text:
Solomon Islands Population: 635,0271 VISITOR FROM HERE!
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|The UK established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in the 1890s. Some of the bitterest fighting of World War II occurred on this archipelago. Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence two years later. Ethnic violence, government malfeasance, endemic crime, and a narrow economic base have undermined stability and civil society. In June 2003, then Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA sought the assistance of Australia in reestablishing law and order; the following month, an Australian-led multinational force arrived to restore peace and disarm ethnic militias. The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) has generally been effective in restoring law and order and rebuilding government institutions.
Strategic location on sea routes between the South Pacific Ocean, the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea; on 2 April 2007 an undersea earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale occurred 345 km WNW of the capital Honiara; the resulting tsunami devastated coastal areas of Western and Choiseul provinces with dozens of deaths and thousands dislocated; the provincial capital of Gizo was especially hard hit
|Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 28,896 sq km
land: 27,986 sq km
water: 910 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Maryland
|Land Boundaries:
|0 km
|5,313 km
|Maritime claims:
| measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
|tropical monsoon; few temperature and weather extremes
|mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 3.9% arable land 0.7%; permanent crops 2.9%; permanent pasture 0.3% forest: 78.9%
other: 17.2% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|0 sq km NA (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earthquakes, tremors, and volcanic activity; tsunamis volcanism: Tinakula (elev. 851 m) has frequent eruption activity, while an eruption of Savo (elev. 485 m) could affect the capital Honiara on nearby Guadalcanal
|Current Environment Issues:
|deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Solomon Islander(s)
adjective: Solomon Islander
|Ethnic groups:
|Melanesian 95.3%, Polynesian 3.1%, Micronesian 1.2%, other 0.3% (2009 est.)
|Melanesian pidgin (in much of the country is lingua franca), English (official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population), 120 indigenous languages
|Protestant 73.4% (Church of Melanesia 31.9%, South Sea Evangelical 17.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 11.7%, United Church 10.1%, Christian Fellowship Church 2.5%), Roman Catholic 19.6%, other Christian 2.9%, other 4%, none 0.03%, unspecified 0.1% (2009 est.)
|635,027 (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 35.13% (male 114,871/female 108,229)
15-24 years: 20.01% (male 65,349/female 61,702)
25-54 years: 36.12% (male 116,795/female 112,564)
55-64 years: 4.55% (male 14,565/female 14,302)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 12,701/female 13,949) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 75.1%
youth dependency ratio: 69.1%
elderly dependency ratio: 5.9%
potential support ratio: 16.8% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 22.2 years
male: 22 years
female: 22.4 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|1.98% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|25.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|3.8 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 22.3% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 4.25% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|HONIARA (capital) 73,000 (2014)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|21.6 note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2006/07 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|114 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 15.2 deaths/1,000 live births male: 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 75.3 years male: 72.7 years
female: 78.1 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|3.22 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|34.6% (2006/07)
|Health expenditures:
|5.1% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|0.22 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
|Hospital bed density:
|1.3 beds/1,000 population (2012)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 93.2% of population
rural: 77.2% of population
total: 80.8% of population
urban: 6.8% of population
rural: 22.8% of population
total: 19.2% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 81.4% of population
rural: 15% of population
total: 29.8% of population
urban: 18.6% of population
rural: 85% of population
total: 70.2% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|25% (2014)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|11.5% (2007)
|Education expenditures:
|10% of GDP (2010)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84.1%
male: 88.9%
female: 79.2% (2009 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 9 years male: 10 years
female: 9 years (2007)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Solomon Islands
local long form: none
local short form: Solomon Islands
former: British Solomon Islands
etymology: Spanish explorer Alvaro de MENDANA named the isles in 1568 after the wealthy biblical King SOLOMON in the mistaken belief that the islands contained great riches
|Government type:
|parliamentary democracy (National Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
| name: Honiara
geographic coordinates: 9 26 S, 159 57 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|9 provinces and 1 city*; Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira and Ulawa, Malaita, Rennell and Bellona, Temotu, Western
|7 July 1978 (from the UK)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 7 July (1978)
|adopted 31 May 1978, effective 7 July 1978; new constitution drafted in 2014 (2016)
|Legal system:
|mixed legal system of English common law and customary law
|21 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Frank KABUI (since 7 July 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Manasseh SOGAVARE (since 9 December 2014)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the National Parliament for up to 5 years (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the National Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among members of the National Parliament
election results: Manasseh SOGAVARE (independent) elected prime minister; National Parliament vote - 31 to 19
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral National Parliament (50 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 19 November 2014 (next to be held in 2018)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - independents 32, DAP 7, UDP 5, PAP 3, KPSI 1, SIPFP 1, SIPRA 1
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, and ex officio members to include the High Court chief justice and its puisne judges); High Court (consists of the chief justice and puisne judges as prescribed by the National Parliament) judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal and High Court president, chief justices, and puisne judges appointed by the governor-general upon recommendation of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission, chaired by the chief justice to include 5 members, mostly judicial officials and legal professionals; all judges appointed until retirement at age 60
subordinate courts: Magistrates' Courts; Customary Land Appeal Court; local courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Steve ABANA] Kadere Party of Solomon Islands or KPSI [Alfred LEGUA] People's Alliance Party or PAP [Nathaniel WAENA] Solomon Islands People First Party or SIPFP [Jimmie RODGERS] Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Manasseh MAELANGA] United Democratic Party [Thomas Ko CHAN] note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid coalitions
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Isatabu Freedom Movement or IFM Malaita Eagle Force or MEF note: these rival armed ethnic factions crippled the Solomon Islands in a wave of violence from 1999 to 2003
|International organization participation:
|ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, EITI (candidate country), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|national colors: blue, yellow, green, white
|National anthem:
| name: "God Save Our Solomon Islands"
lyrics/music: Panapasa BALEKANA and Matila BALEKANA/Panapasa BALEKANA
note: adopted 1978
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Collin David BECK (since 31 March 2004)
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400L, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6192, 6193
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
|the US does not have an embassy in the Solomon Islands; the US Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands
|^Back to Top
The bulk of the population depends on agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. Prior to the arrival of The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic violence, the closure of key businesses, and an empty government treasury culminated in economic collapse. RAMSI's efforts to restore law and order and economic stability have led to modest growth as the economy rebuilds.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $1.198 billion (2016 est.) $1.163 billion (2015 est.) $1.127 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $1.218 billion (2015 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3% (2016 est.) 3.3% (2015 est.) 2% (2014 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $2,000 (2016 est.) $2,000 (2015 est.) $2,000 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|18.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 17.1% of GDP (2015 est.) 14.9% of GDP (2014 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, rice, fruit; cattle, pigs; fish; timber
|fish (tuna), mining, timber
|Industrial production growth rate:
|3.2% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|202,500 (2007 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 75%
industry: 5%
services: 20% (2000 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|Population below poverty line:
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
| revenues: $421.6 million
expenditures: $458.8 million (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|34.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.4% (2016 est.) -0.6% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$54 million (2016 est.) -$30 million (2015 est.)
|$419.9 million (2015 est.) $419.9 million (2015 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|timber, fish, copra, palm oil, cocoa
|Exports - partners:
|China 61.7%, India 5.9%, Italy 5.9% (2015)
|$425.7 million (2015 est.) $425.7 million (2015 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals
|Imports - partners:
|Australia 24.7%, China 18.4%, Malaysia 6.3%, Singapore 5.8%, Fiji 4.7%, NZ 4.6%, Papua New Guinea 4.6% (2015)
|Debt - external:
|$491.5 million (31 December 2013 est.) $187.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$545.6 million (31 December 2016 est.) $522.1 million (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$50.1 million (31 December 2016 est.) $50.1 million (31 December 2015 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|Solomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar - 8.064 (2016 est.) 7.9147 (2015 est.) 7.9147 (2014 est.) 7.3754 (2013 est.) 7.36 (2012 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|85 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|79.05 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|0 kWh (2013 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|0 kWh (2013 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|37,000 kW (2014 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|100% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|1,600 bbl/day (2014 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|1,554 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|300,000 Mt (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 425,000 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 68 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
domestic: mobile-cellular telephone density is about 65 per 100 persons
international: country code - 677; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC) is the sole TV broadcaster with 1 station; multi-channel pay-TV is available; SIBC operates 2 national radio stations and 2 provincial stations; 2 local commercial radio stations; Radio Australia is availabl (2009)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 62,000 percent of population: 10% (July 2015 est.)
|^Back to Top
|36 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 35
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 24 (2013)
|3 (2013)
| total 1,390 km
paved: 34 km
unpaved: 1,356 km
note: includes 920 km of private plantation roads (2011)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Honiara, Malloco Bay, Viru Harbor, Tulaghi
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|no regular military forces; Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (2013)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|since 2003, the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, consisting of police, military, and civilian advisors drawn from 15 countries, has assisted in reestablishing and maintaining civil and political order while reinforcing regional stability and security
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
How do you change a blank into a Mc Trudie stock? The bluish colored stock in the photo is a Mc Trudie pattern which is a Steve McGee pattern with a smaller pistol grip and the stock is lighter (I've done a lot of wood rasping and sanding to modify to fit the Mc Trudie pattern). This stock will be used for F TR and I'm doing a lot of lightning to the stock to make weight so that I can use a heavy barrel with the Stolle Panda action.
Custom Riflebuilding for High Power, Long Range, Smallbore and F-Class Shooters. Custom Grips for Rifles, Offset Sights and Fancy Wood and Fiberglass Rifle Stocks.
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 714-457-5566
Recent Posts
- Duplicated Fiddleback Maple & Walnut Stock for Stolle Panda Big Bore Action
- Prone Stock Long Range for Savage Action Final Pics
- Prone Stock Long Range for Savage Action
- Pillar Bedding for a Savage Palma Rifle
- Finished: English Walnut Stock for a Barnard Action
- English Walnut Stock for a Barnard Action
- Stuff For Sale
- Wood Grip
- Happy Birthday, Doan!
- Finished work on F-Open Claro Walnut Stock for Golden Bear Stolle Panda Action
- More stuff for sale!
- LINK FIXED. Items for Sale.
- Continuing work on a F-Open Claro Walnut Stock for Golden Bear Stolle Panda Action
- Finished Claro Walnut for 40x Smallbore
- Beginning of a F-Open Claro Walnut Stock for Gold Bear Stolle Panda Action
- Gunbroker
- Remington 40x Claro Walnut Prone Stock for Smallbore
- Fiddlebacked Claro Walnut Stock for a Barnard Action
- Breathing New Life into Old Wood
- Final Pictures of F-Class BAT Action and Stock
- Anschutz Cheek Adjuster
- Work Continues onF-Class MB BAT Action
- F-Class for BAT Action
- Sometimes you have to do something different…..
- Nicely Figured Walnut for Barnard Action
- Walther KK500 Forend
- FTR Stock with Barnard Action Rosewood Pistol Grip Cap
- Updating a K. Kenyon Trigger for a 52 Winchester
- Palma rifle with Stolle Panda action with highly figured walnut stock
- Repaired Swindlehurst smallbore rifle stock
- Target Rifle Stock for K31 Straight Pull
- Claro Walnut Sunburst Pattern Rifle Stock Final Pics
- Inletting F Open Class Rifle Stock
- Claro Walnut with Sunburst Pattern
- Final Pictures: Open F Class Burl to English Walnut Barnard Action
- Final Pictures: Sako Action in English Walnut
- Open F-Class Stock with Graft Piece of Wood Barnard Action
- Sako Action in an English Walnut Stock.
- UPDATED: For Sale Page
- FINISHED: Walther KK 500 Action Bedded in an English Walnut Stock
- UPDATED: For Sale Page
- Work continues on bedding a Walther KK 500 into an English Walnut stock
- Walther KK 500 Action in an English Walnut Stock
- Palma Rifle with Stolle Big Bore Action in an English Walnut Stock
- Rejuvenating & Upcycling an International Stock with a Witchita Action
- Barry Smith
- Lots of Misc Triggers for sale
- U-25 USA Palma Team Raffle Rifle Completed
- Stock for a Winchester Model 70 with a Modified Cheekpiece
- 2 McMillan Stocks F-Class and F/TR


