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Medicial Mistakes?
How many people each year suffer some type of preventable harm that contributes to their death after a hospital visit?
from 46,000 to 78,000
from 78,000 to 132,000
from 132,000 to 210,000
from 210,000 to 440,000
Herbal Medicine: Specific and Tonic Immune Herbs Exploring a Practical System of Western Herbalism
Christopher Hobbs LAc, AHG
Unlike many countries
of the world where herbs are used as a primary method of health care, in the United States, we do not have a detailed traditional system of herbalism to guide us. Most western herb books written in the last 100 years do not even mention such important aspects about the use of herbs as herbal energetics, constitutional indications, pulse and tongue diagnosis and the qualities of herbs.
For the most part, herbal users and practitioners of western herbalism have been content to ask questions like: "what is this herb good for?" "How do I prepare it?" "How long do I take it?" "And Will it work with other herbs or medicines?" But this is rapidly changing.
I recently did a 2-week speaking tour of the South, including Florida, Georgia and Tennessee, and these were the questions I heard over and over again. On this delightful tour, I found many people, having been using herbs for themselves and for their family and friends for several years, now wanted a more systematic understanding. They were interested in a more coherent system to guide them, from which they could answer questions like those above for themselves, based on varying circumstances.
I often answer questions similar to the ones above, but the problem is that the best answer is often, "it depends." Thus, today in my classes, I like to share some theory and begin a dialogue about a coherent system of herbalism that can be applied in many daily situations.
This article, then, is a beginning of this discussion, and it should help stimulate an understanding of how best to take certain herbs, and under what conditions, taking into account a wide variety of life situations and people.
This simplified system of Western herbalism is one I call Traditional European Medicine or TEM. This idea came from the current English name for the ancient system herbalism in China, Traditional Chinese Medicine, or TCM--a system that is currently receiving world-wide attention and many new practitioners and advocates daily. The reason for this respect and interest is the eloquence and coherence of the artistic and scientific knowledge that has developed over a period of 3,000 years or more.
Although on the surface, it would appear that TEM has failed to live up to its potential, at least as a continuous model of traditional healing, it is my contention that this is not necessarily so. Over the years, I have heard much criticism from acupuncturists and other proponents of TCM, saying, in effect, that western herbalism is based on very simplistic methods of what each herb is good for--and when this is determined, that herb is recommended for all people and all situations.
It is true that western herbalism (TEM) at present does not show the sophistication in many areas as TCM, but there is a very solid foundation and system waiting to be built upon, as well as a wealth of very detailed laboratory and clinical work performed in order to understand herbal energetics of another sort--the chemical constituents and specific actions of the herbs.
In TCM, there is a concept that is sometimes stumbled across in writings, not a well-known concept, but nevertheless, a valid one for our purposes. This concept involves looking at the activity of herbs by placing them in different classes, depending on their strength and primary abilities.
There are 4 major classes of medicinal substances or adjuvant therapies (such as hydrotherapy and exercise). These include the tonics, the specifics, the toxics (heroics or forcing herbs) and the cleansers or protectors.
In reality, these 3 categories of herbal actions work in similar ways, but with a major difference.
1. Tonics
By stimulating a process of the body, energy input is provided into the system so that low tone, weakness, and stagnancy can be removed. The process of weight-lifting is a good simile--one stimulates blood flow and metabolic processes by placing them under stress. If done properly (not too fast for the system), then increased health and functionality of the tissues can result.
Tonics are very gentle and slow stimulants,
they provide nutrients that the body can use, such as vitamins, minerals, and many other constituents llike plant pigments, such as anthocyanins or flavonoids. Large quantities can be given without harm or overstressing cells, tissues, organs or body systems.
Most importantly, the therapeutic and toxic doses are very far apart--giving a large margin of safety. For this reason, these herbs are called "superior" herbs in TCM.
The tonics are remedies that are well-tolerated, do not force the body to change and have a slow, nourishing and normalizing effect on body systems, imparting strength and tone. In TEM, these medicines were called "alteratives," "roborants" or even "tonics." The most famous example in this category is ginseng.
2. Specifics
These herbs are moderately active stimulants that must be given in lesser amounts and for shorter periods before over-stimulation and unwanted side-effects occur. The therapeutic and toxic doses are closer together than in the tonics, but there is still a good margin of safety in most cases.
Specifics are remedies that gently move or "adjust" a process in the body, whether it be hormonal, nervous or in immune function--they are catalysts or assisting remedies. These generally work by stimulating a process--one of the best examples here is echinacea, which stimulates immune cell function and thus confers heightened resistance to pathogenic influences (infections). The specific remedies are generally used only as needed, usually for up to 2 or 3 weeks at most. Other common examples of
herbs are golden seal, osha, or pau d'arco.
3. Heroics (or "Forcing Herbs")
These are strong and highly irritating, causing dramatic changes to occur. They must be used very carefully, because there is not much difference between a toxic and therapeutic dose.
These herbs are "heroic" remedies that when properly used, are taken for a very short time to "blast" through congestion or refusal of the body and its processes to change (stuckness). Examples are digitalis (foxglove), belladonna (nightshade) and rauvolfia.
4. Protectors and cleansers. These are herbs that remove wastes and pollutants from the body, without materially (or only minimally) affecting the actual processes of the body. Examples are ionic substances such as pectin and soluble and insoluble fibers. Perhaps plant pigments, such as "bio-flavonoids" that simply accumulate in the tissues near the skin and can help reduce damage from such agents as ultra-violet light from the sun can be included in this category.
How much of an herb or herb formula is given is almost as important as its intrinsic nature. In practice, one will often find that a small amount of a
herb or herb combination is tonic, more of it will be specific, and even more will be toxic. By definition, even large amounts of a tonic herb or herb formula should not become specific, but eventually could become so after protracted use.
Practical Applications
Systems can be interesting mental exercises, but unless they have a practical application in day to day situations with real people, they remain just that--only a mental exercise.
Thus, we must be able to apply the above simple system of classifying herbs in healing situations.
Probably one of the best examples comes from a class of herbs that are gaining increased attention today--herbs to strengthen our immune system. Immune imbalances are increasingly evident among old and young people alike. Because medical science has largely been at a loss to come up with safe, cost-effective treatments for ailments such as cancer, AIDS, chronic fatigue syndrome and candidiasis (yeast infection), many effective natural remedies, are gaining increasing acceptance among both traditional health practitioners (such as herbalists and body workers) and the more modern medical establishment.
Immune Herbs--Surface and Deep-acting Herbs
In treating immune-based disorders, we must establish two separate levels of imbalance--what I call "surface immune" ailments and "deep immune" ailments.
Think of our surface immune system as the protecting cells and chemicals that fight off the "pathogens" (potentially harmful organisms) and keep them from starting an infection. This includes infections such as staph infections under the nails, an infected or abcessed tooth, an upper respiratory tract infection such as a cold, or a chronic, insidious viral infection with diverse symptoms, such as chronic fatigue syndrome or possible AIDS.
This is our first line of defense, and it is the job of our macrophages and other immune fighters which are especially numerous in the mucous membranes, to engulf and clear these viruses before they can gain a foothold and create an infection. In TCM this kind of an infection might be called a "surface ailment," because the infection is not deeply seated--an infection of this type may not be indicative of a deeper weakness, whether it be genetic or one that is created by harmful living habits.
There are many herbs that work to raise the vitality and strength of our "protective shield" or surface immune system. According to modern research, they work by stimulating the activity of such immune cells as the macrophages. These herbs I call "surface immune herbs," and they are best taken for short periods of time, such as 10 days on and 3 days off, for up to 3 cycles. In fact, one of the best-known herbs in this class, echinacea, has interesting clinical work with human volunteers, showing that the stimulating effect on the immune system's macrophages lessens after 10 days of taking a full dose, for instance, 1 dropperful of the liquid 3 to 5 times daily.
To summarize, this category of herbs is called specifics, because they are taken for a specific purpose, to change or regulate a process of the body, and after that adjustment is made, they are either discontinued or the doseis cut down to a small amount.
What surface immune herbs do, then, is call forth the body's immune reserves to the surface, where they can protect us against attack from pathogens, or help us to get rid of an existing infection.
