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Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering
versión On-line ISSN 2309-8775
versión impresa ISSN 1021-2019
J. S. Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. vol.54 no.2 Midrand ene. 2012
Influence of mica on unconfined compressive strength of a cement-treated weathered granite gravel
M R Mshali; A T Visser
The road construction industry faces a shortage of naturally occurring gravel materials that meet the requirements for base or even at times sub-base quality. This situation is exacerbated in some cases by the occurrence of mica in soils. This is reported to significantly affect the engineering properties of materials, including plasticity index and compacted density. The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of mica on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and volumetric changes of a cement-treated gravel material. Free mica (muscovite) was added in predetermined percentages by mass to neat gravel (G5) and specimens subjected to a series of standard laboratory tests. The results show that UCS of greater than 3 MPa is achievable by stabilising less than 5% mica content gravel material with at least 4% cement. Mica content beyond 10% results in very low UCS, even for cement content greater than 6%.
Key words: mica, muscovite, unconfined compressive strength, cement-treated grave
The road construction industry faces a shortage of naturally occurring gravel materials that meet the requirements for base or even at times sub-base quality. Construction economics, social and environmental factors surrounding sourcing and haulage of suitable materials at times justify the stabilisation of local material with additives such as cement. However, suitability of soil for stabilisation depends on factors such as grading characteristics, chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as conditions under which they occur on site.
Natural gravel materials vary in nature, composition and properties depending on their geological formation and weathering environment. The content of free mica minerals in gravel, particularly muscovite, is reported to significantly affect such engineering properties as plasticity index, compacted density and strength (Tubey & Bulman 1964; Stewart et al 1971; Weinert 1980; Balogun 1984; Gogo 1984 and Clayton et al 2004). This problem has been reported in several countries in Africa, for example Ghana, Nigeria (Gogo 1984; Gidigasu & Mate-korley 1980), Zimbabwe (Mitchell et al 1975), South Africa (Paige-Green & Semmelink 2002) and Malawi (Netterberg et al 2011) where some road projects traverse micaceous soils.
Mica is a phyllosilicate mineral with a common basic crystal structure, platy morphology and perfect basal cleavage (Fleet 2003). Micas are broadly classified as true micas that include minerals such as muscovite and brittle micas that include biotite.
True micas are platy and highly elastic minerals that have been reported to influence the Atterberg limits, density and compactability of road building soils, whereas biotite is known to have less effect on the engineering properties of the soil (Weinert 1980). Micas occur in igneous rocks, such as granite (containing 2% - 5%), sedimentary rocks and certain metamorphic rocks, such as mica schist, gneisses and sandstones (Harvey 1982 and Dapples 1959).
Literature review revealed that a limited number of studies have reported the quantitative effects of mica on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the cemented gravel soils that could assist in contextual assessment and deciding whether to consider stabilising micaceous gravel soils for use in base or sub-base layers or not. Ballantine & Rossouw (1989), TRH 14, TRH13, and DoT (1993) state that if mica can be easily seen, the quantity of mica is likely to cause problems and the soil should preferably not be stabilised. Weinert (1980) suggests that soils containing more than 10% of mica, especially muscovite, should be avoided for use in pavement layers, whereas Mitchell et al (1975) recommend that, where materials are adjudged to be very micaceous, the acceptable plasticity limits should be lowered by 33% besides meeting the strength specifications.
Influence of mica on soil properties
Weinert (1980) notes that mica affects soil properties such as liquid limits, plastic limits, density and compaction ability. Casagrande (1947) points out that micaceous soils have substantially greater liquid limit than a similar soil without the mica. Mitchell et al (1975) also reported that the presence of mica reduces the apparent plasticity as measured in the Atterberg tests, but increases the effective plasticity, making the material weaker and difficult to compact.
In a study on the influence of decomposed mica schist on compaction and strength of major soil groups in Ghana, Gogo (1984) found that the presence of mica at about 13.5% contributed to the relatively low compaction densities and the high sensitivity to moisture changes. Ballantine & Rossouw (1989) state that compaction problems associated with micaceous soils are due to the springy action and high water demand of the mica mineral. Tubey & Webster (1978) concluded from their investigation on the effects of mica on physical properties of china clay sand as a road-making material that the resilience of mica plates reduces the degree of compaction achievable for a given compaction effort by about 0.007 Mg/m3 and 0.12 Mg/m3 per one percent of fine (<0.425 mm) and coarse mica, respectively.
A study of micaceous sandy silts by Tubey & Bulman (1964) showed that the relation between soil strength in terms of CBR and equilibrium moisture content was relatively poor. CBR values of the micaceous soils at the same compaction effort, but from different climatic environments, affected the established correlation between California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and pavement thickness. The soils are noted to be permeable, and their field strength rapidly reduces by entry of water. Gogo (1984) notes that predicting CBR strengths of soil with mica content greater than 13% and at moisture content greater than 15% could be quite difficult.
