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California Center for Sustainable Communities at UCLA
The California Center for Sustainable Communities exists to create actionable science that improves the sustainability of urban systems. It aims to provide intellectual and conceptual frameworks for new synthesis and thinking in sustainability research for all Californians. Achieving progress toward sustainability requires maintaining and improving both human and ecosystem well-being. Our challenge is to make cities centers of sustainability in the ways they develop and redevelop beyond the next century.
The Center conducts work on topics important to the transition toward greater urban sustainability. CCSC provides research, insights, data, methods, case studies, tools and strategies to address land use and transportation challenges facing California communities, and serves as a resource for policy makers, stakeholders and the residents of the state. Our mission is to assist the state's communities in the transition to greater sustainability on multiple fronts.
Dr. Stephanie Pincetl is Professor-in-Residence at the UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability and Director of the California Center for Sustainable Communities at UCLA.
Dr. Pincetl's leadership is supported through a generous grant by the Pritzker Family Foundation, who is dedicated to investing in institutions that focus on preserving and sustaining our environment for generations to come.


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Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine
versión On-line ISSN 2078-6751
versión impresa ISSN 1608-9693
South. Afr. j. HIV med. (Online) vol.15 no.1 Johannesburg ene. 2014
Looking back while looking forward: A decade of ART in the public sector
In considering the HIV epidemic and its impact, many of our anniversaries are sad ones. Personal anniversaries often mark losses - remembrances of the deaths of family, friends or patients. Clinicians or scientists may mark the anniversary of the first documented AIDS case in a country, or the discovery of the virus itself, but these aren't generally moments for celebration per se. So it's not often that we have cause to smile about an anniversary related to the epidemic. However, 1 April 2014 marks one happy anniversary worth remembering - a decade of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the public sector.
Like many anniversaries, the exact details can depend on where you were, and sometimes dates themselves can be fuzzy. Antiretrovirals were available from the 1990s in the private sector, and a trickle was accessible through trials and small donor-funded initiatives in urban centres from the early 2000s. Some provinces moved more quickly towards making ART available ahead of the National Department of Health, often with the assistance of partners in local and international non-governmental organisations. After the announcement of a national rollout of ART in public sector facilities, some hospitals received supplies of antiretrovirals within weeks. Elsewhere, especially in clinics in rural settings, health services took years to have local providers dispensing ART. Today the number of facilities dispensing ART is expanding still, but most communities across the country have reasonable access, and ART coverage continues to increase. So perhaps this anniversary is not so much a specific date in time, but rather a particular point of inflection in the course of the health service that serves the vast majority of South Africans.
To mark this anniversary, this edition of the Journal is a special issue of sorts. We asked the Society's members, and the public more generally, to submit their thoughts about the ART rollout over the last ten years; and the response was remarkable. We received more submissions than we could publish by far, and thank all those who submitted manuscripts for their time and consideration. And so, rather than our usual peer-reviewed scientific articles, case reports, guidelines and opinion pieces, this issue is comprised entirely of short commentaries by way of reflection, drawn from diverse perspectives from authors working across the country.
In their opening commentary, Gary Maartens and Eric Goemaere[1] remind us of the incredible distances traversed during the past decade, and consider what the next ten years may hold. Writing from Bloemfontein, Dirk Hagemeister[2] asks why the patient-held records, which have become such a routine part of ART and tuberculosis (TB) care for many of our patients, are less than routine for many of our doctors (and readers). In Cape Town, Richard Kaplan and colleagues[3] describe how the earliest days of their ART service in Gugulethu consisted of working from a cardboard box in a borrowed office, and evolved through partnerships with communities, services and academic medicine. Kevin Rebe and James McIntyre[4] describe working with the public sector to deliver care to men who have sex with men - a population that remains highly marginalised in many parts of the country and continent.
Many of these contributions are distinctly personal. Caroline Armstrong[5] describes working in a Pietermaritzburg hospital before the ART rollout, and how her perspective changed in the early days of providing effective therapy to patients. Joyce Marshall[6] discusses how ART began to lift the burden of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS off of her patients, while Michelle Moorhouse[7] describes how her general practitioner practice in the Eastern Cape changed when ART became available. Chantél Friend[8] uses the AIDS ribbon as a metaphor for the different meanings that HIV has had throughout her career. And writing from the perspective of policy development, Celicia Serenata[9] describes her personal travails in contributing to the national strategic plan during 2003.
The challenges of delivering ART in rural communities are reflected from Zithulele in the Eastern Cape Province (Catherine Young and Ben Gaunt[10]) as well as Mseleni in northern KwaZulu-Natal (Aurélie Nelson[11]). And while ART was a doctor-driven service initially, today nurses initiate and manage the vast majority of South Africans on ART, so it is fitting then that Mzi Tito[12] describes the experience of providing ART services in primary care around Port Elizabeth.
One area of dramatic change in the last decade has been in paediatrics, where antiretrovirals have altered the landscape of child health in this country through both prevention and treatment. Here, Ann Moore[13] talks about the practical lessons learnt in providing HIV care and treatment to infected children and their families in Cape Town, while Kathryn Stinson and colleagues[14] describe the changing paradigms of services for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Khayelitsha, and the central role that maternal ART plays in preventing paediatric HIV infections. And in the final contribution, Francois Venter[15] draws on his experiences of the last ten years to give us lessons for the next decade, with a mix of candour, humour and insight.
Most of the contributions have a tone of celebration (e.g. 'how far we have come!'), and many comment on the revelation that ART represented in the lives of their patients and their own practice of medicine. However, there are also notes of sadness and frustration here - for preventable deaths and ineptitude that characterised much of the response to the HIV epidemic in an earlier period. If we needed a reminder that health and politics are inseparable, we need not look far into the past. And in some places these notes of frustration seem to echo into the present, as ART services become a standard component of primary care in South Africa. With this, the revelations of providing ART for the first time soon after 2004 appear to be accompanied by the routines of delivering chronic care through the public sector in 2014.
Whatever this anniversary means to you, I hope you find this special issue filled with new perspectives, perhaps a few knowing smiles, and at least one pause for reflection.
Happy reading.
Landon Myer
Associate Professor
School of Public Health and Family Medicine
University of Cape Town
1. Maartens G, Goemaere E. Building on the first decade of ART. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):7-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1031] [ Links ]
2. Hagemeister D. The secrets of the green and white cards. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):33-34. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1036] [ Links ]
3. Kaplan R, Orrell C, Lawn SD, Bekker L-G, Wood R. The Hannan Crusaid Treatment Centre - early beginnings and lessons learnt. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):35-37. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1040] [ Links ]
4. Rebe KB, McIntyre JA. Providing HIV care to men who have sex with men in South African state sector clinics. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):10-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1026] [ Links ]
5. Armstrong C. Reflections on HIV care and ART - a view from Pietermaritzburg. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):16-17. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1033] [ Links ]
6. Marshall J. 'They dropped the blanket of their fear: Reflections of HIV medicine in South Africa, 2014. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):26. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1032] [ Links ]
7. Moorhouse M. Closer to zero: Reflections on ten years of ART rollout. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1030] [ Links ]
8. Friend C. Reflections on a decade of HIV in my life. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):27. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1039] [ Links ]
9. Serenata C. Ten years of ART in South Africa - how far we have come. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):14-15. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1028] [ Links ]
10. Young A, Gaunt B. Providing high-quality care in a deeply rural setting - the Zithulele experience. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):28-29. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1035] [ Links ]
11. Nelson AK. Within minutes from Mseleni to Cape Town ... Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):13. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1010] [ Links ]
12. Tito M. A nurse's perspective on the ART rollout. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):19. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1034] [ Links ]
13. Moore HA. Reflections on six years in paediatric ART. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014,15(1):22-23. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1020] [ Links ]
14. Stinson K, Giddy J, Cox V, et al. Reflections on a decade of delivering PMTCT in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):30-32. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1025] [ Links ]
15. Venter WDF. What have we learnt from the last ten years of ART? Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2014;15(1):39-40. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAJHIVMED.1029] [ Links ]

subset: commoncrawl


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The Billion-Dollar (and More) Hole in Corporate Pensions
One of the consequences of the Fed's zero-percent, massive QE policy is that companies with the old defined pension plans are finding themselves billions in the hole, due to the accounting rules that peg pensions returns to bond rates.
As a result, companies like Ford, Boeing, Chrysler, Verizon, and GM are scrambling to keep the plans up to date. Ford, for one, will add $5 billion to its pension plan this year. The plans are, incidentally, cutting into corporate profits. Boeing, in fact, plans to present its earnings with and without the pension obligations.
Mike Ramsey, who dropped in on the Markets Hub this morning, explained the dilemma in a page-one story in today's Wall Street Journal:
The drain on corporate cash is a side effect of the U.S. monetary policy aimed at encouraging borrowing to stimulate the economy. Companies are required to calculate the present value of the future pension liabilities by using a so-called discount rate, based on corporate bond yields. As those rates fall, the liabilities rise.
Of course, low interest rates also help companies. Ford, for instance, can borrow money cheaply and use it to offer cut-rate loans or other discounts to help sell its cars. Ford borrowed $1.2 billion to contribute to its pension.
When interest rates rise again, the pension shortfalls should narrow and could even become surpluses. But when that will happen is difficult to predict. The Federal Reserve has committed to keeping rates low for another two years at least.


