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You see colors in everything around you, every moment of the day—but do you ever stop to think about the impact each of those colors is having on you? Whether it's the calming effect of blue skies and fields of green, or the saliva-inducing red and yellow of your local fast food chain, each color is tapping into an emotion. There's a whole science (and art) in the meanings of different colors. As an entrepreneur or designer, it's essential to be aware of these color meanings to help you choose your colors wisely and tap into the magical power of color psychology.
For a business—whether it's yours or your client's—there are all sorts of places where color comes into play. You might immediately think of branding elements like the logo, business cards and stationery. Color choices will also be meaningful across online communication and marketing materials: your website, social media, emails, presentations as well as offline tools like flyers and product packaging.
Millions of years of biological conditioning have created certain associations between colors and objects or emotions, while some associations may be more recent. Understanding these associations will give you a shortcut to your customer's heart, provoking a specific emotion and maybe even a behavior. Feelings are much more powerful than rational thoughts based on facts and figures and applying color psychology will make your branding efforts and designs much more effective.
Choosing colors
Before getting into the meanings of different colors, there are a few things you want to have in mind first:
- Your target audience—You always want to start with a clear idea of who you are talking to. Marketing to kids (and their parents) will require a different approach to marketing to high-end luxury consumers.
- Your brand personality—Is your brand more masculine or feminine, playful or serious, modern or classic? You'll need to have a good feel for your brand identity so that you can choose the best color fit. (Read this article for more on creating your own brand scheme.)
- Your competition—This is a tricky one: sometimes you'll want to play by the rules of your industry to make sure that people recognize what your company does and sometimes you'll want to break those rules so that you stand out against the crowd with a new and innovative approach to the industry.
A few things to watch out for, as well:
- Cultural differences—Red represents good luck in China but in South Africa it's the color of mourning. Americans associate green with money as that's the color of dollar bills but that isn't the case globally. You'll need to be sensitive to these differences depending on where you are operating. Colors may also change in significance over time: red used to be seen as a strong, masculine color while blue was a feminine color suited for girls.
- Shades and tones—A color may have a general meaning but lighter shades can vary dramatically compared to darker shades, while more natural, muted shades will differ from artificial neon colors. Make sure that you look at the specific associations of the different shades and tones. For example, if you're using neon green, don't assume that just because you've chosen a shade of green it's going to be a good fit for an eco-friendly brand.
- Color combinations—You're probably going to be using more than one color and so you'll need to give some thought to which colors work well together as well as which secondary colors can help you to add some highlights or accents. You can read more about the color wheel here.
For an example of a business that got it wrong, just take a look at the disaster that was Heinz purple ketchup.
Now let's explore what all those colors mean…
All the color meanings of the rainbow
Red is for energy, passion and danger
What it means
Red is associated with the heat of energy and passion, we "see red" when we're angry and it's also the color of blood, making it a powerful color in branding. Think of the bold red of a fireman's truck or the 'stop' sign in traffic. Red is also said to stimulate appetite, which is why it's popular in fast food chains—most famously in McDonald's, which combines red with another primary color, yellow.
Netflix uses red to attract users to its platform, with red calls-to-action to join or sign in. Another famously red brand is Coca-Cola (and, as the story goes, it was Coke's marketing campaign that branded Santa Claus red). It will be interesting to see what happens with Coca-Cola's recent packaging redesign as they move away from that iconic red to match its new Diet Coke flavors with other colors.
How to use it
If you have a loud brand and want to stand out, then red could be the color for you. Its high energy makes it a great choice for caffeine drinks, fast cars or sports. With its appetite-stimulating qualities, it's a good match for restaurants who want to bring in hungry customers. It can also be used as an accent color to draw attention to something on your packaging, or to get visitors to 'buy it now' on your website.
Orange is for creativity, youth and enthusiasm
What it means
As a secondary color, orange combines the warmth and heat of red with the playfulness and joy of yellow. It attracts attention without being as daring as red, and is used for warning signs like traffic cones and high-visibility clothing. It's an energetic color that can bring to mind health and vitality, given its obvious link to oranges and vitamin C. It's a youthful color as well, bringing an element of vibrancy and fun.
A good example of using orange to connect with a young audience in a fun way is Nickelodeon. To promote energy and activity, Gatorade uses an orange lightning bolt, while orange is also a popular color for tropical drinks like Fanta. There may be unusual historical reasons behind a brand's choice of color: luxury brand Hermès chose orange because it was the only paperboard available during World War II! It's a confident color but not usually associated with luxury.
How to use it
Orange can be a great choice for a youthful and creative brand that wants to be a bit different to the mainstream. It's a friendly color that also stimulates action so, like red, it can be used as an accent color to catch the eye and promote activity.
Yellow is for happiness, hope and spontaneity
What it means
Ah, yellow. The color of the sun, smiley faces and sunflowers. It's a happy color, full of hope and positivity. It's another color that grabs your attention and for that reason can also be used to signify caution, like red and orange.
The golden arches of McDonald's (well, they're yellow, really) are a globally recognized symbol that can be seen from far away and immediately gets associated with fast food. In the same way, Best Buy's yellow tag indicates a reduced cost for its cost-conscious customers (say that quickly three times!).
How to use it
Yellow is a great choice if speed, fun and low cost are attributes that you want associated with your brand. Be careful with different shades, though: a bright yellow will grab people's attention right away and it's a useful way of highlighting or accenting a design, a pale or warm yellow can look natural and healthy, while a neon yellow can instead be very artificial.
Green is for nature, growth and harmony – but also wealth and stability
What it means
Green is universally associated with nature, linked as it is to grass, plants and trees. It also represents growth and renewal, being the color of spring and rebirth. Another association is "getting the green light" to go ahead, giving it an association with taking action. In the US, green (and especially dark green) is also associated with money and so represents prosperity and stability.
Green is also often seen as a fourth color on top of the primary red, yellow and blue (think Microsoft and Google), bringing a sense of visual balance and, as a result, a soothing and relaxing influence. Famous brands that use different shades of green include Starbucks, Spotify and Whole Foods Market.
How to use it
The connection to nature makes green a natural choice (see what I did there?) for a brand that's eco friendly, organic or sustainable. As with yellow, be wary of the fact that while muted or lighter shades of green can represent nature, neon versions will have the opposite effect and will feel more artificial and less harmonious. On a website, a green call to action can suggest 'go'—although the battle rages on with red buttons, which can instead suggest urgency.
Blue is for calm, trust and intelligence
What it means
Blue is the most popular color in the world, both when it comes to personal preferences (for both genders) and usage in business logos. It's a serene and calming color that represents intelligence and responsibility. It's the go-to color for trusted, corporate institutions, often in combination with a mature grey:
- IT companies e.g. Intel, Microsoft, IBM, HP, Dell
- Finance institutions e.g. American Express, Visa, Goldman Sachs, Paypal
- Big corporations e.g. Procter & Gamble, General Electric, General Motors, Boeing and Lowe's
- Blue is also the natural choice for professional network LinkedIn.
Interestingly, blue is the color of choice for many other social networks too. Facebook is blue – apparently because founder Mark Zuckerberg is red-green color blind and blue is the most vivid color that he can see. The association with trust and dependability does work well in the context of a social network, with all the concerns around data privacy and so on, and you'll find that Twitter is also blue, as are Instagram, Russia's VKontakte and even social media site Mashable.
How to use it
If you want to be immediately associated with professionalism and trust, then blue is the color for you. Since it's universally liked, it's also a great choice if you want to appeal to both men and women. Its association with calm and tranquility means that blue is also a good fit if your business is in things like relaxation, therapy or meditation.
Purple is for luxury, mystery and spirituality
What it means
Purple is an interesting beast: it's both warm and cool and combines the passion and energy of red with the calm and serenity of blue. Because of its associations with royalty, purple is inherently prestigious and luxurious. Purple dye was historically expensive, which meant that only wealthy rulers could afford it. The ruling classes and kings and queens of old would wear purple and Queen Elizabeth I even forbade anyone outside of the royal family from wearing it. Purple is also associated with religion and spirituality, since the ancient rulers were thought of as descendants of the gods and the color holds a special meaning in religions including Catholicism, Judaism and Buddhism. On top of all that purple is on trend, Ultra Violet being Pantone's choice for color of the year 2018.
