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Well, hello my dear Gates cousins-
Did you think you had heard the last of me? Never!
I planned to be writing more often but I got sidetracked figuring out how to put the family tree online for everyone, which is coming along and should be up one of these days…(why doesn't someone harass me to get it finished?)
I am writing this to share with you an interesting experience, sort of Twilight Zone-ish, that happened late Monday night, the 28 of July, really the 29, since it was just after midnight. I was doing some research online, looking at some old newspaper archives. (For some reason, this is what I was doing at midnight on a Monday night.)
I was explaining to someone else how to use it. "Here's how you do it," I said. "You just type in the surname, let's say Gorton." I was thinking of W.B. Gorton, Nana's grandfather. I was hoping to find his obituary in an old newspaper.
I went on, "…You pick the newspaper, let's say the Lima Daily Times…"(since the Gortons lived in Lima, Ohio) "…and then you just click on one of these links and see what it says…"
I clicked the third "Gorton" link down and the following news clip came up.
The headline on the far right (click on image to enlarge or see readable excerpt below) said :
"Death's demands. Two Octagenarians pass away at almost the same hour."
The next words said "Mrs. Emaline Roberts…" What luck! That was Nana's great grandmother!
Apparently two women in their 80's died within an hour of each other in Lima, Ohio, which is odd and discovering that one of them was Nana's great grandmother was also odd. But finding her, so unexpectedly, was not the strangest part.
It helps to have the context of this story. You, of course, remember, that Lima, Ohio, is where your grandmother, Frances Lenore Myers, was born.
I was completely surprised to see Nana's great grandmother Emaline dying in Lima, Ohio, because, according to my research, Emaline had lived her later years in Cleveland, Ohio. She was born in Connecticut in 1805 and married John Roberts, also from Connecticut, in Gustavus, Trumbull County, Ohio in 1822. They lived in Warren and Mecca, Trumbull County, before they moved to Cleveland in 1870, living there until 1890. John was a machinist and worked at a steam saw mill to support his family of 6 children. What was she doing in Lima, Ohio in 1890?
In calculating her age, I realized, she was 80 years old when she came to Lima, so she had probably left Cleveland because of advancing age (her husband, John Roberts, had died long before her, in about 1871) and came to be cared for by her daughters, Frances Lucinda Gorton, who was 64 at the time, and Ella A. Kennedy, who was 43.
Let me paint a brief picture of this large family. It was 1890. Nana is just 3 years old, with three older brothers, ages 18, 14 and 9 (younger brother Ralph isn't born until 1892), living with their mother Mary Augusta Gorton and father, George W. Myers.
Mary's father, "W. B.," (William Benjamin) Gorton, (Nana's grandfather) had just died five years ago "of heart problems," at age 60, after having founded Christ Church in Lima and having created a best-selling flour at his mill called "Lilly White Flour."
The matriarch, Emaline, (maiden name, Hotchkiss) Roberts, Mary's grandmother, is coming home to her family of two daughters, both widows, their children and grandchildren. Emaline's younger daughter, Ella A. Kennedy, has a 15 year old son, Harry. Emaline's oldest daughter, Frances Lucinda Gorton, has two adult married daughters.
One of the married daughters is Mary, Nana's mother. Frances' other married daughter is another Ella, who in 1890 is married to Eugene MacKenzie and has two children, ages 9 and 6. (Eugene was the son of Judge James Mackenzie, of Lima, and grandson of William Lyon MacKenzie, member of Parliament, first Mayor of Toronto and leader of the Great Reform Party in Canada, both originally from Scotland.)
The married daughters' husbands, George Myers and Eugene MacKenzie had taken over the Gorton family business, Ottawa Mills (flour), a few years before W.B. Gorton, (Frances' husband) died in 1885, George quitting his job as a railway express agent and Eugene quitting his job as a town clerk.
It is to this extended family that Emaline is returning.
Seeing things from the genealogical sky, I know that this mill burns down two short years from then and George goes back to working as a railway express agent and Eugene goes into the coal business. Harry dies in 5 years, age 20, (of what I haven't discovered yet), his mother remarries and moves to California. Nana's brother Albert dies in 1905, and brother Ralph in 1910, and their mother, Mary A. in 1917, all of TB, and George follows shortly afterwards in 1920 of "gall bladder rupture," age 74. Frances Lucinda Gorton lives to 86, dying in 1912 and her daughter, Ella Mackenzie, lives to be 85, and dies 4 months before I was born, in 1946. Frances Lenore Myers, of course, marries AJ Gates and rises out of Lima and moves to Hartwell, Ohio to begin her family with baby Constance in 1912.
The significance is that this chance news story caused me to look at a family, going through all the strife and problems of life, much like what we are going through, and not knowing how it is all going to turn out. That is one of the great rewards of genealogy- you get to see things from a much larger perspective than just one lifetime. It allows you to think about why you are here and causes you to value the moment you are given.
But the unusual thing, the twilight zone thing, is that after I had reviewed all those who were in the family, their lives and their deaths, building a picture of their world, I looked closely at the news story and read the date of Emaline's death:
I realized that date was... tomorrow! and now as you read this, it is today! She died 118 year ago today! What are the chances that you would discover a death date exactly 118 years later, on that date? I say "on the date" because she probably knew I needed a day to write this.
So give a thought to Nana's great grandmother, your great, great, great grandmother- without her we all wouldn't be here.
Hope you are all well. If you have a response you can post it here.
Your cousin,


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He had 10 stories to tell, each a detailed account of risks taken by his officers to save lives, and when it came to the ninth, St. Paul Police Chief John Harrington still could only marvel at it all.
The scene was of an accident, the chief recalled Monday, and of an officer, Michael McGinn, who had arrived to find that a car had crashed into a tree, and been torn in two, with a smoking hot engine lying on the driver's chest and head.
McGinn, the son of a retired St. Paul cop, was patrolling alone at the time, Harrington said. But he slipped on his gloves, picked up the 300-pound engine and he slid it off the victim.
Said the chief to the officer: "I still can't believe you could do this."
On Monday, McGinn was one of 24 officers honored with the department's first life-saving awards, created to recognize officers who had saved lives under circumstances where heroism and the potential risk of their own lives were required.
In Harrington's view, it had to be adrenaline that powered McGinn's heroic act that night of May 10, 2008, on the city's West Side.
McGinn, asked to explain it after he collected his medal Monday, said: "All I can say is this: It was what was needed to be done at the time. It's nothing you can calculate. It's 'oh my gosh, oh my gosh, I have to get this off this person.' "
He remembers, too, he said, trying to lift the engine again after a tow truck operator arrived early that morning to carry away the pieces, and realizing then, "It was pretty heavy."
"I thought, 'Never mind. He's got a winch,' " McGinn said.
Putting lives on line
McGinn, whose father, Mike McGinn, is the current U.S. marshal in Minnesota, was on the midnight shift when he encountered about 50 cars clustered in an industrial area near State Street and Plato Boulevard. They were street racers, he said. He turned on his lights to get them to move along.
For no apparent reason, or perhaps just to show off, McGinn said, the driver of a Honda Civic suddenly peeled off down Plato Boulevard, forcing the officer to try to weave through the parked cars to catch up.
McGinn said that he saw the Civic go through a red light at Robert Street, and an SUV slam on its brakes. Still, he thought, no problem, McGinn recalled Monday, "if I see him at Wabasha Street, I'll talk to him then."
To the west of Robert Street, however, he saw debris next to a tree. McGinn got out of his squad car, struggling all the while to see in the dark, and he found the driver under the engine about 20 feet from the tree.
McGinn dispensed with the engine, and tried to keep the driver calm and awake. He heard the crackling of the victim's ribs when he breathed in, and gurgling sounds when he breathed out.
Paramedics arrived in a matter of minutes.
McGinn said Monday that he has no idea what's become of the victim. But he was certain, he added, that "his life has been changed."
In addition to being honored for his actions at the West Side accident, McGinn also collected a second life-saving medal Monday for having joined three other officers -- Francisco Molina, John Corcoran and Gerald Carter -- in preventing a man from jumping off the Wabasha Bridge in January 2008.
They and the other award recipients Monday represented a mix of veterans and newcomers. Five were "legacy officers," Harrington said, that is, the children of past city cops. Each recipient, he said, exemplified the department's values of commitment, compassion and courage.
Concluded the chief: "They are truly St. Paul's finest."
During Monday's award ceremony, the department also honored:
Sgt. Kevin Moore -- for talking a suicidal woman into coming back over the railing on the Smith Avenue High Bridge and securing her until assistance arrived. The incident occurred March 23, while Moore was working as a detective, Harrington said.
Officer Michael Johnson (now retired) -- for preventing the suicide in September 2006 of a man who had been drinking and was armed with a shotgun. Johnson was able to sneak up on the man, tackle him and disarm him.
