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Economics and Politics with Integrated Foundation Year (January start)
LL2G BSc (Econ) (Hons) 4 years
Our BSc Economics and Politics with an integrated foundation year (4 years) combines a three-year degree in Economics and Politics with a bespoke foundation year, providing a smooth pathway for international and EU students not currently eligible for entry to a three-year degree programme. The content and teaching in the foundation year (year one) helps you to build the skills you will need to prepare for the remainder of the programme. The second and third years cover a core of macroeconomics, microeconomics and the quantitative techniques used in economic and political analysis and investigation, and quantitative techniques. Final-year options will enable you to apply this core knowledge to a variety of more specialised areas in economics, finance and politics.
Our degree is about the real world: about how people respond to incentives, and the production and allocation of resources. Think how many news items involve economics: the global recession, tax, interest rates, prices, and the job market. The study of economics leads to the investigation of whether any economic policies should be introduced by governments and if so what kind. In turn this leads to the need to be aware of issues related to politics and, more generally, to the policy making process.
Politics and Economics are closely related disciplines and this degree is especially suited to those with an interest in public policy and governmental decision making. This degree provides hands-on experience in dealing with real world cases and in the critical analysis of economic policy both in its formation and implementation. You would be able to use the skills gained on this programme in a huge variety of public or private sector job roles, as well as further study.
Why study an Economics and Politics degree at Queen Mary?
The quality of teaching and research within the School of Economics and Finance at Queen Mary has been widely acknowledged. In the 2017 National Student Survey (NSS) we were ranked number 1 in London for student experience. In terms of Research, Economics at Queen Mary has been ranked 10th in the UK for research power in the latest Research Excellence Framework (REF 2014). We are a young and international School with staff from all over Europe and beyond, who have links to important institutions in the City and further afield.
You will be able to choose from a wide range of study options and benefit from a varied programme of visiting speakers. Our established exchange programme allows you to spend either a year in the USA, Australia, Singapore or China or a semester through the Erasmus scheme either in Italy or Spain.
The School offers excellent resources to our undergraduate students. Our students have the exclusive use of two computer labs and ten Bloomberg terminals which give students access to the latest financial software used in the banking and finance industry. We also subscribe to the major statistical databases, and software packages such as those used by economists in finance or in government for data analysis and simulation.
Every year the School of Economics and Finance organises various guest speaker lectures. So, you will be able to attend a varied programme of lectures and talks. Some of the invited speakers in the past include Mark Carney, Silvana Tenreyro, Tim Harford, John Roemer, Lord Meghnad Desai, Charles Goodhart, Rt Hon Roy Hattersley, Dan Corry, Robert Peston, Scott Page, Frank Allen, Lord Sebastian Coe, Richard Lipsey, Richard Layard, and Sanjeev Goyal.
Study abroad
You can choose to apply for this degree with an additional academic year abroad. We have links with universities around the world, including Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia (specific partnerships for each degree programme may vary). Studying abroad is an excellent way to grow in confidence and broaden your outlook on life by experiencing another culture, while making friends and having fun. When you return to QMUL after this experience, you will have a new perspective on life for your final year and will be awarded the 'with study abroad' variant in your degree title, which will help you stand out to employers.
Find out more about study abroad opportunities at QMUL
Year 1, students take the following modules:
English Language and Study Skills
Independent Study Project
Pure Mathematics for Economics
Statistics for Economics
Introduction to Politics
Introduction to International Politics
Year 2
Career Success in Economics and Finance
Principles in Economics
Mathematical Methods in Economics and Business 1
Economics in Action
Introduction to Politics [a module lasting the whole year]
Macroeconomics 1
Microeconomics 1
and either: Background to British Politics
or; Global Histories
Year 3
Macroeconomics 2
Games and Strategies
Microeconomics 2
Statistical Methods in Economics
You will also take a further four modules, at least two of which will be from the School of Politics and International Relations, you could then choose your remaining module choices from either the School of Economics and Finance or the School of
Year 4
You may take a selection of modules - at least two from the School of Politics and International Relations and one from the School of Economics and Politics, taking in total eight modules in your final year.
Entry requirements
Academic requirements
To apply for this BSc degree with an Integrated Foundation Year, you need a good High School leaving certificate, which will include GCSE Maths grade 6 (or equivalent), a reference from a teacher, and a personal statement.
You can find more precise details about acceptable High School leaving certificates on our Entry requirements page with International entry requirements by country. Applicants with qualifications that are in principle acceptable for direct entry onto our BSc (Econ) undergraduate degree programmes, such as for example A-Levels, the International Baccalaureate diploma or other suitable Level 3 qualifications, are advised to apply to a degree programme without foundation year. Applicants with qualifications at a level below the published entry requirements for the degrees without integrated foundation year will be considered on a case-by-case basis, with the expectation that these applicants will not normally receive offers for this degree with Integrated Foundation Year.
English language requirements
All applicants to QMUL must show they meet a minimum academic English language standard for admission and to be successful on the course.
Applicants to this programme are required to achieve a minimum overall IELTS score of 6.0 including a minimum of 5.5 in Writing, and no less than 5.5 in Reading, Listening and Speaking. Further information can be found here.
If you require a Tier 4 visa, you will need to take a Secure English Language Test (SELT).
If you do not meet the minimum English language requirements, you can take the 9 week Foundation Pre-sessional Programme, if you have an overall IELTS score of at least 5.5, with a minimum score of 5.0 in all elements (or equivalent).
Further Information
For any other enquiries directly relating to our entry requirements, please contact the Undergraduate Admissions Office directly;
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7882 5511
Email: email@example.com
Learning and teaching
The foundation year will endow you with the knowledge and skills set required to study economics at degree level. In turn, the BSc Econ degree will provide you with a thorough training in theoretical and applied economics. You will be confronted with the latest development in the field and will develop an ability to provide critical and analytical interpretation of past and current economic events. You will be able to engage in policy analysis and you will be able to support it through a competent, informative and critical use of economic data, statistics and quantitative tools. Your ability to engage in economic and policy analysis will be supported by the development of communication, team-building, reflective and project management skills.
During the foundation year, the modules FP3000 English Language and Study Skills (ELSS) and IFP3020 Independent Study Project (ISP) serve to support students in their academic modules by developing their ability to read and prepare for lectures and classes, participate in classes, and tackle written tests and assignments. Each student is allocated an academic advisor, who is also their main teacher on the ELSS and ISP modules. Students have timetabled one-to-one tutorials with their advisor every two weeks, and in these tutorials any problems experiences can be raised, including difficulty experienced on academic modules. Extra workshops are provided to help students understand what is required of them by assignments for subject modules, and students are also advised on how to make the most of lecturer's office hours. Also during the foundation year, students can take advantage of the support of a team of peer-mentors, comprising former IFP students who have progressed to undergraduate degrees at QM. Peer-support sessions are timetabled from the third week of semester one, and students are encouraged to attend if they need help in transitioning to the demands of university life, including their IFP studies.
On the BSc Econ degree learning is organised around three hours of weekly contact time per module, complemented by independent work aimed at carrying out the reading, writing and problem solving required by each lecturer. A variety of teaching methods are used ranging from student-led activities to problem-based learning.
Independent Study:
For every hour spent in classes you will be expected to complete a further 2-3 hours of independent study. Your individual study time could be spent preparing for, or following up on formal study sessions; reading; producing written work; completing projects; and revising for examinations.
The direction of your individual study will be guided by the formal study sessions you attend, along with your reading lists and assignments. However, we expect you to demonstrate an active role in your own learning by reading widely and expanding your own knowledge, understanding and critical ability.
Independent study will foster in you the ability to identify your own learning needs and determine which areas you need to focus on to become proficient in your subject area. This is an important transferable skill and will help to prepare you for the transition to working life.
Assessment is by a variety of methods including formal examinations, in-class tests, coursework of various forms, presentations and independent dissertation. Most modules have two methods of assessment (e.g., coursework and a two-hour exam).
Fees and funding
Tuition fees for Home and EU students
2018/19 Academic Year
Full-time £9,250
Tuition fees for International students
2018/19 Academic Year
Full-time £16,950
You can either take out a Tuition Fee Loan (see Funding section below) to pay your fees or, if you are paying them yourself, you can pay in instalments.
Tuition fees for a year abroad or placement year on a full time undergraduate course will be a proportion of the full fee for the year in which you commence your time abroad or placement.
For information on field trip and other course related costs which are not included in your tuition fee, please contact the relevant Department/School.
See more general information about fees.
Tel: +44 (0)20 7882 7676
email: email@example.com
Queen Mary has a substantial package of scholarships and bursaries which will benefit around 50 per cent of our undergraduate student body.
Scholarships and Bursaries available at Queen Mary for Home/EU Students
There are a number of scholarships and bursaries available each year for home students. Visit our Bursaries and Scholarships page for more information.
