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2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power
2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power
1882 was a momentous year for electric power. Most important was the inauguration on September 4th of that year of Thomas Edison's power station on Pearl Street in New York City. Edison, who had invented a practical incandescent bulb in 1879, developed an electric-power system to make electric lighting available to large numbers of people. The Pearl Street generator produced 100 kilowatts and served some 500 customers in lower Manhattan. Earlier that year, the Edison company in Britain had put into service a power station at Holborn Viaduct in London. This was the first commercial central station in the world, but it was intended only as a temporary installation, so the Pearl Street station is often regarded as marking the beginning of electric-power distribution.
Several other central stations began operating before the end of 1882. On 30 September, in Appleton, Wisconsin, a hydroelectric station, rated at about 12 kilowatts, went into service; and in October 1882, a rival to Edison's company, the United States Electric Illuminating Company, opened its first central station in South Carolina. (These two power stations are recognized as IEEE Milestones.) Charles Brush, inventor of electric arc-lamps, built a central power station in New York City that powered both incandescent and arc lights, that went into service on 19 December 1882.
In Europe as well, the year 1882 was an exciting one for the people and companies developing the new electrical technologies. Two international electrical exhibitions took place that year, one in the Crystal Palace in South London and the other in Munich. In Germany, a leading developer was Werner Siemens, who was one of the first to see how important electrical technology would be to mining. The Siemens & Halske company built the first electric mine-locomotive, which was first utilized on 25 August 1882 at a mine in Lower Saxony.
The IEEE History Committee and the IEEE History Center, cosponsored by IEEE and by Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, announced an installment in their regular series of conferences: The 2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power.
The conference was held on the campus of the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) in Newark, New Jersey, USA, from Friday 3 August through Sunday 5 August 2007. The New Jersey Institute of Technology was a perfect venue for such a conference: Home to the Edward Weston Papers, it is close to the Edison National Historic Site, which is undergoing major renovation and is soon to reopen. The site is convenient by public transportation to the New York area airports and to New York City.
Conference papers dealt with all aspects of electric power and its applications from the 19th century to the present. A congenial group of some 65 engineers, historians, museum curators, and others, dozens of fascinating papers, plenty of time for informal discussion, and some interesting excursions.
The conference was technically cosponsored by the IEEE Power Engineering Society, the IEEE North Jersey Section, and the New Jersey Institute of Technology.
Welcoming Comments:
IEEE representative: Richard Gowen, Chair, IEEE History Committee
NJIT representative: Atam Dhawan, Chair, NJIT Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
PSE&G representative: Rodney Dickens, PSE&G, Vice President, Asset Management and Centralized Services,
Opening address: Jack Casazza: Forgotten Roots
The talk will review the origin of the electric power industry, the founding of the electric power profession, and the importance of electric power to our national development in the 20th century. Four time periods will be reviewed: 1885-1945, the Young Profession; 1945-1965, the Golden Age; 1965-1990, the Changing World; and 1990-2006, the Turbulence. Developments in the power equipment manufacturing industry, the utilities, in government, in the IEEE and in the universities will be covered.
Break 9:30 – 9:45
Marko Delimar, Josip Moser,Aleksandar Szabo: First AC Power Systems in Croatia
The development of electrical systems in Croatia, at that time a part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, started with first DC systems around 1880. The first AC power system in Croatia was set in operation on 28 August 1895, three days after the power plant on the Niagara Falls. The two generators (42 Hz, 550 kW each) and the transformers were produced and installed by the Hungarian company Ganz. The transmission line from the power plant to the City of Šibenik was 11.5 km long on wooden towers, and the municipal distribution grid 3000V/110 V included six transforming stations. The system supplied 340 street lights and some electrified houses in the town. Three years later after the first Jaruga power plant, the construction of the second Jaruga hydro plant began. Two three phase, 50 Hz, 5.5 MW generators were installed. A new transmission system was built and the local grid enlarged. After Jaruga I and II, additional power plants and transmission lines have been constructed. It is curious that Nikola Tesla, a pioneer of AC systems, was born in Smiljan near Gospic, approximately 100 km north of Šibenik where the first power plant in Croatia was constructed. It may be a coincidence that in May 1892, Tesla held a lecture on alternating systems in the City Hall of Zagreb (the capital of Croatia) at the time of the beginning of the preparations to construct the Jaruga I hydro plant.
Moon-Hyon Nam: Korean History of Korean Electric Light and Power Development
In 1987 a ceremony took place at Gyeongbokgung palace in Seoul to celebrate the centennial of the first Korean electric light plant, the First Electric Plant. The plant is recognized as a historic milestone that initiated the nation modernization process during the late 19th century. In addition to its original lighting service within the royal residence, it eventually facilitated the successful launch of the nation first electric business corporation, namely the Seoul Electric Company. This accelerated the nation modernization process by extending electricity and power service to the public. It managed to provide an integrated service that included street-light, telephone, and electric train--a new transportation system. Today, the Korean government is planning to reconstruct this earliest electric plant that had been closed after the construction of its successor. It is an effort to restore its landmark facility that is significant both historically and technologically. This paper attempts to serve as an early research for this project by providing a chronological overview of the installation and development of electric light and power. It will mainly focus on the initial stages of the process discussing the construction of two original electric plants and the operations of the earliest commercial electric company during the period of 1887 and 1901. The paper will also shed light on the pioneer effort led by King Gojong, the reform-minded leader who advocated the adoption of advanced technology from the Western hemisphere. This was an endeavor which had a basis to reinstate the nation sovereignty that would frequently be undermined by the neighboring countries at the time. Furthermore, this paper will call for world-wide attention and cooperation in addition to the domestic effort among Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), History Committee at the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers (KIEE) and Electricity Museum of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO).
Short break
Sandhya Madan: History of Electric Power in India (1890 – 1990)
This paper gives an overview of the origins and development of hydroelectric and thermal power systems in India. Most of the early power generating stations, which were developed when India was a colony of the British, were hydroelectric in nature. These pre-independence generating stations fed loads in the urban areas, and the electrification of the villages was done mostly after 1947. The Electricity Supply Act of 1948 saw the emergence of State Electricity Boards (SEBs). The SEBs led to the rise of Regional Electricity Boards, and efforts are being made to integrate the various regional grids into a single national grid. The latter half of the century saw inroads being made into other forms of energy, including nuclear and wind.
Mukesh Kafle: Electric Power in Nepal: History, Experiences, and Possibilities
The history of electricity development of Nepal began with construction of Pharping Hydroelctric Plant ( 500 KW) in 1911. Today, Nepal has an electric power of total installed capacity 609 MW in Integrated Power System with the major contribution from 25 hydroelectric plants. Out of the total electric power, about 91 percent comes from hydroelectric plants, thre remaining 9 percent from diesel plants. Electricity demand in Nepal has been increasing rapidly for many years, with growth of industry and the use of electrical appliances. During the Rana Regime (1846-1951) few attempts were made for initiating economic development until 1935, when a development agency was constituted. In 1956 began the first Five Year Plan, and it was been followed by nine other Five Year Plans. Experiences prove that electricity development in Nepal in the past has not been smooth as planned. This is not only due to lack of technology and dearth of technical skills but also dependency on friendly nations for investment.
Satoru Yanabu, M. Yamamoto: History of the Keage Hydroelectric Power Station
Keage Hydroelectric Power Station was the first hydroelectric station in Japan. Water came from Biwako Lake to Kyoto. There was a DC generator capable of different voltages, a 50-Hz three-phase generator, as well as single-phase and two-phase generators. The transmission system was therefore complicated. This station led to a strong industrialization of the area. At that time the Japanese Emperor changed his residence from Kyoto to Tokyo, and the governor of Kyoto was very eager to promote industries in the Kyoto area. Before the Keage Hydro Power Station, there were other power stations to generate electric power by steam turbine and some small private generators by water turbine in Japan, but their scale was relatively small, as Keage was first large hydro power station.