Now suppose we have a chronic infection, like candida yeast infection. This condition can be created over time by constant environmental immune stresses like pesticides and herbicides. It can also be promoted by poor living habits, such as eating mainly processed foods and overworking. When we take echinacea, or another "specific" immune herb, we call immune cells that are created in the bone marrow (where all immune cells first arise) up to the surface. If we keep calling them up, and yet do not provide them with an environment from which to flourish and be nurtured, then it is obvious that we will shortly run out of reserves. When this happens, our immune system is on the verge of a deeper, more profound weakness or "deficiency." This can eventually lead to immune collapse and inevitably, immune ailments such as chronic fatigue syndrome, which is thought to be a result of viral infection, candidiasis or even cancer.
According to studies performed in China, Japan and even in this country at the University of Texas Medical School, there are certain traditional herbs that can have a very strengthening effect on our "deep immune system," by nourishing our very bone-marrow, enabling it to produce more immune reserves. As I have mentioned, I call these herbs "deep immune herbs." The main herbs that fall into this category are,
Because this herbal model is most developed in TCM, all of these herbs are Chinese herbs, but they are widely available in natural food stores and herb stores throughout the country--both in bulk form (for making tea) and in many patent products. These herbs should be taken for long periods, because, like all tonic herbs, they are more like foods for our immune system. I have seen people take these herbs effectively for up to several years, where there is an extreme immune weakness--and I have seen excellent results with them.
Remember that the bulk herbs can be purchased and made into a tea (1 part of an equal mixture of the herbs to 10 parts of water, simmered for 45 minutes) and 1 cup 2 or three times daily. They can also be made into a vegetable soup by adding your favorite vegetables and 1/4 cup of barley or aduki beans to the herb base.
To sum up this category, remember that surface herbs are used for light or acute infections, taken for short periods of time, where no deeply-seated immune weakness is present. The deep immune herbs are taken for several weeks up to several years for deeper, more persistent immune deficiency.
Now, what about the last two categories? The "heroic" or forcing herbs are not as often used in this country among holistic health practitioners. As an example, in Europe highly diluted snake and spider venom is often given to patients with immune weakness, to "shock" the immune system into action. Another herb, rarely used in this country is poke (
Phytolacca americana
, which has a profoundly stimulating effect on immune cells, but also has a toxic potential. These remedies are best administered by a doctor or health care provider that really knows about these herbs, and their potential side-effects. They are not generally recommended for self-treatment, unlike the first two categories. By the way, many of the modern purified drugs that are prescribed today fall into this last category--and thus, at least in holistic thinking, should not be used except under extreme conditions, and then for only as long as absolutely necessary.
The last category, the cleansers and protectors are used by many kinds of health practitioners for "purifying" the blood and tissues of the body, helping them to work more efficiently. Examples of this category include apple or citrus pectin, which is used in Russia to help remove heavy metals, environmental toxins and radiation from the body, and herbs like burdock, a desmutagen and liver cleanser which I wrote about in a previous issue of
Let's Live
I hope this explanation of a developing system of Traditional European Medicine or traditional western herbalism will help clarify some of the important questions that come to mind when considering the what, when and how of herbalism.
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About The Author
Christopher Hobbs is a fourth generation herbalist and botanist with over 30 years experience with herbs. Founder of Native Herb Custom Extracts (now Rainbow Light Custom Extracts) and the Institute for Natural Products...
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Over the weekend, Bing Maps launched a new application in partnership with National Geographic called Global Action Atlas. The new application allows people to peer into areas where our planet needs help. The actionable themes include Conservation, Humanitarian Affairs, Cultures, Exploration, Climate Change and Energy. For example, if you click on the Animal and Plants icon in the Pacific NW region, Global Action Atlas will provide an overview of Bird Protection in the Northwest, specifically focused on the spotted owl, and provide a call to action for people wanting to help.
More info can be found on the Bing Maps blog.
In addition, they've just released another nice-sized batch of imagery. It totals 194,000 sq km and covers various locations in New Zealand, Australia, Mexico, Namibia, Russian Federation and South Africa. More about the update can be found here.


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Pathways to Resilience (2007-2015)
Transitioning from one service to another can be a confusing and stressful process, especially for youth. The risks they face in the home or community, as well as their strengths and abilities impact what services youth are referred to. The Pathways to Resilience Project seeks to better understand how youth navigate between mandated services (child welfare, education, mental health, and youth justice) to successful outcomes.
The Pathways to Resilience Research Project (PTR) is a mixed methods research study that examines service use patterns, personal and ecological risk factors, and aspects of resilience of youth across different cultures, contexts, and with complex service histories. It began in Canada and now includes partners in at least five countries: Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Colombia, and China.
We partner with communities and service providers in each of the above countries to help them identify:
- The culturally specific aspects of resilience (strengths and capacities) that young people in their community use to cope with problems.
- The psychological, social, and environmental risks that young people face.
- Young people's service use patterns, i.e. their use of mandated services like Child Welfare, Corrections, Mental Health, Addictions, and Special Educational Services at school, their use of informal supports from their family and communities, and their use of informal services provided by families, communities and local not-for-profit community organizations.
The Pathways to Resilience Research Project (PTR) is a series of studies that integrates both quantitative and qualitative research methods. It began in Canada in 2007 with funding from the National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC), and will continue until 2014 with funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the International Development Research Centre, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology in New Zealand.
The principal goal of the Pathways to Resilience Project is to identify pathways that result in positive psychosocial outcomes for youth who face significant levels of adversity.
*In other words: to identify what helps young people do well, despite facing risks.*
In addition to this, the goals of the Pathways to Resilience Project are:
- To identify pathways through mandated and informal services; the informal family and community supports available to youth; and which service use pathways and support networks are most predictive of positive psychosocial outcomes for youth who face significant levels of adversity.
- To provide participating communities, schools, governments, and service providers a very detailed understanding of young people's ways of coping with adversity and the risks they face.
- To help service providers from many different organizations find ways to coordinate services, create new services young people say they need, and find ways young people can engage with community and family supports that can help them "grow up well" despite the challenges they face.
Youth participating in the Pathways to Resilience Project are between the ages of 13 and 19. We seek the following three groups of young people:
- Youth using at least one mandated service. We ask for referrals from child protection workers, mental health counsellors, corrections officers, school guidance counsellors, as well as community groups working with youth. These are the Service User population. In most cases, we seek youth who are using more than one service or community support to ensure we reach the youth most at-risk and in need of intervention.
- Youth who are known to face many risks but who are still doing well. We ask communities to identify these youth. This is culturally and contextually relevant. Youth who are doing well in each of our various sites look different. Any young person community advisors say faces significant risk but is still doing well is ideal for the study.
- Youth who are living in the community. We select youth living in the same community as the youth from the previous two samples. We have found it easiest to find these young people through their schools or by putting up posters in their community, or simply by going door-to-door and locating young people who are willing to be interviewed.
The Pathways to Resilience Project includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. All youth referred to the study complete the Pathways to Resilience Youth Measure (PRYM). Two sub-samples of youth are then invited to continue their participation in the study. When youth who are between the ages of 13 and 15 we follow their progress for up to three years, seeing if their pattern of service use, the risks they face, and their resilience, changes. We meet with them annually, asking of them to complete the PRYM again each time. This longitudinal data helps us understand how service use patterns change as young people make the transition from child to young adult.
We also conduct very detailed one-on-one qualitative interviews that let a second sub-sample of young people tell us, in their own words, about the risks they face, resources available to them, their coping strategies and what's helpful and unhelpful in their context.
When possible, and with the informed consent of participants, we review the service files of multiple service using youth in order to better understand the pathways they've traveled between services, and the full scope of all the services they have received from each provider. Using a grounded theory approach to data analysis, we look for common themes throughout the qualitative data.
Local researchers hold focus groups with young people, their caregivers, and service providers to help analyze the data and make recommendations for new policies and interventions.
Finally, we support the development of pilot initiatives that reach out to vulnerable youth, help coordinate services better, or connect youth to informal supports. Anything that fosters resilience, and is relevant to a local community, can be supported by the PTR. Our role as researchers is to help each community establish an intervention and then use our multiple research methods to set up program and evaluate it to see if it is helping.
Tools: What is the PRYM?
