, a significantly lower seroprevalence was observed in birds infested with lice, 45.2 % (47/104), followed by tick infestation, 49.3 % (35/75), than fleainfested ones, 60.8 % (101/196). Of 90 flocks investigated, 74 (82.8 %) had at least one bird seropositive. The flock seroprevalence was found to vary from 37.5 % to 91 % between districts and from 75 % to 90 % between regions (Table 2).
There was evidence that exposure of indigenous free-range chickens and infection with IBDV was widespread in the 7 studied districts. Seroprevalence was significantly higher in Tanga and Kilimanjaro (P < 0.05) compared with Arusha and Manyara. This may suggest that free-range chickens in Kilimanjaro and Tanga are more at risk of IBD than in the Arusha and Manyara regions. In the Tanga region, seroprevalence to IBDV was highest in the Mkinga and Pangani districts, which are amongst the hottest, most humid and wettest districts in the region. Several studies have shown that IBDV is stable in the environment and capable of surviving for extended periods in contaminated farms33. The warm, humid coastal environment of the Tanga region may also favour the survival and spread of viruses. This observation warrants further investigation to elucidate the role of these climatic factors in virus survival and persistence.
The relatively higher overall seroprevalence rate of IBD virus antibodies in indigenous chickens may be attributed to a number of factors. The management system in traditional poultry production may favour widespread infection. Poor sanitary conditions, continuous exposure of chickens to range conditions and wild birds, nutritional deficiencies, the absence of vaccination in traditionally managed chickens, and contact of chickens of 1 village with those in other villages may facilitate the spread of IBDV. This is in agreement with a previous report27. The ease of contact at local open-air markets between chickens from different areas, which are then taken back to various localities, can undoubtedly facilitate the rapid spread and persistence of IBD among indigenous chickens.
The prevalence of IBDV antibody in birds reared under a free-range village management system in this study agrees with reports from other countries with similar chicken husbandry systems5,25. The overall individual bird-level seroprevalence of IBD in free-range village chickens in this study was higher than the reports of 30.7 %17and 30 %23in Sudan and Botswana respectively. Lower prevalence rates were also reported in indigenous village chickens in Cameroon (33.9 %) 5and in backyard chickens in Zimbabwe (55 %) 15. Similarly, the mean seroprevalence obtained was comparable to the reported prevalence of 60 % in village chickens in Sahel zone of Nigeria8. Similar studies revealed antibodies to IBDV to be distributed in poultry worldwide7,22. The positive samples found in unvaccinated flocks indicated that IBD virus was circulating in those farms.
Source, housing system, age and sex had no significant effect on IBD seroprevalence. This finding agrees with reports from other areas of the country and countries with similar back yard chicken production systems15,18,32. In contrast to our finding, significant effects of age (chicks) were reported by authors who detected higher seroprevalence in semi-scavenging reared chickens in Bangladesh.3
This study indicated that chickens infested with ectoparasites (lice and ticks) were all associated with a lower probability of infection with IBDV. It is not clear, however, why the detected probability of infection was low, considering the number and level of ectoparasite infestation recorded during our survey. This observation may warrant further investigation.
Poultry diseases such as IBD were shown to be the most important constraints for commercial and local chicken production in rural settings of Tanzania12,18. Vaccination of village chickens against diseases such as IBDV is rarely undertaken, therefore the antibodies detected are most likely due to natural infection8. It is therefore recommended that IBD antibodies in other domestic birds such as ducks and turkeys be investigated. Preventive measures such as regular vaccination of young chicks and parent stocks should be instituted. Consistently, good husbandry practices such as good housing should be encouraged as stress is a major predisposing factor of the disease. It is vitally important that further detailed studies focus on the seasonality of IBD virus infection and strain identification so that preventive and control programmes can be designed.
The authors are very grateful to the flock owners and field staff who gave their time to this research. In addition, thanks are due to the staff of VIC for their cooperation and technical assistance. We also thank the Director, Directorate of Veterinary Services, for permission to publish this work.
