text:
'Quantum fridge' gets close to absolute zero
But will it cool a beer?
NIST scientists have demonstrated a solid state refrigerator that sucks energy out of objects using a trick of quantum physics in which hot electrons tunnel through a one-way junction, carrying heat with them.
It's been a long project: NIST first demonstrated the use of NIS (normal metal / insulator / superconductor) junctions for cooling back in 2005. However, it's taken this long to scale the device up from the micron scale into the device shown below:
NIST's quantum refrigerator
In this image, the "quantum fridge" is on the green circuit board, and it cooled the copper block down to cryogenic temperatures. In the demonstration, they used 700 pW of cooling power to cool the 1.9 cm3 block from 290 mK (milli-Kelvin) to 256 mK. The researchers' next target is to achieve base temperatures of 100 mK.
The copper block, according to project leader Joel Ullom, is around a million times the mass of the refrigerating elements.
The 48 cooling elements are sandwiches of normal metal separated from a superconductor by an insulator. When a voltage is applied across the sandwich, the hottest electrons tunnel across the insulator into the superconductor. As they do make the journey, the electrons carry heat and vibrational energy with them.
So where's the quantum physics in that, you might ask. The trick is this: to select the properties of the materials so that the NIS junction is energy-selective: only electrons with the right quanta of energy are permitted to cross the insulator into the superconductor.
As the researchers note in the abstract to their paper in Applied Physics Letters, "previous devices using this cooling principle fell short of general-purpose refrigerators since they could not be coupled to arbitrary payloads."
And to answer the question in the sub-head, yes, the device probably could cool your beer. It might cheaper and more convenient, however, to buy yourself a beer fridge. ®


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Alexander Waugh, the grandson of Evelyn, has written a book, "Fathers and Sons" (Nan A. Talese/Doubleday; $27.50), about the father-son relationships—dramas, often, of mutual incomprehension and dismay—in five successive generations of his family. First comes Alexander Waugh (1840-1906), known as the Brute, a surgeon and a paragon of Victorian masculinity in its most unappealing aspects. The Brute loved to whip his dog. On display in his library were repulsive specimens that he had collected in his medical-school days, including a congealed substance called the White Blood. The Brute begat Arthur (1866-1943), made by God, it seems, to give pain to his father. Arthur, Alexander tells us, was a mama's boy, "scared of the organ in church, scared of twigs in the garden . . . scared of scissors, scared of lemonade." He grew up to be a man of letters: he wrote biographies of Tennyson, Browning, and Wordsworth, and he was the managing director of Chapman and Hall, an important publishing house in London. Arthur had two sons, both of them novelists. The first was Alec (1898-1981), who, in the words of his nephew, "wrote many books, each worse than the last." The second was Evelyn (1903-66), the greatest comic novelist of the twentieth century. Evelyn's first son was Auberon (1939-2001), a prolific, vituperative, funny, and famous journalist in London in the closing decades of the century. Auberon sired Alexander (born in 1963), who for some years was a composer and a music critic, then began writing books of general interest, including "Time" (2000), "God" (2002), and now this account of his crusty forefathers.
"Fathers and Sons" is witty, in the Waugh manner, but it is also poignant, especially regarding the relationship between Arthur and his two sons. No man ever loved a child more than Arthur loved Alec—"son of my soul," as he called him. He seems to have spent almost every hour of his non-work time talking to the boy, reading to him, taking walks with him. When Alec went away to his father's alma mater, Sherborne, the child and the school fused, in Arthur's mind, into one refulgent idol. He spent every weekend at Sherborne, visiting Alec and his friends, whom he wooed to become his friends. He said that he dreamed every night of being a new boy at the school. He and Alec wrote to each other daily, and Arthur awaited Alec's letters, Alexander says, like a teen-ager in love. (If a letter arrived after he left for work, his wife would travel across London to bring it to his office.) Alexander thinks that Arthur, because of his tortured relations with the Brute, never had a proper childhood. Now he had one: Alec's.
Then Alec, in his next-to-last year, was caught in flagrante with another boy. (Alexander says they may have been doing nothing more than kissing.) As a courtesy to his father, he was allowed to finish the term before leaving the school, but the other boys were instructed to shun him. Arthur was heartbroken, but he did not reproach Alec. On the contrary, he saw his son as a persecuted Jesus, and himself as the grieving Father. He wrote to Alec of a crucifix he once saw, with the figure of God hovering behind the dying Christ: "The nails that pierce the Son's hands pierce the Father's also: the thorn-crowned head of the Dying Saviour is seen to be lying upon the Father's bosom. And it is always so with you and me. Every wound that touches you pierces my own soul also: every thorn in your crown of life tears my tired head as well. . . . With deep love and unfaltering trust, still and always, your ever devoted and hopeful Daddy."
Two years later, at the age of nineteen, Alec published his first novel, "The Loom of Youth" (1917), which takes place at a school easily recognizable, to those in the know, as Sherborne. Among its evils is the staff's hypocrisy regarding sexual relations between the boys. Everyone knows that this is going on; the only crime is to get caught. "The Loom of Youth" sold many copies and created a scandal. Impassioned letters ran for weeks in the London press. Arthur was publicly humiliated, and many of his friends dropped him. Nevertheless, his cult of Alec remained unshaken. When Alec married and moved to Sussex, Arthur still spent most weekends with him. "I simply go about thinking of your love for me all the time," he wrote to his son. The wonder in all this is that Alec did not recoil from his father's obsessive devotion. He spent much of his adult life travelling. This started early, and it may have been his way of putting some distance between himself and Arthur, but in his many autobiographical writings he never spoke of his father with anything but love, and, apart from publishing books with hot sex scenes ("The Loom of Youth" was only the beginning), he treated the old man kindly till the day he died.
The same cannot be said of Evelyn. Alec was five when Evelyn was born, but he later recalled that he felt like an only child throughout his youth; Evelyn was "no more than an encumbrance in a corner." That is certainly the way Arthur viewed his second son. When Evelyn asked for a bicycle, Arthur went out and bought one for Alec. When Alec wanted a billiard table, it was installed in Evelyn's nursery. (Presumably, it would have taken up too much space in Alec's room.) Alec was sent to prep school at nine. Evelyn didn't go until he was fourteen, and then he went to a school, Lancing, that he considered inferior to Sherborne. (Because of "The Loom of Youth," he couldn't go to his brother's school.) When Alec, on vacations, returned to the family's home, Underhill, in Hampstead, Arthur hung a banner in the front hall saying "WELCOME HOME TO THE HEIR OF UNDERHILL." Finally, Evelyn asked Arthur, "When Alec has Underhill and all that's in it, what will be left for me?" Arthur put away the banner, but not his preferences.
The situation was due to more than birth order. Arthur, as his Jesus letter shows, was sentimental and self-dramatizing. Also, he never stopped talking. Several nights a week, after dinner, he would invite the family to join him in his library, where he would read to them at length from his favorite authors, often fixing one member of the family with his eye throughout the recitation. If the text was a play, he would get up and act out the parts. Another opportunity for drama was his chronic asthma. In the throes of an attack, he would cry out to Heaven for release, quoting relevant passages from literature. According to Evelyn, Arthur was also a relentless correspondent: "He answered letters that needed no answer, thanking people who thanked him for a present, so that, when he encountered anyone as punctilious as himself, a correspondence was likely to start which ended only in death." Evelyn was the opposite. From childhood, he had a biting wit and a hyperacute sense of the ridiculous. To Arthur, this was a moral failing, and it no doubt seemed to him more regrettable in that nothing on earth struck Evelyn as more ridiculous than Arthur. Evelyn began insulting him when he was quite young, and, when he became a novelist, he went on doing so. The most boring and sinister character in all his fiction—Mr. Todd, who, at the end of "A Handful of Dust" (1934), imprisons the novel's hero, Tony Last, and makes him read Dickens to him every day for the rest of his life—is based in part on Arthur, who worshipped Dickens. (He was the president of the Dickens Fellowship and the editor of two complete sets of Dickens's work. Chapman and Hall was Dickens's publisher.) Even more striking is Mr. Prendergast, a ludicrous clergyman, in "Decline and Fall" (1928). Alexander explains that Evelyn never used a whole person from his life as the basis for a whole character in his fiction; he combined the traits of one acquaintance with those of another. But anyone who knew the Waughs would not have failed to notice that Prendergast displayed a number of Arthur's signal characteristics. Prendergast becomes the chaplain in a prison, where he is beheaded by a lunatic inmate. Paul Pennyfeather, the novel's hero, who is serving time in the prison, finds out about this belatedly, because, as a rule, he is not allowed to speak to the other prisoners. His only chance to communicate with them is during morning hymns. The day after Prendergast's mishap, Paul is in chapel next to his friend Philbrick, who knows the story. The hymn strikes up:
"O God, our help in ages past," [sang Paul].
"Where's Prendergast today?"
"What, ain't you 'eard? 'e's been done in."
"And our eternal home."
"Old Prendy went to see a chap
What said he'd seen a ghost;
Well, he was dippy, and he'd got
A mallet and a saw."
"Who let the madman have the things?"
"The Governor; who d'you think?
He asked to be a carpenter,
He sawed off Prendy's head. . . ."
"Time, like an ever-rolling stream,
Bears all its sons away."
"Poor Prendy 'ollered fit to kill
For nearly 'alf an hour." . . .
Arthur may have given Evelyn more than material. Alec, in an essay he wrote after his brother's death, claimed that Arthur was also responsible for the tone of Evelyn's novels. Evelyn, Alec insists, was a warm, gentle man who made himself seem cold for fear of being like his father. It is not for nothing, Alec says, that Evelyn's most sentimental book, "Brideshead Revisited" (1945), was written the year after Arthur's death: "The warning example was now removed." Also removed was the danger of pleasing his father, by seeming tenderhearted.