The PRYM comprises a collection of validated scales and explores young people's resilience, the risks they face, the supports available to them and their service use patterns.
The measure takes approximately 50 minutes to complete and is ordinarily read through with the young person. The measure has also been designed for use with youth as young as nine years old, as well as an adult person who knows the youth well. All methods are designed to be adapted for use in local sites, ensuring cultural and contextual relevance.
Though still in progress, one of the major findings from the PTR is that positive service use experiences facilitate resilience processes, which in turn leads to functional outcomes for youth (Ungar, M., Liebenberg, L., Armstrong, M., Dudding, P., and Van de Vijver, F. (2013). Patterns of Psychosocial Service Use: Individual and Contextual Risk factors, and Resilience among Adolescents Using Multiple Services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37, 150-159).
What this means is that when you have a positive experience with a service, they feel value, listened to, they have decision making power over what happens to them, they are more likely to have resilience processes (for example, a strong belief system, be connected to their environment or community, have friendships with supportive peers, and have coping and social skills). Once these processes have been supported and developed, youth do well, which looks different depending on the culture and context.
The concept of supporting youth resilience is also captured in this short video.
Click here for the resilience tree model, and learn more about supporting youth resilience!
Ikeda, J., Hubley, N., and Liebenberg, L. (2013). Pathways to Resilience: Supporting Youth Resilience [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=od5a20mXDw4
Youth from various services have also put together short videos about the findings from their specific program. Overwhelmingly, youth have completed videos about the role that adults, such as service providers have on their well-being and experience of the program.
NunatuKavut, Labrador
Ikeda, J., Hubley, N., and Liebenberg, L., and Participants of the Places to Resilience Project. (2013). Pathways to Resilience: NunatuKavut Labrador Youth [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/ebTCe8jrdUY.
Youth Pathways and Transitions, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Ikeda, J., Hubley, N., and Liebenberg, L., and Participants of the Places to Resilience Project. (2013). Pathways to Resilience: Youth Pathways and Transitions [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/ywUzULkLNeg.
Phoenix Youth Programs, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Ikeda, J., Hubley, N., and Liebenberg, L., and Participants of the Places to Resilience Project. (2013). Pathways to Resilience: Phoenix Youth Programs [Video file]. Retrieved from http://youtu.be/zSzJJBPhQQw.
Research Sites:
The PTR is being carried out in five countries: Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Colombia, and China. For more information on these sites visit internationalresilience.org.
Each site includes a small advisory committee of two to three local individuals who can help to identify appropriate ways to access youth, help to define the construct of resilience, and oversee the ethical application of the research in their community. These individuals are also influential in their community of service providers and act as aids for dissemination of results to practitioners and policy makers.
Principal Investigators
- Dr. Michael Ungar – School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dr. Linda Theron – School for Educational Sciences, Vaal Triangle Faculty, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
Site Leaders/ Co-Investigators
- Dr. Linda Liebenberg – Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dr. Alexandra Restrepo Henao – Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Dr. Luis F. Duque – Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Ms. Tian Guo-Xiu – College of Politics and Law, Beijing Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Dr. Robyn Munford – Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Dr. Jackie Sanders – Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Dr. Erika M Montoya Vasquez – Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Dr. Hermanus Strydom – Department of Social Work, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
- Dr. John Leblanc – Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dr. Keith G. Chaulk – Labrador Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Goose Bay-Happy Valley, NL, Canada
- Professor Nilton E. Montoya Gomez – Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Dr. Mary Armstrong – Department of Child & Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. Tinie Theron – Dean, Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
- Sergio Cristancho – Facultad Nacional de Salud Publica, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Dr. Madine VanderPlaat – Department of Sociology and Criminology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dr. Xiying Wang – Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Dr. Donald Clairmont – Professor Emeritus, Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dr. Nancy Lee Heath – Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Dr. Nora Noni MacDonald – Professor of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
- Dr. Richard M. Lerner – Bergstrom Chair of Applied Developmental Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Dr. Tak-Yan Lee – Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Dr. Victor Thiessen – Professor Emeritus, Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Dr. Wai-Man Kwong – Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Mr. John R. Graham – Graham Consulting Services, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada
- Ms. Ma Yiping – College of Politics and Law, Beijing Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Ms. Sun Zhiying – College of Politics and Law, Beijing Capital Normal University, Beijing, China Professor
- Nico Trocmé – Philip Fisher Chair of Social Work, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Fons van de Vijver – Depart of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Peter Dudding – Child Welfare League of Canada, Iqualuit, Nunavut, Canada
Publications and Reports:
Reports on each of the research contexts can be found on our report page.
Li, Haibin, Liebenberg, L., and Ungar, M. (under review). Understanding Service Provision and Utilization for Vulnerable Youth: Evidence from Multiple Informants. Submitted to Child and Family Social Work. [IF=0.831]
Sanders, J., Munford, R., Liebenberg, L., and Ungar, M. (under review). The peer paradox: Implications for policy and practice of the tensions that peer relationships raise for vulnerable youth. Submitted to Child and Family Social Work. [IF=.831]
Stevens, K., Munford, R., Sanders, J., Liebenberg, L. and Ungar, M. (in press). Change, relationships and implications for practice: The experiences of young people who use multiple services. Submitted to International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies.
Theron, L. C. (In press). Using research to influence policy and practice: The case of the Pathways-to-Resilience Study, South Africa. In A. Abubakar & F. van de Vjiver (Eds.), Handbook of applied developmental psychology for Sub Saharan Africa. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
Theron, L. C. (In press). Pathways to South African youth resilience: Commonplace, contextually and culturally relevant collaborations, and caveats. In F. E. Gouws (Ed). Adolescence. Pretoria, South Africa: Heinemann.
Sanders, J., Munford, R., Liebenberg, L. and Henaghan, M. (available online first). Show some emotion? Ethical and emotional tensions in undertaking research with vulnerable youth. Field Methods. doi: 10.1177/1525822X13516842 [IF= 1.11]
Liebenberg, L., Ikeda, J., and Ungar, M. (available online first). The Discourse of Responsibilization and Youth At Risk. British Journal of Social Work. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bct172 [IF= 1.19]
Ungar, M., Liebenberg, L., and Ikeda, J. (2014). Young People with Complex Needs: Designing Coordinated Interventions to Promote Resilience across Child Welfare, Juvenile Corrections, Mental Health and Education Services. British Journal of Social Work, 44, 675-693. DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcs147 [IF= 1.19]
Sanders, J., Munford, R., Liebenberg, L., and Ungar, M. (2014). Consistent Service Quality: The Connection between Service Quality, Risk, Resilience and Outcomes for Vulnerable Youth Clients of Multiple Services, Child Abuse and Neglect, 38, 687-697. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.024 [IF=1.61]
Theron, L.C., Liebenberg, L. and Malinidi, M. J. (2014). When schooling experiences are respectful of children's rights: A pathway to resilience. School Psychology International, 35(3), 253-265. DOI: 1177/0142723713503254 [IF= 2.162]
Liebenberg, L., and Ungar, M. (2014). A Comparison of Service Use among Youth Involved with Juvenile Justice and Mental Health. Children and Youth Services Review, 39, 117-122. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.02.007 [IF= 1.37]
Theron, L.C. (2014). Being a 'turnaround teacher': Teacher-learner partnerships towards resilience. In M. Nel (Ed.), Life orientation for South African Teachers (pp. 203-216). Pretoria, RSA: Van Schaik.
Ungar, M. and Liebenberg, L. (2013). Ethnocultural Factors, Resilience and School Engagement. School Psychology International, 34(5), 514-526. DOI: 10.1177/0143034312472761 [IF= 2.162]
Thimasarn-Anwar, T., Sanders, J., Munford, R., Jones, G., and Liebenberg, L. (2013). Re-thinking late and lost to follow-up participants: the New Zealand youth transitions study. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(23). DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2013.836593
Ungar, M. and Liebenberg, L. (2013). Contextual Factors Related to School Engagement and Resilience: A Study of Canadian Youth with Complex Needs. Journal of Child and Youth Development, 1(1), 3-26.
Ungar, M., Liebenberg, L., Armstrong, M., Dudding, P., and Van de Vijver, F. (2013). Patterns of Psychosocial Service Use: Individual and Contextual Risk factors, and Resilience among Adolescents Using Multiple Services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37, 150-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.007 [IF=1.61].
