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Kink is OKAY PDF
The revised DSM is helping to change the way society view kinky people.
The DSM-5 Says Kink is OK!
The DSM-5 Says Kink is OK!
The American Psychiatric Association has depathologized kinky sex – including cross-dressing, fetishes, and BDSM – in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Now the paraphilias are considered to be "unusual sexual interests," while those who have sex with children or people who haven't consented, or who deliberately cause harm to themselves or others, may be diagnosed with a Paraphilic Disorder.
"The APA has made it clear that being kinky is not a mental disorder," says Susan Wright, Spokesperson for NCSF. "That means people no longer have to fear being diagnosed as mentally ill just because they belong to a BDSM group. We've already seen the impact – NCSF immediately saw a sharp rise in the success rate of child custody cases for kinky parents after the proposed DSM-5 criteria was released three years ago."
NCSF would like to thank everyone who participated in signing our DSM Revision Petition and for telling the APA about their own stories of discrimination and persecution. NCSF also thanks every member of the APA Paraphilias Subworkgroup for responding to our concerns, and drawing a hard line between consensual adult kinky sex and those who willfully engage in nonconsensual or harmful activities.
NCSF is proud to build on the work of kink-aware professionals who have come before us, including Race Bannon and Guy Baldwin, who helped make seminal changes in the DSM-IV in 1994.
The following are some statements about the various paraphilias in the DSM-5. Although highly clinical in language, they show the APA's intent to not demand treatment for healthy consenting adult sexual expression:
"A paraphilia is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for having a paraphilic disorder, and a paraphilia by itself does not necessarily justify or require clinical intervention." p. 686
"In contrast, if they declare no distress, exemplified by anxiety, obsessions, guilt or shame, about these paraphilic impulses, and are not hampered by them in pursuing other personal goals, they could be ascertained as having masochistic sexual interest but should not be diagnosed with a sexual masochism disorder." p. 694
"Many individuals who self-identify as fetishist practitioners do not necessarily report clinical impairment in association with their fetish-associated behaviors. Such individuals could be considered as having a fetish but not fetishistic disorder." p. 701
"Clinical assessment of distress or impairment, like clinical assessment of transvestic sexual arousal, is usually dependent on the individual's self-report." p. 703
To support NCSF, go to www.ncsfreedom.org. NCSF relies entirely on your donations to advance the rights of consenting adults and to do advocacy like our DSM Revision Project. Please donate now!
Normal or Not? A Sexual Attraction to Objects
The DSM-5 marks this transition by attaching the term "disorder" when an unusual sexual interest crosses these boundaries. So, hypothetically, someone who simply uses shoes to masturbate or whose partner accepts his unusual interest in shoes could be diagnosed with fetishism, but not a fetishistic disorder — unless the fetish crosses the threshold in one of the ways described above.
Whips, chains and full of life: BDSM practitioners 'healthier and less neurotic' than 'vanilla' peers
Along the same lines, Wismeijer also suggested that accepting one's unusual sexual preferences and choosing to live in a societal niche like the BDSM community might involve huge amounts of psychological work, which could translate into positive mental health.
Fighting For Your Rights
The law is interpreted – sometimes to our favor, and sometimes not.
The NCSF believes that sexual behavior between consenting adults that does not result in serious physical injury should be legal. However there are those that have a differing opinion and will intentionally interpret the law in an unfavorable way. That's why it's extremely important to have an understanding of the laws that may affect us.
Kinky Is Not A Diagnosis PDF
CONSENT and BDSM: The State of the Law
BDSM activity, even where clearly consensual, can be and frequently is prosecuted under state criminal laws dealing with assault, aggravated assault, sexual assault or sexual abuse. Such criminal prosecution can arise in various circumstances, including:
- The BDSM "scene" turns out to be more intense or painful or harmful than the submissive participant anticipated, and she or he goes to the police.
- Injury is caused that is sufficiently serious or sufficiently visible that it is brought to the attention of the police by an observer, by hospital personnel or by a friend or relative of the submissive participant.
- The police raid a BDSM event and observe conduct that they interpret as unlawful.
- A BDSM relationship ends, leaving the submissive partner with bad feelings, and he or she complains to the police about assault or abuse.
- Someone with a grudge against a participant in the BDSM scene or relationship makes a complaint to the police.
- Or pictures, videos, emails, film or sound recordings of BDSM conduct somehow come into the hands of the police.
The Critical Issue: Consent
The nature of the criminal offense here is that one person causes physical harm—injury and/or intense pain—to another person. It is important to understand that the law sees this as causing harm, not engaging in mutually beneficial conduct. This means that the law treats BDSM as violence, not as sex. That explains why the issue of consent is different in BDSM cases than in rape cases. In a rape case, the sex act is not viewed as criminal unless it can be shown that one party did not consent. In a BDSM case, however, the causing of physical harm is, in and of itself, criminal. The question is whether and to what extent the law will allow such criminal conduct to be excused by the fact that the injured participant consented to have harm done to her or him.
As long as courts and lawmakers put BDSM practice in the same category as criminal assault—which is a view that the "Consent Counts" campaign will try to change—it is not surprising that they will be reluctant to allow consent as a defense to anything more than minor harm or injury. And sure enough, that is the pattern shown by the court cases, even where a court is interpreting a statute that seems on its face to allow consent to be a defense in any case where there is "serious" injury. Moreover, the courts' reluctance to allow consent as a defense is undoubtedly influenced by the general public's misunderstanding of and adverse reaction to BDSM as a "perverse" or even "immoral" practice.
The State Statutes—Consent as a Defense
The definitions of assault, abuse and other such crimes involving infliction of physical harm, as well as the provisions (if any) dealing with consent as a defense to such criminal charges, are matters of individual states' laws. There is no federal law in this area. The laws vary from state to state, and many state laws on assault do not mention consent as a defense.
There are, however, a number of state assault statutes that do provide for consent as a defense. Such statutes invariably place limits on the consent defense, both in terms of the degree of harm and in terms of the way in which consent is given and the types of people who cannot legally give their consent. Many such laws closely follow the language of the Model Penal Code's (MPC) section on consent:
§ 2.11. Consent.
(1) In General. The consent of the victim to conduct charged to constitute an offense or to the result thereof is a defense if such consent negatives an element of the offense or precludes the infliction of the harm or evil sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense.
(2) Consent to Bodily Injury. When conduct is charged to constitute an offense because it causes or threatens bodily injury, consent to such conduct or to the infliction of such injury is a defense if:
(a) the bodily injury consented to or threatened by the conduct consented to is not serious; or
(b) the conduct and the injury are reasonably foreseeable hazards of joint participation in a lawful athletic contest or competitive sport or other concerted activity not forbidden by law; or
(c) the consent establishes a justification for the conduct under Article 3 of the Code.
(3) Ineffective Consent. Unless otherwise provided by the Code or by the law defining the offense, assent does not constitute consent if:
(a) it is given by a person who is legally incompetent to authorize the conduct charged to constitute the offense; or
(b) it is given by a person who by reason of youth, mental disease or defect or intoxication is manifestly unable or known by the actor to be unable to make a reasonable judgment as to the nature or harmfulness of the conduct charged to constitute the offense; or
(c) it is given by a person whose improvident consent is sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense; or
(d) it is induced by force, duress or deception of a kind sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense.
Model Penal Code § 2.11
For our purposes the key provision in section 2.11(2)(a), which allows consent as a defense to the infliction of bodily injury where the "injury…consented to is not serious". Thus the question that courts must decide in any given case is what is meant by "serious" injury. And on this point, the MPC offers in Section 210.0 (3) a definition that, if courts would only apply it literally, is quite helpful in the BDSM context:
Section 210.0 Definitions…
3) "serious bodily injury" means bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serous, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.
Read literally, this would allow consent as a defense to most forms of BDSM practices. Breath control and certain other play might be seen by a court as creating "a substantial risk of death". And scarification and some other forms of "extreme" or "heavy" scenes might be found to cause "serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of {a} bodily member or organ." But a literal application of the MPC standard would permit consent as a defense in most assault or abuse prosecutions based on BDSM practices.
The problem is that the courts—not just some courts; all courts—consistently classify as "serious" almost any injury, no matter how slight, and even in some cases interpret the causing of significant pain, even with no physical injury, as "serious injury" to which consent cannot be given.
The Cases—Courts Refuse To Accept Consent as a Defense
To date, there is not a single appellate court decision anywhere in this country that has accepted consent as a defense in an assault or abuse prosecution arising from BDSM conduct. The following overview, from Consent to Harm by Vera Bergelson, 28 PaceLaw Review 683, at p.691, is a good summary of the case law:
Since any harmful act that does not fit into the "athletic" or "medical" exception is, by definition, criminal, unless the inflicted injury is not serious, assessment of the seriousness of the victim's injury determines the outcome of many cases involving consensual harm. A typical penal statute classifies bodily injury as serious if it "creates a substantial risk of death or causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ." Pursuant to this definition, any short-term, non-life-threatening injury should not be deemed "serious." Yet, as the MPC acknowledges, the assessment of the seriousness of harm is often affected by judges' "moral judgments about the iniquity of the conduct." Courts tend to inflate the risk and harmfulness of an activity they want to denounce. For example, any injury caused during a sadomasochistic encounter has been consistently classified as serious.
