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Policy Statement
Accessibility Policy Statement
Accessibility Policy Statement
The American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) believes that every website can and should be accessible to people with disabilities. This website and the process by which it was designed are intended to serve as models to facilitate systemic change.
AFB's website complies with all three levels of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Access Initiative Guidelines and Recommendations for Content and Authoring Tools. We affirm, support, and comply with AFB's "Policy Statement for Assuring That Materials Produced by the American Foundation for the Blind Are Accessible to People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired."
In addition, AFB's website includes enhancements which promote accessibility and usability for blind or visually impaired users.
AFB asserts that all websites should be accessible to people with disabilities. We urge all web developers to create sites accessible to all. Though the AFB site includes links to other websites, we cannot guarantee that these sites comply with web accessibility standards. AFB encourages visitors who find web accessibility problems to contact the website owners and ask them to comply with accessibility recommendations.
If you find any aspect of AFB's website inaccessible or difficult to use, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Privacy Policy Statement
American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) wants to provide you with a positive online experience, enabling you to take advantage of our extensive information resources and exchange valuable information with other organizations and individuals. Our information gathering and dissemination practices and procedures are outlined below.
Information Collection and Use
The choice of personally identifiable information you disclose to us is completely at your discretion. It is not mandatory for you to answer any question, but you will have to provide certain information in order to access some areas of our site or to complete transactions initiated by you.
When making an online contribution to AFB, you must provide us with personally identifiable details along with required credit card information. This information is used for billing purposes, for acknowledgment, and to contact you in the event of any problems with the transaction.
When making a purchase in the bookstore or providing a reader review of a publication, you must complete a registration process and provide us with your name, address, and contact information. When placing a publication order, you must provide credit card information and addresses for billing and shipping. This information is stored in a password-protected area so that we can contact you about order status and provide other customer service activities. You have the option of storing your credit card information for express checkout when making future purchases.
We employ other companies to perform functions on our behalf. Examples include fulfilling orders, delivering packages, sending postal mail and e-mail, providing customer service, and processing credit card payments. These service providers do not share or use personally identifiable information for any secondary purpose; they are not permitted to use personally identifiable information except for the purpose of providing these contracted services.
All financial data are securely managed and safeguarded in accordance with applicable laws and standard practices. We use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) software, which encrypts information you input, during transmission of financial data. We reveal only the last four digits of your credit card numbers when confirming an order or storing your information. It is important that you protect against unauthorized access to your password and to your computer.
If a user wishes to subscribe to AFB electronic discussion groups, we ask for contact information such as name and e-mail address.
From time to time afb.org requests information from users via surveys. Participation in these surveys is completely voluntary and the user therefore has a choice whether or not to disclose this information. Information requested may include contact information (such as name, e-mail address, and mailing address), and demographic information (such as zip code, age level, occupation). Survey information may be used for purposes of monitoring or improving the use and satisfaction of this site or for research and policy development in the blindness field.
When you visit afb.org, our web server automatically recognizes and collects only your IP address or domain name. We collect aggregate information on pages you and other visitors access in order to analyze trends, administer the site, track movement, and gather broad demographic information for aggregate use.
A cookie is a small text file placed on a user's computer hard drive when a user visits a website. If users reject AFB's cookie, they may still use our site. The only drawback is that the user will be limited in some areas of our site. For example, the Change Colors option relies on cookies to work; the bookstore requires a cookie from users who wish to maintain a shopping cart; and our subscription services use cookies to determine access privileges.
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Many links are provided which may lead to websites maintained by third parties over which we have no control. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every website that collects personally identifiable information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this website.
While AFB encourages and promotes the implementation of websites that are fully accessible to individuals who are blind, visually impaired, or who have other disabilities and we provide many links to other sites of possible interest to our website visitors, we are not responsible for the content or accessibility of any other sites and links to other sites are not intended to imply endorsement of them by AFB.
You will always have the ability to opt not to receive e-mail or other communications from afb.org. If you receive such e-mail or communications and would prefer not to in the future, you may remove your name from our lists by contacting us at email@example.com.
If you have any questions about any of these privacy policies, please contact us by e-mail (firstname.lastname@example.com) or write to us at Customer Service, afb.org, 2 Penn Plaza - Suite 1102, New York, NY 10121.
Terms and Conditions
afb.org is an Internet site maintained by American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) as a service to the Internet community. In addition to all applicable laws, access to and use of afb.org are subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein. These terms and conditions may be updated periodically by AFB. Updated policies and procedures supersede previous versions.
1. Privacy.
afb.org is designed to enable you to maintain control over your personal information. AFB will not release any personally identifiable information to third parties without appropriate authorization from you. See AFB's Privacy Policy for more information.
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The purpose of this web site is to provide information, services and communication opportunities for individuals and organizations. All materials are provided solely for personal/institutional, noncommercial use.
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AFB owns the copyright in the entire compilation of afb.org and all of the images located at this site. No copyrighted material may be distributed, downloaded, modified, reused, reproduced, reposted, transmitted, disseminated, sold, published, broadcast or circulated or otherwise used, except as expressly stated either in such materials or in this notice, without the express written permission of AFB.
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AccessWorld, Braille Bug, Braille Trail, CareerConnect, FamilyConnect, and the AFB logo are registered trademarks of the American Foundation for the Blind:
No use of any AFB trademark is permitted without express written permission.
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AFB makes every effort to keep all data at this site accurate and up to date, but makes no warranties or representations regarding the data. Users agree that all access to and use of afb.org are at the user's own risk. Neither AFB nor any party involved in creating, producing, or delivering this website shall be liable for any direct, incidental, consequential, indirect, special, punitive, or similar damages arising out of access, use, or inability to use afb.org or any errors or omissions in its content. The user specifically waives any and all claims the user may have arising out of use of afb.org. Any service for which a separate fee is charged carries with it only the representations and warranties specifically stated attributable to that service.
6. Links.
afb.org contains many links to other sites of possible interest to our web users. AFB is not responsible for the content or accessibility of other sites, and links from afb.org to other sites are not intended to imply endorsement of them by AFB.
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AFB reserves the right to delete messages and/or responses posted to the Community Center Message Board or AFB Blog that AFB considers to be inappropriate or profane. Although AFB and its designees may from time to time monitor or review discussions, postings, transmissions, message boards and other user and member generated pages on the web site, neither AFB nor its partners or representatives is under any obligation to do so.
Users agree not to post or transmit any unlawful, harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, defamatory, vulgar, obscene, profane, hateful, racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable material of any kind, including, but not limited to, any material which encourages conduct that would constitute a criminal offense, violate the rights of others, or otherwise violate any applicable local, state, national or international law.
AFB assumes no responsibility or liability for the accuracy or content of the messages or responses. AFB reserves the right to approve readers' reviews before they are posted in the bookstore, and to make its own determination of what job postings, events, and announcements will be posted in the Community Center.
Note: Due to past abuses, AFB reserves the right to delete any posts advertising "work from home" opportunities.
We hope you've found this information helpful. Please consider making a donation today to support our free information, programs, and research.


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|Jepson Flora Project: Jepson Interchange
previous taxon |
next taxon
Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
Annual to tree
Leaves generally compound, alternate, stipuled; leaflets generally entire
Inflorescence: generally raceme, spike, umbel or head; flowers sometime 12 in axils
Flowers generally bisexual, generally bilateral; hypanthium generally flat or cup-like; sepals generally 5, fused; petals generally 5, free, or the 2 lower ± fused; stamens 1many, often 10 with 9 filaments at least partly fused, 1 (uppermost) free; pistil 1, ovary superior, generally 1-chambered, ovules 1many, style, stigma 1
Fruit: legume, sometimes including a stalk-like base above receptacle, dehiscent, or indehiscent and breaking into 1-seeded segments, or indehiscent, 1-seeded, and achene-like
Seeds 1several, often ± reniform, generally hard, smooth
Genera in family: ± 650 genera, 18,000 species: worldwide; with grasses, requisite in agriculture and most natural ecosystems. Many cultivated, most importantly Arachis , peanut; Glycine , soybean; Phaseolus , beans; Medicago ; Trifolium ; and many orns
Reference: [Polhill & Raven (eds) 1981 Advances in legume systematics; Allen & Allen 1981 Leguminosae]
Family description and key to genera by Duane Isely.
Perennial, shrub, small tree, generally with thorns, gland-dotted
Stem generally intricately branched
Leaves odd-1-pinnate or simple
Inflorescence: raceme, sometimes spike- or head-like, axillary or terminal; pedicels generally with bractlets
Flower: calyx lobes generally unequal, upper pair often largest; petals all arising from receptacle, violet, blue, or 2-colored (purple and white); stamens 10, filaments partly fused; ovules generally 2
Fruit indehiscent, included in or exserted from calyx, generally glandular
Seed 1
Species in genus: 9 species: sw US, Mex
Etymology: (Greek: scabshrub)
Reference: [Barneby 1977 Mem New York Bot Garden 27:2154, 598607]
Shrub < 1 m, sometimes unarmed, glabrous to puberulent
Leaf: leaflets generally 57, linear to ovate, 310 mm, terminal (sometimes all) often continuous with axis
Inflorescence: raceme, open; pedicels with bractlets
Flower: calyx 59 mm, lobes ± equal, generally < tube; corolla 610 mm, violet-purple
Fruit exserted, 710 mm, glabrous or finely hairy, with large, scattered glands
Ecology: Desert mtns, slopes, canyons, flats, washes
Elevation: 1001900 m.
Bioregional distribution: San Bernardino Mountains, East of Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert
Distribution outside California: s Nevada, Mexico
Varieties similar morphologically, distinct geog. Close to P. fremontii , which might be considered to constitute two additional vars
Horticultural information: TRY.
Leaf: leaflets lanceolate to ovate, larger 2.5 mm or more wide, generally jointed to axis
Flower: calyx 57 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy
Ecology: Desert mtn slopes, canyons, talus
Elevation: 1501900 m.
Bioregional distribution: East of Sierra Nevada (Mono Co.), n&c Mojave Desert
Distribution outside California: s Nevada
Synonyms: Dalea fremontii Torr. var. m. (Parish) L.D. Benson