Officers Anthony Holte and John Thomas -- for preventing the suicide in September 2006 of a woman on a ledge near the former Ramsey County jail. The officers were able to climb over the railing and secure the woman, who was perched more than 200 feet above a parking lot.
Officers David Quast, James McKnight, Charles Anderson and Matthew Sweeney -- working as a team on June 7, 2008, the officers were able to prevent the suicide of a man on the Smith Avenue High Bridge. They restrained the "large combative male," pulling him back over the railing to safety. He'd been on a ledge that was a "scant six inches wide," Harrington said.
Officers William Beaudette, Amy Boyer, Kathleen O'Reilly, Edward Dion and Jesse Mollner -- working as a team on May 25, 2008, the officers were able to prevent the suicide of a woman who was holding a knife to her chest. She already had cut herself and continued to apply pressure to her chest. Even though officers are trained to stay 21 feet from people with knives, the chief said, they talked to the woman and waited for an opportunity to move in and restrain her.
Officers John Buchmeier, Patrick Murphy and Jeremy Ryan -- for preventing the suicide of a woman who jumped into the Mississippi River in sub-zero weather on Dec. 12, 2008. Working as a team, the K-9 officers tied their dog leads together and were able to talk the woman into securing herself with the leads. That prevented her from drifting away, and falling victim to hypothermia, Harrington said.
Officers Joshua Lynaugh and Daniel Ficcadenti -- for rescuing a man who had been severely beaten and left to drown in the Mississippi River on the night of July 1, 2008. The officers held onto the large man, who continued to struggle until assistance arrived. "Can you imagine?" Harrington said Monday. "Pitch black. The Mississippi River (flowing) fast."
Officers Jeffry Lewis and Christopher McGuire -- responded to an apartment fire in a four-plex in October 2006, and helped evacuate three apartments in the building. When nobody answered in the fourth unit, they opened the door and heard a man calling. Working as a team in the smoke-filled room, the officers patted the ground as they made their way through the apartment, and finally made physical contact with the man, whom they pulled to safety.
Anthony Lonetree • 612-673-4109

subset: commoncrawl


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Stone Mosaic
Combining multiple textures of stone in a variety of geometric shapes, the Shift Collection changes our perception of stone as a decorative surface. Chiseled, scrapped and hammered, the stone surfaces shift from one texture to another in an almost lyrical fashion, creating visual interest that changes with the play of light and shadow.
Residential: All interior surfaces, including bathroom walls / floors*, shower walls/floors, kitchen backsplashes, general flooring and exterior patios and walls. Commercial: Interior and exterior walls and interior flooring. See Resources | Usage Guide for more details. *Cream not recommended for shower floors.
Collection Catalog


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End-of-life notice: American Legal Ethics Library
As of March 1, 2013, the Legal Information Institute is no longer maintaining the information in the American Legal Ethics Library. It is no longer possible for us to maintain it at a level of completeness and accuracy given its staffing needs. It is very possible that we will revive it at a future time. At this point, it is in need of a complete technological renovation and reworking of the "correspondent firm" model which successfully sustained it for many years.
Many people have contributed time and effort to the project over the years, and we would like to thank them. In particular, Roger Cramton and Peter Martin not only conceived ALEL but gave much of their own labor to it. We are also grateful to Brad Wendel for his editorial contributions, to Brian Toohey and all at Jones Day for their efforts, and to all of our correspondents and contributors. Thank you.
We regret any inconvenience.
Some portions of the collection may already be severely out of date, so please be cautious in your use of this material.
Indiana Rules of Professional Conduct
Comment - Rule 4.3
[1] An unrepresented person, particularly one not experienced in dealing with legal matters, might assume that a lawyer is disinterested in loyalties or is a disinterested authority on the law even when the lawyer represents a client. In order to avoid a misunderstanding, a lawyer will typically need to identify the lawyer's client and, where necessary, explain that the client has interests opposed to those of the unrepresented person. For misunderstandings that sometimes arise when a lawyer for an organization deals with an unrepresented constituent, see Rule 1.13(d).
[2] The Rule distinguishes between situations involving unrepresented persons whose interests may be adverse to those of the lawyer's client and those in which the person's interests are not in conflict with the client's. In the former situation, the possibility that the lawyer will compromise the unrepresented person's interests is so great that the Rule prohibits the giving of any advice, apart from the advice to obtain counsel. Whether a lawyer is giving impermissible advice may depend on the experience and sophistication of the unrepresented person, as well as the setting in which the behavior and comments occur. This Rule does not prohibit a lawyer from negotiating the terms of a transaction or settling a dispute with an unrepresented person. So long as the lawyer has explained that the lawyer represents an adverse party and is not representing the person, the lawyer may inform the person of the terms on which the lawyer's client will enter into an agreement or settle a matter, prepare documents that require the person's signature and explain the lawyer's own view of the meaning of the document or the lawyer's view of the underlying legal obligations.


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Kerry James Marshall
Exhibition Shots:
Press release:
Kerry James Marshall
And Wistful Romantic Idylls
Exhibition Dates: September 6- October 24, 2008
Reception for the Artist: Saturday, September 6, 6-8PM
Gallery Hours: Tuesday-Friday: 10:00 am - 5:30 pm; Saturday: 11:00 am - 5:30 pm
Koplin Del Rio is pleased to announce its sixth solo exhibition of new paintings and drawings by
Kerry James Marshall.
Marshall describes the new work: "This continues my over-arching project of representing aspects of Black Culture rarely made visible in contemporary picture making. Secondarily, I am also interested in foregrounding the black figure in popular genres of painting not usually associated with the socio-political frame in which much African American art is seen through. For example, in the big coffee table book survey, The Great American Pin Up, published by Taschen, not one of the sexy, dream girls is Black. Likewise, what are the chances of encountering a portrait (imaginary) of John Punch; Angry Black Man in any of the major museums of Los Angeles". (An important and forgotten figure, John Punch was the first person in American history to be condemned by a State Court to a life sentence of slavery in 1646. John Punch; Portrait of An Angry Black Man is among the new paintings to be featured in the exhibition.) Marshall continues, "Vignettes, are very sweet images of Black couples in vast landscapes, based in part on the stylistic character of 18th century Rococo painting. After completing a dozen or so of the vignette romances in grisailles, the works in this exhibition are now in full color."
Kerry James Marshall was born in Birmingham, Alabama in 1955. His family relocated to Los Angeles where Marshall grew up first in South Central and later Watts. His formative years are reflected in the socially charged narratives found throughout Marshall's artwork. At the core of Marshall's visual vocabulary is the truth of African American life as he sees it. An avid reader with an insatiable curiosity for information, the themes of Marshall's work are informed by volumes of magazines, newspapers, books, and films on African-American history, art, literature, mythology, folklore and comics. Western art history also plays prominently in his compositions; with references to artists from Mossaccio to Matisse to Jacob Lawrence.
Now living in Chicago, Marshall has exhibited his works in many important group exhibitions, including the 2007 and 1997 editions of Documenta, the 2003 Venice Biennale, the 1999/2000 Carnegie International, and the 1997 Whitney Biennial. His solo exhibitions include shows at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; the Baltic, Newcastle on Tyne, UK; the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; the Studio Museum of Harlem, New York; and the Wexner Center, Columbus, Ohio. Among the many honors he has received are a MacArthur Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Arts Visual Arts Fellowship, and a Wexner Center Residency Award. Most recently he was awarded a Skowhegan Medal for Painting. Marshall's work is represented in major private and museum collections throughout the world including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.
For further information or photos, please contact Kimberly Clark at email@example.com.
About the artist:
BORN: 1955 Birmingham, AL
1999 Honorary Doctorate, Otis Art Institute, Los Angeles, CA
1978 Otis Art Institute, Los Angeles, BFAA
View more work by Kerry James Marshall on Artsy
|Kerry James Marshall
|Kerry James Marshall, Vulture Magazine, May 5, 2015


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Typically, workplace safety is priority one for companies in the electrical construction industry, where the distinction between having a good safety program and an outstanding one could mean the difference between going home at the end of the day or going to the hospital.
To honor those contractors that make an exemplary effort to keep their employees safe, the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), Arlington, Va., announced the winners of this year's AGC/Willis Construction Safety Excellence Awards at its 88th Annual Convention held in San Antonio. The awards are given to contractors with a proven safety record who embrace a cultural commitment to safety.
One such company is New Tech Electric, a Portland, Ore.-based electrical contractor that won second place in the specialty contractor category for between 100,00 and 300,000 hours worked. According to Warren Sanders, New Tech Electric's safety manager, the company, which employees between 90 and 100 employees at any given time, hasn't suffered a lost-day case since March 2003. Sanders credits this accomplishment to his company's safety culture. "Our injury-free workplace philosophy establishes safety as a value over every work priority," says Sanders. "The work priority might change by the hour — you could be doing energized electrical work in the morning and pulling wire in the afternoon. Both of those work practices are different, but the injury-free value that you approach each of those work disciplines with is the same."