This is an interesting argument, but it should be added that Evelyn's rebellion against Arthur is merely one instance of the most notorious generation gap of the twentieth century, the antagonism between the young people of the nineteen-twenties—known in England as the Bright Young Things—and their parents, whose values, the children felt, had led to the pointless slaughter that was the First World War. In an essay that Evelyn wrote while still in high school, he announced this generation's coming: "They will be above all things clear sighted. The youngest generation are going to be very hard and analytical and unsympathetic. The young men of the nineties"—Arthur's generation—"subsisted upon emotion. They poured out their souls like water and their tears with pride; middle-aged observers will find it hard to see the soul in the youngest generation. But they will have—and this is their justification—a very full sense of humor." His prophecy was correct.
In 1922, Evelyn went up to Hertford College, Oxford, where he soon abandoned his studies in favor of dissipation. Once, when an old alumnus asked him what he did for Hertford, he replied that he drank for it. This time was not wasted—at the sodden lunch parties that he had daily with his friends, he refined his comic skills and his ear for witty dialogue—but he left Oxford in 1924 with no degree and no prospects. During the next four years, he took various small jobs, failing at most of them. He published almost nothing, and no one, Alec says, expected him to become a writer. Indeed, few people expected him to become anything. He drank as much as ever, and suffered black depressions. (In this period, he later recalled, he once tried to commit suicide by swimming out to sea, but he encountered a swarm of jellyfish and hurried back to shore.) Then his luck turned. He got a contract for a biography of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and he managed to write it. He also fell in love, with a young woman named Evelyn Gardner. Her family wanted no part of him. They were aristocrats; he was middle-class, and also penniless. To appease them, and to make some money to get married on, he sat down and in what seems to have been less than eight months wrote his first novel, "Decline and Fall." In 1928, He-Evelyn and She-Evelyn, as their friends called them, got married. "Decline and Fall" was a success, and it was quickly followed by "Vile Bodies" (1930), which was a best-seller. Both books dealt with the Bright Young Things; together, they constituted that generation's most vivid and accurate portrait. Waugh became a famous writer and remained so for the rest of his life.The first thing one notices about Evelyn Waugh's fiction is his breathtaking prose. He seems to have had a richer vocabulary, a keener ear, a wider range of effects—all of this supported by the firm bones of a Latinate syntax—than any English prose writer before or since. Even his smallest, transitional passages are exquisitely worked. Here, from "Vile Bodies," is a carful of drunks returning home from the races:
Darkness fell during the drive back. It took an hour to reach the town. Adam and Miles and Archie Schwert did not talk much. The effects of their drinks had now entered on that secondary stage, vividly described in temperance hand-books, when the momentary illusion of well-being and exhilaration gives place to melancholy, indigestion and moral decay. Adam tried to concentrate his thoughts upon his sudden wealth [he thinks he's won some money], but they seemed unable to adhere to this high pinnacle, and as often as he impelled them up, slithered back helplessly to his present physical discomfort.
Waugh was young (twenty-five) when he wrote this, and so he is spreading his plumage a little. Later, his prose became simpler, and more beautiful.
Such writing could become heavy after a while, but it is constantly refreshed by tart dialogue. Waugh, it seems, could do any voice—of any nationality, social class, age, profession, temperament—and make it sound as if it were speaking, that very moment, two feet away. Another balancing factor is Waugh's extreme economy in laying out his story. As good as what he tells us is what he doesn't tell us, or only reveals later, through the mouthpiece of someone who witnessed the event, or heard about it. (See Philbrick's account of the murder of Prendergast.) His use of point of view could pass inspection by Henry James. But his most striking gift is his sheer writerly tact. He knows exactly when to cut something off, and he never explains a joke.
As a result, he was, in the words of his son Auberon, "the funniest man of his generation." People have said that every novelist has only one book in him; if so, Waugh's was a version of "Candide." In novel after novel, he shows us a naïve, good man wandering through a bad world, which, as he tries to make sense of it, reveals itself in all its hilarious shockingness. This was Waugh's favorite joke, a Wildean joke: moral blindness, asserted without shame. In "Black Mischief" (1932), which is set in an African country, the hero, Basil Seal, arrives at the British legation to announce that civil war has erupted in the nation. "I think it's very mischievous of you saying all this," the legate's wife, Lady Courteney, replies. "You're just talking. Now go and get yourself some whiskey . . . and I think you might put that dirty gun outside in the lobby." She is English, and upper-class, and if the people of this strange, hot country to which her family has been posted have begun killing one another, that is no concern of hers.
This is the soil from which Waugh reaps his comic harvest, but his books wouldn't have lasted if they did not contain a serious moral drama. A year after his marriage, Waugh, sitting in a country inn, writing "Vile Bodies," received a letter from She-Evelyn saying that she was having an affair and wanted a divorce. He never got over it. In most of his novels, the hero falls in love with a beautiful woman who speedily betrays him. Waugh was loyal to the generation of the twenties—in English fiction, he was its leader—but he soon began worrying about its morals. Alec recalled that after receiving She-Evelyn's fatal letter Evelyn said to him, "The trouble about the world today is that there's not enough religion in it. There's nothing to stop young people doing whatever they feel like doing at the moment." In 1930, shortly after the end of his marriage, he converted to Roman Catholicism—an action that probably fortified his gift for comedy. The Church of Rome, more than any other Christian persuasion, sees the world as fallen. Pledged to that faith, Waugh could go on having fun with the world's wickedness. Most of his people behave badly; he likes them anyway, and makes us like them. Nevertheless, he took sin seriously and wondered how goodness could survive against it. This problem underlies all his novels. In some, above all "A Handful of Dust," from his early period, and his Second World War trilogy, published between 1952 and 1961—"Men at Arms," "Officers and Gentlemen," and "Unconditional Surrender" (or "The End of the Battle," as it was called in its American edition)—the struggle between good and evil is pushed to the forefront, and these are his finest books. They are also his most pessimistic.But the morals didn't get in the way of the comedy, some of which is directed at people whom, today, we are disposed to rescue from a history of abuse. An important character in "Black Mischief" is known to her friends as Black Bitch. Her countrymen squat on their haunches and polish their teeth with sticks. They all but have bones in their noses. Yet, in his treatment of Africans and other groups foreign to him, Waugh was in complete agreement with most of the educated people of his time and class. Their views have gone to the grave with them. His have survived, because they are enshrined in his marvellous novels, and therefore we have the opportunity to be shocked by him. Furthermore, Waugh didn't just make fun of today's targeted minorities; he made fun of everyone. Here, from "Decline and Fall," is his description of a group of Welsh musicians arriving to play at a school festivity:
Ten men of revolting appearance were approaching from the drive. They were low of brow, crafty of eye and crooked of limb. They advanced huddled together with the loping tread of wolves, peering about them furtively as they came . . . they slavered at their mouths, which hung loosely over their receding chins, while each clutched under his ape-like arm a burden of curious and unaccountable shape. On seeing the Doctor they halted and edged back, those behind squinting and mouthing over their companions' shoulders.
In "Black Mischief," the Europeans, the would-be bringers of civilization, are satirized much more wickedly—and much more pointedly, in moral terms—than the Africans. When, at the end of the book, Lady Courteney's nymphomaniac daughter is eaten for dinner at a tribal gathering, we don't cry for her.
Evelyn was not a good father. The thing he feared most in life was boredom, Alexander tells us, and the six children he had by his second wife, Laura Herbert, often bored him to death. His diaries and letters are filled with unaffectionate references to them. ("Teresa's voice odious, Bron [Auberon] lazy . . . Harriet mad.") When they were home from school, he took dinner in his library. They were glad of this, for they were afraid of him, as was almost everyone he knew. "He spent his life," Auberon later wrote, "seeking out men and women who were not frightened of him. Even then, he usually ended up getting drunk with them, as a way out of the abominable problem of human relations."
That was not the only circumstance in which he was drunk. The cycling depression that he developed in his youth dogged him all his life, and he treated it with alcohol. Auberon recalls that he could tell when his father was at home, because of the "miasma compounded of Havana cigar smoke and gin" issuing from the library. Together with the gin, Evelyn dosed himself heavily with chloral bromide, a sleeping medication, and the combination eventually resulted in a spell of paranoid hallucinations—an experience he recorded in his odd and excellent late novel "The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold" (1957). He did not learn a lesson from this. He just switched to paraldehyde and gin. Like many first-rate writers of his generation, he was intoxicated most of the day, every day. This no doubt exacerbated his annoyance with his children, and the cruelty with which he expressed it.
Auberon, as the oldest boy and hence the child he held to the highest standard, seemed to him a special disappointment—not without reason. By the time Auberon entered puberty, he was, by his own account, "something approaching a professional criminal." While he was at prep school—Downside, run by Benedictine monks—he founded an organization called the Downside Numismatic Society and rented a room for it in the town. There he and his friends went to smoke and play cards. When a group of prefects skeptical of the boys' numismatic interests interrupted their activities, Auberon called the police. He appears also to have set fire to the school, though Alexander thinks that was an accident. After Downside, he joined the Army and was posted to Cyprus, where, one day, he decided that the machine gun attached to his armored car was not functioning properly. He got out, stood in front of the gun barrel, and fiddled with the mechanism—successfully, for the gun resumed firing, and shot six bullets, point blank, into his chest. He lost his spleen, one of his lungs, two ribs, and part of a hand. When his parents were informed that he would probably die, Laura came to Cyprus, but Evelyn didn't. To him, this was probably just another one of Auberon's derelictions. The boy, at the time, was eighteen.