Funnily enough, brands are not always as strategic in choosing colors as they should be. Yahoo, as the story goes, ended up purple because that was the cheapest paint color available to renovate the offices back in the early days. You can see a more typical use of purple in the Asprey brand, a British luxury company with a heritage that goes back to the 1700s and a Royal Warrant for every British monarch since Queen Victoria.
How to use it
Use purple when you want to evoke those luxurious, royal connections—combine it with gold for that extra 'wow'. Or use it when you want to add a dash of mysticism and spirituality to your brand. Add some green for a really striking contrast or with pink to emphasize the feminine.
The neutrals
Black is for power, elegance and sophistication
What it means
Although black can have negative connotations—it's the color of death, fear and grief—it's more generally associated with power and elegance when it comes to branding and marketing. It's bold, powerful and a little mysterious and it can be intimidating and unapproachable as well. At the same time, it's an inherently neutral color and is often used for typography and other functional elements.
Luxury brands like Chanel and Dior keep things stylish with an iconic black-and-white logo. Brands like these want to be a little intimidating and unapproachable as that makes them more exclusive and aspirational. The James Bond 007 logo is black. Newspaper logos also tend to be in black, given the historic black-and-white printing presses. Of course, most brands will have a black-and-white version of their logo as printing in black and white tends to be cheaper than color printing.
How to use it
If you want to convey a sense of luxury, you can't go wrong with a simple black-and-white color scheme. Combined with a gold, silver or why not a royal purple, you'll give your brand an air of exclusivity and prestige. On the other hand, black can also be used with bright colors for contrast and when combined with other powerful colors like red or orange it can be quite impactful, even aggressive.
White is for purity, innocence and minimalism
What it means
If you know your science, then you'll know that white light actually contains all the colors of the rainbow—but to the naked eye at least, white is the opposite: it's the absence of any color. White represents purity and innocence and creates a minimalist aesthetic. It can be very simple, clean and modern. It's also the most neutral color of all and can be quite non-descript as a base for other, more exciting, colors.
Apple's advertising and packaging give a powerful illustration of how white can be used for a modern and minimalist aesthetic that puts the beautiful product design center stage. Marc Jacobs prints a simple black logo onto white luxury retail boxes and shopping bags. Health and beauty brands that want to convey an air of purity and natural ingredients will also tend to use white in their packaging. It's an obvious fit for wedding brands as well, given the traditional association with virginity and white wedding gowns.
How to use it
White space can be as important in a design as all the other creative elements. White tends to be the color used for website backgrounds as it ensures that your text is easy to read. It's also often used as a secondary accent in a color scheme. Together with pastels, it can bring to mind spring and femininity; combined with simple black it becomes classic and minimalistic. When it comes to white, it's a lot about the colors you put it with.
Gray is for professionalism, formality and conventionality
What it means
Gray is a more mature, responsible color, associated with the gray hair of old age. Its positive connotations include formality and dependability, while the negative side can mean being overly conservative, conventional and lacking in emotion. It's safe and quite subdued, serious and reserved.
Gray is rarely the star of the show. Nintendo briefly favored a gray logo from 2008 to 2016 but has since gone back to its earlier red. Jewelry brand Swarovski does have a gray logo, although if you look at the website the version used there is black. You're more likely to see the color gray as a secondary color, playing a supporting role to some other, stronger, character.
How to use it
Use gray if you have a serious brand and you want to communicate the authority and stability of a corporate institution. Combine it with blue for the ultimate in conservatism and dependability. It's actually also a very popular color in web design. You may want to consider using gray as an alternative to white for a softer website background—or as an alternative to black text for a less harsh contrast and an easier read.
The best of the rest
Brown is for wholesomeness, warmth and honesty
What it means
Brown is a natural color, associated with the earth and as a result giving a sense of stability and support. Given its link to the earth, brown brings to mind farming and agriculture and other outdoorsy activities. It's warm and friendly, practical and dependable, and can also represent the old fashioned and well established.
Brown is not used that often in logos. When it is, it tends to represent utility. Although blue is the typical corporate color, UPS has used brown to represent dependability (along with a later addition of yellow to bring an element of warmth and friendliness). Up until recently (well, 2010), they even used the color in their tagline: "What can brown do for you?"
How to use it
Brown is a warm, neutral color that you can use as a background that conveys warmth and wholesomeness. Use it for an earthy brand and in a natural pairing with green to really capture that organic feel. You can also use brown to give the impression of a well-established heritage and a sense of tradition. Brown works well for chocolate brands, for obvious reasons.
Pink is for femininity, playfulness and romance
What it means
In modern times, it's impossible to see pink and not think of little girls, cotton candy and brightly colored bubble gum. Pink represents femininity and romance, sensitivity and tenderness. It's inherently sweet, cute and charming.
Together with brown, pink is among the least common colors in logos. Typical uses of bright pink include Barbie and Cosmopolitan, with their obvious target markets, and Baskin Robbins and Dunkin' Donuts who are tapping into the 'sweet' side of the color. Wedding companies and other feminine brands often favor a lighter pink. Less typical uses include Lyft and TMobile—both challenger brands, who aim to stand out from their competitors and bring an element of playfulness and approachability.
How to use it
Using pink is a quick shortcut to communicating "this is for women" and if you know it'll appeal to your female target market, then it's a great choice. For some audiences, though, it can be off-putting and you may want to be more creative in communicating femininity without resorting to clichés. You can also use it in unexpected ways to stand out versus your dull and dreary competitors or add a surprising element to an otherwise sophisticated design.
Multicolor is for fun, diversity and optimism
What it means
We've looked at the meanings of individual colors. So what happens when you bring them all together? What feelings are evoked with multicolored designs? Well, while monochromatic branding can bring focus and style, colorful branding can show that a brand is playful, informal and creative.
As you can imagine, kids' brands often use multicolored designs—think Toys"R"Us or Crayola—but grown-up brands can get creative too! Google uses multiple colors in its logo to represent the playfulness of the brand. An interesting case is ebay, which had a similarly colorful logo up until 2017 when it simplified its logo to one color in its marketing (although the colored logo is still used on the website). Likewise, Apple evolved its logo from the multicolored striped apple to a sleeker silver one.
How to use it
Why choose one when you can choose them all?! Using many colors in your branding and designs can be a great way to stand out, show your playfulness and appeal to children or a more creative audience. Think about whether you want to use complementary colors to provide a real 'pop' (colors that are opposites on the color wheel, for example, purple and orange), analogous colors for greater harmony (colors that sit next to each other, for example, red, orange and yellow) or triadic colors for a more dynamic effect (colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel). You can read more about these different color combinations in this article on color theory.
Metallics are for wealth, prosperity and success
What it means
Gold and silver are both precious metals, associated with riches and expensive jewelry. Often combined with black, adding a touch of glimmering metal can immediately give a brand that element of glamor. Gold is also the color of a winner, associated as it is with the medal for first place, and can represent success. It's a warm color related to yellow and as a result shares the attributes of feeling bright and cheerful. Silver is cooler and a little less luxurious, coming in at second place but still representing grace and elegance. Third-place bronze captures the qualities of brown and so it's more earthy, natural and mature.
Rolex uses a gold crown in its logo, while Lamborghini and Porsche use elements of gold as well. The Louis Vuitton monogram could be said to be gold and brown (although the gold shade is actually called 'dirt!'). Clearly, gold is the color of luxury! On the other hand, silver is used a lot in car logos—VW, Toyota, Hyundai, Nissan, Audi, Mercedes—where it denotes quality and workmanship.
How to use it
Metallic effects can be hard to recreate online—they're more materials really, or textures, than they are colors. Gold is essentially a shiny yellow, silver is shiny gray and bronze shiny brown. You can still suggest metallic tones on a website or in a logo using shading and highlighting but the full impact will be seen on printed materials where you can use a foil to get that metallic sheen. For a look that instantly says 'luxury', you can't go wrong with black and gold.
Heading out into the world of color
So there you go, an epic journey through colors, emotions and brand identities.
Of course, it's not an exact science. People may have personal preferences that override any deeper biological tendencies, cultures vary in their interpretations and there may be other things you want to take into consideration as well.
Now that you know the rules, you can play around with them and see what works for you. Feel free to break them, too, you crazy rebel you. Just make sure that you're doing it on purpose and not choosing crazy color combinations without any consideration of what effect they might have.