28 Pace Law Review 683, 691
An early, and typically bad, example of a pure "consent is no defense" ruling is People v Samuels, a 1967 California decision. In that case, Martin Samuels was convicted of assault based on his conduct in a film of an apparently consensual BDSM scene. The court not only rejected the consent defense, but also appeared to hold the view that any such consent would be "some form of mental aberration":
Even if it be assumed that the victim in the 'vertical' film did in fact suffer from some form of mental aberration which compelled him to submit to a beating which was so severe as to constitute an aggravated assault, defendant's conduct in inflicting that beating was no less violative of a penal statute obviously designed to prohibit one human being from severely or mortally injuring another.
People v. Samuels 250 Cal.App.2d 501, 514, 58 Cal.Rptr. 439, 447 (Cal.App. 1967)
The Samuels decision was cited as recently as 2006, in People v Febrissy. In that case, the defendant's lawyer sought to invoke the doctrine enunciated by the Supreme Court in Lawrence v. Texas, which held (in a sodomy prosecution) that, absent a compelling societal interest (and moral disapproval is not such an interest), the government cannot make private consensual sexual activity a crime. That argument was rejected.
An argument based on Lawrence v. Texas was also rejected in the Nebraska case of State v. Van, 268 Neb.814 (2004). Van was convicted of first-degree assault on the basis of an extended imprisonment and extremely intense BDSM/torture of a gay male submissive. The submissive initially consented to practices that were quite intense, but the evidence was in conflict as to whether he later withdrew that consent. On appeal, defendant Van argued that this was a case of "two adults who, with complete and mutual consent, engaged in sexual practices common to their homosexual, BDSM lifestyle" and as such was protected under Lawrence v. Texas.
Rejecting that argument, the court made three points. First, it noted that the Lawrence opinion contained a phrase that its doctrine only applies "absent injury to a person". Second, the court emphasized that the evidence on the issue of consent was not clear-cut. Finally, and most fundamentally, the court held—citing the other decisions discussed in this paper—that consent is not a defense to a charge of assault:
Our statutes defining first and second degree assault include no reference to consent…This court has held that "all attempts to do physical violence which amount to a statutory assault are unlawful and a breach of the peace, and a person cannot consent to an unlawful assault".
In most BDSM assault cases, the testimony of a complaining witness (the injured person) is central to the case, and often there is conflict on the issue of consent between the defendant and the complaining witness. However, even where both participants agree that the acts in question were consensual, the courts have held that consent cannot be a defense. Thus, in Commonwealth v. Appleby, a 1980 Massachusetts case, the court said:
"Grimm's consent to assault and battery upon him by Appleby by means of a dangerous weapon cannot absolve Appleby of the crime…"Commonwealth v. Appleby, 380 Mass.296, 311, 402N.E.2d 1051,1061 (Mass. 1980).
In Iowa v. Collier, there were wildly differing accounts given of a BDSM incident, but the judge refused to let the jury consider the question of consent. The Appellate Court upheld the conviction and ruled that consent was not a defense. Significantly, the Iowa law on assault was in most ways similar to the Model Penal Code.
Provided, that where the person doing any of the above enumerated acts, and such other person, are voluntary participants in a sport, social or other activity, not in itself criminal, and such act is a reasonably foreseeable incident of such sport or activity, and does not create an unreasonable risk of serious injury or breach of the peace, the act shall not be an assault.
The court's moralistic tone in rejecting the consent defense is a good illustration of the type of thinking that seems to underly most judges' handling of BDSM assault cases:
The foregoing discussion compels us to conclude that, in the present case, the legislature did not intend sadomasochistic activity to be a "sport, social or other activity" under section 708.1. We are hesitant to give a precise definition of this term and believe it is more appropriate that its meaning be interpreted on a case by case basis. However, it is obvious to this court that the legislature did not intend the term to include an activity which has been repeatedly disapproved by other jurisdictions and considered to be in conflict with the general moral principles of our society. In fact, the statutory provision in question specifically excludes activities which would "create an unreasonable risk of serious injury." There can be little doubt that the sadomasochistic activities involved in this case expose persons to the very type of injury deemed unacceptable by the legislature. Were we to follow defendant's broad interpretation of "social activity," street fighting, barroom brawls and child molestation could be deemed acceptable social behavior, since such conduct is considered acceptable by some segment of society.
State v. Collier 372 N.W.2d 303, 307 (Iowa App.,1985)
People v. Jovanovic was a New York case involving an intense scene between a man and a woman who had previously engaged in extensive Internet discussion of their BDSM interests. The scene apparently went bad, and the woman went to the police. Mr. Jovanovic was tried and convicted of assault, sexual assault and kidnapping. The Court of Appeals, although it reversed the convictions on evidentiary grounds, very explicitly stated in a footnote that consent, while available as a defense to the charges of kidnapping and sexual assault, was irrelevant to the assault charge:
There is no available defense of consent on a charge of assault under Penal Law §§ 120.00[1] and 120.05[2] (contrast, Penal Law § 120.05[5] [where lack of consent is an element]). Indeed, while a meaningful distinction can be made between an ordinary violent beating and violence in which both parties voluntarily participate for their own sexual gratification, nevertheless, just as a person cannot consent to his or her own murder (see, People v. Duffy, 79 N.Y.2d 611, 584 N.Y.S.2d 739, 595 N.E.2d 814), as a matter of public policy, a person cannot avoid criminal responsibility for an assault that causes injury or carries a risk of serious harm, even if the victim asked for or consented to the act (see, e.g., State v. Brown, 154 N.J.Super. 511, 512, 381 A.2d 1231, 1232; People v. Samuels, 250 Cal.App.2d 501, 513-514, 58 Cal.Rptr. 439, 447, cert. denied, 390 U.S. 1024, 88 S.Ct. 1404, 20 L.Ed.2d 281; Commonwealth v. Appleby, 380 Mass. 296, 402 N.E.2d 1051; Iowa v. Collier, 372 N.W.2d 303).
People v. Jovanovic 263 A.D.2d 182, 198, 700 N.Y.S.2d 156, 169 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.,1999)
It is important to note that the Jovanovic court cited the Samuels, Appleby and Collier decisions, confirming that the prevailing view is that there is a settled precedent, established by a series of decisions in state courts across the country, that consent is no defense to a charge of assault arising from BDSM practices.
A Few Rays of Hope
Despite the consistent refusal of state courts to recognize consent as a defense to BDSM-based assault prosecutions, there are reasons to hope that a long-term, carefully planned Consent Counts campaign can reform this area of the law.
For one thing, the U.S. Supreme Court has created a doctrine of privacy that, at least in some areas of sexual behavior, now insulates consenting couples from criminal prosecution. While the doctrine ofLawrence v. Texas (mentioned earlier in this paper) has not been applied in the BDSM context, the principle of privacy is a powerful one that works in our favor.
The Model Penal Code's quite favorable definition of "serious injury" also has the potential for use in changing the trend of court decisions. At the very least, it gives us the starting point to argue that the consequences of BDSM should be treated no differently from other injury-causing activities.
Finally, while no decision has yet explicitly accepted the defense of consent in a BDSM-based assault prosecution, at least two courts have reversed convictions on evidentiary grounds in ways that suggest that the consent of the "victim" may have played a role in their thinking. Thus, while the Jovanovic footnote states that consent is no defense to assault charges, the court's reversal of the conviction was based on failure to permit the use of evidence of consent, and the court reversed not only the sexual assault and kidnapping convictions (for which absence of consent is an element of the offense), but also the assault conviction.
And, a recent Rhode Island decision, State v. Gaspar, reversed a BDSM assault conviction on evidentiary grounds that related in part to the issue of consent. While the court did not discuss the issue of consent with any specificity, the decision contains the following assessment of the central issue in the case:
The evidence adduced at the trial of this criminal case included testimony concerning a multitude of unconventional sexual practices but ultimately presented only one question for the jury's determination: did the events of the night in question constitute a mutually consensual sexual encounter between two adults or a brutal sexual assault?
State v. Gaspar 982 A.2d 140, 141 (R.I.,2009)
This is, in fact, the core issue we face in the Consent Counts campaign: Can the courts and society be brought to understand what we in the BDSM community know to be the case—namely, that what we do "constitutes a mutually consensual sexual encounter between adults" and is not "a brutal sexual assault"? If we can get that point across, then perhaps we can persuade courts and legislatures that injuries caused by BDSM should be prosecuted only when not consensual or when the injury is so severe (the Model Penal Code definition) that it constitutes an abuse of BDSM practices.
Other Legal Models for BDSM Cases
Prosecutions that grow out of BDSM incidents are generally brought under the assault statutes. This is one of the reasons, perhaps the major reason, that courts rebel against allowing the defense of consent. The essence of the crime of assault is the attack on one person by another. The concept of consenting to such an attack is, to some extent, counter-intuitive.
Some cases arising from BDSM incidents, however, have been prosecuted under the criminal charge of battery. Battery, unlike assault, does not necessarily involve an attack by one person against another. The crime of battery is injurious touching or striking of one person by another. Thus, in battery cases, there is an issue as to the context in which the injurious touching or striking occurred. As the Court of Appeals of Indiana stated in Helton v. State, 624N.E.2d499(1993) at 514, n.22:
Consent is connected with the harm or evil sought to be prevented; therefore, if the victim consents to the defendant's touching, that touching is not rude or insolent and should not be considered unlawful unless it meets one of the exceptions to the general rule.