Auberon later wrote that his father was sometimes capable of great kindness. (Once, when Auberon was in the hospital as a child, recovering from an eye operation, Evelyn arrived with a box of white mice hidden under his overcoat, as a treat.) Furthermore, however much antagonism reigned between father and son when they were living under the same roof, they wrote each other wonderful, entertaining, affectionate letters when they were apart, which was most of the time. In Auberon's letters to Evelyn, he seems to speak to him as an equal, telling him stories, feeding him material, as it were. He did this consciously, he later confessed: "Nothing ever happened to me while he was alive but I mentally sub-edited it into a report which would be sent to him in my next letter." Both of them writers, they were most generous to each other in writing. About five years before his death, Evelyn "lost all terror," Auberon says—he became benevolent, mild—and from then on the two men enjoyed a "distinct cordiality." Auberon does not add that this change in Evelyn was accompanied by another: his writing slipped terribly. Eventually, he put down his pen and devoted his days to crossword puzzles and gin. He longed for death, and at sixty-two he got it, from what is said to have been a heart attack. Auberon, an honest man, recalls that when he received the news, what he felt, mainly, was relief: "His death lifted a great brooding awareness not only from the house but from the whole of existence."
Auberon married young, and the woman he chose, Teresa Onslow, was, like his mother, from a noble family. They had four children, in short order. Auberon published his first novel, "The Foxglove Saga," when he was twenty, and then he wrote four more, but eventually he decided that they weren't very good. Alexander thinks that he may also have gotten tired of hearing his novels compared unfavorably to Evelyn's. In any case, he gave up on fiction and devoted himself entirely to journalism. Over the years, he worked, it seems, for every newspaper in London, plus several magazines, but his longest stay was at the satirical biweekly Private Eye. Though he wrote on many subjects—politics, books, wine, food, nature—his specialty was the short, comic "diary" column, which is what he produced for fourteen years at Private Eye. In an entry from December, 1981, he notes that two headless bears are said to have been found in the river at Hackney: "Immediately one begins to feel alarmed for several of one's friends. . . . I have not seen Geoffrey Wheatcroft for some time." A week later, he describes The Spectator's Christmas party, where the main speech was given by Sir Peregrine Worsthorne. He adds that Sir Peregrine's father, the Colonel, "used sometimes to be seen in bed with Eartha Kitt although it is thought that no impropriety occurred." The next month, he reports on the activities of Women Against Rape. "What do they propose to put in its place?" he asks. Elsewhere, he takes out after Admiral Sir Alexander Gordon-Lennox, the sergeant-at-arms of the House of Commons, who, understandably, has been reluctant to give Auberon a press pass. When a small bomb goes off in Westminster Palace, Auberon accuses Sir Alexander of having farted.
He did not mince words about what such writing constituted. "Vulgar abuse," he called it, and he stood up for it. "Vituperation is not a philosophy of life nor an answer to all life's ills. It is merely a tool, a device. . . . It redresses some of the forces of deference which bolster the conceit of the second-rate; it also prevents the first-rate from going mad with conceit." He felt that mockery was a British specialty and that this made "life in Britain preferable to life anywhere else." His own leadership in the field endeared him to many, while others responded to his writings with quaking rage and, sometimes, libel suits. Auberon's favorite target was liberal reform, which made a vigorous showing in England in the nineteen-seventies. In his columns, he repeatedly insulted the working classes; he warned against the dangers of breast-feeding. In "Fathers and Sons," Alexander reports that Auberon always defended corporal punishment in schools, or at least in Catholic schools, where, he argued, it relieved the monks of the strains of celibacy. A beating, he said, was "a small sacrifice for a boy and a great treat for a monk." Once, when, as Auberon tells it, he "repeated an old army joke about the curious trousers worn by men in certain parts of the near East," the British Council Library in Rawalpindi was burned to the ground. That time, he got fired.
People who knew Auberon only from his writings were always surprised, when they met him, to discover what a genial man he was. He also turns out to have been the best father of those surveyed in "Fathers and Sons." He "was never—well, hardly ever—sharp with us," Alexander writes, and he was huge fun to be with. He loved games; he loved dinner; he would sing Offenbach with a glass of port balanced on his head. Alexander recalls that his school friends often asked Auberon, with horror, what had happened to his left index finger, which the accident in Cyprus had reduced to a stump. He would explain to them that it "had been bitten off by a Royal Bengal Tiger . . . or had dropped off, quite inexplicably, that very morning."
Auberon was also wise, as is clear from his autobiography, "Will This Do?," which he wrote when he was in his fifties. All the Waugh literary men produced histories of themselves and their family. Auberon's is the best—far better than Evelyn's "A Little Learning" (1964), a late, bored book—and one of the finest things in it is his discussion of his mother, Laura. Alexander, too, is very good on Laura. Though she came from an old and rich family, she hated ostentation. Most days, she dressed in trousers belted with twine. If she had to go to a party, she wore an old, largely hairless Astrakhan coat, also belted with twine. (It had had a proper belt, but apparently she lost it.) She cared as little for her family's wardrobe as for her own. Alexander writes that when the time came for her daughters to go to boarding school it turned out that they owned no underpants. Laura told their nanny to sew up the front of Auberon's old undershorts for them. The nanny, scandalized, sneaked into town and bought them underwear with her own money.
Laura deplored the whole circus surrounding Evelyn's fame and almost never attended official occasions with him. Basically, she didn't like human company very much. She kept cows, and "she loved them extravagantly," Auberon writes, "as other women love their dogs or, so I have been told, their children." Next in her affections was her gardener, Mr. Coggins, who would linger with her in the pasture and discuss the cows. After Evelyn died, Coggins vanished. He soon returned—he was just on a bender—but in his absence Laura became convinced that Auberon had murdered him. ("I know where you've hidden the body," she hissed at him during Evelyn's funeral.) Without Evelyn to support her, Laura decided that she had to put the family's grand home—Combe Florey, in Somerset—on the market, but she didn't really want to sell it. So, Alexander says, "when prospective buyers came round she poured buckets of water through the floorboards and ordered her dog, Credit, to shit on the carpets." No one bought Combe Florey. Eventually, Auberon and his family moved in with Laura.
When Laura was not tending to her cows, Auberon says, she occupied herself with jigsaw puzzles, or "retreated into her own private meditations whose direction was not easily to be distinguished from simple misanthropy." In her widowhood, she consoled herself with sherry. Alexander, as a boy, would often visit her in her wing of the house. Together, they would play games with plastic cows on her kitchen table. He recalls, "I particularly liked the smell that attached to all her jerseys—sherry, French cigarettes, and dog baskets all blended into one, a lovely Granny fragrance." Alexander's and Auberon's combined portrait of her is a superb comedy, shaded with sorrow—for her children (she was almost as neglectful a parent as Evelyn) and also for her. She cannot have found it easy to be Evelyn's wife. "Perhaps," Auberon writes, "she would have had a happier life if she had married someone else, but I am not really all that sure how happy anyone's life is, when one comes to examine it." She died at fifty-six, of pneumonia. Auberon, too, died early, at sixty-one, of heart failure. "Better to go," he said, "than sit around being a terrible old bore."
Alexander's and Auberon's books also give us a taste of London journalism, which in Auberon's time was very gloves-off. Stabs in the back, vendettas, letter-writing campaigns, lawsuits: what drama! Writers called people piss pots, poltroons, dog sodomists—almost everything but drunks. (Drunkenness was not considered a vice.) English journalism is much the same today. In that world, Don Imus might have been sued, but he probably wouldn't have been fired.
The rowdiness was not confined to journalism. "Fathers and Sons," together with Auberon's memoir and Evelyn's novels, puts us back in touch with a vanished world, that of the English upper and upper-middle classes in the years surrounding the First and Second World Wars. These people were extremely insular, and therefore confident. If something seemed silly to them, or even just unusual, they didn't mind making jokes about it. They were not as nice as we are, and they were much funnier. They drank from noon to night and wrote their books young and fast. Even Evelyn, the gloomiest of the lot, seems to have had a capacity for enjoyment (at least in his writing) that we barely understand, and that is not to speak of Auberon. Alexander is tamer and tenderer, but he shows the same trait. At one point, he remembers Combe Florey, "a shambling fortress of creaky stairs and alien smells. Chief among its attractions—at any rate to a seven-year-old boy—were a life-sized carved wooden lion in the hall; Victorian painted furniture by William Burges; a stuffed white owl whose wing I could remove by lifting the glass dome that covered it and yanking; . . . a crystal chandelier that tinkled when you punched it; a ferocious gander called Captain, whose attacks we fended off with umbrellas." The Waughs had stuffed owls and homicidal ganders and knickerless children, running wild. That's not what most of us have anymore, but it is impossible to read this passage without thinking of the inherited vigor of English literature—the sheer, knotty concreteness of it, sometimes rude, always robust—from Chaucer on down. ♦


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I had an awesome mullet. 501 Levis pre and post the acid wash fad.Hank wrote:Gabbert?! I thought that was Erik Karlsson.
What's with mullets making a comeback? Skinny jeans and mullets... I lived that in the 80's.
Donny i think Tim Tebow is pretty strong minded on just being a qb, though I do agree he could be a good tight end or FB.


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User login
The Instant-Grid project is closed
Submitted by grid on Thu, 28/05/2009 - 10:04.