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Let the Races Begin!
|Middle School 200 meter race.
I have always been miserable running even short distances. In middle school and high school my track coaches tried to make me run 100 meter and 200 meter races. These races came to an abrupt halt my sophomore year when I was crushed by the only other girl in my heat. She happened to be blind and handicapped and she destroyed me in the hundred meter dash. That was when Coach G decided it was time I focused on shotput and discus, bringing an end to me and racing.
At MSU my teammate Erica and I mastered the run-walk for our warm ups. This is where from a distance it can appear to be a very slow run but in reality it is just a walk with some flair. Since the end of college there have been some brief attempts to pick up running. They always ended as abruptly as they began.
Since April this year, when I decided I was sick and tired of being unhealthy and that I am determined to run the 2013 Chicago Marathon, I have been able to put some focus on my running. I started with the couch to 5K program and struggled through the 1 minute run, just waiting for the moment I could start walking again. However, I have lost 60 lbs since then and have built up a good amount of endurance by cycling 2000+ miles this summer.
|Pre-race with Team Sparkle: Lydia, Shawn, and Gloria
Running is still by no means something I love doing. I enjoy a lot of other things more than going for a run. However, I loved running in a race. I ran with my friend Shawn who had agreed to help with pacing me and keeping me focused through the run. My goal when I 1st started was under 40 minutes. Then after doing some practice runs it was revised to under 35 minutes. Shawn and I ended up running it in 32:20. We started in the very back because I had to guess what my pace time would be and I guessed 15 minute miles. It ended up being 10:25 miles and I finished almost exactly in the middle of the pack for the Bucktown 5K. I have never been so pumped to be in the middle of the pack of anything before. Starting in the back means Shawn and I had plenty of people we were passing. We would split around them and meet up on the other side of the person we had just passed. We picked up speed to try and get around stroller dad who kept reappearing out of no where. We saw a young girl holding up a unicorn cheering on the runners. Since my nickname is Sexy Unicorn I felt she was cheering specifically for me. There was a giant dead rat in the route that the woman in front of me screamed and than hurdled over. It was a blast!
|Finishing strong!
I can race.
Ready, set, GO!


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Professional Course in Choclate MakingMahek's Good House Keeping Cooking Classes
Price on request
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Mahek's Cooking Classes located in Andheri (West), Mumbai. Maheks is an proficient cook and trainer who gives individual concentration to each of her student and has a decade long experience of training. Comprehensive notes are given for every class. All the dishes prepared are distributed evenly with all the students to take back to their families and share it with them. She conducts Cookery Classes for (For Women Only). Enjoy learning the art of cooking where all your queries will be answered patiently and you will be further convinced with your skills. They offer a course in Choclate Making


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Retro Inspired Squares Print Powder Soft Chiffon Dress Fabric Material(Navy/Red)
Please Note: The pics show the squares as Black/Red/Grey, but they are actually Midnight Blue/Red/Grey
This is a light-weight extremely soft chiffon fabric of Korean quality with a funky retro inspired boxes print.
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Remember to send us a message stating the amount you want, and we will refund you accordingly.


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§ 416.1580. Appeals Council's review of hearing officer's decision.
(a) Upon request, the Appeals Council shall give the parties a reasonable time to file briefs or other written statements as to fact and law, and to appear before the Appeals Council to present oral argument.
(b) If a party files a brief or other written statement with the Appeals Council, he or she shall send a copy to the opposing party and certify that the copy has been sent.


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This Grammy and Golden Globe-winning song is featured in the historical film drama "Selma," which is based on the 1965 Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches led by Martin Luther King and other civil
A minimum quantity of 5 is required on this title.
This item is temporarily unavailable from the supplier though we still may have stock. Add to cart to check availability and for more information.
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Excludes fair traded items, mattresses, accessories, online clearance, special orders & prior purchases. Minimum purchase of items totaling $2,500.
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The molding on this panel bed draws you in as it transforms any bedroom decor into a resort-like feel.
The Pavilion Queen Panel Bed by A.R.T. Furniture Inc at Baer's Furniture in the Ft. Lauderdale, Ft. Myers, Orlando, Naples, Miami, Florida area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
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The Organic Consumers Association (OCA) recently came out with this great new article about why we should buy organic. It mostly concentrates on food, however, most of the principles can be applied to clothing, home furnishings, and more.
Remember: If you're eating organically, why aren't you sleeping organically?
Click on the article to go to the OCA website, where you can find more wonderful articles and information.
Happy Reading!


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TrackerVision connects in-field service technicians with experts via video/audio streaming, allowing offsite experts to view events as they are happening and address them with real-time troubleshooting. The challenges of operating the modern offshore vessel—including the time lag for communicating with shore-based support staff and increased safety risks—are addressed by the new system, which enables hands-free collaboration with remote support. TrackerVision uses a self-contained internet connection that is not dependent upon your rig internet connection. This includes end-to-end encryption that ensures sensitive operational data is protected.
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ILO launches decent work programme in Ethiopia
The International Labour Organization (ILO) has launched a programme to promote decent work and inclusive industrialisation in Ethiopia - with an initial focus on the garment and textile industries.
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The Sea Otter Pokémon
Hello, I'm Nichole. A twenty-something, female, Australian, suffering autism/social issues and proud member
of this forum since 2011. Been a childhood fan of Pokemon since I was only 7, and I picked up
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Joined PC in March 2011. Became a Community Supporter in October 2012, started off initially as
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Aside from Pokemon, I have a love for cute anime girls, plushies, music and anything that gives
me a good laugh. This blog will mainly be a showcase of stuff I am loving right now, some personal
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Hikari's Black 2 Adventure - Part 2
Posted December 25th, 2012 at 7:06 AM by Hikamaru
Hikari's Black 2 & White 2 Adventure
Black 2 Part 2: I'm in Nimbasa already?
Yeah, so much has happened since the first entry, won my second match against Hugh (his Snivy was no match for my Sewaddle), I beat Cheren, Roxie and Burgh in only a day. In fact, in the case with Cheren, my Riolu managed to take out both his Pokemon in just one hit (thanks to an X Attack-boosted Force Palm!), swept Roxie with a Magnemite and the epic match against Burgh where my Swadloon beats his Leavanny, then my Swadloon evolved into Leavanny herself after the match. Currently I'm in Nimbasa City and I picked up the Xtransceiver belonging to that Curtis dude.
I also visited Join Avenue, acted out a successful movie in Pokestar Studios, battled some Team Plasma Grunts, got a Casteliacone, explored Castelia Sewers with Hugh, the Desert Resort, phew! And I went on a big catching spree as well, catching the following Pokemon since my journey started - Purrloin, Patrat, Sewaddle, Pidove, Magnemite, Riolu, Lillipup, Psyduck, Magby, Growlithe, Zubat, Minccino, Mareep, Combee, Audino, Pansear, Eevee, Maractus, Sigilyph, Darumaka, Sandile, Koffing, Dwebble, Scraggy, Trubbish, Sandshrew, Roselia, Gothita, Yamask, Cottonee, Rattata, Grimer, Roggenrola, Woobat, Timburr, Buneary and Drilbur. My Sewaddle, Zubat, Lillipup, Pidove and Mareep have all since evolved, along with my Oshawott evolving into Dewott.
The Sigilyph was a pain to catch, I had two failed attempts after it kept knocking out my team and me running out of Poke Balls. I was lucky on the third one I came across, and ironically it shared the same nature that the Sigilyph in my Black version has. Go figure.
I am going to consider adding Sandshrew to my team so I can take on the Nimbasa Gym. But there's still more to do, so look out for the next entry.
See you all again on Hikari's Pokemon Black 2 Adventure!
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Total Comments 5
U remind me of myself too much. I beaten 4 Gym Leaders in one day, but I could have done 7 if I wasn't lazy XD
This entry is much more exciting, can't wait for your encounter with B-Kyurem!
Posted December 25th, 2012 at 7:09 AM by halcyonic
(Remember I'm the kind that is against routes with the tall grass that bicycles cannot ride through. I really get mad at those routes for that reason since I love using the bicycle a lot.)
And yeah, only missed catching Azurill and I haven't yet caught a Venipede, Heracross or the other two elemental monkeys. Also haven't caught an Emolga yet but I hope to catch one eventually.
Posted December 25th, 2012 at 7:24 AM by Hikamaru
Posted December 25th, 2012 at 10:57 AM by Elite Overlord LeSabre™
Posted December 25th, 2012 at 11:11 PM by Starry Windy
Posted December 26th, 2012 at 3:46 PM by TheFattestSnorlax