Visit our Advice and Counselling website for more information about financial support.
Scholarships available at Queen Mary for International Students
There are a number of Scholarships available each year for International Students including bursaries and scholarships in a range of subject areas.
Find out more about international scholarships.
Some International students may also be eligible for a fee reduction.
Loans and Grants available to help with tuition fees and living costs
Student Finance England administers all grant and loans for your studies if you normally live in England.
If you live in Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland you have an equivalent Student Finance department for your region.
Through Student Finance England, you can apply for (figures relate to programmes starting from September 2016):
- A Tuition Fee Loan of up to £9,000 to pay all or part of your fees
- A Maintenance Loan of up to £10,702 to help pay your living costs like rent, food and travel
- Extra grants if you have a disability or you have children or an adult dependant
- You might get a grant to cover some travel expenses if you normally live in England but study away from home. If you're a medical or dental student you might also qualify for help with the costs of attending clinical placements in the UK.
Visit Student Finance Information to find out more about:
- How to apply for student finance
- What eligibility rules apply, including if you already have a degree or previous higher education study
- What the income thresholds are and how much you might personally get for each element of Student Finance
- What to do if you have problems getting your Student Finance
Other financial help on offer at Queen Mary
We offer one to one specialist support on all financial and welfare issues through our Advice and Counselling Service, which you can access as soon as you have applied for a place at Queen Mary.
Our Advice and Counselling Service also has lots of Student Advice Guides on all aspects of finance including:
- Additional sources of funding
- Planning your budget and cutting costs
- Part-time and vacation work
- Money for lone parents
For more information visit the Advice and Counselling service website, or call +44 (0)20 7882 8717.
Graduate employment
Graduate employment
Whilst 2018-19 will be the first year this degree has been taught, graduates from Queen Mary's School of Economics and Finance's other degree courses go on to work in a variety of careers. Most people apply their degree knowledge directly, entering roles in insurance, banking and accounting. Others transfer skills gained during study into sectors such as marketing or law.
The national 2015 destination survey confirmed that 92% of graduates for the School of Economics and Finance were in employment and/or study six months after graduation, with 91% of these individuals working/studying at graduate level. School of Economics and Finance graduates have a strong earning power, with a median salary of £23,157.
The broad range of skills gained through this course, coupled with multiple opportunities for extra- curricular activities and work experience, has enabled students to move into careers such as:
- Assistant Economist - Health and Safety Executive
- Auditor - Deloitte
- Americas Analyst - UBS
- Graduate Trainee - Royal Bank of Scotland
- Junior Analyst - Arc Asset Management
- Junior Consultant - EFront
- Project Manager - NHS
- Trader - City Index
- Trainee Accountant - BDO Stoy Hayward
- Tax Trainee - Grant Thornton
Throughout the course, students have access to an annual QM Careers and Enterprise Centre programme, to prepare them for internships and graduate level work. This includes employer led workshops on job applications and interviews as well as over 70 employer events to facilitate networks and help students to explore their options.
The School of Economics and Finance has a weekly programme of in-school workshops and events led by the School's Careers Consultant. These include events such as Meet the Alumni, a mentoring programmes with RBS and access to weekly 1-2-1 appointments with the Careers Consultant to get support with work experience and job applications. There is also a 3 week Focus on Finance programme with workshops on economics in industry and government, working in insurance, investment banking, consulting and accounting, and featuring employers such as KPMG and Bloomberg as well as accountancy training providers.
In addition to the Year in Industry, opportunities for work experience during the other years are substantial given Queen Mary's location between Canary Wharf, the City and the Olympic Village. Students are encouraged to build their work experience throughout their period of study, through, for example, our QProjects work experience scheme, our QRecruit internships and temporary work hub, the part time work Experience Works event and QMSU Provide volunteering services. Over 1400 vacancies are available to browse on the QM JobOnline vacancy site.
Queen Mary's extensive campus also provides over 1200 on-campus job and volunteer opportunities ranging from E-learning Assistant to Gym Instructor and from Society President to Student Mentor.
Read more about our careers programmes and range of work experience opportunities on the QM Careers and Enterprise Centre pages.


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English: patronymic from Abel, which was a popular Middle English personal name. Compare Aplin.
"Appling." Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2006. Answers.com 02 Aug. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/appling-1
While the Applings are one of my more minor surnames (married into my major Stanley line), one Appling has been pretty interesting to me:
Dr Francis B Appling lived in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama during the Civil War and was loyal to the United States. Quite a dangerous position to take in Alabama at the time, I would think. I have several physician-ancestors from that time period, and all have served either as military surgeons or as civilian doctors contracted to treat sick or wounded soldiers. All except one: Francis B Appling. I have been able to find no evidence whatsoever of his involvement in the Civil War as a physician.
What is so interesting about Dr Appling is his legal fight with the Southern Claims Commission. His initial claim for the use of his mule by the United States Army, was for $150 and was disallowed in 1873. Dr Appling was apparently not impressed and in 1889 filed suit against the United States of America:
29 years after his original claim was filed (and almost 2 years after he died!), on 27 May 1902, Under the General Claims Appropriation Act (the Bowman and Tucker Acts), authorized by the Court of Claims, Francis B Appling was allowed $130.

subset: commoncrawl


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Free Press columnist Richard Clark takes a look at for what to be thankful.
As the holiday season begins, I realize it�s time to state a few of the things I am thankful for and shout out some of the people who are important to me.
My mom is the best.
First and foremost, I am thankful for the wonderful mother I have. My mother, as one of my friends likes to say, is a special kind of saint. She has always been there for me and I have no doubt will always be in the future.
I did not have much time with my grandparents and my extended family is nonexistent. My mother has filled the family void with grace and care my entire life.
She has an enormous heart. Her love of animals was passed down to me and I am the better for it. There is no question she is in the top 1 percent when it comes to mothers. In a time when many of my friends are beginning to lose their parents, I am extremely grateful mine are still with me.
My girls are my joy.
I am also thankful for my babies. My dog and cat give me a mini-family to come home to every day. Daisy, my dog, is quite possibly, the sweetest thing on the planet, her looks not withstanding. The cat? Well, let�s just say Kitty Paws and I have an agreement.
A good life is what I have.
I have a good life and I do not always appreciate it nor express my gratitude for it. While from a material stand point my life is � shall we say � lacking, I have all I need and I hope in the future I can appreciate it even more.
Solid people around me keep me in line, somewhat.
I am not one to have a ton of �friends� like some. I do not have 400 Facebook friends or thousands of Twitter followers. However, I do have very good friends that actually make my life better. You may have seen a couple of them.
Free Press Managing Editor Bryan Hanks and I have worked together for a while. Anyone who knows Hanks knows he is out and about in Kinston all the time. He and I could not be more opposite in many ways, but we have a solid friendship. Hanks, to his credit, gets the added bonus of defending me around town.
The other is Jacksonville Daily News Interactive Editor Amanda Hickey. She is essentially the little voice in my head telling that what I�m about to do is stupid, which unfortunately is much more often than I would care to admit.
My health is pretty good.
My current back injury situation notwithstanding, I am in pretty good health. As I get older (as most older people can attest), I am increasingly surprised by people my age or so battling serious health issues or worse. I feel very lucky that I have good genes and have all my working parts when many, many others are far less fortunate.
My country is, well, awesome.
I am thankful that I was born in and live in the best country in the entire world. We often take so much for granted as Americans but we have it so good. It is a privilege to live here. It is an even greater privilege to be able to discuss, argue, express or whatever you want to call it, any facet of our society without fear of reprisal or harm. I love our democratic process and marvel at the passion generated during its proceedings.
Our troops are giving up so much.
Working in Jacksonville has brought this even closer to home. For the most part, these are kids � young men and women stepping up and being shipped off to make us safer. Whether or not you agree with political decisions that ultimately lead to these young people being put in harm�s way, you should not doubt the conviction and selflessness on display by these kids.
I wish each and every one a safe journey back home to their families for the holidays.
We often like to look at our differences, myself included, but as Christmas approaches, let�s step back and give thanks for all we have. We can argue some more later.
Richard Clark is the desk chief for Halifax Communications ENC; his column appears in this space every Sunday. You can reach him at 910-219-8452 or at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter at kpaws22.