1. Anon. 2006 Infectious bursal disease: Introduction. In The Merck Veterinary Manual. Online at: http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/203100.htm (accessed December 2010) [ Links ]
2. Anon. 2009 Annual report , Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Mainland [ Links ]
3. Biswas P K, Biswas D, Ahmed S, Rahman A, Debnath N C 2005 A longitudinal study of the incidence of major endemic and epidemic diseases affecting semi-scavenging chickens reared under the Participatory Livestock Development Project areas in Bangladesh. Avian Pathology 34: 303-312 [ Links ]
4. Cadman H F, Kelly P J, Zhou R, Davelaar F, Mason P R 1994 A serosurvey using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against poultry pathogens in ostriches (Struthio camelus ) from Zimbabwe. Avian Diseases 38: 621-625 [ Links ]
5. Durojaiye O A, Kwenkam P 1990 A preliminary note on the prevalence of infectious bursal disease of poultry in Cameroon. Revue d'Élévage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 43: 439-440 [ Links ]
6. Epi-info, version 6.04d 1996 Centres for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA, and Geneva, Switzerland [ Links ]
7. Hassan M K, Afify M A, Aly M M 2004 Genetic resistance of Egyptian chickens to infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease. Tropical Animal Health and Production 36: 1-9 [ Links ]
8. Ibrahim U I, Tanya S N 2001 Prevalence of antibodies to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in village chickens in Sahel zone of Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 49: 150-152 [ Links ]
9. Jackwood D J, Henderson K S, Jackwood R J 1996 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based detection of antibodies to antigenic subtypes of infectious bursal disease viruses of chickens. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 3: 456-463 [ Links ]
10. Jackwood D J, Sommer-Wagner S 2007 Genetic characteristics of infectious bursal disease viruses from four continents. Virology 365: 369-375 [ Links ]
11. Jeon W J, Lee E K, Joh SJ, Kwon J H, Yang C B, Yoon Y S, Choi K S 2008 Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolated from wild birds in Korea: epidemiological implications. Virus Research 137: 153-156 [ Links ]
12. Kapaga A M, Msami H M, Mella P W P 1989 Infectious bursal disease Gumboro disease in Tanzania. In Proceedings of the 7th Tanzania Veterinary Association Scientific Conference held at AICC, Arusha , 2-5 December 1989: 37-41 [ Links ]
13. Kasanga C J, Yamaguchi T, Wambura P N, Maeda-Machang'u A D, Ohya K, Fukushi H 2007 Molecular characterization of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV): diversity of very virulent IBDV in Tanzania. Archives of Virology 152: 783-790 [ Links ]
14. Kasanga C J, Yamaguchi T, Wambura P N, Munang'andu H M, Ohya K, Fukushi H 2008 Detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) genome in free-living pigeon and guinea fowl in Africa suggests involvement of wild birds in the epidemiology of IBDV. Virus Genes 36: 521-529 [ Links ]
15. Kelly P J, Chitauro D, Rohde C, Rukwava J, Majok A, Davelaar F, Mason P R 1994 Diseases and management of backyard chicken flocks in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Avian Diseases 38: 626-629 [ Links ]
16. Kitalyi A J 1998 Village chicken production systems in rural Africa: household food security and gender issues. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 142, Rome, Italy. Online at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w8989e/w8989e00.htm (accessed April 2010) [ Links ]
17. Mahasin E A I, Rahaman 1998 Studies on infectious bursal disease. PhD thesis, University of Khartoum, Sudan [ Links ]
18. Matovello J A, Maselle R M, 1989 A descriptive study of infectious bursal disease episodes in two backyard chicken flocks in Morogoro Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Bulletin 9: 87-91 [ Links ]
19. Maw M T, Yamaguchi T, Ohya K, Fukushi H 2008 Detection of vaccine-like infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus in IBD vaccinefree chickens in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 70: 833-835 [ Links ]
20. Minga U M, Katule A, Maeda T, Musasa J 1989 Potential and problems of the traditional chicken industry in Tanzania. In Proceedings of the 7th TVA [Tanzania Veterinary Association] Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania, 4-7 December 1989: 207-215 [ Links ]
21. Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries (MoLD&F) 2009 Budget speech 2009/2010, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania [ Links ]