text:
Tag: debris
On Debris– 1
by Joyelle McSweeney on Sep.28, 2010
I'm looking around at the debris.
A shelly pink-enamelled oval palm-sized frame, a gilt inner lip, and then a photo of a dead or sleeping newborn, a pale pink bow in my thick black cap of hair. The photo is like an image coming back from space; crossing light years with the image of a dead thing. Light returning from a form that once entailed a wondrous sensitive limit, total media, skin, sensaround technology, a medium I literally grew through, atomized, obliterated. And whatever consciousness I was assembling at that time has been sundered, leveled, pushed back, overbuilt by my current state, its bitter fosse and mad stadia, my cruel regime of consciousness.
But the picture hangs around, treasured debris. My mother treasured it. The baby hangs around, as something else— a dead form, a dead medium.
Artaud: The old totemism of animals, stones, objects capable of discharging thunderbolts, costumes impregnated with bestial essences—everything, in short, that might determine, disclose, and direct the secret forces of the universe—is for us a dead thing.
For Artaud, all forms—if mere forms— are dead things.
A brochure from the incredible Musee royal de l'Afrique Centrale outside Brussels, Belgium. This extraordinary palace was part of Leopold II's infernal public relations campaign. He filled it with handicrafts and biological specimens, wondrous goods from his personal concentration camp in Central Africa, cruelly and deceitfully called the "Free State". The museum stands to this day as a place for tourists and school groups to go to learn about Africa. That's what the brouchure shows—children, stuffed birds, baskets.
Dead things, dead things.
When I visited, temporary exhibits huddled in hut-like structures inside the central great hall. These offered slightly more recent updates on the Congo—newsreels, say, from World's Fair of 1958, when Congolese elites came to Brussels as exhibits of themselves—but these 'contexts' were themselves contextless, and were marked, by their strange plywood structures, as temporary, wretched compared to the displays in the cases.
Where even the tools looked taxidermied.
There was a nice café there.
The café at our zoo in South Bend, Indiana is called 'Congo Café'.
The Potawatabmi Zoo in South Bend, Indiana, is the oldest zoo in Indiana. I hear this while on a ride on a train through the outbuildings. We see the zoo hospital and the corporate picnic area, also the parking lot, and we ride through the train storage shed and see the spare train. We repeat this ride every time we come to the zoo.
894 Potawatami men, women and children were made to march 660 miles from Indiana to Oklahoma in from September 4 to November 4, 1838. The Potawatami Trail of Death.
Leopold also went on a building campaign which literally converted the physical bodies of the people of the Congo—their labors of extraction, their deaths from overwork and insane abuse— into buildings in Europe. Severed hands into triumphal arches. Villages into villas on the Riviera. Generations into footbridges linking his palaces so he could visit his mistress at night.
Plus a tramway to take daytrippers to visit his museum. Tourists like me.
The Number 44 Tram.
Roberto Bolaño: "Then we walked down the Avenida Guerrero; they weren't stepping so lightly any more, and I wasn't feeling too enthusiastic either. Guerrero, at that time of night, is more like a cemetery than an avenue, not a cemetery in 1974 or in 1968, or 1975, but a cemetery in the year 2666, a forgotten cemetery under the eyelid of a corpose or an unborn child, bathed in the dispassionate fluids of an eye that tried so hard to forget one particular thing that it ended up forgetting everything else."
Souvenirs, treasure, monuments, transportation, dead forms, mausoleums, debris.
The Artaud is from The Theater and Its Double, Preface. Bolaño quote is from my fave, Amulet. All information about Leopold II and the Congo came from King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild; the idea that Leopold literally converted Congolese bodies into European buildings also came from Hochschild (will find page later). The Potawatami Trail of Death is from Wikipedia. The trip to the museum is my own experience. The photo was mailed from my mother's condo.