Theron, L. C. (2013). Black students' recollections of pathways to resilience: Lessons for school psychologists. School Psychology International, 34(5), 527–539. doi: 0.1177/0143034312472762
Theron, L. C., Liebenberg, L., & Malindi, M. J. (2013). When schooling experiences are respectful of children's rights: A pathway to resilience. School Psychology International, pre-print.doi: 10.1177/0142723713503254
Theron, L. C. & Theron, A. M. C. (2013). Positive adjustment to poverty: How family communities encourage resilience in traditional African contexts. Culture & Psychology, 19(3), 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067X13489318
Theron, L. C. (2013). Community-researcher liaisons: The Pathways to Resilience Project advisory panel. South African Journal of Education, 33(4), 1-19.
Theron, L. C., Theron, A. M. C., & Malindi, M. J. (2013). Towards an African definition of resilience: A rural South African community's view of resilient Basotho youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 39, 63–87.
Van Rensburg, A. C., Theron, L. C., Rothmann, S., & Kitching, A. (2013). The relationship between services and resilience: A study of Sesotho-speaking youths. The Social Work Practitioner-Researcher, 25(3), 286-308.
Theron, L. C., & Malindi, M. J. (2012). Conducting qualitative research: Practical guidelines on fieldwork. In J. G. Maree (Ed.), Complete your thesis or dissertation successfully: Practical guidelines (pp.96-108). Cape Town, South Africa:Juta.
Theron, L. C. (2012). Resilience research with South African youth: caveats and ethical complexities. South African Journal of Psychology, 42, 333-345.
Malindi, J. M., & Machenjedze, N. (2012). The role of school engagement in strengthening resilience among male street children. South African Journal of Psychology, 42, 71-81.
Liebenberg, L., Ungar, M., & Van de Vijver, F. R. R. (2012). Validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28) Among Canadian Youth with Complex Needs. Research on Social Work Practice, 22(2), 219-226.
Liebenberg, L., & Ungar, M. (2011). Ethical concerns regarding participation of marginalized youth in research. Bulletin of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development, 59(1), 24–27.
Malindi, M. J., & Theron, L. C. (2011). Drawing on strengths: images of ecological contributions to street child resilience. In L. C. Theron, C. Mitchell, J. Stuart, & A. Smith (Eds.), Picturing research: Drawings as visual methodology (pp. 105-118). Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
Ungar, M. (2011). Community resilience for youth and families: Facilitative physical and social capital in contexts of adversity. Children and Youth Social Services Review, 33, 1742–1748.
Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience. Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 1-17.
Lee, T.Y., Kwong, W.M., Cheung, C.K., Ungar, M. & Cheung, M.Y.L. (2010). Children's resilience-related beliefs as a predictor of positive child development in the face of adversities: Implications for interventions to enhance children's quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 93(3), 437-453.
Ungar, M. (2010). Families as navigators and negotiators: Facilitating culturally and contextually specific expressions of resilience. Family Process, 49(3), 421–435.
Ungar, M. (2010). What Is Resilience Across Cultures and Contexts? Advances to the Theory of Positive Development among Individuals and Families under Stress. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 21(1), 1–16.
Theron, L. C., & Theron, A. M. C. (2010). A critical review of studies of South African youth resilience, 1990-2008. South African Journal of Science, 106(7/8). Retrieved from: http://www.sajs.co.za.
Guo-xiu, T., & Jianmei, J. (2009). Intervention in the growth of the students in an earthquake-stricken area from the resilience perspective.Journal of Child Health and Human Development, 4, 4-10.
Armstrong, M., Birnie-Lefcovich, S. & Ungar, M. (2005). Pathways between social support, quality of parenting and child resilience: A transactional model. Journal of Family and Child Studies, 14(2), 269-281.
Ungar, M. (2005). Pathways to resilience among children in Child Welfare, Corrections, Mental Health and Educational settings: Navigation and Negotiation. Child and Youth Care Forum 34(6), 423-444.
Ungar, M. (2005). Resilience among children in child welfare, corrections, mental health and educational settings: Recommendations for service.Child and Youth Care Forum, 34(6), 445-464.
Want to share? This report is available as a pdf download (opens in new window).
The following PDF downloads include further articles and presentation material from the International Pathways to Resilience project
Vulnerable, but invincible? Ecosystemic pathways to South African youths' resilience.
(2011). Optentia Researchers at Conference in Colombia. Optentia News, 1(3). 8-9.
(2011). News from the International Pathways to Resilience Project. Optentia News, 1(4). 12-13.
Theron, L.C. (2011). Positive adaptation to poverty: black South African students' tales of resilience.
Malindi, M.J., Theron, L.C., & Venter, A. (2011). Understanding youth resilience: findings and results from the International Pathways to Resilience project.
Malindi, M.J. Enhancing youth resilience – emerging lessons from the IPTR study.
Theron, L. C. (2010). A critical review of South African youth resilience, 1990-2008. ADHASA workshop, Meyerton.
Theron, A. M. C., & Theron, L.C. (2010). A critical review of studies of south African youth resilience, 1990–2008.
Malindi, M.J. Pathways to resilience: formal service and informal support use patterns among youth in challenging social ecologies.
Malindi, M.J., Theron, L.C. Drawing on strengths: images of ecological contributions to male street youth resilience.
Malindi, M.J., Theron, A. M. C., & Theron, L.C. Towards an African definition of resilience: a rural South African community's view of resilient youth.
Theron, L.C. South Agrican youth are not wimps: reflections on what is indigenous to South African youth resilience.
Optentia Research Programme. South African pathways to resilience.
Theron, L.C. Bouncing back! How parents, peers andprofessionals enable young people towards resilience.
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Chung Dahm Learning Teaching Positions in Central Seoul
|No degree
|No certificate
|Only for native English speakers
|Round trip
|Working visa
Company Description
We are a branch of Chung Dahm Learning, a publicly-traded company and leader of English education in Korea. The company has over 100 locations, 40,000 students, and over 1,000 trained instructors throughout Korea. We offer free training and a pre-developed curriculum. Our branch in Central Seoul is experiencing excellent growth and we are looking to hire teachers to start in November,2018.
Job Description
- Working hours: Monday-Friday: 4pm-10pm. Instructors do not work every shift (see below).
- Average of 102 hours/month (maximum of 125 hours )
- Working days: Monday to Friday. Per the teaching schedule, teachers may have 4~5 working days in a 3 month term.
- Students: Grades 3-10
- Hourly Contract: 25,000 - 27,000 KRW per hour
- Severance : 3 million KRW shall be paid as severance pay at the successful completion of agreement
- The "key money" deposit for a single furnished apartment is provided and will be near the academy. Instructor will be responsible for rent and utilities.
- Round-trip airfare paid, up to 1,200,000 KRW
- E-2 visa sponsorship (if necessary). We also hire those with F-4 visas
- Monthly salary paid on time and in full
- Benefits of working hourly: the earning potential is higher than salaried positions, even taking into account paying for rent and utilities. You will earn 2.6 million – 3.0 million won per month and you will be paid for any extra work you put in.
-Health Insurance: If requested, CDI will pay for 50% of the monthly bill
- Prior to teaching, you will be required to complete the 1 week CDL Instructor Training Program .
- Contract length: 1 year (If both parties agree, extension of the contract is possible)
The following documents are required for teaching visa purposes:
-B.A or B.S. original degree or graduate degree, and Apostilled degree
-Valid passport copy
-2 passport size photos
-Criminal record check by your provincial police and certified by your State Government or Korean Consulate in your country.
Contact Information
- Telephone: 82-2-927-0901 (After 2PM local time)
- Fax: 82-2-927-0905
- Address : Chungdahm Institute, 4F, 48, Dongsomun-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02860, Rep. of KOREA.
- Location: Central Seoul
- Number of instructors: 14 -16 foreign instructors currently work at our location.