The exceptions to the general rule (in Indiana) that consent is a defense to battery, and specifically is a defense available in cases "involving sexual overtones", are as follows:
(1) Where the defendant goes beyond acts consented to;
(2) Where it is against public policy to permit the conduct or resulting harm even though it is consented to, as, as where there are no sexual overtones and the battery is a severe one which involves a breach of the public peace, as well as, an invasion of the victim's physical security;
(3) Where consent is ineffective as where it is obtained by fraud or from one lacking legal capacity to consent;
(4) Where a deadly weapon is employed;
(5) Where death results; or,
(6) Where the battery is atrocious or aggravated. [Helton 624 N.E.2d at 514, citing Jaske v. State, 539N.E.2d 14, 18 (Supreme Court Indiana 1989).]
The concept here is that touching or striking, unlike an attack, is not inherently criminal. (Similarly, the conduct underlying the offense of rape - sexual intercourse - is mutually pleasurable conduct when consensual, and becomes criminal only in the absence of consent.) Thus, when that conduct is consensual, even where some injury is caused, it is more palatable to find that such consent prevents the conduct from being a criminal offense.
Our communities certainly do not view BDSM as an attack by one person on another. Rather, we see BDSM as mutually pleasurable conduct, the details of which are negotiated in advance and generally subject to agreed safe words and other protections. If we could persuade courts to adopt that view of BDSM, we might also persuade them that such cases are not appropriately prosecuted as assault, but rather as battery. Thus consent would normally be a defense—as is true in battery cases with "sexual overtones"—subject to the exceptions listed above.
This would not necessarily eliminate the moralistically motivated tendency of courts to seek reasons not to allow consent as a defense, however. In Govan v. State, 913 N.E.2d.237 (Indiana Appeals Court 2009), the defendant (Govan) was convicted of both assault and battery, based on a BDSM incident in which he "punished" the victim (A.H.) by branding her with a hot knife and whipping her with an electrical extension cord. The appellate court rejected Govan's argument that A.H.'s consent was a defense to his conduct. First, it ruled that consent could not be a defense to the assault charge. Second, although the court acknowledged that consent was a valid defense in a battery case having "sexual overtones", it found that the use by Govan of a knife invalidated the defense:
Turning to the case at hand it is undisputed that it involves sexual overtones. Notwithstanding those overtones, A.H.'s consent is not a defense to the crime because Govan's actions involved a deadly weapon,...namely a knife, and therefore A.H.'s consent is not available as a defense to battery. Govan, 913 N.E.2d at 242-243.
In summary, one approach that could increase our communities' access to a consent defense would be to persuade the courts that BDSM incidents should be prosecuted, if at all, under battery statues rather than as assault. Even in battery cases, however, we need to find ways to deal with the moralistic prejudices that lead courts to stretch for reasons to reject consent as a defense.
The DSM Criteria—Changing Psychiatry's View
It is important to note that, in parallel with the Consent Counts project, the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom is working to change the way BDSM is understood by the psychiatric profession whose views influence the attitudes of the public and the courts toward our communities. Until 1994, BDSM was classified in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (the "DSM") as a form of mental illness. With the adoption of DSM IV in 1994, this classification was modified so that today BDSM—along with cross-dressing and fetishism—is a mental illness if it is determined that you are suffering "clinically significant distress—i.e., your BDSM behaviors: 1) are obligatory, 2) result in sexual dysfunction, 3) require participation of non-consenting individuals, 4) lead to legal complications, or 5) interfere in social relationships.
The Association is currently engaged in a new revision, referred to as DSM V. NCSF is actively involved in this process, working to further reduce, if not remove entirely, the stigma attached to BDSM. Importantly, this new revision may result in a distinction between consensual and non-consensual BDSM. This, of course, would be consistent with and would give impetus to our political and social advocacy in the Consent Counts project.
Copyright, NCSF, 2010. NCSF grants permission to reproduce this document, provided it is reproduced in its entirety and distributed free of charge.
DSM Paraphilias Subworkgroup and the NCSF Responses
NCSF was asked by the DSM Paraphilias subworkgroup to respond to their proposed changes to the DSM's consensual paraphilias.
This is our Letter to the Editor of the Archives of Sexual Behavior that was published on July 15, 2010.
Paraphilia Subworkgroup
NCSF Response
|Dr. Blanchard - Transvestic Fetishism
|Transvestic Fetishism
|Dr. Krueger - Sexual Sadism & Masochism
|Sexual Sadism & Masochism
|Dr. Kafka - Fetishism
|Dr. Zucker - Paraphilias
Letter To The Editor - July 15, 2010
NCSF was asked by the DSM Paraphilias subworkgroup to respond to their proposed changes to the DSM's consensual paraphilias. This is our letter to the editor of the Archives of Sexual Behavior that was published on July 15, 2010.
Depathologizing Consensual Sexual Sadism, Sexual Masochism, Transvestic Fetishism, and Fetishism
[Letter to the editor]
Archives of Sexual Behavior
Archives of Sexual Behavior July 16, 2010 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-010-9651-y The final publication is available at www.springerlink.com
Corresponding author:
Susan Wright
National Coalition for Sexual Freedom
410 Guilford Ave, #127
Baltimore, MD 21202
Depathologizing Consensual Sexual Sadism, Sexual Masochism, Transvestic Fetishism, and Fetishism
[Letter to the Editor]
The DSM-V Paraphilias Subworkgroup's suggested revision to differentiate between paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders appears to be a step forward in depathologizing unusual sexual interests. Paraphilia diagnoses are regularly misused in criminal and civil proceedings as an indication that individuals cannot control their behavior; these individuals turn for assistance to the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (NCSF), a national advocacy organization that advances the rights of, and advocates for consenting adults in the BDSM-leather-fetish, swing, and polyamory communities.
One recent child custody case referred to NCSF illustrates the common misunderstanding that legal and social service professionals have with the DSM-IV-TR, and is the first documented reaction to the proposal to differentiate between paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders. The children were removed in July 2009 while psychological evaluations were performed on the mother and the children, which concluded there was no mental illness.[1} However the case worker with the Department of Social Services Children's Division in the Midwestern state where this case occurred sent the following January 21, 2010 letter to the mother's court appointed psychologist: (DSS, 2010):
"With regards to [mother's] alternative lifestyle; can she separate this from her parenting? There has been some questions arise from other team members regarding her sexual sadism. These are as follows:
"We were made aware at the last FST meeting that while all parties involved have seen the information provided regarding [mother's] blog and website, no action has been taken to determine how it affects the children or is factored into the stated case goal of reunification with [mother]. The following information is relevant:
A. Sexual Sadism is considered a form of paraphilia in accordance with the DSM-IV-TR.
B. [Mother] admitted in court on March 9, 2009 that she was a "domme" – slang for a female sexual sadist.
C. Sexual Sadism involves inflicting pain and suffering on another individual in order to achieve sexual arousal." …
"Sexual sadism on the web has the following information: 'The essential feature of sexual sadism is a feeling of sexual excitement resulting from administering pain, suffering or humiliation on another person. In extreme cases, sexual sadism can lead to serious injury or death for the other person. According to the DSM these catastrophic results are more likely when the paraphilia is diagnosed as severe, and when it is associated with antisocial personality disorder.[2} They may experience distressed or impaired functioning because of the sadistic behaviors or fantasies. This distress and impairment may be due to the fact that the partner is not consenting. The diagnosis of sexual sadism is complicated by several factors, beginning with the fact that most persons with the disorder do not voluntarily enter therapy.'"
"[Mother] indicated she gave up this lifestyle in March. However the blog and stories that were found were posted to her website in May. There are concerns that she is still a moderator of the [BDSM] yahoo group. I have attached pages from her website in hopes that you can explore with [mother] her current involvement with this alternative lifestyle."
The CPS letter concludes with the recommendation that: "Even though [mother] is complying with attendance in therapy, we feel the above issues need to be explored and addressed."
At the final permanency hearing in February, 2010 the mother's lawyer submitted to the judge the proposed revisions for the DSM-V to separate the paraphilias from Paraphilic Disorders, resulting in a court determination to re-evaluate her entire case. The judge specifically chastised the Department of Social Services for not being aware of the proposed changes for the DSM-V. Based on the proposed revisions, in March the mother was awarded custody of three of the children, with the father retaining custody of one child in order to take advantage of his health care coverage.
As this example shows, when individuals who practice BDSM are brought to the attention of authorities, they are regularly misdiagnosed with a mental disorder. In 2009, NCSF was asked for help by 132 people regarding child custody/divorce issues directly involving their alternative sexual practices (NCSF, 2009). The year before, a total of 157 individuals contacted NCSF for help with child custody/divorce issues (NCSF, 2008). In total, almost 500 people each year request help from NCSF because of discrimination or persecution due to their alternative sexual practices.
Therefore the implications of "ascertaining a paraphilia" and "diagnosing a paraphilic disorder" are critical to depathologizing consensual paraphilias. I am concerned that if sexual sadism receives its own diagnosis code separate from Sexual Sadism Disorder, social services and legal professions will continue to think that anyone who practices consensual sexual sadism (or sexual masochism, fetishism and transvestic fetishism) therefore has a mental disorder.