text:
Major Areas of Research
- Hematopoietic development and function in health and disease
- Pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
- Mechanisms of lymphoma/leukemia development
Program Description
Studies in the Virology and Cellular Immunology Section relate to three overlapping areas of interest: normal hematopoietic differentiation with a primary focus on B cells, autoimmunity, and neoplastic transformation. Most studies are mouse-based and use a wide range of experimental approaches to understand important biologic questions including cellular immunology, genetic analyses (FISH, SKY, microarray, and NextGen gene expression profiling), development and analysis of genetically engineered mice (conditional knockouts, knockins, reporters), and bioinformatics. Efforts are made to translate basic findings made in these studies to the understanding of normal human biology and diseases.
Analyses of hematopoietic development and function have defined roles for interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) throughout hematopoietic differentiation with critical contributions to B-cell lineage specification, commitment and differentiation into mature B-cell subsets, the germinal center reaction, and terminal differentiation to plasma cells. Recent ongoing studies are exploring the contributions of IRF8 to T-cell development and function. Studies of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) expression were critical to defining previously unrecognized subsets of B-1a cells that play distinct roles in production of natural antibodies, antigen responsiveness, mucosal immunity, and immunosuppression. Ongoing studies suggest specific contributions from one of these subsets to the development of CD5+ B cell leukemias with similarities to human chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Detailed analyses of the chemokine receptor, CXCR7, and the IgM-specific Fc receptor, FCRM, identified central roles in the biology of marginal zone B cells and the development and function of other B-cell subsets.
The development of B-cell lineage neoplasms in humans and mice involves complex interplays between the activation of proto-oncogenes, such as Myc, by chromosomal translocations often involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH) and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) including p53. Studies of mechanisms involved in the development of plasma cell neoplasms, termed plasmacytomas (PCT), identified distinct cellular origins for two histologically defined subsets of PCT. Additional studies were critical for defining the IgH elements that regulate expression of translocated Myc genes. Analyses of genetically engineered mice with B-cell-specific deficiencies in the TSG p53, TRAF3, PTEN, and SHIP uncovered their contributions to selective development of B-cell lymphomas less mature than plasmacytomas.
Analyses of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like diseases in mice have centered on the BXSB.Yaa model, which is critically dependent on a duplication of TLR7, an endosomal receptor for single-stranded RNA. Development of disease was found to require signaling to B cells by the cytokine, IL21, which is produced by CD4+ T follicular helper cells (TFH). Unexpectedly, IL21 is also responsible for stimulating the activity of CD8+ T suppressor cells that retard disease development, indicating that it functions as a double-edged sword in the development of BXSB.Yaa disease. Ongoing studies have identified that young mice express an "interferon signature" very similar to that found in humans with SLE, as well as a disease-promoting activity of IL6 and a disease-suppressive activity of IL10. Parallel studies of the autoimmune-prone strain, SJL, showed that a CD8+ T suppressor population retards the development of lethal B- cell lineage tumors that are responsible for the death of most mice of this strain.
Dr. Morse graduated from Harvard Medical School and then completed his internship and residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston. Following postdoctoral studies at NIAID, he joined the Laboratory of Viral Diseases in 1980 and became chief of the Laboratory of Immunopathology (LIP) in 1985. In 2011, LIP merged with the Laboratory of Immunogenetics, and Dr. Morse became chief of the Virology and Cellular Immunology Section.
Selected Publications
Wang H, Shin DM, Abbasi S, Jain S, Kovalchuk AL, Beaty N, Chen S, Gonzalez-Garcia I, Morse HC 3rd. Expression of plasma cell alloantigen 1 defines layered development of B-1a B-cell subsets with distinct innate-like functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 4;109(49):20077-82.
Kovalchuk AL, Ansarah-Sobrinho C, Hakim O, Resch W, Tolarová H, Dubois W, Yamane A, Takizawa M, Klein I, Hager GL, Morse HC 3rd, Potter M, Nussenzweig MC, Casellas R. Mouse model of endemic Burkitt translocations reveals the long-range boundaries of Ig-mediated oncogene deregulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 3;109(27):10972-7.
Wang H, Beaty N, Chen S, Qi CF, Masiuk M, Shin DM, Morse HC 3rd. The CXCR7 chemokine receptor promotes B-cell retention in the splenic marginal zone and serves as a sink for CXCL12. Blood. 2012 Jan 12;119(2):465-8.
McPhee CG, Sproule TJ, Shin DM, Bubier JA, Schott WH, Steinbuck MP, Avenesyan L, Morse HC 3rd, Roopenian DC. MHC class I family proteins retard systemic lupus erythematosus autoimmunity and B cell lymphomagenesis. J Immunol. 2011 Nov 1;187(9):4695-704.
Feng J, Wang H, Shin DM, Masiuk M, Qi CF, Morse HC 3rd. IFN regulatory factor 8 restricts the size of the marginal zone and follicular B cell pools. J Immunol. 2011 Feb 1;186(3):1458-66.
Shin DM, Lee CH, Morse HC 3rd. IRF8 governs expression of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity in human and mouse germinal center B cells. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27384.


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Recently, Yahoo CEO Carol Bartz forecasted trouble for Google because search accounts for "99.9% of their business." In a talk with Michael Arrington today, Google's President of Global Sales Operations Nikesh Arora leveled this response. Giddyup.
When Arrington brought up Bartz's comments, Arora was quick to respond:
If we are a one trick pony, we have a pretty good trick.
And it's true—Google dominates search because they're good at it—but at the same time it's not: clearly the company's looking at Android as a future source of revenue, and more ads are showing up on YouTube seemingly every day.
When someone asked, as a follow-up question, if Google's "second trick" could be its cloud services, Arora said he thought it could be a billion dollar source of revenue within four years. I wonder what Bartz would have to say about that. [TechCrunch]


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Sports magazine discount subscription deals at Magazine.com can help you save up to 90% on your next subscription. Follow your favorite teams, read about inspiring athletes and get tips on how to stay up on the latest sports news with any of these top titles: Sports Illustrated, ESPN The Magazine, and Sports Illustrated Kids. Sports Illustrated magazine delivers news coverage of weekly sporting events and publishes the famous swimsuit issue. ESPN The Magazine is a favorite for in-depth coverage of team recruiting. Sports Illustrated Kids magazine is the youth version of Sports Illustrated and features inspiring stories for young athletes.
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LONDON (AP) -- Fitch placed Britain's AAA rating on review for a downgrade on Friday, a blow to the government just days after it presented an austere budget it argued would put the country on a path to recovery.
Fitch Ratings said it was putting the U.K. on "rating watch negative" -- indicating a heightened probability of a downgrade in the near term -- and that it expects to complete its review by the end of April.
Its report cited worsening forecasts for government debt and comes just a month after Moody's (NYSE:MCO) Investor's Service downgraded the U.K.'s credit rating.
The Conservative-led government on Wednesday presented a public spending plan that promised more austerity, despite weakness in the economy, and has raised fears of a third recession in just over four years. It has insisted, in the face of withering criticism, that debt-reduction measures are the best way forward for the country.
That view is not shared by all. After three years of austerity, the country is borrowing more than Treasury chief George Osborne initially thought and the economy is growing far slower than anticipated.
The independent Office for Budget Responsibility estimates that public debt will continue rising until 2016-17, peaking at 85.6 percent of Britain's annual gross domestic product. In its last forecast in December, it estimated debt would peak at 79.9 percent in 2015-16.
Britain's economy shrank by 0.3 percent in the last three months of 2012, and many analysts have predicted another contraction in the first quarter of 2013. That would put the U.K. back into a recession -- technically defined as two consecutive quarters of economic contraction.
Last month, Moody's downgraded the U.K.'s triple-A credit rating, saying that sluggish economic growth would hinder the government's ability to control rising debt and deal with any new financial shocks.


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A Critique on the Vivarana School: Studies in Some Fundamental Advaitist Theories
Namita Sengupta, 1959 - Advaita - 278 pages
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absence adhyasa adjunct admit Advaita Vedanta Advaitist position ahahkara ajnana Akhandananda alternative analysis antahkarana appearance arguments arthapatti aspect Atman avidya Bhatta bhrama bimba Brahman Brahmasutra buddhi Buddhist cognition dependent direct directly revealed empirical empirical processes entity epistemological establish existence external object fact false knowledge falsity ground Hence Prakasatmayati ignorance illusion illusory inference inferential injunction Jiva knowledge of distinction known ledge locus logical Madhyamika material cause mayati means merely metaphysical Naiyayikas nature negation nescience ness never not-Self opponents Padmapada and Prakasatmayati possible postulation Prabhakara Prakasat Prakasatmayati shows prakrti pramana pratibimba pratyaksa probans proof Pure Consciousness qualities recognise recollection reference reflection regarded relation Sahkara Sahkhya Saksicaitanya Saksin samskara Sautrantika says School self-luminous self-revealed shell shown silver smrti sravana substratum super super-imposition susupti susupti-state Tattvadipana theory tion true knowledge unconscious unity unrevealed untenable upadhi veil vidhi Vidyaranya viewpoint vijnana visaya Vivarana vrtti Yogacara


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Taken at the Marcy House projects in Brooklyn last week this photo apparently shows housing worker Jose Rivera holding a three-foot rat he killed at the end of a pitch fork.
Rivera told The Daily News he hit the rodent once and it kept moving, but he struck it again and it died. "I'm not scared of rats," he said, "but I was scared of being bitten."
Rivera was filling a rat hole when three came running up at him, but he managed to kill only one.
Officials at Marcy Houses say sightings of the larger rats have been coming in for several years, but this is the first time one has been killed.
Animal experts say the rodent appears to be a Gambian pouched rat which have been outlawed in the U.S. since causing a 2003 outbreak of monkeypox that sickened 100 people.
Resident Stephanie Davis told The Daily News, "Even the cats are afraid of the rats. They get together and gang up on the cats."