- E-mail : [URL protected]
CDL Seongbuk Manager: Ms.Han


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First 34 U.S. Patients Implanted with Smallest Triple-Chamber CRT Device on the Market—BIOTRONIK's New Evia HF-T Pacemaker
Only CRT pacemaker device to offer Closed Loop Stimulation and provides therapy above upper tracking rate to meet the widest range of patient needs
LAKE OSWEGO, Oregon, USA, November 19, 2012—BIOTRONIK, a leading manufacturer of innovative medical technology, announced that high profile medical centers across the country are implanting the new Evia HF-T triple-chamber cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) pacemaker.
Immediately following the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approval, BIOTRONIK began delivering the new Evia HF-T devices to medical centers across the U.S. to meet considerable demand for improved therapeutic options for patients. The first 34 patients received devices in the days following device approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), with dozens more scheduled in the following weeks.
Hospitals participating in the initial implantations are located across the country, including:
- University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worchester, Massachusetts;
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell, New York, New York;
- Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland;
- Spartanburg Regional Hospital, Spartanburg, North Carolina;
- North Mississippi Medical Center, Tupelo, Mississippi;
- Archbishop Bergan Mercy Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;
- University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
- Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, California
Evia HF-T offers the company's revolutionary Closed Loop Stimulation (CLS) technology, the only rate response algorithm that is FDA-approved to respond to exercise and acute mental stress on a beat-to-beat basis.
"For me, this device means my options for using CLS—a therapy that is both much needed and well documented in my clinical practice—are expanded to include patients with heart failure," said Blair Grubb, MD, from the University of Toledo, Ohio. "Patients in general can—and do—benefit from this unique physiologic rate-adaptive pacing mode, but patients with heart failure may derive unique benefit since adaptive algorithms dependent on physical activity alone may not respond as appropriately."
"Electrophysiologists ranging from private practice to academic training centers agree that BIOTRONIK's Evia HF-T offers groundbreaking technology, which makes it an ideal option for patients with heart failure conditions," said Rex Richmond, Vice President of Marketing at BIOTRONIK Inc. "This unique CRT pacemaker completes BIOTRONIK's quest to offer a full line of highly competitive products in the United States, Evia HF-T is the only CRT pacemaker to offer all the therapeutic benefits available in competing CRT pacemakers — plus unique technology, such as cellular home monitoring with no cost to the patient."
He continued, "We've been listening to what physicians have been asking for and Evia HF-T is today's example of a device that fulfills the needs of both patients and physicians, and there are more to come."
"BIOTRONIK is poised to deliver exactly what is needed at a time of rapid change and increased scrutiny in the world of medicine," added Richmond. "Moving forward, we'll continue to focus on why BIOTRONIK is—and has been—the right choice, both now and in the future."
Monitoring heart failure progression
Increased lung fluid levels can be one indicator of heart failure progression, and BIOTRONIK's Evia HF-T devices contain the company's proprietary TI feature, which measures thoracic impedance. The patient's physician can use this information as additional insight to manage critically important aspects of patient care.
The Evia HF-T system also includes the company's innovative BIOTRONIK Home Monitoring® technology, which automatically transmits a patient's clinical and device status on a daily basis—making it readily available to the physician without the need for any patient interaction. BIOTRONIK Home Monitoring® is the industry's only remote patient management system with FDA-approval for early detection of clinically relevant events. TI is one of nine potentially meaningful heart failure parameters transferred by BIOTRONIK Home Monitoring®. Several parameters allow for customizable alert settings.
About Evia HF-T
Evia HF-T is the smallest CRT pacemaker device currently available, with the most options for physicians to use when treating patients with heart failure conditions. Evia HF-T provides tools to continuously maximize CRT therapy, features to optimize LV thresholds and avoid phrenic nerve stimulation, information to help manage a patient's heart failure progression, and unique technologies that provide a physiologic rate response.
For more information: www.biotronik.com
Contact U.S.
Rex Richmond
Vice President, Marketing
BIOTRONIK, Inc.
6024 Jean Road
Lake Oswego, OR 97035
(800) 547-0394, Ext. 8222
(503) 451-8222
Email: email@example.com
Manuela Schildwächter
Communications & PR Manager
BIOTRONIK SE & Co. KG
Woermannkehre 1
12359 Berlin
Tel. 49 (0) 30 68905 1466
Email: email@example.com
About BIOTRONIK SE & Co. KG
As one of the world's leading manufacturers of cardiovascular medical devices, with several million devices implanted, BIOTRONIK is represented in over 100 countries by its global workforce of more than 5,600 employees. Known for having its finger on the pulse of the medical community, BIOTRONIK assesses the challenges physicians face and provides the best solutions for all phases of patient care, ranging from diagnosis to treatment to patient management. Quality, innovation and reliability define BIOTRONIK and its growing success—and deliver confidence and peace of mind to physicians and their patients worldwide.


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The week in review
Worst natural disaster: A 9.0 earthquake in the Indian Ocean December 26 unleashes tsunamis in India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and eight other countries, leaving at least 139,000 dead– a number that could rise to 150,000– and more than one million homeless, according to United Nations estimates.
Saddest local loss: Nine-year-old Tekeyah Williams dies January 3 after being struck December 31 at Carlton Avenue and Carlton Road while crossing on the electric scooter she got for Christmas. Derrick Tim Coger is arrested and charged with felony hit-and-run.
Rarest bust: For dogfighting. Davey Mundie is arrested January 1 at Pea Ridge Road off Garth Road when police investigate a complaint about a pit bull fight. Five dogs are seized, and Mundie is charged with organized fighting of dogs, a Class 6 felony, and misdemeanor neglect of an animal.
Worst love gone awry: Former boyfriend Dwayne Scott Wyland is charged with the first-degree murder of rival Timothy Wayne Wilkerson December 28 at the Schuyler home of the woman both were romantically involved with, John Yellig reports in the Daily Progress.
Worst parking lot fire: Seven cars are damaged or destroyed in the Norcross Station Apartments lot at Fourth and Garrett streets December 29, and police are looking at the possibility of arson, according to WVIR.
Worst excuse for a catalyst: In an unsigned report on the December 29 robbery of a 17-year-old girl on 15th Street in which three men knocked her down and stole her wallet, the Progress writes that the girl "walked by and said 'hi,' sparking the attack."
Worst Christmas present for Albemarle First Bank: Two board members– Richard Spurzem and Chuck Dean– propose putting a for-sale sign up at the struggling locally owned bank, which lost more than $2 million in the Ivy Industries check kiting scandal in 2003.
Biggest Freedom of Information Act flouting: Waynesboro revises its charter, but City Council votes to keep a pre-FOIA clause that allows it to hold secret meetings without public notification, the News Virginian reports.
Worst holiday travel: Struggling US Airways has to cancel hundreds of flights over Christmas when employees call in sick and thousands of passengers lose their luggage.
Best news for Motor City travelers: Northwest Airlines will begin two nonstop daily flights from Charlottesville to Detroit in April.
Most disappointing trip to Boise: The Fresno State Bulldogs bite UVA 37-34 in the MPC Computers Bowl December 27.
Most yards: UVA grad Tiki Barber sets two New York Giants records January 2 against the Dallas Cowboys.
Oldest mom: Tina Cade, 55, gives birth to her daughter's triplets December 28 in Richmond after undergoing in vitro fertilization last spring.
Best gift for the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts: An artists' retreat in France, courtesy of the Donnell-Kay Foundation in Denver.
Best Dan Rather replacement: Katie Couric, says Broadcasting & Cable columnist J. Max Robins, who calls the telegenic UVA grad "the most incandescent of all the stars in the news constellation."
Best reason for CBS to name an interim anchor: Couric still has 18 months to run on her $15-million-a-year NBC Today contract.
Best Oprah cameo: The photos of J. Tayloe Emery, occasional Hook and former C-ville contributor whose 1995 cover photo of the DMB in Vegas launched his career into stints with Rolling Stone and MTV, appear on Oprah Winfrey's show December 23 behind an interview with actor Brad Pitt about the pair's recent trip to African AIDS clinics, hospitals, and orphanages.


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Hi, I´m 68 and I wish to lick a young girls pussy, feel the way she runs it in to her tight little pussy, let her sit at my face, rubbing her young pussy to my mouth as she masturbate my dick, come on young girl, let me pump my old warm sperm into your pussy now....
You can pump my 20 year old pussy
Just tell me when and where.
I'm 56. I would love to pump your pussy. Slow and all night
me too
Mmm... fuck me!