text: Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - Casablanca Get TEFL Certified & Start Your Adventure Today! Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in Casablanca Goto page Previous 1, 2, 3 Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> General Africa Forum View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message HodJoined: 28 Apr 2003Posts: 1613Location: Home Posted: Wed Sep 20, 2006 6:35 pm Post subject: Quote: I did buy a number of carpets, and part of my house is decorated in Moroccan furnishings.I didn't settle for cheap stuff, as I took the time to find talented craftsmen. Now now. I never said your maroc carpets were cheap nor unattractive. But then again, your charging me 25 pounds for a prawn madras, a couple of popadoms and 5 beers last Saturday night was a bit OTT. Back to top AfricaexpertJoined: 19 May 2003Posts: 109 Posted: Wed Oct 04, 2006 11:33 pm Post subject: Casa Oh, so you've actually returned to Morocco? Why eat Indian food when you can have great Moroccan food? Back to top HodJoined: 28 Apr 2003Posts: 1613Location: Home Posted: Tue Aug 07, 2007 8:28 pm Post subject: bump Back to top Henry_CowellJoined: 27 May 2005Posts: 3352Location: Berkeley Posted: Tue Aug 07, 2007 10:02 pm Post subject: And why admit that amok is a word of Malay origin when you can claim it is Arabic (with, of course, no evidence)? Double-bump Back to top HodJoined: 28 Apr 2003Posts: 1613Location: Home Posted: Tue Aug 07, 2007 10:41 pm Post subject: Re: Casa Now, let's stick to this topic like a hungry wasp in a jam pot. Why eat Indian food in Maroc is an oxymoron. The food on offer in Casa'a international eateries is so varied, that I'd be hard pushed to recall the last time I ate Moroccan at all. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> General Africa Forum All times are GMTGoto page Previous 1, 2, 3 Page 3 of 3 Jump to: Select a forum Where to Begin----------------General DiscussionNewbie ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumOnline Teaching Forum Africa Forums----------------General Africa Forum Asia Forums----------------CambodiaChina (Job-related Posts Only)China (Off-Topic)Hong KongIndiaIndonesiaJapanMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeTaiwanThailandGeneral Asia ForumVietnam Caribbean Forums----------------General Caribbean Forum Europe Forums----------------Czech RepublicFranceGermanyGreeceItalyMacedonia and the BalkansPolandRomaniaRussia & C.I.S.SpainTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomGeneral Europe Forum Latin America Forums----------------ArgentinaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaMexicoMexico (off-topic)PeruGeneral Latin America Forum The Middle East Forums----------------BahrainEgyptIsraelKuwaitOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesGeneral Middle East Forum North America Forums----------------General North America Forum Oceania----------------Australia/New Zealand You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group Teaching Jobs in China


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Start me up
Powering up the N800 is much the same as the 770. Press the power button, see the exact same boot screen, and in 30 to 40 seconds you're looking at the home screen. The first thing you'll notice is the subtle changes to the UI. The status indicators in at the top of the screen have been moved into their own little box and the default color scheme has been changed from red to a gradient blue-black. The overall effect is pleasing. The status icons are much the same: battery life, wireless connection, volume, Bluetooth, and brightness.
The N800's home screen, slightly customized with a clock and FM radio tuner
The default set of applets have changed as well. The RSS reader and Internet radio players have been joined by a Google search box and a contact list, the clock and day/date box is gone, and the Nokia logo has been replaced with a "Discover Tableteer" box that is a shortcut to the Nokia Tableteer site, which is devoted to usage tips and support for the N800. If you don't like the default set of applets, you can download new ones, and a slick layout mode allows you to easily select and drag new applets to the desired place on the desktop.
If you don't want to use the desktop to kick off your N800 usage, look to the left and you'll see three icons. The globe at top will launch Opera, the middle icon will launch the instant messaging application, and the bottom icon functions similarly to the Start menu on Windows. It allows you to access the file manager, control panel, and all the other programs loaded on your N800. Navigating the menu system is easy and intuitive.
If you're a stylus connoisseur, the N800 offers a slight improvement from the 770's lackluster rectangular stylus. The N800's stylus is triangular and slides easily in and out of the side of the case. It ain't no eMate stylus, though!
Getting connected
One of the N800's major features is its connectivity. It offers built-in support for 802.11b/g as well as Bluetooth, and the configuration tool is easy to use. When you first attempt to access the Internet, you'll be presented with a list of available wireless networks. Pick one, authenticate if necessary, and you're ready to surf. The N800 can remember up to four connections and associated passwords.
I found the reception to be very good, especially compared with my PowerBook. (That's not saying a lotmy Airedale Terrier can pick up WiFi networks easier than my PowerBook). Where my Apple laptop is able to pick up only a single wireless router, the one in the kitchen immediately below my office, the Nokia N800 finds four: the one in my kitchen, one in my basement, and two belonging to my neighbors. Accessing other WiFi hotspots like the freebies in Panera Bread (my auxiliary office) or the pay-as-you-go offerings at Starbucks is a snap.
Bluetooth syncing was somewhat problematic. I was able to pair my N800 with my PowerBook and browse a shared directory on my PowerBook. Similarly, I was able to hook the N800 up with my wife's Motorola v710 and surf the Internet very slowly on the tablet.
Pairing the tablet with other devices didn't go too well. I had no luck with my Apple Wireless Keyboard, as repeated attempts at pairing failed. I asked Nokia about the issue and they said that they haven't done extensive keyboard compatibility testing with the N800, but that Nokia SU-8W and a handful of others work with it. I also tried to pair it with a Motorola HS820 Bluetooth headset, but while the N800 was able to see it, the two devices were unable to pair off.
The USB connection works exactly as you would expect. Connect the N800 to your PC with a USB to Mini USB 5-pin cable (the kind commonly used to connect a digital camera to a PC) and the tablet will appear as a removable storage device to your computer. You can then easily transfer files to and from the Internet tablet.


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Services on Demand
Related links
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PER: Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad
On-line version ISSN 1727-3781
PER vol.16 n.1 Potchefstroom Apr. 2013
Constitutional socio-economic rights and international law: "You are not alone"
T Stein
Doctorate in Law, PhD (habilitation) (Heidelberg Univ). Professor of Law. Director of the Institute of European Studies and holder of the chair for European law and European Public Law at Saarland University, Germany. Email: email@example.com. Keynote speech delivered on 16 November 2012 at the Konrad-Adenauer Foundation and Faculty of Law (NWU, Potchefstroom Campus) 3rd Human Rights Indaba on The Role of International Law in Understanding and Applying the Socio-economic Rights in South Africa's Bill of Rights
Dear ladies and gentlemen,
As the title of my speech suggests, I should like to share today some thoughts about the nature, development and implementation of socio-economic rights. Setting out from the perspective of International and European law I should like to highlight a couple of similarities and parallels which I think exist when we consider the position of this kind of fundamental rights in our societies.
on two further international treaties was started immediately,1 finally becoming what we know as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPfR2 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCRR)3
These two treaties of international law involve different mechanisms of legal enforcement. In the case of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the ability to enforce its provisions became part of the conflict between "East" and "West" in what were some of the first chills of the "Cold War". Western countries believed at the time that the establishment of this new treaty would mean that policy choices would be made on an international stage, and would have to be taken in a democratic manner on the national level. There was a fear of a loss of autonomy.4 On the other hand, socialist countries tried to emphasise the importance and equality of this new set of human rights, seemingly promoting them in a stronger way. The reality was, as we all know, a bit different.
Nevertheless, one has to consider here that Marx' ideology considered the legal system as being a part of what is called the "superstructure". This means that law in general is seen as something artificial or cultural. It is only an abstract expression of what actually counts, namely the factors of production. 5 As a result of this view, legal norms are more unlikely to create as strict obligations as they might in other types of societies. That is how one also comes to understand why under Communist regimes there tended to be a rather flexible approach to the enforceability of legal provisions.
But even after overcoming the difficulties encountered at the beginning, nations all around the world remained wary of binding themselves to the ICESCR. The Covenant finally came into force in 1976, ten years after it had been opened for Often being described as the "second generation" of human rights,6 their concrete dimension in our everyday lives is as hard to define in detail as their implementation is crucial in general. When we think about ensuring the ability of all of the citizens of a nation to be able to cover their daily needs, respecting and promoting socioeconomic rights is at the centre of our common attention. The issue is also interconnected with bridging the gap of inequality in a state. However, and as we learned from the past, a lot of challenges arise when it comes to the implementation of this category of legal entitlements. Therefore, I said in my title: You are not alone.
Ever since the attempt was made to frame socio-economic rights in international law, they were subject to lively debates. As is generally known, the authors of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights were in 1948 unable to make the document legally binding on its members.7 In order to overcome this, the work signature.8 In South Africa, the government only recently, in a cabinet decision dating from the 10th of October 2012,9 decided that the South African parliament should ratify the treaty in line with section 231(2) of the Constitution. This decision, which was warmly welcomed by a number of NGOs active in the field,10 came almost eighteen years after South Africa originally signed the Covenant. 11
While this may seem to be a rather long time span at first glance, it should also be considered that the United States of America also has not ratified the covenant yet, despite its initial commitment to do so stemming on the 5th of October 1977.12 In other words, one of the leading promoters of Human Rights on the world stage has not completed the ratification of the ICESCR for more than 35 years - and still counting. One could therefore also state that it might take the US at least twice as long as South Africa to put the provisions of the covenant into force, if it is ever going to do so.