The consensual paraphilias should be mentioned as the healthy comparison to a Paraphilic Disorder, much like various sexual behaviors are referred to in the proposed Hypersexual Disorder. Cybersex and masturbation don't have separate diagnosis codes in the DSM, and it is equally erroneous to assign separate codes for the paraphilias when they are not mental disorders or of clinical concern. For the same reason, the consensual paraphilias shouldn't be listed among the V-Codes.
Separating sexual behaviors (paraphilias) from the mental disorders (Paraphilic Disorders) is the first step in depathologizing consensual alternative sex. The second step is defining what exactly constitutes clinically significant distress. NCSF often consults with individuals who suffer distress and impairment in their social and occupational lives (ie. interpersonal difficulties) because their desires conflict with current societal standards. These standards stem in a large part from the DSM itself: pathologizing unusual sexual interests has led to increased discrimination and discouraged individuals from seeking treatment for physical and mental health problems (Wright, 2008).
A distinction must be made in the DSM-V between distress imposed by societal stigma, and distress that is generated internally. As seen in the above referenced child custody case, mental health professionals are not the only ones who consult the DSM. When attorneys, judges, and social workers read the diagnoses in the DSM, they see "distressed or impaired" as the determiner of mental illness. Without a comprehensible definition, they look at the individual who is on trial or in a child custody battle, and that individual certainly appears distressed. They even speculate that if the individual gave up their BDSM practices, then their life wouldn't be in disarray, so clearly they must be suffering a mental disorder because their sexual behaviors are obligatory or "obsessive" (DSS, 2010).
Therefore the current list by which distress and impairment are diagnosed must be rejected: 1) are obligatory, 2) result in sexual dysfunction, 3) require participation of nonconsenting individuals, 4) lead to legal complications, or 5) interfere in social relationships. Legal complications and interpersonal difficulties are common consequences of the stigma and discrimination against BDSM practices. In the Second National Survey of Violence & Discrimination Against Sexual Minorities, a total of 1,146 (37.5%) of the respondents indicated that they had either been discriminated against or had experienced some form of harassment or violence (Wright, 2008). As a result, 60% of the 3,000 respondents are not "out" about their BDSM interests; the stress of being closeted and/or coming out promotes distress and impairment in these individuals, similar to that experienced by homosexuals.
In addition, once a Paraphilic Disorder is diagnosed, can it ever be in remission? If so, what are the mechanisms for determining that? If the distress and impairment are resolved, does the individual go back to the ascertainment category? As of now, once a mental disorder is diagnosed, it appears to apply for the lifetime of the individual.
Finally, it must be made clear that Paraphilic Disorders are extremely rare. In particular, the descriptive text for Sexual Sadism Disorder needs to clearly state that it is limited to forensic populations, and, as Krueger (2009) states, "virtually all of the published papers using DSM criteria for Sexual Sadism have been done on studies of forensic populations." This will help prevent the conflation of those who practice consensual paraphilias with those who have a Paraphilic Disorder.
[1] All names and locations have been removed to protect the identity of those involved.
[2] Bolded in original letter despite there being no evidence the mother has antisocial personality disorder.
Krueger, R.B. (2009). The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Sexual Sadism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, published online 08 December, 2009.
Department of Social Services, Children's Division. January 21, 2010 letter.
National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (2009) (retrieved 5/7/10). 2009 Incident Response Report
[Online]. Available: https://ncsfreedom.org/index.php?option=com_keyword&id=318
National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (2008) (retrieved 5/6/10). 2008 Incident Response Report
[Online]. Available: https://ncsfreedom.org/index.php?option=com_keyword&id=308
Wright, S. (2008) (retrieved 5/6/10). Second National Survey of Violence & Discrimination
Against Sexual Minorities [Online]. Available: https://ncsfreedom.org/images/pdfs/BDSM_Survey/2008_bdsm_survey_analysis_final.pdf
Need to find someone who understands your life choices?
NCSF hosts the largest known resource online for locating a Kink Aware Professional (KAP). Whether you need legal assistance, a CPA for your kink-related business, or just an understanding therapist who won't blame your kink interests for all of your life challenges, the KAP is the place to find them.
Consent Counts—Or Does It?
If you practice BDSM in fully consensual ways, you may still be criminally prosecuted for assault under many laws throughout the U.S. The BDSM-Leather-Fetish communities have focused heavily for years on defining "safe, sane and consensual BDSM practices" for practitioners as well as to help the broader public better understand what it is that we do. It was, after all, only in 1994 that the DSM criteria of the American Psychiatric Association changed their categorization of sadomasochism, paving the path for us to do more effective social, legal and political change. Until 1994, BDSM was defined automatically as a mental illness. Prior to 1994, it was difficult to organize effectively to protect and advance our rights as BDSM practitioners. This categorization and long-term societal view of BDSM as a mental illness resulted in severe consequences for many practitioners over the years—loss of child custody and jobs as well as criminal prosecutions. Fortunately for all of us, NCSF was formed in 1997 to work on these issues and to protect and advance our rights.
Although things have certainly improved for us over the years, we still have significant legal, political and societal issues facing us. The majority of us are not "out of the closet", still fearing the very real threat of being prosecuted or losing our jobs or families. BDSM is still prosecuted criminally as assault, and the legal precedents related to consensual BDSM assault prosecutions are not in our favor. Many of the laws intended to protect victims of domestic violence and rape need to be modified in their application to consensual BDSM activities. The DSM criterion still needs further reform—it is still used against us, and we can still be defined as mentally ill for what it is that we do. And, members of our communities still routinely face ongoing issues of divorce, child custody, job discrimination and even criminal charges.
NCSF has two major national projects aimed at protecting and advancing the rights of the BDSM-Leather-Fetish communities. First, NCSF has taken charge of the "Consent Counts" initiative that was launched in 2006 at a Leather Leadership Roundtable as the single most important national priority of the BDSM-Leather-Fetish communities. Our goal: to decriminalize consensual BDSM throughout the United States by ensuring that consent will be recognized as a defense to criminal charges brought under assault laws and other statutes. The Consent Counts project is a nationwide education and activism program that includes a comprehensive analysis of current laws and court decisions, the development of legal arguments for changing the laws, participating in court cases, and ultimately, through lobbying, education and grass-roots activism, changing state laws and the way the public and the courts view BDSM.
The other important advocacy project is NCSF's work to change the DSM criterion so that consensual BDSM will be categorized, not as a mental pathology, but rather as a normal variant. In this effort, we are coordinating research and advocacy and working with recognized experts in the field.
We need your help and support to be successful. You can make a difference. Get involved. Visit www.ncsfreedom.org.
History of Consent Counts
In 2007, NCSF organized a leather leadership round table at the Creating Change conference to discuss the goals of the BDSM-leather-fetish communities. The number one priority was determined to be the decriminalization of BDSM.
A subsequent town hall meeting at LLC was held to further discuss this goal and to establish an outline for a working plan for this 10-15 year project. This is a community-wide project with participation by national groups as well as activists to help determine the plan to accomplish this goal.
Earlier this year, it was determined that it would be in the best interest of this project for NCSF to take a leadership role. Since NCSF had already established the DSM project as a major area of focus, it made sense to also add the CONSENT COUNTS project as a major focus.


text:
Early double gives Southend win
Two goals inside the opening 20 minutes secured Southend a 2-0 win against Stevenage at Roots Hall.
Last Updated: 16/08/14 7:25pm
Two goals inside the opening 20 minutes secured Southend a 2-0 win against Stevenage at Roots Hall.
The Shrimpers' summer signing Myles Weston bagged his first goal for the club just nine minutes in with a calm finish after Barry Corr had headed down a long clearance from goalkeeper Daniel Bentley.
Corr also made Southend's second goal in the 20th minute when he rolled the ball in to the path of defender Ben Coker who fired a low, right-foot shot in to the bottom right-hand corner of the net from the edge of the penalty.
Stevenage attempted to hit back and were twice denied by Bentley before the break.
The young shot-stopper did superbly well to keep out a close-range effort from Adam Marriott before he rushed off his line to deny Chris Whelpdale when the winger was clean through on goal.
Southend came closest to scoring in the second half with Corr twice having shots saved by Stevenage goalkeeper Sam Beasant.

subset: commoncrawl


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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal
versión On-line ISSN 2078-5135
versión impresa ISSN 0256-9574
SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.101 no.7 Cape Town jul. 2011
Genetic disorders in the Indian community of South Africa
W S WinshipI; P BeightonII
IGCOB, MB ChB, MMed (Paed). Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
IIOMB, MD, PhD, FRCP, FRSSA. Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town
OBJECTIVES: To determine the range of genetic disorders in the Indian population of South Africa, assess relevant historical and demographic factors, and discuss the implications for medical and genetic care.
METHODS: WSW reviewed the archived data pertaining to patients seen in his paediatric practice in Durban during the past 45 years. Likewise, PB reviewed case details of persons encountered since 1972 in Cape Town, at outreach clinics, and in special institutions for the handicapped throughout South Africa. Additional information was accessed through the Cape Genetic Heritage archive.
RESULTS: In addition to the common ubiquitous worldwide genetic disorders, several rare heritable conditions are present in the Indian community of South Africa. These disorders are the consequence of the founder effect and reflect the biological heritage of the early immigrants. Demographic factors (notably endogamy) are also relevant in this respect. As a result of these processes, thalassaemia is by far the most common and important genetic disorder in the Indian population in the country.