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5 Essential Facts on Your Social Security Statement
The Social Security Administration is planning to resume mailing Social Security statements to some workers beginning in September. The paper statements will be sent to workers ages 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 who aren't registered for online statements or currently receiving benefits. These previously annual mailings to workers were suspended in April 2011 to save money, and the ability to view statements online was added in May 2012. Here's how to make the most of your benefit statement.
How much you will get when you retire. Most Social Security statements contain an estimate of how much you will receive if you sign up for Social Security at your full retirement age, age 62 and age 70. The full retirement age is 66 for most baby boomers and 67 for everyone born in 1960 or later. "The statement shows clearly that the longer you wait to claim benefits, the more you get each month," says Jonathan Peterson, executive communications director at AARP and author of "Social Security For Dummies." "Over time, the difference can be many thousands of dollars. So it makes a lot of sense to look at the projections at different retirement ages and think about what they mean for you." For example, a worker eligible for $1,680 a month at age 67 would get just $1,159 monthly at age 62, but his benefit would increase to $2,094 each month if he delays signing up until age 70. However, it's important to note that these benefit estimates assume Social Security law will remained unchanged and that you will continue to earn your current salary, both of which could change in the future. The statement will also let you know if you haven't yet worked long enough to qualify for benefits.
%VIRTUAL-article-sponsoredlinks%What happens if you become disabled. Social Security benefits aren't just for retirees. Your statement will also tell you the benefit amount you will be eligible for if you become disabled in the coming year.
What your family will get if you die. Social Security pays out benefits to families when a breadwinner passes away. Your dependent children and a spouse caring for those children will likely both be eligible for payments upon your death, and the amount they will get is on your statement. Your spouse may also be eligible for retirement benefits based on your work record, even if you die before retirement. A spouse or minor child may additionally be eligible for a one-time death benefit when you pass away.
Your earnings record. Your Social Security statement typically lists every year you have worked and how much you earned. "Sometimes your income does not get properly reported to Social Security," says Brian Vosberg, a certified financial planner and author of "The Complete Retiree's Guide to Social Security." "Checking annually will help guarantee accuracy." The 35 years in which you have the highest earnings are used to calculate your retirement payout.
Your Social Security and Medicare contributions. Under your earnings chart, the statement lists the total amount you have paid into Social Security and Medicare throughout your career. It's a good idea to double-check these amounts to make sure you are getting credit for your contributions. Workers are required to pay 6.2 percent of their pay into Social Security up to $117,000 and 1.45 percent of all earnings into Medicare in 2014, which employers match. Self-employed workers pay 12.4 percent of their earnings into Social Security and 2.9 percent into Medicare. And those who earn more than $200,000 ($250,000 for couples) pay an additional 0.9 percent in Medicare taxes.
Of course, you don't have to wait for your paper statement to arrive in the mail. Workers age 18 and older can view their Social Security statements online at any time, although you will need to verify your identity by answering questions about personal information to create an online account. "Set up your access like any other financial site, and check your Social Security data any time you want," says Andy Landis, author of "Social Security: The Inside Story." "I even have the SSA mobile app, just like mobile banking."
Emily Brandon is the senior editor for Retirement at U.S. News. You can contact her on Twitter @aiming2retire, circle her on Google Plus or email her at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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A couple of weeks ago the U.S. Naval War College hosted the Current Strategy Forum, 2014. It was a two day conference which brought the soon-to-be graduates of the War College programs together with fleet planners and strategists, some of the world's top scholars, and a few of us strap hangers to discuss maritime and military strategy in the 21st century. The lectures and panels were all live-streamed and then posted to Youtube, so you can watch them yourself here.
One of the things Admiral Greenert said, and was repeated a number of times by the other Admirals, was that the OPNAV staff is looking for help in working on the new iteration of the Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower (CS21). One of the things the organizers of the conference failed to offer, however, was an obvious outlet to provide the feedback. This is reflected in some of the internet "after action" writing, including a post written with obvious frustration by a War College student and published at Steeljaw Scribe and CDR Salamander.
Luckily, the anonymous student stumbled upon the perfect way to provide the feedback: writing about it. CAPT "Barney" Rubel (ret), the outgoing Dean of Naval Warfare Studies in Newport, points this out in his recent monograph "Writing to Think." He tells us that taking the time to sit down and write about professional subjects like strategy and policy has the ability to clarify and organize things, making our thoughts more useful.
Dispositions of Navies
One of the names which came up a few times at Current Strategy Forum was Alfred Thayer Mahan. One of the godfathers of the Naval War College and professional military education, his name has also become a nearly mandatory cliché when discussing naval strategy. Much of the Mahanian discussion focuses on "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History." Because of the book's focus on the age of sail we hear that it's a shame he didn't write something more useful for us in the 21st century. If only he had written something relevant to navies with engines instead of sails, that discussed how to dispose of a global fleet in a time of relative peace, with rising great powers. If only.
In 1901, Mahan wrote an essay for the British journal National Review entitled "Considerations Governing the Dispositions of Navies." It was a study of why, where and how a nation should exercise their naval forces in times of relative peace, "for the dispositions of peace should bear a close relation to the contingency of war." While the essay is little known compared to his seminal book, the noted strategist of the 1930s and 1940s Herbert Rosinski wrote that it was probably some of Mahan's best work. It gets directly to the heart of the questions a document like CS21 must answer, what are the ideas which govern how we deploy and use our fleet today?
Three Thoughts from The Prophet
The first thing Mahan calls for in his essay is "an antecedent appreciation of the political, commercial, and military exigencies of the state." At the turn of the 20th century the world was experiencing globalization with an unprecedented scale and speed. Mahan believed any strategic appreciation of how or why to use navies had to be informed by that reality. Because naval power plays a role in military affairs, commercial or economic interests, and the political or diplomatic interaction between states, they should be seen as "an articulated whole," and all three must be addressed by today's strategic thinkers. The drafters of a strategic document like CS21 must consider these three factors, and should explain how the Navy views its interaction with each of them individually, as well as a whole, around the globe today.
Another area of the essay for today's writers to consider is Mahan's discussion of forward deployed naval forces. Mahan believed America was safest when threats were dealt with far from our own shores. That required not just a navy, but a forward deployed navy which was able to respond quickly because it already had presence around the world. He also highlighted the relationship between offense and defense in naval war, a balance that was a bit different than the way land power strategists have thought about it.
Mahan reminds his readers, "he who has but half way to go does double the work." Because of this, he writes that the locations for overseas bases are critical and must be selected with strategic elements in mind. He touches on the maintenance of allies and partners as well as the facilities needed to repair and resupply ships in theater, rather than always having to bring them back to the United States. In modern terms he's talking about the value of forward basing and forward stationing and some of his ideas will likely have direct relevance to those who are working on CS21.
The final element of "Considerations Governing the Dispositions of Navies" I will point out is Mahan's discussion of technology and fleet constitution. One of the pieces of conventional wisdom about the great navalist is that he was a bit of a Luddite and did not understand the advance of technology, or its importance to naval operations. Thinking about it for a moment, it seems a bit silly to suggest an officer whose career straddled the shift from sail to steam wouldn't understand how technology impacts naval affairs. In his essay Mahan's writing also helps to dispel some of that myth.
The airplane and the tactically useable submarine were still a few years away when he wrote the piece. However, he does discuss the importance of the new wireless telegraph technology. He suggests that by using their radios ships could network together and cover much larger distances. Scouting (or what we today call ISR) could be impacted dramatically and the wireless would present the ability for numerous small ships to come together and operate as a massed and coordinated group when needed, but also provide the ability for them to disperse for presence operations.
Importantly, Mahan also discusses the constitution of the fleet. The kinds of ships a naval force needs, the balance of numbers or types, is a vital part of any vision for naval affairs or sea power. In the 21st century we add aircraft, submarines and other platforms and systems to the question as well. Starting with Mahan's outline isn't a bad idea. We are commonly taught he was a battleship man and was focused on big guns and big ships. His writing in this essay clears up some of that conventional wisdom as well. Mahan wrote a Navy needed three elements which made up a balanced fleet. The battle fleet was the obvious starting point and required battleships and armament which could defeat another nation's fleet. Mahan also wrote that a navy needs numerous cruisers to work with the battle fleet, but which can also deploy independently for the protection of commerce and naval diplomacy. Finally, Mahan suggested a balanced naval force required small craft which could serve as scouts as well as move toward the shore and serve in close to the enemy's coast.
Mahan was writing about ships, but obviously today aircraft and submarines can complete some of the tasks he discusses, though not all of them. A new version of CS21 will require a discussion of fleet constitution and technology, but it must focus on the "why." At the very end of his essay Mahan points out that after the qualitative must come the quantitative. Establishing how many ships and assets you need is a vital part of peacetime naval policy.
Sea Power and the 21st Century
Reading Alfred Thayer Mahan's work will not provide a prescription for today's issues or a checklist the drafters of a new CS21 should follow. One of the other great myths about Mahan is that his purpose was to provide step by step instructions for maritime success. He is frequently called the Jomini of naval thought. But Mahan didn't believe in checklists, he didn't believe in maxims as hard and fast rules. When he used words like principles or maxims, he was describing historical precedents providing naval officers and strategists with ideas to consider. He wrote the purpose of studying and learning historical principles isn't to tell you exactly what to do to get things right, it's to give you a hint that you're about to do something wrong.
The officers working on the new document likely already have many of these concepts in mind. However, there is a great deal more in "Considerations Governing the Dispositions of Navies" which the modern navy can learn from. I've just highlighted three elements I think are particularly interesting and relevant to CS21. But don't trust me, read Mahan himself. You can find the essay either in Chapter 2 of "21st Century Mahan: Sound Military Conclusions for the Modern Era" or you can do a little bit of searching on the internet and probably find it for free download. Mahan's great value isn't in telling us what to do or think; it is in helping us ask the right questions. As he told us in another essay, "the instruction derived from the past must be supplemented by a particularized study of the indications of the future."
B.J. Armstrong is a naval officer, helicopter pilot, and a PhD candidate in War Studies with King's College, London. He has served as an amphibious search & rescue pilot and led an MH-60S gunship detachment in Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR and in counter-piracy and counter-terror operations in the Middle East. He is editor of 21st Century Mahan: Sound Military Conclusions for the Modern Era. The views expressed are those of the author alone and are presented in his private capacity. This first appeared at the Naval Institute Blog. The views expressed in this article are the author's alone and do not represent the official position of the U.S. Navy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
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Virtual host templates make it easy to create many new virtual hosts with similar configurations. Each template contains a template configuration file, a list of mapped listeners, and a list of member virtual hosts. To add a template-based virtual host, the administrator only needs to add a member with a unique virtual host name and a qualified domain name to the template member list. Lister-to-virtual host mapping will be added automatically for all listeners in the template's mapped listener list. Later on, if you need to customize the configuration for a particular virtual host, just "instantiate" that member virtual host and a standalone virtual host configuration will be created automatically. Even when setting up a customized virtual host, a template can still be a convenient starting point.
Name | Domain | Aliases | Member Virtual Host Root |
Default Virtual Host Root | Instantiated VHost Config File | Document Root | File Name Used In Template |
|Description: Specifies the path to the configuration file of this template. File must locate within $SERVER_ROOT/conf/templates/ with a ".conf" file name. If the file you designate does not exist, after you try to save the template an error will appear with the link "CLICK TO CREATE". This link will generate a new empty template file. When you delete the template, the entry will be removed from your configurations, but the actual template config file will not be deleted.
|Syntax: path
|Description: Specifies the names of all listeners that this template maps to. A listener-to-virtual host mapping for this template's member virtual hosts will be added to the listeners specified in this field. This mapping will map listeners to virtual hosts based on the domain names and aliases stipulated in the member virtual hosts' individual configurations.
|Syntax: comma-separated list
|Description: A unique name for this virtual host. This name must be unique among all template member virtual hosts and standalone virtual hosts. Inside a directory path configuration, this name can be referenced by the variable $VH_NAME. If a standalone virtual host with the same name is also configured, then the member virtual host configuration will be ignored.
|Description: Specifies the main domain name for this member virtual host. If left blank, the virtual host name will be used. This should be a fully qualified domain name, but you can use an IP address as well. It is recommended to append :
|Syntax: domain name
|Description: Specifies alternate names for the virtual host. All possible hostnames and IP addresses should be added to this list. The wildcard characters * and ? are allowed in the name. Append :
|Syntax: Comma-separated list of domain names.
|Description: Specifies the root directory of this virtual host. If left blank, the default virtual host root for this template will be used. Note: This is NOT the document root. It is recommended to place all files related to the virtual host (like virtual host configuration, log files, html files, CGI scripts, etc.) under this directory. Virtual host root can be referred to as $VH_ROOT.
|Syntax: path
|Description: Specifies the default root directory for member virtual hosts using this template. Variable $VH_NAME must appear in the path. This will allow each member template to be automatically assigned a separate root directory based on its name.
|Syntax: path
|Description: Specifies the location of the config file generated when you instantiate a member virtual host. Variable $VH_NAME must appear in the path so each virtual host will have its own file. Suggested location is $SERVER_ROOT/conf/vhosts/$VH_NAME/vhconf.conf. This config file will be created only after you move a member vhost out of the template through instantiation.
|Syntax: String with $VH_NAME variable and .conf suffix
|Description: Specifies the unique path for each member virtual host's document root. Variable $VH_NAME or $VH_ROOT must appear in the path so each member virtual host will have its own document root.
|Syntax: string with $VH_NAME or $VH_ROOT variable
|Example: $VH_ROOT/public_html/ or $SERVER_ROOT/$VH_NAME/public_html.