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Questions in Affiliates
7Search Affiliate Related FAQs
- 7Search Affiliate Program Rules and Guidelines
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subset: commoncrawl


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Heartsine PAD USB Cable
This Heartsine USB Data Cable Allows your Heartsine Samritan PAD to be connected to your PC when downloading rescue data or upgrading software versions
Suitable for use with the HeartSine Samaritan 300P and 500P models
Included FREE with this AED:
AED Machine Specifications
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Manufaturers Information PDF's
Defibrillator Instalment Proposal
For many organisations a single payment does not suit their accounting procedures or cash flow model. So we are happy to offer an instalment plan on all our defibrillators.
You may prefer to spread the cost of the defibrillator and using it whilst on a lease is a straightforward efficient way of doing so.
The advantages of a leased defibrillator are:-
As soon as your leasing is approved your defibrillator (or defibrillators) will be despatched and your training package will be activated.
Please email firstname.lastname@example.com for more details.
Book your Defib training as well...
Defib Training - Delivered in house for groups of 12 people for ONLY £395 + VAT


text:
A radioactive gas found in some homes that in sufficient concentrations can cause health problems.
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2. Watch the flamebaiting/Disguised Postcount +1. Don't just say "X Game is terrible" or "X Console is the best ever!". Elaborate. The only thing more annoying than a post saying "X sucks" in the middle of a giant thread discussing it's merits is a giant thread of nothing but "Oh me yarm I love it!" with no other content.
3. Always Always Always Search Before Making A Thread. Always assume the topic already exists. Always. If the game just came out, there's been a thread on it for the last six months. If a company just released news that they were making a sequel to a game, make sure there isn't already a "I hope they make TurboNinja Gardener 2!" thread. If the game's been out for five or six or.. ten or fifteen years... SEARCH! I'm tired of deleting Morrowind/Oblivion threads every three months. (That said, there's lots of games that are old that get mentioned an awful lot that.. don't have their own thread. XCom didn't get a thread until mid-November of 2010. Yet it's been mentioned and discussed at length here since 2007)
4. Spoiler Your Plot Elements. Unless the title of the thread has the word Spoilers in it, I fully expect you to use the spoiler tags to hide plot elements or solutions to game puzzles. Let's take Planescape: Torment for example. Talking about Nordrom is fine. Discussing what he is, how he talks, his attacks and so on.. perfectly fine. Spelling out how to get him in your party.. if you're describing the exact actions, you need a spoiler. If you just say "He's in the maze".. that's fine. Discussing anything that happens when you go to the Shadow Dimension needs to be in spoilers. Because.. that's basically the last stage of the game, and crazy crap happens there that might otherwise ruin one's enjoyment of the game.
On the outside chance you don't know how to spoil anything.. you type the word spoiler in between brackets [] followed by the text you want hidden, followed by /spoiler in brackets []
Code: Select all
[spoiler]This is a spoiler of something important[/spoiler]
This is a spoiler of something important
If you see something that needs to be put in spoiler tags, report the post and, in the comments field, please tell me what needs to be spoiled. If I've never played the game, I may not understand the importance of a particular element being spoiled.
5. Provide Information! It boggles my mind that I have to make this a rule, but.. I do, because there's enough of you drunken monkeys who can't figure out that people know different levels of information. See, if you make a thread title the name of a game, then in the body of the message simply ask "Anyone else play? I'm on WestLocoIsle, usually, under the name RicoSuave2000" we still have no bloody clue what you're talking about. Yes, we could google it. Or you could throw in a link to the appropriate website, Wikipedia page, goddamn Geocities fanpage - something that tells us what the hell the game is if you're not going to.
Better yet.. you could also quickly describe the game - if it's a Real Time Strategy, a traditional MMO, a goddam fusion First Person Shooter Turn Based Squad Combat game, whatever... just describe the game or at least throw in a link. As it apparently wasn't clear before - This includes abbreviations of "common" terms. For example, if you're asking how to get more MegaBuck Dinero in JapaneseRPG#47, don't just type "Hey, anyone in JRPG47 know how to make quick MBD?" Define your terms!
And yes, this applies to links. Throw a link in to it. Seriously, throw a link in. I can't believe I have to say this, but I'm also sick and tired of seeing threads in which the first post doesn't have a link to the game's website, or even a wikipedia page about it. Something. Anything. Throw us a bone here.
6. Kickstarters go here. No exceptions. If it gets a lot of chatter, it'll be split to it's own thing. Don't try to save me time by posting something you know is going to generate a lot of talk. Post it in the thread.
7. PIRACY! Also, watch this.
A. No links to copyrighted materials. It's on the internet for free. We know. If we cared enough, we'd find it ourselves. Don't try and be clever or coy about it, just don't do it. Abandonware counts as Copyrighted materials. Freeware does not. If you don't know the difference, ask. If you don't know if a particular piece of software is freeware, ask before posting a link. And yes, it has to specifically be released as freeware to be freeware. A 25 year old game where everyone involved has died yet was never released as freeware, sadly, is not freeware. Yes, I know I've been guilty of this very offense in the past. Point being, it's stopping. And no, Abandonware is not freeware. I don't care if Company X isn't selling it anywhere and it's impossible to get a legal copy of it somewhere. Read this thread just to see why I don't want to go anywhere near that can of worms.
B - No asking for copyrighted materials to be posted or sent. This includes asking for invites to member-only file sharing sites. I don't want to see an invite-swapping thread here.
C - Emulation - The Less Said, The Better. Given my understanding of the laws here in the US, where the xkcd forum servers are located and the administration lives, emulation really isn't legal. It ranges from outright illegal to borderline grey-area-no-one's-quite-sure town. So let's just not talk about it. If you wish to discuss this, see this thread.
D - Modifications of Your Console/Handheld/Cellphone/Goddamn Tuba to play DVDs - Let's just not talk about it. That'd be awful swell. Really, it would. For an absolute number of reasons - you say modification to do something not intended yet perfectly innocent (like play YouTube vids on a PSP) and I click on your link and see "How to make your PSP a warez dreamstation!" So.. yeah, let's just not talk about it. If you do it, great. Feel free to mention that you were watching stuff on your hacked PSP, I don't care. Just don't discuss the nuts and bolts of it.
E - Don't Discuss The Nuts And Bolts Of It. No one here gives a fuck if you pirate shit. Seriously. Talk all you want about your pirate copy of the game. I sure as hell don't care. Actually, mention if you're playing a pirate copy before you bring up any bugs or irregularities, just so we're all on the same page. What we don't want going on is the discussion of how you did it, which websites you went to for tutorials, what you recommend, and so on. When in doubt, use this rule - If we, the citizens of the xkcd forums gave a flying fuck at a rolling doughnut about it, we'd research it ourselves.
8. Don't Be A Dick. High Culture is a pretty relaxed, free place. I like it like that. A certain amount of banter is to be expected and I'm fine with that. Calling a particular person an idiot... I'd really rather you didn't, and should someone call you an idiot, I'd prefer that you not respond in kind, but generally speaking if it's just a post or two, I'm going to let it slide. We're all relaxed, happy friends here, and I want it to stay that way.
That said, I will not tolerate insulting entire groups of people. I won't tolerate continued insults and belittlement. I won't tolerate constant jackassery...which is fairly ill-defined, I know. I suppose that if a thread is going along fine, someone enters the thread and says something, and an argument breaks out... well, okay. Heated posts for a little bit are one thing. Two pages of arguing are something else. There's a line in there somewhere and like pornography, I can't define it but I know it when I see it.
I have been given the tools to deal with this in a more effective manner, and as I'd much rather spend my moderating time merging like posts and deleting spam rather than being a playground chaperone, I plan on using this tool when I deem it necessary.
This tool doesn't remove you from Gaming, or Food, or Comics. It removes you from High Culture. So, yes, if you're being a jackass in Books it doesn't matter how much you've contributed to Movies - you're gone. I'm tired of dealing with it.
This is your warning.


text:
Executive Order 12289
By the authority vested in me as President of the United States of America by Section 827 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4067), and in order to conform further the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System to the Civil Service Retirement and Disability System, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. (a) Section 826(c) of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4066(c)) is deemed to be amended by striking out the first sentence of paragraph (1) thereof, and inserting in lieu thereof the following sentence:
"(1) The first increase (if any) made under this section to an annuity which is payable from the Fund to a participant or to the surviving spouse of a deceased participant who dies in service shall be equal to the product (adjusted to the nearest 1/10 of 1 percent) of-
"(a) 1/4 of the applicable percent change determined under Subsection (b) of this Section, multiplied by
"(b) the number of full months for which the annuity was payable from the Fund before the effective date of the increase (counting any portion of a month as a full month).".
Sec. 2. Section 808(a) of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4048(a)) is deemed to be amended by adding at the end thereof the following:
"However, if a participant retiring under this section is receiving retired pay or retainer pay for military service (except that specified in Section 8332(c) (1) or (2) of title 5 of the United States Code) or Veterans' Administration pension or compensation in lieu of such retired or retainer pay, the annuity of that participant shall be computed under this chapter excluding extra credit authorized by this subsection and excluding credit for military service from that computation. If the amount of the annunity so computed, plus the retired or retainer pay which is received, or which would be received but for the application of the limitation in Section 5532 of title 5 of the United States Code, or the Veterans' Administration pension or compensation in lieu of such retired or retainer pay, is less than the annuity that would be payable under this chapter in the absence of the previous sentence, an amount equal to the difference shall be added to the annuity computed under this chapter.".
Sec. 3. The amendments to be deemed made by this Order shall take effect as of February 15, 1981.
The White House,
February 14, 1981.
[Filed with the Office of the Federal Register, 10:50 a. m., February 17, 1981]
Note: The text of the Executive order was released by the Office of the Press Secretary on February 17.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).


text:
As previously mentioned, I have committed to recreating a funny face made by John Scalzi, then getting my head 3D scanned while pulling said face, and releasing the scan as a CC-BY download on Thingiverse. It's all part of this most worthy fundraiser to help with the treatment and expenses from Jay Lake's cancer.
Scalzi has produced an array of astounding googie faces, and now there is a poll to pick the one I am to recreate in 3D-scanned glory. Vote away!