subset: commoncrawl


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This deal has expired and may no longer be valid.
As you get started shopping at Target we'd recommend getting familiar with Target's price matching policy and Target's coupon policy. You may want to bring printouts of these with you to the store so that you have them in case you run into issues. If you are new to Pocket Your Dollars, learn how to read this shopping list or troubleshoot problems when printing coupons.
Remember that this is a starting list of deals for the week. As readers leave comments with bargains they found at their local store or we get emails with deal ideas, we will update this list. Items that are added throughout the week will be noted as NEW. Items whose final price changes as a result of a new or modified coupon scenario will be noted as UPDATED. At least once this week we will send out a reminder to come back and check this list for the hottest new deals.
Target fanatics should check out the ever-changing supply of Target online coupons, be sure to sign up for Target's text-messaged coupons and browse Target's weekly ad online. Plus, if you have a Target card, you can get 5% off your total bill when you use the card to pay.
Your turn: What other great deals did you spot?
Thanks to Totally Target for a starting list of deals. Pocket Your Dollars is part of BeCentsable's Grocery Gathering, a compilation of shopping lists for stores nationwide. If you want a shopping list for a store not covered by Pocket Your Dollars, then check out the Grocery Gathering.


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Free Session Index
1. Gratitude
2. Abdication of Power
3. The Attention
4. Finding Neutral
Self MasteryBasic Series Index
5. Point of View
6. Acceptance
7. Characters
8. Banned Words
9. Emotions
10. Archetypes
11. Imbedded Agreements
12. Illusions of Power
13. Forgiveness
14. Silence the Mind
Overcoming Anxiety
Reduce Anxiety Lessons
Letting Go of Emotions
Emotional Release Exercise
Recapitulation -Letting Go of Baggage from the Past
The Relationship Course-Index
R1. Boundaries
R2. Looking for Love
R3. Your Half
R4. Their Half
R5. Communication
R6. Rules of Love
R7. Men's Roles
R8. Women's Roles
R9. Emotional Needs
R10. The Sex Talk
R11. Mending a Broken Heart
R12. The Perfect Partner
Self MasteryPhase II Series Index
15. Eliminating Failure
16. Critical Judgments
17. Meditation & Prayer
18. Feeling Right
19. What you Deserve
20. Perspectives
21. Image of Perfection
22. Emotional Mastery
23. What you Want
24. Build a New Dream
25. Humility and Service
26. Love Beyond Reason
Other Audio Products
2013 Spiritual Retreat to Mexico
2014 One Day Workshop in Richmond
2014 North Carolina Outer Banks Retreat
As a little driving experiment, or perhaps, as a completely different way to live your life, consider the following. –


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The Anti-Theft feature of Avast Mobile Security needs to be enabled to allow remote control of your device. You also can upgrade Avast Mobile Security to the Pro version and use the following additional Anti-Theft options:
- Capturing a photo of the thief when an incorrect PIN is entered.
- Locking your device when the SIM card is changed.
- Secretly recording an audio file of the phone's surroundings at any time.
Anti-Theft allows you to control your device remotely using your Avast Account. To use this feature, the Anti-Theft feature must be connected to your Avast Account. Your lost device must also be running and connected to the internet.
This article describes the most frequently used commands: LOCATE, LOST, and WIPE. However, Anti-Theft offers several other commands that may be used if you want to locate your lost phone, secure your data, or identify the possible thief.
If your mobile device is not paired with an Avast Account and the Anti-Theft feature is not enabled, it is not possible to control the device remotely.
Navigate the Avast Account interface
- Open your Avast Account on your web browser. Fill in your credentials and click Login.
- Click the Menu icon, and select Anti-Theft.
- Select your lost device.
- Select the command that you would like to use.
Send LOST command
The LOST command initiates the same actions as a SIM card change, depending on your protection behavior settings.
- Select Mark as Lost in the command panel.
- Ensure the LOST tab is selected, and click Send.
By default, the following features are enabled and activate when you mark your device as LOST:
- Lock device: makes your device inaccessible to intruders.
- Sound siren: activates the siren on your device to alert you or others to its location.
- Camera trap: captures a photo of the thief and records a 1-minute audio file to help you identify the thief. To review the photo and audio file in your Avast Account, select your device and go to Info ▸ Notifications.
- Avast Mobile Security: go to
☰Menu ▸ Anti-Theft and scroll down to the When device is marked as LOST section.
- Avast Account: select your device and go to Settings ▸ Anti-Theft ▸ Protection Behavior.
If you have chosen to disable any of these features, you can activate them individualy by sending commands from your Avast Account.
To disable the LOST command, enter your PIN code on your found device, or select Mark as lost ▸ FOUND and click Send in your Avast Account.
Send LOCATE command
The LOCATE command is the simplest and quickest way to locate your device.
- Select LOCATE in the command panel.
- Select Request location to send the command once or Track device to monitor the device's location changes. If you select Every 5 minutes, you receive information about the location of your mobile device every 5 minutes. Select the time interval and click Save to send the command. To stop tracking your mobile device, select Stop tracking device under Locate.
- Once your mobile is located, you can view the map with the device's location, marked with a green circle. Click the table icon to open the GPS coordinates, where you can review your device's location, latitude, longitude and information about accuracy.
You can provide this information to the police if necessary. Please note that accuracy varies depending on signal strength and if the device is in the range of a GPS signal.
Send WIPE command
The WIPE command erases all data on your device and initiates a factory reset.
- Select WIPE from the command list.
- Click Send to clear all data from your device. Once sent, your device will reboot.
- Avast Anti-Theft for Android
- Avast Mobile Security 6.x
- Google Android 5.0 (Lollipop, API 21) or higher


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FRIDAY, Feb. 28, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Police have low on-the-job levels of physical activity and burn only as much energy as someone washing dishes, according to a new study.
"We find that police work is primarily sedentary," Sandra Ramey, an assistant professor in the College of Nursing at the University of Iowa, said in a university news release.
"The public view, how the media portray it on shows like 'Hawaii Five-0,' it's just go, go, go -- it's an intense, high-activity profession. But it's not. It's more like bursts of energy, with long periods of little activity," she explained.
Ramey and colleagues used wearable armband monitors to collect data about physical activity levels in 119 municipal and university campus police officers in six departments in the Midwest and Hawaii.
The officers expended an average of 1.6 "metabolic equivalents" per minute while on duty, which is about the amount of energy used while washing dishes or ironing while standing, or holding a baby while reclining.
"In other words, the physical demands of police work are generally comparable to sitting or standing," the researchers wrote in the study recently published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
In general, rank-and-file police officers moved more than higher-ranking ones, and university police were more active than their municipal counterparts.
"The take-home message is police officers are in a sedentary profession, and we now have something beyond self-report that shows that," Ramey said.
"The police are not alone, in that most jobs are associated with using higher technology at the expense of physical activity in the workplace. And, so what it means is that other occupations, like police, should increase movement on the job," she added.
Being inactive boosts the risk of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about physical activity.