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From a female point of view, cycling specific sunglasses are often about as attractive as those modelled by Dame Edna Everage, but without the bling. It would appear to be hard to get real on the bike functionality with genuine style. Not so with these rather fetching Dea specs from Tifosi though.
Unzipping the lightweight protective hard case in which they arrive, you'd be forgiven for thinking that you might just have misread the website and accidentally ordered a pair of normal women's fashion shades. The frames (available in Gloss Wood or White options) are a face flattering, paparazzi defeating size and shape, and very wearable on or off the bike.
On the bike, they sit well with a helmet, giving no problem at all with fit. At just 30g they are light enough to be comfortably forgettable whether being worn or carried in a pocket, which can be done either in the hard case provided or the soft bag that doubles as a cleaning cloth. The Dea's aren't just a pretty face though, they are well featured for cyclists too. Vents beside the shatterproof polycarbonate lenses ensure they keep from fogging up, and they come, as standard, with a choice of three lens colours- Clear (98% Light Transmission), All Conditions Red (27% LT) and Brown with Glare Guard (18% LT) which are interchangeable. Replacement lenses are available separately, in a variety of different tints. A hydrophilic rubber compound is used on the nose bridge and on the legs at the temples to grip better in the presence of sweat.
Changing the lenses isn't the easiest task in the world, but nor is it Mensa standard. The frame materials are designed to flex more than normal sunglasses frames, and it's by flexing the edges that you pop out the lens. Popping the lens out is much easier than replacing it with a new one, and you're likely to get finger prints all over your shades when trying. I'd probably choose to replace lenses at home before a ride, or at a caf stop, rather than during a ride itself, given the likelihood of fluffing the changeover and possibly dropping a lens. That said, it's perfectly possible to take all the lens options with you instead, and the hard case has small padded slots to hold them all safely.
The colour of the tinted lenses is ideal for sunny summertime riding, and with the option available for yellow lenses, these would also work for lower light conditions and winter use. Protection levels against UV are good, and the lenses are optically good quality too, with no distortion.
Comfortable and effective on the bike, cool and stylish off the bike.
If you're thinking of buying this product using a cashback deal why not use the road.cc Top Cashback page and get some top cashback while helping to support your favourite independent cycling website
road.cc test report
Make and model: Tifosi DEA Interchangable Glasses
Size tested: Gloss Wood.
Tell us what the product is for, and who it's aimed at. What do the manufacturers say about it? How does that compare to your own feelings about it?
Aimed at female cyclists, runners and hikers.
Designed to "offer 100% protection from harmful UVA/UVB rays, bugs, rocks or whatever comes your way"
Versatile glasses for all sorts of activities.
Tell us some more about the technical aspects of the product?
Shatterproof polycarbonate lenses
Interchangeable lenses (comes with All Conditions Red (27% Light Transmission), Brown with Glare Guard (18% LT) and Clear (98% LT) lens options.
Lightweight flexible frames
Hydrophilic rubber pad on nose and at temples to grip better in sweaty conditions.
Soft cloth case/cleaning bag included.
Lightweight hard case with padded protection for spare lenses included.
Replacement lenses in a variety of colours/levels of protection area available separately.
Well finished super lightweight frames and lenses.
Performed very well. Comfortable and effective.
Whilst the lightweight frame is designed to be flexible enough to easily pop replacement lenses in an out, I would have concerns about its longevity for this reason.
It would be easy to drop a lens in the process of changing it and scratch the surface on impact.
Should last perfectly well if you don't change lenses too often.
Really light for a very 'normal' looking pair of sunglasses.
Comfortable even with a helmet on.
For a pair of sunglasses you can happily wear for everyday use as well as on the bike, this is a very good price.
Tell us how the product performed overall when used for its designed purpose
Kept sun, bugs and dust out effectively whilst riding and looked good off the bike too.
Tell us what you particularly liked about the product
Style, light weight, interchangeable lenses as standard.
Tell us what you particularly disliked about the product
Slight trickiness to replacing lenses.
Did you enjoy using the product? Yes.
Would you consider buying the product? Yes, definitely.
Would you recommend the product to a friend? Yes.
Anything further to say about the product in conclusion?
A really light and comfortable pair of sunglasses offering a little old school glamour to your cycling.
About the tester
Age: 37 Height: 1.65m Weight: 67kg
I usually ride: My best bike is:
I've been riding for: 10-20 years I ride: Most days I would class myself as: Experienced
I regularly do the following types of riding: commuting, touring, general fitness riding, mtb,
Lara has been riding bikes for longer than she'd care to admit, and writing about them nearly as long. Since 2009 she has been working as part of the road.cc review team whilst championing women's cycling on the side, most notably via two years as editor of the, sadly now defunct, UK's first and only women's cycling mag, erm, Women's Cycling.
Believing fervently that cycling will save the world, she wishes that more people would just ride a bike and be pleasant to each other.
She will ride anything with two wheels, occasionally likes to go fast, definitely likes to go far and is always up for a bit of exploring somewhere new and exciting.