CONCLUSION: Awareness of the presence of specific genetic conditions in the Indian community of South Africa is important in the diagnostic process. In turn, diagnostic precision facilitates accurate prognostication and optimal medical and genetic management.
Some genetic disorders are ubiquitous, occurring in every ethnic group and in all geographical regions, while others show considerable ethnic and geographical specificity. In turn, the presence or absence of specific genetic disorders in a particular community has important implications for medical diagnosis, management and genetic counselling.
The genetic disorders present in South Africa were first reviewed in 1976.1 Thereafter, the heritable disorders in individual population groups in this country were recorded. These included the indigenous African population2-4 and Afrikaner,5,6 Greek7 and Jewish communities.8 However, the genetic status of the Indian community in South Africa remains undocumented. The Indian group recently celebrated the 150th anniversary of their arrival in South Africa, and it is fitting that their genetic heritage should now be recorded. To address this hiatus, we analysed and present our personal experience and case records going back more than four decades.
Historical background
In 1860, the British Colonial Governments of India and the then colony of Natal arranged to transport Indian people as indentured labourers to work in the sugar cane plantations which were being developed in Natal. They were provided with food, clothing, accommodation and a small wage. Each was contracted for 5 years with an option to serve a second period of 5 years after which they could choose to be repatriated to India or to remain in Natal and receive a plot of land. The first ship carrying indentured labourers arrived in Durban on 16 November 1860 and, by 1911, when the scheme was stopped, 384 ships had transported 152 184 indentured labourers to Natal, of whom 62% were men, 25% women and 13% children. More than half of those who completed 10 years as indentured labourers chose to remain in Natal and, by 30 June 1886, 20 877 were free and only 895 were indentured.9 These individuals were predominantly Bengali Tamils of the Hindu faith from southern India, who came via Calcutta and Madras (now Kolkata and Chennai).
Muslims from Gujarat in the Punjab arrived in South Africa from 1870 onwards on their own initiative, as did Hindus from the Surath coast in present-day Pakistan. Many of them were entrepreneurs and became shopkeepers in the urban environment. By 1911, when indentured emigration ceased, the Indian population of Natal totalled about 152 000.10
The Indian immigration into Cape Town which commenced in the closing years of the 19th century was succinctly reviewed by Worden et al.:11 'By July 1899 there were 600 Indians in the Cape Peninsula; already in the 1880s Indian corner stores had made their appearance. The Indians were by no means homogeneous: while the majority were Muslims, Pathans from the north-west frontier formed a small minority. Gujarati-speaking Hindus came mainly from Broach and Surat; their number also included Tamils from the Madras Presidency and Bengali-speakers from eastern India.'
There are currently about a million persons of Indian ancestry in South Africa, most of whom are domiciled in Durban, with smaller communities in Johannesburg, Cape Town and other centres. Many persons in these three distinct founder populations have retained their cultural and genetic identity.
Genetic disorders in the Indian community
During the past 50 years, WSW has been involved in paediatrics and medical genetics among the Indian community of Natal. Together with Namitha Chabilal, a genetic nurse practitioner, he has reviewed case records of patients whom they encountered; the diagnoses which were established are listed in Table I.
Outreach genetic clinics and surveys of institutional facilities for persons with various forms of handicap have been undertaken since 1970 in many centres in South Africa by PB. The diagnoses of genetic, cytogenetic and multifactorial disorders in persons of Indian ancestry that were encountered are also in the table. If case details of specific conditions have been published, the relevant references are indicated by numerical superscript.
Genetic conditions in the Indian community that are of special clinical or academic interest are summarised below. For the sake of completeness, cytogenetic and important multifactorial conditions have also been addressed.
Thalassaemia in Natal
The Indian people who came to Natal originated in regions of the Indian subcontinent where malaria was endemic, and many were heterozygous for a thalassaemia trait that protected them from malaria. It is not surprising that thalassaemia is the most common single gene disorder found in their descendents in Natal, where malaria was also endemic during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Currently, there are 12 patients with homozygous beta thalassaemia major and one with heterozygous HbE/beta thalassaemia, all under the age of 13 years, being treated in the Paediatric Haematology Clinic in Durban. In addition, 18 affected individuals older than 14 years attend the adult clinic. They all require blood transfusions every 3 -4 weeks, together with daily oral iron chelation. Several have developed iron overload, and some also have endocrine problems - mostly short stature, delayed puberty and diabetes.
About 40 years ago, a technologist, Ms Uni Anderson, commenced compiling a database of Natal families with the thalassaemia trait. The Department of Haematology at the Inkosi Luthuli Hospital now has between 4 000 and 5 000 gene carriers recorded, the majority of whom have beta thalassaemia. Other haemoglobinopathies, notably HBED, have also been recorded as has G6PD deficiency.
The gap between diagnosis in childhood and marriage in early adulthood results in many heterozygous couples being unaware of the risk of having children with thalassaemia major. To date, no patients have been referred for prenatal screening and counselling, which is available in Durban.
Familial deafness
In 1987, a diagnostic survey was undertaken in the VN Naik School in Durban for profoundly deaf children from the Indian community. Of the 212 deaf scholars, 48% were of Tamil stock, 29% had antecedents in Surath, and 11% were Gujaratis.27
Familial profound hearing loss without any additional manifestations (undifferentiated deafness) that was suggestive of autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked (XL) modes of genetic transmission was recognised. An excess of AR deafness which was present in Gujarati kindreds might reflect the prevalence of parental consanguinity in this group. Molecular investigations could be informative in these forms of familial deafness, but no such studies have been undertaken in the affected families.
Other well-known genetic deafness syndromes which were diagnosed in the deaf scholars include the Waardenburg, Pendred, Treacher Collins and Alport syndromes.
Conductive deafness due to stapedial abnormalities, associated with external ear malformations and congenital facial palsy (Sellars syndrome), is inherited as an AD disorder in a Cape Town family of Indian stock.17 Three generations are affected and the disorder has proved to be penetrant but variable in phenotypic expression. We are not aware of documentation of the disorder elsewhere, and it appears to be a private syndrome.
Multifactorial disorders: diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension
Almost 50 years ago, the pedigree of a very extensive Cape Town Tamil family with diabetes was documented by Jackson.28 There is a high frequency of diabetes mellitus in the Indian community of South Africa as a whole, and the interaction of genetic and environmental factors has been explored.29 Hypercholesterolaemia is also frequent.30,31 Hypertension is common; in 1976, Seedat and Reddy reported finding a family history in 40% of 500 Indian families investigated in Durban.32
Chromosomal disorders
The Fragile X mental disability syndrome has been confirmed cytogenetically in a large Cape Town kindred of predominantly Indian stock; 7 male cousins were severely affected and 4 female cousins were intellectually compromised to a lesser extent.24 By 2010, another generation had been born and diagnostic confirmation by molecular techniques had become a routine procedure. A large affected Indian family in Durban was also identified; the extensive pedigree compiled by Namitha Chabilal was presented with WSW at the 1999 South African Genetic Society Congress.
An innocuous cytogenetic condition in which the Y chromosome is inverted is present in the Gujarati community of South Africa.25 A single origin for this anomaly has been demonstrated.26
A balanced reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 5, 8 and 12 has been identified by WSW and his colleagues in 13 individuals in 3 generations of an extensive Indian family in Natal. In the first generation studied, there were 12 pregnancies of which 3 were aborted spontaneously and 4 offspring died in the neonatal period. Of the survivors, only 1 male had a normal karyotype while 2 males and 2 females had the balanced reciprocal translocation. Thereafter, another 9 members of the family were identified with the reciprocal translocation. Three children with an unbalanced translocation resulting in partial Trisomy 8 and partial Monosomy 12 survived in this family, and all had dysmorphic features and severe intellectual handicap.23
Trisomy 21, 18 and 13 occur as frequently in Indian families in South Africa as in other populations.
Although largely based upon experience in Natal, the genetic disorders outlined here are probably broadly representative of the Indian community in South Africa as a whole. Nevertheless, this community is derived from three distinct populations from different geographical regions of India, each of which brought their ancestral genes to this country. Therefore, we can expect that, as information accumulates, analysis will reveal further discrepancies in the relative frequencies of some of the genetic conditions in these population subgroups.
Common AD genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis (NF) which are sub-lethal and which have a high mutation rate, have a worldwide distribution. X-linked conditions such as haemophilia and Duchenne dystrophy also have a high mutation rate and, as females with the determinant gene are unaffected, transmission of these potentially lethal disorders is unimpeded. The presence of these conditions in each of the Indian communities in South Africa is in accordance with these mechanisms. Likewise, chromosomal disorders are ubiquitous in their geographical and ethnic distribution.
Sickle cell anaemia (AR), thalassaemia (AR) and G6PD deficiency (XL) typically occur in high frequency in malaria-endemic regions, as asymptomatic or mildly affected carriers of a single copy of the determinant gene have a degree of protection against the malarial parasite. The biological advantage of these genes is largely negated by immigration to non-malarial regions. Nevertheless, this genetic heritage is retained and poses threats to the health of homozygous persons who have inherited a copy of the determinant gene from each of their heterozygous parents.
The demography of the Indian communities in South Africa has relevance for their genetic circumstances. Members of large extended families are scattered throughout the country; the diagnosis of an unusual genetic disorder in one individual may have implications for numerous relatives, both close and distant. Endogamy is also important in some communities; close relatives share a proportion of their genes, and the offspring of consanguineous unions are at an increased risk of receiving the same deleterious recessive gene from each of their parents and developing the disorder in question. This risk could be present throughout a large extended family. Common AR conditions such as the aforementioned genetic blood dyscrasias and rare AR disorders such as undifferentiated congenital deafness, osteogenesis imperfecta type III and spinal muscular atrophy, exemplify this situation.