When we now look to Europe, we once more discover that the protection of human rights on my home continent is mainly a matter of regional cooperation. In the light of the experiences during World War II, the doctrine was developed that the effective protection of human rights can be achieved only through the involvement of strong international organizations with the states monitoring each other permanently.13 As a result, the protection of human rights has become a central building-block for the modern European Identity.
This is manifested mainly in the creation of two international treaties for the region, the European Convention of Human Rights of 1950 being the more salient one.14 But soon it was recognised that this legal framework was not sufficient for the establishment and protection of socio-economic rights. To overcome this, the European Social Charter (ESC) was signed in 1961 in Turin, under the auspices of the Council of Europe.15 The aim was to grant to Europeans, finally, certain minimum standards concerning housing, health, education, employment, social protection, free movement and non-discrimination.16 However, the original text of the charter left the signatory states a very wide margin of appreciation, allowing them initially to "pick and choose" a number of socio-economic rights they would grant their nationals. In order to check if the treaty parties were living up to their obligations, a reporting system was set up.17 But in contrast to the European Charter of Human Rights, no entitlements for complaints in the case of an infringement were established for individuals or states.
The initially loose framework of protection was later "upgraded" and tightened by adding additional protocols. And finally, a total revision of the treaty in the year 1996 followed.18 One of the biggest improvements can be seen in including the possibility for collective complaints, given to trade unions or NGOs for example.19 However, the basic pattern for the commitment to social human rights remained.
The most recent step in the attempt to improve the protection of social rights in Europe was taken by the European Union. Title IV of the new Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, bearing the name "solidarity," which came into force on the 1st of December 2009, was one of the most discussed parts of the new human rights charter of the European Union.20 And despite the fact that one can hardly doubt that the protection of socio-economic rights in Europe will be improved by the new legal framework, how and to what extent the new provisions are exactly binding for the European Union and its member states are still in dispute.21
As you can conclude from my remarks so far, South Africa IS NOT ALONE in facing the difficulties of implementing socio-economic rights.
While it seems to be rather easy for states to accept them in general or to commit to them as goals of their policies, the crucial question is how exactly to define the nature of the states parties' obligations. The Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights, which consists of 18 independent experts on the subject and which was set up by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations in 1985,22 also recognised this problem and tried to address it in several statements. The main task of the committee is to monitor the nations' implementation of the provisions laid down in the International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights of the United Nations.23
One of their comments is:
... while the full realization of the relevant rights may be achieved progressively, steps towards that goal must be taken within a reasonably short time after the Covenant's entry into force for the States concerned. Such steps should be deliberate, concrete and targeted as clearly as possible towards meeting the obligations recognized in the Covenant.24
The committee has made it clear that socio-economic rights are not to be granted as such by the parties. However, mechanisms have to be set into place which eventually will have to be improved over time and which finally create a state where socio-economic rights are being enjoyed by all the citizens of a nation, without discrimination.25 The "tools" to achieve this are legislation, an effective system of judicial rectification, and so-called other measures of an "administrative, financial, educational or social'"26 nature.27
The crucial provision of the Covenant itself can be found in Article 2 paragraph 1 of the ICESCR. The words "to take steps ... to the maximum of its available resources"28 in particular need further clarification, which the committee tried to deliver in a statement given in the year 2007.29 Basically, the experts find that all steps have to be taken by a nation, which are "adequate"30 or "reasonable"31 on the one hand, while at the same time not exceeding the level of available resources on the other.32 Here the committee tries to name a couple of issues which should be considered in detail, but, I should like to avoid getting too technical at this point.
Allow me to sum up the rationale by saying that each signatory should definitely live up to its commitments, but the bar has been set lower for those parties whose resources are scarce. It doesn't make sense, for instance, to be granting each person the entitlement to be living in a freshly renovated apartment when an armed conflict is currently taking place inside a country, threatening people's health or even lives, and potentially destroying a nation as such.
Another issue which has recently gained increased importance around the world as well as in South Africa is the responsibility of the corporate sector in regard to the establishment of economic, social and cultural rights.33
From the perspective of International Law it is undoubtedly clear that the signatories also have to live up to their given promises in that context. This has to be expressed in a three-fold manner by respecting, protecting and fulfilling the establishment of socio-economic rights.34 Despite the growing role and power of non-State actors in the sector, the duties imposed by the ICESCR upon the Member States remain in place. Therefore, signatory states are obliged to take care of the establishment of a framework which allows the development and strengthening of socio-economic rights.
Unfortunately, though, the "lack of arm's length" problematic describing the paralysis of legal enforcement often experienced when States attempt to enforce legal provisions against big international corporations seems to be a growing concern in the beginning of the 21st century. "Money makes the world go round" - in a globalised economy more than ever before.
In effect and as we all know, multi-national companies sometimes become more powerful than national legislators and their executive branches. This is clearly threatening peoples' socio-economic rights all around the world. Let me just reference briefly the very well-known situation of the Ogoni people in Nigeria, whose land has been severely damaged over the last decades by the activities of the international oil industry.35 These large corporations still deny their responsibilities,36 highlighting once more the importance of an effective enforcement of socioeconomic rights' provisions.
Considering the issue of enforceability as well as the decision by the South African government referred to above to ratify the UN covenant on socio-economic rights in detail, I should now like to share a few thoughts on the possible impacts of the new situation.
Analysing the principles of the establishment and enforcement of socio-economic rights in International Law and comparing them with the guidelines given by the South African Constitutional Court, I can repeat that YOU ARE NOT ALONE.
What impresses a European lawyer about the South African Constitution is its comprehensive approach to granting enforceable human rights, regardless of whether they are first, second or third generation rights. This comprehensiveness is also widely recognised in the academic literature.37 It makes South Africa stand out on its home continent, with such strong enforceability being found in scarcely any other nation in Africa.38 Looking at the world, a similar approach could perhaps be found in the Inter-American system of human rights protection. But in terms of the effectiveness of the legal remedies offered by the system, one would arguably have to recognise that the possibilities of the American mechanism are limited.39 As already described for Europe, Western systems tend to distinguish pretty clearly between the different rights' categories, with every nation being very cautious when it comes to legally binding itself to granting socio-economic rights.
As I have already said, the Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights, which is supervising the signatories compliance with the United Nation's ICESCR, has in its history tried to define the key elements of what granting socio-economic rights means in detail. It is very interesting, though, that the South African constitutional court emphasises similar principles in some of its key rulings on socio-economic rights.
In the case Soobramoney v the Minister of Health (Kwazulu-Natal),40 for instance, the court discussed what section 27 of the Constitution, which obliges the Republic of South Africa to take care of its citizens when they are in need of medical treatment due to the existence of an emergency, actually means. It found that if the state is not capable of providing appropriate medical treatment due to its lack of resources, even a life-threatening permanent disease, which required dialysis in the specific case, could be denied by the public authorities.41 Nevertheless, this does not mean that the state is not obliged to put a system into place which is capable of delivering the necessary therapies.
The essence of this decision comes very close to what the UN's committee stated in its 38th session in 2007, when it defined the necessity to take all steps which are "adequate"42 and "reasonable"43 to realise economic and social rights. Therefore, the decision of the South African Constitutional Court of 1997 is in line with international law, at least with the provisions of the ICESCR.
In another famous landmark case which was decided in the year 2000, namely Government of South Africa v Irene Grootboom,44 the question of available resources was also highly relevant. As you all know, the state was held responsible for not having lived up to its duties in providing enough support for national housing programmes. As result a large group of people, especially a large number of children, had to live under very poor conditions.
From an international perspective, the interesting thing about this decision, which led to the reinforcement of housing programmes in the region concerned,45 was the fact that the institutional checks and balances seemed to be working at the time on a national level, which cannot be taken for granted in human rights issues in any nation state. As I already said, the European experience especially shows that fundamental rights are best protected in networks of international surveillance.
The Constitutional Court, however, interpreted section 26 of the South African Constitution to the conclusion that South Africa had failed to fulfil its responsibility of what the UN's Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights would describe as "to take steps . to the maximum of its available resources"46. As you see, the wording of the international body can easily be used to justify the decision of the national court.
The decision in the case Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign,,47 dealing with the conditions of the treatment of HIV/AIDS diseases in South Africa could also be understood in this way. It therefore marks a continuation of the basic principles of the jurisdiction of the South African Constitutional Court.
All of this is remarkable, since it shows that socio-economic rights do enjoy a relevant position in South Africa. The country has shown in the past that it is capable of taking care of socio-economic rights in a way which can be seen as complying fully with international standards.