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Norway Looks to Spread Wealth to U.S.
The Norwegians are coming to America.
After spending the past two years increasing investments in Europe's high-end real-estate market, Norway's $682 billion oil fund is poised to hit the U.S. property market with deep pockets and an appetite for big-ticket deals.
The Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global—the world's largest sovereign-wealth...


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Sterling and Francine Clark Papers:
Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Archives
225 South St.
Williamstown, MA 01267
March 31, 2009
Profile Description
|Finding aid encoded by Lacy Schutz March 7, 2007
|Finding aid written in English.
A Guide to the Correspondence
|Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Archives
225 South St.
Williamstown, MA 01267
|Clark, Robert Sterling, (1877-1956)
|1901-1957 (inclusive)
|1923-1956 (bulk)
|5.8 linear feet
|This series contains both incoming and outgoing correspondence and represents a wide spectrum of RSC's financial, personal, and social life, as well as his interests in collecting art, horse breeding, and politics.
|English, French
Arrangement of the PapersThe most voluminous of these correspondences are arranged alphabetically by correspondent and then arranged by date; the other letters, classed as Miscellaneous, are arranged alphabetically by last name of correspondent and chronologically if there is more than one letter to or from an individual.
Scope and Contents of the Collection
The materials in the Correspondence series include letters to and from RSC's business associates, friends, family, and acquaintances. They range in content from detailed discussions of world economies, war and politics to details of daily life, practical elements of RSC's business ventures, and accounts of the people and scenes RSC encountered in his travels. These letters illuminate RSC's opinions on a range of topics, especially the political figures of his day, the United States' foreign policies, horse breeding and art. Notable among the Miscellaneous letters is the sheer number of requests for material assistance Clark received. There are accounts throughout the correspondence of small charities he bestowed on individuals. There are also many letters of thanks from various acquaintances for gifts. The Clarks were especially fond of sending chocolates to their friends, but there are also notes referring to pieces of silver and other items. The British Bloodstock Agency is heavily represented. This series contains many letters relating to financial transactions, legal matters and horse breeding. Most of the letters from RSC are carbon copies he kept in his files.
Biographical Note
Born in 1877, Robert Sterling Clark, along with his three brothers, was heir to the Singer sewing machine fortune. Their father, Alfred Corning Clark, was the son of Edward Corning Clark, Isaac Singer's business partner. RSC attended Yale University and graduated in 1899 with a degree in engineering. He joined the army and his service during the Boxer Rebellion earned him the commission of first lieutenant. In 1908, RSC undertook an expedition to the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces in a remote area of northern China. He intended to carry out ethnographic and zoological research, as well as conduct surveys and create maps. His partner in this undertaking was Arthur de Carle Sowerby. Sowerby, in addition to being a naturalist, explorer, artist and editor, collected specimens for the British Museum and other museums of natural history in the United States and China. The expedition came to an abrupt end when Hazrat Ali, their translator and surveyor, was murdered.
Shortly thereafter, RSC moved to Paris. In 1909 he inherited various pieces of art from his family and these pieces became the foundation of the collection he was to build over the ensuing decades. He made his first purchases in 1912 and was initially attracted primarily to Dutch, Flemish and Italian old masters. Soon, his interests expanded to include silver, prints and drawings, rare books, and more contemporary artists such as Renoir, Degas, Sargent and Homer.
During this time RSC met Francine Clary. Formerly an actress with the Comedie Francaise, Francine was the mother of a daughter, Viviane Modzelewska. Francine and RSC began seeing one another in 1910, but didn't marry until 1919. Their relationship was a source of tension with RSC's family and eventually led to a rift between him and his brother, Stephen. Stephen, the youngest of the Clark brothers, had shouldered the daily administration of the family's fortunes. RSC felt that he was at a disadvantage because of the way the Singer trusts were constructed. Should something befall RSC, the money would pass back into the Clark family rather than to Francine and her daughter. When he was unable to resolve the issue within the family, he and Stephen had a falling out that would never be mended and RSC sued unsuccessfully in court to break up the trusts.
RSC and Francine were partners in assembling the collections that would eventually be housed at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, visiting galleries and dealers together. Another keen interest was horse breeding. RSC owned large operations that bred, raised and trained racehorses, first in Belgium and then in Virginia. In 1951, his horse, Never Say Die, won the Epsom Derby, the first American-bred horse ever to do so.
After considering various options for the eventual disposition of their artworks and objects, including donation to the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and founding a museum in New York City, RSC and Francine decided to locate their collections in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Beginning in 1950 and continuing through RSC's death late in 1956, their lives were focused on building the Institute, both physically and administratively.
Index Terms
Document Types:
Restrictions on Access
This material is currently restricted.
Administrative Information
Custodial History
RSC's correspondence was assembled from a variety of sources within the Clark Art Institute. The majority of it was stored in the Director's Vault and arranged in boxes by correspondent. There were two boxes of miscellaneous correspondence, organized roughly by name. Two letter boxes containing letters to and from members of the British Bloodstock Agency and several loose letters and photocopies of letters from RSC obtained from the recipients were discovered among the materials of David Brooke (Clark Art Institute Director, 1977-1994). More correspondence was found in the Curatorial offices and the office of the Registrar.
Preferred Citation
[Cite the item (as appropriate)], Correspondence Series, Sterling and Francine Clark Papers, Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts.
Acquisition Information
Acquisition history may be found in the following bibliographical records: 11751642, 11750479 and 11757061.
Processing Information
All of the letters from various sites throughout the Institute were grouped together. The most voluminous of those correspondences were separated out alphabetically by correspondent and then arranged by date; the other letters were classed as Miscellaneous. Miscellaneous letters are arranged alphabetically by last name of correspondent and chronologically if there is more than one letter to or from an individual. All of these materials have been handled and organized by numerous people over the years. Their original order is unknown. They were rehoused and arranged between October 2006 and January 2007 by Lacy Schutz, archivist; Danielle Ryan, archives assistant; and Anne Just, archives intern.
Related Material
The Smithsonian Institution Archives houses the Arthur de Carle Sowerby Papers. The finding aid may be found at: http://siarchives.si.edu/findingaids/FARU7263.htm
RSC and Sowerby published an account of their 1908 -- 1909 expedition in: Through Shên-kan; the account of the Clark expedition in north China, 1908-9. By Robert Sterling Clark and Arthur de C. Sowerby, ed. by Major C. H. Chepmell, London, T. F. Unwin, 1912
On the occasion of the Clark Art Institute's 50th anniversary, the Clark published: The Clark brothers collect: impressionist and early modern paintings / Michael Conforti ... [et al.] ; with additional contributions by Daniel Cohen-McFall ... [et al.], Williamstown, Mass., Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 2006
Related or similar material can be found in the following series in the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Archives, Williamstown, Massachusetts: Diaries Series, Sterling and Francine Clark Papers; Financial Series, Sterling and Francine Clark Papers; Images Series, Sterling and Francine Clark Papers; Personal Series, Sterling and Francine Clark Papers; and Realia Series, Sterling and Francine Clark Papers; Records and Papers of David Brooke, Director, 1977-1996, Institutional Oral Histories.