In medical practice, awareness of the presence of a specific genetic disorder in a particular community is an important aspect of the diagnostic process. It is axiomatic that diagnostic precision promotes optimal therapy and appropriate genetic management.
Authorship. The authors have both made substantial contributions to the concept, design and content of the data. They have jointly drafted the article and approved the final version.
Research ethics. This project was approved by the University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty Research Ethics committee (Ref 026/2010).
We gratefully acknowledge the receipt of support from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation. We appreciate the input of our colleagues in Durban - Professor Y K Seedat and Dr Rajendra Thejpal, paediatric haematologist, who kindly supplied information concerning thalassaemia in Natal. PB received support from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation.
1. Beighton P. Genetic disorders in Southern Africa. S Afr Med J 1976;50:1125-1128. [ Links ]
2. Beighton P, Botha MC. Inherited disorders in the black population of Southern Africa: Part I. Historical and demographic background;genetic haematological conditions. S Afr Med J 1986;69:247-249. [ Links ]
3. Beighton P, Botha MC. Inherited disorders in the black population of Southern Africa: Part II. Gene disorders. S Afr Med J 1986;69:293-296. [ Links ]
4. Beighton P, Botha MC. Inherited disorders in the black population of Southern Africa: Part III. Multifactorial, chromosomal and congenital conditions. S Afr Med J 1986;69:375-378. [ Links ]
5. Botha MC, Beighton P. Inherited disorders in the Afrikaner population of Southern Africa. Part I. S Afr Med J 1983;64:609-612. [ Links ]
6. Botha MC, Beighton P. Inherited disorders in the Afrikaner population of Southern Africa. Part II. S Afr Med J 1983;64:664-667. [ Links ]
7. Bonafede RP, Botha MC, Beighton P. Inherited anaemias in the Greek community of Cape Town. J Med Genet 1979;16(3):197-200. [ Links ]
8. Lane AB, Dunn DS, Jenkins T. A genetic profile of the South African Ashkenazi Jewish population. S Afr Med J 1985;68:935-939. [ Links ]
9. Dhupelia-Mesthrie U. From Canefields to Freedom. Goodwood, South Africa: National Book Printers, 2000. [ Links ]
10. Bhana S, Brain JB. Movements of Indians in South Africa 1860-1911. SA Historical Society Conference Papers, 1985. [ Links ]
11. Worden N, van Heyningen E, Bickford-Smith V. The Making of a City. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers, 1998:212-213. [ Links ]
12. Beighton P, Goldblatt J, Wallis G. Genetic disease in South Africa. A molecular approach. S Afr Med J 1987;72:766-769. [ Links ]
13. Wallis CE, Slater CP. Neurofibromatosis in the South African Indian community - further evidence for heterogeneity ? S Afr Med J 1987;72:478-480. [ Links ]
14. Mathew CGP, Thorpe K, Easton DF, et al. Linkage analysis of British and Indian families with Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. J Med Genet 1987;24:524-526. [ Links ]
15. Viljoen D, Ramesar R, Behari D. Beals syndrome: clinical and molecular investigations in a kindred of Indian descent. Clin Genet 1991;39:181-188. [ Links ]
16. Seedat YK. Some observations of renal tubular acidosis - a family study. S Afr Med J 1963;38:600-610. [ Links ]
17. Sellars S, Beighton P. Autosomal dominant inheritance of conductive deafness due to stapedial anomalies, external ear malformations and congenital facial palsy. Clin Genet 1983;23:376-379. [ Links ]
18. Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L, et al. Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59:146-151. [ Links ]
19. Beighton P, Winship I, Behari D. The ocular form of osteogenesis imperfecta: a new autosomal recessive syndrome. Clin Genet 1985;28:69-75. [ Links ]
20. Winship WS, Rubin DL. The Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome in Indian siblings. Clin Genet 1992;42:240-245. [ Links ]
21. Bhigjee AI, Seebaran AR, Petersen EM, Bill PLA. Sialidosis type I:first report in the Indian population. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1991;93(2):115-118. [ Links ]
22. Van der Ploeg AT, Hoefsloot LH, Hoogeveen-Westerveld M, Petersen EM, Reuser JJ. Glycogenosis Type II: Protein and DNA analysis in five South African families from various ethnic origins. Am J Hum Genet 1989;44:787-793. [ Links ]
23. Winship WS, Govender L, Chabilal N, Kavonic S. Complex chromosome rearrangement: a problem of counselling, ethics and responsibility. Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Congress of the South African Society of Human Genetics, 2005. [ Links ]
24. Gardner RJM, Smart RD, Cornell JM, Merckel LM, Beighton P. The fragile X chromosome in a large Indian kindred. Clin Genet 1983;23:311-317. [ Links ]
25. Bernstein R, Wadee A, Rosendorff J, Wessels A, Jenkins T. Inverted Y chromosome polymorphism in the Gujerati Muslim Indian population of South Africa. Hum Genet 1986;74:223-229. [ Links ]
26. Spurdle A, Jenkins T. The inverted Y chromosome polymorphism in the Gujerati Muslim Indian Population of South African has a single origin. Human Heredity 1992;42:330-332. [ Links ]
27. Beighton P, Sellars SL, Goldblatt J, Viljoen DL, Beighton G. Childhood deafness in the Indian population of Natal. S Afr Med J 1987;72:209-211. [ Links ]
28. Jackson WPU, Van Mieghem W, Marine N, Keller P, Edelstein I. Diabetes among the Tamil Indian community in Cape Town: Re-examination after five years. S Afr Med J 1974;48:1839-1843. [ Links ]
29. Conn V, Ramsay M, Jenkins T. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the 5' hypervariable region of the insulin gene in two South African Indian families. S Afr Med J 1987;71:174-178. [ Links ]
30. Langenhoven E, Warnich L, Thiart R, et al. Two novel point mutations causing receptor-negative familial hypercholesterolemia in a South African Indian homozygote. Atherosclerosis 1996;125:111-119. [ Links ]
31. Kotze MJ, Loubser O, Thiart R, et al. CpG hotspot mutations at the LDL receptor locus are a frequent cause of familial hypercholesterolemia among South African Indians. Clin Genet 1997;51:394-398. [ Links ]
32. Seedat YK, Reddy J. The clinical pattern of hypertension in the South African Black population. A study of 1000 patients. Afr J Med Sci 1976;5:1-7. [ Links ]
Accepted 29 November 2010.
Corresponding author: P Beighton (firstname.lastname@example.com)


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Washington, D.C. (December 6, 2011) —Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Vice President Sascha Haverfield-Gross today issued the following statement about user fees for biosimilars:
"PhRMA is pleased that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has announced plans to solicit stakeholder input at an upcoming public meeting about the proposed user fees and performance goals for biosimilars. We endorse a clear, science-based, separately funded regulatory program for biosimilars that is supported by a mix of appropriations dollars and user fees.
"PhRMA has long backed the establishment of an approval pathway for biosimilars that is conducive to the thorough assessment of the safety and efficacy of these medicines. We look forward to participating in the FDA's public meeting and continued work with the agency as it implements a regulatory pathway that ensures the safety, purity, and potency of biosimilar products.
"The performance goals letter published today demonstrates FDA's commitment to a science-driven approach for biosimilars. The letter provides for FDA and sponsor meetings for the substantive review of biosimilar development plans. It also includes a special protocol assessment mechanism for clinical trials intended to establish biosimilarity and/or interchangeability with the innovator biologic product. This provision will help to ensure that clinical trials are designed to thoroughly assess the safety and efficacy of biosimilar medicines, in accordance with the FDA's high regulatory and scientific standards."
Find PhRMA Online:
Website – http://www.phrma.org
Facebook – www.facebook.com/PhRMA
Blog – www.phrma.org/catalyst
Twitter – www.Twitter.com/PhRMA and www.Twitter.com/PhRMApress
YouTube – www.youtube.com/PhRMApress
For information on how innovative medicines save lives, visit: http://www.innovation.org
For information on the Partnership for Prescription Assistance, visit: http://www.pparx.org
For information on ensuring the flow of medicines during public health emergencies, visit http://www.rxresponse.org


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The Recommendations include proposals addressed to the Committee of Ministers for implementation by governments. They are also sometimes addressed to other international organisations. The Resolutions refers to local and/or regional authorities, as well as to their associations.
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Stargazers have been psyched about the possibility of viewing the Camelopardalids May meteor shower, slated to be visible in Southern California between 11 tonight and 1 a.m. Saturday morning — provided the clouds part. But the weather doesn't have to keep you from getting a live look.
Click here for a better view on your mobile device.


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Feeling the heat at Neptune's south pole
Long, hot, summer at -190°C
The south pole isn't where you'd ordinarily think of going for your summer holidays, but that is because you are from Earth, not Neptune.
Thermal images of Neptune's hot south pole.
Neptunians looking to catch a little heat are all heading south, where according to new images from the European Southern Observatory, temperatures are anything up to 10 degrees higher than anywhere else on the planet.