The Instant-Grid project is now officially closed. The Instant-Grid CD remains in use at several institutions, and some of them will continue to actively develop it for their internal requirements. However, for now these developments will not be distributed via this website. If new versions are available somewhere else, we will of course also announce it here.
Our download page and our forums will remain available. As far as our time permits we will also continue to answer your questions. Thank you for your continued interest in this project.
Instant-Grid 1.1 improves support for recent hardware
Submitted by grid on Thu, 21/02/2008 - 16:05.
The new Instant-Grid version 1.1 is based on Knoppix 5.1.1. This improves the support for more recent hardware. Furthermore, we have expanded the English documentation (also available online), automated many function tests, and improved the workflow stability. For further changes, please have a look at the release notes.
Instant-Grid 1.0 released during GES 07
Submitted by grid on Wed, 02/05/2007 - 13:57.
Instant-Grid 1.0 has become available on the occasion of the GES 07. Version 1.0 has a newly designed user interface improving its accessibility for beginners, which is further enhanced by new flash videos showcasing the most important features. Also new is the integration of the graphical workflow manager GWES. Its capabilities are demonstrated by a demo version of ERAMAS, an environmental simulation tool, and by a new POV-Ray renderfarm based on workflows. Furthermore it is possible for the first time to use external resources from Instant-Grid. Doing this requires a D-Grid certificate or a registration on the Instant-Grid web page.
Instant-Grid auf der GES 2007
Submitted by tkalman on Mon, 30/04/2007 - 10:43.
Instant-Grid wird auf der German E-Science Conference 2007 (2. - 4. Mai 2007, Baden-Baden, www.ges2007.de) mit einem Vortrag, einem eigenen Stand und einem Workshop vertreten sein. Während der Vortrag einen Überblick über die CD geben wird, werden auf dem Stand einzelne Komponenten live demonstriert. Zudem können Besucher PC-kompatible Notebooks in ein Instant-Grid integrieren, und so direkt Grid-Software ausprobieren. Dazu muss natürlich keinerlei Software auf der Festplatte installiert werden.
Instant-Grid 0.6 allows for distributed rendering of animations
Submitted by Christian Boehme on Wed, 20/12/2006 - 18:30.
Just in time for Christmas Instant-Grid version 0.6 (Christmas Edition) is released today. In this version we finally support parallel rendering of animations or movies with POV-Ray. Furthermore we have added new applications from our partners: Gridsearch from FIZ Chemie allows searching text documents on all grid clients, and with the Workflow-Manager from Fraunhofer FIRST you can describe complex tasks in an easy way. Have a look at our release notes for further improvements and changes.
New resource viewer and collaborative editor in Instant-Grid 0.5
Submitted by Christian Boehme on Tue, 10/10/2006 - 10:31.
A new version of the Instant-Grid CD (0.5) is available! The live CD base is now Knoppix 5, and we have also updated Gridsphere and the Grid Portlets. A new addition is the text editor Gobby, a nice example of collaborative tools (not only) for Grids. Furthermore we have added a new Portlet, which allows examining the Instant-Grid hardware resources directly from Gridsphere (screenshot on the left). There are more changes in version 0.5, please also consult the release notes.
Instant-Grid version 0.4 with new user management tool
Submitted by Christian Boehme on Wed, 28/06/2006 - 10:17.
Instant-Grid version 0.4 is available! One of the new features is an easy to use web application for the creation of new users. We also updated almost the entire grid software contained in Instant-Grid with the most recent versions, added firewall protection against unsolicited access, and facilitated usage of Instant-Grid on stand alone systems by making it work with a dummy interface. More changes and bugfixes can be found in the release notes. Happy gridding!
New: Flash demo movies and Subversion changelog
Submitted by Christian Boehme on Thu, 18/05/2006 - 10:09.
If you want to take a peek at Instant-Grid before (or during) the download of the CD image, or try to sidestep reading the documentation, you may want to have a look at our Flash movies (the page is currently only available in German). They are mostly intended for presentations and therefore do not contain commentary. However, the saying goes "a picture is worth a thousand words".
And now for something completely different: As a side effect of the recent introduction of the Subversion revision control system into our development cycle, we also switched our changelog to use the logging information from that system.
Instant-Grid 0.3.1 features improved Gridsphere integration
Submitted by Christian Boehme on Tue, 09/05/2006 - 10:51.
Version 0.3.1 of the Instant-Grid CD, now available for download, doesn't require a manual update of the Gridsphere resource database anymore. All clients in the Instant-Grid can now be used directly and without manual configuration from inside the portal, just like it was previously possible using the command line or the rendering farm web interface.
New Version 0.3 of Instant-Grid is Usable as Render Farm
Submitted by Christian Boehme on Wed, 22/03/2006 - 13:53.
The new version 0.3 of the Instant-Grid CD is available for download. There have been a lot of changes since version 0.2.1, please have a look at the release notes for a (still incomplete) list.
The most notable new feature is the possibility to use Instant-Grids as render farms for the parallel rendering of single scenes with POV-Ray (multiple scenes and movies are planned). A simple Web interface to this feature is provided. You can use the included examples or render your own scenes. Please note that there is a significant overhead for each picture slice, so parallel speed up increases with higher resolutions.


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The terrific digital imagery is part of Schwinn Bike Trailer: Consider the Many Benefits article which is sorted within , , and posted at February 9, 2016 11:24:57 am by Sport Reviewer
Schwinn Bike Trailer: Consider the Many Benefits: Schwinn Trailblazer Bike Trailer
One of the most popular names in bicycle manufacturing now offers a line of Schwinn bike trailer options that allow you to take your small children on it adventure in safety and style. Over the years, there have been multiple Schwinn bike trailer models including the Joyrider, Echo and Spirit with the Trailblazer being their latest offer. As long as you purchase a bike trailer that is complete and undamaged, any of them can give your children a safe and fun ride on the back of your bicycle.
Schwinn bike trailer models have many benefits for you, your kids and the family as a whole. First of all, you can share your love of riding with your children even when they are very small. Riding a bike is one of the first things that kids love to do as they get larger, but of course when they are only one, two or three, they will not be able to ride along with you. A Schwinn bike trailer offers a comfortable and safe way to start. Having a good quality bike trailer that you might find on somewhere like DogProductPicker.com means that even your pooch can go on a bike ride with you! The whole family can come along!
Also, you do not have to get a babysitter if you are using a Schwinn bike trailer to bring the kids along with you. The bike trailer helps your family have more together time in the great outdoors. After all, a bicycle ride with the kids in a Schwinn bike trailer can turn into a visit to the playground or a picnic lunch. There are so many great benefits to buying and using a bike trailer so you and your small children can experience the great athletic activity of bike riding together.
The interesting image is segment of Schwinn Bike Trailer: Consider the Many Benefits has dimension 1280 x 720 pixel. You can download and receive the Schwinn Trailblazer Bike Trailer images by click the download button below to get multiple high resolution versions.
Here is main instruction about Bike. We have the resource for more image about Bike. Check it out for yourself! You can get Schwinn Bike Trailer: Consider the Many Benefits and view the Schwinn Bike Trailer: Consider the Many Benefits in here.
Back to Schwinn Bike Trailer: Consider the Many Benefits


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9007C limit switch - 1 NO/NC - top push rod plungerShow more characteristics >
* Price is "List Price" and may be subject to a trade discount – check with your local distributor or retailer for actual price.
Product availabilityNon-Stock - Not normally stocked in distribution facility
- Price*223.00 USD
Add to My Products Remove from My Products
The maximum number of products that can be compared is 4
Main range of product9007 series nameHeavy duty product or component typeLimit switch product specific applicationStandard box device short name9007C body typePlug-in head typePlunger head materialMetal fixing modeBy the body movement of operating headLinear type of operatorStainless steel spring return plunger (-) switch actuationOn end type of approach1 direction vertical approach electrical connection(AWG 22...AWG 12) screw-clamp terminals, 1...2 cable entry1 entry for 1/2" - 14 NPT conforming to BS 4568 number of poles1 contacts type and compositionNC-NO contact operationSnap action positive openingWithout sale per indivisible quantity1 Complementary body materialZinc head materialZinc function available- switch functionSPDT-DB contact formForm Z contacts materialSilver contacts terminals description ISO n°1(1-2)NC(3-4)NO minimum force for tripping3 lbf repeat accuracy+/- 0.001 in linear travel of cam [Ie] rated operational current0.55 Aat 120 V DC6 Aat 120 V AC, A150 conforming to NEMA [Ithe] conventional enclosed thermal current10 A [Ui] rated insulation voltage600 V degree of pollution 3 conforming to UL 508for contact block600 V degree of pollution 3 conforming to CSA C22.2 No 14for contact block [Uimp] rated impulse withstand voltage2.5 kV ACfor 1 min conforming to CE2.2 kV ACfor 1 min conforming to UL2.64 kV ACfor 1 s conforming to CSA short-circuit protection10 A by CC fuse, protection type: non-time delay electrical durability1000000 cycles local signalling1 LED indicator light (light ON when switch is actuated)at 24...120 V AC/DC service life: 100000 h mechanical durability10000000 cycles width1.55 in height4.5 in depth1.79 in product weight1.25 lb(US) Environment shock resistance60 gn (duration = 9 ms) conforming to IEC 60068-2-27 vibration resistance25 gn (f = 10...150 Hz) conforming to IEC 60068-2-6 NEMA degree of protectionNEMA 2 conforming to Nema type 250NEMA 4 conforming to Nema type 250NEMA 6 conforming to Nema type 250NEMA 6P conforming to Nema type 250NEMA 12 conforming to Nema type 250NEMA 13 conforming to Nema type 250NEMA 1 conforming to Nema type 250 IP degree of protectionIP67 conforming to IEC 60529 electrical shock protection classClass 0 conforming to IEC 61140 ambient air temperature for operation-20...185 °Ffor standard environment ambient air temperature for storage-20...185 °F environmental characteristicStandard environment protective treatmentEpoxy powder coat Ordering and shipping details Category21499 - 9007 C LIMIT SWITCHES Discount ScheduleDS1 GTIN00785901111740 Nbr. of units in pkg.1 Package weight(Lbs)1.25 ReturnabilityN Country of originMX Offer Sustainability RoHS (date code: YYWW) REACh Product environmental profileAvailable Product end of life instructionsNeed no specific recycling operations California proposition 65WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including: - - - - - - - Substance 1Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), which is known to the State of California to cause cancer, and - - - - - - - Substance 2Di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. - - - - - - - More informationFor more information go to www.p65warnings.ca.gov Contractual warranty Warranty period18 months
Documents and DownloadsLanguage
CatalogSizeAdd to My DocumentsLimit Switches (Version 1.0)Date 3/20/07Size 16.3 MBCADSizeAdd to My DocumentsCAD for 9007C54EP5: 9007C limit switch - 1 NO/NC - top push rod plunger (Version 1.0)CAD files for 9007C54EP5: NEMA Square D 9007 Limit Switches, 9007C Heavy Duty SemiModular 39mm Metal Body, 9007E metal top push rod plunger, spring return, std. metal top push rod plunger, spring rtn + LED (Version 1.0)CAD files for 9007C54EP5: NEMA Square D 9007 Limit Switches, 9007C Heavy Duty SemiModular 39mm Metal Body, 9007E metal top push rod plunger, spring return, std. metal top push rod plunger, spring rtn + LED (pdf)Date 4/11/19Size 129.8 KBCertificateSizeAdd to My DocumentsUL Certificate E78403 NKCR Auxiliary Devices (Version 1.0)Date 5/12/16Size 174.9 KBEU RoHS DeclarationSizeAdd to My DocumentsREACh DeclarationSizeAdd to My Documents
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When the First Citizens Bank opened on Middle Street in New Bern in 1913, it included a skylight.