Lunch 12:15 – 1:15
W. Bernard Carlson: Nikola Tesla and the Idea of Broadcasting Electric Power, 1890-1905
In 1890, after developing a successful alternating current motor, Nikola Tesla began investigating electro-magnetic waves. Within a short time, he not only duplicated the experiments of Heinrich Hertz but improved upon the Hertz apparatus by developing a high-frequency transformer which came to be known as the Tesla Coil. Using this new device, Tesla now faced the challenge of figuring how this new phenomena—radio waves—might be developed as a practical technology. Unlike his later rival Marconi who chose to focus on developing wireless telegraphy, Tesla instead sought to use electro-magnetic waves to improve the distribution of electric light and power. In this lecture, I will describe the evolution of his vision for broadcasting power through the earth and discuss the experiments he undertook in Colorado Springs (1899-1901) as well as at Wardenclyffe on Long Island (1901-1905). In doing so, I will talk about what it means to claim that someone invented "radio," but more broadly, we will consider how individuals can shape scientific phenomena in different ways and wind up with significantly different technologies.
Hal Wallace: Decentralizing Power: Musings on the Development of Distributed Generation
In 1880 Thomas Edison and his Menlo Park team installed one of their new electric lighting systems onboard S.S. Columbia, and began putting another in the printing establishment of Hinds, Ketchum & Co. Simultaneously they planned the construction of a centralized generating station on New York's Pearl Street that Edison believed would provide electricity more efficiently than stand-alone, "isolated" plants. The two concepts–central and isolated power–have coexisted since that era. During the first half of the 20th century the former became dominant while engineers found niches for the latter.
For various reasons during the second half of the last century, many people called into questions the rationale underlying the dominance of this system. Some pointed to the development of generating technologies purported to make isolated power plants more efficient (both technically and financially) than centralized power. A hybrid of the two, generically referred to as distributed generation or DG, has increasingly been discussed as a policy alternative to address many conditions / problems of the existing electric power system. The current interest in DG technologies makes this an opportune time to explore historical and policy questions about technological change in large infrastructures, the competing roles and strategies of interest groups, and the construction of differing definitions of the DG concept. This paper will not present research results, but will rather initiate a conversation about pertinent issues and perspectives that might be considered.
Fumio Arakawa: History of Power Systems Development in Japan
There is similarity and difference between history in general and history of engineering. Since the study of engineering is rather practical, the productivity of the study will be essentially estimated to meet with the needs of human life. This paper tries to find some keys for the innovation by way of historical study of engineering, suggesting "The Repeat Model." One of effective ways to review the innovation is the model study, as it will provide us with the suggestion for innovative development of technology. Taking the case of power systems engineering development in Japan as an example, the author finds such perspective for the future as is given by the condition of deregulation, social needs, and contradiction.
Break 2:45 – 3:00
Jana M. Jilek: From Maxwell to Steinmetz: The Development of Electric Circuits Theories
The late nineteenth century was the time of birth and expansion of the electric power industry. During this time, the process of design of electrical systems and devices changed from an empirical approach of trial and error to using theoretical models. Maxwell's highly mathematical theories of time variable electric and magnetic fields were not widely known by the practicing electricians of that time and were difficult to apply to practical problems. However, together with engineering graphical analysis used by civil and mechanical engineers, they became one of the building blocks from which engineering analysis of alternating current circuits was developed. The methods that we teach to electrical engineering students in introductory electric circuits courses were developed in stages from these two diverse intellectual backgrounds.
Kent Lundberg: Analog Computers and Non-Computing Analogies in the Electric Power Industry
From the mechanical computers of Vannevar Bush to the electronic systems of George Philbrick, analog computers were the workhorses of science and technology for nearly fifty years. In the electric power industry, a wide variety of analog machines were built and used at MIT, General Electric, and Westinghouse. The direct analog machines, such as the MIT/GE network analyzers and the Westinghouse Anacom, were basically scale models or dynamic analogies of the systems under study. The indirect analog computers, such as the MIT Differential Analyzer and the electronic analog computers that followed it, directly solved differential equations. This paper discusses the history, taxonomy, impact, and legacy of the analog computers and non-computing analogies in the electric power industry.
Julian Reitman: A Series of Short Film Clips from 1904 of the Westinghouse Companies
The role of the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in the era before movies, radio, and television was both to inform and to entertain. The Westinghouse Companies expended considerable resources to inform the engineering world of their product lines and some efforts to entertain the general public. Westinghouse was the Fair's electrical power provider, and their products were among the great variety of electrical machinery displayed in the Palace of Machinery. Westinghouse had recently gained control of Cooper-Hewitt, the manufacturer of mercury vapor lamps. With these lamps there was sufficient illumination to allow films to be made under artificial lighting. With this amount of lighting the Biograph Company cameraman, Billy Bitzer, made films providing a clear view as large electrical generators were assembled and the physical efforts expended by manual labor and the lack of safety features when handling hot metal. There were 10,000 workers in the factories including about 900 women. Employees are shown as they worked, and as they departed at noon on Saturday.
William Hederman: The Influence of Electric Technology on Policy and of Electric Policy on Technology
Electric power technology and public policy have been highly interrelated since the dawn of commercial electricity. This presentation will explore how technology has influenced public policy addressing electricity and how public policy in energy has influenced technology. This presentation will use illustrative examples of intended and unintended effects covering important technological developments such as large scale hydropower, nuclear power, industrial cogeneration, large scale dispatch of power grids, high efficiency generators, and others.
Frank A. Felder: The Role of Stakeholders in Designing Wholesale Electricity Markets: Comparison of New England, New York, and PJM
During the early 1990s, the U.S. embraced competition for the generation sector of the electric power industry. This transition was from an integrated, cost-of-service structure in which generation was owned for the most part by vertically integrated utilities to competitive wholesale markets. In the case of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States, the three power pools – NEPOOL, New York, and PJM – were transformed into wholesale electricity markets administered and operated by Independent System Operators (ISOs). Stakeholders were intimately involved in the design of these new markets. Despite a similar history and role as power pools, each of these three regions initially settled upon three different market designs with a pronounced difference between NEPOOL and the other two regions. Based upon interviews of key participants in these market developments, this paper traces the major steps in the design of these initial markets to understand the role of stakeholders and to evaluate how they contributed to the design process.
Hyungsoo Park: Historical Formation of Transmission Systems and Large-Scale Blackouts
This paper explores the historical formation of transmission systems and dispatch control centers in relation to institutional environments in order to investigate social origins of large scale blackouts. Many analyses of large scale blackouts focus on technical issues, particularly weak interconnection of transmission systems. However, large scale blackouts are, in part, consequences of the fragmented performance of the related organizations and their control centers. In examining two cases - the 1965 Northeast blackout and the 1977 New York blackout - this paper explains that the reason for periodically repeated large scale blackouts is due, to a certain extent, to fragmented coordination of human performance between control areas. While transmission systems have evolved historically from small to interconnected large scales, the coordination between control-centers has not been fully developed because of the lack of centralization-decentralization process in organizing entire operation systems, and the absence of reliability of culture among control centers under the changing physical and institutional environments. Better coordination of performance among control centers can isolate initial, small scale power outages, thereby preventing large scale blackouts.