I like a lot of foreplay. Do you?
hi iam ready i like old man come on my dear iam waiting for you
name of the girl
Tid love for an old guy to drill my young pussy !
Amazing video! What a beautiful girl. She fucks old guy very well and become good mouth full sprayed! What is her name?
may i shoot your hole there?
Why didn't she moan? His fuck was not good?
I want a old guy licking my wet pussy too
I want to lick your sweet, young pussy! I am 64 with a big, hard dick and it has not seen any pussy in over 7 years so you can just imagine when!! Cum see me soon!!
It would be fun to have sex with such a beautiful women. I would love to put my cum in your pussy.
Great guy this Johan. My wife and I met him during an erotic fair in Holland. I forced her to ask for his autograph. She went backstage with him and remained there for about 20min, security wouldn't let me pass. She came back with a warm pussy, cum in her hair and ...... no autograph
She must have got an extra dollar for that swallow.
mmmm would love to be fucked by one older guy right now
how old r u ?
this makes me horny, I am 23, i think i look much better than the girl in the video i crave to be with an older man now, but they dont seem to be single or realise that I am interested in them. I even touch them but they call me dear. I dont knwo how i can make it more obvious
I am older I will sleep with you. im 72 im horny for girl like you
This by far one of the better ones I have seen in a long time. The job hot finished.
I want some of that old man cum inside me :)
I am a older person who would show her off in public nude
This should be free therapy for all older guys! It would keep them young and cut down on insurance costs! One or twice a week!!
i love watching oldman fucking a young chicks. . coz it makes me wet.. i feel like i wona have sex with old man too ..
I´m a hot girl, I love olds guys with big cock
Nice pussy
I'm 62 and I'm banging a super hot 28 year old secretary in my company. She says I fuck better than her husband and he won't give her anal which she loves. So tomorrow at lunch time I should have my cock deep in her ass while she bends over my desk. Can't wait!!
I do have a young lover. She's an student. Wish I could be free to do more of this with her. She takes my cock in her miuth after I come inside her - no condom. This girl reminds me of her
Fuck me like that and pump in your seed in me
Wow girl you a Hot
I am a bisexual cuckold and love having sex with men over 70
id like to be fuck by older man my pussy juices comes out while im watching this
Super girl
Seriously dude? Using a condom?
Damn, that was the hottest!! wish she ate my cumm!!
Mak her cum in ur mouth..
Need an old guy to fuck me hard & make me cum right now.
someone cum and make me wet and fuck me i want a dick but use a condom
any indian uncles to eat my creamy pussy ?
Old fart, he still can fuck very well. Nice young girl with lovely tits. This old bastard is too lucky to fuck her.
the beast porn iive seen I love the way she gets fuck and comes
Je veux bien lui donner des cours de cuisine moi !!!
No Anal I would have fucked her arse as well
The eggs are getting cold.
i like too fuck young teen pussy its good too feel here wet thigdt pussy on my dick but i want more soo girl 38 years old cock ready too fuck teen pussy somone who want
im 18:)
An older man getting to enjoy sex with a beautiful and sexy young woman gives me hope for more years of good sex. Oh, how I would like to be able to cum with this beauty.
I stumbled into an old guy and on the way back to the hotel i was stopping at and he said "Boy, come here a second" so i went over and he showed me to his house, i don't know why i went but i thought why not... and he had like 4 strippers there he said if i chucked him $5 that i could get with them ? He was wearing a pinstripe suit and everything, like a proper don, he gave me a 8 vodka and cokes, real healthy servings as well, i was pissed out my swede! So i lasted like 2 hours and fucked them all one after the other i then blew my load on one of there chests and i was forced to leave and they kept my clothes! ? ! Worth it though.
Oh man, as a 36-year old I fuck 19 a y/o pussy these days. Can recommend it, definitley. So young, so curious, so tight and wet. Give it a try guys. You won't regret it, I promise.
Do for it MEGA LOAD
Che schifo...Una ragazza cosi' bona e bella si fa scopare da un vecchio. Non c'e' piu' religione......
i now 1 day i be old , so thankx for give a nice drime
i love fucking young girls
i love young pussy they lick to have both holes licked and fucked and i can allwas eat my cumm out of them
nice and the old man had the power !!!
This is a true story....When i worked at an old ppls home every pension day we would take some of the men too the local brothel so they could get their rocks off it became so popular that they eventually bought a bigger bus to take them and yes the young girls we very popular
I love to get fuck by older men. my tight pussy is jumping up an ddown like a bunny rabbit and flowing like a river
haha the old guy enjoyed it way more than she did
OMG my dad likes to fuck young girls like her...:)
MMMMMMMMMMMMM I want grampa fucking me .... so horny after watching this
ok karen
I don't care how old he is. I'd fuck that big cock of his in a heartbeat!!! Old guys are hot!
name of the guy?
why always fuck with rubber, if the girls do swallow everything....???
Ifucked a young girl she was great should could really suck a cock she also loved me eating her shaved sweet pussy she came some many it was fantastic
Love it when they remove your cum like that, that would feel so good !!
Naame girl?
what is her name ? this video is called "kiss the cook" and its Melani and Johan, but thats all I can find of her.
Da old man sould have been me
she is like sister in oldpeople home, really dedicated. after she push his wheelchair, try not make him shake too hard
i always get cummed by my uncle love his sperm and on my ass
Looks like she's gonna throw up or crack up!!!
pls. show some cock to me pls.
i want to fuck an old man with a big cock.
Lucky old dude! Worship his cock you young porn star..
i wanna get fucked by a old man.
Why would we feel bad for her? She's getting paid....and besides, I'll bet she's done worse than this old dude...
i would looove to feel that old cock in me
i thought this was a cooking show more than a porn video
i want to see more vids of her. she's stunning hot!
hey ALBERT61 ! WHY NOT TRYING MY FUCKING TIGHT PUSSY
i wanna fuck a girl so bad :p
Hey all girl, I'm 61 years old and I want fuck you and I cum all over your faces!!!
xdaan, love to have sex with your 26 years young pussy.....hmmmmmmmm as for grandpa...nice one!
This Grandpa is lucky
Nice video. It's good that he cums in her mouth but the cumshaw should have been more visible.
i want to sex with this old man. My 26 years youngh pussy want his dick !!
I love making it with the young ladies,to make them cum many times over. So if any of you young ladies in the mood for an older,mature lover, then look me up. I enjoy making young ladies cum like never before. (oh, and I have enough dick to fill you up without killing your body.)
The old man is lucky,soooo lucky.
The way this girls speaks english, I believe she comes from the netherlands. The cum in here mouth is fake by the way.
no howie cum fuck me!
Hey Lori, I will fuck you
lori if you are as cute as the babe in the vid you could cum with me anytime
im a 20 year old girl, so wanna hook up with a guy 50+
gud swallow babe
I hope I can be a porn star when I get old....
i have ..............................................................>
great title,on a side note;why do guys pose as girls on these pages?its so obvious
i have the powwweeeet to do anything...haha
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Home / Collections / Tote Bags / California Photographer Tote Bag
California Photographer Tote Bag
Inspired in the great West Coast Photographer talent!
- One side printed
- 12.0 oz., 100% cotton canvas
- 22" handles
- Reinforced bottom
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Natural cotton tote ideal for all-purpose made from 12 ounce cotton canvas for extra durability.
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text: YESSS Electrical, UK - Constructor Shelving System Hi280 Sign up for our newsletter here!!! Yesss Electrical have over 50 year experience in the electrical wholesale industry, supplying component parts to electricians from over 400 branches across Europe and the Caribbean Islands. PROBLEM When they decided to open 23 new branches in the South of the UK they turned to Dexion/Constructor to Supply them with a combination of Pallet Racking, Longspan Shelving and Galvanised shelving for their behind desk picking areas. SOLUTION Dexion/Constructor pre agreed prices with their head office, but designed each store's layout with the local Branch Manager. Once agreed and when the store was ready, Dexion delivered the shelving systems and arranged for their installation. PRODUCTS HI280 galvansied shelving bays Longspan Shelving, single and double deep P90 Pallet racking, with accessories for vertically stored long goods What they said Danny Archer, Branch Manager for Winchester said, "It was ideal for them to design a custom fit racking layout for our store, with the flexibility of the shelving depths we were able to maximise the space we had, leaving plenty of room for stock expansion." Print Pdf Add


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Editor's note: Joe Lockhart was press secretary for President Bill Clinton from 1998-2000. He was a founding partner and managing Ddirector of The Glover Park Group and a former VP of communications for Facebook. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author.