Another electrical contractor acknowledged for its dedication to a safe workplace is E C Company, also headquartered in Portland. Mark Hopkins, corporate safety manager for E C Company, says this is the first time his firm's safety program has been nationally recognized. E C Company, which employs approximately 825 people and is one of the largest electrical contractors in the Northwest, received first place in the specialty contractor category for more than 1 million hours worked. According to Hopkins, safety starts at the top. "Our president, George Adams, mandated our safety awareness seminars," Hopkins says. "In the last three months, we have required a half-day safety training seminar for the top 320 people in the company. Attendance is mandatory. We want to make sure everyone is accountable and responsible for the safe actions and safe performance on their jobsites."
Like E C Company, New Tech Electric strives to ensure that all employees know what is expected of them when it comes to safety. "The safety training process begins at new hire orientation," says Sanders. "Whether you're a field person, an office person, or an administrative project manager, New Tech Electric puts people on the same level. There is no differentiation between what you do and what your rights, roles, and responsibilities are within the company."
Being named a recipient of an AGC/Willis Construction Safety Excellence Award is no small feat. To be considered for the award, finalists are required to have zero work site fatalities. In addition, all entrants are thoroughly screened to ensure their company is committed to a safe work site at every level of employment and has a successful training program, work site hazard identification and control, and safety program innovation. At the AGC Convention, finalists presented their safety program to a panel of safety experts from various organizations around the country.


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Proper skincare for baby's most formative early years is an essential component to health and a proactive approach to enhanced immunity. As the body's first line of defense against harmful elements, and the producer of important immune chemicals like interleukin and interferon, healthy skin is integral to the strength of the immune system, and actively supports the body's natural healing and protective abilities.
Not only does the skin support immunity, it contributes to, and communicates about, the body's overall state of health. Nearly 30% of all unscheduled visits to the pediatrician's office are prompted by a variety of skin conditions, such as rashes, dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis and sunburn (Baby Skin, Dr. Nelson Novick). Rashes, bumps and redness can be a telltale sign that your baby's body is being exposed to more than it can handle.
Parents need to understand how baby skin is unique and know that it needs special care to help it stay healthy. A child's skin has differing needs depending upon its stage of development and baby skin is more vulnerable to environmental irritants and contaminants. Below is the predominant framework to help parents understand the natural skin development during a child's early years:
Baby Skin Stages™:
Newborns & Preemies – Baby skin is thin, permeable and, much like baby, isn't yet functioning at full capacity. The skin is therefore very vulnerable to its surroundings, especially environmental toxins from personal care products, food, clothing, and cleaning supplies. During this phase it is essential to limit contact with any synthetic chemicals and to support the skin's barrier properties with pure natural and organic skincare products that help build baby skin strength and thickness.
Infants & Toddlers – The Baby's natural skin functions develop and the surface thickens, however the skin is not producing enough melanin, sweat or natural oils to maintain necessary moisture and act as the body's first line of defense. Baby's growing independence results in exposure to the elements and environmental toxins, making hydrating, protective, and anti-inflammatory skin care an additional priority.
Preschool & Beyond – Skin function begins to mature and children learn to take over some of their personal grooming. Many children of this age spend time in group-care settings, increasing contact with bacteria and viruses. Establishing good natural skincare habits with organic skincare products that reduce exposure to harmful chemicals is essential to creating a lifetime of health and wellbeing.
Look for products that have been developed for the unique vulnerabilities of each Baby Skin Stage during the early years.


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Note: This item is more than seven years old. Please take the publication date into consideration for any date references.
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News Release
Media Contact: TPWD News, firstname.lastname@example.com, 512-389-8030
May 24, 2012
Michael Hummert Named Marine Law Enforcement Officer of the Year
AUSTIN — Anyone who spends much time on Lake Texoma in North Texas likely has run into Game Warden Michael Hummert, the 2012 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department marine law enforcement officer of the year.
TPWD Executive Director Carter Smith presented the award to Hummert at the May 24 meeting of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in Austin.
Warden Hummert, who has served as a game warden for five years, is stationed in Grayson County and spends about 500 hours a year patrolling the sprawling lake along the Texas-Oklahoma border. During his time on the lake, Hummert has made six boating while intoxicated cases, including one that netted the defendant a third-degree felony conviction because he had nine prior DWI charges on his record.
"Because of Michael's streamlining of the BWI process by utilizing the TPWD game warden station on Lake Texoma, through videotaping and blood sampling, most of his BWI cases are plead out before ever going to trial," Smith said.
The felony BWI case came after the warden responded to a boating accident on the lake. Another of the BWI cases resulted from Hummert's successful pursuit of a large, high-speed "cigarette" boat from Texas to Oklahoma waters.
First on the scene of another serious boating accident, Hummert and his partner jumped into the water and steadied a boater's broken neck while at the same time coordinating with other first responders to get a medical helicopter on the scene.
"Because of Lake Texoma's sharing a common boundary with Oklahoma, Michael has become a great asset to not only this state, but to the citizens of Oklahoma as well," Smith said.
Hummert has assisted in several search efforts for drowning victims on the big lake, including two in Oklahoma waters where he was the first officer on the scene.
In addition to law enforcement work where life and death hang in the balance, Hummert hosts a Boy Scouts of America "Safety at Sea" event, with more than 75 scouts receiving valuable instruction in water safety issues and other marine topics.
As the 2012 TPWD marine enforcement officer of the year, Hummert is now eligible to receive the Southern States Boating Law Administrators Association's Officer of the Year Award. If chosen for the SSBLA award, he would be nominated for the National Association of Boating Law Administrators' Officer of the Year Award, to be presented in September.
"Michael has a great working partnership with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, enforcing the closure of the Big Mineral Army of Lake Texoma in protecting migratory bird wintering areas," Smith said.
A native of Grandview, in Johnson County south of Fort Worth, Hummert and his wife live in Pottsboro.
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Broderick Turner rates the 30 teams and where they stand, after offseason moves, with comments.
1.CLEVELAND: "I'm the best player in the world," LeBron James said at the NBA Finals. Can't argue that. Kyrie Irving, Kevin Love will help.
2. GOLDEN STATE: Led by MVP Stephen Curry and a talented group, the small-ball, pace-and-space Warriors can shoot down any team.
3. SAN ANTONIO: Quest to get Tim Duncan 6th NBA ring. Keeping Kawhi Leonard, signing LaMarcus Aldridge, David West will help.
4. OKLAHOMA CITY: Kevin Durant, Serge Ibaka and Russell Westbrook will make it easy for first-year coach Billy Donovan.
5. CLIPPERS: They entertained the world with...


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(SANTA FE) – The New Mexico Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have confirmed Salmonella Bredeney in a 5-year-old girl from Roosevelt County, who ate multiple products containing peanut butter.
"The Scientific Laboratory Division of the New Mexico Department of Health has been working with the CDC since this outbreak was announced to identify any potential cases in New Mexico," said Brad McGrath Interim Cabinet Secretary for the New Mexico Department of Health. "I urge New Mexicans to check their kitchen cabinets and pantries and get rid of any of the peanut products that have been recalled."
Click here for a list of recalled products.
CDC's advice to consumers who have recalled peanut products in their home:
In addition to the New Mexico case, CDC has reported 35 Salmonella Bredeney cases in 19 states linked to peanut products produced by Sunland, Inc. in Portales, New Mexico. The plant has voluntarily shut down production until further notice and has recalled multiple products. The New Mexico Environment Department has been working to make sure all of the recalled products are off store shelves. For questions about the recall, contact the New Mexico Environment Department's Food Program Manager, Steve Zappe at 505-827-1080.
Salmonella is a bacterium that can commonly contaminate foods. Symptoms usually begin 12 to 72 hours after ingestion and usually include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. In most people, illness will resolve in a few days and does not require antibiotic treatment. Children under the age of five, older adults and people with weak immune systems are most at risk for serious complications. If you experience symptoms of stomach illness, contact your health care provider and ask him or her to test you for Salmonella bacteria.
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Breathing ?
Which of the following health conditions is not directly benefited by breathing exercises?