Travel to Glenmont 10:00 – 10:30
Tour of Glenmont 10:30 – 11:45
Travel back to NJIT 11:45 – 12:00
Lunch 12:00 – 1:00
Eduardo I. Ortiz-Rivera: Understanding the History of Fuel Cells
Fuel cells are one of the enabling technologies for the future hydrogen economy. For the last 20 years applications for fuel cells have been as replacements for internal combustion engines, providing both stationary and portable power. But the history of fuel cells is much longer than 20 years, in fact, it is more than 150 years! This paper presents the development of the fuel cell through this long period, discussing the basic concepts and the applications for the six main types of fuel cells.
Matthew N. Eisler: Fueling Dreams of Grandeur: Fuel Cell Research and Development and the Pursuit of the Abundant Energy Machine, 1945-2000
The fuel cell presents one of the great enigmas in the history of technology. Despite over 50 years of concerted work since the Second World War, researchers have largely failed to deliver long-lived and affordable commercial fuel cells to the marketplace. During this period, expectations have tended to exceed the knowledge base, largely because definitions of "success" have varied according to context and application. Drawing from my doctoral dissertation, I argue that we should understand fuel cell research and development communities as central nodes of expectation generation. They have functioned as a nexus where the physical-material realities of fuel cell technology meet external factors, those political, economic and cultural pressures that create a "need" for a "miracle" power source. I argue that the economic exigencies and distinct material practices of these communities are important factors in producing expectations of technological progress, playing at least as much of a role in shaping the resultant artifacts as the requirements of actual and potential customers.
Break 2:00 – 2:15
James Delbourgo: Electricity Shocks the World: Enlightenment Contests over Global Electric Power
Scientific instruments played an important role in projects to exert metropolitan control over distant peripheries. Experimental machines were a means of exporting laboratory technique to discipline experience in the world "outside." But, as with other philosophical apparatus, the truths yielded by electrical machines proved variable and unstable. As they moved from Europe to the Americas and beyond, the machines of enlightenment could inspire mistrust and provoke resistance to European authority. When eighteenth-century Americans became experimental demonstrators, the politics of enlightenment turned volatile. This was in no small part because electrical machines themselves were ambiguous in their effects: was the experience of bodily electrification they afforded one of discipline or indiscipline? Did such experience constitute participation in an orderly political cosmology uniting colonial Americans with metropolitan Britons, or did the electric fire's shocks and sparks conjure new understandings of nature, society and religion that precipitated division? This paper examines electrical machines as engines both of unity and disunity in the eighteenth-century – the era when electricity first became a form of global power – as imagined agents of imperial integration, racial differentiation, and political separation in the Atlantic world. It ends with an unlikely machine that had lurked in the American garden all along: the electric eel. In attempting to handle the eel like an electric machine, experimenters engaged with the central tension at work in the global relation between electricity and empire: could a world of exotic natural phenomena be controlled as predictable effects through experimental discipline?
Giuliano Pancaldi: Interpreting the Early Age of Electricity
The paper will explore some interpretive issues raised by the period from the introduction of the first electric battery in 1800 to the Edison-dominated, Paris International Electrical Exhibition of 1881. Using William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and Britain as examples, I will explore the interaction of science, technology, industry, and public culture at a time when the uses of electricity had not yet crystallized in the forms that seemed obvious to people of later generations. I will especially consider how it happened that – contrary to contemporary expectations – electric communications (the telegraph), rather than electric power, succeeded first in the attempt to turn electricity into a major, new industrial and cultural asset. Some of the premises that have led historians to treat science, technology, public culture, and business as independent factors in the shaping of the early age of electricity will be questioned. It will be argued that there is much to be learnt from treating these fields as all contributing to the slow emergence of the age of electricity.
Short break
Samir Saul: Recent Trends in French Historiography on Electricity
An important body of research on the history of electricity as a key aspect of meodernity has developed in France in the past quarter century. Work got underway in the early 1980s, mainly at the behest of economic historians specializing in the history of industry, railroads, and public works. Based on this collective activity, the Association pour l'histoire de l'électricité en France (AHEF) grew out of an effort to favor interaction and stimulate interest among graduate students. The AHEF organized several colloquia and sponsored the publication of monographic studies on electricity. In 1983, it began publishing a semestrial journal entitled Bulletin pour l'histoire de l'électricité, where articles by confirmed scholars and younger prospects disseminated the results of the latest research. The major project was a wide-ranging three-volume multi-authored synthesis of knowledge published in 1991, 1994, and 1996. By the end of the 1990s, the phase of research inaugurated twenty years earlier came to a close. In 2001, the AHEF changed its name to Fondation Électricité de France and the Bulletin pour l'histoire de l'électricité to Annales historiques de l'électricité. The outlook changed somewhat, with numbers becoming thematic. Publications on the history of electricity continue at a steady pace. The intent of this paper is to take stock of the work accomplished and make it better known outside its original French setting. Its aim is to identify the themes which attracted attention, the outcome of the research done and the areas remaining to be investigated.
Silvestra Mariniello: Electricity: the Forgotten Fairy
This paper explores the influence of electricity on modern culture. In the first part it argues that the discovery and the introduction of electricity into the physical, social and cultural world generated as important changes as those produced by the invention of alphabetical writing in the antiquity and by printing at the beginning of Western Modernity. In the second part it questions the oblivion of which electricity has been the object. If oblivion is an essential feature of any technology that in order to work has to make its technological nature forgotten as well as the network in which it inscribes itself, this seems particularly true of electricity. I will in particular look at the case of the so called cybernetic revolution to inquire why it is easier to recognize the changes brought by electronics than to acknowledge the cultural power of electricity.
Susan Barnes: Rural Electrification Administration: A Study of Lester Beall Posters, 1937-1941
Lester Beall's posters to help electrify rural area in the United States helped to foster the formation of electrical cooperatives in rural areas. These posters depict the wonder of electricity and the benefits of using this technology. Of particular interest, is the impact of electricity on the role of the women in rural areas. Placed within the context of other forms of electrical advertising and promotion, this study examines the rhetorical messages communicated through a series of posters created by graphic designer Lester Beall for the Rural Electrification Administration. The purpose of these posters was to communicate the benefits of electricity and the visual and verbal rhetoric was designed to convince rural Americans to adopt electrical technologies. In addition to the importance of these posters in the history of electrical power in the United States, Beall's posters set the stage for a new era of graphic design in the United States. Beall's work is considered historically significant in the world of art as well as the history of electricity in the United States.
TECHNOLOGIES OF ELECTRIC POWER Part I 8:30 – 10:30
Chris Hunter: Documenting the Curtis Turbine
This paper will explore the development of early power generation, focusing on the development of the Curtis Turbine at General Electric and its impact on utilities, power engineering, and consumer use of electricity. The Curtis turbine revolutionized power engineering. GE produced the turbine at the insistence of Chicago Edison president Samuel Insull, in spite of doubt within the electrical industry and even GE. Despite the great increase in efficiency in the 5000 kW turbine, new developments (turbine-generators with 12,000 kW output) made it obsolete, and Insull returned the turbine to GE in 1909 as a "Monument to Courage," commemorating the risk that GE and its engineers undertook in agreeing to produce the turbine. GE adapted the vertical design to a horizontal design by 1910. The paper will utilize archival materials from the Schenectady Museum's General Electric Collections and will include a brief overview of the resources available at the Museum, including the GE Photograph Collection, GE Historical File, and collections from a variety of electrical engineers.