(CNN) -- I first heard Jim Brady's name as I was walking into my college cafeteria early one evening in 1981. A somber radio voice announced the passing of Brady, the White House Press Secretary who had been shot along with President Ronald Reagan, not more than a couple of miles from campus.
Thankfully, the report turned out to be wrong. Brady survived his wounds that day, although he was left with slurred speech, partial paralysis and difficulty walking.
It was not the first, nor the last time Jim Brady's strength and resilience was underestimated. Although I could not have predicted it at the time, it was not the last time I'd hear about Jim Brady.
James Brady, former Reagan press secretary, gun-control advocate, dies
I'd like to think Jim and I had a few things in common. We both worked our way up in the rough and tumble politics game. We both had a distant dream that someday we'd get to work in the White House briefing room. Jim found his guy with the former governor of California. Mine was the governor from Arkansas.
But I don't look at Jim as a colleague or a fellow warrior who survived the verbal battle that is the White House briefing room. Jim is, and always will be, something bigger, something that transcends politics and Washington celebrity.
I remember speaking to a group of young students one day in the briefing room. One of the kids asked me who my hero was. I don't think anyone had ever asked me that before. But it didn't take long for me to tell them the heroic story of Jim Brady.
I explained that Jim had something terrible happen to him. He was just doing his job one day, a job he loved, when everything he knew about his life and the world was turned upside down.
Congress, finish the job on Brady background checks
With great strength and perseverance, Jim survived a gunshot wound to his head. But that's not what made him great. What made him a hero was what he did with his life from that day forward.
Jim had every right to be bitter. He'd worked all his life to get to the pinnacle of his profession. And before even getting settled into his fancy White House office, it was all taken away. His rehabilitation was beyond painful. That was nothing compared to the frustration of relearning the most basic things we all take for granted.
While he did growl from time to time, the "Bear" was never bitter. His reaction was just the opposite. He turned his own pain and tragedy into a positive, working every day to make the world a little better, a little safer for all of us.
Jim became the lead campaigner for gun control in our country. If you've been watching this debate at all in America, you know there is nothing tougher politically than getting sensible gun safety measures through our toxic political system. Many have talked about it, given speeches, run ads and used celebrity to highlight the issue.
Working with leaders like President Bill Clinton and Sen. Chuck Schumer, Jim -- and his not-so-secret-weapon wife Sarah -- got it done. Pure and simple, he accomplished the politically impossible.
The man who made people talk about guns
That is why in 2000, late in the administration, President Clinton decided to rename the briefing room in honor of James Brady. It was a small gesture, symbolic for most. But for the men and women who stand behind that podium it is very real.
It reminds each of us that every time we step up to that microphone we should hold ourselves to the highest standard of all. The standard set by Jim Brady.
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Heartbreak soup: a love and rockets book
Fantagraphics, Mar 7, 2007 - Comics & Graphic Novels - 287 pages
The legendary Love & Rockets comic book series returns to bookshelves in a comprehensive series of new paperbacks.Celebrating its 25th anniversary in 2007, Love and Rockets will finally be released in its most accessible form yet: as a series of compact, thick, affordable, mass-market volumes that present the whole story in perfect chronological order. This volume will collect the first half of Gilbert Hernandez's acclaimed magical-realist tales of "Palomar," the small Central American town, beginning with the groundbreaking "Sopa de Gran Pena" (which introduces most of his main cast of characters as children, plus the imposing newcomer Luba), and continuing on through such modern-day classics as "Ecce Homo," "Act of Contrition," "Duck Feet," and the great love story "For the Love of Carmen."
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LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - bigpapageek - LibraryThing
A true classic. I'm glad I finally read it, if only to experience a truly unique voice in comics, especially when it came out in the early 80's. Beautiful art, lovely writing, and a true sense of the wonder that runs beneath normal, ordinary lives. Read full review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - jtodd1973 - LibraryThing
Although I've known about the [[Hernandez]] Brothers' "Love & Rockets" for the past quarter century -- because of my affinity for the band Love & Rickets, which took its name from the comics -- if ... Read full review
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ALREAOY ANYBOOY ARCHIE AROUNO ASKEO BEAUTY BEHINO BOOY BOYS brother BUOOIES CALLEO CARMEN CHELO CHILO CHILOREN Comics CONSIOEREO CONVINCEO COULO DC Comics ELVIRA EVERYBOOY FantagraPhics FantagraPhics Books FEEL FOLKS FORGET FOUNO FRIENOS FUCKING Gary Groth GATO GiIbert Gilbert Hernandez GIRL GOING GONNA GOOO GOOOAMN HANO HAPPENEO HE'O HEARO HEARTBREAK SOUP HELPEO HERACLIO Hernandez HOLLYWOOO HOME HOUSE HOWARO MILLER HURT INOEEO irmA ISRAEL JESUS KILLEO Kim ThomPson LIVING LOOK LOOKEO Love & Rockets Love and Rockets LU6A LU8A LUBA LUBA'S MANUEL MARRIEO MINO MIOWIFE MOTHER MOVIE NAMEO NEVER NOBOOY OECENT OECIOEO OEEP OIANA OION'T OIRT OLOER OOCTOR OOESN'T KNOW OOWN ORESS PALOMAR PIPO PIPO'S PLPO PRETTY RI6HT RIGHT SAIO SATCH SEEMEO SHIT SHOULO SISTER SOLEOAO STARTEO TALK TALKEO TELL THINGS THINK TIPIN TOLO TONANTZIN TOWN TURNEO UNITEO USEO VICENTE VICENTE'S WANT WANTEO WIFE WINO WONOER WORLO WOULO WOULON'T YEAH


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GLAMOUR: A World Problem
World glamour-the sumtotal of human ignorance, fear and greed-can dissipate through the clear, inclusive thinking of those in whom the soul (Chirst) principle is awakening. Glamour results from a negative emotional focus; the dissipation of glamour depends on "illumined thinking".
GLAMOUR: A World Problem
This teaching on world glamour, its causes and
cures, is one of the specialised subjects first given to the group whose
personal instructions appear in the two volumes of "Discipleship in the
New Age". The idea that a small group of dedicated aspirants could work
together to help dissipate the heavy enshrouding glamours which oppress
humanity and deflect the light of truth, was initially quite a
startling one. Spiritual progress has for so long held no meaning for
the individual other than his own personal growth, that to consider
spiritual experience in direct relation to world conditions is for many a
revolutionary idea. Nevertheless world glamour--the sum total of human
ignorance, fear and greed--can only yield to the enlightened penetration
of those in whom these emotional reactions have been transcended in
whole or in part.
Glamour is, of course, the result of a negative emotional focus; just as illusion results from a negative or unclear attitude of mind out of touch with the reality behind the outer appearance; so a man becomes the victim of strong self-created thought-forms built on personality forces and self-interest.
This book deals with the misconceptions existing on all levels of the personality life--maya on the etheric level; glamour on the emotional plane; and illusion on the mental plane; climaxing in the sum total of all three combined in the personality--the so-called dweller on the threshold.
The correct methods of working to dissipate world glamour and dispel world illusion, conform to modern psychological techniques accepted and practiced for individual benefit. A higher form of energy must be brought to bear on the blocked condition. This means in practical terms, maya must be subjected to the inspiration and idealism of the emotional plane; glamour to the illumination of the mental plane; illusion to the light of the intuition, a buddhic energy; and the dweller on the threshold must be confronted by the Angel of the Presence, the soul.
As this clarity and transformation of the personality proceed in the individual, he can begin to serve consciously, preferably in group formation, to lift and enlighten the world condition. Certain meditation formulas are given in this book which can safely be used by a group working together, but would require great care in the individual to prevent stimulation of any remaining personal glamours and illusions. We are working at all times with energy as an impersonal force, which can nevertheless produce a dangerous personal effect if the motivation is not selfless enough, the personality insufficiently pure or self-disciplined, and the dynamic power-to-work not sufficiently fused with love of humanity to create understanding and identification.