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March 2001
Note: Because some of the information in this article may be outdated, it has been archived.
Fossil of Archaeopteryx bavarica from the Jurassic period. Paläontologisches Museum, München. Photograph: Luidger
One of the most startling discoveries of the past two centuries has been that all living organisms — all the millions of species of microbes, plants and animals alive on Earth today — share a common ancestry. However different an elephant, a dung beetle, an oak tree, and an AIDS virus may look, they can all be tracked back to common ancestors in the depths of geologic time. This insight was first articulated by Charles Darwin in 1859, and new lines of evidence have confirmed his discovery time and time again since then. There are two key lines of evidence:
- missing links
- shared characteristics
The role of missing links is most difficult to understand. Surely, argue the creationists and other religious fundamentalists, if evolutionists claim that all of life is related through a single huge family tree extending from the present day back millions of years to a single point of origin, we should find fossils that are midway between established groups. 'Where are the missing links?' they cry. Palaeontologists have them!
Archaeopteryx- half reptile, half bird
The first dramatic missing link came to light in 1861, only a couple of years after Darwin's Origin of Species had been published. The first specimen of Archaeopteryx was discovered in a limestone quarry in southern Germany, and it was studied avidly by scientists throughout Europe. Early writers, such as Thomas Henry Huxley, immediately noticed that Archaeopteryx was an intermediate form.
Model of Archaeopteryx lithographica in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Photo: Michael Reeve
- It had bird characters, feathers and wings.
- It also had reptilian characters, the skeleton of a small theropod (flesh-eating) dinosaur, with a long bony tail, fingers with claws on the leading edge of the wing, and teeth in the jaws.
The role of Archaeopteryx has been debated ever since 1861. Is it really a missing link between reptiles and birds, or is it just a bird and not a missing link at all?
A further seven skeletons have come to light, and all of them confirm that Huxley was correct.
In addition, fantastic new specimens of birds have been found in Spain and China, which are some 30 or 40 million years younger than Archaeopteryx, and they are more bird-like, exactly as an evolutionist predicts.
The new Spanish and Chinese birds have short bony tails, and their hand claws are reduced - they are becoming more bird-like.
The Chinese localities have not only produced amazing new birds, but also new dinosaur specimens with feathers!
These new specimens clinch the argument. Archaeopteryx is no longer on its own, a single species that attests to the reality of an evolutionary transition from reptiles to birds. Below it, on the evolutionary tree, stretch countless theropod dinosaurs that become ever more birdlike through time, and above it stretch numerous bird species that bridge every step of the way from Archaeopteryx to fully-fledged birds. A long series of fossils through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, a span of 140 million years, document the evolutionary transition from reptile to bird.
Jaws to ears: An example of tracking missing links
The evolutionary route from reptile to mammal is known in just as much detail. Between the Permian and Triassic periods, mammal-like reptiles evolved from basal forms that were fully reptilian. Through dozens of intermediate steps they evolved into mammals by the Late Triassic, some 225 million years ago. All the steps are evident in fossils:
- Step-by-step, palaeontologists can see the switch from peg-like reptilian teeth to the differentiated teeth of mammals (incisors, canines, molars).
- Step-by-step the complex reptilian jaw, with five separate bones, changes to the mammalian jaw, with only one bone, the dentary.
- In reptiles, both today and in the past, the jaw joint lies between the articular bone at the back of the lower jaw, and the quadrate bone in the skull.
- In mammals, on the other hand, the jaw joint is between the dentary and the squamosal element of the skull.
Most amazing of all is the evolutionary transition to the mammalian middle ear.
- In reptiles, as in amphibians and fishes, there is a single hearing bone, the stapes, which is simply a straight rod that links the eardrum to the hearing structures of the inner ear and the brain.
- Mammals, including humans, have three ear ossicles (small bones), the malleus, incus and stapes (or hammer, anvil, and stirrup).
The evolutionary steps were worked out first in Victorian times by the study of mammal embryos and then the fossils confirmed it:
The mammalian stapes is the same as that of their ancestors. But the malleus and incus have moved into the middle ear from their former function as the reptilian jaw joint.
Life is stranger than fiction: the reptilian lower jaw has been subsumed into the mammalian middle ear to enhance the hearing function.
And the fossils show how some Triassic mammal-like reptiles had effectively two jaw joints: the reptilian joint was reduced, and the new dentary-squamosal joint came into play.
At a certain point, in the Late Triassic, the reptilian jaw joint had shifted function.
We can still detect the legacy of this astonishing transition: when you chew a hamburger, you can hear your jaw movements deep inside your ears.
Every day, new fossil finds are reported — the first insect, the oldest hominid, the first sauropod dinosaur, an Eocene whale with legs — and so it goes on. The new fossil finds that hit the headlines are all concrete evidence of evolutionary transitions. The fossils are rarely bizarre or unexpected; they fit into the predictions of evolutionary trees. Dinosaurs with feathers and whales with legs are pretty startling discoveries, but biologists were convinced they existed from the predictions of their evolutionary trees. But is this the sole evidence of evolutionary transitions?
The great tree of life
The single great tree of life is profound evidence for evolutionary transitions. Darwin, as he toured South America and the Galapagos Islands in the 1830s, became increasingly puzzled about the distributions of plants and animals, both geographically and geologically. He went out on the expedition as a traditional creationist. Instead, this is what he discovered:
- He saw that the strange and wonderful plants and animals of South America were related to each other. Why should that be if they had simply been created?
- He also saw some of the relatively recent fossils of South American mammals — the giant ground sloths and glyptodonts. Why were these fossils so obviously relatives of the modern sloths and anteaters that are unique to South America?
- Famously, he saw that the singular animals of the Galapagos Islands were all close relatives of animals from the mainland of Ecuador, and they varied from island to island. Why?
The solution then hit Darwin like a hammer blow. The similarities in time and space were easy to explain: life had evolved. It had not been created, species by species. The Galapagos finches, tortoises, and iguanas had diverged from single ancestors that arrived by chance on the islands a few thousand or million years ago. South America had been isolated from the rest of the world, and its own unique birds and mammals had evolved through long spans of time from single ancestors. Tracking back to the very origin of life, he suggested, daringly, that all of life came from a single ancestor.
Molecular confirmation
Since 1859, that great tree has been built up painstakingly by close study of fossils and modern organisms. And then, Darwin's speculation, and all that careful work, was confirmed from an unpredicted source — the molecules.
- Proteins in the bodies of all organisms, and indeed DNA and RNA, the fundamental molecules of life, carry records of evolutionary transitions.
- Simply put, the degree of difference between the same proteins (or the DNA or RNA) in different species is proportional to the time since they split apart. So, humans have molecules that are nearly identical to those of chimpanzees, rather more different from those of cows, and very different from those of slime molds. The amount of difference is proportional to the time of divergence on the evolutionary tree.
Since 1960, molecular biologists have been drawing up their own evolutionary trees, and these match those based on fossils and museum specimens of living plants and animals. The final, and most startling, confirmation of Darwin's insight also comes from the molecular biology. All living things, from viruses to humans, from bacteria to grasses, share complex molecular machinery — the whole DNA/ RNA code of life and protein synthesis machinery and the ATP system of energy transfer.
Evolutionary transitions are demonstrated by so-called 'missing links', fossils like Archaeopteryx, and the whole array of intermediates between dinosaurs and modern birds that lie on either side of it. There are thousands of other fossils that plug the gaps between modern groups that are quite separate, and new finds every year plug yet more gaps. But, the evidence for evolutionary transitions can be seen also in geographic distributions: close relatives are often found close to each other at the base of the evolutionary branch. The shapes of evolutionary trees have now been confirmed from independent evidence of molecular structures. Indeed, the fact that all microbes, plants, and animals today possess certain complex molecular mechanisms proves conclusively that all of life arose ultimately from a single ancestor billions of years ago.
© 2001, American Institute of Biological Sciences. Educators have permission to reprint articles for classroom use; other users, please contact email@example.com for reprint permission. See reprint policy.