Eiju Matsumoto: Weston was the Icon of Meters in Japan
Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation was founded in 1888 and began to manufacture direct-current portable instruments. In those days it was the beginning of the electricity business in Japan, and IEEJ was also organized in the same year. Many Weston meters were exported to Japan, and government institutions as well as universities made use of them. Instruments manufacturers in Japan were established around 1900, and they began to manufacture similar instruments learned from Weston's meters. It took a while before they made meters which had equivalent characteristics as Weston's; in addition, users did not acknowledge that domestic meters attained as good performance as Weston's for long time. This is to say, Weston's instruments were the icon of instruments, and users insisted strongly on Weston's superiority. The following meters were their specialties: Laboratory Standard Instrument (0.1%), Portable Instrument (0.25%), Photographic Exposure Meter. These conditions were kept strong until around 1950, after the end of the second world war. However after the introduction of digital instruments, the situation changed a lot. Although the Weston Corporation had excellent A/D converters, such as one having dual slope, it could not overcome the competition in the meter business.
Ed Owen: Fiftieth Anniversary of Modern Power Electronics: The Silicon Controlled Rectifier
In late July 1957, researchers at General Electric developed the first Silicon Controlled Rectifier or SCR. It followed by 10-years development of the transistor by Bell Labs. The transistor was the first of many modern solid-state electronic devices; which in due course leads to formation of "Silicon Valley" in California. The transistor was a device used in signal electronics applications since it was capable of controlling only small amounts of electric power (milliwatts). Meanwhile the SCR was capable of controlling much large amounts of power (Kilowatts). The SCR was developed by a very small group of researchers working on an even smaller budget, a modest beginning. From such humble beginnings, the modern era of power electronics has grown into a powerful giant of enormous proportions. Power electronics have profoundly affected the lives of most citizens living in the modern industrialized world. At the time of its birth, the future for the SCR was severely underestimated by most people and it took several years to show its true potential as an agent for change. In the beginning even its very name was controversial; today most people refer to it simply as the Thyristor. This paper examines these circumstances and the people who brought them about.
Sture Eriksson: The Swedish Development of Turbogenerators with Directly Water-Cooled Rotors
The Swedish electric power production had been based on hydropower until the 1960s, when the development of nuclear power plants started. The Swedish manufacturer of heavy electrical equipment, Asea then faced a challenge of developing and manufacturing much larger turbogenerators than the company had experience with. Asea decided to acquire a license for the turbines but to develop new generators in-house and to choose a completely water-cooled concept, i.e. even the two-pole rotors should be directly water-cooled. The strategic decisions to refrain from taking a license, and to develop a very advanced turbogenerator concept, followed a tradition that Asea had adopted also for large salient pole machines. Companies in Sweden – and even one a Finland – ordered complete nuclear plants or turbine/generator units from Asea, including generators of this unproven technology. Thus the world's most comprehensive program of two-pole turbogenerators was implemented in Sweden during the 1970s. The company had to fight against both technical and commercial difficulties until these eventually were overcome. Asea changed profile as generator manufacturer from being a leading company for hydropower generators to become respected also in case of large turbogenerators. These directly water-cooled generators have had excellent operation records from the beginning of the 1980s and have, since then, generated around 30 percent of Sweden's electrical power. The global generator industry has been subject to a radical change during the last two decades and that has also affected the Swedish manufacturer. However, it is still dealing with directly water-cooled turbogenerators, but is obviously rather alone in this respect. The concept has several advantages but has difficulties in competing with more common, well-established technologies.
Break 10:30 – 10:50
TECHNOLOGIES OF ELECTRIC POWER Part II 10:50 – 12:20
Chair: Carl Sulzberger, IEEE Life Member
Mischa Schwartz: The Early History of Carrier-Wave Telephony over Power Lines
Power-line communications has seen a strong revival of interest in the past few years. The idea of using power lines to convey information dates back to circa 1900, with transmission of metering information the first such application. Telegraphy over power lines was proposed shortly thereafter. In this paper, we focus on the early history of the use of power lines for telephony, i.e., to convey voice signals, dating back to 1918 and continuing until 1930. The technology used to transmit voice signals over high-voltage power lines at the time was variously called "wired wireless", carrier-current telephony or communications, guided-wave telephony, wired radio, and power-line telephony, among other terms. This technology, based on the pioneering 1910 invention by the then-Major George Squier of the US Army Signal Corps of "wired wireless" transmission of multiple voice signals over telephone lines, uses multiple carrier frequencies to transmit the signals independently, just as in AM radio. Various power companies world-wide, realizing the potential of carrier-current technology to provide more reliable communications when applied to power-line transmission, began to test and adopt the technology soon thereafter. Interest by power companies was very strong. By 1924, 43 systems were in operation in the United States, while by 1928 this number had grown to close to 300. Similar intense interest was displayed by power companies in France, Germany, and other European countries.
Gil Cooke: The Slot in the Road: Manhattan's Underground Electric Trolley System
The presentation will describe the system developed by the Metropolitan Street Railway Company for operating its passenger traffic by electricity on surface roads of New York City. The company selected the open-slot conduit design, which used 600 volt DC traction power but not from an overhead wire. In this case, traction power to streetcars was supplied by double conductors located between the tracks a short depth below the surface of the street. The initial 1895 Harlem trials were a complete success, and following improvements to the design, the conduit was adopted system wide beginning in 1896. Horses began to disappear from the streets of Manhattan. The presentation will cover the early system development during the period 1894 to 1907 including the traction power supply, namely the 96th Street Power Station, and the company's extensive AC and DC distribution. Overall, the conduit system was a landmark electrical engineering project: privately financed, innovative, and long-lived. It provided transportation to New Yorkers before the subway was available, and the design of the conduit was adopted by transit companies in Washington DC and London. The last electric streetcar in downtown Manhattan was removed from service in 1936.
Donald W. Zipse: Operating a Direct Current Generating Station Similar to Edison's
This paper details the day-to-day operation of isolated 130-volt direct-current generators that supplied the electricity to a 250-acre campus with about 22 buildings. The school was built in the late 1880s, and the equipment dates back to the start of the 20th century. Some of the episodes recounted are losing control of a generator and destroying the residual magnetism, allowing the water level to get too high in a hand-fired coal boiler, and mixing AC and DC in an open-knife distribution switchboard in order to keep the school operating.
R.J. Landman: Underground secondary AC networks, a brief history
The first low-voltage AC network system is reported to have been installed in Memphis, Tennessee, c. 1907. The network transformers were supplied by primary feeders through distribution cutouts and were connected to a solid grid of low voltage cables that were protected with fuses. In 1921, improvements were made to the basic system in Seattle, Washington by Puget Sound Power & Light Co. This involved connecting the secondary terminals of the network transformers to the solid cable grid through network protectors. These protectors would trip automatically upon reverse power flow and were reset manually. In 1922, the first AC network system, in which network protectors were automatically tripped and closed by relays, was placed in service in New York City by the United Electric Light and Power Company. The cable grid was a three-phase/four- wire system which operated at a nominal voltage of 208Y/120V. By 1925, this type of system became an accepted method of supplying combined power and lighting load and there were six networks with a total load of 27.5MVA (over 100 transformers) in operation. By 1952, 82 companies operated 414 networks using this system. In 1974, 315 US companies had installed the low-voltage network system. Today's 208Y/120V network grid systems are very similar in configuration and basic operation to the first systems.
Paul Israel: Not Just the Electric Light: Edison and the Creation of the Electrical Industry
Thomas Edison is usually referred to as the inventor of the electric light. But many inventors had exhibited working incandescent electric lights before Edison began working on this technology. Why then is Edison is remembered as the inventor. The answer is that the electric light was only one of several related inventions necessary for a commercial system of electric lighting. Furthermore, Edison not only designed the first system for producing light and power but also established the necessary manufacturing, installation, and operating companies to commercialize his system. With the electric light Edison was more than just an inventor, he was a true innovator whose work was crucial to the birth of the electrical industry.
