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Historia vol.55 no.1 Durban Mai. 2010
Book Reviews
A clever book
Lize Kriel, The "Malaboch" Books: Kgalusi in the "Civilization of the Written Word"
Missionsgeschichtliches Archiv 13, Studien der Berliner Gessellschaft für Missionsgeschichte, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2009
This is a clever book. Its central objective is to decipher two primary texts on the war between the Boers and the Hananwa in mid-1894. These are the "Malaboch books" in the title whose form of communication, the printed word, is carried by the sub-title. Lize Kriel sets out to write about the way these texts portray chief Mmaleb6h6 (Malaboch), but her book is really about writing history. The two books are My Friend Malaboch by Berlin missionary Christoph Sonntag, and Malaboch by Colin Rae, an Anglican minister who served as chaplain to the English-speaking troops on commando. Dr Kriel is less interested in the history of the war than in the way it is represented in these two texts and, more distantly, how these representations have changed over time and how they have come to influence orthodox views of the war. As such, her book is about the construction or assemblage of history rather than about the way we record or recall the past. It is about ways in which we write about the past rather than the past itself. It is also a very reflexive history in which the author places herself at the centre of the text and focuses the skills of a literary critic on the narrative structure (and public reception in time and space) of the two texts at the heart of her work. The actors in this drama are the sources of history, not the Boers or the Hananwa, nor, despite Kriel's claim (p 345), chief Mmaleb6ho. This is a bold, experimental work about slippery realities and unfixed meanings. it will not find readers among those looking for a rip-roaring yarn (or even those wishing to uncover the hidden structures that drive behaviour and make history). But it should find an avid readership among those interested in the theory and methodology of history.
The book begins with a long chapter on the diary as a historical source. Almost immediately, the author raises the flag of deconstructionist history, with Hayden White's name firmly imprinted on it. Her aim is "to deconstruct, comparatively, as pieces of historical writing, two diaries, compiled more or less at the same time, covering more or less the same events" (pp 13, 22). The next chapter provides a picture of the environment of the Blouberg and Soutpansberg before moving to the war itself, which is portrayed as part of the wider scramble for Africa. The remaining chapters introduce the reader to Rae and Sonntag and their "diaries". Lize Kriel does not like Colin Rae. He is at once "a fool" (p 130) and "a city boy who had to play chaplain" (p 134). Later he exhibits "egotistical self-conceit" (p 199) and is "self-absorbed" (p 208). She disapproves of his drinking, which leads to his untimely demise, and she obviously prefers the steady habits of the German missionary, Christoph Sonntag.
Chapter five begins a very careful examination of the two texts. This shows the extent to which Rae depended on accounts published in The Press to fill his book (over sixty per cent). Sonntag's work, although "all his own", was translated and edited by his son Konrad in ways that, sometimes severely, changed the meaning of the original German text. Hence neither text provides an "authentic" account of the war. The next chapter moves from "who is doing the telling" to "who is being told", that is, the way in which readers influenced the production of the two accounts of the war. While Christoph Sonntag wrote his diary for personal reasons and in order to inform his Mission superintendent, his son, writing in the early 1980s, saw a new and modern readership as his target. Working in a new age of stridently revised moralities and political options, Konrad introduced passages and nuances that turned the Hananwa into victims of Boer aggression. This re-composition of the original text reflected new imperatives to create "racial reconciliation". It especially served to deflect criticism of the German missionary, under attack by a new generation of historians, by turning him into a friend of the natives. On the other hand Rae, at the end of the nineteenth century, wanted to produce a "diary" that was at once a saleable item and a means of portraying himself in the best possible light. Historians in the 1980s saw his text as a more objective work as it was not influenced by the meddling of a missionary interloper. Lize Kriel found this judgement unsatisfactory and her book is, in many ways, an attempt to salvage Sonntag's reputation.
Kriel underlines that the context in which the books by Rae and Sonntag were written had a strong influence on their composition and content. Colin Rae's book is that of an outsider, a "city boy" who aligned himself with the Boers. He blamed the war on the Hananwa whom he portrays as, alternately, the aggressors, and/or as the (often absent) Other. Sonntag, in contrast, had a feel for the land, believed the Boers responsible for the war, and saw the Hananwa and the Boers' "black helpers" as active players in the drama. The extrovert Rae is contrasted with the modest, more appealing Sonntag who serves as the Boers' "reluctant collaborator". Rae's "idle hours" are compared to Sonntag's "full schedule" . The unfortunate Englishman is a monoglot while the brave Sonntag speaks German, Dutch and North Sotho. After all this, it is difficult not to feel there is a hierarchy of representation and that if only Konrad had not taken up the cudgels to defend his father's version of events from the criticism of modern historians, we would have a comprehensive, "objective" account of the war.
The strengths of this book lie in the field of methodology, and many historians will find it, or its individual chapters, very useful. Seminars on methodology will benefit greatly from Lize Kriel's examination of the narrative structure of texts, her concentration on the pitfalls of translation and editing, her remarks on diaries as a historical source, or the knowledge and experience brought by authors to their subjects. Other historians will want something more substantial about the war she is discussing and less about the comparative subjects she drifts into (from the [jebu and Itsekiri to the Hehe and Ndebele, via Magritte and Simon Schama). Some will be critical of her own perspective when she describes the object of the 1886 Occupation Law as an attempt "to develop the [northern] district through the establishment of effective government control", or when she discusses how Boers "confiscated" cattle from the Hananwa; or when the latter are seen to engage in the "illegal weapons trade" or participate in "arms smuggling" (pp 260-61). Here she has unconsciously adopted the discourse of Boer authority found in her sources. Nor would many historians agree with the adjective "legendary" that she uses to describe both the battle of Majuba (p 67) and N.J. van Warmelo (p 215). The wide range of theory Kriel brings to this book sometimes gets muddled. The very Braudelian, structuralist approach to the environment in chapter two sits uneasily with the post-structuralist analysis of landscape in chapter nine. And the relationship between cultures and epistemes is overly static, whether talking about "the blacks of southern Africa" (p 218) or Foucault (p 246).
This book is not bedside reading. It is a serious investigation of how texts are read (the civilisation of the written word), how they produce meaning, and how that meaning changes over time and in space. Many historians will view with scepticism the way this book crosses the frontiers of literary criticism, cultural studies and History; and will want a stronger narrative and more African initiative. I hope their students will be more open to the lessons it holds.
Patrick Harries
University of Basel
A long-awaited exploration of military medicine
J.C. (Kay) de Villiers, Healers, Helpers and Hospitals: A History of Military Medicine in the Anglo-Boer War, 2 Volumes
Protea Book House, Pretoria, 2008
707 pp and 325 pp
Volume I: ISBN 978-1-86919-183-2
Volume II: ISBN: 978-1-86919-230-3
Slipcase: ISBN: 978-1-86919-277-8
At last, from the celebrated authority on the topic, the book (in two volumes) that historians and laymen interested in the Anglo-Boer War have been waiting for is on the bookshelves. Kay de Villiers, emeritus professor ofNeurosurgery at the University of Cape Town, has been interested in the medical services and medical issues of this important South African war for more than half a century; he has been researching this topic since 1965. 1 became aware of this as early as 1976 through my senior colleague at Unisa at the time, Professor 10han Barnard, to whom De Villiers owes so much in terms of encouragement. And the result has been well worth the wait.
The Anglo-Boer War was a watershed in military medicine and in the way armies take care of their wounded and sick soldiers in times of war. In what we can term "medical adequacy", surgical anatomy was more advanced than physiology and knowledge about the body's reaction to injury. This was due to developments in aseptic surgery and the fairly safe use of inhalant anaesthesia (chloroform and ether). Diagnostic bacteriology and immunology were well established, and the discovery of X-rays by Rontgen in 1895 had facilitated physical diagnosis.
More knowledge also came to the fore about bullet wounds. The small calibre, oval-shaped, nickel-jacketed bullet, which was propelled at high velocity by a smokeless propellant (nitro-cellulose), replaced the large, soft, leaden bullet of previous wars. This revised the establ ished techniques on the treatment of war wounds. Due to the relatively benign wounds caused by hard, non-expanding bullets fired from a long range, many observers at the beginning of the war argued that the wounds inflicted were less severe than was the case in previous wars. However, it became evident in this war that the distance from which a bullet was fired was important in the way the particular wound had be treated; each wound had to be treated on its own merits.
De Villiers's two volumes (46 chapters in Volume I and 13 chapters in Volume II) cover a vast field. Volume I explains the difficulties of physical geography and transport, and recounts the origins and the evolution of Red Cross organisations in both Britain and the Boer Republics. Transgressions of the Geneva Convention are discussed, such as the misuse of the Red Cross flag, ambulance personnel carrying arms, and firing on enemy ambulances. There are exciting chapters on the British military medical organisation in South Africa; colonial medical services with the British Army; the Royal Army Medical Corps; British nurses; and British field hospitals with the army as it made its ponderous progress towards the Boer capitals. We learn how the Boer medical services functioned in the various operational areas before the fall of Pretoria, and we are informed of foreign medical aid for the republics, which included the various foreign ambulances (fourteen in all), inter alia the two Dutch Red Cross Ambulances, the Dutch East Indian, German, Russian, Swiss, and Irish-American Ambulances. The Irish-American Ambulance under Capt P. O'Connor caused general embarrassment when it arrived in Pretoria, because 47 of the 60 men promptly took up arms with the Boer forces. Volume J ends with a chapter on patterns of Boer and British medical care during the guerrilla phase of the war, when the foreign ambulances had left South Africa.