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Oscars 2012: Too Close to Call?
(LOS ANGELES) -- Blame it on the expanded best picture race, on the films themselves or on the guilds that honored a variety of movies: This year's Oscar race is still too close to call in some categories.
"There is a little tension going into Sunday," Yahoo! Movies contributing editor Thelma Adams told ABCNews.com. "I know who I should be saying is in the lead, and then I think there is still a little bit of mystery left."
ABC News' Oscars Stock Market Index, a collaboration with Bluefin Labs, which provides a real-time snapshot of social sentiment, what's trending and the collective assessment of entertainment industry experts, shows just how much uncertainty there is going into Sunday's ceremony.
At the final guild awards before Sunday's Oscars ceremony, The Descendants and Midnight in Paris got a boost but not the presumed front-runner The Artist.
The black-and-white, mostly silent homage to the era before "talkies" was excluded from last Sunday's Writer's Guild Awards because its writers are French. Instead, Woody Allen's Midnight in Paris, another film set in the 1920s, won for best original screenplay, while The Descendants earned the trophy for best adapted screenplay.
Earlier in the year, the producers guild gave The Artist their top prize, while the film's director, Michel Hazanavicius, was hailed as the year's best by the directors guild.
On ABC News' Oscars Stock Market Index, Hazanavicius overtook Alexander Payne who directed The Descendants and Martin Scorsese who directed Hugo as of 7 a.m.
Also on the index, Descendants star George Clooney seemed to be hanging on to the lead in the best actor category, with Jean Dujardin from The Artist coming in a close second.
Clooney's pal Brad Pitt who starred in Moneyball followed behind in third place.
"These front races are so close," Adams said, "there is a little wiggle room."
Iron Lady Meryl Streep was keeping her lock on the best actress race, but Viola Davis, star of The Help, and The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo star Rooney Mara were closing the gap.
"The issue is how much people love The Help versus The Iron Lady," Adams said, believing the race is between Davis and Streep.
Supporting actor Christopher Plummer and supporting actress Octavia Spencer were still holding onto the lead in their respective categories on the index.
Ultimately, the winners will be decided by the nearly 6,000 Academy members, which, according to a recent report by the Los Angeles Times, are overwhelmingly white and male, with a median age of 62.
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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Citizen of the West Dinner was good; now, some leftovers
Hate to classify 'em as "leftovers," but here are a few interesting things from this annual benefit for the National Western Scholarship Trust:
* Was it a preview of another Cheney running for office, or a salute to honoree Lynne Cheney? Her cousin, Bruce Vincent, of Houston sported a huge red, white and blue "Cheney in 2012" campaign button and when asked who the candidate might be, he replied: "That's for me to know and everyone else to figure out!"
Pictures from the Citizen of the West Dinner
* Lynne's brother, Mark Vincent, of Casper, Wyo., didn't hesitate for a moment when asked to share a thought about her. "I got the looks, she got the brains," he declared.
* Wyoming Gov. Matt Mead, whose grandfather, Cliff Hansen, was Citizen of the West in 1996, described the honoree as "A lovely lady who represents the best of Wyoming."
* Switching the locale to the National Western Events Center (the previous 33 Citizen of the West Dinners were held in downtown Denver hotels) did present logistical challenges for the committee, but the 800 guests seemed to love it. "We're where we belong … at the heart of the National Western," exclaimed a very pleased Paul Andrews, the stock show's president and CEO. Maggie Scarlett, the dinner's mistress of ceremonies, agreed. "This may be a new venue, but it's also a homecoming."
* In his congratulatory remarks, Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper said he was pleased that dinner proceeds go to scholarships for the young men and women who will become the next generation of farmers, ranchers, large animal veterinarians and rural medicine practitioners. "Agriculture is more than crops and livestock," he noted. "It's a way of life." He also announced plans for Pedal the Plains, a bicyle journey through Colorado's eastern reaches that will give cityslickers an opportunity to "Gain an appreciation for where their food comes from."
Joanne Davidson: 303-809-1314 or firstname.lastname@example.com; also, twitter.com/GetItWrite


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Insurance transfers the financial risk of life's events to an insurance company. A sound insurance strategy can help protect your family from the financial consequences of those events. A strategy can include personal insurance, liability insurance, and life insurance.
Extended Care: A Patchwork of Possibilities
What is your plan for health care during retirement?
Have A Question About This Topic?
Dog Bites Neighbor. Now What?
Even dogs have bad days. So, what happens when your dog bites a neighbor or passing pedestrian?
Insurance Needs Assessment: For Empty Nesters and Retirees
Do your insurance needs stay the same when the nest empties?
The Value of Insuring Against Life's Risks
Building wealth requires protection from the forces of wealth destruction.
When Life Insurance Becomes Taxable
Life insurance proceeds are generally tax-free. But not in all cases.
Insurance Needs Assessment: Married With Children
When you're married and have children, insurance needs will be different.
Social Media: #NewestBusinessLiabilityRisk
Social media may be a modern imperative for businesses looking to grow and build their brand, but it also introduces risk.
View all articles
Extended Care: A Patchwork of Possibilities
What is your plan for health care during retirement?
View all videos


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PetraGas exploration licence application process clarified
The Director of Mines, Kim Creak, today in the interest of informed public debate clarified the process to be followed in relation to Petragas Pty Ltd's application for an exploration licence in the Kempton region.
Mr Creak said that Mineral Resources Tasmania (through the Mineral Resources Development Act and the Directors Statutory Authority) is obliged to consider an application from a potential explorer for an exploration licence if it meets the following criteria:
• approved form
• specifies the mineral and the work to be carried out
• identifies the financial and technical bona fides of the proponent,
• the proposed expenditure and
• the likely impacts on the environment.
"We need to be clear. This is just an exploration licence and it involves conventional exploration techniques and the licence application is still in process," Mr Creak said.
Mr Creak said that PetraGas Pty Ltd was seeking an exploration licence to look for shale oil prospects and did not have any plans to look for coal seam gas.
"As part of the legislated process, the application is made public and objections from people who might be directly affected can be lodged for a period of 28 days after the public notice," he said.
"Closing date for objections is COB this Monday 12 August 2013.
"Legitimate objections can be dealt with through mediation, hearings before a Mining Tribunal (before a Magistrate) or can be ultimately appealed to the Supreme Court.
Mr Creak said that the explorer must develop a Mineral Resources Tasmania approved work plan and consult with landholders prior to any activity on the ground.
"PetraGas has proposed a two year work program of discovery using conventional techniques to explore the geology of the area," he said.
"Hydraulic stimulation or 'fracking' is not part of this proposal.
"As with all exploration licences granted by MRT, strict measures are required to be in place to protect landowners.
"An adequate security bond is required, before work starts to compensate the Crown and the landholder should any damage be caused by the activity or any other licence condition is breached."
Mr Creak said that an exploration licence was not a mining lease.
"If in the event PetraGas is granted an exploration licence to undertake a two year exploratory work program, the company would still have to go through a very strict assessment process involving consultation with key stakeholders and approving authorities including MRT, local government and the Environmental Protection Authority prior to any lease being issued," Mr Creak said.
PetraGas is proposing to meet with key stakeholders and the local community to ensure open and transparent consultation with the community.
If any land owner has any questions, they are encouraged to contact Mineral Resources Tasmania.
Petragas Tasmanian Exploration Licence Debate
Prospecting for other economic minerals in situ
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Englischer Garten
Munich's famous 1000-acre park (twice the size of New York's Central Park) is best known for its four beer gardens (Chinesischer Turm, Seehaus, Hirschau, Aumeister) and nude sunbathers (keep in mind that Bavarian genitals are not always that small – the Isar river is just terribly cold!). It's strictly forbidden and perilous to swim near surfer's wave! Along with the adjacent district of Schwabing, this is Munich's heart and soul.
Site of the 1972 Olympics (which ended in tragedy – 17 Israeli hostages were killed), this landscaped park has sport facilities, lakes, concert venues and a football stadium with its landmark "tent-style" roof.
In summer: Live-concerts in Olympic station, possibility to listen to concerts from Olympic hill.


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New challenges for the car industry
Although deeply affected by the financial crisis, the automotive industry still has a thirst for innovation.
New services and applications may provide the unique selling points necessary to give advantage in
a depressed market. Development in areas like safety and security, navigation, car maintenance, fleet
management, mobile office and entertainment has continued apace. In parallel, a new market imperative
is the push for new propulsion technologies.
These changes represent significant opportunities… and some challenges. A key issue is the move from
the development stage to actual implementation and many see standardization as a major part of the
The Fully Networked Car workshop (FNC-2010): 3 and 4 March 2010
With the Geneva International Motor Show on its doorstep The Fully Networked Car is in a unique
position to engage with that part of industry all too often missing from the ITS (Intelligent Transport
Systems) discussion – the motor industry itself.
For the fifth year running, ITU, ISO and IEC will bring together key players involved in the development
of technologies and standards, as well as other major industry figures.
Held during the 2nd Press Day and the first public day of the motor show, the event represents a
matchless opportunity for experts and executives from the car industry, ICT community, governments,
research and development institutes, academia to share their vision and strategies.
A particular focus in 2010 will be the latest developments in technology and network requirements for
electric vehicles.
Collaboration and coordination at an international level is – all parties agree – essential for the industry
to move into a deployment phase.
Car industry's perspective
Today's communications capabilities give the potential for cars to foresee and avoid collisions, navigate
the quickest route to their destination, make use of up-to-the-minute traffic reports, identify the
nearest available parking slot, minimize their carbon emissions and provide multimedia communications.
Furthermore, environmental concerns have led to the development of new forms of propulsion, such as
hybrid, plug-in, electric and fuel cell. Large amounts of resources have been invested in research and
development, but global standards are still missing to allow deployment on a large scale.
The development and deployment of electric vehicles is an important issue today. ICTs have a significant
role to play in areas such as the careful management of battery status, warranty concerns and driver
behaviour. Given the potential of these new technologies for both the automotive and the ICT communities,
it is essential for the different parties to understand the requirements for fully networked cars and agree
on the solutions to be provided by the network platforms.
ICT industry perspective
The ICT community, for its part, is moving towards Internet protocol (IP) based managed converged
broadband networks with the implementation of next generation networks (NGNs).
From the NGN viewpoint, networked vehicles are similar to other types of mobile terminals, and therefore
support is provided by standards for so-called fixed mobile convergence (FMC).
Managed broadband IP capabilities, including QoS security and mobility aspects, are under consideration
to support new applications and services in the various modes of communication: vehicle-to-vehicle,
vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicle-to-home, vehicle-to-power-grid and in-vehicle.
Executive session
In 2010, a special session at the Fully Networked Car workshop will give executives from these different
communities an opportunity to present high-level perspectives and strategies regarding the present and
future use of ICT in cars. Executives include Christoph Huss, Vice President BMW and President of the
International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA); Juhani Jääskeläinen, European
Commission; Karl-Thomas Neumann, former CEO of Continental; Raymond Resendes, Chief, Intelligent
Technologies Research Division, NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration); Shelley Row,
Director, ITS Joint Program Office, US Department of Transportation; Russ Shields, Chairman, Ygomi.
Please take a few minutes to respond to the following survey, which is designed to assess your
satisfaction with this event. Information that you provide will be treated confidentially
(only overall ratings will be published). Thank you for your time.