2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power Program Committee
- Frederik Nebeker, Chair
- W. Bernard Carlson
- Walid Hubbi
- Wallace S. Read
- Mischa Schwartz
- 1 2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power
- 2 Program
- 2.4 2007 IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power Program Committee


text:
Jan. 29, 2009
NORTON, Mass. – An 18-0 run to open the second half propelled Wheaton College to a 62-24 win over MIT in a NEWMAC women's basketball game on Wednesday. Cheryl Kwinn paced the Engineers (4-12, 0-6 NEWMAC) with nine points, nine rebounds, and two steals. Amy Marshall collected seven boards while Hannah Sparkman added five points. Jamie Simmons finished the night with four caroms, two assists, and two steals.
After Kwinn scored the game's first four points, the Lyons went on a 15-2 run to capture a 15-6 lead midway through the frame. Three-pointers by Kwinn and Simmons narrowed the gap to five (17-12), but that was as close as it would get as Wheaton recorded an 8-2 spurt for a 25-14 halftime edge.
The Lyons tallied 11 points during the first 3:23 to start off their pivotal second-half run. Following almost four minutes of scoreless play, the hosts resumed their spurt until a three-pointer by Clara Yuan ended MIT's scoring drought at the 10:51 mark. Wheaton maintained control of the game's momentum, denying the Engineers an opportunity to get into an offensive rhythm.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Very mystic and, if this makes sense, ancient sounding. Really suiting to its faction. Well done.
Rome at War is a Third Century B.C. themed Multiplayer Mod (with SinglePlayer in alpha stage) developed for Mount and Blade Warband V. 1.153-1.158 featuring nine factions at the moment, a few new maps and music files. Features: - 9 Historically accurate factions, Romani (Romans), Gallia (Gauls), Koinon Hellenon (Greek League), Makedonia (Macedonians), Safinim (Samnites), Megálê Hellás (Greek colonies of south Italy), Basileion Syrakosion (Greek colonies of Sicily), Epeiros (Epirus, between Illyria and Greece), Rasenna (Etruscans) - Custom Maps - Dozens of Weapons/armors/shields - New animations - Custom Banners The team: - RGCotL - Modeling/Texturing/Team leader - Gothic Knight - Modeling/Texturing/Historical Advice - Seek n Destroy - Coding/Research/Historical Advice - Theretor - Music Composer - DarthTaco - Research/Historical Advice - KickingJoub - Scener
Very mystic and, if this makes sense, ancient sounding. Really suiting to its faction. Well done.
Thank you mate! ^^
awesome love it
Thanks, glad you love it!
Knugen appproves of this.
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.
The main theme for the Rasenna (Etruscans) faction.


text:
It wasn't pretty, but it was enough.
UCLA survived its season opener against Drexel, holding off the Dragons for a 72-67 win at Pauley Pavilion.
Looking far better in their zone defense than in man, the Bruins could do little to stop Drexel guard Frantz Massenat, who scored a game-high 20 points on 8-of-16 shooting.
The Dragons spent much of the second half within four points, and cut the lead to one with a little over two minutes left in the game.
Sophomore guard Jordan Adams — who finished with a team-high 16 points — hit a pair of free throws to stretch the lead out again, and guard Norman Powell soon drove down the lane and found Tony Parker for an open dunk to give UCLA a 70-65 advantage.
A late steal by Powell gave UCLA the ball with 53.8 seconds left, and enough time to run down the clock. Down by three with less than 10 seconds to go, Drexel couldn't convert its final possession, Lee missing his 3-point attempt.
For now, the balance of power in Los Angeles college basketball still tilts to Westwood.
A few hours earlier, crosstown rival USC dropped its opener at Utah State, losing 78-65 as it shot 36.9 percent from the field. New coach Andy Enfield, who had jokingly derided the Bruins' supposed pace in a practice last month, had just three players score more than four points.
That's not to say the Bruins are without flaws. Switching off between zone and man, they looked vulnerable at times on defense. Midway through the first half, Massenat burned UCLA freshman Bryce Alford on four straight possessions — scoring seven points in less than two minutes.
Massenat had a game-high 14 points at halftime. The Bruins, however, still led 42-31.
They were helped in part by the Dragons' atrocious shooting night. Despite returning four starters to a squad that averaged .412 from the field, Drexel made just 9 of its first 30 shots.
UCLA poured in points early, with freshman Zach LaVine accounting for 11 first-half points. The four-star recruit hit a trio of deep 3-pointers, and also chipped in three steals before the break.
Regarded as the team's most creative dunk artist, he did miss a couple of highlight reel chances. On an open fastbreak midway through the second half, he misjudged a dunk attempt and tried to turn it into a layup. The shot rimmed out.
Five minutes or so later, he couldn't reel in an alley-oop feed from sophomore Kyle Anderson.
Anderson, meanwhile, looked like the team's clear star. The 6-foot-9 point forward logged his ninth career double-double with 12 points and 12 rebounds, also chipping in seven assists. Now given free reign as the team's primary ballhandler, he also displayed a more versatile offensive palette. After front-rimming a five-foot jumper early, Anderson used a one-dribble move and got free for a few layups.


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January 12, 2012, 4:26 pm, Thu Jan 12 16:26:51 UTC 2012 #1Administrator
- Join Date
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I am unaware of anyone who's profited from exploiting the Ramsey murder over a longer period of time, with a greater disregard for the principles of accuracy and fairness, than the production team of Mills and Tracey.They truly do inhabit a different moral universe from real journalists. It's the difference between journalism and propaganda.
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Rihanna Wants Right to Remain Silent ... in Court
Sources connected with Chris Brown and Rihanna tell TMZ Brown's lawyer, Mark Geragos, wants the judge to give Rihanna a pass from testifying because of leaks in the case.
We're told Geragos and Rihanna's lawyer, Donald Etra, believe Rihanna was compromised when her name surfaced as the alleged victim in the beating. They claim this and other leaks violate her privacy rights and therefore she should not have to further put herself out to the public by testifying against Brown in the case.
It's further proof Rihanna and Brown are back together and in lockstep.
Geragos asked to meet with the judge in chambers, along with the prosecutors, on March 23 to discuss letting Rihanna off the hook. Brown's arraignment is set for April 6.
See Also
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Soccer Monarchs 26th In College Soccer News Pre-season Poll
By ODU Athletics
Aug. 3, 2011
NORFOLK, VA--The ODU Soccer Monarchs who reached the NCAA second round last season are ranked 26th in COLLEGE SOCCER NEWS pre-season poll released today.
The Monarchs will be led by All-CAA returnees Jordan LeBlanc , a Jr. midfielder, sophomore forward Gideon Asante, along with senior defender Tommy Webb, Junior midfielder Chris Harmon, sophomore defender Alex De John and junior forward Yannick Smith.
Under the direction of head coach Alan Dawson who is beginning his 15th season, the Monarchs have reached the second round of the NCAA College Cup seven times in the last nine years. Last season, ODU defeated second ranked North Carolina in the regular season and 2009 National Champion Virginia In the NCAA College Cup first round.
The Monarchs open the 2011 season at home with an exhibition match against Virginia Tech on Tuesday, Aug. 16th at the ODU Soccer Complex.
ODU will host the Stihl Soccer Classic, Sept. 9 and 11 which will include Monmouth, William and Mary and East Tennessee State. The Monarchs regular season home opener is Aug. 28 against Navy. On the road, ODU will travel to North Carolina on Sept. 27th and play in West Virginia's Tournament, Sept. 2 and 4.
CAA home matches include Delaware, VCU, UNC Wilmington, Georgia State, Hofstra and Drexel.