High blood pressure
Herbal Medicine: The Medical Botany of John Bartram
Christopher Hobbs LAc, AHG
When European settlers
began to arrive in what is now Massachusetts at the beginning of the 17th century, they brought the plants and remedies they knew, along with a few of the famous works on herbal medicine that were consulted by all. For instance, it is known that Dodoens'
New Herbal
was on the Mayflower when it landed at Plymouth in 1620.1 This important Dutch herbal was translated into English in 1578 by Henry Lyte,2 and alongside of such well-thumbed English herbals as Gerard (1633),3 Parkinson (1629),4 and Culpeper (1649),5 formed a body of works that were important sources of information about herbal-based medicines eventually available from early colonial apothecary shops. So important were these books, that they were kept on the mantle, along with the family Bible,6 often made use of by "wise women" or housewives with the knowledge of simples, or herbal remedies.7
These herbals listed the botanical affinities, descriptions, uses and preparations of European herbs, with the addition of a number of famous exotic remedies, such as ginger and cinnamon, but few, if any medicinal plants indigenous only from North America. Besides the herbals, a number of English medical works, consulted more by doctors, or professional practitioners, such as the many editions of the Edinburgh New Dispensatories were common.8 American editions of these works, for instance by Lewis and Duncan were printed, but still did not contain more than a handful of American plants--until about 1818, when Jacob Dyckman, a physician from New York added over 50 native American medicinal plants to the 8th (and last)
Edinburgh New Dispensatory
, with their descriptions and uses.9
Since there was generally a shortage of trained physicians and pharmacists, or even such interim practitioners as clergymen with medical knowledge in the Colonies,10,11,12,13 the common person might have to depend upon one of the popular herbals of the day; or other works such as Almanacs, which sometimes gave information on popular medicines,14 family health advisors, such as Buchan's popular
Domsestic Medicine,
first printed in America in 1771,15 among other works.16
Another important source of information on the indigenous drug plants was the Native American materia medica. It is likely that a number of important official and non-official drugs were learned from the first inhabitants of America and the extent of the impact of this knowledge on future medical practice has been discussed. For a critical discussion, see Cowan's
The impact of the materia medica of the North American Indians on professional practice,
17 or Vogel, for a more detailed, though less critical view.18
The medical skill of the native American people has been observed and written about in detail,19,,,20,21,22,23 and it is known that they had an extensive materia medica. However, knowledge of medicinal plants of diverse tribes, while sometimes shared freely with the white man in the early 1700s, did not find its way into print, except in rare bits and pieces,24,25 until the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By this time it must be considered that much of this tribal knowledge was considerably influenced by Eurpean culture.
The various works already mentioned, then, remained nearly the sole written source of medical information to the colonists until the close of the 18th century, when, for instance, medical men such as Benjamin Smith Barton (1810) wrote one of the most extensive works on indigenous materia medica.26
It is with considerable interest, then, that any scrap of writing on American medicinal plants before 1800 is encountered. One of the more interesting early essays on American remedies of the mid 18th century is from John Bartram, who was among the most respected botanists of the colonial era. His eminence is supported by a statement of Linneaus that Bartram was "the greatest natural botanist in the world." It is also of consequence that Bartram's name was second only to Benjamin Franklin's on the list of original members of the Amerian Philosophical Society (1742), and that he was eventually appointed botanist and naturalist of the American Colonies to the King, George III.27 Until now, this work has not been reprinted and is largely unavailable, except in a few rare book rooms of libraries in the northeastern U.S. The author is gratified, therefore, to make the entire text of this work available--hopefully to be read and appreciated by a wider audience. The text was entered directly from the copy at the Harvard Medical school library into a laptop computer.
To this scarce mid-18th century work on medical botany is added a short sketch of the life and work of John Bartram and an elucidation of the probable sources that Bartram drew the material from to write the article. Preceding the reprint of Bartram's work is a table of the plants he writes about with their modern Latin names.
JOHN BARTRAM and his MEDICAL BOTANY
The following short sketch of Bartram's life and career were taken mainly from William Bartram's short biography of his father,28 the
Dictionary of Scientific Biography,
29 Earnest,30 Darlington,31 Gordon,32 and Youman??33
The grandfather of John Bartram, Richard Bartram, was born and lived his entire life in Derbyshire, England. Richard's son, John, moved to Pennsylvania in 1682, the year Philadelphia was founded. Of his three sons, John, Isaac, and William, the latter (William) also had three sons--one of which was John Bartram, the botanist. The family had a peculiar fancy for the names William and John, and one, if not two, of the names were used each generation, often making things a bit confusing.
John was born in 1699, and at the age of 24 was already married and a respected member of the community. At the same age, he purchased a tract of land consisting of 102 acres and began to farm.
There are conflicting ideas about John's early education, but his letters demonstrate that he had little formal training in grammar; it is uncertain if he pursued even the moderately adequate education available to him in the early rural Colonies. Bartram himself mentions the lack of polish in his writing.
Other accounts indicate that he had a keen interest in nature and science at an early age. Darlington says of him,
"He had, however, all or most of the education that could at that time be acquired in country schools; and whenever an opportunity offered he studied such of the Latin and Greek grammars and classics, as his circumstances enabled him to purchase; and he always sought the society of the most learned and virtuous men. He had a very early inclination to the study of physic and surgery...and, in many instances he gave great relief to his poor neighbours. It is extremely probable that, as most of his medicines were derived from the vegetable kingdom, this circumstance might point out to him the necessity of, and excite a desire for, the study of Botany."
In 1727, at the age of 28, his first wife Mary died, but two years later he married Ann, with whom he had nine children. His son William was later to become a close companion in some of his botanical travels and eventually surpassed his father in learning and science, writing an important and influential early American literary work,
The Travels of William Bartram.
John seems to have been a fair businessman, buying and selling property and by sheer energy and industriousness, made a moderate success at farming. He even split heavy rocks and built his house from stone with his own hands.
As he grew older, he began to correspond with some of the greatest naturalists of the day, both in Europe and America, including Linnaeus, Gronovius, Clayton, Kalm, and Peter Collinson. Collinson was an especially important connection, which lasted for 33 years, from 1735 to 1768. Collinson commissioned Bartram to collect and send plants and seed to himself and others, both scientists and wealthy supporters of science. Bartram did this with amazing energy and skill, making many arduous and perilous trips throughout the eastern colonies, often traveling alone. He seemed to have a native genius for science, especially botany--in fact it was Linnaeus himself who called him "
the greatest natural botanist in the world
It is often written that Bartram founded the first botanical garden in the U.S. (about 1729-30), at his farm on the Schuylkill river, then 3 miles from Philadelphia. This was not the case, as his garden was preceded, at least, by those of a sect of German mystics led by Kelpius on the Wissahickon river, and of Dr. Christopher Witt at Germantown.35 Today, his famous garden is immortalized and stands right in the thick of the city as a memorial park.
Darlington, as well as Bartram's son William have both stated in their writings that John took an early interest in the practice of medicine and the medicinal uses of plants. An interest which may have been an important factor in the development of his love of botany.
It is known that he owned copies of Salmon, Culpeper and Turner, who were given to him by his mentor James Logan--all about 1729, along with Parkinson's
Paridisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris
. Logan was the secretary to William Penn, and later became Governor of the Province. He was in constant negotiations with the Iriquois, who often came to his Germantown estate. Here, Logan may have introduced him to native American people who had knowledge of the medicinal uses of the local plants he writes about in his
to the 3rd American edition of Short's
Medicina Britanica,
the object of this present reprint.
Bartram was not a prolific writer, but his interest in medicinal plants is shown by an essay of his that was printed in the
American Almanac
(Philadelphia) for 1741 by John German on the "True Indian physic, or ipecacuanha" (
Gillenia trifoliata, G. stipulacea
or less likely
Apocynum cannabinum
), which he said to be useful in the treatment of "the bloody flux" (dysentery). This publication is one of the earliest in American pharmacognosy and was published in Ben Franklin's
Poor Richard's Almanack
the same year36 (Guerra,
Journal of the History of Medicine:
July, 1961).
Besides the opportunities to meet Native Americans and peruse Logan's extensive library, it is known that Logan arranged for Bartram to accompany an interpreter, Conrad Weiser, on the journey to Onondaga (near Lake Ontario), which was to be one of his longest botanical expeditions. This would have allowed a perfect opportunity to learn the uses of plants from the Iriquois. After this trip, Bartram wrote
Observations on the inhabitants, Climate, soil, rivers, productions worthy of notice, made by John Bartram in his travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario in Canada
(London, J. Whiston & B. White, 1751. vii, 94 p., 20 cm.). This was published in the same year as
, adding support to the possibility that Bartram gathered some of the therapeutic informationoon the native plants listed in this latter work from this same expedition.
It is almost universally agreed that John Bartram was not only a very gifted scientist and botanist--largely self-taught, but was very even-tempered and cheerful--he seemed to have been blessed with a kindly and energetic temperament. He was said to be "naturally industrious and active, both in body and mind," and was of exceedingly moral and spiritual character. Bartram was a Quaker and very much acknowledged the influence of a higher guiding power all through his life. It is to his credit that he came to be strongly against slavery, even before this was common. It is often told that Bartram always ate dinner seated at table with his "negros," to whom he had freed and paid a salary--his kindness developed a strong loyalty and friendship with them in his later years.
The work that follows is an exact copy of Bartram's
Description, virtues and uses of sundry plants of these northern parts of America, and particularly of the newly discovered Indian cure for the venereal disease.