When the First Citizens Bank opened on Middle Street in New Bern in 1913, it included a skylight.
About 50 or 60 years ago, the skylight was removed and the large hole covered over.
Now, a century after the building was constructed, there will again be light.
Today, the structure is the home of the Craven Arts Council�s Bank of the Arts.
A custom 16-foot-square skylight is being installed this week, 24 feet above the main gallery. The bank donated the building to the arts council in 1982.
The $60,000 skylight is an additional improvement to the council�s gallery, along with an $186,000 renovation project that has closed the gallery and offices since March.
A grand reopening �Homecoming� for the public with a new exhibit is scheduled for Sept. 27. The night before, a private thank-you reception is scheduled for the donors and contributors to the renovations.
Art Council Director Carol Tokarski said it would be exciting to return to home on Middle Street. The council has worked with Tryon Palace in the interim, using a 308 George St. house for offices and hosting exhibits at Duffy Gallery in the North Carolina History Center.
Duffy will host the arts council�s part of the Sept. 13 ArtWalk at the History Center.
�Although we have been quite comfortable in our temporary quarters, the Craven Arts Council & Gallery staff is looking forward to moving back to our home at the Bank of the Arts,� she said. �To celebrate our return, we have invited some of our favorite past artists to participate in �Homecoming.��
The official opening of this exhibit follows a chamber ribbon-cutting ceremony at 10 a.m. Sept. 27. A number of the artists will be on hand to talk with visitors. The Homecoming exhibit continues through December.
Tokarski said the skylight will �light up the arts.�
�It has brought so much beautiful light into the building,� she said. �It is the l00th anniversary of the building, so in 2013, seems appropriate for putting that beautiful skylight back.�
It is not known why the skylight was removed, although it has been speculated that it could have been for problems of leaks or even security, since it was a bank in those days.
The $60,000 project to pay for the skylight has been funded through community efforts, she said. The project goal is near, but not reached.
�We still need to raise some more money for the skylight and ongoing maintenance of the Bank of the Arts,� she said.
The $186,000 in renovations to the Middle Street building include restoration of the upstairs boardroom and new offices on that level; new bathrooms and kitchenette; a redesigned shop that will enable the council to represent additional artists; and much-needed repairs to the entrance.
Tokarski said that project was made possible by the Harold H. Bate Foundation, The Cannon Foundation, the city of New Bern, Craven County Community Foundation, the Georgene Hannon Trust, North Carolina Main Street Program, Swiss Bear Downtown Development Corp. and the arts council membership.
As for the Sept. 27 reopening, more than three dozen artists from all mediums whose works have appeared in past shows have signed on to create new works for �Homecoming.�
In addition to the Bank of the Arts Gallery, �Homecoming� artists will be featured at the Duffy Exhibit Gallery at the North Carolina History Center.
Several sculptures will also be placed at select sites in the North Carolina History Center.
The History Center grounds will become the new home of art council�s sculpture garden, which was previously at Broad and Middle streets.
For additional information, contact the Bank of the Arts/Craven Arts Council at 638-2577.
On the web: Cravenarts.org
Charlie Hall can be reached at 252-635-5667 or email@example.com.


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The average pay for an Operations Manager is {{pay}} per hour.
The average pay for an Operations Manager is €52,000 per year.
|€30,639 - €82,212
|Total Pay (
XTotal Pay combines base annual salary or hourly wage, bonuses, profit sharing, tips, commissions, overtime pay and other forms of cash earnings, as applicable for this job. It does not include equity (stock) compensation, cash value of retirement benefits, or the value of other non-cash benefits (e.g. healthcare).)
|€30,639 - €91,999
Job Description for Operations Manager
Operations managers oversee their organization's production of goods and/or services. They oversee various departments, such as purchasing, warehousing, and manufacturing. They must make sure that their company's products meet or exceed clients' or customers' expectation. They must make sure that their company's operations run smoothly and effectively. They oversee budgets. Depending on the size of their company, they may be involved in establishing sales and profit goals. They must make sure that their company conducts their business in a safe manner. They must comply with safety and environmental rules and regulations.Read More...
They must have leadership, managerial, and interpersonal skills. They must have excellent oral and written communication skills. They must follow company's policies and procedures. They must conduct employee performance reviews in a timely manner. In addition to attending staff meetings within the organization, they may have to meet with labor union representatives, members of neighboring communities, and government officials. They must continuously follow trends in the market place related to their company's products and/or services. They must follow changes in government rules and regulations related to labor issues, safety requirements, and environment issues.
They must have a bachelor's degree in management, business, finance, marketing or another relevant field. A master's degree, especially an MBA, is a plus. They must have commensurate work experience. However, qualified employees within a company may be promoted to become operations managers. They may be required to mentor and coach staff within their company. They may be required to travel. (Copyright 2019 PayScale.com)
- Manage the day to day company or department operations.
- Make personnel decisions regarding hiring, compensation, promotions, discipline and termination of operational support staff in accordance with company policies.
- Monitor and manage operational costs.
Operations Manager Job Listings
Key Stats for Operations Manager
17 %
83 %


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of degrees
& programs
Concentration: Marketing Communication
Fall: March 15 [December 15 for international applicants]
Spring: September 30
[August 1 for international applicants]
Completed applications are processed throughout the year as they are received. International students who miss the December 15 deadline are required to submit to Temple University an evaluation of their transcript by an approved educational evaluation firm.
Number Required: 2
From Whom: Letters of recommendation should be obtained from college/university faculty members familiar with academic competence and/or an immediate work supervisor.
Three tracks are available in the Master of Science in Marketing Program. Students in all three tracks require the foundation courses,
which include ACCT 500: Financial and Managerial Accounting; ECON 500: Managerial Economics; FIN 500: Financial Analysis and Strategy; MKTG 500: Marketing Management Strategy; MSOM 500: Operations Management; and STAT 500: Quantitative Business Methods. These courses may be waived by the program advisor based on appropriate past coursework. Students in all three tracks also complete a Field Research Project.
Applicants for the M.S. program are expected to submit a Statement of Goals that describes future goals in specific terms. Applicants should avoid use of generalizations or blanket statements. The Statement of Goals should address how the M.S. will assist in achieving the applicant's goals.
The GRE/GMAT is required. Quantitative and verbal scores on the GRE should be in the 50th percentile or above. Scores under 500 on the GMAT are not considered for the M.S. program.
Minimum TOEFL score or range of scores needed to be accepted: 575 paper-based, 230 computer-based, or 88 internet-based. Any student admitted with a TOEFL score below 600 on the paper-based, 250 on the computer-based, or 100 on the internet-based examination must pass an English skills course during the first semester of enrollment at Temple University. Those having taken the paper-based or computer-based test have the additional option of testing out of the English course by taking and passing the SPEAK test at Temple.
A resume is required.
Upper-level graduate credits from an accredited graduate business program may be transferred into the M.S. program. The credits must be part of the required degree program at Temple University. To be transferred, the grade must be a "B" or better. The Admissions Committee makes recommendations for transferring credits to the department chair. The maximum number of credits a student may transfer is 6.