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Frequently Asked Questions
hardware repair
- What can be brought to Hardware Repair for service?
- What should I expect when I go to Hardware Repair?
- How long will the repair take?
- What should I bring with me?
- Should I back up all my files before I go to Hardware Repair?
- Can I get a loaner laptop while mine is being repaired?
- What is the policy for printer repair?
- How can I get help with selecting a new computer or printer to purchase?
- What is covered under most computer service warranties?
- How long is the warranty on a laptop battery?
- Can I get my computer serviced while I am abroad?
- How do I recycle used toner cartridges for printers?
- How do I dispose of old equipment?
What can be brought to hardware repair for service?
- Boston College faculty, staff, and students can bring their personally-owned computers to the Hardware Repair Center during regular business hours. Service rates apply.
- Hardware Repair does not service personally-owned printers. Read the printer repair policies.
- Hardware Repair services BC-owned computers. If you suspect that your University-owned computer has suffered a hardware failure, contact the Help Center, 2-HELP (617-552-4357) or your Technology Consultant (TC).
What should I expect when I go to Hardware Repair?
A technician will ask for your computer and contact information to enter into the ITS ticketing system. You will be told at this point if your hardware is still under warranty. You will then be given a print out of the service ticket and told an approximate time for how long it may take to repair.
How long will the repair take?
On average, a hardware repair takes approximately 1-3 business days.
What should I bring with me?
- Laptop - If you're bringing in a laptop for service, remember both your power cable and the system discs that came with the computer.
- Desktop - For service of a desktop computer, bring the system discs that came with the computer.
Should I back up all my files before I go to Hardware Repair
Yes, you should always keep a back up copy of all your files, especially before bringing your computer to Hardware Repair. Learn about backup options for your data.
Can I get a loaner laptop while mine is being repaired?
Hardware Repair has a limited number of laptops available for loan while your computer is being repaired. You can request a loaner when you drop off your computer for repair. Loaners may not be available during peak times, such as the beginning or end of a semester or during exams. The laptop loaner will not be an exact replica of your computer, but will provide you with access to the web, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.
What is the policy for printer repair?
Hardware Repair does not service personally-owned printers.
Hardware Repair will provide on-site service to BC Departments for specific printer models, including HP and Dell networked printers. Contact the Help Center at 617-552-HELP (4357) or your Technology Consultant to arrange for a technician to come to your department.
Note: The cost of repair services is covered by ITS. Printer Maintenance kits and toner must be purchased by the user's local department.
Hardware Repair does not service inkjet printers. Manufacturers' instructions should be followed regarding cleaning the printer and replacing ink cartridges.
How can I get help with selecting a new computer or printer to purchase?
Faculty, staff, and students can use this form to request a consultation with an Information Technology Services member regarding the selection of hardware that would best fit their needs. Your submission will be sent to the Help Center who will contact the appropriate ITS staff member to respond to your request.
What is covered under most computer service warranties?
Most warranties cover everything that's not accidentally or intentionally damaged. Spills to the keyboard or damage to the display are usually not covered by warranty.
- We recommend you buy a keyboard protector to prevent spills from damaging your laptop.
- You are usually covered while using your laptop for study abroad. For additional information, visit: www.bc.edu/techabroad
- If you buy an HP, you are encouraged to purchase HP's "Total Care with Accidental Damage Protection," which will cover accidental damage including spills.
- If you buy a Dell laptop, you are encouraged to purchase Dell's "CompleteCare," which will cover accidental damage including spills.
- Some home owners insurance will cover lost, stolen, or damaged computers in their policies. Check with your insurance agent for details (and remember to keep in mind the cost of your deductible vs the cost of your computer).
How long is the warranty on a laptop battery?
As is standard, laptop batteries only have a 1-year warranty.
How do I get rid of old equipment?
For technology equipment (ex: monitors and printers) that does not have data stored on it and has no risk of confidential information being exposed, a member of your department can request pick up and disposal of old equipment by submitting a facilities work order using Agora Portal. This does not require the assistance of a Technology Consultant.
For the removal of any technology equipment that has data stored on it (ex: computers or hard drives), for security reasons, please contact your Technology Consultant. Every Boston College community member has a responsibility to protect confidential data. Learn more about protecting confidential data.


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Here's what people have to say about Vida Vegan Con:
Official Vida Vegan Con Press Release for the May 24-26, 2013 Conference in Portland, OR
Portland Love + Vida Vegan Con, Madcap Cupcake
From the T.O.F.U. Magazine blog, a Q&A with the conference organizers
VegNews Press Pass (We're also proud to be among the 2011 Editor Picks)
Vegan Vagrant (includes many more links to wrap-ups)
The Opinioness of the World's Vida Vegan Con Posts & Class Notes
Chef Amber Shea's Almost Vegan blog updates
Earth Balance at Vida Vegan Con!
JL Goes Vegan (Eight posts!)
Get Sconed!, Vegtastic Voyage & Epicurious Vegan Thoughts from the organizers
The Picky Vegan shares 3 recaps: Day 1, Day 2 & Day 3
Veggin' Out's Christa Shelton: Part Un and Part Deux, with a bonus Exhibitor Roundup
Vegan Eats & Treats: The Conference, The Food, The People, The SWAG & The Day After
The Hungry Vegan presents Vida Vegan Con: A Photo Diary


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Mr. Bongi Paul Gumbi
Municipal Manager of Nquthu Municipality
The Municipal Manager is the Accounting Officer of the municipality. He/she may delegate certain duties/tasks to the Chief Financial Officer, who would be accountable to him/her. The Municipal Manager is therefore accountable for all transactions entered into by his designates.
The Chief Financial Officer is responsible, in terms of his/her delegate authority, for establishing systems, procedures, processes and training and awareness programmes to ensure efficient and effective management of net current assets banking and cash management. Sound management includes the following:
- Collecting revenue when it is due and banking it promptly;
- Making payments, including transfers to other levels of government and non-government entities, no earlier than necessary, with due regard for efficient, effective and economical programme delivery and the creditor's normal terms for account payments;
- Avoiding pre-payment for goods or services (i.e. payments in advance of the receipt of goods or services), unless required by the contractual arrangements with the supplier;
- Accepting discounts to effect early payment only when the payment has been included in the monthly cash flow estimates provided to the relevant treasury;
- Pursuing debtors with appropriate sensitivity and rigour to ensure that amounts receivable by the municipality are collected and banked promptly;
- Accurately forecasting the institution's cash flow requirements;
- Timing the inflow and outflow of cash;
- Recognizing the time value of money, i.e. economically, efficiently, and effectively managing cash;
- Taking any other action that avoids locking up money unnecessarily and inefficiently, such as managing inventories to the minimum level necessary for efficient and effective programme delivery, and selling surplus or under utilised assets; and
- Avoiding bank overdrafts.
The overall responsibility of investments lies on the Municipal Manager. However the day to day handling of investments may be delegated to the Head of Department responsible for finance.
As head of the administration, the following statutory powers and duties are assigned and delegated to the Municipal Manager in accordance with the provisions of the Structures Act and the Systems Act:
- To form and develop an economical, effective, efficient, accountable and performance driven administration for the municipality in accordance with the provisions of Section 51 of the Systems Act.
- To manage the municipality's administration in accordance with the provisions of the Systems Act and other legislation applicable to the municipality.
- To implement the municipality's IDP, and to monitor the progress with the implementation of the plan.
- To manage the provisions of services to communities, residents and ratepayers in a sustainable manner.
- To maintain discipline of staff.
- To promote sound labour relations and compliance by the municipality of applicable labour legislation, conditions of service and collective agreements.
- To advise the structures and functionaries of the municipality.
- To manage the communication between the municipality's administration and its structures and functionaries.
- To carry out the decisions of the structures and functionaries of the municipality.
- To administer and implement the municipality's By-laws and other legislation.
- To implement national and provincial legislation applicable to the municipality.
- To facilitate participation by communities, residents, ratepayers and other stakeholders in the affairs of the municipality.


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Testing for BRCA1
Dear OncoLink "Ask the Experts,"
I am a 48-yr. old female who had breast cancer at age 29. I come from a family of high risk. My mother had breast cancer AND my 3 sisters. We were all pre-menopausal. My twin sister died of the disease.
Last week my eldest sister (age 56) received her results from the test BRCA1 and her results were not favorable. Chances of ovarian cancer were quite high. At this time the geneticist strongly recommends all of our off spring be tested too. My question is having two sons (ages 20 & 21) what should be their concerns and when should they be tested?
I thank you for your time at my time of deep concern.
Jill E. Stopfer, MS, Certified Genetic Counselor for the University of Pennsylvania Cancer Risk Evaluation Programs, responds:
Since you had an early onset breast cancer, there is over a 90% chance that you also have a BRCA1 mutation. If you do have a BRCA1 mutation, your sons are at 50% risk each of having it too. Men with mutations in BRCA1 have an increased risk of prostate cancer (typically after the age of 50) and possibly an increased risk of colon cancer (also typically after 50). Therefore, having your sons tested now is not necessary to appropriately monitor their health.
The sons each need to decide for themselves whether they want to be tested or not and when. Many men opt for testing at the time their daughters become interested in the information, and not before. You can call the 1-800- 4-CANCER to get a local referral for a cancer genetics clinic near you for counseling.
All of the probabilities are contingent on whether or not the previous generation has been identified as a mutation carrier. A parent who has a mutation has a 50-50 chance of passing it along to each child, male or female. If a parent has been identified as a non-carrier (didn't get the gene mutation), then the chance of passing a BRCA1/2 gene mutation to children is 0%.
If you are a carrier, the chance that each of your sons has a mutation is 50%. Since we don't know the sons' status, or yours, there is an "a priori" risk of 25% to your son's future children (half of their father's risk). If your sons eventually get tested, then their children's risks will be either 0% or 50%, depending on their father's status.
Any one who has been found to have a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 in themselves or in a family member is invited to join our research studies at the University of Pennsylvania. You are eligible for free and confidential testing when there is a known mutation in the family. Plus, you will receive our research updates and be kept in touch with advances in this specialized area. All interested individuals can contact Jill Stopfer at 215-349-8143 or Kathy Calzone at 215-349-8141 directly.


text: Chavez (1-6, 0-2) believes it's better than its record indicates. The Titans get their next test Oct. 25 when Bear Creek (2-5, 1-1) pays a visit. Titans players and coach John Ward talk not only about football, but also about winning in the classroom -- one of the team's goals is maintaining a GPA of 3.0 or better.