This 7-page work was published separately in 1751, but was usually bound with
Medicina Britannica: containing a particular account of their nature, virtues, and uses
of Thomas Short, a popular English materia medica, which was reprinted by Franklin and Hall, based on the 2nd English edition, as a 3rd American edition.37 It is said that Franklin knew of the need for the availability of more practical information of the medical uses of native American plants. Besides the appendix, the Short American 3rd edition also contained "a preface by Mr. John Bartram, botanist of Pennsylvania, and his notes throughout the work, shewing the places where many of the described plants are to be found in these parts of America, their differences in name, appearance and virtue, from those of the same kind in Europe."
Since there is some confusion about the identity of Bartram's plants, the following table is added, where I have considered the common and Latin names, as well as the descriptions to arrive at a modern binomial.38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45 I have indicated where the name of a given plant may be in question. Ten out of twenty plants (50%) were "official" in the
United States Pharmacopeia
National Formulary
at some time which gives an indication of their popularity and eventual use in medicine.46,47
List of Plants Included in Bartram's
Bartram's Plant Names Latin Binomial Official Drug Plant
Aralia (Spikenard, Wild Liquorice)
Aralia racemosa
Aralia Caule Nudo (Sarsaparilla)
Aralia nudicaulis
Erigeron possibly
Erigeron philadelphicus
Barton mentions (in
] this USP 1820-70
species as being "one of the most (
E. canadensis
common plants;" or
E. canadensis
Saururus (Aristolochia)
Saururus cernuus
never official
Collinsonia canadensis
never official
Sanguinaria (Red Root, Turmerick)
Sanguinaria canadensis
Virga-aurea (a kind of Golden Rod) possibly
Solidago calcicola
Fern., never official
said by Fermald to be "our closest
approach to the European
L.;" not
S. canadensis
Jacea (Throat-wort) The old name for
, but never official
more likely the related
(L.) Willd., which fits Bar-
tram's description and was the
only plant known as Throat-wort
Uvulary (Formerly, Solomon's Seal) probably
Uvularia perfoliata
L., never official
U. grandiflora
J.E. Smith
Triostreospermum (Dr. Tinker's
Triosteum perfoliatum
weed, gentian, Fever Root)
Blazing Star (Devil's-bit)
Chamaelirium luteum
(L.) A. Gray NF IV-VII
Star grass
Aletris farinosa
Liriodendrum (Poplar)
Liriodendron tulipifera
Asclepias tuberosa
L. (Butter- USP 1820-90
fly weed, Pleurisy-Root) NF IV-V
Orchis probably
Orchis spectabilis
L., never official
Leptoorchis liliifolia
(L.) Kuntze
Centaurium Luteum (Ground-Pine) probably
Lycopodium complanatum
L. clavatum
L. clavatum
Elichrysum (Cottonweed, Life-everlasting) probably
Anaphalis margaritacum
never official
cultivated as a drug plant
Lobelia most likely
Lobelia syphlitica
never official
the closely-related
L. inflata:
[Unnamed shrub with red roots] most likely
Ceanothus americanus,
never official
Jersey tea or Red root; cultivated as a
drug plant
Veronica Spicata
Veronicastrum virginicum
(Culver's root) USP 1860-1900,
Eupatorium Folium Perfoliatum
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Appendix to Thomas Short's Medicina Britanica: or a Treatise on such Physical Plants as are Generally to be found in Fields or Gardens in Great-Britain,
3rd edition, London.
Printed: Philadelphia Re-printed, and sold by B. Franklin, and D. Hall, at the Post-Office in Market-street 1751.
With a preface by Mr. John Bartram, Botanist of Pennsylvania, and his Notes throughout the Work, shewing the places where may of the described Plants are to be found in these Parts of America, their Differences in Name, Appearance and Virtue, from those of the same Kind in Europe; and an Appendix, containing a Description of a Number of Plants peculiar to America, their Uses, Virtues, &c.
Mr. Bartram's Appendix:
Containing Descriptions, Virtues and Uses, of sundry Plants of these Northern Parts of America; and particularly of the newley discovered Indian Cure for the Venereal Disease.
Aralia, called by some Spikenard, by others Wild Liquorice; this bears large Clusters of Berries, ripe in September, which are pleasant and wholesome to eat: The Roots are of a balsamick Nature; the black Inhabitants use them to cure fresh Wounds; they bruise the Roots, then pour a little Spring Water to them, mixing them together, which brings the Mass to a mucilaginous Balsam, which they apply with good Success; the Roots chewed, and the Juice swallowed, help the Pains of the Loins.
Aralia Caule Nudo, commonly called Sarsaparilla, hath a long creeping Root, something like the Spanish, but is really a very different Plant, yet of great Virtue. The Decoction daily drank as Diet-drink, is much commended for cleansing the Blood, and curing a Dropsy; and outwardly applied is extoll'd for curing of the Shingles, and cleansing and healing of Ulcers.
Erigeron, used by some for the Bite of a Snake; it bears a white Flower in the Spring, something like a large Daisy, about a Foot high, the Roots run under the Surface of the Ground in small Fibres or Threads, of a hot Taste: The Indians pound this Root, and apply it to cold hard Tumours to disolve them.
Saururus. Some of the Dutch call it Aristolochia, I suppose, because the Shape of the Leaf hath some Resemblance to that Plant. It grows in wet Places, and produceth a long Spike of white Flowers; the Root is spungy like a Rush, and runs near the Surface of the Mud.
It is of excellent Virtue; being made into a Poultice, and applied to sore and imposthumated Breasts, it ripens and heals them. The dried Leaves made into a Tea and drank, is commended for the Pains of the Breast and Back.
Collinsonia. This Plant grows five Feet high; hath, in the Fall, after Harvest, a Smell something like Hops; the Seed is much like Sage Seed. This, in some Parts of the Country, is called Horse Weed, not only because Horses are very greedy of it, but it also is good for sore gall'd Backs. The Root is hard and knobby, and is much commended for Womens After-pains, being pounded, boiled and the Decoction drank.
Chelidonium, or Sanguinaria, called by the Country People, Red Root, or Turmerick. The Leaves broken yield a yellow Juice, like the Garden Celandine; the Flower is white, and opens early in the Spring; the Root dried and powdered is commended by Dr. Colden, as a Cure for the Jaundice, the Powder being given to the Weight of a Drachm in Small Beer; and by others, for the Bite of a Rattle-Snake.
Virga-aurea, or that Species of Golden Rod, that is so famous for the Bite of Rattle-Snake. This elegant Species hath slender purple Stalks, rising a Foot high, with a Spike of fine yellow Flowers of near one third Part of the Length of the Plant; the Flowers grow out of the Bosom of the Leaves, three or four in little Tufts. This is extolled as a very effectual Cure for the Bite of a Rattle-Snake; the Herb boiled, and the Decoction drank, and the warm Herb applied to the Wound. It is used with good Success to cure the Swelling of the Throat and Neck, and Pains of the Breast, it being a powerful Dissolver of viscid Humours.
Jacea, called by some Throat-wort, because of its Virtue for the Cure of Sore-Throats. The Roots are as big as a Hiccory Nut, with some small Fibres;the Stalk is about four or five Feet high, without any Branches, with long narrow Leaves growing alternately thereon; the Flowers put forth toward the Top, surrounding the Stalk in a long Spike of purple Flowers.
The Root bruised and boiled in water, and the Decoction drank and gargled in the Mouth, and the Root applied, with warm Cloths dipped in the hot Decoction, to the Throat, gives Relief, it being of a warm discussing Nature.
Uvulary. It was formerly taken for a Species of Solomon's Seal, having smooth leaves like it; but the Stalk grows through the Leaf, and the little yellowish Flowers something resemble a Lily; it grows about a Foot high, the Root is white, and spreads like a Crow's Foot; some People call it by that Name for that Reason; it is good Root for gathering and breaking a Boil, and makes a fine Salve for healing Wounds and Ulcers; it makes a fine maturating Poultice.
Triosteospermum, called in our Northern Colonies Dr. Tinker's Weed; in Pennsylvania, Gentian; and to the Southward Fever Root, where it is used for the Fever and Ague: With us it was used with good Success for the Pleurisy, and in New-England, for a Vomit. It is a powerful Worker, a little churlish, yet may be a noble Medicine in skilful Hands.
Blazing-Star, as it is called by the black Inhabitants, by others, Devil's-bit, both fanciful Names; the Leaves spread on the Ground, four or five from one Root, and are three or four Inches long; and near one broad; in June it shoots up a Stalk eighteen Inches long, with a fine Spike of white Flowers six Inches long; it grows plentifully in the back Parts of the Country, on dry rich Soil; the Root is white, and about as thick as a Pipe-shank, and extremely bitter.
This precious Root is a great Resister of fermenting Poisons, and the grievous Pains of Bowels, taken in Powder, or the Root bruised and steeped in Rum, of which take a Spoonful at once, and as often as Need requires, until the Pains remit.