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The Smoker's Dilemma, The Smoker's Solution
I don't want to smoke but I don't want to quit. I do want to quit but I do want to smoke. I hate that I smoke yet love when I smoke. I have no control but must be in control. I know I must quit but know that I can't. I know I can quit but fear that I will and then be left without my cigarettes for the rest of my life. When I light a cigarette, I am really lighting a fuse. The longer it burns, the shorter my time.
I have lied and denied, joked and rationalized, compared myself to others to justify my smoking, and pretended that it just doesn't matter. I have looked for excuses to continue and created situations that allow me to maintain my smoking. Later, my favorite word, later.
Comfort when I am down. Reward when I am happy. Consolation when I am wrong. Distraction when I am bored. Filler when I am empty. Company when I am alone. Rebellion when I am restricted. Composure when I am nervous. Attention when I am forgotten. Retribution when I am righteous. Release when I am pressured. The answer when I question. The answer, the answer, no matter the question. Impatience, tense impatience, easy to distract, hard to please, easy to bore, hard to imagine. Why can't I quit?
I know the answers. I'm just too busy looking for reasons to continue. I must not quit smoking. Instead I must become officially free from nicotine. I must reject the role of victim and regain control of my own choices. Everything I need is inside of me. I am the answer.
If I really want to get off nicotine:
- Don't quit. Convert.
- Don't comply. Surrender.
- Don't obey. Understand.
- Don't sacrifice. Accept.
- Don't stop. Start.
Start off nicotine, start with the rest of my life, tobacco-free, one minute at a time, one hour at a time, one day at a time, one life time. Question, question, no matter the answer. Breathe deeply. Feel the rush of freedom. Pay the price gracefully, without whining or complaining. Become joyfully free, moving beyond the grief of regret. It is time to become new. It is time to snuff the fuse.
See the Off (Officially free from) Nicotine© program by Scott Frank, MD, MS.
For more information:
Go to the Smoking and Tobacco health topic.