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|Medical Center
|Medical Center
Though their career paths may have led them far from the Sandhills or Great Plains, for many native Nebraskans there's truly no place like home.
Now, a new initiative aims to bring those who have moved across the country back to the state to establish and grow companies and careers in rapidly expanding fields.
In the new venture, driven by the Center for Rural Research and Development at the University of Nebraska at Kearney, the center will partner with the University of Nebraska Alumni Association and software company Xpanxion to recruit alumni back to rural Nebraska communities in professions such as technology, law, health care and other high-growth sectors.
Called "rural sourcing," this concept relates to existing and startup companies strategically locating their operations in rural areas to reduce labor costs and take advantage of a sometimes-untapped talent pool.
"This project aims to reverse the rural brain drain in our region," said Shawn Kaskie, director of UNK's Center for Rural Research and Development. "In the pilot phase, we will offer alumni a variety of options to return their families and expertise back to rural Nebraska."
The first phase of the two-year project will involve building on existing research and exploring lifestyle and career preferences of alumni who have moved away from Nebraska. Then, additional research will examine the processes and motivations for alumni who have moved back to rural Nebraska and are employed in the high-growth occupations. The data will direct the communication and education strategies for participating alumni who will receive information on current job openings or assistance for starting or buying a business in rural areas.
Funding for the project comes from seed grants that are helping to help launch the work of the University of Nebraska's Rural Futures Institute. The project is part of the institute's competitive Research and Engagement Grants program. The Rural Futures Institute exists to mobilize the resources and talents of the University of Nebraska and its partners, including community partners like Xpanxion, to create knowledge and action that supports rural people and places in achieving unique paths to their desired futures.
Xpanxion is headquartered in Atlanta and has offices in Kearney, Loup City and Ames, Iowa. The company in 2010 was awarded the university's Walter Scott Entrepreneurial Business Award for its strong record of engagement with the university. Many UNK students intern at Xpanxion and are hired as full-time employees after graduation; the company also has partnered with UNK in developing a software quality assurance course. Nebraska native Paul Eurek is president and founder of Xpanxion LLC, and serves as board chairman for Invest Nebraska Inc.
"Demand for Xpanxion's rural sourcing services in software development and testing is growing rapidly, and often must be met by filling positions from outside the state," Eurek said. "The project will allow Xpanxion to hire more Nebraska natives into high-tech jobs."
Eurek said he hopes the partnership will ultimately utilize Nebraska alumni resources to fill senior executive positions for Invest Nebraska's portfolio companies.
Shelley Zaborowski, associate executive director of the Nebraska Alumni Association, said out-of-state alumni are interested in rural sourcing opportunities.
"We regularly hear from alumni who would like to move back to their home state if only the right jobs were available," Zaborowski said. "The rural sourcing project provides a channel for alumni to learn about such opportunities, and for many additional opportunities to be created."


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Monarchs Host Virginia State In Exhibition Monday
By ODU Athletics
Oct. 31, 2010
NORFOLK, VA-- The defending CAA Champion Monarchs host the Trojans of Virginia State Monday night at the Ted Constant Center for a 7 p.m. exhibition game.
Heading ODU's returnees are Ben Finney, (6-5, Sr., F, 8.8 pg/5.8 rpg) a third team All-CAA selection, Kent Bazemore (6-5, Jr., 8.4 ppg/ 4.2 rpg), CAA All-Defensive and league steals leader; Darius James (6-1, Sr., G, 7.0 ppg. 3.3 apg), Frank Hassell (6-8, Sr., F, 9.2 ppg/6.7 rpg.), and Keyon Carter (6-8, Sr., F, 7.4 ppg./ 4.9 rpg.).
Finney and Bazemore were selected to the pre-season All-CAA second team, while Hassell was an honorable mention selection. Bazemore was also selected as one of the nation's top defensive players by ESPN.com and Collegeinsider.com.
The Monarchs will also be counting heavily on Marquel De Lancey (6-0, Jr., G, 1.3 ppg.), Chris Cooper (6-8, So., F, 1.4 ppg/1.0 rpg), Trian Iliadis (6-4, Jr, G, 3.1 ppg), red-shirt sophomore Nick Wright (6-8, C., 1.3 ppg.), as well as red-shirt freshmen Josh Hicks (6-2, G) from Winston-Salem, NC., and Anton Larsen (7-0, C) from Denmark.
Two outstanding newcomers include 6-3 guard, Dimitri Batten, the Peninsula District Player of the Year from Kecoughtan High School and 6-7 Richard Ross the Co-Red River MVP from Hirschi High in Wichita Falls, TX.
The Trojans, located in Petersburg, Va. are members of the NCAA Div. II CIAA and coached by George White (Harvard '83) who is in his second year. Virginia State returns Brandon Plummer, a 6-2 senior guard who averaged 13.5 points per game. Their roster will have 10 new players.


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by Tom Utescher
For Penn Charter, the payoff for having a young girls soccer team in 2011 is that a seasoned crew returns to take the field this fall, some of whom have been members of the varsity program since they were eighth graders.
Only three seniors graduated from last year's squad, although one of them was starting goalie Sarah Butler.
Last year's JV keeper, Ashleigh Brown, is stepping into the cage as a senior this fall, with freshman Alexa Herskowitz serving as her understudy.
The other seniors for the 2012 Quakers are co-captains Emma Ebert (a back) and Kelly Kubach (a midfielder), and Julia Mammone, a reserve defender. Kubach already has her college plans in place, opting to play lacrosse for the University of Michigan.
Her younger sister Kristina, a center mid, is part of a corps of juniors that includes forward Julia Casasanto, midfielders Sydney Stokes and Lauren Flemming, and backs Lauren Dimes, Stephanie Soroka, and Leigh Steinberg. Dimes, Kubach, Soroka, Casasanto and Steinberg were already either full-time or part-time starters back in their freshman season.
Current sophomores Abigail Evans and Eliza Jacobs will provide the team with depth in the midfield, and unfortunately another 10th-grader, Madeline Mahoney, is current out with an injury.
Midfielder Jlon Flippens and back Dominique DeMarco both started for the Quakers as eighth-graders in 2011. Flippens attended the Under-14 National Team Camp this summer, and was singled out for praise by the U.S. Soccer Director of Women's Development in a report on the camp's activities. The Top Drawer Soccer website currently has Flippens ranked as the top freshman player in Pennsylvania, and has her fourth nationally among midfielders in the Class of 2016.
Fellow PC freshman Hannah Fox is moving up to start as an outside mid for the Quakers this fall, and classmate Meredith Chernak will sub in as a midfielder or defender.
The Charter booters are hoping to get off to a good start and, in particular, fashion a better finish than the team had in 2011. A little over halfway through the Girls Inter-Ac schedule last fall, the Quakers held a 5-2 record, but they lost all of their remaining games in the league.
Long established PC head coach Eddie Mensah and assistant Ed Marks are joined this season by Brittany Shields, a former soccer and softball standout at Cabrini College.


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If you are going to visit Southern California between now and January 5, 2014 you may find the exhibit at the Autry National Center (Museum) of interest: Jews in the Los Angeles Mosaic.
See: http://theautry.org/exhibitions/jews-in-the-los-angeles-mosaic The exhibit reviews the 160 years of Jews in Los Angeles and how it has helped shape the economy, politics and culture of Los Angeles., There are more than 150 stories, documents and objects that make up the exhibit. The Los Angeles Times May 25 edition has a story on the exhibit. Go to: http://tinyurl.com/q75trw2 Original url: http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-harnisch-jewish-history-20130525,0,1784544.story
I have no affiliation with the Autry National Center and post this only for the information of those who might find this of interest.
Jan Meisels Allen
IAJGS Vice President
President, JGSCV


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January 9, 1990, Section D, Page 23Buy Reprints
Bronko Nagurski, whose great strength as a running back and tackler seemed to football fans of the 1920's and 1930's the epitome of bonecrushing power, died Sunday night at Falls Memorial Hospital in International Falls, Minn. He was 81 years old.
Mr. Nagurski, who became a charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963, had been in a nursing home for about a year and in the hospital for a week. The cause of death was not announced.
Bronislau Nagurski was born in Rainy River, Ontario, just over the United States border, to Ukrainian immigrants in 1908 and grew up in International Falls, Minn. He was given the nickname Bronko by his first teacher, who was unable to understand his mother's pronounciation of his first name.
He won all-America recognition from 1927 to 1929 at the University of Minnesota and in 1929 became the only football player to be honored as an all-American at two positions in a single season: defensive tackle and fullback.
Upon leaving Minnesota, he was signed in 1930 by George Halas, the owner and coach of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League, who saw him as a power runner to complement the outside scoring dashes of Red Grange.
Straight Downfield Runner
''I was a straight downfield runner; I wouldn't, or rather couldn't, dodge anybody,'' said Mr. Nagurski, who was known as a man who could run interference for himself. ''If somebody got in my way, I ran through them.''
He helped the Bears win championships in 1932 and 1933 and was voted All-Pro three times. He was paid $5,000 in his first season, but his salary then dipped for several seasons before rising again to $5,000. When when Mr. Halas refused to pay him $6,000 for the 1938 season, Mr. Nagurski retired and beame a professional wrestler.
''We used to say Coach Halas tossed nickles around like they were manhole covers,'' he recalled in a 1972 interview. ''People told me I could get into wrestling and make millions. I did it for about 12 or 14 years. It was tough work, and I didn't make millions.''
Comeback in 1943
After being rejected for military service during World War II because of damaged knees and ankles, Mr. Nagurski returned to the Bears for one last season in 1943, essentially as a defensive tackle, and again helped them to a championship.
Having gained 2,778 yards rushing in nine professional seasons as he played on both offense and defense, he once again retired and alternated between wrestling and operating a filling station near his home in International Falls. Following his retirement from wrestling in 1960, physical movement was so painful that he became a virtual recluse and he spent most of his time fishing, gardening or watching television.
''I want people to remember the way I was and not the way I am,'' he said.
Mr. Nagurski inspired stories akin to those about the legendary Paul Bunyan. He was supposedly recruited to play at Minnesota after the football coach, Clarence (Doc) Spears, saw him plowing in a field - without a horse. When asked directions, Mr. Nagurski, the story goes, pointed out the correct path while holding the plow in his hand.
Legendary Stories
On another occasion, an overflow crowd was kept under control by a squadron of mounted police. With the Bears near the goal line, Nagurski supposedly crashed into and through the end zone with such determined power that he knocked over one of the horses and its rider.
Perhaps the most familiar tale about the 6-foot-2-inch 230-pound Mr. Nagurski concerns a scoring run he made for the Bears at Wrigley Field. On a touchdown gallop against the Redskins, he is said to have knocked two linebackers in opposite directions, stomped over a defensive halfback and crushed an interferring safety man before caroming off the goalposts and finally crashing into the stadium's brick walls.
''That last guy hit me awfully hard,'' were the words attributed to him as he ran back to the huddle.
Mr. Nagurski seemed to lose most of his interest in football after his retirement.
''I sometimes think there is less enjoyment in the game now,'' he said in the early 1970's. ''The quarterback always handles the ball. The games all seem so much alike. Only the faces and numbers change. And of course, the platoons. We had 18 men on a team and you played 60 minutes, sometimes twice a week.
''If some of the big boys today played 60 minutes, they might not be so big. They'd sweat more.'' His survivors include four sons and two daughters, 15 grandchildren and one great-grandchild. Funeral services are scheduled for Saturday in International Falls.