COLLEGE SOCCER NEWS PRE-SEASON TOP 30 1. Louisville 2. UCLA 3. North Carolina 4. Akron 5. SMU 6. Creighton 7. Connecticut 8. Maryland 9. UC Santa Barbara 10. Brown 11. Notre Dame 12. Virginia 13. Boston College 14. California 15. Indiana 16. Duke 17. Ohio State 18, Michigan State 19. Loyola Marymount University 20. Penn State 21. Michigan 22. West Virginia 23. Charlotte 24. Florida Gulf Coast University 25. Wake Forest 26. Old Dominion 27. Monmouth 28. University of Central Florida 29. Denver 30. FurmanOthers Receiving Votes: South Carolina, Penn, Georgetown, Providence, Santa Clara, William and Mary, Butler, Princeton, Dartmouth, UMBC, College of Charleston, High Point


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Texas and weather graphics: the Dallas Morning News instant classic
I've seen today a superb job by one of myy favourites infographics journalists, Jay Carr from the Houston Chronicle. It was a graphic showing the evolution of weather in Texas.
But I had a problem. It resembles too much to an example I loved form a neighbour newspaper some years ago, The Dallas Morning News.
But when I was thinking on it, I saw one post by Charles Apple talking about the first graphic. And everything became clear. Jay Carr worked for The Dallas Morning News before being hired by Houston Chronicle in 2002. So I looked for the Dallas graphic cause I knew I had it in my computer, in my folder of 'favorite graphics'. And there it was. But it was a 2006 graphics, so Jay Carr was already at the Chron. The graphic is signed by Troy Oxford and Tom Setzer. I asked Jay and he said he knew the DMN graphic, he liked the way the temperatures were charted and he has done the same way since then.
I understand it. Each time I see some works of my former colleagues at Publico my mind says: "Oh, man, you got to do something like this....". When something is perfectly explained, why doing it other way?
But it's not the only example. This one is easier, but following the same ideas. This one about the Austin weather was published at the Statesman.
Again the same patterns. And in Texas. It looks that Oxford and Setzer graphic became an instant classic in the state. Good ideas always work.
2 comments:
- Chuck said...
I didn't dwell on it in my own post, Chiqui, but I've drawn a number of graphics over the years very similar to the one Jay drew. In fact, that's pretty much the best and clearest way to chart daily highs, lows, averages and records.
- 3 January 2012 at 08:31
- CHIQUI ESTEBAN said...
Yes, of course there will be many more. And if I have that kind of information, I can tell you I'll use the same system. As you say, is the clearest way. I don't know if the DMN graphics was the first one (but I guess it isn't), but it was a graphic that really socked me and I liked it a lot. Was funny to see the same idea again through the years. In Spain is possible, buy very hard to retrieve that kind of data, if you ask for it to the National Weather Service they just give you one day records each time you ask, so you'll need to call them 365 times... I hope that will change
- 3 January 2012 at 08:39


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The Knicks are in talks to sign 35 year old Argentinian point guard Pablo Prigioni. New York has been trying for quite a while to bring in Prigioni, due to his success as arguably the Euro League's best point guard.
Admittedly I don't know a ton about Prigioni. I know that he's got good size for a point guard (6'3) and is great in the pick and roll. Who knows how he'll fit into Woodson's iso-centric offense, were he to sign with the Knicks. His nickname is Europe is "The Maestro" and he has a propensity to hit clutch shots. That's always good to have.
I took to youtube to find some highlights from other games I liked what he saw. I think he would have been a better fit under D'Antoni, but I still like the way he plays. Enjoy
Follow Taylor on Twitter @tarmosino


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|Refrigerator Pickled Vegetables (Giardiniera)
GiardinieraI decided to make up a batch of pickled veggies over the Memorial Day weekend. Pickled vegetables, or Giardiniera (meaning "the garden") is probably familiar to you from the grocery store shelf, but it's a super easy pickled condiment to make at home too.
So, what does one do with pickled vegetables? Well, I'm a pickle snacker so of course, they are great as a snack, but they're also used in recipes, they're nice as a pizza topper, chopped up and used in sandwich fillings such as chicken and tuna, served on the side or piled onto sandwiches, burgers and dogs, and Giardiniera can be made with a variety of vegetables, according to what you like.
Use fresh, crisp raw vegetables - green or yellow wax beans, baby carrots, cauliflower florets, whole small okra pods, red, yellow or orange sliced sweet bell pepper, cubed eggplant, sliced squash or zucchini, 1-inch celery rib sections, whole button mushrooms, mild hot peppers and pearl onions are all typical and good choices. For a more tangy brine, use less sugar than called for here.
Here's how to make it.
Recipe: Pickled Vegetables (Giardiniera)©From the Kitchen of Deep South Dish
Prep time: 10 min |Inactive time: 48 hours | Yield: About 2 quarts
Brining Solution:
- 7 to 8 cups of assorted vegetables
- 1 large Vidalia onion, quartered and sliced about 1/4 inch thick
- 1/4 of a red onion, quartered and sliced about 1/4 inch thick
- 1 large toe of garlic, sliced very thin
- 1 large cucumber, sliced about 1/4 inch thick
- 1/4 cup of sliced jalapeno
- 6 cups of apple cider or white vinegar
- 3 cups of granulated sugar
- 1 teaspoon of mustard seed
- 1 teaspoon of celery seed
- Pinch of kosher salt
Blanch any fresh, hard raw vegetables (such as cauliflower, carrots, fresh beans, okra and celery) by placing them into a large pot of generously salted, boiling water. Return to a boil and let blanch for about 2 minutes. Drain in a colander and submerge colander immediately into a large bowl of ice water to stop the cooking process. Drain and set aside. Mix together the onions; pack by layers divided evenly into sterilized jars, beginning with the sliced onion mix, garlic slices, cucumber, jalapenos, and layers of blanched vegetables. Repeat layers.
Place ingredients for brining solution in a medium saucepan and bring to a boil, boiling until sugar is dissolved. Divide evenly between the two jars. Allow jars to sit at room temperature until cooled, tighten lids securely, then refrigerate for 2 full days before using, turning occasionally. Serve chilled. Will keep for several months.
Cook's Notes: Consult a professional canning resource for details on water bath canning for mixed vegetable pickles, as this is not a recipe written for canning. You should, however, sterilize jars just as you would as if you were preparing these for canning. I used 2 quart sized Mason jars. Depending on the containers you use, you may not use all of the vinegar mixture. For more tang, reduce the sugar to 2 cups.
Suggested Vegetables: Use fresh, crisp, raw vegetables, such as green or yellow wax beans, baby carrots, cauliflower florets, whole small okra pods, red, yellow or orange sliced sweet bell pepper, cubed eggplant, sliced squash or zucchini, 1-inch celery rib sections, whole button mushrooms, mild hot peppers, pearl onions. Cut vegetables so that all are about the same size. Add in some already pickled veggies for variety, such as whole peperoncini, black and green olives, jalapenos or okra.
Cucumber Pepper Variation: Use 7 to 8 cups of unpeeled cucumbers, sliced 1/4 inch thick, mixed with only sliced onions and sweet bell peppers (red, yellow, orange and/or green) or mild hot peppers.
Source: http://deepsouthdish.com
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MONTGOMERY — Top Alabama officials say voters apparently will have to present photo identification at the polls in the next election.
MONTGOMERY — Top Alabama officials say voters apparently will have to present photo identification at the polls in the next election.
Gov. Robert Bentley, Secretary of State Beth Chapman and Attorney General Luther Strange said the Supreme Court's ruling Monday throwing out part of the federal Voting Rights Act means the state does not have to submit for preclearance a new law requiring voters to show photo identification.
Strange said the voter identification law will be implemented immediately.