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- 2 Beds
- 2 Full
- 1,172 +/- Sqft
Property TypeResidential – Condominium
SubdivisionWestin Riverfront Resort And Spa
Listing Date01/07/19
Year Built2007
Lot Size0.02 Acres (871 SqFt)
ParkingUnassigned, Underground
Property Description
Enjoy the mountain and river views in addition to overlooking the Westin Gondola. This is a must see condo with incredible rental history. Enjoy the world class amenities, and hyper luxury fitness and spa facility. Take in the afternoon sunsets as you relax on your patio after an adventurous or relaxing day in the Mountains. The year round appeal, and incredible rental potential make this condo an opportunity you do not want to miss.
Presented By
- Mountains
- River
- Ski Slopes
- Air Conditioning
- Deck
- Elevator
- Fireplace - Gas
- Jetted Bathtub
- Fitness Center
- Front Desk
- Pool
- Shuttle Service
- Spa and Hot Tub
- Cable TV
- City Sewer
- City Water
- Electricity Avail.
- Phone Available
- Common
- Natural Gas
- Zoned AC
- Dryer
- Washer
Financial Information
About Avon & Wildridge
Avon The Town of Avon used to be known for its prime location at the base of Beaver Creek Ski Resort, but Avon has come into its own in recent years thanks to thoughtful redevelopment projects, new restaurants and businesses, top-notch events and endless outdoor recreation. One of Avon's town jewels is Nottingham Lake, where you'll find everything from standup paddleboarding to concerts to family-friendly festivals. Free buses shuttle visitors and residents around town or up to the ski resort, and a transit center also provides quick and easy access to Vail. The Town has made many improvements in recent years to its pedestrian connections, making the town much more walkable overall. Avon has become an extension of the resorts, offering mountain living without any sacrifices. Wal-Mart, City Market and The Home Depot anchor the town's retail business mix, which also offers a variety of unique local retail businesses and some of the valley's top restaurants. The Westin Riverfront also offers gondola access from town to Beaver Creek Resort. The Town's 40,000-square-foot recreation center features an indoor waterslide, a 5-lane lap pool, and a state-of-the-art fitness facility. Just outside its doors, Nottingham Park Pavilion plays host to concerts and events, including the annual Fourth of July festivities which include one of the most impressive fireworks shows in the state. The real estate in Avon features a combination of townhomes, condominiums and single-family homes. Second-home owners have taken a particular liking to the Westin Riverfront, Basecamp, The Ascent and Brookside. Wildridge Perched high above the valley with views of Beaver Creek, Game Creek Bowl and Edwards, Wildridge is a community with a unique identity in the valley. Just a few minutes up the hill from Avon, Wildridge is a mix of condominium complexes, townhomes, duplexes and single-family homes. Lot sizes here are comparatively larger than what's available in most neighborhoods throughout the Vail Valley, and the expansive views add to one of Wildridge's greatest amenities — being surrounded by open space. Hiking and biking trails are fun for all ability levels, and the community's dedicated bike lanes — especially the uphill climbing lanes from Avon — add to the community's bike friendliness. Two playgrounds and a popular dog park make families with children and/or dogs feel especially welcome here. The extensive trail systems in sunny Wildridge also bring together an eclectic mix of local residents looking to get their lungs pumping outside or just to socialize with neighbors. Many residents enjoy an evening stroll around the neighborhood's trails, where friendships are formed and neighbors get to know each other. With no noise from I-70, a quality trail system and expansive views, life in Wildridge is mountaintop living at its finest.
Area Market Data
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The data relating to the real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of the Vail Multi-List Service, Inc.
Copyright © 2019 Vail Multi List, Inc. (VMLS). The information displayed herein was derived from sources believed to be accurate, but has not been verified by VMLS. Buyers are cautioned to verify all information to their own satisfaction. This information is exclusively for viewers' personal, non- commercial use. Any republication or reproduction of the information herein without the express permission of the VMLS is strictly prohibited.
Listing courtesy of Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Vail Village


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What a Girl Wants/
If you had told me Boo was my future husband when I was six years old and visiting his house with my daddy, I'd have likely kicked you in the shins. At that point in time I had no interest in the big lipped blond boy who constantly wore orange and brown striped tee shirts.
Life, she has a sense of humour in a dark and twisted way.
I have been in Boo's life from the time we were in diapers and his partner for half of my life and yet the man still cannot figure me out.
It's not like I'm complicated, it's just I'm rather irrational (I swear it's charming) and I happen to change my mind a lot.
(Like the time I told him not to bother buying me a wedding ring because I'd never wear it and then two days before our wedding ceremony I wept and whined because he actually listened to me and didn't buy me a wedding ring. After banging his head against the wall multiple times, he scraped up every bit of cash he could beg, borrow and steal and dragged me to the jewelery store where I happily picked out a tiny diamond solitaire ring.
Two months after the ceremony, he noticed I wasn't wearing my wedding ring. Yes, I had changed my mind and decided I was right the first time and didn't want the ring he had busted his bottom to buy for me. Let's just say he banged his head against the wall again.)
When I tell you I want mustard on sandwich, this is just means I want mustard on my sandwich right now. It doesn't mean I'm signing a life time contract of wanting mustard on every single sandwich I will ever eat from now to till the end of time.
Sometimes a little Italian dressing on a sandwich is a nice life distraction, you know?
My husband, he bangs his head on a lot of walls. But the one thing I can never, ever fault him for, his the effort he puts in to keeping me happy. He's constantly trying to keep up with my whims. He, in fact, spoils me even if he misunderstands me half the time.
We married young which means we married one another when neither had a pot to pee in. Literally. Boo came with a dowry of a butter knife, a used shower curtain and a broken telephone. I am not joking. Thank goodness for banks willing to give credit cards to young people in an effort to entrap them into a life time of debt.
Not only did we have two kids before our first wedding anniversary but we had more debt than should be legally allowed. Between the credit card that was racked up to buy things like food and diapers, we both had student loans tied around our necks. We came to the brink of bankruptcy more than once and if it weren't for our deep sense of lust and devotion, I'm sure we'd have divorced due to financial misfortune more than once.
Somehow, through time and a lot of hard work (on Boo's part, I'm the lazy one in this union) we made careful choices to slowly chip away at our debt until where we are today. Not much further ahead but just a few years shy of being mortgage free and the cars we drive are ours and not the bank's.
Years of surviving on boxed mac and cheese and bruised bananas are slowly fading into the past.
But those lean years, when we had to pick which utility bill to pay each month because we didn't have enough to pay them all and still feed our family, have permanently scarred us. So much so, that my husband feels it's his duty to make amends and provide for me everything he couldn't when we younger.
He's sweet, if not a wee misguided. I'll keep him though.
The past few years, despite being married to me half his life and observing my tastes and preferences, he keeps surprising me with bling.
A lot of bling.
I'm not exactly a bling-y type of gal. If the tattoos don't advertise that, surely the nipple rings would. You'd think.
The problem with the bling he buys, well, it's expensive. Sure it's pretty, but not only will I not wear it, but if I do, I'm likely to either bash it into pieces as I garden or scrub toilets or I'm likely to lose it.
Evidence of Boo's thoughtfulness over the course of the years and my inability to respect anything sparkly:
A Christmas gift he carefully purchased after tucking away money for almost a year. My tennis bracelet.Which I loved so much I refused to take off until the diamonds started to fall out of it. Whoops. I may or may not have broken the clasp on it too.
This lovely gift was bestowed to me after I wrote the Journey series, chronicling the loss of our foster-to-adopt child. Boo wanted to ease my fractured heart with sparkles. The necklace and earring set was aptly named, "The Journey."
Boo surprised me with this ring on our tenth wedding anniversary. It had been a tough year after losing our Bug and he wanted to turn my frown upside down.
As one diamond after another disappears into the ether surrounding my home it becomes increasingly obvious I am entirely not mature enough to be entrusted with shiny objects.
Don't get me wrong, I appreciate both the thought and expense that went into these shiny purchases from a man who clearly loves me. I really do. I just wish I was a woman who wanted such trinkets and who treasured them more instead of taking them off, walking away and then wondering where they went.
Because I am an irrational woman, I'm going to blame my husband for this. Clearly every lost diamond is his fault. If he had been paying attention to who I am over the last half of his life he'd have known better.
I am the girl who loses bling.
(De Nile ain't just a river, people.)
Maybe it's because bling just isn't my thing. I'm a blingless type of girl. I don't generally wear any jewelery, not even a watch. When I'm trying to impress someone I may or may not be motivated to stick a silver hoop into my ear and call it fashion.
I'm the type of gal who cuts her nails to the quick, only paints her toenails once a year and then lets the paint chip off  naturally as the nails grow out and prefers tattoo ink to hair dye. I own four pairs of shoes, two of which are shit-kickers and there are two skirts in my closet: one for funerals and one for weddings.
I am, in fact, the most non-blingy type of girl a gal can be. Always have been, likely always will be. Which is why I feel physical pain when my husband hands me small packages.
He's clearly forgotten who he's legally bound to. Either that or he's wishing he married someone more sophisticated.
*scratches arm pit and resumes writing*
So, in an effort to save my darling husband from carelessly tossing more money into the wind and bringing home jewelery that will either get lost or spend an eternity collecting dust in the back of a drawer, I cleverly decided to start showing him my idea of a good time jewelery purchase.
After explaining to him that a small cost output in jewelry purchases would lead to a much larger cost savings and general satisfaction on both parties end, he rolled his eyes and walked away agreed.
Yet when my purchase arrived in a shiny black box, Boo was clearly curious to see what it was that would float my boat, save him money and perhaps earn him future blow job rights.
From the look on his face it was all too evident his imagination had never been stretched as far as it was in that moment.
Because my idea of a good piece of jewelry happens to include the word roadkill.
Oh, they tickle as they dangle against my neck.
Such pretty claws you have, my dear...
I told you I wasn't into bling. I prefer things stuffed and mounted. It's nature's way of recycling.
Sadly, it became all too obvious after watching my husband recoil in terror and then laugh until he cried, that I haven't been paying attention to him the past 17 years either.
Because if I thought I could convince the man I love that buying items from a taxidermist to decorate myself with is a good idea, I am more delusional than he is in his efforts to step-ford wife me.
Turns out, you can't class a girl up unless she wants to be polished.
Just like you can't force a man to buy his wife roadkill for their anniversary.