However, and as I have tried to show throughout my presentation, the realization of socio-economic rights is the result of a constant process which derives from constant and serious commitment. And this means that, although one battle another may have been won in the past, the "war" for the full realisation of socio-economic rights has to be fought until it is over. And this important duty has the nature of a Sisyphus task; for South Africa, as well as for the rest of the world.
Allow me some concluding remarks on cooperation. Fortunately, there are reasons for hope: when we consider the further development of socio-economic rights in your country, again YOU ARE NOT ALONE.
Just recently, on the 18th of September 2012, the fifth European Union-South Africa summit was held in Brussels under the title: "A partnership for our people, prosperity and peace".48 At the same time a number of side events like the first EU-South Africa Business Forum also took place.49
This came at a time when the relationship between the EU and South Africa had become more important than ever. South Africa is one of the EU's key partners in Africa and globally. In 2007 a Strategic Partnership was concluded50 following the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) concluded in 1999.51 As a result of these agreements, 90 percent of the two-way trade had been gradually liberalised by the year 2012.52
The EU is South Africa's main trading partner. 28 percent of the nations' total exports are destined for the area of the union.53 Since 2004, total trade between the EU and South Africa has more than doubled, with a total increase of 125 percent.54 The Union is the primary foreign investor in the country, being solely responsible for more than three quarters of foreign direct investment.55 And finally, the EU is the most important development partner of South Africa, providing in total 70 percent of all external assistance.56
How does this interconnect with socio-economic rights? First of all, an improved economic environment provides more resources for granting them. The realisation of this category of human rights largely depends on the possibility of each nation to do so. When there are not the necessary economic preconditions, it is almost impossible to set up a working health or education system.
Secondly, chapter two of the above Joint Country Strategy Paper for the years 20072013 tries to address the main challenges facing the country, each of them being closely related to socio-economic rights.57 There we find issues like unemployment, fighting HIV/AIDS, land-reform, environmental problems and much more.58 By supporting South Africa in developing further on these issues, the EU also assists in the realisation of its socio-economic rights. This support is of a sustainable nature, since both sides have committed to continuing their work beyond 2013, when the period of the current strategy paper ends.59
Thirdly and lastly, the EU and South Africa have recently tried to foster the ties between their civil societies. Concrete examples are events like the first EU-South Africa Business Forum which I referred to above, which will be held on a regular basis in the future.60 The Conference on Innovation for Poverty Alleviation is yet another example of such cooperation, where programmes for capacity development, employment and support for the implementation of the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement between South Africa and the EU have been created.61 And steps to draw closer in the academic context are also being taken, taking the shape of student programmes like "Erasmus Mundus".62
Ladies and gentlemen,
In this globalised world we live in, which is getting smaller in some sense every day, it is crucial that our societies should take more care of each other than we did in the past. In our age, protecting human dignity and creating the opportunities for a good life are tasks not only for national governments but for the entire world community. Europe and South Africa share a long history. This means that we understand each other's roots, situations and aspirations. But it also means that we understand the challenges each of us is facing. If we use this knowledge about each other and transform it into sincere support for the other's needs, both sides will win. Socioeconomic rights will win.
Cançado Trindade AA "Die Entwicklung des interamerikanischen Systems zum Schutz der Menschenrechte" 2010 ZaõRV629-700 [ Links ]
Chirwa DN Toward Revitalizing Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in Africa: Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria 2002 Human Rights Brief (1) 14-25 [ Links ]
Churchill WL Speech (Delivered at the University of Zurich, Switzerland 9 September 1946) [ Links ]
Herdegen GG "Entwicklung der Menschenrechte im Võlkerrecht" in Maunz T and Dürig G Grundgesetz: Kommentar - 65 Ergãnzungslieferung (Beck München 2012) [ Links ]
Marx K and Engels F Werke (Dietz Berlin 1971) [ Links ]
Riedel EH "Vorbemerkungen, Die Herausbildung sozialer Menschenrechte im internationalen Kontext" in Meyer J et al Charta der Grundrechte der Europãischen Union 3rd ed (Nomos Baden-Baden 2011) [ Links ]
Wehlau A and Lutzhõft N "Grundrechte-Charta und Grundrechts-Checkliste -eine dogmatische Selbstverpflichtung der EU-Organe" 2012 EuWZ 45-51 [ Links ]
Register of cases
Government of the Republic of South Africa v Grootboom 2001 1 SA 46 (CC)
Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co Case No 10-1491 (US Supreme Court)
Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) 2002 5 SA 721 (CC)
Soobramoney v Minister of Health (Kwazulu-Natal) 1998 1 SA 765 (CC)
Register of legislation
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
Register of international instruments
Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints (1995)
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950)
European Social Charter (1961)
European Social Charter (Revised) (1996)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Register of internet sources
Business Europe, Business Unity South Africa and Black Business Council 2012 1st EU-South Africa Business Forum - Joint Business Declaration http://bit.ly/YPYWyF [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1990 General Comment3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations http://bit.ly/16tj3VO [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2007 Statement: An Evaluation of the Obligation to Take Steps to the "Maximum of Available Resources" Under an Optional Protocol to the Covenant http://bit.ly/16tjr6v [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 2011 Statement on the Obligations of State Parties Regarding the Corporate Sector and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights http://bit.ly/XUSXFE [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Council of the European Union 2012 5th European Union-South Africa Summit - Presse 380 http://bit.ly/YQ08Cj [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Council of the European Union 2012 Joint Communique: EU-South Africa: A Partnership for Our People, Prosperity and Peace Council of the European Union - Presse 384 http://bit.ly/ZxH3Ro [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Council of the European Union Treaty Office Date unknown Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms http://bit.ly/10rW3ms [date of use 5 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
Department of Science and Technology 2012 Conference on Innovation for Poverty http://bit.ly/VTbKj2 [date of use 7 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
Economic and Social Council 1985 Resolution 1985/17 (28 May1985): Review of the Composition, Organization and Administrative Arrangements of the Sessional Working Group of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights http://bit.ly/Z2RmUt [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Erasmus Mundus Action 2 for South Africa Date unknown Home Page http://bit.ly/Z35JYJ [date of use 7 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
European Union 2004 Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) http://bit.ly/129P1HP [date of use 6 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
European Union 2007 Cooperation Between the European Union and South Africa - Joint Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013 http://bit.ly/YPYWyF [date of use 6 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
European Union 2012 Press Release: EU Strategic Partnership with South Africa - MEMO/12/677http://bit.ly/129QmOX [date of use 6 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
Government Communication and Information System 2012 Statement on Cabinet Meeting of 10 October 2012 http://bit.ly/PpCNVN [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
ICESCR Ratification Campaign Driver Group 2012 South Africa to Ratify International Socio-Economic Rights Covenant http://bit.ly/SXvo1d [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Jaichand V 2006 The Implementation and Enforcement of Economic and Social Rights in South Africa http://bit.ly/14Kub2x [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Mubangizi JC 2007 Prospects and Challenges in the Protection and Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights: Lessons from the South African Experience http://bit.ly/1022ttA [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 1996 Fact Sheet No 2 (Rev 1) - The International Bill of Human Rights http://bit.ly/ZxzFp5 [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
Sekularac I and Deutsch A 2012 Nigerian Villagers Sue Shell in Landmark Pollution Case http://reut.rs/129H8lF [date of use 5 Nov 2012] [ Links ]
United Nations Treaty Collection 2012 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Status http://bit.ly/64bPHA [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
United Nations Environment Programme 2011 Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland: Report http://bit.ly/11gl2vf [date of use 24 Oct 2012] [ Links ]
List of abbreviations
BUSA Business Unity South Africa
CESCR Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ECOSOS Economic and Social Council
ESC European Social Charter
EU European Union
EuR European Monetary Unit
EuZW Europaische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht / European Journal of Economic Law
GCIS Government Communication and Information System
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
TDCA Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement
UN United Nations
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
ZaóRV Zeitschrift für auslandisches óffentliches Recht und Vólkerrecht
1 OHCHR 1996 http://bit.ly/ZxzFp5 Section Background.
2 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966).
3 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966).
4 Chirwa 2002 Human Rights Brief'14; Riedel "Vorbemerkungen" Rn 1
5 See Marx and Engels Werke 7-11.
6 See Herdegen "Entwicklung der Menschenrechte im Vólkerrecht" art 1 abs 2.
7 Riedel "Vorbemerkungen" Rn 1.
8 UN Treaty Collection 2012 http://bit.ly/64bPHA.
9 GCIS 2012 http://bit.ly/PpCNVN
10 ICESCR Ratification Campaign Driver Group 2012 http://bit.ly/SXvo1d.
11 ICESCR Ratification Campaign Driver Group 2012 http://bit.ly/SXvo1d.
12 UN Treaty Collection 2012 http://bit.ly/64bPHA.
13 See for instance Churchill Speech.
14 For detailed information on the Convention and all of its protocols, see Council of the European Union Treaty Office Date unknown http://bit.ly/10rW3ms.