Democratic state Rep. Alvin Holmes of Montgomery said fears the photo ID law will be used to intimidate blacks and keep some elderly people from being able to vote. He said it's the kind of thing that should be reviewed by the Justice Department.
"This is a perfect example of why we need pre-clearance," Holmes said. "The civil rights community had a bad day yesterday."
The governor, however, said he believes pre-clearance no longer is needed.
Alabama voters have been required to show some form of identification at the polls, but could present a variety of documents, like utility bills, that did not include a photograph,
Joe Reed, longtime head of the black caucus of the Alabama Democratic Party, said he expects to see a variety of Republican efforts to disenfranchise black voters because of the Supreme Court's ruling. GOP leaders could now enforce voter identification rules, redraw district lines and switch polling locations to prevent blacks from voting, Reed said.
Every electoral gain made by Alabama blacks since the 1960s was the result of federal law and court decisions, Reed said, and the justices' ruling stripped away an invaluable tool to prevent new rounds of bias.
"There's no one now to slow down the discriminators," said Reed, chairman of the Alabama Democratic Conference. "I see regression in a big way. We're going to suffer. We're going back."
But Strange said the requirement for preclearance is no longer needed.
"The Supreme Court's ruling frees Alabama and other states from cumbersome and unreasonable federal oversight, meaning that the Voter ID law may be implemented and will not be submitted for preclearance," the attorney general said.
Alabama's chief election officer, Beth Chapman, agreed that the law requiring voters to show a photo ID will take effect without being submitted to the U.S. Justice Department for approval.
"There is no preclearance. We are moving forward," she said.
She said her office expects to release administrative rules for implementing the law in a couple of days and the state will set up a system to provide free photo IDs for voters who lack one.
She said her department had done much of the work to prepare to submit the photo ID law to the Justice Department and is glad that won't have to be done with other statutes.
"It saves the state hundreds of thousands of dollars in time," she said.
Democratic state Sen. Hank Sanders of Selma and other black leaders plan to hold a news conference at 3 p.m. Thursday to discuss the Supreme Court ruling.


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Right To Repair - A Hot Issue or Big Problem?
What I'd hope to see would be cars designed by the factory to be easier and cheaper to fix, with more built-in diagnosis and repair functions. Telematics is getting there already, what with people being able to call OnStar and get their doors opened and codes read.0
If you wish in one hand and........
What I'd hope to see would be cars designed by the factory to be easier and cheaper to fix, with more built-in diagnosis and repair functions.
The factory cannot write trouble trees that can guide a technician through vehicle loss of communication faults. It's up to the tech to have the training, the equipment, and then take a disciplined approach to solve network issues. Your not going to have techs that can do that without them first having a career worth learning.0
http://uptimeblog.enigma.com/the-uptime-blog/tabid/50748/bid/91519/Fewer-Mechani- cs-Fixing-Harder-Problems.aspx
They recognize the issue, but fail to comprehend that software won't be the answer. Although they do have quite a chance of adding an additional layer to the CODB. Does that really sound like what you want?0
perhaps but it would prevent customers from being hijacked every time a check engine light goes on.
Right now, the trouble code system is arcane and the explanations so badly written you have to wonder if the authors are born english-speakers.0
perhaps but it would prevent customers from being hijacked every time a check engine light goes on.
How many still think that all they need to do is put a piece of tape over the light?
As far as "hi-jacking" them goes when you promote that kind of a perspective it's no wonder nothing that we do ever gets to be "right".
There is an 05 Durango with a 5.7l sitting outside the shop that a back-yarder, ( DIY'er), was throwing parts at. If anyone hi-jacked her it was that wanna-be tech. With $900 in parts thrown at it and it still couldn't be driven around the block she finally got it towed out of his yard. So what did I find? It has a bent exhaust valve Cyl #2. Now the way it was running made it tough because it wasn't just that one cylinder that was misfiring, it was shutting down the all four front cylinders, and wouldn't idle at all. It wasn't setting any misfire codes. The diagnostics were all done through experience and by using the most up to date routines. (Compression testing with the O-scope and a transducer)
Now we are doing the real dance, she is convinced that replacing the car makes more sense than repairing the engine. So she's prepared to spend $30,000 to fix a $2000 problem........
Right now, the trouble code system is arcane and the explanations so badly written you have to wonder if the authors are born english-speakers.
Hey if you really don't like the scan tool and trouble code method you could try your hand at the loss of communication problem that I repaired on that 99 4-Runner that had neither trouble code generation or scan tool capabilities.0
hey don't knock the black tape method. If you own a German car, it's just about essential equipment. Every time I climb into the mountains on a long upgrade, it'll light up a fuel trim code. The car runs fine, the light goes off. It's just a game we play. Been doing it for years.0
Every time I climb into the mountains on a long upgrade, it'll light up a fuel trim code. The car runs fine, the light goes off. It's just a game we play. Been doing it for years.
Did you ever consider pulling over and doing a key off/on to allow the system to recalculate for the lower barometric pressure caused by the altitude increase?0
Loss of communication faults can somewhat be eliminated or at least narrowed down with alternate circuit routes. Lots of boards do that already and the screen output is such and such a trace is bad. From there you go to a self-repairing board, simply by re-routing the circuit.
Isn't it about time for wiring harnesses to simply go away?0
No, I hadn't thought of that, but I figured what's happening is that the supercharger, being on high boost for long periods, is screwing up the fuel mixture. That little 1.6L is working pretty hard at 8,000 feet, to propel the car at the legal limit uphill.0
Cars aren't a big circuit board. Even so different sections inside a PC require wiring to connect them together.
As magnificant as PC's are today they are about as complex as a toaster when compared to an automobile. To try and have a car that could have a module select and use an alternate wire to self repair you would have to triple the amount of wiring in the car, and that would be a waste of resources for 99% of the vehicles on the road. Even then the best that would do is cause just enough fewer actual repair events that you remove a significant layer of experience that the techs must have to be proficient to deal with the cars that do end up needing repairs.
Looks like we will never get rid of the theme here that mimics the new car dealers perspective. You don't want technicians fixing the cars, you simply want the owner to replace it with a new one no matter how much that method costs them for transportation. That's a good strategy fostered by the people who make their living selling cars, but it's not a good strategy for the average owner. The problem is they have been listening to the other way so long that they think that it's wrong for a car to ever require any repairs.
I just repaired a Nissan Sentra for a fellow who is laid off. It was $1400 to give him back transportation that he can rely on for several years to come.
That effort saved him ten times as much money right now, assuming he could even buuy another car since he doesn't have a steady job right now. That Durango I mentioned earlier could be back on the road for about $2000, the owner says she doesn't have that kind of money and somehow thinks that buying a new car will be cheaper for her. She wants another Chrysler AWD SUV. The sales tax she will have to pay will be over $1000, and the depreciation will be double what the repair will be the moment she pulls the new one off of the lot. Her payments on the new one will have her at the break even point by February, except she will still have 56 more months of payments on the new one, meanwhile she could have been putting that money in her bank account if she had simply fixed what she already has. But don't tell consumers that, those manufacturers and dealers need them to replace their cars instead of repairing them!0
Both your fuel and timing maps rely on a barometric pressure measurement or calculation. Your check engine light is probably coming on for a rich exhaust code because there is less oxygen available for the same pulse width of fuel. The fuel trims would be trying to correct for that up until they reach the level that the programmers set as the threshold for the system detecting that it is out of control and you end up with a check engine light. By shutting the car off, the system re-measures the barometric pressure and then correctly calculates an appropriate base injector pulse width and that brings the fuel trims back to tolerance. Now if you drive back down the hill, you'll again have to do a restart to allow the system to relearn (or measure) the higher barometric pressure. If you don't do that now the system will code for being too lean. "Basics, basics, basics, always start by checking he basics!"0
PC require wiring
PCs yes. But that's a dying category; mature anyway. No loose wires in tablets or smartphones and few if any in most laptops.