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NORFOLK -- A little more than a week before the first wave of federal budget cuts would take effect, the Navy on Tuesday released an updated list of savings, including canceling the Bataan amphibious ready group's deployment, buying four fewer F-35 fighter jets and nearly halving training programs for midshipmen, flight officers and new pilots.
The $8.6 billion in cuts are a consequence of Congress's failure to pass a new budget and across-the-board reductions demanded by sequestration. Congress has until March 1 to avert the latter.
In a planning document the Navy released Tuesday, the service also revised previously announced cuts to ship maintenance. In Norfolk, a patrol craft was added to the list of 10 ships that would no longer be heading to shipyards during the third and fourth quarters. Eight San Diego-based ships will not undergo scheduled critical maintenance, instead of the 10 originally included in the cuts. And maintenance will be canceled on two ships in Japan -- one fully and one partially -- and one in Bahrain.
The Bataan, based in Norfolk, was scheduled to deploy early next year.
Other reductions include shutting down four of the Navy's nine carrier air wings, ending most naval operations in South America and Europe, keeping several submarines in port and canceling Blue Angels air shows and Fleet Week celebrations.
The document shows that the Navy plans to cancel construction of a destroyer, saving $1.4 billion. It would scuttle plans for further testing of the Marine variant of the F-35 fighter plane aboard the Norfolk-based amphibious assault ship Wasp and buy four fewer F-35s -- two each of the next-generation Navy and Marine Corps jets. It is also likely the Navy would not purchase a second Virginia-class submarine in 2014.
Four carriers' strike groups -- including the Dwight D. Eisenhower and Theodore Roosevelt in Norfolk -- would shut down at various intervals, with up to a year needed to restore each to normal readiness.
The report spells out how the cuts would affect the fleet, noting that having fewer deployed ships would hinder the Navy's ability to respond to crises and that cancelation of maintenance would reduce the condition of ships and aircraft and shorten their expected service lives.
It would also mean up to 40 fewer ships in the Navy's fleet by 2030, the document said.
Quality of life also could be affected. The document notes that medical facilities, business offices and bases would have reduced hours of operation.


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The Coolum range, exclusive to G.J. Gardner Homes, has been created with the needs of every family member in mind, resulting in spaces which are so abundant, any room will be a joy to live in.
These beautiful homes, with separate dining areas, open plan family rooms, activity and media rooms will perfectly meet the requirements of your growing and changing family and give unparalleled flexibility for both group and personal retreats.
Liveable and luxurious, the Coolum Designs are an ingenious solution to the needs of today's families.
At your local G.J. Gardner Homes office, there's a team of people ready to help you make the right choices.
We'll advise you on the many customisation options that will make your dream home become a unique reality. And we'll deliver all this choice confirmed and clarified in a fixed price contract.
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David Beckham Playing the Vancouver Whitecaps in LA
David Beckham Kicks Off the MLS Playoffs With a Win
David Beckham and the LA Galaxy took on the Vancouver Whitecaps at their home stadium in Carson, CA, yesterday. David's team won the match, which was their first in the MLS playoffs, and now they'll advance to the semifinals to play the San Jose Earthquakes this Sunday. David should have plenty of support during the series since his family is usually a staple in the stands. Victoria, Brooklyn, Romeo, Cruz, and Harper cheered him on earlier this week with help from pals Gordon Ramsay and Russell Brand, who chatted in the private box. David switched gears to another sport on Tuesday, when he watched the Lakers opening game alongside Adam Levine. Zac Efron, Katy Perry, and Russell Brand were also in the crowd, rooting on the basketball team, who lost to the visiting Dallas Mavericks.


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Cliff chaos: Boehner pulls GOP bill
The House Republican Conference turned its back on Speaker John Boehner Thursday, forcing GOP leadership to abandon its plan to extend Bush-era tax breaks for income under $1 million.
After a full day of heavy arm-twisting, House Republican leaders were unable to cobble together enough support from 217 of their 241 members for Boehner's "Plan B" proposal, even after Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-Va.) assured its passage. Democrats vowed not to support the measure.
Story Continued Below
( PHOTOS: Fiscal cliff's key players)
It's a major setback for Boehner (R-Ohio), as his attempt to display strength in his showdown with President Barack Obama quickly morphed into an exercise in exposing the limits of his power in the House.
Boehner had Republicans on the House floor for several hours Thursday and then retreated to an emergency, closed-door party meeting in the basement of the Capitol. During that session, Boehner admitted defeat and sent his lawmakers home for the Christmas holiday.
Faced with wavering support from GOP conservatives — and none at all from House Democrats — Boehner had to back down. The debacle leaves him with greatly diminished leverage in the ongoing fiscal cliff negotiations with Obama and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.), and it vaults Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) to the forefront of the tax-and-spending debate.
( Also on POLITICO: White House: 'Plan B' a dead end)
"The House did not take up the tax measure today because it did not have sufficient support from our members to pass," Boehner said in a Thursday night statement. "Now it is up to the president to work with Senator Reid on legislation to avert the fiscal cliff. The House has already passed legislation to stop all of the Jan. 1 tax rate increases and replace the sequester with responsible spending cuts that will begin to address our nation's crippling debt. The Senate must now act."
The White House issued a statement that gave little hint of the president's next step, which a senior administration official said remained unclear late Thursday.
"The President's main priority is to ensure that taxes don't go up on 98 percent of Americans and 97 percent of small businesses in just a few short days," White House press secretary Jay Carney said in the statement. "The President will work with Congress to get this done and we are hopeful that we will be able to find a bipartisan solution quickly that protects the middle class and our economy."
A spokesman for Reid said Boehner needs to reengage in direct talks with Obama and put a bill on the House floor that can pick up both Democratic and Republican votes.
"Speaker Boehner's partisan approach wasted an entire week and pushed middle-class families closer to the edge," Reid spokesman Adam Jentleson said. "The only way to avoid the cliff altogether is for Speaker Boehner to return to negotiations, and work with President Obama and the Senate to forge a bipartisan deal."