22. Müller H, Islam M R, Raue R 2003 Research on infectious bursal disease - the past, the present and the future. Veterinary Microbiology 97: 153-165 [ Links ]
23. Mushi E Z, Binta M G, Chabo R G, Ndebele R T 1999 Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease in non-vaccinated indigenous and exotic chickens on selected farms around Gaborone, Botswana. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 66: 135-137 [ Links ]
24. Ogawa M, Wakuda T, Yamaguchi T, Murata K, Setiyono A, Fukushi H, Hirai K 1998 Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease virus in free-living wild birds in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 60: 1277- 1279 [ Links ]
25 Onunkwo O, Okoye J O 1991 First report of an infectious bursal disease outbreak in a vaccinated chicken flock in Anambra State, Nigeria. Revue d'Élévage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 44: 411-414 [ Links ]
26. Singh N K, Dey S, Madhan Mohan C, Mohan Kataria J, Vakharia V N 2010 Evaluation of four enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibodies to infectious bursal disease in chickens. Journal of Virological Methods 165: 277-282 [ Links ]
27. Smith A J 1992 Integration of poultry production into the agricultural systems. In The tropical agriculturist: poultry. (The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development (CTA) ). Macmillan, London: 179-191 [ Links ]
28. Snyder D B, Marquardt WW, Mallinson E T, Savage P K 1984 An enzyme-like immunosorbent assay. III. Simultaneous measurements of antibody titers to infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, and Newcastle disease viruses in a single serum dilution. Avian Diseases 28: 12-24 [ Links ]
29.Wei Y, Li J, Zheng J, Xu H, Li L, Yu L 2006 Genetic reassortment of infectious bursal disease virus in nature. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 350: 277-287 [ Links ]
30. Wu C C, Rubinelli P, Lin T L 2007 Molecular detection and differentiation of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Diseases 51: 515-526 [ Links ]
31. Yongolo M G S 1999 Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in village chickens in Tanzania. MVM dissertation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania [ Links ]
32. Yongolo M G S, Minga U M, Maedamachang'u A D, Matovelo J A, Mwanjala T K 1996 Infectious bursal disease and Dispharyx nasuta in village chickens, Tanzania. Tanzania Veterinary Journal 16: suppl. 1 191-196 [ Links ]
33. Zanella A 2007 Poultry disease manual: characteristics and control of infections (infectious bursal diseases ). Tipoarte, Bologna, Italy [ Links ]
Received: July 2010.
Accepted: January 2011.
* Author for correspondence. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Box Score
Ithaca, NY (9/29/2012) - The Ithaca College football team jumped out to a 24-10 lead in the first half and used great ball control (38:43 time of possession) and a balanced offensive attack (490 yards of total offense) in the second half to down visiting Utica College 40-22 in Empire 8 Conference action at Butterfield Stadium Saturday afternoon.
"A few costly mistakes early on put us in a hole that was difficult to fight out of. I've got to hand it to Ithaca for putting together a great game plan. They controlled the time of possession and that made it difficult for us to fight back," said UC Head Coach Blaise Faggiano, who won a national championship during his playing days at Ithaca College. "Our guys proved once again that we never give up, and I am certainly proud of them for their effort. We will get right back to it tomorrow and Monday and start preparing for another tough one against Buffalo State next weekend."
Ithaca (4-0, 2-0 Empire 8), which is receiving votes in the AFCA and D3football.com national polls, remained undefeated on the year and avenged a 20-15 loss at the hands of the Pioneers last season. The Bombers had just three full possessions in the second half, which led to two touchdowns, while the Pioneers (2-2, 0-1 E8) only had three offensive drives in the entire second half as well, scoring on two of them.
It was a matchup of arguably two of the top wide receivers in the Empire 8 as Ithaca's Joseph Ingrao and UC's Jeremy Meier both posted great showings. Ingrao finished the afternoon with 10 catches for a game-high 174 yards and one touchdown, while Meier, who entered the game ranked sixth nationally in average receiving yards per game, added 10 catches for 151 yards. Meier, who has 1,772 career receiving yards, now needs 23 yards to move into second on the College's all-time list.