Volume II is predominantly concerned with the clinical aspects of military medical care referred to earlier in this review -the new kind of wounds, bacteriology, radiology, diseases, typhoid treatment, functional and psychiatric disorders, and traditional remedies used by the burghers on commando. Very useful is the inclusion of 70 pages of short biographies of important or interesting personalities, such as Bension Aaron, Dr W.B. Bidenkap, Sir William W. Cheyne, Dr Arthur Conan Doyle, Sir Kendall Franks, the two Lingbeek brothers who were both medical doctors, Sir Frederick Treves, and Dr Karl von Rennenkampf.
More than 150 photographs in Volume I and 44 in Volume II are welcome additions to this labour of love. It is a great pity, however, that the author could not find the space, time and energy to cover the medical issues in the concentration camps. But that is admittedly a different story that needs to be told.
The lasting impression is that this work is a major contribution to our knowledge of the Anglo-Boer War. It is overwhelming and authoritative, supremely authoritative. And the research done on both archival as well as secondary sources is impressive, very impressive. This is a great set to own, to read and to consult. It is simultaneously a wonderful read and an excellent reference work.
Fransjohan Pretorius
University of Pretoria
An evocation of the everyday life and personality of a community
John Seakalala Mojapelo, The Corner People of Lady Selborne
Hidden Histories Series, Unisa Press, Pretoria, 2009
272 pp
John Seakalala Mojapelo's The Corner People of Lady Selborne is a fundamentally well-intentioned book. It is certainly a necessary one, providing a vivid account of the social and political life of a close-knit community. The distinct atmosphere and sense of community identity that Mojapelo's book evokes for Lady Selborne is heartening to encounter today, in a time when the self-identity and cohesion of many South African communities seem to be growing weaker by the day.
Like Sophiatown, Lady Selborne, formerly situated only nine kilometres from Pretoria's city centre, was razed to the ground as part of the apartheid government's forced removals programme in the 1960s. Its residents were relocated to GaRankuwa, Soshanguve, Eerstrust and Laudium. The removals disintegrated what had been a close-knit community with a distinct identity; a community that had been in existence since 1905. A "white" suburb, Suiderberg, was established on the site. Only in 2002 was Lady Selborne "resurrected" (as Mojapelo puts it) as the Pretoria suburb of Lady Selborne Extension One.
The Corner People is clearly a labour of love for Mojapelo, himself a resident of Lady Selborne from his birth until the late 1960s. The book deals with Lady Selborne's life from its establishment on the farm Zandfontein in 1905 to the last forced removals, taking in -in almost exhaustive detail -the moves made by its residents to consolidate their rights to the area and the apartheid government's countermeasures. The bulk of The Corner People, traces the community's fight against being legislated out of existence and the simultaneous growth of political activism among its residents. In this respect, The Corner People is an invaluable record of the grassroots growth of anti-apartheid feeling and political awareness in the 1950s and 1960s. Furthermore, the last portion of Mojapelo's book follows the community's displaced residents, and closes with the "resurrection" of Lady Selborne as a suburb and community in the post-apartheid era. The final chapters deal with the land-restitution claims made by former residents in the late 1990s, the difficulties claimants encountered in dealing with residents of the suburb of Suiderberg, and their growing impatience with officialdom's lethargy in improving facilities and service delivery in the early 2000s. Unfortunately, the ambient circumstances in the former Lady Selborne have not improved.
While the portions of the book dealing with Lady Selborne's political life are undoubtedly valuable in their particularity, the real strength of The Corner People lies in its evocation of the everyday life and personality of a community. Indeed it could be said that the political history of Lady Selborne is, though inarguably tragic, not particularly unusual: hundreds of communities across South Africa suffered a similar fate under the apartheid regime, and are currently encountering much the same problems in reclaiming their heritages. What sets Lady Selborne apart is The Corner People's constant reiteration of the fact that this community was not merely inhabited by people of different groups and races, but that they were in every sense of the word neighbours, and that the forced removals destroyed not only a multi-racial settlement but also a neighbourhood possessing a vital, much-loved life of its own. Mojapelo's personal experience of the vanished community is a major factor in this evocation; it is the author's personal depth of feeling for Lady Selborne and his sense of hurt and outrage at what became of it, that stands out most clearly from the pages of The Corner People, and may well be what sets it apart from more "academic" histories of communities destroyed by forced removals.
That said, The Corner People is by no means the best-produced book in its field. Mojapelo's enthusiasm for his topic gives the text a much-appreciated vibrancy, but the book as a whole is repetitive and at times indifferently edited. These shortfalls are, it is true, more of a nuts-and-bolts issue than anything else, and do not detract from the book's strength as a record of Lady Selborne. However, they are something of an irritation to the reader, and could have been solved by a simple proofread. At times too, Mojapelo's personal investment in the history of Lady Selborne lends his image of the community a rosy glow that is probably as far from the reality as was the apartheid regime's description of the township.
Essentially, though, John Seakalala Mojapelo's The Corner People of Lady Selborne is an accessible, heartfelt and solidly detailed history of the politics and inner life of a community. Any student of forced removals and the long-term effects they have on the residents of demolished communities will appreciate The Corner People for its detail, enthusiasm and breadth of scope.
Kylie van Zyl
A refreshing exploration of the musical make-up of apartheid
Grant Olwago (ed), Composing Apartheid: Music for and against Apartheid
Wits University Press, Johannesburg, 2008
336 pp
Christine Lucia concludes "Back to the Future", the first essay in Composing Apartheid, with a quotation by Jacques Attali: "music runs parallel to human society, is structured like it and changes when it does. It does not evolve in a linear fashion but is caught up in the complexity and circularity of the movements of history."
Composing Apartheid is a collection of thirteen essays by a variety of scholars from a diversity of music domains and academic disciplines that are united through their investigation of the relationship/s that existed between South African musical endeavour and apartheid-dominated society; the ramifications of which still resonate today. As the editor puts it, "primarily, the book explores facets of the musical makeup of apartheid, but simultaneously, and more broadly, it reveals how, through this cultural composition, apartheid was variously made." This dual perspective stimulates a discourse that is inter-disciplinary. In addition to essays by renowned music scholars, the book has contributions from historians, sociologists and anthropologists. This illustrates a refreshing tendency towards a possibly uncharacteristic inclusivity in (ethno) musicological scholarship; much that is contained within the book is written in language that is accessible to non-musical scholars and some of the contents have the potential to arouse the interest ofthe more general reader.
The scope of the book is expansive with respect not only to the diversity of music that is covered but also the variety of contextual issues that are raised. Black choral music receives ample attention by way of the first three essays; were it not for the contrasting perspectives of the different authors, this could be construed as an imbalance. An essay by Gary Baines aligns South African popular music with "whiteness studies"; this articulates with Michael Drewett's essay, "Packaging Desires", which explores how "race, ethnicity, sex and gender were often integrally presented on album covers in a manner which reinforced a racist, ethnocentric, sexist and heterosexist view of South African society."
The divergent musical domains of jazz and the Afrikaans "serious" music establishment receive due critical examination and the phenomenon of performers-inexile is documented by Shirli Gilbert by way of an essay on ANC cultural groups (Mayibuye and Amandla) that functioned as a component of the international antiapartheid struggle.
Carol Muller also, albeit indirectly, tackles the theme of musical exile in her paper on South African jazz entitled "Musical Echoes". Given that I am a jazz musician and educator, T have a bias towards South African jazz and T was in accord with her challenge to the hegemony of American historiography. She aptly echoes Attali's opinion when she contends that "we cannot simply keep writing a linearly conceived narrative of regional or even comparative and global pasts in jazz: one that starts in one place and that travels in a progressively circumscribed area." She encourages us to "similarly reflect on the place of South African jazz history in conversation with the narrative of jazz history disseminated from and about the United States and to reflect on the stories about jazz as a truly global phenomenon in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries."
Whether by accident or design, Composing Apartheid succeeds in finding unexpected areas of common ground within a variety of contrasting viewpoints. In the concluding essay -"Arnold van Wyk's Hands" -Stephanus Muller expresses a wish for "narratives about apartheid that recognize both our need to tell, and our humble and honest recognition that we can never tell it all." This was an unexpected turn in an essay that was coloured by his exasperation with the theme of the 2004 conference that gave rise to this book (he chose not to participate in the conference); he describes "apartheid-framed skirmishes and debates directed at audiences gathered together by a global English speaking consensus mentality" as being "indifferent if not antagonistic to [his 1own research interests."
It is possible that the finished product represents some degree of amelioration for Muller. The editor's introduction provides an incisive framework that assiduously unites the diverse contributions that constitute Composing Apartheid and concludes with an "inconclusive conclusion", namely that "the end of apartheid is of course not the end of the apartheid story" and "in an exploration of the past, the realities of the present cannot, and should not, be ignored."