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Notice Number: NOT-HS-08-003
Key Dates
Release Date: November 21, 2007
Issued by
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
The mission of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is to improve the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of healthcare for all Americans. AHRQ achieves this mission by supporting a broad program of health services research and by working with partners to promote improvements in clinical and health systems practices that benefit patients.
In FY 2008, AHRQ intends to support research career development grants focusing on comparative effectiveness of different treatment and practices, as authorized in the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) Section 1013. The intent of these grants is to support the career development of clinical and research doctorates focusing their research on the generation and translation of new scientific evidence and analytic tools in an accelerated format. In particular, the emphasis is on developing and enhancing the research and methodological capacities for conducting comparative clinical effectiveness research and for the integration of evidence into practice and decision-making in the health care system. Applicants are encouraged to partner with institutions well versed in systematic review methodologies or with research centers capable of performing accelerated clinical effectiveness and outcomes research and the translation and dissemination of evidentiary information for health care decision-making. Existing examples of such AHRQ networks include, the Evidence-based Practice Centers (EPCs), the Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions about Effectiveness (DEcIDE) network, the Centers for Education & Research on Therapeutics (CERTs), and the John M. Eisenberg Clinical Decisions and Communications Science Center. A listing of these research networks under AHRQ's Effective Health Care program can be found at: http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/aboutUs/index.cfm.
The grants can have either a clinical or methodological emphasis, but must focus tightly on the study and/or the use of comparative effectiveness research. For grants with methodological emphasis, the goals should be to advance methods that serve to fill specific knowledge gaps and to enhance the consistency, applicability, and generalizability of the comparative effectiveness studies. Examples of methodological issues of particular relevance include the identification, role, and assessment of observational studies in the systematic review and synthesis of evidences on comparative effectiveness; design, analytical tools, and statistical techniques for reducing confounding and to mitigate the impacts of potential bias inherent in the observational studies of effectiveness and comparativeness effectiveness; and the communication of risk and benefit and contextual information that enhance the use of evidence in decision-making. For grants with clinical emphasis, the goals should be to develop new scientific evidence that fills important knowledge gaps and to generate critical insights on the clinical effectiveness of health care interventions for which randomized controlled trails may not be feasible or timely, or would raise ethical concerns that are difficult to address. Such clinical research projects also need to be informed by the information needs and inputs from various stakeholders (e.g., policy-makers, providers, and patients), and be organized around a set of priority conditions of importance to the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP programs as mandated by the MMA section 1013. The current list of conditions is targeted toward Medicare beneficiaries and includes:
Subsequent lists will include conditions relevant to the Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Once they are developed and published on AHRQ's Effective Health Care Program site (http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov), applicants may choose to focus their clinical research projects on these conditions.
Further guidance:
Use of Funding Mechanisms. AHRQ will use its current career development mechanisms – the K01, K02, and K08.
Timeline Limitations. Applications will be funded for 3-5 years.
Application Submission. With this notice, AHRQ is providing information about one of the highest research priorities for unsolicited applications for fiscal year 2008. AHRQ will continue to provide regular updates of research priorities as research budget information becomes available. Applications focused on areas identified in this SEN should be submitted on regular research career development grant receipt dates and will be reviewed by AHRQ's standing study sections. Information about the grant application process, including e-grant applications and the funding mechanisms noted above, can be found at http://www.ahrq.gov/fund/.
The AHRQ designated contacts for this SEN are:
AHRQ's Effective Health Care (EHC) program:
Yen-pin Chiang, Ph.D.
Center for Outcomes and Evidence
Phone: 301-427-1493
E-mail: email@example.com
K01, K02, and K08 inquiries:
Kay Anderson, Ph.D.
Office of Extramural Research, Education, and Priority Populations
Phone: 301-427-1555
E-mail: email@example.com
Applicants are encouraged to contact the designated AHRQ staff early in the process of preparing applications in order to clarify questions and discuss potential research projects.
Clancy, C.M. and Slutsky, J.R. Advancing Excellence in Health Care: Getting to Effectiveness. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2005 March; 53(2):65-66.
Clancy, C.M., and Slutsky, J.R. Commentary: A Progress Report on AHRQ's Effectiveness Health Care Program. Health Serv Res. 2007 Oct; 42(5):xi –xix.
Weekly TOC for this Announcement
NIH Funding Opportunities and Notices
Office of Extramural
Research (OER)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS)
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text:
In a move that could help accelerate the transformation of U.S. health care around evidence-based medicine, Deloitte and Intermountain Healthcare are announcing a landmark alliance around big data and analytics.
The organizations have signed a five-year deal to develop and provide health analytics insights to the medical community, drawing on Deloitte's leading-class professional services and informatics capabilities and Intermountain's pioneering experiences in capturing and using data to help clients improve quality and lower costs.
Leaders at both companies say the alliance will help the health care industry unlock the power of big data to reduce costs and improve patient outcomes. They note that health care has arrived at a point in which vast reservoirs of clinical data are collected, but the riddle is how to translate the information into meaningful insights.
"Health care may be on the verge of realizing significant gains from big data, but it takes new tools and new approaches related to collaboration to get there," said Jason Girzadas, principal, Deloitte Consulting LLP. "This alliance will work to provide the industry with a destination center for the insights needed to change health care."
Marc Probst, chief information officer at Intermountain, said this development "will help usher in a new wave of innovation throughout the nation's health system." He added, "The use of our technologies will allow clinicians and researchers to more quickly discover practices that improve quality and keep costs lower. Research studies that previously might have taken years to complete could be conducted in just a few weeks instead."
Intermountain has been using computers since the 1970s to amass one of the world's largest and most detailed repositories of clinical and financial data coming from its 22 hospitals and 200 clinics. The information covers a 40-year span, and because of its longitudinal nature with more than two trillion unique medical data elements, it is particularly effective for medical studies and analyzing optimal treatments for many health conditions.
Intermountain and Deloitte expect to engage other health systems with robust, standardized data in creating a community of medical researchers working with stakeholders across various health sectors. Andrew Vaz, principal, Deloitte Consulting LLP and Deloitte's chief innovation officer said, "We hope to accelerate the development of what the Institute of Medicine refers to as a 'learning health care system.' By bringing data-driven insights to organizations managing care and developing the therapies of tomorrow, we hope to ignite innovation and promote quality, safety and value in health care."
Among the other potential benefits, the alliance and ensuing consortium could provide insights into which treatments work for certain patient populations. Insights could be gleaned and studies performed in a fraction of the time required by conventional approaches, bringing the appropriate care to the right patient more quickly.
Leaders at Deloitte and Intermountain say the alliance is noteworthy in that it joins the nation's largest health care consultancy with a major U.S. health system. Deloitte's life sciences and healthcare practice encompasses 3,700 professionals and serves nine of the 10 largest health care systems; most of the 15 largest pharmaceutical manufacturers as ranked by Med Ad News; most of the top 10 medical device companies (ranked by Medical Product Outsourcing); and nine of the 10 largest biotechnology companies (Med Ad News ranking).
"In addition to Deloitte's capabilities, our organizations share a commitment to the mission of transforming health care," said Bert Zimmerli, chief financial officer of Intermountain Healthcare. "Together we will leverage our decades of experience and work to revolutionize the way medical insights are discovered and used to improve care."
Deloitte brings a deep repertoire of skills and resources in health strategy and operations, including informatics services that help unearth the value embedded within vast layers of data. Among its contributions to the alliance will be "data visualization software" that helps clients decipher patterns out of data.
In collaborating with Deloitte, Intermountain will draw upon its renowned Homer Warner Center for Informatics Research, which includes more than 70 health IT professionals working on data analytics to support evidence-based clinical decision making.
About Intermountain Healthcare
Intermountain Healthcare is a Utah-based nonprofit system of 22 hospitals, 200 clinics, a Medical Group with some 1,100 employed physicians, a health plans division called SelectHealth, and other health services. Intermountain is widely recognized as a leader in transforming health care through high quality and sustainable costs. For more information about Intermountain, visit: www.intermountainhealthcare.org.
About Deloitte's Life Sciences and Health-Care Practice
Deloitte's life sciences and health care practice brings fresh insight to clients and industry stakeholders. Deloitte offers a distinctive menu of professional services delivered in an integrated approach that address all segments of the health plan, health provider and life sciences industries. For more information, visit: www.deloitte.com/view/en_US/us/Industries/index.htm
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Thursday, April 15, 2010
Rep. Louis Blessing on the 3-C Great Train Robbery
20 comments:
- Amber Burke RinogardApril 15, 2010 at 11:49 PM
I was for this plan before I was against it. It's election time. I'm a conservative now, right Joe? Pay no attention to the fact that my pro-streetcar Issue 9 stance made the possibility of the 3-C boondoggle a reality.ReplyDelete
Glad to see Rep. Blessing is looking out for all the other cities and not a single person in Ohio. We'll just throw that stimulus money away which we could use towards job creation and transportation, its more important it goes to other cities anyways. Typical Republican shortsightedness. It's nice they oppose every little thing the Democrats do, however, start to propose something new. This rash of constant opposition to everything isn't winning anyone over with the Republicans.ReplyDelete
Good thing we'll have Issue 9 here in Cincinnati so we'll have to vote on the train. Wait, COAST said Issue 9 wouldn't cover the 3C, but then they did, but then they didn't.
Oh wait! Issue 9 failed, nevermind.
Maybe when Blessing loses his next election he can go on to be an amateur short film maker.
- Gairy TreeneApril 16, 2010 at 12:56 PM
Blessing averages 60% victories in his Statehouse/State Senate races. I'm pretty sure he isn't worried about losing because a leftist YP snob like you opposes him.ReplyDelete
- You're a doltApril 16, 2010 at 1:48 PM
"This rash of constant opposition to everything isn't winning anyone over with the Republicans."ReplyDelete
Perhaps you should take a look at the polls. Republicans lead their Democratic counterparts in:
1) Generic Congressional Ballot
2) Ohio House First District
3) Ohio Governor
4) US Senator for Ohio
Further, in Hamilton County People switching to the republican Party are outpacing people switching to the Democrat Party at a rate of 9-1
Oh yeah, please please keep hanging your hat on Issue 9. You eeked out a 12 point victory by outspending your opponents 100-1 on a left wing issue in a city where Democrats ounumber Republicans by nearly 50% points. Congrats on that stunning victory. Haha.
That reminds me, have the tracks been laid yet for the streetcar? Is 3-C going to survive a vote in the Ohio legislature? Funny that your humongous victory is yielding absolutely zero returns. No rail boondoggles in the City of Cincinnati or the State of Ohio. Again, congrats.
- Brad WenstrupApril 17, 2010 at 1:22 AM
Hey am I mayor or did I lose?ReplyDelete
- Mark MalloryApril 17, 2010 at 12:38 PM
Hey, did I only get 54% of the vote in a City that is 75% Democrat while facing a political newcomer that I outspent by massive amounts? Is that a smashing victory?ReplyDelete
Hey, are there any tax increases that I can vote for this November? As you may recall, I voted for every single tax levy on the ballot in 2009.ReplyDelete
- Virg LovittApril 17, 2010 at 4:57 PM
Yes, please come support the big Princeton Property Tax increase on the ballot May 4th. I have proudly endorsed this necessary tax hike, just like I always do.ReplyDelete
Virgil Lovitt
2008 Tax Hiker of the Year
- Cry BabiesApril 19, 2010 at 1:37 AM
A win is a win is a win.ReplyDelete
If we reject the 3C's stimulus funds, they will go to another state. So no capital money is saved by Ohio taxpayers by not accepting the funds. Ohio's operating deficit of $17~ million amounts to less than $2 for each man, woman, and child.ReplyDelete
Meanwhile, ODOT spends $5 billion per year on road construction and maintenance, of which only $4 billion is covered by user fees. *That's* the account COAST should be attacking.
- Bim TurkeApril 22, 2010 at 10:07 AM
If $17 million is such a pitttance then let the people who are going to ride the slooooow train pay for it themselves by increasing the ticket price. You could eliminate the operating deficit overnight. Of course you won't agree to that because people like you only want to use rail transit if you can dip into your neighbors' pockets to pay for your travel.ReplyDelete
Kind of like how Bim Turke is ok with dipping into his neighbors pockets to pay for ODOT's roads.ReplyDelete
- Bim TurkeApril 22, 2010 at 1:16 PM
Drivers pay for the roads Gordon with this little thing called the gas tax. You have a federal gas tax and a state gas tax specifically put in place for road construction and upkeep. USERS of roads PAY FOR ROADS. Let users of rail pay for rail.ReplyDelete
Someone should propose a $17 million rail passenger tax. I'd vote for it, just like I voted for every single tax levy on the ballot in 2009.ReplyDelete
- Michelle SchneiderApril 22, 2010 at 2:11 PM
Did someone call for a tax increase? I'd like to endorse it too.ReplyDelete
That's funny Bim, I'm pretty sure that $8 Billion from the general fund that was transferred over to the highway trust fund in an effort to bail it out didn't come solely from gas taxes.ReplyDelete
- Bim TurkeApril 25, 2010 at 12:14 PM
Are you pretty sure Gordon??? Or are you just guessing because you have no idea? How much of the general fund balance is there due to sales tax revenues from the purchase of every single car, bus, and truck in the State? How much of the general fund is there due to the sales tax levied on gasoline (on top of the gas tax).ReplyDelete
Will you support a $17 million rail rider tax to be added to the ticket price for the sloooow 3C train so that there's not an operating loss, or do you only support rail travel if you can take money out of your neighbor's pocket to ride choo choo trains?
- Bim TurkeApril 25, 2010 at 12:53 PM
Oh, and part of the reason that the money in the highway trust fund has dropped is that cars today are extremely fuel-efficient, hence people need to purchase less gasoline. Gordon is also for less efficient cars, coal-powered streetcars, and deisel emmissions belching slow trains in addition to taking money from his neighbors' pockets so he can ride choo choos.ReplyDelete
The 3C's grant is as good as spent. If we reject it, it simply goes to another state.ReplyDelete
The $17 million operating deficit amounts to about $1.50 per Ohioan. So $6 per year per family of four.
Would COAST be so relentless in its opposition to the 3C's project if Taft were still in office?
COAST is an absolute joke.
I imagine COAST would be against this since they consistently opposed Bob Taft and still ridicule him to this day. You would know this if you would take off your anti-COAST rail fanatic blinders for more than 5 minutes.ReplyDelete
Again, as someone else stated above, if $17 million is such a pittance then let the rail riders pay for it through a rail ticket tax.
You sir, are a joke who will only support train travel if you don't have to pay for it yourself.