text:
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Latest media releases
UBS in co-operation with T-Online.
UBS is to offer selected services via the Internet portal www.t-online.de. International private clients will be able to access information and services provided by UBS which are specially tailored to their needs.
UBS and T-Online have joined forces to offer selected financial services via the German Internet portal www.t-online.de. The portal, operated by Europe's largest Internet service provider, covers over 50 per cent of all German-speaking Internet users - more than any other site.
Gabriela Payer Fruithof, UBS Switzerland's Head of E-Channels and Products, says: "T-Online is the ideal partner to help us raise our profile among private clients all over Europe and make them aware of what we stand for - security, reliability and trustworthiness. In addition, our presence on T-Online will allow us to give an entirely new audience access to our products and services."
UBS's new German Internet venture is aimed at clients domiciled outside Switzerland. Its pages on T-Online include information on the domestic private banking services UBS provides in Germany. On top of this, UBS Quotes supplies comprehensive stock exchange and financial market information. Clients who wish to invest in Switzerland can also access the UBS e-banking platform directly via www.t-online.de.
There are plans to extend this partnership with T-Online to other projects.
Zurich/Basel, 2 May 2001


text:
The David Bowie Is exhibition, at the V&A from March 23 to July 28, is one of London's biggest cultural events in 2013 for art, design and music fans alike. It features more than 300 kaleidoscopic artifacts from The David Bowie Archive, tracing his pioneering style and reinvention across five decades.
On display in the exhibition, curated by the V&A's Victoria Broackes and Geoffrey Marsh, are more than 60 of the musician's stunning stage costumes, impressive set designs, music videos and album artworks, plus more personal items like handwritten lyrics and instruments.
Highlights include the Freddie Burretti-designed jumpsuit from Bowie's Ziggy Stardust era, which he teamed with flame-orange hair, make-up and red patent boots, Natasha Korniloff's Pierrot costume, designed for the Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) album and Ashes to Ashes music video, and a set model for Bowie's 1974 Diamond Dogs tour designed by Jules Fisher and Mark Ravitz.
The exhibition will explore the broad range of Bowie's collaborations with artists and designers in the fields of fashion, sound, graphics, theatre, art and film and is supported by a series of talks, workshops, performances and late-night openings.
David Bowie Is runs at the Victoria & Albert Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 2RL, from March 23-July 28. vam.ac.uk.