Senior quarterback Andrew Benkwitt, who was starting in his 34th straight game, completed 25-of-39 passes for 294 yards and one touchdown. Benkwitt also ran for a score of his own in the fourth quarter. He was slightly outdone by Ithaca's Phil Neumann, who also completed 25 passes for 310 yards and two touchdowns.
"We certainly did not play bad today – Ithaca just played a near perfect game," said Faggiano of his alma mater's production on both sides of the ball. "You can't give up 40 points and expect to win at this level and that is something that we need to work on."
Two straight Pioneer turnovers (failed fake punt, Jamie Murphy lost fumble) led to 14 points on the board for the host Bombers midway through the first quarter. Jared Prugar caught a 29 yard pass from Neumann for the Bombers first score, and Josh Oliver used the wildcat formation to rush for an eight yard touchdown to spot Ithaca a 14 point advantage.
After a UC punt, the Bombers opened the second quarter just as it did in the first, scoring on a four yard touchdown connection, Neumann to Ingrao.
Utica got on the board at the midpoint of the second quarter when freshman place kicker Thomas Woodburn capped a 17 play, 73 yard drive with a 26 yard field goal.
Following an Ithaca field goal, the Pioneers punched in a quick score in just over a minute as they marched 72 yards in eight plays to cut their deficit to 14 points, 24-10, at the half. Jesse Baldassare stuck home his second touchdown of the year from three yards out to put a much needed boost into the Pioneers' offensive unit. Baldassare finished the day with a respectable 17 carries for 76 yards.
After a scoreless third quarter, a costly roughing the passer penalty led to a first and goal for the Bombers and Oliver capitalized with another wildcat formation rushing touchdown from five yards out to extend the home teams lead back to 21 points, 31-10. Ithaca's scoring drive ate up 6:28 of the clock as the Bombers drove 95 yards on 13 plays.
The Pioneer defense had trouble securing a third down stop in the second half, ultimately leading to Ithaca's 14-of-19 conversion rate on third downs throughout the contest.
Each team exchanged blows in the fourth quarter, scoring two touchdowns a piece, but two blocked extra points by Ithaca led to the final 18 point lead as time expired. Utica junior receiver Jamie Murphy, who had a huge game for the Pioneers against Ithaca last season, scored the final touchdown of the contest and finished the game with four catches for 33 yards. Murphy's touchdown catch moved him into a tie for eighth on the College's all-time receiving touchdowns list. Ithaca's final scoring drive took up 8:51 on the clock (14 plays, 82 yards).
UC's Joe Giametta had another solid day, tallying a team-best 13 tackles, while senior defensive end Michael Herberger hawked the Ithaca quarterback all day, totaling seven tackles and one sack. Herberger is now tied for sixth on the College's career sacks list with six. Senior captain Genaro Scampone added seven tackles and one sack, while senior Kyle Taft picked up a sack of his own.
Ithaca's Clay Ardoin, from nearby Dolgeville, carried the load on the ground for the Bombers, totaling 139 yards on 20 carries.
Utica remains on the road Saturday when they travel to Empire 8 Conference newcomer Buffalo State to take on the Bengals for the first time in program-history. UC will look to snap its two game slide as it heads into a six game stretch of conference contests. The game, which will be televised on Time Warner Cable Sports, is scheduled to begin at 1 p.m. Ithaca will travel to Alfred University next weekend to take on the Saxons at 1 p.m.
Quick Hitters: Benkwitt, who started his 34th consecutive game, is the only quarterback in school-history with 700 or more completions … Benkwitt now has 69 career touchdown passes … Jeremy Meier needs 24 receiving yard to move into second place on the College's all-time receiving yards list … Matt Dunn needs five catches to reach the 100 mark for his career … Dunn needs one touchdown catch to tie for third on the College's all-time receiving touchdowns list – He currently has 11 touchdown catches … Murphy needs 40 yards receiving to move into ninth on the all-time receiving yards list (He currently has 563)… Michael Herberger moved into a tie for sixth place on the College's all-time sacks list (He currently has 6.0).