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Rams Fall in Skyline Championship
Game 1: Farmingdale State - 11, NYU-Poly - 0
Game 2: NYU-Poly - 8, Farmingdale State - 7 (8 innings)
Brooklyn, N.Y. - The Farmingdale State softball team fell to NYU-Poly 8-7 in the second game of the Skyline Championship, after defeating the Blue Jays 11-0 to force a deciding game for the Title. The Rams now stand at 30-11 and will await word of an NCAA Tournament or ECAC Metro Tournament bid .
Game One
In the first game of the day, sophomore pitcher Hope Zino (Bay Shore, N.Y./Bay Shore) threw her first career no-hitter, striking out four batters and walking two, as the Rams took an 11-0 victory. Sophomore center fielder Kaitlin Keenan (West Islip, N.Y./West Islip) went 3-for-3 with two RBI's and three runs scored on two singles and a triple, while junior shortstop Nicole Farber (Oakdale, N.Y./Connetquot) was 2-for-2 with two homeruns for five RBI's and three runs scored. Sophomore Aubrey Walker (West Babylon, N.Y./West Babylon) recorded a two RBI single in the fourth, while freshman designated hitter Megan Kirchmeier (Hauppauge, N.Y./Hauppauge) and sophomore left fielder Rebecca Richman (West Islip, N.Y./West Islip) each singled in the game.
Game Two
The second game featured three homeruns to change the lead. Poly went up 1-0 in the first after an RBI double by Smith and added two runs in the second to take the 3-0 lead. In the top of the fourth, Farber walked and Walker followed with a two-run homer to cut the Rams deficit to 3-2. Freshman rightfielder Liz Escobar (West Babylon, N.Y./West Babylon) walked and freshman third baseman Kristen Flint (Brentwood, N.Y./Brentwood) doubled, while freshman catcher Jen Jarczynski (West Babylon, N.Y./West Babylon) hit a two RBI single to give the Rams the 4-3 advantage.
In the bottom of the fourth, two singles would put two runners on, before Fitzgibbons hit a three run homerun to give Poly another lead, 6-4. Farmingdale responded in their next at-bat. Farber was intentionally walked and Walker walked, before Escobar homered to left to score three runs and give the Rams a 7-6 lead.
No runs were scored in the sixth and the Rams held the lead until the bottom of the seventh when Poly scored on a single to leftfield and a play at the plate would save the game-winning run from scoring. In the eighth, Farmingdale was unable to score but Poly would take the 8-7 victory on a single by Stockinger.


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The report presents the research methodology and technique followed to present a clear view and insights of the Gas Chromatography market. The Gas Chromatography market report includes the current scenario and future growth prospects of the Gas Chromatography market for 2018–2026. The study was conducted following extensive and exhaustive efforts to gather information, data, and statistics through primary and secondary research, and much of the results were based on valuable inputs from key participants in the Gas Chromatography industry. The report comprises detailed profiles of various companies and major vendors in the Gas Chromatography market. The Gas Chromatography report also includes a supply chain study of top players in the market. On the basis of region, the Gas Chromatography report is segmented into North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, South America, and Middle East & Africa.
The initial section of the report includes market segmentation, table of content, assumptions, definitions and abbreviations, executive summary, PORTER'S Five Forces Analysis, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, opportunities, and trends, followed by an overview and then analysis of the overall market. The Gas Chromatography market report is segmented and analysis and insights are offered in terms of revenue (US$) for each segment, on a global scale, which is then presented region-wise and country-wise. The rationale is also offered to justify the findings and results, and reminders are included regarding various factors driving market growth.
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In Addition, major strategies and developments – past, present, and proposed – in the Gas Chromatography market, such as mergers & acquisitions, strategic partnerships and agreements, etc., are considered and presented to offer a holistic view of the market and the various players in the target industry. The objective of the Gas Chromatography report is to enable readers to make well informed and crucial decisions related to business plans, operations, and activities based on market trends, forecasts, developments etc. in the next ten years.
The report analyses below-mentioned aspects in the Gas Chromatography market:
Competitors analysis of Gas Chromatography : This section offers information about the competitive landscape among the top players in the Gas Chromatography market. It also contains company profiles, financial and revenue details, product portfolio and offerings, strategies, mergers & acquisitions, agreements and partnerships etc.
Key vendors are:
Agilent Technologies Inc
Shimadzu Corporation
Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc
PerkinElmer Inc
GE Healthcare
Restek Corporation
Phenomenex Inc
Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC
Dani Instruments S.P.A.
R. Grace & Co.
*Production volume analysis of Gas Chromatography Market: This part includes production volume, import/export data, price (ASP) etc.
Key aspects cover in Gas Chromatography Market Report:
• Overview of the Gas Chromatography market share, supply chain analysis
• Competitive landscape of key players in Gas Chromatography market
• Forecast for global Gas Chromatography market up to 2026
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In conclusion, the global Gas Chromatography market report provides a systematic and descriptive analysis of the Gas Chromatography market, supported by historical and current information of key players and vendors, and all the above-mentioned factors and potential developments in future to aid in gaining crucial insights regarding revenue, volume, and others, which could aid clients in business-related needs.
* Inclusion of production volume, Import/export data are subjected to the scope of the market study


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Master of illusion
A visit with Beauty and the Beast set builder Ed Smith
When a guy from Stratford-upon-Avon, England, began writing plays in London, stages were little more than raised platforms with no "sets" of decorative art conveying a sense of time and place to stories performed by the actors. "Early theater engaged audiences in the willing suspension of disbelief," explains Ed Smith, a 59-year-old multifaceted thespian. "Clues to time and place were revealed through their words and actions and suggestive scenery."
Little changed between Shakespeare's age and the start of the 20th century. "Sets began to evolve, starting in the early 1900s, as people in large cities demanded more for their entertainment dollar," Smith says. The trend peaked 15 years ago with Sunset Boulevard, which featured the raising of an entire house as another piece was brought in beneath it. As technical director and master builder for the Springfield Municipal Opera Association's Beauty and the Beast, Smith is probably the most experienced set-builder/painter in Sangamon County.
Since his first adult experience in theater, during a stint in the U.S. Army, Smith has been interested in all aspects of theater, not just acting: "To be a good actor or director, I need to know how the set, lighting, and the rest work with the acting. For me, that includes building and painting the sets."
The art element extends deeper than the all-weather exterior house paint used in the sets. Smith says, "I'm always looking for new materials that will hold together through rehearsal and rehearsals [about a month], and I want to stay within budget in acquiring those materials." For example, the 12-foot tower columns used in are actually tubes used to pour concrete at construction sites. Smith purchased them from Henry Nelch and Son. The tubes are placed over two-by-fours, which provide structural integrity. The combined height of the tower and castle is just under 18 feet, the highest the Muni stage can accommodate. "We use different painting techniques to make them look like marble," Smith says. "I use Styrofoam a lot more than I used to. We also use lauan, a thin, lightweight, flexible plywood for covering wood frames."
Though detailed scripts are sent by the four primary licensing organizations to community-theater groups, no set-design manuals or other materials are included. When Smith directs a production, he selects a set designer from the local talent pool or, as was the case with Beauty, goes beyond his home turf. "I'll read a script probably a half-dozen times to get an idea of what the set design needs to be; then I decide how I want to achieve that: Do I want to take a minimalist approach? Go realistic? What media can I use? With the Internet, you can gain access to previous set designs and get ideas. In the past 40 years, I've designed more than 100 sets, and I've never copied anybody. There are people that do." When Smith designs a set, he draws front-elevation and perspective views, which are used in construction.
Smith designed and built the sets used in the Muni's production of The Sound of Music. "I am big on detail," he says. "For that show, I had to be sure that the villa looked rich and elaborate. I considered different painting techniques, using sponges, even using a feather duster to achieve the textures I wanted. There's a big movement in modern house design called faux art painting. It fools the eyes by giving false impressions. For years, we have used faux art in the theater."
The Beauty and the Beast set was designed by A.J. Dewey. "We've met a couple of times personally and communicated a lot over the Internet and long-distance," Smith says.
Smith does not paint every brush stroke on his sets; instead, he recruits volunteers. "People who come here have artistic ability, and they learn quickly," he says. "We have people who just like to paint, and they are essential talent. People who are interested only in the art are welcome here." Many Muni volunteers have gone on to work in regional theaters. Technical people, Muni "graduates," are working on Broadway and off-Broadway. As a learning opportunity for artists with a taste for the Big Apple, the Muni is always attracting new volunteer talent. As a bonus, there's no tuition for this summer school!
Beauty and the Beast runs at the Muni, 815 E. Lake Dr., Aug. 5-7, 10-14, and 18-20. For more information, call 217-793-6864 or go to www.themuni.org.