text:
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The Parish of Sandal Magna
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The work in the Parish is supported by the generous giving of parishioners. Without this support we could not keep our buildings open for public use, or employ staff to co-ordinate our different ministries.
If you would like to give an offering to the work of Sandal Magna Parish please send a cheque made payable to Sandal Magna PCC to: Parish Office, St Helen's Parish Church, Barnsley Road, Sandal, Wakefield, WF2 6EJ. If you would like to give on a regular basis, please consider making payments by 'Standing Order' or using our weekly 'Envelope Scheme'. You can download the 'Regular Giving' form, and send this to The Parish Office (see above).
To make your gift go further, please consider 'Gift Aiding' your payments. By completing a simple declaration (included with the 'Regular Giving' form), we can claim back a percentage of your gift from the government. You have to be a tax payer for us to make a claim. For further information contact the Parish Office or John Saville telephone: 01924 255354. If you would like to leave a legacy in your will please contact John Saville telephone: 01924 255354.
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Here at Haikasoru, we are thrilled with Self-Reference ENGINE, one of the most innovative works of science fiction, in any language, published in recent memory. We've already interviewed the physics consultant and gave the world a sample by publishing A to Z TheoryM with our friends at Strange Horizons, and now we're pleased to offer you this brief Q/A with translator Terry Gallagher!
A bit about Terry: after a fifteen-year career as a foreign correspondent and financial editor in Tokyo, Bonn, and New York, Terry Gallagher returned to a road not taken: translation. For over a decade now, from his home on Cape Cod, he has been working mainly for financial institutions. He first met Toh EnJoe in January 2012, and joined the celebration when the author won the Akutagawa Prize. That night, Toh EnJoe told him that of all his published works, it was Self-Reference ENGINE, his very first full-length work, that he was most anxious to see published first in English.
While still a journalist, Gallagher translated two stories for the ground-breaking anthology Monkey Brain Sushi, one of which was republished in the Penguin Book of Erotic Stories by Women. His first translation of a novel for Viz Media was Be With You, by Ichikawa Takuji, which was followed by its manga version. Then came many short stories, in two single-author volumes – The Stationmaster (Poppoya) by Asada Jiro, and ZOO by Otsuichi – as well as other anthologies. As an editor/researcher, he assisted author Martha Sherrill with Dog Man: An Uncommon Life on a Faraway Mountain, the tale of the man who rescued the Akita breed from all-but-certain extinction. His personal heroes are Han Shan and Marcus Aurelius.
Q. Do you read much science fiction? What novels or stories would you compare SELF-REFERENCE ENGINE to?
A. At different times in my life, I have read a fair amount of science fiction. As I translated Self-Reference ENGINE, I was very impressed by the breadth and depth of Toh EnJoe's reading, and general knowledge, but I have to say it is quite unlike anything I've ever read before. I think the works it is closest to are those of the Japanese writers like Kunihiko Kaneko and Project Itoh, not yet household names in the West, that Toh EnJoe is closest to. The Japanese edition of the book closes with a commentary by editor Atsushi Sasaki, who compares SRE to works by Greg Egan, Ted Chiang, Chohei Kanbayashi and Tobi Hirotaka, but I have not yet had a chance to read those writers.
SRE is truly post-modern, in that it seems to subsume much of Western and Japanese literature. It is science fiction, but it's also bigger than that. The text makes allusions, some explicit, some deeply hidden, to writers from Arthur Conan Doyle and Freud, to Jorge Luis Borges and H.P. Lovecraft. The construction of the narrative plays tricks that remind me of authors such as Italo Calvino or John Barth. Several of the stories are reminiscent of Kafka, and Flatland, and even The Little Prince. In a way, I think the book that SRE most closely resembles is not science fiction at all, it is straight-up science writing: Michio Kaku's Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100. But EnJoe, a PhD physicist himself, has chosen to use the language of fiction rather than expository science writing. Something I've heard about, but haven't read, is the Change series, by S.M. Stirling. Those books deal with a world-altering Event that seems comparable to some of the things that go on in SRE.
Q. Around the office, we often hear that some text makes more sense in Japanese. Sometimes though, as in the case of Toh EnJoe's story "Endoastronomy" in THE FUTURE IS JAPANESE, we heard that it made more sense to bilingual readers in English! In which language is SRE best understood, and can you give us an example of a tricky part of translation?
A. Well, one of the key phrases of the book is one that neither Japanese nor English readers are likely to have encountered before: in Japanese, 巨大知性体, which I have rendered in English as "giant corpora of knowledge." I'm fairly sure Toh EnJoe is the originator of this term, which seems appropriate to the age of Google.
The names of various giant corpora of knowledge reflect the profound breadth of Toh EnJoe's imagination. One is Yggdrasil, whom I learned from this book was the Tree of Life in Old Norse mythology, connecting the nine universes. Others are Sarutahiko – a name from ancient Japanese mythology – Hildegard von Bingen, and Pentecoste II. I think you get the idea. I spent a lot of time poring through Wikipedia as I was working on this.
My Japanese friends who have read his work in Japanese tell me they find the language of the book quite strange, not normal Japanese. Classic postwar Japanese writers like Yukio Mishima and Yasunari Kawabata are said to be easier to read in English translation because some things that can be left ambiguous or diaphanous must be made clearer in English, for reasons that have to do with the pure mechanics of the language. For example, English sentences must have subjects, but Japanese sentences do not suffer that limitation. So the translator working from Japanese into English sometimes has to make compromises that, for better or worse, end up "adding clarity." It's a terrible thing, as my grandmother used to say. People say that Haruki Murakami's work in Japanese reads as if it were translated from some other language. In an interview earlier this year, Toh EnJoe himself said that his own work, in Japanese, also reads as if it were translated.
We all bring our own subjective experience to reading, and I cannot really tell you whether other bilingual readers will enjoy this book better in Japanese or in English. That's kind of a hypothetical question for most people, who really have no choice. The value of translation is not that it says "A=B." The value of translation is that it says, "Let me give you something that is something like this other thing that you can never have." Much as I strove to make the translation a "carbon copy" of the original, just in a different language, there is no disputing the fact that the two are different.
In the Japanese original, the chapter headings, the table of contents, even the title of the book itself, are all in English. I can't really address how that makes a "normal" Japanese reader feel. Maybe they think it's cool, maybe they think it's pretentious, maybe they think it's just normal. My friends are perhaps more accustomed than most Japanese to dealing with things foreign, but even they find that a bit unusual. But Japan is all about inside/outside, uchi/soto, domestic/foreign. And this whole book seems to be very attuned to things that are going on outside Japan, in both form and content.
In the first few pages of the translation, there is a passage that reads:
"Once upon a time, somewhere, there lived a boy and a girl."
"Once upon a time, somewhere, there lived boys and girls."
"Once upon a time, somewhere, there lived no boy and no girl."
"Once upon a time…lived."
"Once upon a time."
The Japanese is:
Even if you don't read Japanese, you can see the repetition of the patterns. I think it is fair to say that in the original Japanese, this passage is pure word play, and as a translator I can barely begin to convey, in English, what is really going in here in Japanese. All I can tell you is what it says, and even that, less than perfectly. The author is messing with the conventions of storytelling, and the conventions of grammar, to mess with his readers' heads, to shake them and say, "This book is going to be like nothing else you've ever read."
Another example would be Chapter 15, entitled "Yedo", which I hope at least some readers recognize is the old name for Tokyo. A smaller number, however, are likely to realize that the name of the protagonist, Hatchobori, is a section of Tokyo even today, redolent with historical and sociological associations. Yedo is the fifteenth story in the book, and its plot actually revolves around the factorization of the number 15, and mind games that play on 15 in both mathematical and linguistic ways that I fear I may have utterly failed to convey in English. But what can a poor translator do? Just try to give a glimpse through a smudgy window at what lies on the other side.
In the story "Freuds", it is no coincidence that there are 22 dead Freuds under the floorboards: that is the number of chapters in the book. Mathematics is Toh EnJoe's second language. English is his third.
Editorial note: you must read the "stories" in this book in order, because the book is disordered.
Q. SRE is a non-linear story about a non-linear, shattered, time-space continuum. Did that provide any special translation challenges?
A. Well, the non-linear nature of the story in SRE was not really a problem. As a translator, I just try to break it down, sentence by sentence, and tell the reader what it says. But the non-linear nature of the time-space continuum within the stories qualifies as a huge challenge. The story Traveling is the one that deals most explicitly with forward/reverse travel in time, in the form of a joystick that controls the movement of spaceships in dogfight hijinks that that traverse time as well as space. The human pilots may be shooting themselves in the tail. And they only think they are controlling the spacecraft. Really they are the pawns of the giant corpora of knowledge that are masterminding wars where the various sides locked in conflict are citizens, not of neighboring territories, but of parallel universes. This was quite confusing to me the first several times I read it. As I translated each chapter, I sent the drafts to the author, who read them and gave me his feedback. I then did a rewrite and sent this to you (Nick Mamatas at Viz), and did another rewrite incorporating your comments.
The story "Coming Soon" is written like a screenplay for a pastiche of surrealist films by different directors. Names and ideas may carry over from one section of this story to the next, or refer to other stories in the book. But does that mean they point to the "same" characters? Maybe, maybe not. I think that is the point that Toh EnJoe is making about story-telling. The perennial narrative that is our consciousness is not linear. It loops back, repeats itself, varies, and shoots off in different directions. Then it may loop back again and explore another avenue. This book may be like that.
Late in the process of drafting the translation, I made a decision to give the book a "narrative present" tense, aligning it with the "present" of the reader, and at the same time making the story in a way ideal, or abstract, like Plato's Cave. I had done the same thing with "Endoastronomy". We usually use the past tense to tell stories in English when we are relating something meant to be understood as "actual experiences." But the present tense has an immediacy, a vibrancy, an excitement.
Q. The chapters can be fruitfully read as independent short stories, to a greater or lesser extent. Do you have a favorite chapter? Tell us a bit about it.
A. There are several chapters that I like "best," for different reasons. I like the framing story involving the innocent love triangle between Rita, James and Richard. It pops up in several chapters in the book, sometimes in disguise. It may be the closest thing to a conventional "story" in the whole book, and it reminds me vaguely of the Back to the Future movies, but on a whole different level of discourse. Perhaps because I myself live near the beach I like Echo, which is the story of a neglected slab of metal corroding on a beach that is actually an old computer to which a Nobel-prize-winning scientist transferred her consciousness, and then disappeared into the depths of cyber-silence. And I like "Infinity", in which Rita and her dying grandfather play a game of weekly riddles, ultimately revealing that we are each at one with the universe. I like "Ground 256" because this tale of mayhem in the form of persistently intrusive objects that spring up spontaneously overnight from other dimensions reminds me of what seems to be happening on my hard drive. I also like "Sacra", which has an ending that's kind of like the end of 2001: A Space Odyssey, where the astronaut ends up in a lonely but comfortably appointed place to die. Perhaps not apparent at first glance, the title of this chapter is a pun on the Japanese word sakura, for cherry trees, cherry blossoms, which were dear in samurai culture as a symbol of the transient nature of life.
Tags: interviews, Q/A, Terry Gallagher, translation


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These baskets are perfect to use as a gift basket or picnic basket. Great for storage and organization. Can be used to create flower arrangements for a dramatic centerpieces. Use this for crafts, decorations, gift baskets, floral arrangements and more. Great to add potpourris, rose-hips & more. It's perfect for themed restaurants, bars, cafes, or delis with its distinct country flair. If using this for food service use only wrapped food or line with parchment.
Size: 19"L x 14"W x 6"H x 16"HH to 22"L x 16"W x 7"H x 20"HH
HH = total height from bottom to top of handles. Please note that all sizes are outside measurements unless otherwise indicated. Sizes, colors subject to a modest variance..
Product 2/10


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Linda Eastman was an American up-and-coming photographer of rock 'n' roll bands when she traveled to London to document the cultural revolution in the 1960s, known as the "Swinging Sixties," and met Paul McCartney in a bar.
They married in 1969, and she became Linda McCartney -- the wife of a Beatle and the mother of Stella McCartney, the famous fashion designer to the stars.
Throughout her life in the spotlight, Linda took some 200,000 photographs of musicians in their private and public lives. She was the first female photographer to land the cover a Rolling Stone magazine with her photo of Eric Clapton, and the only photographer that has both published a photo on the cover and also appeared on the cover (with husband Paul McCartney.)
Linda McCartney: Life in Photographs is a new 288-page book, which highlights Linda's photography work, including intimate photos of her family. The collection of these images are also currently on display through July at New York's Bonni Benrubi Gallery, which gave us permission to publish some of Linda's work on our site.


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Part Used: Root and leaf.
Indications: Its abundance of mucilage makes Marshmallow an excellent demulcent that is indicated wherever such an action is called for. The roots have been used more for the digestive system whilst the leaves are used more for the urinary system and lungs. All inflammatory conditions of the G-I tract will benefit from its use, e.g. inflammations of the mouth, gastritis, peptic ulceration, colitis etc.. The leaves help in cystitis, urethritis and urinary gravel as well as bronchitis, respiratory catarrh, irritating coughs.Externally the herb is often used in drawing ointments for abscesses andboils or as an emollient for varicose veins and ulcers.
Priest & Priest tell us that it is a "soothing demulcent indicated for inflamed and irritated states of mucous membranes. Particularly suitable for the elderly with chronic inflammatory conditions effecting the gastro-intestinal system or genito-urinary tract" They give the following specific indications: acute respiratory disease, gastro-enteritis, peptic ulcer, cystitis, urethritis, inflammation of mouth & throat, inflamed hemorrhoids, inflamed wounds, burns & scalds, bedsores, abscesses, boils, ulcers.
Preparations & Dosage: 1-4 ml of the tincture three times a day. A cold infusion of the roots should be made with 2-4 gms. to a cup of cold water and left to infuse over night.


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Is there any plan to support network at hatari ?
MiNT works fine with Hatari, only the Network is missing ...
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Posted by Dan on April 12, 2001
A student I work with recently failed to
follow through on an implied obligation that was not
necessarily a responsibility, but more along
the lines of a favor.
When informing me later she said, "thanks a million for (the help) and I owe you big time for not sending you promised pie. Please please bear with me, I have been (very busy, etc..) I assure you, solemn promise you will have it in hand before the end of the week. Scout's honor (I was never a scout but still :-)
I asked her on telephone if she could tell me more about the phrase - was it slang, a literary reference, anything to do with "getting a piece of the pie" or the duty being "easy as pie" - ?
she just thought it was something she "grew up with"
Any input out there on the phrase, "promised pie" ?


text: The author's introduction to the basic science of nuclear fusion is followed by a fascinating history of the attempts to harness that source of energy, from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The book describes the experiments in Britain under the direction of Peter Thonemann; the United States stellarator project led by Lyman Spritzer, Jr.; the tokamak reactor design of the Russians; the European International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER); and the development of a thermonuclear "hydrogen" bomb by the United States and Russia. The author integrates science, personalities, and politics into an engaging, accessible narrative.