This makes sense when you consider that Neptune's southern hemisphere is currently basking in sunshine, as it has been for the last 40 years. A Neptunian year lasts roughly 165 Earth years, so summer is distinctly longer.
Holidaymakers venturing to Neptune's south pole will also be able to bask in balmy breezes filled with gaseous methane. Elsewhere on the planet the organic molecule is frozen out.
Glenn Orton, lead author of the paper reporting the results. "This solves a long-standing problem of identifying the source of Neptune's high stratospheric methane abundances."
Of course, the situation will change come winter time (about 80 years from now if you're wanting to get in touch with your travel agent). The hotspot will move up to the northern hemisphere and the methane will leak out of the stratosphere there instead.
The new observations have also revealed odd "mid-latitude" hotspots. The researchers suggest these are caused by upwellings of hot gas from the interior of the planet. ®


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I am a very savvy researcher and fairly aware of scams online. I know the Internet is packed with lies, truth, and in-between. So, many times, I verify what I come across. I had read about online romance scams, but felt, surely, I would be able to detect it. That wasgoed partially true, but not before I had sent money to someone I had never met on a popular online romance webpagina. Ter fact, I seldom everzwijn use thesis sites, but te this example, I casually created a profile, not expecting anything to toebijten.
A person called Cinderellabunch contacted mij through the romance webpagina. She wasgoed interested. Wij exchanged a few texts via the online romance webpagina but she quickly desired mij to download a free text app called, WhatsApp. Many use this to talk with, so texting wasgoed much quicker and lighter. So far, it wasgoed very casual conversation and could last hours. Eventually, I asked hier what hier efectivo name wasgoed, she said, Chelsea Boamah, but also used Chelsea Ford for procesal documents. I asked for proof and she send an photo of hier US passport. I pressed hier about the Ford last name, she said it wasgoed after hier father. Knowing about scams, I wasgoed just waiting for a request of money spil a sure sign. None came. Wij texted each other on and off for days about usual things. She sent photos of hier mom and dad. He wasgoed a captain for a cruise line, which I could not verify. She said she had bot living te the UK until moving to Brooklyn, NY, and by age Five, became a US citizen. She went to Morris High there. Hier parents were both deceased now and she wasgoed living ter Rocky Climb on, NC. She told mij that she had bot a prototype and after the death of the man she wasgoed to marry, stopped modeling since 2012. The very first odd thing wasgoed that the cruise line she claimed hier dad worked for wasgoed only based te Australia. How did the UK getraind into this? She said hier mom wasgoed an Australian citizen and wasgoed te Poland when she talent birth to hier. Hier father wasgoed American. I attempted calling hier many times but only spoke to hier a few times.
Chelsea used photos from Nikki Sims and Ann Vishaak to attract with. Both of thesis women are attractive and each has their own websites, both are soft-porn "starlets". Many scammers have stolen thesis photos and created online profiles on dating websites. Ann Vishaak has a thick catalog of photos and movies from spil far back spil 2004 that members to hier webstek have access to, including the scammer. They simply save the pic and movie, edit them, and create a fresh identity with them like Chelsea did. Of course, I did not even know who thesis women were until it wasgoed too late. The scammer might be a man using a stolen passport or ID, or a woman who used Chelsea's passport for a fresh identity online. So, all photos I received were of Ann Vishaak who I thought wasgoed Chelsea. A few were of Nikki Sims, and I did noticed some facial features were different and even confronted Chelsea about this. There wasgoed a plausible excuse always.
The texting continued for a week or so, talking. It wasgoed this frequency that lured mij into what I thought might be positivo. The one thing I wasgoed never asked and is typical when meeting someone is, what did I do for living? She asked if I wasgoed married or divorced, any kids, where I lived, phone number. All standard things any face to face encounter does. Wij exchanged all the standard details. Hookup talk wasgoed actually minimal. After the very first week, I requested a webcam or Skype call to verify whom I wasgoed talking to wasgoed the same spil te the photos. She agreed but wij could never get it done. She avoided using hier email, most likely because I could actually trace the IP address etc. She avoided sending mij an audio talk that can lightly be done with the app used. Yes, I found this odd, but continued. She said she wasgoed looking to marry and have kids within the next five years, she said I wasgoed hier "man" and would never let mij go. She called mij "honey", "zuigeling", to build up my affection and trust. Wasgoed I suspicious, oh yeah, but thought I could control it, waterput the brakes on, if and when money wasgoed requested.
One night she called from a cell phone. I did a switch sides lookup and found out the number wasgoed for Goldirocks Jewelry ter Oceanside, NY, near Brooklyn. The call wasgoed from Florida at Four a.m. The store is wielded by Stuart Leibowitz. The number wasgoed even on their webstek. There wasgoed no message. I asked hier about this and she said she did not know him and that she had used a taxicab driver's phone. I suspect this would have bot for money. Wasgoed Chelsea and Stuart te on the scam? Maybe. I would never know.
Chelsea told mij she would be leaving for Ghana to work with UNICEF for two months. She wasgoed working on project to get donations for a sick orphan at OSU ter Accra who needed a costly operation and to talk about Ebola. I checked with both agencies and both said there wasgoed no Chelsea Boamah listed. So, far, no money wasgoed requested, so I wasgoed certain I could just say no, so I continued with this cloak and dagger much like an investigative reporter. Checking wasgoed effortless, just use email. Soon, Chelsea sent photos of hier te Ghana (actually, Ann Vishaak). She said that the government had provided hier with a free studio apartment, but had to pay for utilities,food, and Internet. Internet wasgoed paid weekly. By now, wij had bot texting a loterijlot for two weeks daily. She would send more intoxicating Ann Weerhaak photos (thesis were natural looking, selfies, office movie) and respectable (not x-rated at all). I continued to feel certain I could reject any request for money. The very first of several, emergency situations arrived. Hier credit card and access to hier canap account wasgoed blocked due to a security risk. She had no more metselspecie. She needed money. She could not get an advance from UNICEF and she wasgoed alone there. I very first said, no. Not my problem. She said the Internet bill wasgoed due and she needed food. She pleaded with mij, played upon my emotions for hier, used the guilt card. Like a warrior, I resisted. Eventually, I did wire hier a puny amount ter USD. I had violated the very first rule: Never send money to another you have not met te person!
This took us into the money phase. This began te the third week of meeting online. There wasgoed not many conversations that did not end with a hint or request for money. Something wasgoed always needed or wrong. She told mij that she desired to get a Gold Tuut license there to be able to buy, sell and uitvoer gold. She dreamed mij to buy a gold detector to find it. Alarms went off loudly now. This wasgoed not going to toebijten involving overheen thousands of dollars. I found out that ter Ghana only Ghanians can get a license. I argued why a gold detector wasgoed a stupid idea. I truly frustrated hier with logical arguments she could not challenge. She would call mij, have mij talk to a "government official" attempting to woo mij to send overheen $2000. Eventually, she talent up. She dreamed to begin hier business exporting gold to my address and when she returned, wij would sell it abroad. Wij're talking about gold kroegen! One caf is valued at $32K. She desired mij to open an equity line of credit at my handelsbank to deposit funds into when gold wasgoed sold. Of course, I did not buy this at all. I smelled scam and danger, but I wished to see how far this "play" would go on.
When Chelsea and hier assistant (wasgoed this Stuart Leibowitz?) realized none of this wasgoed going to toebijten with mij, and I demanded to see ID used to receive wired money, she stated there had bot a large fire that killed several and took all hier belongings. The receipt she did send to get wired money did not vertoning a Chelsea Ford signature, not even remotely. I confronted hier about this, and she just claimed it wasgoed hers. She knew she wasgoed caught ter a lie and proven for it. Hier Ghana health card from NHIS wasgoed fake, again, using a photo of Ann Gifangel. She said she had gone to renew hier passport. The US embassy there said she did not tell the truth, yet, she demonstrated mij hier fresh passport. This time, the photo used wasgoed not Nikki Sims, spil te the very first one, but Ann Weerhaak! Totally different people. The embassy confirmed it wasgoed fake.
By the fourth week, she wasgoed frustrated with mij. She thought I may be playing hier, which I wasgoed, just out of curiosity. She got angry and at times, sounded like a boy talking, when I refused to send money. She would call mij names. All the affectionate words were gone. Money requests were rechtstreeks or prayers using the guilt card. She threatened to cutoff communications. She desired mij to send $500 so she could rent a four bedroom house there. The house wasgoed being sold for $320,000 and she claimed the juut said she could have the house for $400 vanaf year spil a rental. I showcased hier the house on the webstek and told hier it makes no sense. She had no reaction but to want that house. She would always attempt to soften mij up when money wasgoed requested with another nice photo of Ann Gifangel.
Merienda I found out that the photos she had sent were of Ann Gifangel's catalog, I confronted hier hier. That is when she said she used Ann Gifangel spil an schuilnaam, LOL. This scammer wasgoed a voor. Had a reasonable reason for any money request. Very likely wasgoed from Ghana. Maybe she wasgoed a he all along, too many mirrors to know. Hier backstory wasgoed thorough. Believable for the most part. She lived ter Ocala, FL., for awhile with hier last beau for awhile until something happened with him. That something might be a auténtico estate wire fraud bust te 2006 where he wasgoed arrested and owed Chelsea several years of stolen money. She had nothing but bad feelings for hier last bf (after hier fiancГ© had died of cancer).