Number of Didactic Credits Required Beyond the Baccalaureate: 30
Required Courses:
Marketing Requirements:
MKTG 502: Consumer and Buyer Behavior
MKTG 503: Marketing Communications
MKTG 505: Marketing Research
MKTG 506: Marketing Strategy
AND one of the following:
MKTG 514: International Marketing
MKTG 526: Nonprofit Marketing
MKTG 557: Electronic Commerce
MKTG 575: Product Management
Related-Discipline Requirements (Select Four):
COMM 503: Quantitative Communication Research
JOURN 511: Advertising and Public Relations Research
JOURN 585: Media Management
JOURN 605: Seminar in Public Relations
JOURN 661: Seminar in Advertising Problems
PSY 505: Theories of Learning
PSY 507: Motivation
PSY 508: Cognitive Psychology
PSY 511: Perceptual Processes
PSY 544: Attitudes and Persuasion
Internship: No internship is required.
Language Examination: No language examination is required.
Consulting Project:
The student must demonstrate a capacity to integrate what has been learned in the context of a consulting project. Students will engage a client, preferably a nonprofit or not-for-profit organization, and develop an appropriate plan to meet the client's needs. No formal defense is necessary. The program coordinator will evaluate the project along with any faculty the coordinator deems necessary.
Fox School of Business and Management
LL5 Speakman Hall
1810 North 13th Street
Philadelphia, PA 19122
Natale Butto
Director of Graduate Admissions
Program Coordinator:
Professor James Hunt
Graduate Chairperson:
Professor Richard Lancioni
Robert Bonner
Assistant Dean
The Fox School of Business and Management offers M.S. programs through which students acquire in-depth knowledge of one business discipline. These programs are ideally suited for the business professional who wishes to develop advanced mastery of one business specialization. Our approach to graduate education helps develop practical expertise through case analyses and presentations, interaction with business practitioners, and team projects. The Fox School prepares students to step immediately into key management roles in highly specialized fields. The Fox School is the region's second largest business graduate school with over 1,300 students studying in 35 graduate business areas of concentration.
Time Limit for Degree Completion: 6 years
Center City, Fort Washington
The business foundation and advanced management classes are offered at both campuses throughout the year but not necessarily in the same semester. Upper-level courses are not offered at all campuses. Courses are also offered online.
Students are able to complete the degree program through classes offered after 4:30 p.m. Students are also able to complete the degree program on a part-time basis (8 credit hours or less per semester).
Fox School of Business and Management
LL5 Speakman Hall
1810 North 13th Street
Philadelphia, PA 19122
Not applicable.
Research is supported by the Fox School of Business and Management's Advanta Center for Financial Services Studies, the Center for e-Marketing, the Center for Healthcare Research and Management, the Ethics Resource Center, the Irwin L. Gross eBusiness Institute, the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Institute, the Institute of Global Management Studies, the Safeguard Scientific Center for Economics Education, and the Small Business Development Center. Research interests of the Fox School faculty are also supported by numerous centers and institutes throughout Temple University. The Marketing Department's faculty conduct research in chaos theory, e-commerce, and product management.
The Fox School offers graduate-level courses during the summer at its Rome, Italy campus.
The Fox School of Business and Management is currently ranked in the top 75 business schools by Forbes and in the top 50 programs for our Executive M.B.A. The Fox School has also been ranked 14th for technology M.B.A. programs by Computerworld and holds a specialty ranking of 26th in the nation for healthcare management programs. The Fox School has been recognized for research in numerous departments and is in the top 1% of citings of university research.
All Fox School of Business and Management graduate business programs are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International (AACSB International), the association for management education.
To gain mastery, students complete a minimum of ten advanced level courses (500 level or above) beyond either the prerequisites or foundation curricula.
Graduates of the Fox School of Business and Management obtain jobs in computer/information technology; consulting; consumer products and services; energy/utilities; financial services/banking; government; healthcare; industrial products and services; manufacturing; pharmaceuticals; telecommunications; and tourism/transportation.
Students with an undergraduate GPA of 3.0 or above may take classes on a non-matriculated basis. Non-matriculated students can take a maximum of 9 credit hours. Any additional courses require the student to be matriculated in a program.
The Fox School has a limited number of graduate externships for assignments in academic and administrative departments. Work assignments are generally administrative in nature and may include word and data processing. An extern provides up to 20 hours of service per week. Students are required to submit applications directly to the department in which they wish to be appointed.
Updated 1.4.06


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BEAVERTON, Ore. – When the Portland Timbers were running on all cylinders last season, head coach Caleb Porter had three strikers – each with something different brought to the table – at his disposal.
Prior to Tuesday's announcement that the Timbers had signed Nigerian forward Fanendo Adi on a short-term loan, they only had Maximiliano Urruti and newcomer Gaston Fernandez to choose from – with Frederic Piquionne having been away attending to a family emergency for the past several weeks.
Adi, a 6-foot-4 23-year-old who previously played with Danish first-division side FC Copenhagen, gives Porter three options once again.
"As I've said all along, I like to have different options, different dimensions depending on what we're looking to get out of the game," Porter said following Tuesday's training session at the team facility. "With Adi, you get a guy that's good in the air, a guy that can hold the ball up, so we're obviously excited to have a third striker and a third option."
Porter didn't say how big of a role Adi would play, saying that will be determined in training, "just like with every single player we have on the team." Piquionne was mostly used as a substitute, having started in seven of his 24 appearances, and only went the full 90 minutes one time.
"More than anything we needed someone to replace Freddy, plain and simple," Porter said.
Fernandez leads the team with four goals, while Urruti has two. Coming off Sunday's 1-1 draw against the LA Galaxy, the Timbers have scored just 13 goals in 10 games while allowing 16, and Porter claimed, "neither is good enough."
But, he said, Adi's addition wasn't intended to send a message to the group.
"I think the competition is there," Porter said. "Again, you can't question these guys' character, you can't question the chemistry, you can't question the urgency. You saw the urgency in the last game."
As for Piquionne's departure, Porter said the family emergency that forced his return home to Martinique was "unrelated completely" to his release. He compiled one goal and five assists last year, including six goals and six assists over a 12-match span across all competitions from May 29 to Aug. 3.
"He had an issue he needed to sort out with his mother, so we allowed him to go home," Porter said. "But we were in communication with him the entire time trying to figure out the situation and where he was at and where we were at. In the end, mutually we decided it was best for the club and he decided it was best for him at this point in his career and his life that we go in another direction."
Dan Itel covers the Timbers for MLSsoccer.com.


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January 2005
The Dose Makes the Poison—Or Does It?
News reports frequently include stories about toxic chemicals in our food, water, and environment. But what does it mean to label a substance either "toxic" or "nontoxic"?
A flowering Coffea arabica tree in a Brazilian plantation. Too much caffeine in a human diet can be toxic. Photo: Fernando Rebêlo.
Toxicity indicates the degree to which a substance is poisonous to biological organisms, including humans. The traditional way to test toxicity is to count how many laboratory organisms die or suffer impaired health when exposed to various concentrations of a substance. However, in recent years this method of estimating the degree of risk posed by chemical contaminants has come under attack. The controversy focuses on how best to determine the toxicity of selected chemicals in order to set limits designed to protect public health. Two opposing points of view on this issue are presented below.
Argument: The dose makes the poison
Although we call some substances nontoxic, in fact any chemical can be toxic if you eat, drink, or absorb too much of it. Even chemicals naturally present in our food and drinks are toxic if consumed in sufficiently large quantities. For example,
- The caffeine in a normal human diet does not cause illness, but just 50 times this amount could kill you.
- The oxalic acid found in spinach is harmless in the amounts anyone would normally eat but could lead to kidney damage or death if 10 to 20 pounds were consumed at a single sitting.
The toxicity of any particular chemical depends on many factors, including the extent to which it enters an individual's body. Once a chemical gets taken up by an organism, it may get metabolized, or converted through biological processes, into other chemical forms. The toxicity of each type of chemical also depends on whether it gets excreted from the body or stored in the liver, kidneys, fat, or other tissues.
In the 1500s, a Swiss doctor with the tongue-twisting name of Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (commonly called Paracelsus) pointed out that a chemical can be harmless or even beneficial at low concentrations but poisonous at higher ones:
All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.(Von der Besucht, Paracelsus, 1567)
Think about how important it is to take the correct dose of medicines or vitamin supplements. Vitamin D, for example, is an important nutrient that promotes good health when ingested at recommended dosages. However, vitamin D also is a highly toxic chemical, and taking too much can lead to serious health problems including kidney stones, high blood pressure, deafness, and even death.
The notion that "the dose makes the poison" provides the basis for public health standards, which specify maximum acceptable concentrations of various contaminants in food, public drinking water, and the environment. Setting such standards is a complicated process involving scientific research and public policy decisions. The first step typically is to assess a chemical's short-term, or acute, toxicity. This is measured through dose-response experiments in which laboratory organisms are exposed to various doses of the test chemical.
- Dose refers to the amount of a substance that an organism eats, inhales, or absorbs through the skin. Collectively, these amounts make up the exposure of that organism to that particular substance.
- Response refers to the changes in living things caused by exposure to a substance. Typically, as the dose of a toxic substance goes up, increasing numbers of organisms die or show signs of impaired health.
However, there is more to chemical toxicity than the acute effects caused by short-term exposure to high doses. In recent years, concern has grown about chronic effects of long-term exposure to relatively low doses of contaminants in our water, food, and environment. Because our bodies metabolize different types of chemicals in different ways, small daily doses of some contaminants will create cumulative effects that eventually impair our health, whereas similar exposure to other types of contaminants will cause no harm. Lead is an example of a chemical for which small doses can add up to toxic concentrations over time, resulting in stunted growth and mental retardation in children who drink lead-contaminated water or live in homes with peeling lead paint. Rather than occurring suddenly, chronic effects such as these develop gradually through long-term, low-level exposures.