John Edwards
Port Elizabeth
A well-rounded book
Francois du Bois and Antje du Bois-Pedain (eds), Justice and Reconciliation in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Cambridge Studies in Law and Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009
334 pp
This collection, in one sense, is a rather conventional one, dealing with the major themes in South Africa's post-apartheid period. It nevertheless manages to carry itself beyond other works available on the topic. The most obvious way in which it sets itself apart is through its presentation of the post-apartheid period as one which is already closed, an idea "already somewhat dated" (p 2). Arising from this premise, it deals with the transition period as one of which we can fully take stock. As a result, this collection goes further than any other that I have found in addressing all aspects of the transition from apartheid to the democratic model of governance.
Chapter one, by Christodoulidis and Veitch and chapter two, by GobodoMadikizela, deal specifically with reconciliation. Chapter two, Gobodo-Madikizela's "Radical Forgiveness: Transforming Traumatic Memory beyond Hannah Arendt", stands out in its ability to convey the emotionally charged work of the TRC, showing it as personally affecting and more than an abstract political strategy, without drowning its content in emotion as does Krog's Country of My Skull. GobodoMadikizela's argument that no act can be treated as morally beyond forgiveness is convincing and seems as relevant today as it was at the peak of political and social transformation and the TRC. Forgiveness, often portrayed as "leading" (almost directly) to reconciliation in South Africa, is presented as more subtly, and many would say more realistically, leading to the acknowledgement that "at some stage in the future" reconciliation may take place.
These opening chapters lay the foundation for the book's central theme, namely restorative justice (something evident even in the title), without "turning it into an academic fad" (p 153). In fact, restorative justice is only mentioned a few times in the entire collection and it appears that the authors and editors avoid using this as a defining term. By doing so they bring the collection to clearly address the transition period specifically, as opposed to simple concepts of justice. It places the emphasis on South Africa's transition and it's dealing with justice and reconciliation.
The discussions on the merits of the TRC and its foundations, found in chapters three through five, are largely in line with papers found elsewhere on the topic by presenting the TRC as a fundamental part of the transition to democracy, somewhat flawed but sti ll not without its achievements. Through taking stock of the successes and failures of the TRC under the broad themes of responsibility (Du BoisPedain, "Communicating Criminal and Political Responsibility"); criminal justice (Nerlich, "The Contribution of Criminal Justice"); and reparations (Du Bois, "Reparation and the Forms of Justice"), the book manages to avoid rehashing previous works available on the TRC. Chapter six, Theunis Roux's "Land Restitution and Reconciliation in South Africa", broadens discussions away from the TRC into the wider issues of transformation in South African society. This chapter's argument that the separation of the human rights (TRC) and land issues acted to the detriment of resolving both issues gives one possible explanation for the limited success of the mission of reconciliation, and shows the compromise inherent in the official process of dismantling the apartheid political system.
Of particular interest, Barnard-Naude's "For Justice and Reconciliation to Come: The TRC Archive, Big Business and the Demand for Material Reparations", deals with the economic inequalities of apartheid, the role of "big business" in maintaining the apartheid system, and its role in resistance to transformation. Here again, the compromise necessary for a smooth transition to the democratic model becomes apparent. By dealing with this sorely under-researched topic, Justice and Reconciliation in Post-Apartheid South Africa already sets itself apart from most books available on the transition period.
Clarkson's "Drawing the Line: Justice and the Art of Reconciliation", is a fascinating read. It addresses the role of art and artistic expression in the context of post-apartheid South Africa and brilliantly shows the reversal of power dynamic necessary for a "healthy" transition to majority rule in the South African context. Here the dynamics of empowerment and disempowerment are expressed clearly, not only on racial issues, but on all fronts of South African society. By drawing mainly on the art of Willem Boshoff, and the work of Jacques Derrida, Clarkson provides thoughtprovoking insight into the art of the post-apartheid period and its attempts to come to terms with the redefined power dynamics of this period. Clarkson's central argument can be understood in the words:
My discussion is gradually bringing about a convergence of two lines of force: the force of law and the force of art. I do not wish to make a crude claim that law and art operate in exactly the same way, but the movement of convergence is towards this point: both the force of law and the force of art reach out for the creation of a new semantic articulation (p 274).
It is only chapter nine, (Gibson, "The Evolving Legitimacy of the South African Constitutional Court") which [ feel does not live up to expectations. Gibson's quantitative sociological research, while not without its merits, is dragged out, resulting in a rather tedious read. This social science research paper, surrounded by theoretical discussions, did not combine well with the tone of the rest of the work.
One thing which struck me about this collection is its ability to stand alone as a thought out, "well rounded", book. It does not come across as a collection of essays thrown together to address individual themes; rather, it comes across as a book which stands in its own right, each chapter building on the last to create a sense of closure when the book is completed. Opening with Christodoulidis and Veitch's "Reconciliation and Surrender: Configurations of Responsibility and Memory" and closing with Du Bois and Du Bois-Pedain's "Post-conflict Justice and the Reconciliatory Paradigm: The South African Experience", the editors manage to give the reader a sense of having come the "full circle". The chapters are skilfully placed, and the editors deserve special mention for this.
Craig Paterson
Kenton on Sea
Worthy suggestions, doomed to he stillborn
Paul Collier, Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places
The Bodley Head, London, 2009
255 pp
Although we live in a globalised world, it is a world of two halves, the haves and the have nots. Indeed, the have nots constitute the greater part of the world and their plight constitutes a threat to the stability of societies across the world. The gap between rich and poor is also growing. Paul Collier, an eminent development economist and a professor of economics at Oxford University, in his new book Wars, Guns and Votes, attempts to slice through the many ills which affect what he terms, the "bottom billion", those societies and peoples at the foot of the social pyramid. He is an activist academic, suggesting solutions which will bridge this growing dichotomy between tbe rich nations and tbe bottom billion, so creating a more equal and stable world.
The subject is potentially rather dry and of little interest to most people in the developed world. Much of the academic research on which this book is based is also buried in journal articles, only read by a few diehards. This is the trouble with much academic writing: do ordinary people bother to read it? Indeed could they understand it if they read it? There is a tendency within the academe to conduct a closed dialogue among a few specialists. Collier has, therefore, consciously written a very accessible book which cleanly dissects some rather obtuse debates. He writes colloquially, perhaps at times too colloquially for what is still an academic text. But his writing is clear and will appeal to the non-specialist. The evidence for this is that the book has been selling well in local bookshops. It is to be hoped that those in power will take time from their busy schedules to read Wars, Guns and Votes, and bopefully, to learn from it as well.
Wars, Guns and Votes ostensibly covers the global range of the bottom billion but the weight of the book falls on sub-Saharan Africa, which is Collier's area of specialty. However, Collier does not define what he means by the bottom billion, and tbis could confuse the reader who is unfamiliar with his previous book, The Bottom Billion. In the appendix he lists the nations that form the bottom billion, although this appears to have some notable omissions: Swaziland, Sao Tome and Principe, Bangladesh, the Dominican Republic are some of the nations tbat spring to mind. Indeed, I find the list somewhat arbitrary and I would like to know tbe criteria which determine inclusion in the bottom billion. At any rate, by far the majority of nations in the bottom billion, according to Collier, are in sub-Saharan Africa.
The culture of the gun bedevils the world's poorest societies, brutalising and impoverishing the people. There are many examples around the world and we have plenty of cases in Africa. Collier maintains that it is the bottom billion which settle their disputes through violence. To a large extent this is true but one must not ignore the military help provided by the rich nations. During the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union did not directly clash but they fought their wars through proxies, supplying arms, advisers and, in many cases, troops. In the post-Cold War world only Western nations and realistically only the United States have been able to use force against other nations and there have been invasions of Iraq, Afghanistan and interventions in Somalia and Bosnia.
As Collier shows, much of the cost of an international war accrues after the war is over because governments continue to spend heavily on armaments so as to boost their positions. And this further impoverishes poor nations. International aid also tends to seep into military budgets and Collier has calculated that this seepage could be as high as II per cent (p Ill). But high military spending also increases the risk of greater conflict and hence greater instability. It is a vicious cycle. With the collapse of the Soviet empire, high calibre weapons became much easier to obtain, often at good prices. The international arms industry is a by-word for corruption and this slots in with Collier's point that the nations of the bottom billion are inherently corrupt. This is true, but corruption is a double edged sword and if the arms industry was above board in all its deals then there would be no room for corruption. The same applies to any other industry; one might cite the oil industry as a prime example. Because it nets billions of petrodollars the industry seethes with corruption and little of this wealth filters down to ordinary people.1 The contestation over oil has also led to violence, as in the Niger Delta.2
In Africa, easy access to weapons has impoverished a host of nations. Somalia is a failed state with a skeletal government unable to control the capital, Mogadishu, which is awash with rebels and weapons. The American experience in Mogadishu was seminal in discouraging active Western military intervention in Somalia. The Somalian coast is also a haven for pirates who operate brazenly in the belief that they are invincible. The Sudan is another region of bloody turmoil ; Southern Sudan will hold a referendum in 2011 to decide whether it should secede from Sudan. But one must ask whether this option will be viable. For as Collier reminds us, the leadership of Southern Sudan live in Kenya, flying into the area when necessary. So the people, forgotten in the conflict, remain to scratch a living from barren ground. Completing this bleak picture is the genocide which has occurred in Darfur, a festering sore not yet healed.