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stanaway on Family Tree Circles
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Journals and Posts
Lookking for "Burnell or MILLER " from the KING COUNTRY,nz
I am wanting to found out more on my MOTHER's side of her FAMILY.
My Mother is Jean Morris (married Berwyn Stanaway)
Jean's mother was called Maggie and her mother was called Polly or other wise known as Pera Tahi miller (known to me has BIG NAN.) Polly's Mother was known as Christine whom married Jack Miller and they both had alot to do with kakahi marae.
Maggie my grandmother lived in Taumarunui
Polly My Great grandmother lived in manunui, just out of taumarunui next to the only gas station run by a family called conees.
Christine and Jack Miller lived in or on kakahi Marae
I would very much like some information about my family.
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A summary:
dBs are nothing but a factor expressed on a logarithmic scale.
They don't mean a thing, being just a factor, in absolute sense without referring them to something (pressure, power, velocity, intensity, acceleration, an emission or immission level, whatever)
In the audio world they are often or mostly interpreted as sound pressure levels as measured by audio or measurement tools or levels to be read on an SLM (Sound Level Meter).
One could make an analogy (poetic license) with the use of the notion kilo which represents the factor 1000.
If one orders a kilo apples at the groceries, there is very little chance the shopkeeper will pack anything else than 1 kg (kilogram), and won't consider neither 1 km (kilometer) nor a kHz (kilohertz) worth of apples.
In popular speech a kilo refers to a weight, however kilo is a general prefix combined with numerous metric units.
When just calculating with dB's in dB's you don't need to wonder about this factor 10 or 20 times the log which just refers to the conversion of arithmetic units to dBs.
The difference between this 10 and 20 is the squared relationship between pressure and power/intensity.
You don't need to bother about all this when you're converting general factors in dBs.
Arithmetic operators versus logarithmic operators:
Note that this factor 10 is exclusively related to the d in dB
The scales in dBs are in fact buildup and calculated in Bs (Bells or bels) but expressed in dBs (decibels = 1/10 bel).
Therefore in acoustic formulas you find these repeatedly divisions and multiplications by 10 (toggling between the logarithmic calculation scale and the way Bells or bels are expressed as a convention in dBs for pragmatic reasons).
Logarithmic operators lower 1 level compared to Arithmetic operators.
- An arithmetic power becomes a logarithmic multiplication:
10*log(6^2) = (10*log(6))*2 = 10*2*log(6) = 20*log(6)
- An arithmetic root becomes a logarithmic division:
10*log(sqrt(6)) = (10*log(6))/2 = 10/2*log(6) = 5*log(6)
- An arithmetic multiplication becomes a logarithmic addition:
10*log(6*2) = 10*log(6) +10*log(2)
When you calculate energetically, ignoring phase relationship (hence uncorrelated signals):
If you have 14 sources of 74.5 dB or if you increase a level with a factor 14 then:
Lp = 74.5 dB*14 = 74.5 + 10*log(14) = 74.5 + 11.5 dB = 86 dB
- An arithmetic division becomes a logarithmic subtraction:
10*log(6/2) = 10*log(6) - 10*log(2)
When you calculate energetically, ignoring phase relationship (hence uncorrelated signals)
If you want to divide the number of radiating sources by 5 or decreasing your level with a factor 5 then:
Lp = 74.5 dB/5 = 74.5 - 10*log(5) = 74.5 - 7.0 dB = 67.5 dB
This is in fact equal to following multiplication:
74.5 dB at 20% = 74.5 * 0.2 = 74.5 + 10*log(0.2) = 74.5 + -7.0dB = 74.5 - 7 dB = 67.5 dB
- An arithmetic addition becomes a logarithmic "??? Hé ..., there is no lower level operator available ...":
You can't directly add dB values.
If you somewhere see dB values being added, that operation shows an arithmetic multiplication.
In order to add dB values you must first convert them to the arithmetic equivalent of the bel (not dB) value*, then adding, then converting the resulting sum back to the equivalent logarithmic dB value.
* remember: the logarithmic scale calculates in bels not decibels.
Let's add 74.5 dB + 83.2 dB:
The antilog (arithmetic equivalent) of a dB value of e.g. 74.5 dB is 10^(74.5/10) where the (74.5/10) is the conversion from dB to bels. The 1st 10 is the base of the logarithmic scale.
- This can be compared with ln(...) and exp(...). ln refers to a logarithmic scale with base e = 2.7182818284590452353603.......
The antilog then equals exp(...) = e^(...) = 2.7182818284590452353603^(...)
- An arithmetic subtraction becomes a logarithmic "??? Hé ..., again no lower level operator available ...":
You can't directly subtract dB values.
If you somewhere see dB values being subtracted, that operation shows an arithmetic division with a factor > 1 or > 100% OR a multiplication with a factor >0 and <1.
E.g. an amplifier set to -30 dB means that the amplifier is set to 10^(-30/10) = 0.001 = 0.1% of its nominal output.
This minus dB scale is nothing else than a logarithmic, in dB expressed, percentage versus the nominal maximum of 100%.
The solution for a subtraction is the comparable with the above addition. A roundabout via the arithmetic equivalents (antilogs) of the bel (not dB) values is required.
The only difference is that the addition + operator is substituted by the subtraction - operator.
Let's remove 1 sound source of 79.3 dB from a room with 5 sources totaling 84.8 dB (number of sources doesn't matter, the total level at the measurement point is defining)
Again this is an energetic calculation, not taking phase influence into account (uncorrelated sound)
84.8 dB - 79.3 dB = 10*log(10^(84.8/10)-10^(79.3/10)) = 10*log(301,995,172-85,113,804) = 10*log(216,881,368) = 83.4 dB
- Note: if the 2nd term is equal or larger than the 1st term resulting in a 0 or negative (olive colored) arithmetic value the calculation WILL return an error for the same simple fact that logarithms just can't work with, or express 0 or negative values in the arithmetic sense of the concepts.
You just can't express in dB that there is no sound and you certainly can't express negative sound in dB.
- A negative dB value represents an arithmetic factor >0 AND <1.
- 0 dB represents the arithmetic factor 1.
- A positive dB value represents an arithmetic factor larger than 1.
Logarithmic calculations (hence and therefore dBs as well) are just a mathematical way of calculating in itself.
As long as one calculates with uncorrelated sources the logarithmic math can stand on its own.
- Calculating 5% expressed in dB is nothing more than 10*log(0.05) = -13.0103 dB
- Calculating the factor 1/5% = 20 is nothing more than 10*log(20) = 13.0103 dB
- Calculating the factor 95% in dB is nothing more than 10*log(0.95) = -0.22276395 dB
- Calculating the factor 1/95% is nothing more than 10*log(1/0.95) = 0.22276395 dB
- When log. adding -13.0103 dB and -0.22276395 dB one gets back 0 dB equaling the original 100% signal.
It's logical that if you add or remove sources altering the interference pattern and you want to calculate levels on certain spots you have to take these possible reflections, reinforcements and cancelations, etc. into account.
It's the lack of feeling for logarithmic math that causes often/sometimes wrong advices on the net.
This logarithmic math is used to cover for the non-linearity of our hearing and the enormous dynamic range involved between low and high levels.
People are that used to arithmetic reasoning that conclusions are drawn which are wrong or only correct in an insignificant manner and therefore not or hardly to the point.
Have fun
Eric Desart
If you want more in-depth details and math about dBs and sound propagation, as well as the relationship of dB's versus their respective reference units (in APPENDIX) look in this document:


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If something is too big to swallow, you cut it into bite-sized pieces. But that won't improve the taste—unless you jettison any stinky stuff.
Likewise, the notion of splitting-up President Obama's Senate-rejected 326-page "jobs bill" won't improve any of the proposals.
It's good that the break-up would prevent the classic congressional strategy of blending the good and the bad together into one piece of legislation. That strategy expects that Congressmen will hold their noses and vote for a package when they're not given a choice to remove the worst parts.
But backup strategies are already in motion and they carry dangers as well.
Even segmented versions of Obama's $447-billion plan can be used to squeeze in those worst parts. That's because it's almost impossible to get both the House and the Senate to enact identical versions of a bill, thus requiring a conference committee to "work out the differences"—which sometimes includes adding distasteful details.
Congressional leaders select the conference committee members, so it becomes an opportunity for leaders to buy votes, such as Senate leader Harry Reid did with the infamous "Cornhusker Kickback" and "Louisiana Purchase" provisions in Obamacare. (Technically, those didn't happen in a conference committee, but the technique was the same.)
Rumors are already afoot that, in order to get support from Sen. Mary Landrieu (D-LA), Reid may relieve the oil and gas industry from punishing provisions in the bill. If so, what other Senators might want to get in on the action?
In fact, the more separate bills that are created, the more vehicles exist for political games. Splitting up the bill is already acceptable to Obama, who said in Pittsburgh. "If they don't pass the whole package, we're going to break it up into constituent parts,"
The threat that Washington may enact this "Son of Stimulus" legislation has not been removed by a single vote in the Senate. As Heritage Foundation President Dr. Ed Feulner often notes, "In politics, there are no permanent victories and no permanent defeats."