"The need for the service of men and women free from illusion and glamour, has never been so dramatically present as it is today, and it is for these potential servers of a desperate necessity that I have written."


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Despite serving only one term as Kansas attorney general, Phill Kline continues to receive attention for his tenure. Pretty impressive given he hasn't been in that position since 2007.
Not so impressive, of course, is the particular attention he still garners. Most recently it was an official sanction from the Kansas Supreme Court, rewarding Kline's four-year term with an indefinite suspension of his Kansas law license.
Not that Kline likely cares. His Kansas license already was lost for not keeping up with his registration fees, plus he doesn't live in the Sunflower State any longer. He now is a visiting law professor at Jerry Falwell's Liberty University in Virginia.
But in case the state's top law enforcement official decides to return, it will be at least three years before he even can apply to have his license reinstated. On Friday, the state's highest court found that Kline had difficulty recognizing the law's limits, his professional obligations, and an "overzealous advocacy" that marked his office. The justices upheld a recommendation from the Kansas Board of Discipline for Attorneys to suspend Kline's license for repeated "ethical misconduct."
Kline was an ardent opponent of abortion. In Kansas, that's no crime.
As attorney general, however, Kline took his passion to levels possible only because of his position. He repeatedly tangled with Dr. George Tiller, who offered abortion services in Wichita until he was murdered. Kline targeted Planned Parenthood, filing 107 criminal charges against one Kansas City clinic in 2007 alone. Not surprisingly, all of those charges since have been dismissed.
Kline's harassment included threatening doctors and nurses with jail time if they didn't turn over confidential medical records. He tried to justify combing through files of all late-term abortions by claiming he was investigating potential child-rape cases. On numerous occasions he directed staff members to present purposefully misleading documents in court, when Kline himself wasn't offering false testimony.
"The violations we have found are significant and numerous, and Kline's inability or refusal to acknowledge or address their significance is particularly troubling in light of his service as the chief prosecuting attorney for this state and its most populous county," the court wrote.
Naturally, Kline denies any wrongdoing. And his supporters believe him.
"This is just another layer of icing on the Kansas Tiller/Sebelius late-term abortion corruption cake," said Mary Kay Culp, executive director of Kansans for Life.
Culp and others are free to believe as they will. The Kansas Supreme Court's ruling, however, serves as a reminder that public officials are not free to pursue personal agendas at the expense of public confidence, integrity and the law.
Particularly when the official is the top lawman in the state.
Editorial by Patrick Lowry


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Stages of application design
Design, build, evaluate, and refine your application in stages where possible. In each stage, maintain a primary focus.
- Stage 1: Understand the product requirements and user goals
- Stage 2: Develop the concepts and build the workflow
- Stage 3: Organize the content on the screen
- Stage 4: Incorporate the visual design
During each stage, design with your users in mind. Incorporate user research methods at each stage. User research helps solve issues with the application throughout the design process and the results help to identify whether the application meets user expectations.
By designing and evaluating the application in stages, you can focus on and evaluate the foundational elements early, reducing the chance of discovering those issues in later stages. For example, if you evaluate the concepts in stage two, you can identify whether you need to iterate the design before moving ahead. If you were building a house, you would not want to be painting the walls (stage four task) when you realize that the door and some of the windows are in the wrong location (stage two task).
Add richness to the application as you progress through the design stages. For example, if you are scheduling tasks and you plan to add icons to some of the screens, you only need to provide placeholders for the icons in the first, second, and possibly the third stages of design. You do not need to design the icons until stage four. It is during stage four that you will focus on incorporating the visual design into the application.
Got questions about leaving a comment? Get answers from our Disqus FAQ.comments powered by Disqus


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For over 60 years, UNRWA has significantly improved the health of Palestine refugees. Diseases preventable by vaccines and other communicable diseases have been almost eradicated, and infant, child and maternal mortality rates have declined.
Despite these achievements, we remain continuously challenged by outbreaks of conflict, notably in Lebanon, Syria, and the occupied Palestinian territory, where doctors' and nurses' attendance at their health centres was jeopardized by frequent closures and checkpoints. The context in which we work is also changing on a daily basis: global healthcare costs continue to rise, Palestine refugee populations continue to grow and the burden of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and cancer is expanding.
We are reforming our health care system to meet these challenges, starting with the introduction of a holistic family health team approach.


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Contraception is once again up for serious public debate in the United States. How much fun is that?
Yes, fun. For years, feminists have been warning that, underneath all the attacks on women's reproductive rights—the multiplying restrictions on abortion, the attempts to defund Planned Parenthood's health
services, the "conscience clauses" that let pharmacists choose which pills they'll dispense—lies a determined opposition to contraception and to women's independence generally. The mainstream media rolled their eyes at feminist paranoia and moved on.
Care to question those warnings now? Not after Senator Rick Santorum announced that states should be free to ban birth control, decrying "the dangers of contraception in this country, the whole sexual libertine idea." Or after Representative Darrell Issa convened a congressional panel on contraception coverage (er, "religious liberty") with no women on it. Or after Rush Limbaugh spent three days vilifying a buttoned-up Georgetown law student—who testified about the pill's non-sex-related health uses—as a sex-crazed slut and a prostitute. Holy 1950s, Batman!
But here's the cool part: Young women are mad as hell, and they're not going to take it anymore.
For the past 30 years, young American women have believed that they were their brothers' equals. They could be president of their high-school class, run their college newspaper, and enter any profession. Not until their thirties or early forties did those women notice that, post-college, they'd been outstripped by the boys—held back by condescending assumptions, slower promotions, mommy-tracking, and other subtle injuries to their wallets and ambitions. But who has time to start a movement when you're an exhausted working parent, struggling to hold on to a much-needed job in a harsh economy?
You get a different reaction, however, when you tell sassy and independent girls that you're gonna take away their birth control. Or that boys will rape them if they dress like sluts. Instead of exhausted acquiescence, you get young women who stay up all night organizing on Twitter, reaching out to their Facebook friends, launching outrageous new blogs and Pinterest boards, and inventing multimedia ways to tell stories, swap ideas, invent new analyses, and force policymakers to pay attention. You get outrageous and decentralized "actions" that recall the Redstockings' 1968 Miss America protest and abortion speak-outs.
These young women are irreverent and unashamed of talking openly about sex. They're less focused on eliminating consumerism or beauty culture than was the Second Wave. They're quicker to reach out across the social fault lines of race, sex, sexual orientation, disability, and other -isms. They love appropriating pop culture and wielding humor with sly commentaries like the blog Feminist Ryan Gosling or the video Shit White Girls Say to Black Girls. Their multimedia creations make Barbara Kruger's 1980s sloganeering art ("Your body is a battleground") look hopelessly earnest, or earnestly hopeless.
Consider the 2011 #DearJohn twitter campaign, launched by two creative young feminists, Sady Doyle and Amanda Marcotte, when House Republicans tried to narrow the definition of rape and incest for Medicaid coverage of abortions. Its slogan: "#DearJohn: For When Boehner Decides Your Rape Just Wasn't Enough." With absolutely no planning, the hashtag showed up in more than 5,000 tweets in a day and a half and helped stop that redefinition in its tracks. Or consider the 2011 SlutWalks, marches spawned after a police officer told Toronto college students to avoid rape by not dressing like "sluts." Partly because of the brazen title, the idea spread worldwide, with more than 100 marches in places as disparate as San Diego, Buenos Aires, Glasgow, Tel Aviv, and Delhi. Or consider Hollaback!, a bottom-up online campaign in which women and men map street harassment using pictures or stories: some guy masturbating on the subway, a passerby threateningly yelling "dyke." Hollaback! was started by seven friends in their twenties—and in a single year was so flooded with volunteer enthusiasm that it now has local campaigns in 45 cities, 16 countries, and 9 different languages.
Will this emerging movement become policy-savvy enough to win some of the things that the Second Wave never cracked: opening up blue--collar jobs to women or expanding sick-time and family-leave policies? Or will they find a focus that their elders might not yet have imagined?
I don't know. But so far it's been exhilarating. I think it's going to get even more so.