Star-Grass. This hath some Resemblance to the last, but the Leaves are narrower and more pointed, and in Winter more yellow, and this grows in moist Places, amongst Hurtleberries, very plentiful in Jersey, and some low Grounds in Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Decoction of this Root drank, easeth the Pains of the Stomach and Bowels.
Liriodendrum, commonly called Poplar. The Bark of the Root steeped in Rum, and the Rum drank, is much commended for the Cure of the Fever and Ague; and to the Northward, for the Gout and Rheumatism.
Apocinum. From the Roots that run deep in the Ground, arise several hairy Stalks about two Feet high, with narrow long Leaves set alternately round thereon; at the Top grow large Tufts of orange-coloured Flowers, which are succeeded by long Pods, containing flat Seeds, joined to white Down, which is by the Wind carried away when the Seed is ripe and bursts open; this hath been for many Years used with good Success for the Cure of the Bloody Flux; the Root must be powdered and given in a Spoonful of Rum, or rather as the Indians give it, bruise the Root, and boil it in Water, and drink the Decoction: Peter Kalm saith it is excellent for the hysteric Passion.
Orchis. It hath a Root as big as an Onion, it hath one or two Leaves green all Winter, which are six or seven Inches long, and two broad, striped with white Lines from one End to the other. This Root bruised and applied to the Ears, easeth the Pains thereof, and helps to break Boils.
Centuarium Luteum, commonly called Ground-Pine. It grows about a Span high, its slender Branches spread all round from one small fibrous Root, like our Penny-royal, but as small as Wire, or the Leaves of Pine, from which it had its Name; the little Flowers are yellow, succeeded by little red pods on the Tops of the Branches; it smells as strong as the Leaves of Pine; it commonly grows on old poor Clay Ground; it is of excellent Virtue, being made into an Ointment with Penny-royal, Hemlock and Henbane (or it may do alone made into an Ointment) for Bruises and Strains, if it be green, for it loseth much of its Virtue when dry, it being of an active penetrating Nature.
Elichrysum, called also Cottonweed, or Life-everlasting, is very good for Baths or Fomentations for cold Tumors, Bruises or Strains; it may be mixed with Ground-Pine.
Lobelia. This curious Plant riseth from a fibrous Root to three or four Feet high, with a Spike of blue Flowers surrounding the Stalk for near a Foot in Length: It grows in rich shady Ground; it is a scarce Plant in many Parts of the country. The learned Peter Kalm (who gained the Knowledge of it from Colonel Johnson, who learned it of the Indians, who, after great Rewards bestowed on several of them, revealed the Secret to him) saith, That the Roots of this Plant cureth the Pox much more perfectly and easily than any mercurial Preparations, and is generally used by the Canada Indians, for the Cure of themselves and the French that trade amongst them, tho' deeply infected with it. They take a Handful of the Roots, and boil them in a Quart of Water, and drink the Decoction, beginning with Half a Pint at first, if the Patient be weak, then increase the Dose every Day as he can bear its purging; but if he can't bear it every Day, let him omit it a Day or two, then take to it again, as he finds Occasion, until he is cured: They wash the Ulcer with the Decoction; but if it be deep and rotten, they put some powder of the inner Bark of the Spruce-tree into it, which helps to dry it up; but if the Disease is inveterate, they drink the Decoction of Ranunculus Folio Reniformus. An old Sachem told Colonel Johnson of another Shrub, with a red Root, from which proceeds several slender Branches, eighteen Inches or two Feet long, on which grow Spikes of white Flowers, which produce three-square black Seed-Pods; the Leaves some of our People drink as Tea, and some smoak it with Tobacco; the Roots of this, bruised and Boiled, and the Decoction drank, the Sachem said, he rather preferred to the Lobelia; but the Lobelia seems to be of the most general Use, and with extraordinary Success.
More particular Directions how to use the Lobelia-Root for the Venereal Disorder, obtained from the Indians, by Col. J. "After making a decoction of it, the Patient is to drink about two Gills of it very early in the Morning, fasting, the same before Dinner, and Bed-time. Add or diminish as you find it agrees with the Patient's Constitution: The third Day begin Bathing, and continue it twice a Day, until the Sores are well cleansed, and partly healed, then use the Lotion but once a Day till quite well; observing all the Time to use a slender Diet (vegetable Food, and small Drink) as in other Courses of Physick, a Salivation excepted. These are the Directions I have had from the Person who gave me the Secret."
Veronica Spicata. This Plant, from a fibrous Root, raiseth two or three Stalks from three to five Feet high, with three or four Leaves set at one Joint (if they are set across) with a long Spike of white Flowers on the Top of each Stalk.
One Handful of the Roots of this Plant, boiled in a Pint of Milk, and drank, is used by the black Inhabitants for a powerful Vomit.
Eupatorium Folium Perfoliatum. This Plant grows in moist Places; the Stalks grow (through the Leaves, which are rough and pointed) two or three Feet high, branching out towards the Top, producing a large Bunch of white Flowers, which are succeeded by fine Down, which bloweth away with the Seed.
This Herb boiled in Water and the Decoction drank, is commended for a Vomit in the intermitting Fevers, and used as a Fomentation for Pains in the Limbs.
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Early American Medical Imprints
(Washington, 1961).
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Collections for an Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United-States
(Philadelphia, 1810).
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The Travels of William Bartram
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37. Austin.
38. Fernald, M.L. Gray's Manual of Botany (New York, 1970).
39. Britton, N.L. & Hon. A. Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions (New York, 1898).
40. Bailey, L.H. & Staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Hortus Third (New York, 1975).
41. Hocking, G.M. A Dictionary of Terms in PHarmacognosy (Springfiled, 1955).
42. Uphof, J.C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants (New York, 1959).
43. Young, C. J.M. Nickell's Botanical Ready Reference (Palo Alto, 1978).
44. Hobbs, C.E. 1876. C.E. Hobbs' Botanical Hand-Book. Boston: Chas. C. Roberts.
45. Barton, Collections.
46. Gathercoal, E.N. & H.W. Youngken. Check List of Native and Introduced Drug Plants in the United States (Chicago, 1942).
47. The original USP's and NF's, all of which are in the Institute for Natural Products Library, were consulted. The Medical Botany of John Bartram (Draft ver. 1.0) C. Hobbs 7/17/91 10
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Christopher Hobbs is a fourth generation herbalist and botanist with over 30 years experience with herbs. Founder of Native Herb Custom Extracts (now Rainbow Light Custom Extracts) and the Institute for Natural Products...
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Knut The Polar Bear's Keeper Found Dead
A spokeswoman for Berlin police said Thomas Doerflein was dead when authorities arrived at the apartment and that they had no information on the cause of death.
Doerflein was 44 years old.
He gained fame in Germany and beyond as the ever-present caretaker for Knut, a polar bear cub abandoned by his mother in late 2006.
Knut became a worldwide sensation when the Berlin Zoo decided to raise him by hand, and Doerflein was there for every stage of the bear's progress.
With his burly build, beard and ponytail, Doerflein was a distinctive figure at the side of the growing bear. He nursed young Knut in his arms behind closed doors and wrestled with him after the bear grew old enough to play.
When Knut made his public debut in March 2007, Doerflein was at his side. They started a daily performance for the thousands of visitors who flocked to see the bear at his outdoor enclosure.
But the "Knut Show" ended in July of that year when the zoo's director ruled that the bear had grown too large for Doerflein to frolic with in safety.
The boisterous bear now weighs more than 265 pounds, has his own feature-length film, blog and TV show. He has graced the cover of German Vanity Fair and appeared on a set of stamps.
The Berlin Zoo credited Knut with a 27 percent increase in visitors in 2007 and profits of nearly €6.8 million ($9.9 million). It has licensing agreements for all kinds of Knut products, including stuffed animals, T-shirts, mugs and DVDs.
Last November Doerflein was awarded Berlin's medal of merit for his service to the city - and to Knut.
Doerflein worked at the zoo for more than 25 years. According to the newspaper Die Welt, Doerflein was a Berlin native with two grown children. He lived with his girlfriend and her young son.
By Associated Press Writer Patrick McGroarty


text:
Assume $f_{0}(x)$ is integrable in $[0,1]$, $f_{0}(x)>0$. $$f_n(x)=\sqrt{\int^x_0 f_{n-1}(t)\mathrm{d}t}, \quad n=1,2,...$$
How can one calculate $\lim\limits_{n \to {\infty}}f_n(x)$?
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Assume $f_{0}(x)$ is integrable in $[0,1]$, $f_{0}(x)>0$. $$f_n(x)=\sqrt{\int^x_0 f_{n-1}(t)\mathrm{d}t}, \quad n=1,2,...$$
How can one calculate $\lim\limits_{n \to {\infty}}f_n(x)$?
For every $x$ in $[0,1]$, $f_n(x)\to\frac12x$ when $n\to\infty$.