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Fire Performers Near You
Although you may be a talented baton twirler or great at lighting sparklers, there's no substitute for the exciting entertainment of a professional fire performer. These incredible performers can amaze the crowds with dangerous feats like blowing fire, spinning flaming objects, creating glowing illusions, and more! If you're looking for an extraordinary performance to take your event to the next level, book a professional fire performer on GigSalad.
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About booking Fire Performers
Whether you're organizing a festival or community event, or planning a milestone party that your guests will never forget, there's a fire performer who can deliver just the entertainment you need. The cost of hiring a professional fire performer can vary depending on the type of event, the length of performance, and the style of entertainment they offer. Professionals with more experience and complex acts typically charge more for a performance. Remember, high-quality entertainers are worth their rates! To get exact pricing, contact local fire performers and get a quote customized for your event.
To start, search online for local fire performers and browse through their profiles for more information. Look at photos and videos of their act, and if available, read through reviews from their past clients to learn more about their experience. Performance styles can vary greatly between one performer and another so look for a professional who can deliver exactly what you need. Before contacting for price information, you will need to know the requirements and restrictions of the venue your event will be held. It's imperative that the performers adhere to regulations to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience for you and your guests. When you're ready to contact a professional, make sure to discuss important details like performance space, number of expected guests, and any unique aspect of your event. The more info you give the professional, the easier it is for them to provide a customized quote! This is also a good time to ask about specifics like their setup requirements, travel fees, licensing, and liability insurance. Once you've covered all the basics and you're ready to book, make sure all the details you discussed with the performer are put in writing. With GigSalad, booking a fire performer is easy! You can browse through media-rich profiles, send messages, get free quotes, and securely book their services all on one simple platform. And with our Worry-Free Guarantee, you can rest easy knowing the fire performer you booked will add just the flair your event needs.
Fire Performers around Ashburn, VA:
Circus Entertainment / Fire Performer
Reston, VA
70 Verified Bookings
Recent review: I highly recommend Crickett for any event with large number of children (50+). We hired him for…
Lydia Lux(15)
Fire Performer
Washington, DC
24 Verified Bookings
Recent review: very adaptable to the event and very proffessional
Fire Performer
Washington, DC
45 Verified Bookings
Recent review: Highly recommend. Used for 40th birthday party. Very quick on responses. Fire dancer was great…
Circus Entertainment - Erin Jeannier(6)
Fire Performer
Baltimore, MD
14 Verified Bookings
Recent review: The stilt walkers were the highlight of the day. Their energy and effort were a tremendous addition…
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March 2007
Cheetahs originated in North America but are now found only in Africa or Southwestern Asia. Photo of Acinonyx jubatus. Source: Wikimedia Commons, photo by flickr member schani.
What do you mean by "rewilding" North America?
Barlow: Rewilding is a concept that works with restoration ecology and evolution combined. One type of rewilding deals with restoring lost biodiversity. Restoration ecology is when you look at a landscape and ask how we can bring it back to conditions that are more natural, say, before Europeans arrived in North America. Another type of rewilding has to do with climate change, for example, creating a park corridor from Yellowstone to the Yukon to give movement to animals as climate changes.
In 2005, a top science journal published an article by a dozen prominent conservation biologists proposing a shift in the benchmark that is commonly used for restoring lost wildlife to former habitats.1 Most parklands and wilderness areas in North America will continue to be restored to conditions that prevailed just prior to the arrival of Columbus in 1492 [the "pre-Columbian" benchmark]. But what about rewilding a small portion of America's natural heritage to conditions just prior to the first human incursion on the landscape some 13,000 years ago? This idea of rewilding from a deep time perspective is going back to a time before the first humans began to migrate to the Americas in the late Pleistocene [about 10,000 years ago] and asking how we can restore the ecological landscape.
Current trends in rewilding North America have to do with restoration of species displaced or endangered since the first European settlers arrived, for example, bringing back gray wolves to Yellowstone, reintroducing the lynx to Colorado, and bringing the peregrine falcon to the Midwest. That is standard practice restoration ecology. What I would like to address is the controversial subject of rewilding North America as proposed a few years ago by looking at a deep time perspective and saying lets not just stop with the wolves. What species were here before humans invaded the landscape, and is it still possible to bring them back?
Why restore animals from the Pleistocene era and not those that have disappeared since Columbus?
Barlow: This is a conservation question as well as an ethical one. Why should we do it? For several reasons:
It was at the end of the Pleistocene that many large vertebrate [backboned] animals disappeared. The majority view in mainstream science now is that humans were the main cause of the extinction of these large animals, called megafauna. These large animals did not coevolve with humans in the way that large African and Asian animals did. So if humans were the cause for the loss of these animals, such as the mammoths, mastodons, and the big carnivores that depended on them, then it behooves us to do our best to restore them.
I think it's possible to manage rewilding efforts. A Pleistocene park, or an ecological history park, has been suggested, that is, some representative landscapes where we bring back these large creatures.
The plants and the landscapes that we have here in North America lost their coevolved animal partners just 13,000 years ago. Plants take longer to adjust to environmental changes. By bringing back some of the big animals of the Pleistocene—the big browsers and the big carnivores—to control and evolve with plants, we would see what the American landscape really looks like.
It is good for the economy. Tourists would visit the park and other rewilded areas, promoting the local economies, mostly in rural areas.
Josh Donlan, one of the authors of the paper I mentioned, states that evidence shows when large animals disappear from ecosystems, the ecosystem biodiversity collapses and society is the lesser for this loss. The disappearance of megafauna had a domino affect on ecosystems.
Which large animals are suggested for rewilding?
Barlow: If one adopts an end-Pleistocene benchmark, then it is time to bring back the American cheetah, the American camel, the American plains lion, the American mastodons and mammoths, and other species by using proxies from the Old World to restart their evolution in the New, and to restore their vital roles as shapers of ecological landscapes.
Let's take the camel as an example. Camels originated here in North America, not in the Old World, around 50 million years ago. They spent most of their time here, but then around 3 million years ago they crossed from Alaska to Siberia and moved down into Asia and into the African continent.
A Bactrian Camel in the Kyzyl Kum desert in Uzbekistan, Central Asia. Photo by Dmitriy Pitrimov.
If we were to bring back camels, the Bactrian camel for example, as well as elephants, these animals would probably do very well in controlling what is called shrub invasion of the arid West. Cattle and horses cannot eat mesquite, juniper, creocote, but the big browsers can. Camels are especially good at eating toxic shrubs. If you're worried about your lawn, they cannot eat grass.
By introducing the Indian [Asian] elephant we have a replacement for the extinct mammoths. Indian elephants enjoy knocking over trees to browse, but when they leave an area, the grasses that grow after their departure will attract the grazers. You establish a dance between the grazers and the browsers. So the thought is that if we were to bring back some of the large browsers in particular, we would be able then to see the true ecological landscapes of North America.
Why choose megafauna over other animals; many animals have gone extinct.
Barlow: Whenever humans have set foot in a landscape, since the time when they could kill at a distance with stones and spears, they killed off megafauna. Humans hunted the megafauna to extinction. Spears were particularly lethal because you don't even have to kill the animal. All you have to do is puncture its gut and wait till it dies of infection. The littler creatures could hide from humans; they also had the advantages of small populations and higher reproduction rates. Take the extinct moa of New Zealand. Its extinction is completely correlated to the arrival of the first Maoris. It's the same with the elephant birds and the giant turtles of Madagascar.
Aren't the animals that you are suggesting for rewilding genetically different from those extant species?
Barlow: Absolutely. The plan calls for rewilding proxies of native species in many cases. One of the closest genetic ties between today's large animal and one that disappeared from North America would be the horse. Horses have already been rewilded. They originated in North America 50 million years ago and disappeared. Some horses went across into Alaska and Siberia, and down into Africa, and guess what they became? Zebras!
Przewalski's horses numbered around 1500 in the wild in 2005. Creative Commons photo.
The Spaniards, as most schoolchildren know, brought back horses. Some escaped confinement and went wild. Plains Indians co-evolved a culture of hunting buffalo and riding horses. Our modern horses are the same genus as those of the Pleistocene, Equus caballus. The rewilding proposal suggests reintroducing modern horses as well as wild horses, such as Przewalski's horse.
Let me give you an example of an elephant because an elephant is considered the most outrageous to some. Elephants evolved in the Old World, and then periodically some migrated from Africa into the western hemisphere millions of years ago. There were gomphotheres, mastodons, and several waves of mammoths that came in, most recently woolly mammoths. The mammoths that we had in North America, including in Florida, are more closely related to the Indian [Asian] elephant than the Indian elephant is related to the African elephant.
Why not work with the species you have in North America, such as the native puma, before they go extinct, instead of reintroducing the cheetah from Africa?
Barlow: We can do both. Sure, the pumas are close relatives to African cheetahs. Mountain lions, cougars, pumas, and cheetahs evolved from related lineages. All of them, except the cheetah, still roam various parts of the Americas. But did you know cheetahs originated here in North America? They are now found mainly in Africa. While they were here they coevolved with the fastest land herbivore on the planet—the American pronghorn. The American pronghorn runs 60 miles an hour, faster than any of the gazelles in Africa. Our wolves run 40 miles an hour. Evolution does not build in excess. The pronghorn that is running 60 miles an hour in Wyoming is still running from the American cheetah that went extinct here. So we are suggesting bringing back the cheetah because it not only belongs here but it is nature's natural predator of the pronghorn.
How would these new megafauna survive, and would they destroy the native habitats that have evolved to be what they are now?
Barlow: The ecosystems haven't evolved much in 13,000 years. You have different mixes of populations in different areas, but we have no new plant species other than exotic introductions and we didn't lose most plant species. Thirteen thousand years to plants is nothing. It is just a question of how would things be reconfigured with the native species that we have. The point is that we are not suggesting repopulating all of North America. The natural history ecological park would be somewhere out in the great plains, say Nebraska or Kansas or perhaps in northern New Mexico, where we have some good grassland habitat and semiarid areas. It would be a scientific experiment to see if it works and how far we could go with the idea.
Some of the predators and other species considered for the park are migratory or need large areas to forage and to hunt. How could a park provide them with what they need and contain them as well?
Barlow: We're not talking about a Hollywood-style Jurassic Park. Humans were not around at the time of the dinosaurs. The larger, more dangerous animals we propose to bring back would be contained in a big Texas-style ranch. Elephants would be the most difficult in that regard, but good grassland in eastern Texas is an ideal grazing area. These animals are all slow-reproducing megafauna, and they were once natives. It's not like we are introducing an exotic, such as the troublesome Brazilian peppertree or the Cuban anole, that's almost impossible to eradicate. If something goes wrong with the park and the new animals are destroying the landscape, we will be able to find them alternate arrangements.
Here's an example of the imbalance that happens if you don't manage rewilding well. Wild horses, introduced by the Spaniards after they disappeared from North America, are destroying a portion of the American west because people don't want to have them shot and killed. These wild horses are breeding like fruit flies because this was always their native landscape. They have no natural predators here. All you need is to bring in the African lion. What is the primary food of the African lion in Africa? The zebra! Wolves can't take down horses well, and neither can mountain lions. When you bring in the African lions to control the wild horses, you've actually created a balance of predator and prey.
Many American farmers and ranchers protested the recent reintroduction of wolves. What would you say to them about the introduction of large predators such as lions and cheetahs?
Barlow: First of all, this would not happen on public lands. They would be rewilded on private lands. Right now, the bolson tortoise is being reintroduced on Ted Turner's private ranch in New Mexico. We are hoping to get to the point where a large private rancher, perhaps in Texas, will work with us on other efforts. There are already all kinds of African game in Texas ranches. There are more lions on Texas ranches than there are in all the zoos in the United States.
Do you view this park as a tourist attraction or solely a natural history experiment?
Barlow: The main idea is conservation and evolution. The proponents for this idea are thinking over the long term. Let's say humans don't go extinct in the next few million years, what sort of evolution is going to happen in North America if we bring back the species that were here before humans, or at least bring back founder populations that were here and give them a chance to evolve? Unless we do that we are going to just keep the same impoverished megafauna that we had when the Europeans arrived. We used to have as much megafauna here as we now see in Africa, for example, four species of camel, three species of horses, and five species of elephants. People were not native to North America. Even the ancient Clovis people from Siberia, the mammoth hunters, were native to the Asian landscape and not to this land, just as the ancestors of the Maori people who came to New Zealand were not native to New Zealand. These cultures crashed because the large creatures crashed. Out of the ashes came the indigenous peoples and the Native Americans. They were not the cause of the destruction of the Pleistocene megafauna. The frontier ancestors were the ones that did this.
A secondary advantage is the potential economic boon to areas where these megafauna would be rewilded. An ecological history park, say in Kansas, would bring in huge ecotourism benefits. Incidentally, there is already a ranch in Kansas that has camels. The camels are thriving just fine, even in winter. I personally foresee elephants and people working together. In the Old World, humans follow herds of elephants. You would let the elephants explore the landscape, even asking ranchers to open their gates and let the heard pass through. It could become a tourist activity where people follow elephants to see how they move to different landscapes seasonally to forage for food. Could be great for the economy, just like the buffalo commons.
© 2007, American Institute of Biological Sciences. Educators have permission to reprint articles for classroom use; other users, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for reprint permission. See reprint policy.