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Experience the buzz of netball New Zealand style. You'll join a Kiwi club, hand picked to suit your ability, and spend part of the season enjoying some fierce netball and laid back fun. Get ready for loads of adventures with a group of new Sport Lived friends plus your Kiwi team mates.
Recommended for:
At a glance:
Our Mini Season programme allows you to spend 4-17 weeks living, working and playing netball in New Zealand. With so much time you'll become fully integrated into overseas life and be able to explore the natural beauty and wonders of New Zealand.
You have the chance to live in an amazing city where our centrally located accommodation puts you at the heart of the action.
We work with a wide range of good netball clubs in New Zealand. They all offer a warm welcome and superb facilities, so whatever your standard you'll fit in perfectly!
Club structure
Sport Lived has links with some of the best netball clubs in New Zealand. Top teams at each club compete in the premier provincial netball leagues with lower level teams more focused on having fun. Most clubs have around 8-10 teams so they can accommodate players of all abilities. Whether you're serious about improving your netball skills or just want to have some fun – we'll match you with your perfect club!
Matches and training
Players usually have one match and one training session a week.
Off the court
With so many members, your club will be a hive of social activity. There'll be drinks after training and matches plus social events throughout the season. Many clubs also arrange pre-season tours- a great chance to get to know your team-mates whilst exploring a new part of New Zealand.
Netball development
Our clubs are selected for their high quality coaching and facilities, helping you to return home as a much-improved player.
…and finally
New Zealand's a beautiful country, famous for its sport, so what are you waiting for?
Sport Lived will help you attain part time work to enhance your CV and boosting your bank balance. Working overseas will help you meet new people and provide more structure to your time away.
Top tips for getting work:
Employment options:
You'll be living close to lots of employment options like offices, shops, bars and restaurants. Your sport club may also help you to find coaching work, whilst your mentor will provide guidance on working in New Zealand
Your Sport Lived adventure is the perfect time to get work experience and demonstrate the skills that universities and future employers look for - your Sport Lived work experience will help set you apart.
Independence & initiative
Sport Lived will provide loads of help when you're looking for part-time work but ultimately it's down to you to get out there and make it happen. Showing a prospective employer that you've managed to find, secure and maintain a job in an overseas country is highly impressive.
Teamwork is at the heart of the Sport Lived experience. Living, playing and training alongside a new group of friends is a great way to develop strong social skills and show that you're a real team player.
Personal development
Joining a new sports club, living in an overseas city and securing a job are exciting challenges that will enable you to grow as an individual, leaving you ready to tackle whatever lies ahead after your Sport Lived experience.
Work experience
Living overseas is a great time to think about gaining invaluable work experience in a field you're considering as a career. Sport Lived participants have volunteered in hospitals, law firms and newspaper offices. Such work demonstrates commitment and initiative.
1. What type of visa do I need?
New Zealand Working Holiday Visa
If you would like to obtain paid work during your programme you will need to obtain a New Zealand Working Holiday Visa. UK citizens aged 18-30 are eligible for a New Zealand Working Holiday Visa which enables holders to live and work in New Zealand for up to 12 months. It costs around £150 and can take up to 4 weeks to process so we recommend getting the paperwork sorted well in advance of your departure.
Visitor's Permit
If you don't plan to find paid employment in New Zealand and have a British passport you do not need to apply for a tourist visa as you'll be eligible for a visitor's permit which covers you for up to six months. The visitor's permit is granted on arrival in New Zealand. For more information see the Travel & Visa section in the About Us area of our site.
2. What is the standard like?
Sport Lived offer programmes for players and athletes of all abilities. Therefore, whether you play at a high standard or not, a Sport Lived programme is perfect for you. A desire to play the sport you love in a spectacular new country is all you will need!
Choose our Standard Accommodation in New Zealand and you will live right in the centre of a fantastic city at one of the best hostels. Your pad is close to public transport which makes it easy to get to your sports clubs for training and matches. It's location also gives you the chance to try out all the bars, clubs and restaurants in and around the city.
At a glance:
You'll share a dorm room with other Sport Lived participants. You'll enjoy good facilities including web access, comfortable communal areas and fully equipped kitchens. By living in a hostel you'll also get to meet travellers from around the world.
NB: Illustrative accommodation pictures.
Situated on New Zealand's picturesque South Island, Christchurch is home to all our programmes in the country and blends all the ingredients for an amazing adventure. Despite being the largest city on the island, Christchurch has a compact centre and laid-back atmosphere. It's packed with green parks, the River Avon meanders right through the centre and you'll find plenty of pubs, clubs and restaurants in which to unwind.
Christchurch is a gateway to all the attractions this part of the world is famous for, including long sandy beaches, ski resorts and world-class vineyards.
As for sport, there's an abundance of heritage here with Super Rugby champions the Canterbury Crusaders being the most successful union team in the country. Not to be overshadowed, Christchurch's hockey and cricket teams also excel.
Top things to do in Christchurch
1. Watch the Canterbury Crusaders
2. Do a jump in Queenstown
3. Visit Hanmer Springs
Sports Club
✓ Membership to a quality sports club in Christchurch
✓ The opportunity to play and train with top New Zealand sports players
✓ Shared centrally located accommodation
✓ Choice between a quality lodge or a serviced apartment
✓ Free internet
Overseas Staff Support
✓ Airport collection upon arrival
✓ Staff support
✓ Transport to the airport for your departure
Trip Essentials
✓ Sport Lived clothing
✓ Information pack upon arrival
✓ Introductory travel pass
✓ Sport Lived New Zealand handbook
Social Events
✓ Regular overseas social events e.g. surfing trips and tickets to great sporting events*
✓ Social events with your sports club
*The social events arranged for our participants are dependent upon the length and time of their programme. Our participants are informed of these social events during their programme.
And finally…
✓ The sports experience of a lifetime!
|4 weeks
|£ 2195
|Book Now
|8 weeks
|£ 3075
|Book Now
|12 weeks
|£ 3955
|Book Now
|16 weeks
|£ 4835
|Book Now
|4 weeks
|£ 2195
|Book Now
|8 weeks
|£ 3075
|Book Now
Please complete the form below to get the detailed scoop on this programme!