Rewrite the recursion as $f_n=T(f_{n-1})$. Note that the set of monomials is stable by $T$ and that $T$ is increasing in the sense that $0\leqslant f\leqslant g$ implies $Tf\leqslant Tg$. Introduce $g_{c,a}:x\mapsto cx^a$ with $c$ and $a$ nonnegative. Then $$ T(g_{c,a})=g_{K(c,a),L(a)}\quad\text{with}\quad K(c,a)^2=c/(a+1),\ 2L(a)=a+1. $$ We first prove an upper bound, then a lower bound.
Upper bound: Since $f_0$ is integrable, $f_1$ is bounded, that is $f_1\leqslant g_{c,0}$ for some $c$. Thus $f_n\leqslant g_{c_n,a_n}$ for every $n\geqslant1$ with $$ c_1=c,\ a_1=0,\ c_{n+1}=K(c_n,a_n),\ a_{n+1}=L(a_n). $$ Since $1-L(a)=\frac12(1-a)$, $a_n\to1$. Since $2\log c_{n+1}=\log c_n-\log(1+a_n)$ and $\log(1+a_n)\to\log2$, $\log c_n\to-\log2$. Thus, $c_n\to\frac12$ and $g_{c_n,a_n}(x)\to \frac12x$ for every $x$ in $[0,1]$. This proves that $$ \limsup\limits_{n\to\infty}f_n(x)\leqslant\tfrac12 x. $$ Lower bound: Pick $u$ in $(0,1)$. Then $f_1(u)=v\gt0$ and $f_1(x)\geqslant v$ for every $x$ in $[u,1]$. Define $T_u$ on the space of integrable functions $f$ on $[u,1]$ by $$ (T_uf)(x)=\sqrt{\int_u^xf}, $$ for every $x$ in $[u,1]$. Note that the set of monomials shifted by $u$ is stable by $T_u$ and that $T_u$ is increasing. In particular, introducing $g^u_{c,a}:x\mapsto c(x-u)^a$ with $c$ and $a$ nonnegative, one gets $$ T_u(g^u_{c,a})=g^u_{K(c,a),L(a)}. $$ For every $f$ integrable on $[0,1]$, write $T_uf$ for the image by $T_u$ of the restriction of $f$ to $[u,1]$.
Then $T_u\leqslant T$ in the sense that $T_uf(x)\leqslant Tf(x)$ for every $x$ in $[u,1]$. Furthermore, $f_1\geqslant g^u_{v,0}$ on $[u,1]$ implies that $f_n\geqslant g^u_{v_n,a_n}$ on $[u,1]$ with $$ v_1=v,\quad v_{n+1}=K(v_n,a_n). $$ Hence, the same reasoning than above shows that $v_n\to\frac12$. A consequence is that $$ \liminf\limits_{n\to\infty}f_n(x)\geqslant\tfrac12(x-u), $$ for every $x$ in $[u,1]$. Since $u\gt0$ may be as small as desired, $\liminf\limits_{n\to\infty}f_n(x)\geqslant\frac12x$ on $(0,1]$. Since $f_n(0)=0$, this yields the conclusion.
Edit: Likewise, for every $\alpha$ in $(0,1)$, the iteration of the transformation $T^{(\alpha)}$ given by $$ (T^{(\alpha)}f)(x)=\left(\int_0^xf(t)\mathrm dt\right)^\alpha, $$ converges to the function $x\mapsto [(1-\alpha) x]^{\alpha/(1-\alpha)}$.
If we consider a family of examples : $f_0(t) = C t^{\alpha}$ for $\alpha > 0, C > 0$, then one easily sees that the sequence $f_n(t)$ becomes $$ C x^{\alpha}, C^{\frac 12} \left( \frac{x^{\frac{\alpha + 1}2}}{\sqrt{\frac{\alpha+1}2}} \right), C^{\frac 14} \left( \frac{x^{\frac{\frac{\alpha + 1}2 +1}2}}{\sqrt{\sqrt{\frac{\alpha+1}2} \left( \frac{\alpha+1}2 +1 \right) }} \right), \dots $$ and the exponents follow the sequence $a_0 = \alpha$, $\alpha_n = \frac{\alpha_{n-1} +1}2$, while the denominators follow the reccurence $\beta_0 = 1$, $\beta_n = \sqrt{ 2 \alpha_n \beta_{n-1}}$, with the constant $C^{\frac 1{2^n}}$ converging to $1$. Now one easily notices that $\alpha_n \to 1$ (since you keep averaging between $1$ and $\alpha$, you get closer and closer to $1$), and if we expect $\beta_n$ to converge, then heuristically speaking we'll have $\beta_n \to \beta$ if and only if $\beta^2 = \sqrt{ 2 \beta }$, which means $\beta^2 - 2 \beta = 0$, hence $\beta = 2$ since we want $\beta$ non-zero (all this is heuristics because we didn't prove much). In other words, heuristically, if the question is well posed, any monomial converges to the function $f(x) = x/2$.
With some appropriate inequalities one can probably work the general case from here, but I have not worked that out yet.
Hope that helps,
I have several heuristics to consider not-necessarily continuous functions.
So, consider any monomial of the form $k \cdot x^m$, and consider its exponent upon repeatedly doing this operation. In particular, it satisfies $a_n = \frac{a_{n-1} + 1}{2}$, and so we see it must go to $1$ as we are taking its arithmetic average with $1$.
Now consider it's coefficient (starting as $k$, denoted as $b_n$). We see that, letting $a_n$ still refer to the exponent on the $n$th step, that the coefficients satisfy $b_n = \sqrt{\frac{b_{n-1}}{a_n + 1}}$. As $a_n \to 1$, I heuristically (but justifiably) say we might as well have $b_n = \sqrt{ \frac{b_{n-1}}{2}}$, which converges for all positive starting $b_0$ to $\frac{1}{2}$.
Using trivial bounding, it seems plausible that any polynomial that is strictly positive on $[0,1]$ can be bounded above and below by a monomial of this form on any $[\epsilon, 1 - \epsilon]$ interval. But polynomials are dense here, and so on any $[\epsilon, 1 - \epsilon]$ interval, we should expect all functions to go to $x/2$ at least almost everywhere on those intervals.
What about behavior at $0$ and $1$? Well, that's a good question. It seems like $0$ shouldn't be too bad (not to say I can do it right off), but $1$? I have a broom and a rug, if you know what I'm saying.
Anyhow, those are my immediate heuristics I see before going to bed. Good night -


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Week 2 with Bianca Hewes from Davidson High School, NSW, Australia
In front of me is the majestic Lake Rotoaria, found in the very middle of New Zealand's north island. The lake, reflecting a moody Autumn sky, is straddled by black swans who hoot noisily to each other seemingly unconcerned by the menacing snow-capped Mount Tongariro that towers over them. Behind me, my two sons play in the fertile volcanic mud and a little further away my husband is casting a line into the lake, still glowing from having caught his first New Zealand trout on his second cast. This setting is as a close as it comes to travel-brochure perfect. And what am I doing? Well – it's a little embarrassing to admit – but I'm reading, writing and thinking about technology and education. It's OK. I think. I mean, it's not like I'm not enjoying myself. Haha. And this brings me to the focus of this post. Finding the balance between the inner and the outer life when your job is one that is all-consuming and ultimately a job that (I believe) you must live entirely if it is to be done well.
A teacher friend of mine, David Chapman, let me borrow one of his books for my trip to NZ. It was a perfect choice for a workaholic like me, and someone who finds herself constantly connected and loving it. Hamlet's Blackberry. You've probably read it and know the answers to questions I am only just realizing need to be asked – I'm up to page 11 of the book, having chosen to first read a couple of the other books David shared with me. I think I was avoiding the acknowledgement of the need to disconnect – nah, just kidding, I wanted to immerse myself in some quality fiction to distract myself from those winding, steep roads with sheer drops that New Zealand is famous for. Me and heights, we're just not that tight, you know what I mean? Anyway if you've read Hamlet's Blackberry you'll know that the premise of the book is that in the crazy uber connected world of the 21st century there is a genuine need to disconnect from our 'screens' in order to revive our inner selves.
(Aside – I am now writing this from the safety of our camper van. If you ever get the chance to visit this stunning country, you'll quickly learn about the gigantic bumblebees and understand why I have retreated from the lakeside. Yes, I am a big scaredy cat.)
What I've grasped so far from Hamlet's Blackberry is that the most significant loss in a world dominated by 'screens' and the consequent busyness this connectedness brings, is a loss of depth. As 21st century teachers we know the benefits (for ourselves and our students as learners) of learning through a network of connections – the reality of course is that every minute of every day (even whilst we are sleeping) there are messages for us to read, view and respond to. We love this because every message provides us with a new learning opportunity – to take or to share some insight related to our job. But author William Powers' suggests that such hyper-connectedness can bring about a superficial or shallow interaction with information, people, experience and ultimately life. And I think this suggestion is justified for many. But I do wonder how justified it is for teachers who are connected. Powers tells us that great philosophers have reached the conclusion that 'every life has the potential to be lived deeply.' Yet, according to Powers, 'That potential is lost when your days are spread so thin, busyness itself is your true occupation.'