15 European Social Charter (1961).
16 Part II ESC.
17 Article 20, Part IV ESC.
18 Riedel "Vorbemerkungen" Rn 2; European Social Charter (Revised) (1996).
19 See Addttional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complannts (1995); Part IV, Art D European Social Charter (Revised) (1996).
20 Riedel "Vorbemerkungen" Rn 1.
21 Wehlau and Lutzhóft 2012 EuWZ 45.
22 ECOSOC 1985 http://bit.ly/Z2RmUt.
23 See CESCR 1990 http://bit.ly/16tj3VO; CESCR 2007 http://bit.ly/16tjr6v; CESCR 2011 http://bit.ly/XUSXFE.
24 CESCR 1990 http://bit.ly/16tj3VO para 2.
25 Article 2 para 2 of the ICESCR.
26 CESCR 1990 http://bit.ly/16tj3VO para 7.
27 CESCR 1990 http://bit.ly/16tj3VO para 3 ff.
28 Article 2 para 1 of the ICESCR.
29 CESCR 2007 http://bit.ly/16tjr6v.
30 CESCR 2007 http://bit.ly/16tjr6v para 8.
31 CESCR 2007 http://bit.ly/16tjr6v para 8.
32 CESCR 2007 http://bit.ly/16tjr6v para 8 ff.
33 CESCR 2011 http://bit.ly/XUSXFE.
34 CESCR 2011 http://bit.ly/XUSXFE para 4 ff.
35 See UNEP 2011 http://bit.ly/11gl2vf. The report claims that it may take up to thirty years to restore the conditions in the harmed region.
36 Sekularac and Deutsch 2012 http://reut.rs/129H8lF. See also Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co Case No 10-1491 (US Supreme Court).
37 See Jaichand 2006 http://bit.ly/14Kub2x 1 ff, Mubangizi 2007 http://bit.ly/1022ttA 1.
38 Mubangizi 2007 http://bit.ly/1022ttA 8.
39 Cançado Trindade 2010 ZaóRV634.
40 Soobramoney v Mnnsster of Heatth (Kwazuuu-Nata)) 1998 1 SA 765 (CC).
41 Soobramoney v Minister of Heatth (Kwazuuu-Nata) 1998 1 SA 765 (cc) para 36.
42 See CESCR 2007 http://bit.ly/16tjr6v para 8.
43 CESCR 2007 http://bit.ly/16tjr6v para 8.
44 Government of the Republic of South Africa v Grootboom 2001 1 SA 46 (CC). The Court relied on General Comment No 7 even before being bound by the ICESCR.
45 Government of the Republic of South Africa v Grootboom 2001 1 SA 46 (CC) 2.
46 Article 2 para 1 ICESCR.
47 Minister of Heatth v Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) 2002 5 SA 721 (CC).
48 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/ZxH3Ro.
49 Business Europe, BUSA and Black Business Council 2012 http://bit.ly/YPYWyF.
50 EU 2007 http://bit.ly/YPYWyF.
51 EU 2004 http://bit.ly/129P1HP.
52 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/YQ08Cj 2.
53 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/YQ08Cj 2.
54 EU 2012 http://bit.ly/129QmOX.
55 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/YQ08Cj 2.
56 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/YQ08Cj 2.
57 EU 2007 http://bit.ly/YPYWyF 7 ff.
58 EU 2007 http://bit.ly/YPYWyF 1.
59 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/ZxH3Ro 6.
60 Business Europe, BUSA and Black Business Council 2012 http://bit.ly/YPYWyF.
61 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/ZxH3Ro 6; Department of Science and Technology 2012 http://bit.ly/VTbKj2.
62 Council of the European Union 2012 http://bit.ly/ZxH3Ro 6; Erasmus Mundus Action 2 for South Africa Date unknown http://bit.ly/Z35JYJ.


text:
Most people probably play Halo titles for the multiplayer. I don't blame them. But the singleplayer campaign in Halo 4 is too excellent to ignore.
The legitimate launch trailer—which focuses on the storyline—is pretty good on its own. It's simple, it alludes to the main threat and theme of the game.
But I like this alternative one by Luke Ritson better. This isn't his first time he's taken a pretty good launch trailer and made it even better. This latest one feels like a trailer for a powerfully emotional film, which speaks volumes to both the quality of Halo 4's campaign and this editor's launch trailer tweaking skills.
Halo 4: Alternative Launch Trailer [YouTube]


text:
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text:
TOPEKA, Kan. (WIBW) - The nomination drew strong views from both sides of the aisle, but the Kansas Senate voted late Wednesday afternoon to confirm Caleg Stegall's appointment the Kansas Court of Appeals.
The 32 to 8 vote reflects the Senate's Republican / Democrat split. Senators spent more than an hour debating Stegall's nomination before the vote.
Stegall served as the Gov. Sam Brownback's chief attorney before his appointment. His relationship to the Governor was among reasons critics cited in opposing his appointment. Stegall was the first Appeals Court judge nominated under a new process where the Governor alone screens applicants and makes the selection, subject to Senate confirmation. Gov. Brownback opted not to make public the names of the other applicants for the position.
In the past, a nominating commission interviewed applicants and forwarded three names to the Governor from which to choose. The group did publicly release applicants' names.
Opponents also spoke out on the secrecy surrounding the process. They said the could not evaluate whether Stegall was, in fact, the best applicant because they did not know the other applicants to whom he was compared.
But supporters pointed out applicants for federal positions are not publicly named, either. As for those who questioned Stegall's associations with conservative causes, they point to recommendations Stegall received from people from all political backgrounds. While Stegall does not have prior judicial experience, supporters say, neither did several other people who were appointed to the bench.
Stegall answered questions Tuesday for more than an hour from the Senate Judiciary Committee. He said many groups with whom critics associate him were clients who he represented as an attorney.
Stegall said all judges come to the bench with personal experiences, but it is incumbent upon all judges to set those biases aside and issue ruling based on what is written in law.
Stegall said his broad array of experience would bring diversity to the bench. He had served as a judicial clerk, private attorney in large and small practice and a prosecutor in Jefferson County before joining the Governor's staff.


text:
Deborah Cox, Teal Wicks and More Set for FRANK WILDHORN & FRIENDS at Pantages Theater, 2/18
The Actors Fund presents a very special MUSICAL MONDAY- Frank Wildhorn & FRIENDS with the Multi-GRAMMY and Tony Nominated Composer of Jekyll and Hyde and special guest performers - Deborah Cox, Janet Dacal, Lisa Datz, Carly Robyn Green, Sam Harris, Clint Holmes, Tracy Miller and Teal Wicks.
Join The Actors Fund for this very special opportunity to spend an intimate evening with Multi-GRAMMY and Tony Award nominated composer/producer Frank Wildhorn in the glorious art deco lobby of the Pantages Theatre. Wildhorn's works span the worlds of popular, theatrical, and classical music. His shows have included Jekyll & Hyde, The Scarlet Pimpernel, The Civil War, Victor/Victoria, Wonderland, and Bonnie & Clyde, and he has written popular songs for major stars.The Actors Fund concert series entitled MUSICAL MONDAYS is a series of Cabaret events produced by John Bowab and Martin Wiviott. All shows include pre-show cocktail reception at 7:30 pm and post-show dessert reception with the artists. The evening is sponsored by Nederlander, Corner Bakery, Off Vine and Sextant Wines.
The concert will play Monday, Feb 18, 2013 - 7:30pm Reception and 8:00pm program at The Pantages Theater Lobby, 6233 Hollywood Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. Tickets are $125 per concert ($75 of which is tax deductible) call 323-933-9266 ext 458, email firstname.lastname@example.com or visit www.actorsfund.org.
FINAL LINEUP with Frank Wildhorn:
Deborah Cox (Jekyll & Hyde, Aida)
Janet Dacal (Wonderland, In The Heights)
Lisa Datz (The Full Monty, Hedwig and The Angry Inch)
Carly Robyn Green (Recording Artist)
Sam Harris (TV, Theatre, Recording Star)
Clint Holmes (Las Vegas Headliner)
Tracy Miller (Hairspray, Dracula)
Teal Wicks (Jekyll & Hyde, Wicked)
In 1999, Wildhorn became the first American composer in 22 years to have three shows running simultaneously on Broadway: Jekyll & Hyde, which received four Tony nominations; The Scarlet Pimpernel, which received three Tony nominations; and The Civil War, which received two Tony nominations. For more information regarding Frank Wildhorn, visit www.frankwildhorn.com/Biography.