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(CNN) — U.S. conglomerate General Electric is set to increase its investment in Germany, even as the eurozone remains hobbled by a nearly three-year old economic crisis, the company's regional boss told CNN.
Nani Beccalli-Falco, chief executive officer of General Electric Europe, said Germany was the "economic locomotive" of Europe. The company wanted to strengthen its position in the continent's largest economy, he added.
Read more: Airbus CEO: We will learn from past mistakes
Speaking at the Ambrosetti Forum on the banks of Lake Como, Beccalli-Falco told CNN that General Electric — a multinational founded in 1892 — is "making a lot of investments" in Germany.
He added: "Our position was not satisfactory in Germany so we decided to make a statement to strengthen our resources there."
Read more: VINCI boss to Europe: Build and growth will come
Although many countries in the European Union are feeling the squeeze of the region's debt crisis, Beccalli-Falco sees cause for optimism in some parts of Europe.
"This is not a European crisis but a crisis of some member states," he told CNN. "The problems come when you are talking about southern Europe, about Portugal and Spain, Italy and Greece."
Read more: Jelly bean makers defy wobbly Irish economy
The GE Europe boss sees an "incredible boom" for the UK and Nordic countries as a result of oil exploration and discoveries in the North Sea, while many parts of eastern and central Europe are profiting from infrastructure investment from the 27-nation European Union.
He told CNN that Europe's strength lies in the size of its economy and population of 500 million people, according to Eurostat.
However, Beccalli-Falco said question marks still remain over the future of France — Europe's second-largest economy.
He said: "In my mind France is now on the verge of either taking the road to greatness to become like Germany or taking a road which is a little more challenging."
General Electric Europe employs 84,000 people across the continent and provides products for a number of different industries from aircraft engines to power generation, household appliances to consumer finance.
And Beccalli-Falco said GE is committed to continued investment in Europe. "We do invest in Europe and our chairman is enforcing that concept."
GE Europe chief eyes investment in Germany – CNN International


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Exclusive: Fox Won't Air New Animated Series Murder Police
Oct 8, 2013 1:00 PM EDT
Fox has put the cuffs on Murder Police. The animated comedy, which had been picked up for 13 episodes, won't air on the network after all. Instead, producer 20th Century Fox TV plans to shop the show to cable. According to insiders, Fox execs were no… Read more


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Size Matters — Especially when headphones so small command massive sound like Jabra Vox. Optimized for superior sound and performance with portable devices - Vox really packs a punch. Play or pause music, skip tracks and take calls with ease by using in-line controls instead of searching around for your phone.
Ultimate Durability — Small but tough – Vox is constructed from premium materials and thoroughly tested for ultimate durability and performance. With reinforced, square, tangle-free cables tested to withstand 15 kg of pull force and SnagIt™ magnets for easy unwinding when you need to grab them & go.
Comfort & Ease of Use. — Get the perfect fit with specially designed ColorCore EarGels™ for enhanced comfort and deep sound. Vox's earbuds are engineered to rest comfortably for extended use.
Exclusive Jabra Sound App. — Get an enhanced music experience with the Jabra Sound App – a music player that gives you the full Dolby Digital Plus sound and more. Use the App to create and browse through playlists, share music and adjust the graphic equalizer so you can play your tracks as you want to hear them.


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If your zipper's caught on to the surrounding fabric and holding on with the jaws of life, you can free it with a number of different household items, like a pencil, some soap, or even Windex.
We all have to deal with stuck zippers at some point in our lives, but you can stop wasting your time wiggling and help free it with a bit of lubricant. The easiest and least messy lubricant, according to video weblog Howcast, is a graphite pencil—just rub the teeth on both sides of the zipper with your pencil and try again.
If that doesn't help, you might need a more heavy-duty (read: messy) lubricant. Howcast recommends bar soap, petroleum jelly, or lip balm, though readers Java-Princess and obsoletist both swear by Windex, too. We haven't heard of Windex being used for this, but it's easy to understand why—like bar soap—its soapy consistency would be good at slipping the zipper out of its jam.
Java-Princess also delves into the method she uses to carefully get zippers unstuck without ruining the fabric:
Test a small area of the fabric to see if it's damaged by Windex (or whatever lubricant you're using). If the fabric's okay, soak the fabric around the zipper with Windex and slowly—as in with infinite patience—pull the zipper in the direction to unzip. Go a little past where you think it won't go any more then relax your grip. Repeat. Each time the zipper should move a little tiny bit further. If at any time the fabric bunches that you can see a tug on it might help things then give it a hard tug while maintaining tension on the zipper, this is not the time to be delicate, you are trying to pull the fabric out from the inside of the zipper mechanism. The Windex is a good, non-oil based lubricant.
I've done this more than a few times with success, from thick plastic zippers to metal ones. By soak I mean flood the fabric—the more the better. Don't forget to wash the fabric immediately afterwards.
Check out the link above to see it in action, and if you've found your own household zipper fixes, let us know about them in the comments.
How To Fix a Stuck Zipper | Howcast
Fix Stuck Zippers with Windex | #openthread
You can contact Whitson Gordon, the author of this post, at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also find him on Twitter, Facebook, Google+, and lurking around our #tips page.


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How do I check my account over the telephone?
Call the library system's automated Telephone Circulation System at:
- (717) 240-7889 or
- (888) 697-0371 Ext. 7889 (toll-free) - press 1; wait for the prompt before entering the extension and then hold to be transferred
- When the automated system is activated, press 2 to access your account information.
- Enter your 14-digit library barcode number. This is the number that is on the back of your library card underneath the barcode.
- Enter your 14-digit library barcode number in the first field. This is the number that is on the back of your library card underneath the barcode.
- Enter your PIN in the second field. If you don't remember your PIN, use the PIN Request form through our library catalog. Our automated system will send your PIN to the email address we have on your library account. You can also visit your library.
- The automated attendent will tell you how many items you have out and how many requests you have.
- To check the due dates, press 1 for renewals, then press 4 for the list of items.
- Continue to follow the spoken instructions.


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Interior Decorating Bedroom Ideas the most important place in the house as this is the place which is exclusively built for rest and comfort. Wall color, furniture, mirrors, lighting, scheme, windows is bedrooms are some parts that can be changed to provide a sense of comfort.
This example images gallery for Interior Decorating Bedroom Ideas. Keep it personal, choose the colors and fabrics you like. select artwork that makes you smile and enjoy the decorating process.