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At $1 trillion and counting, President Barack Obama is taking executive action in effort to ease the student loan debt crunch.
The president announced Monday the expansion of 2010's "Pay as You Earn" program that caps some graduates' repayments at 10% of their monthly discretionary income. The executive order increases eligibility of the program to include those who took out loans before October 2007 or stopped borrowing by October 2011, a move the White House says will expand payment relief to nearly five million people.
The government determines discretionary income by subtracting 150% of the poverty level from an individual's total income, explains Mark Kantrowitz, senior vice president and publisher of Edvisors Network. "The idea is that it accounts for money you have no real choice of how to spend. It goes to paying for basic living expenses. It's a rough cut, but a reasonable approximation."
The reprieve goes into effect December 2015.
"In a 21st Century economy, a higher education is the single best investment that you can make in yourselves and your future. And we've got to make sure that investment pays off," the president said Monday.
The federal government offers different repayment plans to help cash-strapped borrowers, including income-based repayments, the graduated repayment program, and forgiveness programs for on-time payments and public-sector employees.
Under many of the plans, low-income borrowers can have their balance canceled after 25 years of on-time payments. The president's plan moves the forgiveness date to 20 years or 10 years for those in public service jobs.
"It will slightly increase the amount of debt that is forgiven, but it's not going to be enough to stimulate the economy," says Kantrowitz. "If the government were to forgo all student loan debt immediately, it would have a 0.4% impact on the GPD. It wouldn't really move the economy."
Beth Akers, a fellow in the Brookings Institution's Brown Center on Education Policy, says the move could also unintentionally push college tuition prices higher.
"The income piece is a necessary safety net for borrowers. It gives security to not be afraid to take on debt to go to college, but the forgiveness part isn't always necessary. It induces people to borrow more than they need to, which can have a negative impact on college prices." She says students are still getting a positive return on their college education investment—but too often, people are borrowing more than necessary. "We need to be careful when granting aid to borrowers because it can raise the prices on the front end."
According to the White House, the average tuition at a public four-year college has more than tripled in recent decades, with 71% of those earnings a bachelor's degree graduating with debt averaging $29,400.
Education Secretary Arne Duncan told reporters Monday that the department is still working through the details to put a price tag on the president's repayment plan.
Obama also announced the Education Department will renegotiate contracts with companies that service federal loans to have them provide more incentives to help more borrowers from falling behind on payments.
The president also called for increased awareness about repayment options with the Treasury and Education Departments working with Intuit and tax preparation firms to make borrowers more aware of the payment options and potential tax credits.
The president, who was joined on stage with graduates who have been helped by student loan reduction programs, said the expanded program will help graduates manage their debt and help avoid the consequences of defaulting on a federal student loan.
The president also endorsed Sen. Elizabeth Warren's (D-Mass.) Bank on Students Emergency Loan Refinance Act that would allow student borrowers to refinance their college loans at lower interest rates, calling it a "no-brainer." The refinancing bill has more than 35 sponsors in the Senate and would let borrowers refinance loans owned by the private sector into new loans made by the Education Department.
Last year, Congress tied the rate of new subsidized federal student loans to Treasury bond rates, which prevented rates from spiking to 6.8%.
Kantrowitz is skeptical of the impact lower rates would bring. "If a borrower has $10,000 in debt, the proposal would reduce the interest by three percentage points, so that means $300 a year, or $25 a month. If you are that close to the edge, you are probably already over the cliff, it's not going to be that dramatic of a change."
Nicole Mayer, partner at RPG – Life Transition Specialists, who had to take out private loans to finance her education, says being able to refinance those loans would be a big help. "You can only borrow a certain amount from the federal government, and sometimes students are forced to go to the private market and face rates that can really choke them up after graduation."
On the other hand, Akers says the people who stand to benefit the most from refinancing are those with the highest debt loads, a group that often has the highest earning potential. "People with the largest student debt load are often those with biggest incomes down the road. I am sympathetic they are paying a lot, but if the government is going to spend money to help people, it's not clear to me these are the people who need it most."
Paul Gentile, president and CEO of the Massachusetts League of Credit Unions, says the government should allow private lenders to consolidate federal students. "We would be able to give a lower rate and extend the terms. People should be allowed to lower their interest rates and pay less over a longer term," he says. "We don't think twice about a 30-year mortgage, why not with our education?"
When it comes to solving the growing student loan problem, experts say more has to be done ahead of college enrollment.
"When it comes down to it, our college education system is a market-based system. There are a lot of government subsidies but the main system relies on consumers making decisions and essentially voting with their dollars. We need to train our young adults to make sound decisions in their choice of college and loan amounts. Right now, they don't have the necessary data to make these decisions with all the information they need."
By Kathryn Buschman Vasel


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Congressional budget negotiators are near a deal in which Democrats would accept fresh revenue from user fees like airline passengers and Republicans would agree to more federal spending.
Th deal could avoid another government shutdown next year.
The two leaders of the 29-member bipartisan panel aiming to reach an agreement on budget savings to replace some automatic spending cuts set to start in January are hatching a minor deal in which both parties would have to compromise.
Instead of ending some corporate tax breaks, as Democrats prefer, revenue would come from raising user fees including for airline passengers. Republicans would have to accept higher spending levels than slated under current law, according to congressional aides.
Negotiations are continuing and "there are still issues to be resolved," Senate Budget Committee Chairman Patty Murray, D-Wash., said Wednesday in Washington.
The two parties are "down to the last few items," and are being "careful to say they don't have a deal," Rep. Tom Cole of Oklahoma, a member of the conference panel, said Tuesday. "It's not the grand bargain but it's a workable deal."
With both parties eager to avoid another shutdown, the emerging deal gives them a framework to reach an agreement on government spending — either by the budget panel's Dec. 13 deadline or before federal spending expires Jan. 15.
The budget accord would probably cap spending at about $1 trillion, instead of $967 billion, through automatic spending cuts known as sequestration and endorsed by House Republicans, Cole said. Democrats set a $1.058 trillion cap in their plan.
The fragile nature of the potential deal is demonstrated by some lawmakers from both parties who say they doubt it has enough support. To become law, the accord would have to be approved by the budget panel and then secure passage in both the Republican-led House and the Democratic-led Senate.
Maryland Rep. Chris Van Hollen, the top Democrat on the House Budget Committee and a member of the bipartisan budget panel, said there's still no agreement even on the narrow list of issues. "It's a jump ball right now," he said, accusing Republicans of "taking things off the table."
Meanwhile, some Republicans are pressing for a government funding bill that maintains current spending levels instead of a compromise that increases government expenditures that Republicans have fought to rein in.
"The only thing Republicans have, having voted for these debt-limit increases, is maintaining these spending cuts," said Steve Bell, a former Senate budget adviser now with the Bipartisan Policy Center in Washington.
The debate probably will turn to a short-term spending bill in the range of $967 billion and $988 billion, Bell said.
The plan being negotiated by Murray and Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., would avoid major changes to entitlement programs such as Social Security that Democrats are seeking to protect and tax increases that Republicans are ruling out.
Congress on Oct. 16 passed legislation funding the government through Jan. 15 as part of the agreement to end a partial shutdown, the first in 17 years. Murray is returning to Washington this week while the Senate is on a break to continue negotiating with Ryan.
While lawmakers say they're willing to consider the plan, it is drawing criticism from some lawmakers in both parties. Republican Rep. Scott Garrett of New Jersey, a budget committee member, said it goes too far in relaxing spending cuts that are part of the 2011 budget agreement.
Garrett said there's only a "slim" chance the prospective accord would pass the House.
Democrats including New York Rep. Charles Rangel say relying on user fees instead of ending corporate breaks to replace the cuts will hurt average Americans.
"User fees affect constituents, and every time you talk about adding something it means the balloon is getting bigger and hurting somebody on the other side," Rangel said.
Republicans especially want to avoid a spending standoff after the party's approval ratings plunged to a record-low 9 percent after the 16-day shutdown in October, according to Gallup Organization polling.
House Speaker John Boehner as early as next week may advance a temporary spending bill if budget talks fail to produce an agreement in the next few days, Cole said.
"There's a pretty strong sentiment in our conference that we don't want there to be a lot of discussion over the holidays about a potential government shutdown," he said. "There's a lot of support for that," he said of a temporary bill.
Rep. Steny Hoyer, the No. 2 House Democrat, said he opposes a spending plan favored by Republicans that allows all of the scheduled automatic cuts to take effect in January.
"That hurts our national security, it hurts our economy and it undermines our responsibility of running government at a level that's productive," Hoyer told reporters today in Washington.
The timing of a vote on a temporary bill hasn't been set. The strategy marks a shift for House Republicans, who in October instigated a government shutdown by refusing to fund implementation of President Barack Obama's health-care law.
"There is no appetite to do that again," Rep. Lee Terry, R-Neb., said in an interview. "There may be a handful of people but even those people have been very quiet."
Instead, fees paid by airline passengers, or boosting the co-called Sept. 11 security fee on airline tickets, is among the options Murray and Ryan are discussing that budget experts estimate could save as much as $11 billion to offset some cuts.
Other options being considered include $20 billion in changes to federal retirement programs that would increase worker contributions, and auctioning the government-owned broadband spectrum. Aides said the details are still being worked out.
Ryan has previously discussed with Republican lawmakers ideas including increased premiums for pension plans backed by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. and a cut in Medicaid payments to hospitals. Lawmakers including Sen. Jeff Sessions of Alabama, the top Republican on the Budget Committee, back a proposal to push some spending cuts to future years.
Hoyer of Maryland said he's still skeptical that a deal can be worked out soon.
"There are notional things that are being discussed, but I don't know of anything specific," he said.
— With assistance from Roxana Tiron and James Rowley in Washington.