Sudanese president, Omar al-Bashir was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in March 2009 and the onus now rests on all signatories to the Convention on Human Rights to arrest him should he enter their territories. However, the African Union panel on Darfur, headed by former South African president, Thabo Mbeki, has reported with alternative solutions which it is hoped will bypass the ICC's indictment. The panel's report, for instance, suggests a revamped judiciary to try those guilty of atrocities and it recommends the establishment of a Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission which would begin the process of national healing.3
Before the Rwandan genocide, the Hutu regime of Juvenal Habyarimana was stockpiling weapons, and despite the fact that there were ominous signals that violence was brewing, weapons were easily obtainable.4 There is a flip side of course: rebels also have easy access to weapons. Paul Kagame was able to equip and lead a very efficient guerrilla movement, the Rwandan Patriotic Front, which overthrew the evil Hutu regime in Rwanda. However Kgame has since become one of Africa's strongmen because being a guerrilla leader has conferred upon him the birthright to rule. Another guerrilla leader who seems to have become president for life is Yoweri Museveni of Uganda. Museveni's case is an interesting one because he did not have access to large quantities of arms, nor to significant numbers of soldiers. His campaign against Ugandan president, Milton Obote was launched in February 1981 with an attack on the Kabamba military barracks outside Kampala. Museveni led 34 guerrillas, 27 of whom were armed.5
In one of the few factual errors in this book, Collier states that Museveni overthrew Idi Amin, whereas in fact it was Milton Obote. When Uganda became independent from Britain, Obote became its first president but he led the country into a morass of corruption and decay which paved the way for Amin's coup in January 1971. The rivers ofblood which flowed through Amin's Uganda are well documented. "Dangerous countries make for dangerous regions", writes Collier (p 116). It was Tanzania which acted to overthrow Amin and restore Obote to power hoping that this would stabilise the region. One would have thought that Obote would have learnt some lessons from his earlier unpropitious time in office but old habits die hard and his second term in power was no better than his first.
So Obote laid the groundwork for Museveni and became one of Africa's forgotten and unlamented dictators. Museveni is also one of Africa's strongmen and he has made it clear that Africa is not yet ready for two-party democracy,6 an idea which ties in with Collier's own thinking. Certainly Uganda has prospered, under Museveni and it is stable with a large measure of freedom; the major blip being the brutal terrorism of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)7
Collier notes that ethnic diversity in the bottom billion hampers the smooth functioning of electoral politics. He demonstrates that voters will inevitably opt for their own ethnic grouping and he argues that this type of identity politics gives rise to extremism which is particularly costly for poor countries. But Collier's argument is contradictory. He seems to suggest that democracy is not a panacea for the ills of the bottom billion. But, on the other hand, democracy is necessary to break the grip of ethnicity. His research shows that ethnic diversity impedes economic growth by as much as 2 per cent in poor countries (p 61) and an autocratic leader will seek to promote his own ethnic group at the expense of others. As Collier puts it, "the cocktail that had produced Africa's dysfunctional social choices" was caused by high ethnic diversity and severe political repression (p 64).
Political manipulation is, however, the stock in trade of most political actors, whether from Africa, the bottom billion or from the rich democracies. It could take the form of religious extremism, ethnic rivalry, class division or an appeal to nationalism. One needs to be cautious in signalling out ethnic diversity. In Rwanda, for instance, the division between Tutsi and Hutu is one of class, not ethnicity. The Tutsi was the ruling elite for centuries until the colonial powers inverted this for their own ends. This upset the structure of Rwandan society.8 Politics is about power and the lust to control the destinies of people: the use of the ethnic label is a means to power; in the same way former president of the United States, George W. Bush exploited the war on terror and people's fears of the "other" to create a war psychosis, thus consolidating his own power. Afghanistan is an ethnically diverse society but the vicious conflict there today is not an ethnic one but a religious one.
In Kenya a disputed election led to the most egregious bloodletting. The trouble with Kenya, however, is not so much its ethnic diversity, as Collier suggests, but its modem history; it is a society ill at ease with itself. The Mau Mau war was fought between Kenyans and against the British. It was a very brutal affair and, contrary to popular mythology which sees the Mau Mau as the root of all evil, atrocities were committed by both sides. When Jomo Kenyatta became Kenya's first president in May 1963 he closed the door on the memory of the Mau Mau and he suppressed all public comment about the sufferings that had taken place; but beneath the surface of Kenyan society the Mau Mau was openly talked about. What was needed was reconciliation and a general recognition that people had endured terrible suffering.9 What Kenya needs even today is a truth and reconciliation commission which would allow the country to mourn openly.
One of the key propositions in Wars, Guns and Voles is the usefulness of the coup in replacing corrupt and inefficient governments. But as Collier argues, this presupposes that the coup is carried out with noble intentions. However, most of the evidence does not support this. Initially, intentions might be noble but the strong taste of power has a hypnotic effect which often leads to a worse situation. And as Collier shows, the coup leaves a bleak political legacy: military spending escalates, corruption continues unabated and the risk of another coup or even civil war, greatly increases. In most cases the guard simply changes from a civilian elite inebriated with power to a military elite who will go down the same road. Nigeria aptly illustrates this point, although in recent years, civilian rule and democracy appear to have been consolidated in one ofAfrica's most important countries.
Zimbabwe offers a different perspective on the coup. Its president, Robert Mugabe has used horrendous violence to consolidate his power and he shows no sign of moving on. Zimbabwe has no tradition of military intervention in government so is unlikely to undergo a coup, but the military's closeness to the ruling party and the fact that the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) has so many skeletons in its cupboard10 will ensure that the civilian-military complex in Zimbabwe remains tight-knit. And the attempt at a unity government now appears to be floundering, frustrated by the political machinations and bad faith of the mandarins in ZANU-PF;11 although in Zimbabwe events have been moving swiftly and it is possible that the unity government will be back on track before too long.12
Nor has the Southern African Development Community (SADC) shown much grit in dealing with the Zimbabwean imbroglio. The only country which wields real clout in the community is South Africa and the chemistry which existed between Mugabe and former president Thabo Mbeki meant that little concerted action against Zimbabwe would be taken. And yet in the end it was Mbeki who brokered the power sharing deal which led to the unity government. But this raises interesting issues about contemporary Africa which we need to consider in the light of Collier's view that there are too many unviable states in Africa. Collier argues for a compression of the number of states to a suggested figure of seven. His argument might be laudable but it is impractical and in the present circumstances, unworkable. There are too many political egos at stake and few political leaders who would put the concerns of the continent above their own.
South Africa is mentioned a handful of times in this book and Thabo Mbeki once. This raises a concern despite the fact that this book deals with the world's bottom billion. South Africa is in Africa but not of Africa. This attitude has deep roots both within South Africa and outside.13 For instance, Collier notes that "Kenya has long been considered the most advanced country of Africa" (p 202). Really? Is Kenya more advanced than South Africa? He also refers to Botswana as "Africa's most successful economy" (p 142). Indeed it is true that Botswana is a well managed nation but its economy is fairly basic, based as it is on diamonds, beef and tourism and it needs a lot more diversification. South Africa, on the other hand, has a complex economy which is by far the biggest in Africa; Johannesburg is in fact the third biggest economy in Africa.
Mbeki must be credited for his tireless efforts in promoting Africa internationally. The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) was largely his initiative and he pushed for the reconstituted African Union. These initiatives, however, have been disappointing and Mbeki is largely responsible for this. Good governance is a principle which underpins NEPAD but Mugabe's Zimbabwe, protected by Mbeki for so long, was the antithesis of good governance. And whilst the African Union took a hard stance against coups, many of its political leaders were not democratically elected.
Indeed, the current chairman of the African Union, Muamar Gaddafi, is one of Africa's longest serving leaders, having come to power in a coup in September 1969 and ruled by the gun ever since. Gaddafi has pushed the idea of African union, no doubt with himself as Brother Leader no longer simply of Libya but of the vast continent of Africa. Such bloated egos cannot be taken seriously and will in fact undermine any idea of closer union. Would any South African be happy to be ruled by an eccentric tyrant from Libya?
So we cannot take Collier's argument at all seriously. He further makes the invidious comparison with the United States. But the point here is that the federation of American states could come about because the people were generally homogenous and they shared similar ideals and language. Even so the Americans fought a bitter civil war and in the twentieth century race continued to scar the American nation. A more fitting comparison, however, would be to compare the continent of America with the continent of Africa. It seems unlikely that Venezuela under the leadership of an increasingly autocratic and socialist Hugo Chavez would be prepared to throw in its lot with the United States.