One approach to protecting public health from acute and chronic exposures is to regulate maximum allowable concentrations of designated contaminants in water, food, and air. Under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes maximum contaminant levels for a long list of chemicals potentially found in public water supplies. The goal is not only to protect the public from acute poisoning but also to ensure that contaminant concentrations remain low enough to provide protection over the course of a lifetime from chronic effects such as cancer, birth defects, or damage to the liver or other organs. The law presumes that for each contaminant there is a threshold concentration below which the water will be relatively safe to drink. Setting standards involves several steps:
- First, threshold concentrations are determined through dose-response experiments with laboratory animals. These indications of acute toxicity are coupled with a search for evidence of potential impacts of long-term exposure to low-level doses either in animals or humans.
- Because of the uncertainty inherent in translating between the measured effects of a chemical in laboratory animals and its estimated effects in humans, EPA applies a safety factor when calculating the acceptable dose. This safety factor ranges between 10 and 1000, depending on the degree of confidence that available data provide an accurate estimate of the chemical's effects on human health.
- After determining the desired threshold concentration for each contaminant in public drinking water, EPA studies the technical and financial feasibility of providing water that meets this desired goal.
- Finally, EPA combines the results of health and feasibility studies to select a legal drinking water standard that comes as close as possible to achieving the health-based goal.
A different process is used for chemicals that are known or suspected to cause cancer in humans. For carcinogens, data from animal experiments and human exposures are analyzed to determine whether a safe dose can be identified. If there is no dose below which the chemical is considered safe, the drinking water standard is set at the lowest concentration that can feasibly be achieved with available technology.
Counterargument: It's not that simple
The idea that "the dose makes the poison" relies on the assumption that the higher the dose of any particular chemical, the greater its toxic effect on living organisms. However, this assumption is not always correct. The more we learn about the complex ways in which organisms interact with the chemicals to which they are exposed, the more difficult it seems to be to establish understandings that can be generalized across different types of organisms and chemical substances.
We're not all the same
Chemical sensitivities vary from one species to another, so the responses of laboratory test organisms may or may not accurately model those that occur in humans. Another problem with dose-response studies is that sensitivity to contaminants varies between life stages, both in humans and in other types of organisms. Immature individuals, including fetuses, infants, and children, show much greater sensitivities to some chemicals than do mature adults. In setting drinking water standards for noncarcinogenic substances, EPA uses an average adult male weighing 70 kilograms (154 pounds) who drinks two liters of water each day throughout a 70-year lifetime. Clearly we're not all 70-kg adult males, but this generalization is used for calculation purposes. If any subgroup of humans is known to be particularly sensitive to the chemical in question, then the standard is set to
Excess nitrate in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. Photo: Microsoft Images.
protect the most sensitive part of the population. For example, the 10 milligrams/liter (mg/L) drinking water standard for nitrate is based on the fact that infants are more sensitive than adults to this substance. (Excess nitrate can cause "blue baby syndrome," which lowers the ability of a baby's blood to carry oxygen.) Ideally, all public health standards would be designed to protect the most sensitive segments of the population, but in reality we don't yet know enough about the chronic effects of most contaminants to tailor the standards in this way.
Each chemical is different
Another problem with the concept that the dose makes the poison is that not all chemical toxicities fit the expected pattern of results. In a typical dose-response curve, we would see greater toxic effects occurring with exposure to higher doses of a given compound. Regulators use this expected relationship when they set standards indicating the threshold concentrations below which contaminants are believed to cause relatively little harm. However, scientists have discovered that very low doses of some compounds can induce stronger toxic responses than much higher doses, even at the same life stage of the test organisms. Contaminants that mimic hormones are of concern for this reason. Hormones are chemicals produced by our bodies to stimulate or regulate functions such as growth, digestion, reproduction, and sexual function. Contaminants that mimic hormones can disrupt crucial life functions at doses much lower than those previously thought to be safe, especially in fetuses and children. Perhaps for compounds such as these the slogan should be "No dose is low enough."
The picture becomes even more complicated when you consider that for a few contaminants, extremely low doses have been seen to cause beneficial rather than detrimental effects in test organisms. This is thought to be caused by the organisms' adaptive response to stress. Even though higher doses cause harm, the low-level stress caused by extremely low doses appears to trigger cellular repair and maintenance, leading to beneficial outcomes such as reduced risk of certain types of cancer in laboratory animals. Although this sounds like good news, it is important to keep in mind that a chemical that is beneficial in one way may also be damaging in others. For example, although exposure to tiny doses of a contaminant might improve immune responses in healthy adult males, that same exposure potentially could harm children, pregnant women, or people with suppressed immune systems. Before deciding that exposure to low levels of any particular contaminant is a good idea, we would need to investigate the potential impacts of this exposure on health, growth, reproduction, and behavior of individuals at various life stages.
Why does it matter?
The simplest way to test chemical toxicity is to count how many test organisms suffer serious health effects or die when exposed to large doses. However, these acute toxicity measurements do not help regulators to determine what average daily exposure to this contaminant would be relatively safe over the course of many years. Chronic toxicity is difficult to measure because our bodies respond in a variety of ways to chemical exposures. For each contaminant of concern, we need to investigate many potential effects, addressing questions such as these:
- What are the probabilities that long-term, low-level exposures to this contaminant will cause cancer, asthma, or another disease?
- Does this substance damage cells or genetic materials?
- At what concentrations and at what life stages do measurable effects occur? What are the probabilities of birth defects, reduced growth rates, or other impacts in fetuses and children exposed to low doses of this contaminant?
- Is there any evidence of potential links between exposures at early developmental stages and health impacts later in life?
- What types of laboratory tests have been conducted, and to what extent do the responses of test organisms correspond with any known responses in humans?
- Does this substance exhibit any unexpected results at extremely low doses?
Additional research is needed to clarify the cause-and-effect relationships between chemical exposures and potential health impacts. For many contaminants, few studies have been carried out. In many cases, scientific evidence is complex, incomplete, and full of uncertainty. Continuing scientific studies will help us to better understand the complex interplay between biological organisms and the chemical contaminants in our food, drinking water, and the environment. More research is necessary, but more research will always be necessary. We will never fully understand how each of the countless contaminants to which we are exposed could affect human health. Policymakers therefore must set public health standards based on available scientific evidence while also deciding on priorities for funding new scientific research to address areas in which potential risks are highest and our current understandings are most uncertain.
Invoking the Precautionary Principle
You may have heard of the Precautionary Principle, an approach that developed in Europe to protect human health and the environment in the face of the many unanswered and answerable questions related to environmental and human health. The principle calls for implementation of preventative measures to protect environmental quality and public health in spite of scientific uncertainties. Rather than waiting until governmental agencies have set standards or written regulations, some U.S. municipalities, states, and other entities are invoking the Precautionary Principle to avoid the possibility of serious or irreversible harm even when scientific knowledge is incomplete or inconclusive. For example, in 1999 the Los Angeles Unified School District invoked the Precautionary Principle in their decision to limit pesticide use in schools. In 2003, San Francisco became the first U.S. city to adopt a Precautionary Principle ordinance, stating:
Where threats of serious or irreversible damage to people or nature exist, lack of full scientific certainty about cause and effect shall not be viewed as sufficient reason for the City to postpone cost effective measures to prevent the degradation of the environment or protect the health of its citizens. Any gaps in scientific data uncovered by the examination of alternatives will provide a guidepost for future research, but will not prevent protective action being taken by the City. As new scientific data become available, the City will review its decisions and make adjustments when warranted.
The Precautionary Principle does not change the scientific issues related to chronic and acute toxicity assessment. Instead, it establishes the idea that protective actions can and should be taken before definitive proof has been established of potential harm from use of any chemical with suspected toxic impacts on human or environmental health.
© 2005, American Institute of Biological Sciences. Educators have permission to reprint articles for classroom use; other users, please contact email@example.com for reprint permission. See reprint policy.


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What is a Locavore?
When I first came to
I'm not sure how it happened, (perhaps due to the growing national green movement, Michael Pollan, global warming, Al Gore, etc.) but it seems like in the last couple of years, Orlando has had a boom of vegetarian and vegan (no animal products including eggs, cheese and honey) restaurants and places to purchase organic foods.
I'm all for organic, but I try my best to be a locavore. Just because something is organic does not mean it hasn't come all the way from
It is surprisingly easy to be a locavore, especially here in
The cost is more than you pay at Publix or similar markets, but the produce lasts longer and I'm more careful to not let anything go to waste. Nearly every week I buy a small "pick box" for $20 that usually comes with lovely lettuce, sweet potatoes, corn, oranges and baby onions -- what ever is in season. I can feed my husband and for a week. I make it a priority to use everything, especially knowing it came from a local farm raised with care.