text:
Kaye Beach | Oct. 6, 2015
The headlines are scary.
Vaguely worded policies issued by the federal Department of Homeland Security and sensational headlines have allowed misconceptions about the actual consequences of not having a REAL ID to grow.
The very worst possible consequences of not having not having a REAL ID card are actually quite minimal.
To refresh your memory- the REAL ID Act was passed with little to no debate in Congress in 2005 as a rider to a 'must pass' military and disaster relief funding bill. The most controversial portion of the law imposes federal standards upon state driver's licenses and ID documents. And contrary to media reports, the REAL ID Act does require the collection and digital retention of every driver license applicants' biometric facial image. This fact is acknowledged by the National Conference of State Legislatures as well as other policy professionals so you don't have to take my word for it.
The biometric and other personal information is required to be shared among the states and is accessible to the federal government.
The consequences for having a REAL ID are far more disturbing than the consequences for not having a REAL ID which can be summed up like this; Someday, if you do not have a REAL ID compliant driver's license or one of the umpteen acceptable alternatives, the TSA will look you up in their database to make sure that you are really you and you may be subject to a secondary screening which generally means you will be asked to either go through the naked scanner or get a pat down and they will look in your bags. That's about it so why are we being treated to this over the top fright fest?
Because fear is one of the only tools DHS has to get the states to comply
Jim Harper at Cato explains:
Right now, the Department of Homeland Security is sending out emissaries to tell state leaders that their residents might soon feel the TSA's wrath. State motor vehicle bureaucrats and pro-national ID groups are joining them in the effort to herd state leaders over the national ID cliff.
But the threat of TSA enforcement is an empty one. REAL ID "deadlines" have come and gone many times. No state has ever come into compliance with REAL ID. No state will be in compliance in 2016. And the TSA will not begin a program to prevent Americans from traveling by air.
The adoption of the REAL ID standards is (by law) is voluntary for the states. This is not a mandate so implementation can only be accomplished gradually by persuading (or intimidating) the states into compliance. Since the law is so controversial (not to mention convoluted and costly!) states have little incentive to adopt the REAL ID standards.
No one really seems to want a REAL ID — unless they think that the consequences for not having one might be dire.
". . .by requiring Real ID-compliant licenses to board commercial aircraft, the law could put a lot of public pressure on states to issue licenses that meet its standards."
Source: USA Today, Real ID is slowly changing state drivers' licenses, Jan. 22, 2014
Oklahoma has been granted an extension by the Dept. of Homeland Security. An extension means that the state's driver's license and ID cards will be accepted just as if the ID was fully REAL ID compliant.
From the Dept. of Homeland Security, REAL ID Enforcement in Brief:
"Individuals holding driver's licenses or identification cards from these jurisdiction may continue to use them as before."
The jurisdiction referred to are states where their licenses have been "(1) determined to meet the Act's standards; or (2) that have received extensions."
This means that Oklahoma ID's are acceptable for flying, entering specified federal buildings and entering a nuclear facility, 3 of the four "official purposes" that will require a REAL ID. There are FOUR official purposes that require a REAL ID but I have yet to hear the media cover the fourth purpose even once.
The REAL ID final rules require a REAL ID complaint driver's license or ID card for certain specified "official purposes" (defined in Sec 201 of the Act.)
#1 Entering Federal facilities
#2 boarding a Federally-regulated commercial aircraft
#3 Entering a nuclear power plant
#4 Any other purpose established by the Secretary of Homeland Security
(Real ID Final Rules http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-01-29/pdf/08-140.pdf)
The fourth official purpose is what a good friend of mine refers to as the "dictator clause" It means just what it says. The Secretary of Homeland Security can add any other purpose he or she wisher. No congressional review – no nothing. Would it bother you if you were required to present your biometric national ID for say….ammo?
That fourth purpose could come in handy for just about anything that needs to be monitored, rationed or controlled. Ask Oklahoma media to cover THAT!
The DHS will be reviewing the progress of states that have received extensions this month. I predict that Oklahoma will be granted another extension.
On Dec. 29, 2014, the Dept. Of Homeland Security extended the deadline for enforcement upon states that have an extension or are deemed compliant with REAL ID until Oct. 1, 2020. Oklahoma appears to exempt from enforcement until 2020.
In the worst-case-scenario, one where the DHS refuses to grant our state and extension and we become subject to enforcement in order to board a plane "no sooner than 2016," it's still not going to be a big deal for Okies.
Not once has it been publicly asserted by the Department of Homeland Security or the TSA that not having a REAL ID compliant license would ever be a basis for denying a person the ability to board a commercial aircraft or that a U.S. Passport is the only accepted alternative to REAL ID
Clarifying statements have been made by DHS officials though, they just aren't the ones that make the headlines.
For example, Darrell Williams, former Senior Director, Office of State Issued ID Support, Department of Homeland Security, testified before a Congressional subcommittee that there are a variety of identification alternatives to a REAL ID and that not having a REAL ID compliant license will not prevent a person from boarding a plane. He went on to say to say that even individuals with NO FORM OF ID at all can still be permitted to fly.
Mr. Williams as the former Director of the REAL ID program for the Department of Homeland Security with (which directs the Transportation Security Administration) is very familiar with the policies of both agencies. No publicly available official statement on the matter of REAL ID and boarding a federally regulated commercial aircraft refutes Mr. Williams' testimony.
Here is the TSA's list of preferred ID documents:
• Driver's licenses or other state photo identity cards issued by Department of Motor Vehicles (or equivalent)
• U.S. passport
• U.S. passport card
• DHS trusted traveler cards (Global Entry, NEXUS, SENTRI, FAST)
• U.S. military ID (active duty or retired military and their dependents, and DoD civilians)
• Permanent resident card
• Border crossing card
• DHS-designated enhanced driver's license
• Airline or airport-issued ID (if issued under a TSA-approved security plan)
• Federally recognized, tribal-issued photo ID
• HSPD-12 PIV card
• Foreign government-issued passport
• Canadian provincial driver's license or Indian and Northern Affairs Canada card
• Transportation worker identification credential
Here the TSA goes into a bit more detail regarding its identity verification procedures:
"TSA prefers that passengers use an acceptable ID at the checkpoint and only publishes the acceptable forms of primary ID, such as a driver's license and passport on its website. However, we understand that, due to extenuating circumstances a passenger may not have an acceptable form of ID when attempting to travel on a commercial aircraft. Therefore, TSA has alternate means to verify identity in order to allow a passenger to travel and may rely on a variety of government-issued documents, commercial databases, and other agencies to verify passenger identity. The alternative means to establish identity are not published on the website in part because TSA prefers that passengers use acceptable ID.
The TSA website informs passengers that, if they do not have acceptable ID, they can alternatively provide additional information and undergo additional screening in order to be cleared. Specifically, the website informs the public that: "If you are willing to provide additional information, we have other ways to confirm your identity, like using publicly available databases, so you can reach your flight."
(TSA response to congressional inquiry Aug. 7, 2014
No one is going to have to get a passport or be barred from flying due to the REAL ID Act.
This press released today by the Oklahoma Senate certainly sounds dire.
Can you imagine if people were unable to enter the Social Security office? What if you were asked to appear in Federal Court and you don't have a REAL ID? What would happen?
Apparently nothing.
REAL ID Act of 2005 Implementation: An Interagency Security Committee Guide
Aug 2015, Interagency Security Committee
"…there is no requirement to produce a REAL ID Act compliant ID to enter a Federal facility for accessing health or life preserving services (including hospitals and health clinics), law enforcement (including participating in law enforcement proceedings or investigations), participating in constitutionally protected activities (including a defendant's or spectator's access to court proceedings, access by jurors or potential jurors), voting or registering to vote, or applying for or receiving Federal benefits…"
According to the Department of Homeland Security–
REAL ID does NOT apply to the following:
• Entering Federal facilities that do not require a person to present identification
• Voting or registering to vote
• Applying for or receiving Federal benefits
• Being licensed by a state to drive
• Accessing Health or life preserving services (including hospitals and health clinics), law enforcement, or constitutionally protected activities (including a defendant's access to court proceedings)
• Participating in law enforcement proceedings or investigations
There is too much fear, uncertainty and doubt being pumped out by the media and state officials for me to address in just one post so expect more posts soon. Until then – don't let them scare you!