The federation ofAmerican states certainly achieved the pooling of resources, as Collier notes. And this provided efficiencies of scale, accountability and security all necessary for development. African countries often shy away from co-operation because of mistrust and fear. This is ingrained and does impede growth but it is unclear how it will be overcome. Infrastructure spending is a major casualty in this atmosphere of hostility and affects tourism, trade and therefore economic development. Africa has superb tourist destinations and the potential for a boom in this sphere is absolutely enormous. How many people have visited Ethiopia's rockhewn churches and marvelled at their unique icons? The paranoia of some states (Libya is an example) further hinders the development of a tourist market. Africa needs to diversify its economic activities and the tourist market needs to be developed. This would particularly boost the bottom billion; but in order to achieve this goal it is essential that tourists be provided with reasonable services.
Let us briefly consider one tourist market from the bottom billion. The island of Zanzibar draws most of its Gross Domestic Product from tourism . It offers deep sea diving, a rich history underpinned by the slave trade, well managed museums, good local tours and efficient tour companies. Old Town, with its narrow streets and chunky Arabic architecture has an air of romantic decadence. Zanzibar also offers the visitor superb restaurants and some good hotels. To stand in the large meeting place in the Africa Hotel and to see the sun slipping and splashing into the gold-washed ocean at the end of the day makes one's trip to this magical corner ofAfrica worthwhile. Sadly there is a negative side to visiting Zanzibar. The airport is bureaucratic, inefficient and plagued by petty theft. There are only two types of hotel: expensive and very basic. Infrastructure is extremely rudimentary. It would be unadvisable to need medical attention whilst there. And electricity is erratic and can be off for days at a time but in general there is power for at most six hours a day. The major hotels and restaurants all have their own generators.
It is no wonder that South Africa, with its sound infrastructure and services and its open society, is the continent's leading tourist destination. And yet even in South Africa there is the capacity for a tourist boom which could well happen if the soccer world cup is a success. And although the Afro pessimists have constantly belittled South Africa's ability to host the world's biggest sporting event, there is every indication that this country will produce a spectacular World Cup; the only question really is whether the national soccer team will get beyond the first round.
Collier is not an Afro pessimist but nevertheless he believes that the West needs to intervene if need be to rescue Africa from self destructing. He notes that the only countries able to intervene are Britain, France and the United States. Yes, but intervention by these states has been mixed. France did send troops to Rwanda but failed to prevent the genocide there; on the other hand she intervened with relative success in Cote d']voire. Britain also intervened successfully in Sierra Leone. However, Collier does not devote any attention to indigenous initiatives. And there have been a number which need to be noted. The AU has sent peacekeepers to Somalia and Darfur. To boost its potential in transporting heavy equipment South Africa entered a partnership with a number of European countries to build an Airbus transport plane, the A400M project.14 There have also been successful peace initiatives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and also in Burundi.15
Africa, in a real sense, is on its own. It might receive outside aid but it will have to police its own borders. There are too many other international hot spots which will use the resources of Western nations: just to subdue Afghanistan will take generations. If history is anything to go by then the battle will not be won. Pakistan's battle with Taliban insurgents is another major battlefield. And so we could go on. Collier has perceptively identified many of the shortcomings in Africa; but his solutions, too centred on the West, need to be re-thought because they are largely impractical. "There are too many lions and foxes in the political world, but not enough people of compassion."16 And this is why Collier's worthy suggestions will be stillborn.
Tim White
1. The Star, 29 September 2009.
2. John Ghazvinian, Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil (Harcourt, New York, 2007), chapter 1.
3. The Star, 29 October 2009.
4. L.R. Melvern, A People Betrayed: The Role oJthe West in Rwanda 's Genocide (Zed Books, London, 2000), chapter 3.
5. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Sowing the Mustard Seed: The Struggle Jor Freedom and Democracy in Uganda (Macmillan, London, 1997), chapter 10.
6. Museveni, Sowing the Mustard Seed, chapter 14.
7. On the fascinating history of the LRA, see Heike Behrend, Alice Lakwena and the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda 198 -97 (James Currey, Oxford, 1999).
8. Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (Hurst, London, 1998), chapter 1.
9. David Anderson, Histories ofthe Hanged: Britain 's Dirty War in Kenya and the End ofthe Empire (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005), chapter 8.
10. See, for instance, Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe: A Report on the Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands 1980-1988, repr. (Jacana Media, Johannesburg, 2007).
11. Mail & Guardian, 30 October -5 November, 2009.
12. Eyewitness News, Radio 702, 2 November 2009.
13. See, for example, Dennis Winchester-Gould and Cyril Wright (eds), Young Giant of the Western World (Giant Publications, Johannesburg, nd [1982]). This glossy and expensively produced publicity publication covers the entire range of South African achievements.
14. The Sunday Independent, 25 October 2009.
15. See Kristina A. Bentley and Roger Southall, An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa and Burundi (HSRC Press, Pretoria 2005), chapters 13 and 14.
16. T.R.H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History (Macmillan, London, 1977), pxv.
A tapestry of insights and analyses
Alan Jeeves and Greg Cuthbertson (eds), Fragile Freedom: South African Democracy 1994-2004
UNISA, Pretoria, 2008
135 pp
Emerging from a series of conferences during 2004, this collection of articles provides a diverse, incisive and insightful series of papers on issues relating to South Africa's efforts to realise the dreams and aspirations of 1994. It is a complex and dense volume of diverse and inspiring scholarship.
Each of the fifteen chapters stands independently, but collectively they form a rich collage of historiography, social analysis and critical debate. Given the diversity of issues dealt with, a review of this nature cannot do justice to the work as a whole, but rather demands a reflection on the parts that make up the significant sum.
Roger Southall's article "Political Change and the Black Middle Class in Democratic South Africa" provides an illuminating analysis of the black middle class. The chapter ends with an invitation for greater neo-Marxism and neo-Weberian debate in making sense of the significant class shifts taking place in South Africa and their likely trajectories. It is to be hoped that other scholars will respond to this call.
In "Why the ANC's Social Contract is still an Empty Promise" (with an unfortunate misprint in the chapter headings), Carolyn Bassett outlines the role of NEDLAC as an illustration of shifting public policy-making since 1994. Key to the focus of the chapter is the processes of policy centralisation which took place during the Mbeki era -shifting power away from parliament (even cabinet) and NEDLAC into the Office of the President. Bassett highlights the tensions this created within civil society, especially unions, and argues that the political fragmentation developing in the second decade of democracy is a result of the Mbeki government's inability to turn the South African economy around and establish a public policy process that incorporates political allies.
Marlea Clarke's article, "Incorporating or Marginalizing Casual Workers? Ten Years of Labour Market Reforms under the ANC", provides a review of labour related legislation and its failure to address the disparities in employment conditions, wages and working environments of casual, informal and marginalised workers.
An analysis of the way in which women 's narratives were dealt with during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) is provided in Rosemary Jolly's article "Spectral Presences: Narrating Women in the Context of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Jolly highlights the necessity of a greater understanding of women's need for "subject status" through the creation of spaces of understanding in which the unspeakable can be spoken -a need that has continued unabated since the formal work of the TRC came to a close.
Another article dealing with the TRC is Rosemary Nagy's article entitled "After the TRC: Citizenship, Memory and Reconciliation". It comprises a conceptual mapping of the relationships between citizenship and the linking of memory and reconciliation encapsulated in understandings of transitional justice. Inconnecting unresolved issues from the past with emerging issues of xenophobia, Nagy argues for an integration of the rights-based and identity related aspects of citizenship with memory and reconciliation as the "linchpin". Unlike most other articles in this volume, Nagy moves beyond a retrospective or current analysis into articulating a possible framework for the future in this regard.
Cynthia Kros begins her chapter "Ethnic Narcissism and Big Brother: Culture, Identity and the State of the New Curriculum", with a reference to Heribert Adam's concept of "ethnic narcissism" as a means of explaining understandings of group identities during the apartheid era, and the ways in which they became entrenched in South Africans' understandings of self. By combining a historical overview of the relevance of the concept of ethnic narcissism with an analysis of school curricula post-1994, she highlights some shifts into more constructed understandings of identity as well as deep-seated tensions and legacies. There are many interesting ideas in the article, although it is a challenge to engage with the breadth of material in a paper of this length.
Thomas Blaser's article "A New South African Imaginary: Nation-Building and Afrikaners in Post-Apartheid South Africa" explores issues relating to nationalism, ethnicity and nation-building, with particular reference to Afrikaners. Blaser explores the challenges faced by the state and Afrikaner people themselves in negotiating the relationship between apartheid-era policy redress and the place of ethnicity within the complex arena of current identities in South Africa. While the theoretical frameworks informing nation-building, nationalism and ethnicity are rigorously explored, the suggested prominence of Afrikaner identity in the title is insufficiently realised in the text. The tensions and debates in this sector of South African society have certainly sharpened since this chapter was written; it is regrettable that the article does not provide clearer formulations of these dynamics in the current context.
In "Land Restitution in South Africa: Rights, Development and the Restrained State", Ruth Hall explores the paradoxical nature of the parallel legal frameworks within which the issue of land restitution is being addressed. Hall highlights the possible implications of government's haste in completing land restitution processes without paying sufficient attention to the issue of redress and its possible contribution to rural transformation, including support for rural people's land-based livelihoods.