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So, here it goes...this is the best idea I've had in awhile (well, at least I think so). :)
I love making cakes and while I love them to taste great, I like them to look even better. I love the look of fondant on a cake. It is stylish and allows you to make a cake look like almost anything you can imagine, kinda like a work of art. However, many people do not appreciate the taste of fondant. I am one of those people. Fondant tastes like marshmallow and it can be a little chewy. It's not that it tastes bad, I just prefer my cake to taste... like cake. You know, like a classic cake with regular frosting. Yum. But oh how I love the look of a beautiful fondant cake, so this is what I have come up with....Cupcake Toppers.
Cupcake Toppers are made of fondant. They just sit on 'top' of your favorite cupcake. A Cupcake Topper allows you the best of both cake worlds. You can have a wonderfully yummy classic cake piled high with your favorite frosting and the stylish look of fondant right on top. The topper is still completely edible, so if you like fondant...dig in...if you don't take it off, admire it, and set it aside while you enjoy your cupcake.
Here are a few of the ones I have made this week. Keep checking back because there are many more to come.
Easter Chick
Spring Flower
Sock Monkey
Recent Posts
Saturday, March 27, 2010
Cupcake Toppers
Posted by Erin Eason
Another Ladybug Birthday Party
Posted by Erin Eason
This week it was another Ladybug Birthday Party, but the spin on this particular party is that it is an auction item for the elementary school that my friend Slugger (Kelly) works at as a kindergarten teacher. Today, Talbot Hill Elementary School will auction off this custom Ladybug Birthday Package. You will receive 24 delicious cupcakes with the cutest ladybug toppers, as well as a ladybug tutu and two matching hair clips for the special birthday girl. Congrats to the winner of this item. I'll looking forward to working with you soon.
Ladybug Cupcake Toppers
Here is a picture of Anna modeling the Ladybug Birthday Tutu and Hair Clips. I made her this t-shirt to match and it is now her FAVORITE shirt. It's hard to get it off of her so I can wash it.
Ladybug Cupcake Toppers
Here is a picture of Anna modeling the Ladybug Birthday Tutu and Hair Clips. I made her this t-shirt to match and it is now her FAVORITE shirt. It's hard to get it off of her so I can wash it.
Sunday, March 7, 2010
Ladybugs & Fire Trucks
Posted by Erin Eason
I had two cake orders this week and was so busy! But I love to try making something new and had a great time doing it.
Sydney's First Birthday Cake
Fire Truck Birthday Cupcakes
Sydney's First Birthday Cake
Fire Truck Birthday Cupcakes
Monday, March 1, 2010
Busy, Busy
Posted by Erin Eason
For those of you who read this (thanks!) and for those of you who follow (double thanks)... this week is going to be a big one. This past weekend I finished up two more summer dresses for Anna in anticipation of all of the craziness that will be coming up. This week I have had two orders for cakes, both for birthday parties on Saturday afternoon. So, there will be no messing around because the cake making must begin today! I am so excited to make a batch of 50 Fire Truck cupcakes for a party at the Monroe Fire Station and also a sweet 3-tier Ladybug & Flowers cake for Sydney's first birthday. The best part is that we ordered a new camera this weekend. I am hoping it will come in time to take pics of the cakes for this weekend ...stay tuned.


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January 7, 2013
Read the Research in Brief
Understanding Elder Abuse: New Directions for Developing Theories of Elder Abuse Occurring in Domestic Settings.
On this page find information on:
Because concern for elder abuse as a criminal issue is a fairly recent development, there are gaps in our knowledge about the extent and causes of such abuse.
The majority of research on elder mistreatment has focused on victims; the motivations of abusers and the relationship between abuses and victims have received little attention. This produces an incomplete picture of the dynamics fueling elder abuse. Also, the field of research has relied heavily on the caregiver stress model, which holds that elder abuse can be attributed to the stress associated with providing care and assistance to frail, highly dependent elderly people. However, this model does not fit all situations and types of elder abuse.
The field lacks an adequate guiding theory to explain the range of causes behind elder abuse and promote systematic data collection.
Researchers have adapted a number of existing theories of interpersonal violence to supplement the study of elder abuse and have proposed a range of explanations:
A more robust response to elder abuse will need to be guided by theory that accounts for both the victim and the abuser, including their cognitive functioning, the types of abuse, the domestic setting, and the nature of their relationship.
Elder abuse cases tend to be multidimensional. Improving our understanding of the complexity of elder abuse cases can help researchers both develop and evaluate theory-based explanations for abuse. Recent research has shed some light on case characteristics common to different types of elder abuse.
Physical abuse. Contrary to common belief, many elderly victims of physical abuse are high functioning. The abuser is typically a family member, often the adult offspring of the victim. The abuser may be a long-term dependent of the victim because of health or financial issues and may take out resentment for this dependence on the elderly victim. These victims are generally aware that they are being mistreated, but their sense of parental or family obligation makes them reluctant to cut off the abuser.
Neglect. In cases of elder neglect, the victim may be physically frail or cognitively vulnerable. The caregiver does not take adequate care of the victim, who may acknowledge his or her own shortcomings as a parent and conclude that the tables are being turned — and that he or she deserves no better.
Financial exploitation. Victims of financial exploitation often lack someone with whom they can discuss and monitor financial issues. They may have an emerging, unrecognized cognitive impairment; worry about a future loss of independence; and be overly trusting of a caregiver capable of theft, fraud and misuse of assets.
Hybrid cases. Cases where financial exploitation is combined with physical abuse or neglect typically involve financially dependent family members, particularly adult offspring, who have been cared for by the elderly person. As the elderly person declines in health and becomes more socially isolated, he or she relies more on the abuser for care, resulting in a mutual dependency. Such hybrid cases are unique in many ways and tend to have worse outcomes for victims than other kinds of elder abuse, perhaps because the abuse is accompanied by the stress of financial loss.
Read more about research on financial exploitation and hybrid cases of elder abuse.
The research findings described in the article are the result of NIJ award 2006-WG-BX-0010 to the University of Virginia.
This article is based on the NIJ publication Understanding Elder Abuse: New Directions for Developing Theories of Elder Abuse Occurring in Domestic Settings (pdf, 40 pages) by Shelly L. Jackson Ph.D., and Thomas L. Hafemeister, J.D., Ph.D.
National Institute of Justice, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531


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Archive for the 'west' Tag
Pusan West Film Fest
Last weekend the Pusan West FF occured at Chapman University in Orange, CA. I'll be brief… it was awesome.
Christopher Nolan's Joker – Greatest Villain in Cinema History?
Last night I saw the midnight screening of the Dark Knight at the new GardenWalk in Anaheim; it was sensational. I'm sure there will be review after review praising this film and I'm sure I'll agree with what is said. I'm not going to write about the film in general. The question I'd like to raise is this: is Christopher Nolan's Joker the greatest villain in Cinema History? Let's go through and check:
Darth Vader – is now just a winy teenager. Even without the destruction of the Darth Vader character via the new 3 Star Wars episodes this Joker would give him a run for his money.
the Terminator – Unfortunately he's only been a villain 33.4% of the time (he's the hero of the 2nd and 3rd film). He falls behind the Nolan's Joker as well.
Silas Lynch – from The Birth of a Nation, 1915. While he is worth mentioning, he falls behind the Joker as well – he's not near as disturbing as the Joker, nor is he as evil.
the Wicked Witch of the West – she's been made into the misunderstood good guy by "Wicked."
Phyllis Dietrichson – in Double Indemnity, 1944. It's true she's crafty and can't be trusted but compared to the Joker she's like Mother Teresa. She causes nowhere near the level of destruction, and by comparison, she is not feared. The Joker strikes terror into th hearts of an entire city.
Henry F. Potter – from It's a Wonderful Life, 1946. Just nowhere near the same level – I think you'd all agree.
Mrs. Iselin – from Manchurian Candidate, 1962. She's on the list because she's twisted and devious – the Joker has her beat in both categories.
Catwoman – Batman Returns, 1992. Catwoman is probably the most comparable person on the list simply because she too comes from the Batman universe. The Joker will leave you disturbed and rattled. Catwoman is more of a typical superhero villain – almost playful. Joker wins, hands down.
Out of all the villains I can think of, the only one who truly rivals Nolan's Joker is Hannibal Lecter. It's a very close call but there are a few things to consider: think about the amount of havoc the Joker brought upon the city. Think about the volume of people who were terrified of him. Think about his motives. The most frightening thing about the Joker is that he really does not have any motives – he's just a "dog barking at cars." He loves doing what he does. Though it's a close call, I believe the Joker wins again.
Heath Ledger was perfect and I'm not exaggerating. It's fair to say (while we are on the Hannibal subject) that he gave an "Anthony Hopkins" worthy performance – he'll go down in history.
So that's my point – I think a strong case could be made for the Nolan Joker to be the greatest villain of all time. What say you?
-David May