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text: While most of Hollywood is in the throes of the awards season, the small screen segment of Tinseltown is busy ordering up pilots of the shows that could be coming soon to a TV near you. From Joss Whedon's highly anticipated S.H.I.E.L.D. show to the little-known (and still untitled) project from stand-up comedian John Mulaney and Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels, there are quite a few promising projects in the pipeline -- including new shows from the increasingly busy J.J. Abrams. To help get a handle on what we here at Wired hope will get ordered to series, we've compiled a list of the best television pilots currently being ordered by the big networks like CBS, ABC, NBC, Fox, and the CW. Check out our picks above, and head here to follow which ones get picked up and see if there are any we missed. Above: S.H.I.E.L.D. Network: ABC Why it could be great: This Avengers TV spin-off is being helmed by Joss Whedon himself, and even though his directing on the film was fantastic, it's impossible not to be a little excited to see the man who gave us Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Firefly have a TV project on his slate -- particularly a Marvel one. Also, Clark Gregg is coming back. (Agent Coulson lives!) Signs are already indicating that ABC wants to pick this up, so in the meantime grab a shawarma and sit tight. Photo courtesy Marvel EntertainmentBelieve Network: NBC Why it could be great: Believe -- the tale of a man sprung from prison to protect a young girl with supernatural powers -- has more than just a "WTF?" premise. It's also got the backing of Bad Robot and J.J. Abrams, who will executive produce, and is being written and directed by Children of Men director Alfonso Cuarón (above). Photo courtesy Universal PicturesUntitled Bad Robot/J.H. Wyman Show Network: Fox Why it could be great: This is the other Abrams project currently getting a pilot order. The Bad Robot-backed show is being executive produced by Fringe producer J.H. Wyman and takes place in the near-future where humanoid bots work alongside LAPD police officers. Robot cops? What could possibly go wrong? Photo: Gage Skidmore/FlickrUntitled John Mulaney and Lorne Michaels Show Network: NBC Why it could be great: John Mulaney has been a consistently great stand-up comic and Saturday Night Live writer for a while now, so a show loosely based on his life -- especially one backed by SNL's Lorne Michaels has the right stuff for a killer comedy. Photo: Brad Barket/Comedy CentralSleepy Hollow Network: Fox Why it could be great: This is the latest project from Fringe masterminds Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. It's a supernatural thriller based on the Sleepy Hollow legend set in the present day (so, presumably, there will be less steampunk Johnny Depp). While yet another adaptation of the classic tale might elicit eye-rolls, this one still shows promise when you consider its creative pedigree. Cross your fingers and look out for the Headless Horseman.Super Fun Night Network: ABC Why it could be great: This show is reportedly about a group of nerdy female friends who are out to have "super fun" every night. That seems promising, but the deal-sealer of this show is that it stars Rebel Wilson, who is coming off of a great 2012 with both Bachelorette and the year's best sleeper hit Pitch Perfect. Added bonus: Perfect's Anna Camp is also slated to star in Super Fun Night. (Check them out in the clip above.)The Hundred Network: CW Why it could be great: Based on a yet-to-be-released book series from author Kass Morgan, the show takes place 97 years after a nuclear war that sent survivors off-world to live in a spaceship. The title's "hundred" is -- presumably -- a reference to the 100 juvenile delinquents that are sent from the spaceship back to Earth to investigate recolonizing the planet. Since the show is for the CW, the "juvenile" part will probably be played up a bit more than the sci-fi aspects, but anything post-apocalyptic (ironically) gives us a sign of hope. Image courtesy Little, BrownThe Sixth Gun Network: NBC Why it could be great: It's a supernatural Western based on Cullen Bunn and Brian Hurtt's comic book series about a set of guns with ethereal powers. That alone piques our curiosity, but add in the fact that it's being produced by Lost's Carlton Cuse and now you have our attention. Back in 2011, The Sixth Gun was slated to be a mini-series on Syfy, but that never came to pass. Maybe now in the hands of Syfy's corporate big brother NBC, the show will finally make it to the airwaves. Image courtesy Oni PressUntitled Owen Ellickson and Craig Robinson Show Network: NBC Why it could be great: It's a reteaming of The Office writer/producer Owen Ellickson and star Craig Robinson. And it's about a musician who has to adjust to life as a school music teacher … who has to deal with the temptation of single moms. This seems like Robinson's wheelhouse through and through. Photo courtesy NBC UniversalUntitled Dan Goor and Mike Schur Show Network: Fox Why it could be great: This show from Parks and Recreation alums Dan Goor and Mike Schur doesn't sound like a comedy – it's about a group of New York detectives. Then you find out that it stars Andy Samberg and the The Expendables' Terry Crews and it all starts to make sense. Samberg hasn't really anchored a show yet, even though he's proven his star quality in movies like Celeste & Jesse Forever (above), so it'll be interesting to see how well he fares if the series gets picked up. Here's hoping he can get his cool famous friends to guest-star (::cough::Justin Timberlake::cough::). Photo courtesy Sony Pictures Classics


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Benjamin Lipsitz, whose commitment to the spirit and letter of the law led him to defend a would-be assassin, a Nazi sympathizer and a craven murderer during a career that spanned more than a half-century, died May 10. He was 94.
"He was so fundamentally devoted to justice. He was Atticus Finch all over again," said retired Baltimore County Circuit Judge John Fader II. "To me, he was what lawyering and what representation are all about."
Lipsitz was chosen to defend Arthur Bremer, accused of shooting Democratic presidential candidate George Wallace and three others, including a Secret Service agent, at a Laurel shopping center in 1972.
The attempted assassination dominated radio newscasts as Lipsitz drove to his Baltimore office from a Towson deposition on May 15. As he recalled in a 2007 Sun interview, he knew he might be called on to defend Bremer but assumed a lawyer closer to the crime scene would be tapped.
That night, the phone rang in his Pikesville home. The case was his.
Lipsitz drove to meet his client at the FBI's Baltimore office and found Bremer curled up in the fetal position at the end of a hallway, surrounded by law enforcement officers.
"He was an interesting guy. Kind of sad, really. ... His family was bad news," Lipsitz recalled.
Bremer called his lawyer, "my only friend."
With his daughter, Eleanor J. Lipsitz, as co-counsel, he conducted a strong defense in Prince George's Circuit Court. News accounts at the time remarked on Lipsitz's style, humor and "grueling cross-examination" of the prosecution's expert witnesses.
"He left no stone unturned in defending him," said Eleanor Lipsitz. "We would get up in the morning, drive to Upper Marlboro and then it would be an intense time in court. Then we would drive our tired butts back to the big city and he would spend half the night preparing for the next day."
After a five-day trial, Bremer was convicted in 90 minutes. Lipsitz appealed the 63-year sentence and got it reduced by 10 years. Bremer was released with time off for good behavior in 2007 at the age of 57.
Lipsitz was born in 1919 at Franklin Square Hospital to Russian immigrant parents who fled during the revolution. He grew up on Winner Avenue, across the street from Pimlico Race Course, and attended Baltimore City College, graduating in 1935.
After a short stint at the University of Maryland, College Park, he joined the Army, served in World War II and was discharged as a technical sergeant. He went into a military surplus business and, when it folded, a friend suggested law school.
Lipsitz received his law degree from the University of Baltimore and was admitted to the bar in 1952. During the first 20 years of his legal career he was "mostly out of the limelight," according to a Sun profile at the time of the Bremer trial.
But Lipsitz's reputation within the legal community was established by that time.
In 1959, he unsuccessfully argued a case before the U.S. Supreme Court involving privacy rights and warrantless entries by non-law enforcement officials.
As court-appointed lawyer in 1964, Lipsitz represented James McCloskey, an inmate at Maryland's Patuxent Institution, who alleged that he was denied by prison officials the right to send anti-Semitic letters to elected officials and civil liberties groups.
The Fourth Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals rejected McCloskey's claims, but lauded Lipsitz for taking the case even though he was Jewish: "With high fidelity to his duty as an officer of the court, the attorney has urgently and ably presented McCloskey's contentions that he has an absolute right, even in the circumstances of his confinement, to express his beliefs ... As was said of Voltaire, the attorney, who must strongly disagree with McCloskey's anti-Semitic opinions, rushes to the defense of McCloskey's right to hold and express them."
In 1991, Lipsitz again took a difficult case, defending Steven Oken, who sexually assaulted and murdered a Baltimore County newlywed before killing his sister-in-law and fleeing the state to murder another woman. Oken was executed for the Maryland murder in 2004.
"He took cases that no one in their right mind would take because he believed that everyone deserved to be represented," said Eleanor Lipsitz. "He made sure the prosecution played by the rules."
In 1999, he was honored by the Maryland Volunteer Lawyers Service for his extensive free legal service.
"No matter what he tried, he was as good an attorney as you'd ever want to see," Fader said. "He was always prepared, always knew the law and always knew how to talk to a jury. He was your father, your rabbi, your parent, your bartender, exuding a manner that jurors just nodded their heads, 'Yes, Mr. Lipsitz.' "
When not buried in the law, Lipsitz delighted in helping to coach his granddaughter's Little League baseball team, taking flying lessons, reading history and cheering his favorite baseball team.
"Oh my God, he was a Yankees fan and my mother was furious that he could root for anyone but the Orioles," said his daughter, laughing. "There were some unkind words said when the Orioles played the Yankees."
His wife of 70 years, Eleanor (Plugge) Lipsitz, died in 2012. In addition to his daughter, Lipsitz is survived by granddaughter Christine S. Ramapuram and great-grandson Terrence L. Pickron II, both of Northern Virginia. Services were private.


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Rocker Richie Sambora has bowed out of Bon Jovi's current tour, citing "personal issues."
The guitarist, who has been a member of Bon Jovi since 1983, did not give any further reason for pulling out of the North American leg of the band's Because We Can trek.
A statement posted on the Bon Jovi website reads, "Due to personal issues, Richie Sambora will not be performing on this upcoming leg. All shows will go on as scheduled."
Sambora was missing when the "Livin' on a Prayer" hit makers played the Scotiabank Saddledome arena in Calgary, Canada, on Tuesday night.
Frontman Jon Bon Jovi told the crowd, "I had two choices – pack up and go home or give you everything I got. Richie Sambora won't be performing for a while. If there's ever a night I need you, it's tonight, Calgary!"
The singer is said to have promised to donate to a local charity to make amends for Sambora's absence.
Sambora has endured a turbulent few years, which have included a stint in rehab, a drunk-driving conviction, and a divorce from actress Heather Locklear.