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Your intestines contain billions of living bacteria-10 times the number of cells in your body-and new research suggests that they may be crucial to our immune systems and, thus, our health. In fact, the immune system is not a specific entity in itself, but an interaction between our cells and the 'foreign' intestinal flora.
"About 75 per cent of the immune cells of the body are localized to the gut, and almost all immune cells in the body are conditioned in the gut," says Professor Stig Bengmark of University College London. This conditioning is done by bacteria, 400 of which could fit on the dot of this "i".
As Professor Fergus Shanahan of the National University of Ireland explains it: "Gut bacteria have a collective metabolic activity equal to a virtual organ within an organ".
In addition, these bacteria play a vital role in 'completing' our genes (see box on the right).
Although these dramatic discoveries about gut flora and the immune system are relatively new, the means by which we can take advantage of them-probiotics-have been around for a century.
First discovered by Nobel prizewinner Elie Metchnikoff in 1907, probiotic yoghurts, drinks and capsules are one of the fastest-growing sectors in food retailing: UK sales are increasing by 40 per cent each year. Most people take them to promote general wellbeing, but now there's evidence that they can help serious bowel disorders, allergies, cancer and even autism.
Immune-system development
The word 'probiotic' means simply 'for life'-in this case, the bacteria that live in our gut. Our intestines are home to around 500 species, some good and some bad. The bad ones such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Clostridium are kept in check by the 'good' bacteria, mainly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. And the experts are only now realizing that the presence or absence of gut bacteria at birth could be the key to a range of health problems in later life.
We are not born with a fully functioning immune system. What it needs is exposure to bacteria-almost entirely from the mother. "The birth process allows the progressive formation of complex intestinal microflora composed of myriad bacteria," says Belgian pediatrician
Dr Jean-Paul Langhendries. "It is used by the young body to initiate its own immune system" (Arch Pediatr, 30 October 2006; epub ahead of print).
So, two things are necessary: natural birth and breastfeeding. Passing down the birth canal exposes the baby to its mother's bacteria. Some of these may be harmful, but that's what the immune system needs, according to the latest theory. Then, as the infant breastfeeds, beneficial lactobacilli from the breastmilk enter the baby's gut to supplant the disease-causing species. This kickstarts the immune system and firmly establishes it-probably for life.
But, modern medicine unwittingly interferes with this process. Infants born by caesarean section or who are not breastfed have a different range of gut bacteria, which can compromise their immune system (Acta Paediatr Suppl, 2003; 91:48-55). Indeed, caesarean-born children have more asthma and food allergies than naturally birthed babies-problems that continue into adulthood (WDDTY vol 17 no 8).


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No blog review this week; Daughter #1 is home from college and we are having some family time!
This Week
At Roots'n'Leaves, Joan writes about some special memories brought up by a Findagrave photo request in "Sentimental Sunday: A Woman Called Nana (Eva Philpott)."
Gale Wall at Digital Cemetery Walk tells about some interesting projects that her connections with local cemetries have brought her way in "On Assignment."
Randy Seaver addresses "The Online Family Trees Conundrum" at Genea-Musings. The problem that won't go away.
This topic is developed from another point of view by Apple at Apple's Tree in "My Abominable Online Tree" and "OBMFM."
Leah at The Internet Genealogist gives the various genealogy subscription services she uses a grade at "Subscription Services Report Card."
Bart Brenner ("GeneaPopPop") of Stardust'n'Roots is back to blogging after recovering from surgery. Welcome back, Bart!
This week I started following these new blogs:
My Family Research Adventures
Call Me Shell
Angie's Roots Are Showing
Hanging from the Family Tree


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capabilities through 8 A. Voltage ranges are available from 200 V
to 600 V. This line features devices with guaranteed gate control
in Quadrants II and IV as well as control in the commonly used
Quadrants I and III. Four-quadrant control devices require
sensitive gate triacs. They can be controlled by digital circuitry
where positive-only or negative-only pulses must control AC
current in both directions through the device. Note that triacs with
low I
The sensitive gate triac is a bidirectional AC switch and is gate
controlled for either polarity of main terminal voltage. It is used
primarily for AC switching and phase control applications such as
motor speed controls, temperature modulation controls, and
lighting controls.
The epoxy TO-92 and TO-220 configurations feature Teccor's
electrically-isolated construction where the case or mounting tab
is internally isolated from the semiconductor chip and lead
attachments. Non-isolated epoxy TO-202 packages are available
as well as TO-251 and surface mount TO-252 (D-Pak). Tape-
and-reel capability and tube packing also are available. See
"Packing Options" section of this catalog.
process prevents migration of contaminants and ensures long-
term device reliability with parameter stability.
Variations of devices covered in this data sheet are available for
custom design applications. Consult factory for more information.
reliability and parameter stability
devices per reel
ambient temperature of +25
of this catalog.
(2) For either polarity of gate voltage V
(4) See Figure E1.4 for i
(9) See Figure E1.8 for t
in the following ways:
and III
tive), using Quadrants II and III with negative gate pulses and
Quadrants I and IV with positive gate pulses
minimum of one magnitude above I


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Our swing gate openers with electronic safety and positive locking provide the safest
and most efficient option for domestic and industrial gates
Need quick, secure vehicle access control, we have automatic and manual boom gate
solutions for your situation.
Read More
Fast opening speeds and safety are fundamental features of all our sliding gate operators.
Read More
European design and manufacture complies with international
standards, we have a door operators for all types of industrial doors
Read More


text: You are hereHome › S.W. and P.A. Durant et al. (x) › photograph (x) › Pamphlet Office, War Information Key Center, University of Toledo Library (x) › Search results List (default) Grid Table Bookmark (1 - 20 of 3,254) Pages1 2 3 4 5 … next › last » Title Vortex generation for control of the air flow along the surface of an airfoil Creator Ng, Terry T. Title Fireless Cook stove (cover only) Date 1917 Title System for concurrent delivery of thermobrachytherapy in the treatment of cancers Creator Parsai, E. Ishamel, Feldmeier, John J. Title Veteran and service members' support & assistance Date 2015-01-01 Creator Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs Title 1980 Management Meeting Date 1980-02-21 Title Liquor bottle Date n. d. Title Soda and mineral water Date n. d. Title Madison Jefferson Corridor Date n. d. Title Letter from Nabisco Date 1953-10-30 Title Manufacturers' Association Date 1888-01-01 Title Zoo Guide Book Date n. d. Title Academic honesty Date 2011-05-01 Creator Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs, Chancellor and Executive Vice President for BioSciences and Health Affairs, Dean College of Medicine Title 1940 Annual Report (League of Women Voters of Toledo) Date 1940 Title Nameplate Date n. d. Title Leo Barlow Letter, February 24, 1953 Date 1953-02-24 Title The University Of Toledo And Civilian Defense Training During WWII Date 2009 Title Libbey Glass sales ad Date 1962-09-26 Title Leo Barlow letter, March 17, 1951 Date 1951-03-17 Title Venting-membrane system to mitigate blast effects Creator Mostaghel, Naser, Gupta, Jiwan D. Title Art Museum Date n. d. Pages1 2 3 4 5 … next › last »


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Area items of interest
Lions Club hears �speakers�
Tom Snivley has been raising puppies for the Leader Dogs for the Blind program, based in Michigan, for more than 10 years. At the September meeting of the Kinston Host Lions Club, Lion Snivley and Koda, a Leader Dog in Training, informed the members of responsibilities of the Puppy Raiser. Snivley will teach Koda basic obedience and take him everywhere he goes during his first year. This acclimates him to any kind of situation he may encounter as a Leader Dog. After the first year, Koda will return to Michigan and train for five months at the facility. If he passes, he will be paired with a Visually Impaired Person and they will go through 28 more days of training together. If that goes well, Koda and his new person will go home together. The VIP will also receive a GPS system to take home. All of this is sponsored by Lions from around the world and incurs no cost to the VIP.
The Kinston Host Lions meet at 6:50 p.m. second and fourth Thursdays at the Folded Napkin. For club information, call 252-523-1019.
Alzheimer�s walk is Saturday
GREENVILLE � The Alzheimer�s North Carolina Greenville Walk is scheduled for Saturday at the Greenville town Common.
Supporting and participating in Alzheimer�s Walks throughout Eastern North Carolina will help the organization continue its mission to focus on North Carolina families dealing with Alzheimer�s and related dementias. All funds raised stay in North Carolina � to help provide programs and services to North Carolina families.
For more information, or to donate to a team, contact 919-832-3732 or AlzNC.org.
Shopping spree starts Friday
The Holiday Shopping Extravaganza is scheduled for 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday at the Community Council for the Arts, 400 N. Queen St., but a preview of the event plus a special twist will start Friday.
Shoppers can get a preview of all the vendors from 6 to 9 p.m. Friday and be on hand for the grand re-opening of The Gift Shop. Light refreshments, beer, wine and soft drinks will be served.
Saturday shoppers can peruse the wares of 38 artists and fine craftsmen, with genres ranging from pottery and handcrafted jewelry, to children�s books, to peanuts and candies and holiday decorations. A $6 lunch of sandwich, soup, chips, dessert and beverage will be available between 11:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m.
Drawings will occur both days, with tickets available at the event and items donated by the vendors. Tickets cost $1 each, six for $5 or 12 for $10. Ticket holders do not need to be present to win.
For more information, contact 252-527-2517 or kinstoncca.com.