I know Powers wasn't talking about teachers in his book. In fact, he might be surprised (but probably not) that many teachers are connecting to screens as part of their occupation as much as other busy professionals. The difficulty in relating this theory of the relationship between connectedness and depth to connected educators, I believe, lies in a key element of most educators – passion. I honestly don't know any teachers in my Twitter or Edmodo PLN who fail to live their lives with depth. Do you know why? Firstly, these clever, innovative and compassionate people have elected to dedicate their lives to helping other people learn. Secondly, these people are so committed to helping people learn that they spend their free time connecting with other educators around the world through a variety of social media. This network of learners supports one another in the pursuit of becoming the best possible teacher for the learners in their care.
So, whilst I think the premise of Hamlet's Blackberry is legitimate, and I am truly looking forward to continuing the journey into Powers' philosophy, what I do challenge is the suggestion that being a connected educator might limit our potential to live our lives deeply. We are educators who are passionate about learning and it is this that continues to drive us to connect with other educators via 'screens'. Through this very activity we are enriching and deepening our lives and the lives of our students.
Having said that, I do acknowledge that we all need to find a balance between this 'outer' crowded life of screens and our 'inner' sanctuary from which originality, creativity and passion stem. I am still struggling to find this balance – probably explaining why on this still, cool day in late April I am sitting inside a campervan typing on a MacBook instead of standing beside a stream learning to cast for trout.
Go on then, tell me I'm mad or wrong. Then tell me your secret to work/life/screen balance.
4 comments. Leave new
I am definitely 'connected' and for the same reasons mentioned; but if it were me, I think I'd choose the trout 🙂
I agree totally about the passion but I also connected with the idea of needing to disconnect occasionally. It took me well over a week of my holidays to disconnect from constantly thinking about work and how I could improve the learning opportunities of our students. I found I needed this short break in order to come back refreshed and passionate again. Thanks for your blog though Bianca, it really struck home with me.
I agree with you on so many points Bianca. Some of the most passionate teachers I know are connected A LOT (myself included) because, as you wrote, they want to share and grow in their profession. I don't think we could do what we do every day if we weren't passionate. On the other hand, there are times I want and need to disconnect and take some time to have a personal life. I can't though. As I sit staring at the HOURS of grading in front of me this weekend I know that all I will be doing is work (grading) and if/when I'm not, I will spend my time feeling guilty and worrying. I connect to others in my PLN to refresh and renew my spirit. I also find comfort in knowing there are teachers all over the world that will support and help me. When I learn and grow as a professional because of my PLN I begin to feel that my "work" life is as much about "take" as it is about "give."
I guess I was lucky or cursed, depending on how you look at it, to have been born with an unusual configuration; my inner life feeds my outer life, and it's been pretty much like that for as long as I can remember. So 16-18 hour days don't phase me, 4 hours sleep has kept me going for more years than I care to recall. I'm lucky that my creative drive is alive and networked globally and that the subjects I teach are those that I practice professionally outside of teaching. Over the years I've learnt to balance this organically in much the same way a cat lands on it's feet, necessity is the harsh mother of invention. No TV, no newspapers, no radio, work is relaxation (that's a new one). I write my own music, research my interests relentlessly, create all the content that I teach (no textbooks), maintain an online presence in over 13 sites and am never bored. So when the question comes, how do you manage all this, it comes down to simply wanting to. As for balance, there is no need. If your 'inner sanctuary' is a place of retreat from the chaos of the day to day, then yes, balance you must have. But when you live in your creative centre and work from your creative centre, what's to balance?
As for screens, just windows to other opportunities.
So Bianca, not mad, not wrong, you cast a sturdy line from beside your MacBrook 🙂 and maybe some good fishing will be had….and you didn't even have to step outside.


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May 7, 2012
Amid so much uncertainty over the fate of human rights advocate Chen Guangcheng and his family, the role that luck played in Chen's saga is among the things that stand out.
I spoke with Chen at length last Monday and Tuesday at his request. Before persecution of him began, we had cooperated for several years in legal research and training. If Chen had been allowed to talk to his Chinese friends before leaving the U.S. Embassy last Wednesday, as he says he requested, the heroic law professor Teng Biao and other rights activists who have endured abuse from security thugs would have told Chen the same things they said after his American escorts left him at a Beijing hospital: Don't give up the safety of the embassy, even if it means further separation from your family and indefinite isolation. Had U.S. officials put Chen in touch with Rep. Chris Smith, as Chen requested Tuesday, Smith undoubtedly would have given the same advice.
And had those requests been honored, today's optimistic prospects would not exist. Chen would not be reunited with his loved ones, nor would his family be preparing to leave China for a period of study and academic exchange in the United States. And U.S.-China relations would have grown increasingly hostile in the politically volatile struggle over his fate.
If the capable and dynamic American diplomats who proposed the original imaginative solution to the crisis had not been so exhausted from six days of round-the-clock negotiations, they might have left an authoritative colleague at the hospital with Chen — and that might have bolstered his resolve to stay in China, study law and continue striving to protect the rights of disabled and persecuted Chinese.
Ironically, if Chinese officials at the hospital had not allowed Chen many phone calls with Teng and other friends, he might have stuck with the original plan. That's especially likely because, despite recent torture by police, his gallant wife, Yuan Weijing, still wanted the family to stay in China — as she told him by phone before he left the embassy.
Similarly, if Chinese officials had not permitted foreign media to telephone Chen, he would not have been able to immediately tell the world that he had changed his mind before American officials awakened from their much-needed sleep and had a chance to dissuade him.
I am no Dr. Pangloss who believes that every diplomatic debacle is for the best in this best of all possible worlds. Yet, look how things have turned out! Just days ago the Beijing government was so angry at the United States and at Chen that some officials wanted him to suffer another form of incommunicado detention by keeping him holed up, blind and alone, in our embassy for years.
Remember Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty's 15 years in the U.S. Embassy in Budapest, or the 13 months professor Fang Lizhi and his wife spent at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing after seeking shelter following the Tiananmen Square massacre? Some Chinese officials threatened to indict Chen for treason for seeking foreign diplomatic shelter from the lawless brutality inflicted on him and his family since 2005.
Even Chinese legal experts, who normally are sensitive to the need to improve their country's human rights record, had to have been concerned that this apparent attempt to gain political asylum would help establish an exception to prevailing international law, which frowns upon embassy asylum. Hence, China's public demand for a U.S. apology for the perceived violation of its territorial jurisdiction.
Those who have criticized the impressive American effort to take advantage of Chinese officials' eagerness to resolve this incident before the Strategic and Economic Dialogue convened last week may not understand that as of Wednesday afternoon, Communist Party leaders were nowhere near ready to allow Chen's family to leave the country.
By Friday afternoon, however, thanks to an unexpected concatenation of events, things had changed. A spokesman for China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who previously had condemned the United States taking a Chinese citizen into its embassy "by abnormal means," gave a succinct, vitriol-free answer to an obviously arranged question about whether Chen might study abroad. Like any other Chinese citizen, he said, Chen could apply to study abroad. That was the signal that a solution had been reached — not by letting Chen rot indefinitely in the U.S. Embassy nor by subjecting him to the considerable risks of staying active in China, as the two governments had initially agreed. No, Chen's family was granted an opportunity that had previously been off the table.
The spokesman even used language Chen had used in our long talks earlier in the week. "I just want the rights of an ordinary Chinese citizen," he told me over and over. I and countless others hope that Chen's luck will last and that he will soon be granted one of those rights, even if he didn't initially prefer to exercise it: the right to leave his country. Many of those who have helped him and are now in grave danger may wish that they could have the same right.
This article first appeared in the Washington Post on Monday, May 7.
Jerome A. Cohen, an NYU law professor and co-director of its U.S.-Asia Law Institute, is also adjunct senior fellow for Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations. See www.usali.org.


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Just fine tuning my uniform for tonights shift on Foxtrot Oscar 1, our combined Paramedic/Police response car.
My boots are getting a good polishing to bring up a lovely sheen on the toecaps so as to provide a good target for anyone who wishes to vomit on them! My Hi-Viz jacket is getting a good checking over…zips: okay, epaulettes: okay, reflective markings: okay, two sleeves: okay. Hope they are still there at the end of the shift!
Will let you know how it goes with the Big City public and what they got up to. I do love a Saturday night shift!


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As a Senior Recruitment Consultant with RED you will be responsible for proactive new business generation, account management of existing clients, and candidate delivery into our Pan-European client base.
Developing your qualification skills and being fully committed to understanding the needs of your clients is essential to succeed in this highly competitive market. With well developed knowledge of the technologies involved, you will be conversing with the decision makers from Fortune 500 clients across Europe.
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