THE ACTORS FUND is a national human services organization that helps everyone-performers and those behind the scenes-who works in performing arts and entertainment, helping more than 12,000 people directly each year, and hundreds of thousands online. Serving professionals in film, theatre, television, music, opera, radio and dance, The Fund's programs include social services and emergency assistance, health care and insurance, housing, and employment and training services. With offices in New York, Los Angeles and Chicago, The Actors Fund has-for nearly 130 years-been a safety net for those in need, crisis or transition. Visit www.actorsfund.org for more information.


text:
Download Notepad++ 6.4.1
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- Fix fold all command bug (which folds partially).
- Fix opening the same file twice due to its different path (for example symbol link).
- Fix deleting macro from macro menu crash issue.
- Fix the bug of Window position not saved/restored properly.
- Fix small window size problem due to closing Notepad++ in icon state (reduced in the taskbar) on the last session.
- Enhance Block comment: remove 1024 bytes limit.
- Fix a detection error of UTF16 file from a binary file.
- Enhance the performance of switching files if folding is applied.
- Fix macro problem: Find functionality doesn't work in "Run a Macro Multiple Times".
- Enhance the performance while double clicking on a very long word.
- Enhance TAB/Space conversion: UTF8 support and preserving the current state.
- Change the Preferences dialog's UI (List interface instead of tab interface).


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Guitar Center Presents ERIC CLAPTON Crossroads Guitar Collection Featuring Limited Edition & Replica Guitars
Guitar Center, the world's largest musical instrument retailer, in partnership with Eric Clapton, proudly announces the launch of the Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Collection. The limited-edition collection will feature five Eric Clapton tribute, replica and signature guitars to be sold in North America exclusively at Guitar Center locations and online at GuitarCenter.com beginning March 21, 2013.
All guitars in the one-of-a-kind collection were developed in partnership with Eric Clapton, Guitar Center, Fender, Gibson and Martin Guitar, drawing inspiration from the guitars used by Clapton at pivotal points throughout his iconic career. The collection includes a replica Fender Custom Shop Eric Clapton "Brownie" Tribute Stratocaster guitar, Gibson Harrison-Clapton "Lucy" Les Paul, and Eric Clapton Signature Martin 000-28 and 000-45 models, as well as Eric Clapton "Crossroads" guitar straps from Ernie Ball.
Creating the Eric Clapton Crossroads Collection
The Eric Clapton Crossroads Collection is the result of a unique and significant history between the music retailer and famed guitarist. Guitar Center has co-sponsored each of Eric Clapton's four Crossroads Guitar Festivals and been a strong supporter of The Crossroads Centre charity, having purchased several of Eric's most famous guitars including his "BLACKIE" Stratocaster and the CREAM Gibson 335 at The Crossroads Guitar Auction in 2004. Clapton has also graced the cover of the Guitar Center Buyers Guide. Coming together to develop this special collection was a natural continuation of the music retailer and music icon's longstanding relationship. Well known amongst his peers for being a great musical collaborator, Clapton invited Guitar Center to create a collection of guitars from the most prestigious manufacturers. The result of this incredible collaboration is two tribute replica guitars with rich ties to Clapton's career as well as three new Eric Clapton signature guitars that will launch in conjunction with Clapton's upcoming U.S. tour and Crossroads Guitar Festival.
"We have always admired Eric Clapton as one of the all-time great guitarists, singers and songwriters and for his extraordinary influence on musicians around the world for over 50 years," said Michael Doyle, Senior Vice President of Guitar Merchandising. "We were honored to be invited by Eric to collaborate with him on this unique collection of guitars which have been the inspirational tools of his trade throughout his career."
Giving Back Through the Eric Clapton Crossroads Collection
Not only is the construction of and history behind the Eric Clapton Crossroads Collection of guitars notable, but a significant portion of the proceeds from the sale of each of the guitars in the collection will be donated to benefit Eric Clapton's Crossroads Centre. The Crossroads Centre, Antigua was created to provide treatment and Education to chemically dependent persons. Treatment is provided through residential care, family and aftercare programs. The pathway to recovery is founded on the movement toward a change in lifestyle.
"It's been my experience that the proper guitars, like those in this Collection, are just made for playing - the motive behind the making of the guitar is 100% right," said Eric Clapton. "They are beautiful guitars; from the inlays to the rosewood they are unique from one another. One would be inclined to take care of and be in awe of them."
For more information on the Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Collection please visit www.guitarcenter.com/Clapton.
About Guitar Center's Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Collection
Fender Custom Shop Eric Clapton "Brownie" Tribute Stratocaster
To watch Eric Clapton's exclusive Guitar Center interview on the Fender Custom Shop Eric Clapton "Brownie" Tribute Stratocaster visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNpS23xTyCM
About "Brownie": Best known as the "Layla Stratocaster" and famously featured on the back cover of that pivotal album, "Brownie" was the first Strat ever owned by Eric Clapton, purchased in May 1967. The 2-Color Sunburst guitar has a heavily worn maple neck, dated from 6-56, and was first seen in Clapton's hands bolted to a Telecaster body during Blind Faith. The (entire!) guitar was featured on the front cover of his first solo album Eric Clapton, and featured throughout Eric's stint with "Delaney & Bonnie" and "Derek And The Dominos." With a winning bid from Experience Music Project (EMP) of $497,500, "Brownie" was sold at Eric's first guitar auction in June 1999.
In collaboration with Eric Clapton, Guitar Center and EMP, the Fender Custom Shop started work on a "Brownie" replica in the summer of 2012, using the original guitar as a reference. The project was led by Todd Krause, Senior Master Builder for Eric Clapton's personal Stratocaster guitars, who reproduced the original guitar to the minutest detail. Offered in a limited edition of just 50 domestic and 50 guitars worldwide, the "Eric Clapton "Brownie" Tribute Stratocaster" guitar will be offered in America exclusively through Guitar Center in March / April 2013, coinciding with the 2013 Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Festival. The Fender Eric Clapton "Brownie" Tribute Stratocaster will retail for $14,999 msrp.
Gibson Harrison-Clapton "Lucy" Les Paul
To watch Eric Clapton's exclusive Guitar Center interview on the Gibson Harrison-Clapton "Lucy" Les Paulvisit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CChQUNmi7cg
About "Lucy": Owned by Eric Clapton and then given to his best friend George Harrison who soon nicknamed it "Lucy", the "Gibson Harrison-Clapton "Lucy" Les Paul" has unequalled pedigree. At the invitation of George, Eric played the cherry red Les Paul on the Beatles classic, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps." Played by George on The Beatles' White Album and Let It Be, the guitar can also be seen in the Beatles film Let It Be and the promo film Revolution. Loaned back to Eric in 1973, Eric played the storied guitar again at his comeback Rainbow Concert.
Still owned and cherished by the Harrison estate, the guitar originally a 1957 Gold Top, refinished by Gibson in 1967 in "cherry red" was meticulously measured and inspected by Gibson Custom in 2012, from which a stunning replica was made. A remarkably lightweight mahogany body, unusually slim '50s neck (thanks to the refinishing in 1967) and PAF humbuckers make this a great playing Les Paul. And the offset seam on the maple top along with screw holes for the previously removed Bigsby vibrato and "Custom" truss rod cover are among the details which are authentically recreated.
In collaboration with the George Harrison Estate and Eric Clapton, this historical guitar will be a limited edition of just 100 guitars worldwide, available in America exclusively through Guitar Center in March / April 2013, coinciding with the 2013 Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Festival. The Gibson Harrison Clapton Les Paul will retail for $14,999 msrp.
Martin Eric Clapton "Crossroads" Signature Guitars
To watch Eric Clapton's exclusive Guitar Center interview on theMartin Eric Clapton "Crossroads" Signature Guitarsvisit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvwRZCWGah0
- Martin 000-28EC "Crossroads" Madagascar Rosewood (will retail for $5,999 msrp)
- Martin 000-45EC "Crossroads" Madagascar Rosewood (will retail for $12,999 msrp)
- Martin 000-45EC "Crossroads" Brazilian Rosewood (will retail for $49,999 msrp)
About the Martin Eric Clapton "Crossroads" Signature Guitars: Guitar Center, in partnership with Eric Clapton and C.F. Martin Guitar, has commissioned a limited edition of three of the finest and most desirable Martin instruments ever made - hand crafted to Eric Clapton's personal specification by the C.F. Martin Custom Shop. Based on the legendary 14 fret 000 body style first introduced in 1934, these exquisite guitars are uniquely appointed with "Crossroads" pearl inlays and bear the personal, hand-written signatures of Eric Clapton and Chris Martin on both the Certificate Of Authenticity and sound hole label. Constructed from the finest and rarest tone woods, they are available in three versions: a 000-28EC Madagascar Rosewood (on sale March 2013); a 000-45EC Madagascar Rosewood; and a 000-45EC in Brazilian Rosewood.