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Twin County Regional Hospital (TCRH) recently welcomed the first baby of 2011.
James Alexander Bishop, son of Franklin and Andrea Bishop of Galax, was the baby born closest to New Year's Day, on Jan. 4 at 10:03 a.m.
He weighed seven pounds, 15 ounces and measured 21 inches long.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the The Gazette, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
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They Called Him Stonewall: A Life of Lt. General T.J. Jackson, C.S.A.
Fairfax Press, 1954 - Biography & Autobiography - 470 pages
A Life of Lt. Gen. T.J. Jackson, C.S.A.
Dramatic account of the life and times of "Stonewall" Jackson, brilliant military strategist of the Confederacy. Engaging style and thorough research make this indispensable for the casual reader as well as the serious student of the Civil War. Photos and maps.
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LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - buffalogr - LibraryThing
While this is the definitive book on Stonewall Jackson, I found it a very difficult listen and quit listening after only about 20% as it began to sound like "Charlie Brown's teacher." A student of the ... Read full review
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A good historical biography of Stonewall Jackson who was considered by many to be Lee's best general. Read full review
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They Called Him Stonewall: A Life of Lieutenant General T. J. Jackson, CSA
Burke Davis
Limited preview - 2016
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A. P. Hill Anna army artillery Ashby asked attack Banks battery battle began bridge brigade cadets called camp cannon Captain cavalry Colonel column command Confederate corps crossing D. H. Hill Dabney dark enemy eral Ewell Ewell's face Federal fell field fighting fire flank force Fredericksburg Front Royal gave Gordonsville guns halted hand Harpers Ferry headquarters Hill's Hooker horse Hunter McGuire infantry Jackson rode Jed Hotchkiss knew Lee's Lexington Lincoln Longstreet looked McClellan McGuire miles morning move night North Old Jack once orders passed Pendleton Port Republic position Potomac President ranks rear Rebel regiments retreat Richmond ride river road seemed sent Sharpsburg shouted sight skirmishers soldiers soon Stonewall Stonewall Brigade Stuart swamp Taylor thought thousand told took troops turned Union Valley victory Virginia Virginia Military Institute wagons waited Winchester Winder wounded wrote Yankees


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Notice to Members 05-75
Amendments Regarding Deadlines for Submission of Initial Annual Report under Rule 3012 and Execution of the Initial Annual Certification under Rule 3013 and IM-3013
NASD has filed for immediate effectiveness amendments to NASD Rule 3012 (Supervisory Control System) and Rule 3013 (Annual Certification of Compliance and Supervisory Processes) to extend until April 1, 2006, the date by which members must submit their initial annual report required by Rule 3012 and execute their first annual certification pursuant to Rule 3013 and IM-3013.1 The rule change became immediately effective on its October 14, 2005 filing date.
Questions concerning this Notice may be directed to Patricia Albrecht, Assistant General Counsel, Office of General Counsel, Regulatory Policy and Oversight, at (202) 728-8026.
1 Exchange Act Release No. 52727 (Nov. 3, 2005) (SR-NASD-2005-121).


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MONDAY, Oct. 6, 2008 (HealthDay News) -- A new technique may help doctors diagnose a rare form of leukemia in a matter of hours instead of weeks, researchers say.
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) occurs in children; symptoms include fevers, poor growth, and infections.
Early diagnosis of JMML is important, since the only cure is a bone marrow transplant. But JMML is currently diagnosed by monitoring the response of JMML cells to a growth-stimulating factor called GM-CSF, which involves two to three weeks of growing cells in the laboratory.
Now, a new study published in the Oct. 7 issue of Cancer Cell may have found a faster way to diagnose this relatively rare leukemia.
For their study, researchers used a new technique that builds on flow cytometry.
In flow cytometry, fluorescently labeled antibodies are used to classify and sort cells based on the proteins on their outer surface. The new approach goes further by sending antibodies inside the cell to bind to target proteins.
To find a way to diagnose leukemia, the researchers used an antibody that binds only to the activated form of a protein called STAT5 in cell samples of 12 patients with JMML.
Eleven of the 12 JMML cell samples displayed abnormally high levels of STAT5 in response to low doses of GM-CSF. Seven out of the eight normal bone marrow samples, and eight out of eight samples from patients with similar -- but not identical disorders -- did not have increased levels of STAT5 in response to GM-CSF.
"I was surprised how much more we can learn about the inner nature of these cells by 'interrogating' them with different conditions," senior co-author Garry Nolan, immunologist and member of the Donald E. and Delia B. Baxter Laboratory in Genetic Pharmacology at Stanford, said in a university news release. "Time and again, we are finding this to be a powerful amplifier of the fate of a diseased cell and a good way to understand why it responds to certain treatments and not others."
Since the new technique can help track disease progress, the researchers hope that it can be used to monitor the effectiveness of potential drug treatments for JMML and other disorders.
"Identifying populations of cells by their responses to specific stimuli will facilitate our ability to assess the efficacy of specific agents in relevant subsets with increased precision," senior-co-author Mignon Loh, an associate professor of clinical pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco, said in the release.
"In an era of using increasingly sophisticated targeted agents, we hope that these studies will allow investigators to more fully appreciate the specificities of their therapies," said Loh.
More information
The American Cancer Society has more about childhood leukemia.


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Facebook Scans Chats for Criminal Activity
Social networking is a great way to keep in touch with friends and meet new people. But it's also important to be vigilant about what you say to people you meet online.
Facebook has technology in place to monitor user conversations for suspicious activity and notify police when necessary, Reuters reported yesterday. The scanning technology monitors chats for words or phrases that may signal that something is wrong, such as personal information being exchanged or explicit language being used.
"We've never wanted to set up an environment where we have employees looking at private communications, so it's really important that we use technology that has a very low false-positive rate," Facebook told Reuters.
Facebook security employees don't see any of the conversations until the scanning technology actually flags the exchange. The employees then review the chat to determine whether the police should be notified.
"I find the news to be both scary and more than a bit surprising," Chester Wisniewski, senior security advisor at Sophos, told Security Watch. Most communication providers tend to take the stance that since they don't monitor user activity, under the Safe Harbor provisions it isn't their fault if users do something illegal, Wisniewski said.
"If you begin analyzing content, you may be held liable for not stopping something dangerous that traverses your network," Wisniewski said.
Protect Yourself
While it's nice to know that Facebook is keeping a distant eye on chat logs for criminal behavior, users should exercise some Internet smarts when online. And while we are picking on Facebook a bit, these tips apply to other social networking sites, as well.
- Friending Strangers – Study after study have shown Facebook users accept friend requests from people they don't know. It's easy to lie on a profile, and criminals do it all the time on social networking sites. Sexual predators have pretended to be teenagers to talk to younger users on social networking sites. In a recent analysis, researchers from Barracuda Networks found several fake Facebook profiles using the exact same photograph of an attractive woman as the main profile picture. Once a fake profile is added as a friend, that scammer has access to a tremendous amount of personal data. Screen them out beforehand.
- Chatty Profiles – Many people still have not locked down their social networking profiles, letting people they don't know see their home address, phone numbers, and all other information. If it's that critical to have that much information about you on your profile, at least lock it so that only friends can see it (and then be careful about who you friend…)
- Know About Privacy – Some information, such as login credentials and personal identifying information, should never be shared, even with best friends. Learn how to use the site's privacy controls. Google+ has done a good job of giving users control over who can see their profile data, and Facebook is steadily improving.
"The bottom line is no one should expect any sort of privacy on social networks and these types of programs just further prove that point," Wisniewski said.
Crimes Against Minors Online Rare
Facebook relying on software to pre-scan chats protects the company from privacy concerns that someone is monitoring all conversations. But it also means that a lot of other suspicious incidents may be missed.
"I feel for every one we arrest, ten others get through the system," Special Agent Supervisor Jeffrey Duncan of the Florida Department of Law Enforcement told Reuters.
However, before anyone panics, it's worth noting that that Internet-related sex crimes against children are rare. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children processed 3,638 report of online "enticement" of children by adults last year, 10 percent less than 2010.
Most sex crimes against children are committed by people the children know, rather than strangers. Reuters reported Facebook's technology is more likely to likely scrutinize conversations between two users who aren't already "well-established" in the Facebook universe as friends. In which case, those chats with non-strangers may never even be flagged.
Protect Children
Despite the fact that strangers approaching children online is rare, many parents are still jittery. A recent survey of 1,000 parents by MinorMonitor found that 74 percent of parents were concerned about their child's safety on Facebook, with 56 percent worrying about predators.
There are a number of tools available that parents can use to monitor their children's social networking activities. PCMag gave an Editors' Choice award to Socialshield, which lets parents monitor their children's Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, Google+, and Formspring accounts. ZoneAlarm's SocialGuard detects cyberbullying, account hacking, bad links, age-inappropriate relationships, and contact by strangers. MinorMonitor also tracks the child's Facebook activity and sends parents alerts for potential problems.


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Exercise regularly (but remember, overdoing it brings your immune system temporarily down a notch). At the least, take a 30-60 minute brisk walk a few times a week. Be sure to swing those arms as you walk! This helps to stimulate your digestion (where really most all disease starts). Be sure you get enough rest, also.
Eat healthy! Cut back on processed foods, caffeine, sugar, fried foods, meat, and all those things that tax your digestion or over-stimulate your nervous system.
Supplement! Be sure you are getting enough vitamin C, if not through your natural foods, through a good supplement.
And, there are some foods and spices that are known in yogic teachings to be excellent for strengthening the immune system, improving digestion, and for working to detox the liver. These include: onions, garlic, gingerroot, beets, radishes, black pepper, chilies, cardamom...
Here are some recipes that call upon the yogic tradition of cooking that are pretty simple to prepare, and full of fantastic flavor as well!
You have probably seen packaged Yogi Tea in its many delicious flavors on the shelf at your natural food store or grocery market. Here is how you can easily make it from scratch! The spices are known in Ayurveda to help improve digestion, purify the blood, improve immune fitness, ward off intestinal parasites, and increase vitality. As the saying goes, "A cup a day keeps disease away..."
I like to make at least a gallon at a time. When it's done, strain it (you can freeze the spices and save to make another smaller batch another day) and pour into a jar or lidded pitcher. Then when you desire a cup, just add the milk of your choice, bring it to the boiling point, sweeten if desired, and enjoy.
Plain Yogi Tea keeps refrigerated for several weeks.