--- www.ucpioneers.com ---
Ithaca Tops Utica in E8 Play
|Utica (2-2)
|Ithaca (4-0)
Box Score


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Cast and Blast Gives You Better of Two Worlds
By Craig Lamb
Cast and blast, or fishing and hunting trips combined into one, is the ultimate fantasy turned reality for the avid sportsman.
You get the better of two worlds, depending on timing and where you go. That's a tough call since you expect sore arms from fighting trophy fish, and a sore shoulder from your shotgun's recoil in a duck blind.
It's a difficult feat to pull off in fall and winter when fishing success diminishes and hunting gets better. There is one place though, where the Mississippi Flyway ends, and the waterfowl stay for winter. It is the same place where miraculously the marshes come alive with trophy bull redfish and literally every other prized saltwater species.
Best of all, both sports are within miles apart and you will stay nearby in a first-class lodge with equally as superb service and amenities.
All of the above can be discovered at Home Run Charters & Lodge, located in Venice, Louisiana, the most fertile game and fish waters in the nation during the fall and winter.
The reasons are twofold. Home Run Charters has private access to 10,000 acres of prime waterfowl hunting for gadwall, widgeon, redheads, canvasbacks, buffle heads, rudy ducks and bluebills.
On the flip side, the fishing is equally as superb. This is where the Mississippi River infuses coastal marshes with nutrients that supercharge the food chain. Think a food chain, from tiny crustaceans to top-level predators that live on steroids. The fish grow big, fight hard and are plentiful.
From now through January and into early spring the Mississippi River is lower than any other time of the year. As a result, the water is clearer and conditions more predictable.
Here is what you can expect on a typical cast and blast booked through home run charters.
Hunters are transported aboard safe, spacious skiffs or airboats for the half-hour run to the blinds. Hunters are dropped off at the blind, where the decoy spreads already are in place. Hunt until around 10 a.m. and get picked back up and transported to the lodge.
After a brunch and some much-needed downtime the action shifts to the fishing. Steps away from your lodging the boats and captains await your arrival, including the tackle that is already rigged.
From there you will enter the clear water of the marsh, where it is highly likely you will see tailing bull trophy redfish in the double digit weight class. Speckled trout, flounder, and other game fish are there too, and all for the same reason. Those are feasting on the buffet of food taking advantage of the cooler water.
Click here for more about the Blast & Cast trips.
There are distinct advantages to having so much hunting areas and the fertile waters of the Gulf of Mexico within a short distance.
"For the hunting, we have so much area that the blinds never over hunted," explained Brian Sherman, a licensed captain and guide for Home Run Charters.
The outfitter goes through a rotation of blinds to keep fresh, un-hunted birds attracted to the area. That is the reason why the cast and blast is appealing to large groups of hunters and anglers.
"We can also rotate the cast and blast part of the day, depending on the fishing, hunting and weather conditions for a given day," he continued.
Home Run Fishing Charters and Lodge is the premier outfitter in Venice and for a lot of reasons. Luxury accommodations, gourmet dining, Cajun hospitality and experienced, licensed captains using the latest and best boats and equipment are why.
This is the first season for the cast and blast trips at Home Run Charters. Book now to take advantage of the waterfowl season coming up. It's going to be a good one, with duck numbers up for Louisiana's most-sought after ducks.
Want to know more about Home Run Charters? Check out the website at homeruncharters.com. Find out more about the inshore fishing, including rates, by clicking here. To get updated fishing reports, conditions and just chat with someone at Home Run Charters, call (504) 982-8862.
Original Source: Sportsmans Lifestyle.com


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5/5 (100 %), 1 vote
Store located in Shopping mall/center : Kingsway Mall
Store brand name : Bell
Address & Location : 109 Street & Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta - AB T5G 3A6, Canada
State : Alberta
City : Edmonton
Phone (Kingsway Mall) : 780.477.5756
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