Due to the exotic tone-woods and hand-crafted construction quantities are necessarily limited and Guitar Center is the exclusive retailer in the USA. The two 000-45EC models are available for pre-sale via special order effective immediately, with first deliveries starting in March / April 2013.
Ernie Ball Crossroads Collection Straps
About the Ernie Ball Crossroads Collection Straps: Ernie Ball has partnered up with The Crossroads Centre, Antigua to release a limited edition Eric Clapton Crossroads Collection Guitar Straps, available exclusively at Guitar Center, with a portion of the proceeds benefiting the charity. Inspired by the iconic design style of European automobile manufacturers, Ernie Ball's Crossroads Collection Straps feature premium Italian leather and hand-stitched threading for maximum appeal. Putting a primary on performance and comfort, these straps also feature a thin layer of padding and and an ultra-rich suede back. These limited edition straps are a must have for any Clapton aficionado, or any guitar player seeking a high-quality strap that's built to last.
About Guitar Center
Guitar Center is the world's largest retailer of guitars, amplifiers, drums, keyboards and pro-audio and recording equipment. Our retail store subsidiary presently operates 240 Guitar Center stores across the U.S. We are also the largest direct response retailer of musical instruments in the United States through our wholly owned subsidiary, Musician's Friend, Inc., and its catalog and Web site, www.musiciansfriend.com. In addition, our Music & Arts division operates more than 100 stores specializing in band instruments for sale and rental, serving teachers, band directors, college professors and students. More information on Guitar Center can be found by visiting the Company's Web site at www.guitarcenter.com.
About Fender
Fender is the world's leading guitar brand and a name that is synonymous with rock 'n' roll. Iconic Fender instruments such as the Telecaster , Stratocaster , Precision Bass and Jazz Bass guitars, and amps such as the Bassman , Twin Reverb and Deluxe Reverb are known Worldwide for starting the rock Revolution and continue to be highly prized by today's musicians and collectors. For more information, visit www.fender.com.
About Gibson
Known globally for its innovative iconic guitars, Gibson has evolved into a full-grown lifestyle and consumer electronics brand through its partnership with Onkyo, and acquisition of The Stanton Group, which includes Cerwin Vega and KRK. Headquartered in Nashville, Gibson, under the leadership of Chairman and CEO Henry Juszkiewicz, has expanded Worldwide with more than 3,500 employees in the U.S. and internationally, all working to fill your life with music. American made and world-played, Gibson's family of vintage and cutting edge products are available to consumers around the globe. Ever since Orville Gibson founded the company in 1894, Gibson has been revolutionizing the guitar industry. And since it was purchased by Juszkiewicz and two partners in 1986, the company has become a leading global innovative brand in consumer electronics and especially high end and professional audio. Today, it's the company where sound, technology and lifestyle unite. www.gibson.com
About Martin Guitar
C.F Martin & Co. (www.martinguitar.com) has been creating the finest acoustic instruments in the world for over 175 years. It continues to innovate, introducing techniques and features that have become industry standards including X-bracing, the 14-fret guitar and the "Dreadnought" size. One of the world's leading acoustic instrument makers, Martin guitars are hand-made by skilled craftsmen and women, who use a combination of new design and techniques along with those introduced by the company founder. The company is also known for producing high-quality, popular acoustic guitar strings. These include the Martin SP LIFESPAN line - the fastest-growing treated string in the industry, and the Martin SP line - which uses an industry leading core wire to hold tunings better. Martin guitars and Martin strings are the instruments and strings of choice for musicians around the world, from the icons of rock, country, folk and bluegrass to those just beginning their careers. They can be seen across all segments of pop culture, from television (Glee, Psych, Raising Hope and American Idol) to the movies; on Broadway and in books, online, and gracing the covers of popular magazines on newsstands everywhere. Connect with Martin and Martin Strings on Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, YouTube and viawww.martinguitar.comandwww.martinstrings.com.
About Ernie Ball
In 1962, veteran player and teacher Ernie Ball created Slinkys, the iconic light gauge electric guitar strings widely revered by hundreds of guitar greats including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Keith Richards, Jimmy Page, The Edge and John Mayer. In addition to hand crafting high-end Music Man guitars and basses, Ernie Ball Inc. offers state-of-the-art instrument accessories that are carried in more than 6,000 stores in the U.S. and 110 countries worldwide. The family-run company maintains its founder's dedication to preserving the musician's playing experience and delivering superior sound quality through the development of new products, such as the revolutionary Element Shield Packaging which hermetically seals guitar strings keeping each set as fresh as the day they were made. The company also fosters artist development through musician-focused programs such as the Golden Pick promotion featuring Slash and Eric Clapton, and the world's largest and longest running Battle of the Bands, where unsigned bands compete each year for the chance to play on multiple tours and win tons of prizes. Learn more atwww.ernieball.com.
SOURCE Guitar Center


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Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology
versão On-line ISSN 1445-7377
versão impressa ISSN 2079-7222
Indo-Pac. j. phenomenol. (Online) vol.13 spe Grahamstown Set. 2013
Special edition on the lifeworld approach for empirical research in education - the Gothenburg tradition with guest editor: Jan Bengtsson
Christopher R. Stones
Life is filled with so many interesting twists, turns and surprises.
Late one evening in early November 2009, as I was systematically reading through the mail that had arrived at its destination - my e-mail inbox - I heard the familiar 'ding' sound of yet another message arriving.
Upon opening the e-mail, there was the following:
Dear Christopher Stones,
At the IHSRC in Oxford this year, I arranged a symposium on educational research based on life-world phenomenology. The symposium consisted of an outline of the methodological approach and descriptions of methodological issues in five different doctoral research projects. Would you be interested in a special issue of this symposium for the Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology? I enclose an outline of the symposium.
Kind regards,
Jan Bengtsson
After reading the symposium outline, I found myself being intellectually 'grabbed' by the notion of lifeworld research especially the variation of this approach inherent in what had become the Gothenburg tradition. Without too much delay, but after careful consideration, I replied to Professor Bengtsson that the IPJP would gladly welcome the release of a Special Edition dealing with educational research based on lifeworld-based phenomenology.
From that point on, there was regular correspondence with Professor Bengtsson regarding the content and likely thrust of the proposed Special Edition in which he wanted to address lifeworld phenomenology research through theoretical discussion, supported by examples of how the life-world could be used in research practice. In particular, Jan was keen to report on several doctoral projects being undertaken within the Gothenburg tradition.
Jan's own of theoretical contributions underwent the same rigorous review process applied to all submissions to the journal while Jan -as Guest Editor - took responsibility for ensuring the comprehensive and rigorous review of the papers submitted by invited authors.
It had always been Professor Bengtsson's aim to release a thoroughly comprehensive set of papers in a special edition that would stand as testimony to the Gothenburg tradition of lifeworld research which had emerged from his many years of active, innovative and rigorous thinking around the utility of a phenomenological approach in educational research. However, very unfortunately, time was not on Jan's side and so the decision was taken to complete the Special Edition with only two examples of lifeworld phenomenological research in the hope that these two examples provide sufficient illustration of the value of lifeworld research, especially within an educational context.
Tragically, Jan never lived to see the publication of his Special Edition as he passed away three weeks before the release of his hard-worked-for release that focusses on the legacy he left, that of the Gothenburg tradition as a research approach for empirical research in education.
Life is indeed filled with so many interesting twists and turns.
Professor Jan Bengtsson remained true to his vision and his life's work till the end.
Referencing Format
Stones, C. R. (2013). Editorial. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 13 (Special Edition, September: Lifeworld Approach for Empirical Research in Education - the Gothenburg Tradition), 2 pp. doi: 10.2989/IPJP.2013. 220.127.116.115
About the Author
Professor Christopher Stones, previously of Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa, joined the University of Johannesburg in 2008 as Professor of Psychology in the Faculty of Humanities. He has enjoyed a lengthy academic and research career, in the course of which he has taught in the areas of physiological, clinical, forensic, social, and research psychology. He is Vice-President of the South African Association for Psychotherapy and past Chairman of the South African Society for Clinical Psychology. Editor-in-Chief of the Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology since 2003, he is also on the editorial panels of two other online journals. Using both natural scientific quantitative methodologies and phenomenological approaches, Professor Stones's research interests are in the areas of identity, attitudes and attitude change, phenomenological praxis and methodologies, abnormal psychology and psychotherapy, spirituality and religious experience, in all of which areas he has published extensively. An Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society, with which he is also registered as a Chartered Psychologist, Professor Stones is registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa as both a research and a clinical psychologist, and conducts a part-time clinical practice with particular focus on adolescents, young adults and families, as well as offering long-term psychotherapy. In addition, he is regularly called on to serve as an "expert witness" in medico-legal (civil and criminal) court proceedings, and to contribute as a consultant in the field of forensic investigation. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com