Comparative case studies of two land restitution processes form the basis of Anna Bohlin's article "A Price on the Past: Cash as Compensation in South African Land Restitution". Her account and analysis of the reasons for two geographically separate communities choosing cash payouts rather than land restitution illuminate the complex intersectionalities of identity, belonging, poverty and displacement. They also provide helpful insights into the symbolic nature of land restitution processes and their problematic relationship with possibilities for reconciliation.
Thembela Kepe's article "Land Restitution and Biodiversity Conservation in South Africa: The Case of Mkambati, Eastern Cape Province" provides the third land restitution case study in this volume. The Mkambati Nature Reserve is the context for an analysis of the issues emerging from land restitution processes in designated conservation areas. Kepe provides a useful framework of findings which could guide policy makers and practitioners in the future.
In the final chapter on land restitution, "'We Are Consoled': Reconstructing Cremin", Cherry I Walker gives a heartening account of the remarkable story of resilience and redress of the Cremin community's celebrated return to their land in Kwazulu-Natal.
There are two chapters on issues relating to HIV&AIDS, the first of which is Deborah Posel's "The AIDS Controversy in South Africa". The article contextualises the controversial AIDS denial ism of the Mbeki era by tracing the influence on Mbeki of global readings of AIDS in Africa combined with the history of sexuality and disease in South Africa. Posel argues that the effect of Mbeki's views was inadvertently to reinforce essentialised understandings of the pandemic as well as obfuscate and delay meaningful public debate and action.
The development and influence of the Treatment Action Campaign in creating new political spaces, understandings of citizenship and possibilities for mobilisation in South Africa, is outlined in Steven Robins and Bettina Von Lieres's article "Remaking Citizenship, Unmaking Marginalization: The Treatment Action Campaign in Post-Apartheid South Africa".
The final article is Jonathan Hyslop's "Political Corruption: Before and after Apartheid". Hyslop argues that discussion about corruption tends to focus primarily on dealing with the perceived "problem" that it constitutes, rather than investigating how it actually operates and sustains itself. Hyslop concludes that the existing forms of corruption in South Africa comprise a combination of various forms of corruption used since the establishment of the Transvaal Republic in 1883, with new innovations that explain the ways in which corruption has "plagued" the post-1994 government.
Alan Jeeves and Greg Cuthbertson are to be congratulated on their efforts to compile and edit a volume of such range, depth and significance. This publication is a worthwhile addition to any personal bookshelf or public library.
Theresa Edlmann


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text: SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC LIBRARY COMMISSION Minutes of the regular meeting of Thursday, July 17 2003 (as approved 8/21/03). The San Francisco Public Library Commission held a regular meeting on Thursday, July 17, 2003 in the Koret Auditorium, Main Library. President Higueras called the meeting to order at 4:12 PM. The following members were noted present: Commissioners Bautista, Chin, Coulter and Higueras. Commissioners Steiman, and Streets, and Strobin were excused. President Higueras reported that, as the Commission would lose its quorum, he was reordering the agenda taking general Public Comment first, the ILS Implementation Update, then discussion of the Strategic Plan. Other Items would be taken in order if there were sufficient time or if not would be continued to a future meeting. Agenda Items: 6. Public Comment (taken up first) 4. ILS Implementation Update (taken up second) 5. Strategic Plan Presentation (taken up third) 7. ADJOURNMENT APPENDIX A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AGENDA ITEM #6 PUBLIC COMMENT (taken up first) An anonymous member of the public expressed appreciation for the Commission providing opportunity for public comment and commented on what this person viewed as differing interpretations of the requirements of Prop. E (Library Preservation Fund). Mr. Ed Regan recommended that libraries be open from 6AM until Midnight, seven days per week, every day of the year, that comfortable chairs and tables for reading while standing be provided in all branches, and disagreed with comments recommending that community rooms be eliminated from any planned expansion of branches. Mr. Peter Warfield expressed disappointment that there was no report on the status of the Library's Budget, noting that the Board of Supervisors had made changes, and commented on President Higueras sending a letter to the Supervisors concerning use of Prop. E funds without discussing it at the Commission. Commission discussion of AGENDA ITEM #6 PUBLIC COMMENT President Higueras noted that it was within his prerogative as Commission President to inform members of the Board of Supervisors of his views regarding how they proposed to address matters effecting the Library and noted that any member of the Commission was free to express their views regarding his comments, request a discussion at the Commission, or offer their own views. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AGENDA ITEM #4 ILS IMPLEMENTATION UPDATE (taken up second) The City Librarian provided an informational memo (copy attached) and introduced Library Chief of Technical Services Vivian Pisano, who provided the Commissioners with a detailed background discussion and overview of the many complex sequenced steps involved in the migration to the new ILS system. Ms. Pisano outlined the hard work contributed by the staff Millennium Task Force and described the timeline for progression of processes involved in transitioning to the more intuitive and responsive online system being installed during the end of August. Ms. Pisano recommended Commission approval for a planned closure of the Library over a day and one half schedule deemed necessary by staff based on a similar process recently undertaken by the San Jose Public Library and given the complexity of transitioning the Library's many and complex online services. Ms. Hildreth called attention to Ms. Pisano and the staff teams' careful and skillful planning to make the transition as seamless and smooth as possible. Public comment on AGENDA ITEM #4 ILS IMPLEMENTATION UPDATE An anonymous member of the public noted that an explanatory document was provided but not listed and suggested that the proposed closure was mis-timed coming after a weekend. Mr. Ed Regan, while noting opposition to closure found that if necessary, it should be done. Mr. Peter Warfield expressed hope for improvement in the Library's online systems, noting increasing problems with the current system, and wondered if an alternative such as opening libraries for browsers could be considered instead of closing. Mr. Warfield also wondered if there were a backup plan should major problems develop with the transition. Commission discussion of AGENDA ITEM #4 ILS IMPLEMENTATION UPDATE In response to questions by President Higueras, Paul Underwood, Deputy City Librarian, discussed in some detail the process whereby staff, the library consultant, and Innovative had collaborated to carefully craft a process that prepared for unanticipated problems and provided sufficient time for staff to conduct the transfer of systems. Ms. Pisano reported that the planned closures would begin at 6pm on Monday August 25th, continue through Tuesday, August 26, and conclude with planned reopening at 1pm on August 27, 2003. In response to a query by President Higueras, it was noted that Innovative was committed to taking whatever steps were needed in the event of unforeseen problems to have the system up and running for the public within the time period allowed. Ms. Hildreth discussed aspects of the catch up with the unavoidable backlog of check-in that would be a critical final step prior to opening the new online system to library users. Commissioner Bautista noted that as it was the staff and expert professional judgment that this was the necessary process to migrate to the new system, she fully supported it. In response to a question by Commissioner Coulter regarding having libraries open for browsing only, Mr. Underwood noted that a closure would be the best way to quickly transition to the new system and avoid user frustration. Ms. Hildreth noted that this proposal was carefully considered as the most efficient and effective way to manage the transition. MOTION: Commissioner Bautista, seconded by Commissioner Chin that the plan for migration to the new ILS system and authorization for a Systemwide closure at 6PM on a weekday followed by an all day closure the next day and a morning closure the following day, (opening at 1PM) as proposed be approved. ACTION 4-0 AYE (Bautista, Chin, Coulter, and Higueras) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AGENDA ITEM #5 STRATEGIC PLAN PRESENTATION (taken up third) City Librarian Susan Hildreth introduced library consultant Gail McPartland, who noting the time constraints as the Commission was about to lose it quorum, provided a brief overview of the strategic planning process to date. It was reported that there would be public hearing on the proposed plan on August 21st. Public comment on AGENDA ITEM #5 STRATEGIC PLAN PRESENTATION An anonymous member of the public found the proposed plan too vague and in a nutshell did not provide a framework to guide decision making. Mr. Peter Warfield also found it too general in parts and very specific to the point of shaping policy in others. Mr. Warfield noted concerns about sections on the collection, the catalog worked, and addressing matters of common concerns. Mr. Ed Regan expressed concern that the plan did not provide for expanded public service hours and that he would like it if it did so. Commission discussion of AGENDA ITEM # STRATEGIC PLAN PRESENTATION President Higueras noted that, given the time available, this was simply a first presentation of a proposal and there would be many other opportunities for additional discussion and comment. Commissioner Coulter noted that there would be significant changes from input from the City Librarian's Advisory Committee (CLAC) and the Community Advisory Committee. Commissioner Chin recommended that the Mission and Values Statement be earlier in the document and that sections under goals and objectives be reordered as Services, Collections, Technology and Facilities. Commissioner Chin noted that the plan should be frank and honest, noting that she did not think it possible that the Library could meet all of the needs identified. President Higueras noting the hour concluded the discussion with the note that it would continue. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AGENDA ITEM #7 ADJOURNMENT MOTION: Commissioner Bautista, seconded by Commissioner Coulter that the meeting be adjourned. The Public Comment Summary Statements included in these Minutes are authorized by San Francisco Administrative Code Section 67.16.. These summary statements are provided by the speaker. Their contents are neither generated by, nor subject to approval or verification of accuracy by, the San Francisco Public Library Commission. Public comment on AGENDA ITEM #7 ADJOURNMENT None offered ACTION: AYE 4-0 (Bautista, Chin, Coulter, and Higueras) The meeting was adjourned at 5:00PM. Michael Housh, Commission Secretary 7/23/03 (as approved 8/21/03) Please note: Minutes subject to change by the Library Commission. Copies of Commission Minutes and handouts are available in the Office of the Commission Secretary, 100 Larkin Street, San Francisco, CA 94102 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minutes of the regular Commission Meeting of July 17, 2003 Appendix A The Public Comment Summary Statements included in these Minutes are authorized by San Francisco Administrative Code Section 67.16. These summary statements are provided by the speaker. Their contents are neither generated by, nor subject to approval or verification of accuracy by, the San Francisco Public Library Commission. The number of members of the public who spoke anonymously at this meeting. 1 Public comment available for viewing in pdf format.