Automobiles seem complex until you break them down into their various systems. They still got four wheels and running boards, to quote the old Campfire song. Brake system, HVAC, engine, drivetrain, lights and accessories. Fuel system, exhaust and sensors. New safety gizmos (back to the brakes). Peel back the sheetmetal and it's really not rocket science. Make the components easier to swap out and you can just plug and play anything from the alternator to the transmission and send the core back to a rebuild facility where the great techs can refurb them to factory spec. We're already there with BCMs, starters, alternators, engine cores, yada yada.
You're not getting the point about rewiring circuits. That technology is already here and the price will fall like all other printed circuits have, so self-repairing computer nodes will be the norm. We're talking a few traces, not six pounds of insulated copper wiring.
Something has to give - otherwise the standard in twenty years will be ZipCars and public transportation. Few things are as expensive as owning a depreciating asset like a car and Gen Y may have figured that out early. If you are making $25k a year, a $1,400 repair bill (with no guarantee that something different isn't going to break next month) means that a big part of your working life is spent on transportation.0
Something has to give - otherwise the standard in twenty years will be ZipCars and public transportation.
Do you really think there is any chance of ending up anywhere else, unless the "consumers" change their habits first?
Few things are as expensive as owning a depreciating asset like a car and Gen Y may have figured that out early. If you are making $25k a year, a $1,400 repair bill (with no guarantee that something different isn't going to break next month) means that a big part of your working life is spent on transportation.
Compare that to dumping the car for yet another $400 a month payment for the next five years, and then a $450 a month for the next five years after that, etc...
The alternative is and has always been competent repair, and that needs to be recognized by the consumers. Every other responses here seems to still go towards trying to discourage long term ownership and service and repair. The depreciation values of a given vehicle is controlled by those who sell vehicles to make their fortunes. They don't create an accurate picture for the average vehicle owner and haven't for decades. Properly repaired my cusrtomers Nissan will do EVERYTHING that any brand new car will do, except come with a guarantee of almost five more years of payments.0
Well, it won't have a warranty and free roadside assistance when something else breaks on it. :-)
Consumers are changing their habits and this may be the last "golden age" of new car sales. The kids aren't buying. I doubt that repair costs figure into their decision but us old guys don't like paying the freight that the local garage charges either.
I'd sure be upset if I had to remove a fender skirt and some other junk just to replace a headlight bulb, but apparently there are some cars like that out there. Or my friend's Concorde with the battery buried in the fender. What are these engineers thinking when they design stuff like that, knowing that replacement will be required in a year or three?0
Not so easy---I'm using an undersize drive pulley on the supercharger as well. I rather doubt that your excellent suggestion will work, since I stopped at rest stops, etc and it made no difference.
The black tape, however, seems quite reliable. :P
Besides, there will always be more pressing needs--a MINI breaks something every few months, and it's always punishingly expensive to fix.
The last fun event was a "simple" door lock actuator---too bad they used fasteners made in Mongolia for .02 cents apiece, as well as burying the actuator where human hands dare not tread.
I did it but I wish I hadn't.
Between access issues and multiplexing, newer cars are built in defiance of mechanics, not to help them.0
I'd sure be upset if I had to remove a fender skirt and some other junk just to replace a headlight bulb, but apparently there are some cars like that out there.
On the GMC Acadia, booktime to replace the front headlight is .8 hours. Imagine that to replace a $15 part. People have been complaining that dealers charge up to $300 labor to replace the headlight. Course GM revised the original procedure which required tire removal as well as the front wheelhouse front liner. Currently only the front wheelhouse front liner removal is required for bulb replacement.0
All to save 15 cents a copy going down the assembly line.0
On some cars you have to take the bumper off.0
On others with the HID headlights you don't even know if the problem is the headlight bulb or the ballast (transformer), or both. There is no practical way to test the ballast since it generates the 25,000v that is required to turn the headlight on. The only thing we can do is dissasemble both headlight assemblies and try the bulb in the opposite ballast.
From there we have the motorized aiming assemblies. There are cars that we cannot check and adjust the headlights on "correctly" because it requires bi-directional commands from the factory scan tool to put them in the "home" position for aiming, and then there is another function to re-train the headlight aiming controller.
The engineers often have claimed that they try and consider servicing issues during design but you can't prove that for the most part by what I've seen. The moment I find the next new fastener that means I'll be purchasing yet another whole set of sockets and possibly wrenches I have all the proof I need about how much they think of technicians.0
The only thing we can do is dissasemble both headlight assemblies and try the bulb in the opposite ballast.
You mean you just swap the parts out instead of doing a proper diagnosis? Gasp!
In another twenty years, this place will start looking like Cuba with a bunch of 40 year old cars limping around because they'll be all we can afford to patch up and keep rolling.0
In another twenty years, this place will start looking like Cuba with a bunch of 40 year old cars limping around because they'll be all we can afford to patch up and keep rolling.
Now that you mention it I always wanted one of these:
"Rather than spend that money, some automakers will probably decide to stop selling their cars in Massachusetts, he said."
That one made me smile. I count 30 Honda dealers alone in MA. I don't think Honda is going to shutter the doors on them.0
Oh the old "I'm taking my ball and bat and going home" routine.
It'll never happen.0
Here is the European version of the legislation.
Just remember what they always said here, its not about parts.
Effective access to technical information, multi-brand diagnostic tools and test equipment, spare parts and training is crucial for the independent automotive aftermarket to provide 260 million motorists in the EU with the quality services and parts they deserve for the aftermarket care of their vehicles.
They have a Facebook page too.
https://www.facebook.com/notes/right-to-repair-campaign-r2rc-eu/thank-you-37000-- voices-in-favour-of-sector-specific-rules-for-the-aftermarket/4302018802280
"There is good news for motorists who have been turned away from local independent repair shops with an explanation that only the automaker's dealership can correct a particular problem.
Almost every automaker has agreed to start making available to mechanics nearly everything — security systems being a major exception — offered to their own franchised dealerships.
[A]utomakers also agreed that, starting with 2018 models, they would standardize diagnostic tools to work on all vehicles, not just those from one maker.
Carmakers to Share Repair Data (NY Times)0
"[T]he FCAI/AADA code of practice has so many exclusions it means independant mechanics will be unable to compete with new car dealerships.
By restricting independent mechanics from accessing the latest safety and environmental information on new model vehicles, McKellar said the new FCAI code effectively forced consumers to get their cars serviced at new car dealerships."
Feud rages over car warranty repairs (smh.com.au)0
While this topic does manage to garner a few shreds of attention, many of the key issues remain widely unknown. One example is while the O.E.'s do make the scan tools and software available, their cost is high enough that it is very difficult to recover and in many ways has to be subsidized by the shop as a lot of the tools never directly pay for themselves. A new wrinkle to the mix is that not only does the license to use the tool expire, it isn't transferrable. A case in point is with my recent surgery I have been forced to shut my shop down and it is unknown if I'll ever re-open. If I could sell some of the scan tools, the funds would really help us out over the next few months but since the license to use them isn't transferable their resale value is nil.0
What was supposed rationale of a non-transferable license?0
(get better Doc!)1


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Development Committee.
The Development Committee of ATS is formed by parents and ATS staff to coordinate special events throughout the year.
Use your teacher or student's username and password to log in. If you are a parent you must use your child's username and password in order to log in. You may request an account & password by sending an e-mail to our Technology Department or calling to the administration office.