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Tip of the day: Tip!
It's not easy working for tips. It takes time, patience, and sometimes your own money. Some of you may think,
hey, get a better a job," but we should all at least be under the assumption that if you are doing a service, compensation is a required. Unless, we're looking at different form of economics, like one where we exchange Pez for goods and services.
Well, someone needed to tell Hollywood director Brett Ratner, who is worth $65 million. Ratner, who directed several monster hits, including the Rush Hour movies, Red Dragon, Tower Heist, and X-Men: The Last Stand, bought an iPhone for $950 through a delivery app. But when it was delivered, he forgot to tip his delivery man.
Unbenownst to him, the delivery driver was a Los Angeles comedian named Ben Avery, who expected a tip. When Ratner failed to give him one to compensate for his time, energy, and gas, he decided to "tweet at him once a day asking for $5."
Avery told The Daily Dot, he figured "[Ratner] would probably block me or whatever. Two weeks go by of me tweeting at him until he finally responds."
Check out the exchange from The Daily Dot and remember to always tip!


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Gartner's first report in this category positions SAS in highest position for ability to execute for multichannel marketing hubs.
With SAS® Customer Intelligence 360, marketers use analytics to optimize every phase of the customer journey. It's a solution that's modernizing the way businesses connect with customers – and for the first year that Gartner has reported on this category, SAS was named a Leader in Gartner's Magic Quadrant for Multichannel Marketing Hubs.
"When your customer can be anywhere in the world as they're interacting with your brand from mobile, social and brick-and-mortar retail simultaneously, creating a seamless experience for that customer is a challenge for many marketers," said Michele Eggers, Senior Director of Customer Intelligence for SAS.
"Customer journey mapping allows marketers to anticipate a customer's needs across channels and then take advantage of opportunities to enhance the customer experience – and maximize profitability," said Eggers. "SAS Customer Intelligence helps organizations navigate the complexities of the customer journey with analytically derived insights every step of the way."
SAS Customer Intelligence 360 enables users to plan, analyze, manage and track customer behavior with a single 360-degree view of the customer.
Recommended Resources
Learn about SAS® Customer Intelligence
Learn about SAS Marketing Automation.
Hear what our customers have to say.


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Hope I can help anyone who is interested in other culture and language.
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Here are five items for Friday:
1. We've got a good slate of high school basketball games tonight in the area. The most intriguing is the Collins vs. Montgomery County game at Scott County in the semifinals of the Toyota Classic. There are a couple of obvious storylines here: 1. Chris Gaither faces his former coach, Happy Osborne; and 2. the Indians feature guard Bryan Wallace, who starred at Shelby County last season. Speaking of the Rockets, they host North Oldham tonight in an 8th Region contest. Meanwhile the Shelby County girls play at Spencer County in a 30th District game in Taylorsville. The last two meetings have been decided by 1 and 3 points, so this one could be interesting.
2. I heard Willie Cauley-Stein had knee surgery today. Bad news for him and the Wildcats. For his shake I hope he's not out too long.
3. I already thought Lance Armstrong was a jerk before Thursday night's televised interview with Oprah, but now I think he's even more of a jerk. His days of being relevant are over. Good riddance buddy.
4. So now it looks like Manti Te'o may have really been the victim of an elaborate hoax (honestly, I wasn't quite sure yesterday and I'm still not sure today), but he still went along with the story even after he knew he was dupped so he still is culpable in my book.
5. I watched the end of the Heat-Lakers game last night. I have to say, the Lakers are awful. I'm not sure they're going to make the playoffs, and quite frankly, I hope they don't.
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Trying to conquer a pest problem when you have pets can be incredibly difficult. For one thing, if your pet goes outside regularly, there's a large chance he or she will just track whatever you've recently gotten rid of right back in. For another, not all pest removal strategies are pet friendly. So what do you do? How do you keep the pests away with as little disturbance to your pet as possible?
First Things First: What's the Nature of the Pest?
Before you go overboard and decide to tent your house and move you and your pets out for a while, it is important to figure out what exactly you're dealing with. There are some pests (ants, for example) that you might be able to eradicate on your own using a few simple DIY methods. For another, the method of pest removal for bedbugs is going to be different than the method of pest removal for termites or cockroaches.
If you're lucky, you'll have seen the pest or several of the pests. If your problem seems to be largely nocturnal, you're going to have to do some investigating. Here is a great article that gives a quick rundown of the telltale signs of different pests – check it out and see if anything sounds familiar.
You've Identified the Problem: Now What?
Remember: how you deal with a pest depends largely upon which pest you've got. There are plenty of general DIY pest control solutions you can undertake that pose little to no threat to your pets.
Go over your house top to bottom and inside and out. Look for cracks and holes and seal them up with an environmentally responsible filling. Steel wool, for example, makes a great plug for small holes because mice and rats won't chew through it. Install weather stripping on your doors and windows to keep pests from crawling in around those fixtures.
You can also try sprinkling eco-efficient "pest deterrents" on the property. Coffee grounds, for example, are good for your landscaping and can be a great deterrent for a variety of pests that might want to invade.
But What if the Problem is Serious?
If you've got an infestation or if you're dealing with a pest like bedbugs, you're going to need to take extreme measures. Before you do anything else, you need to find and hire a pest control expert –schedule an appointment with Hulett Environmental Services by clicking the link.
Once you've got an appointment with a pest control expert, you can start figuring out how to keep your pets safe during the pest removal process.
Where Should Your Pets Go?
Sometimes you'll be able to keep your pets at home with you, especially if the pest problem is localized and your pet pest control expert is using human and animal friendly measures to eradicate whatever pest is trying to infiltrate your home. Obviously you'll want to secure the pets so they won't get curious about what the exterminator is doing, but that should be enough.
Other times, like with bedbugs or termites or an infestation that is more serious, you'll have to find a place to board your pets.
Boarding presents its own set of problems: it's expensive and you risk exposing your beloved pets to the illnesses, diseases and issues that are plaguing the other animals boarded at the same facility. The last thing you want is to get rid of the bedbugs and bring home fleas. Make sure you choose a boarding facility that keeps healthy and ill pets separated.
If you're really worried, your best bet is to stay with a friend or family member who doesn't mind accommodating your nervous animals. If you don't want to put anybody out and can afford to do so, you can book space at an animal friendly hotel, motel or short term rental building.
Finally, make sure that, before you allow your pets back into your home, that all traces of the pest removal process are gone. Do a thorough cleaning to get rid of any residue or other materials that you worry might harm your pet.
Then you can get back to the business of just doing your best to make your home as unattractive as possible for pests in the first place!


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Modern classics for those that like to dress up… and down. Out of Line is a designer made to order line. Each piece is cut and sewn after the order is placed. Please allow up to 2 weeks for orders to be made and shipped. Contact Beki with any questions.


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I know Jing builder isn't a Tibetan formula, but I figured you could still weigh in on how well it might work according to your knowledge. The description for this formula claims it helps regenerate jing (which I assume is roughly equivalent to ojas?) particularly rapidly... If this is so, I'm interested in it to help build my ojas/jing back up (as there are clear symptoms of it being somewhat depleted) and to protect myself going forward against loss of ojas due to both sex with my partner and the considerable stress of nursing school. Can you recommend this formula for this purpose?
Siddhi Energetics "Jing builder"
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text: Berlin, Aug 13: A woman attends the Berlin 'SlutWalk,' which organizers described as a demonstration against those who blame the victims of sex crimes. The walk was held in response to a Toronto police officer who said women shouldn't dress like "sluts" if they want to avoid being raped. (Photo/Markus Schreiber)


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Sarah - posted on 01/22/2011 ( 116 moms have responded )
I was wondering what people think about pre-school? Do kids need it to get ready for kindergarten or is it best to stay home with mom until kindergarten? Do kids get bored at home and need pre-school to enrich their environment? What age is best to go, some start at age 3? What does everyone think?
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Today's Song: Justin Bieber 'Die in Your Arms'
Swaggy Doo can stop releasing this intoxicating ear candy and go back to releasing the crappy ear candy that he used to any time now. Why's it gotta be a Take 5, Justin? Why couldn't you just stick to those hard sugar dots glued to a streamer that yielded as much paper as candy for consumption? WHY?
Whatever. This song is great. The break that Bieber sings over makes me melt in the same way his anime eyes makes little girls melt (Bieber still has them melting, right?). There is an in-your-ear-not-your-mouth joke to be made, but I will refrain because, ugh, I just died in your arms this year, Bieber. Even the robo-melisma doesn't bug. What is happening to me?


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If you're like most people, when you set out on a diet and workout program, you're looking for quick weight loss. Most of us don't want to waste time spending weeks if not months getting down to our goal weight.
No, we want to lose weight fast and effectively so we can reach our ideal weight and start living the life we desire.
But, before you jump on the latest quick weight loss quick-fix, it is important that you take some time to understand a few things about quick weight loss strategies. While there definitely are ways that you can see quick fat loss that stays off for good, more often than not, this isn't quite how it plays out.
clean diet program, weight loss clinic, quick weight loss diets,
Let's take a quick look at the main factors to consider.
Quick Weight Loss and Water Weight
So the very first thing that you must take into account is the fact that on many of those quick weight loss diets, much of the weight you are going to lose is going to be pure water weight. When you instantly see the scale drop by a good 5-10 pounds over the course of 3-5 days, you know something is up here.
Since it takes 3500 calories to burn off a single pound, you can clearly see how impossible it would be to burn off 35,000 calories in just a week. Even if you ate absolutely no food at all and exercised for three or four hours a day, you still would never accomplish this feat.
So if you're losing weight this quickly, it's important that you come to realize that it isn't pure fat loss that you're experiencing. Failing to realize this could lead to disappointment down the road.
Fat Loss and Muscle Mass Loss
Second, the next important thing that you need to remember when it comes to quick weight loss is that you're not setting yourself up for muscle mass loss. When you go on an extreme diet that contains very few calories and if this is coupled with lots of exercise, the chances of losing lean muscle mass are incredibly high and this will only come back to hurt you in the long run.
The problem with losing lean muscle mass is the fact that it's going to mean a significantly slowed metabolic rate which then only makes it that much harder to continue to lose body fat.
Remember that your lean muscle mass is the calorie burning 'engine' of the body so if you're not maintaining it while you diet, you're going to really struggle in the long run.
Express Fat Loss and Adherence
Now, the third bit thing that you must also take into considering is the impact of quick weight loss on your adherence rates. Any time you go making dramatic changes to your eating habits it's going to be hard to stick with and quick weight loss diets really amplify this factor.
Of you're cutting out entire food groups on these quick weight loss diets or you're eating such little food that hunger is always present in extreme amounts.
As you can imagine this becomes incredibly difficult to stick with and before you know it you've abandoned the program altogether.
This doesn't bode well for long term fat loss so another reason why you really have to assess the quick weight loss method you're using carefully. If it doesn't seem like something you could follow for even a modest amount of time, you're better off looking for a different approach instead.
Your Best Bet For Maintaining Express Fat Loss
So what's your best bet when it comes to maintaining a fat loss? Your best bet is finding a diet that does provide sufficient calories that you do feel like you could stick with over the course of time.
Try and find a diet plan that offers quite a bit of protein content in the day since this is the one macronutrient that is going to help save your lean muscle mass the most as well.
If you're getting enough protein, the chances of you seeing that decreased metabolic rate will be much lower so this will have a huge influence on the results you get.
Finally, try and find a quick weight loss diet that also includes plenty of vegetables with modest amounts of fruit. These are also very important for the nutrients and antioxidants they provide so are something that you absolutely do not want to exclude from your day.
If you can focus on all of these factors, then you can have successful quick weight loss that will stay off over the long term. Focusing on wholesome foods as much as possible will always be the best express fat loss strategy for not only good health but the best success as well.


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Members of one of the largest churches in New Mexico are fighting to bring accountability to church elders who they believe are mishandling church property, misusing their authority, and covering up misbehavior.
Two groups formed after Pete Nelson resigned in February as senior pastor of the 14,000-member Calvary of Albuquerque, affiliated with the Calvary Chapel network of 1,300 independent churches, mostly in the West and Southwest. Nelson said he wanted "to pastor and lead a church and to be accountable to that local church." He was unable to do that with the "current structure" at Calvary of Albuquerque.
Nelson's sudden announcement on a Sunday morning took church members and staff by surprise. Nelson has not been in touch with the congregation or spoken publicly since he left. But it wasn't Nelson's disappearance that shocked them. Nelson's resignation letter, which was leaked to the press, alleged the church's former pastor Skip Heitzig was exercising behind the scenes control two years after he had left to pastor another Calvary church in California.
Heitzig had retained his position as chair of Calvary of Albuquerque's elders board, which included a significant number who did not live in Albuquerque. These were all loyal to Heitzig. According to Nelson's letter, Heitzig, as chair, forced off or blocked local church members from joining the elders board. Heitzig did not return calls requesting comment. Assistant Pastor Chip Lusko told CT, "I think there were some inaccurate facts in his resignation letter." However, he declined to comment specifically.
Heitzig attempted to place Calvary of Albuquerque under the jurisdiction of a "mega-board." That structure would permit Heitzig to manage Calvary Albuquerque, the church's ...1


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Randy Seaver has posted his Saturday Night Genealogy Fun challenge over at Genea-Musings. While I'm still at the TMG Land Cruise, I just couldn't pass up SNGF! So, here is my list:
* Jacqulin Ann (Quick) Ritchie (living), my mother, born in Colorado, currently living in St. Louis, Missouri.
* Donald John Ritchie (living), my father, born in Ohio, currently living in St. Louis, Missouri.
* Jack H Quick (1911 - 1999), my mother's father, who was born in Denver and lived in Colorado until he was an adult and then lived in various places in Kansas and Texas before finally settling in Ohio.
* Ruth Penrose (Evans) Quick (1912 -????), my mother's mother, who was born in Colorado and I believe lived in Colorado most of her life. I have been told that she came to see my mother shortly after my birth so technically I "met" her but she and my mother did not remain in touch after that.
* Nelle (Eickelberg) Nissen Quick Heflin (1885 - 1970), my great-grandmother (mother of Jack, grandmother of Jacqulin), who was born in Indiana as the family was making the trek out to Colorado. She lived the remainder of her life in Colorado although she did travel quite a bit. I can remember Ga-Ga visiting us in Ohio and I can also remember a trip out to Colorado when we stayed in her cabin in the mountains above Denver.
* Lela Mabel (Saurer) Ritchie (1913 - 1991), my grandmother (mother of my father, Don). She was born in Wayne County, Ohio and lived there until she married. She lived in Cleveland for about 9 years and then the family moved back to Apple Creek, Ohio (in Wayne County) where she lived the remainder of her life.
*David Washington Ritchie (1908 - 2000), my grandfather (father of my father, Don). He was born in Cleveland, Ohio and lived there until the family moved to Apple Creek, Ohio (in Wayne County) where he lived the remainder of his life.
* John Frederick Saurer (1873 - 1962), my great-grandfather (father of Lela, grandfather of Don), He was born in Wayne County, Ohio and lived there all of his life. I can remember as a very young child visiting Grandpa Saurer in the nursing home.
*Ella Rosa (Graber) Saurer (1883 - 1963) my great-grandmother (mother of Lela, grandmother of Don.) She was born in Wayne County, Ohio and lived there all of her life. I can remember going over to visit her and the pump in the summer kitchen of her house.
*Mary (Benzie) Ritchie (1876 - 1961) my great-grandmother (mother of David, grandmother of Don.) She was born in Inverurie, Scotland and lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts upon coming to the United States. She and Thomas Ritchie were married in Cambridge and soon thereafter moved to Cleveland, Ohio. They retired to a farm near Ravenna, Ohio. I don't remember her, but I definitely remember going to that farm to visit. There were DOGS there! I remember the dogs ;-)
So, that's 10 for me. I have pictures of everyone on of them, but since I am not at home I have to put this post up totally naked!
Saturday, August 29, 2009
Saturday Night Genealogy Fun
Posted by Unknown at 5:30 PM
4 comments:
I love that you remember the DOGS!!! Boy my list would be pretty short other than my parents, aunts, uncles and cousins.ReplyDelete
Great post Diana. It's wonderful you have pics of all ten too.ReplyDelete
I noticed awhile back your mother was a QUICK. I research a Jacob QUICK line for my children. Jacob was born 1777 Washington County, Maryland and died 1841 Montgomery County, Missouri.
Thanks Lori - I am very fortunate that I had so many of my older relatives around for so long!ReplyDelete
Hey GeneaDiva ~ That Maryland Quick interests me! I haven't done much at all with my Quicks, but they are definitely from Maryland. My Grandpa Quick's father's family came from Baltimore.ReplyDelete
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Most people couldn't keep up with Rosita Gallegos, a woman who is always on the go.
When she's not spending time with her family, she is busy with all kinds of activities, including her favorite pastime, which is reading.
"I love to read and pray. I'm busy, busy, busy," Gallegos said.
And indeed she is. The 102-year-old keeps her mind sharp and remembers everything, including the names of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren.
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