Clayton et al (2004) carried out experiments on a mixture of sand and mica and demonstrated that the addition of 10% or more of mica by mass leads to suppression of any dilation, high levels of pore pressure during shear, and low un-drained shear strengths. In addition, it was noted that the mica particles significantly prevent close packing of the sand particles, resulting in a drop in void ratio and a decrease in dry density.
SANRAL (2004) recommends that crushed stone base aggregates containing mica, such as granite, mica schist, pegmatite and sandstone, shall not contain more than 2% by mass of free mica, especially muscovite, when assessed by visually separating the particles, or more than 4% by volume when assessed by means of microscopic slides.
Stabilisation of micaceous soils
Cement is recommended for stabilisation of micaceous material in order to improve the material strength, as well as suppress the effects of mica on the plasticity index and compacted density (Mitchell et al 1975; Stewart et al 1971). Cement stabilisation is also reported to reduce swell and increase the soaked CBR strength of the material (Gidigasu & Mate-korley 1980).
Stability of highly micaceous soils is achievable with cement or lime stabilisation. However, Tubey & Bulman (1964) pointed out the need for comprehensive laboratory and field tests in order to relate actual performance of the highly micaceous soils in road construction to the results of laboratory tests. Limited information is available that show a trend relation between occurrence of free mica in percentage by mass of gravel material to strength of the stabilised material. Reports are available (Netterberg et al 2011) that link failure of road and airport pavements to occurrence of mica, but limited information exists that relate percentage by mass of mica cement content and field performance levels.
In view of the above, the objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of mica on the unconfined compressive strength of cement-treated weathered granite gravel material. Other strength-related properties, such as compaction, are also investigated. In addition the effect of mica on the volumetric changes of the cement-treated gravel is investigated.
This study used dry ground muscovite sourced from Phalaborwa mines, G5 weathered granite gravel (potentially problematic with less than 0.5% free mica content) from Midrand quarry, fresh CEM II/B-V 32.5R Portland fly ash cement from Pretoria Portland Cement (PPC) Ltd, and tap water.
UCS is the main criterion for assessing suitability of the treated gravel material for use in base and sub-base layers (TRH 14, 1985). Thus, two variables (mica and cement content) were considered to influence the UCS, and hence the use of a factorial design for the experiment was adopted. Difficulty in establishing reliable percentage of naturally occurring mica content in soils has been reported by several researchers (Tubey & Bulman 1964; Weinert 1980: Gogo 1984). In this regard, controlled addition of a known amount of mica to a regular gravel material was considered in order to eliminate this problem and ensure that variation in mica and cement effects are not overshadowed by other factors.
Free mica was added to G5 gravel material in predetermined percentages of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 15% by mass so that subtle trends in the effects of the mica content on UCS and other properties could be investigated. Figure 1 shows particle size distribution of free mica, neat gravel and the prepared specimens. Based on the ICC (2% after one hour) of the gravel material 2, 4, 6 and 8% cement was added and then each specimen was compacted to 100% Mod AASHTO density. Specimen preparation and testing were conducted in accordance with the standard methods of testing road construction materials (TMH1 1986).
Table 1 shows the Atterberg limits and linear shrinkage for 0, 2 and 5% mica content gravel. Difficulties in determining reliable Atterberg limits for 10% and 15% mixes were noted, and hence not recorded. Similar difficulties in the replication of Atterberg limits results were also reported (Tubey & Bulman, 1964; Ruddock 1967).
The results in Table 1 show that the addition of mica reduces the PI from 7 to NP, and hence confirms cement as an appropriate stabilising agent for all the specimens.
Figure 2 gives selected scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of gravel and mica samples. Gravel particles are noted to be cubical and with rough faces, whereas mica particles are noted to be platy and with very smooth faces. Figure 3 shows an SEM image of a compacted sample with high (15%) mica content and schematic presentation of the gravel particles and mica plates during the compaction process. It is postulated in this figure that the platy mica particles restrain smaller gravel particles from filling the voids in the coarse gravel particle fabric. This could be one of the reasons for the difficulties reported by many in compacting high-mica content gravels.
Stabiliser demand of each micagravel design mix was determined using the modified DoT (Department of Transport) method (Netterberg 2007a & b). Initial consumption of cement (ICC) was averaged as 2% in light of the reasonably constant readings being obtained at pH greater than 12.4.
Maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) were determined as 2 154 kg/m3 and 6.2% respectively. All compaction specimens were prepared using minus 19 mm gravel, with greater gravel particles crushed and mixed in and compacted using Mod AASHTO compaction effort. Figure 4 shows that the addition of 10% mica reduces compacted density by almost 5% from 2 154 kg/m3 to 2 069 kg/m3 and increases OMC from 6.2% to 8.3%. It is interesting to note that the 10% mica gravel has high soaked CBR values at moisture content less than 6.2%.
At optimum moisture content (OMC), neat gravel had a CBR of 60% at 95% Mod AASHTO compaction effort. This confirmed the TRH 14 soil classification of G5 for the neat gravel sample. However, at 100% Mod AASHTO, the material had a CBR of 101%, which is well above the CBR of 58°% for 10°% mica -gravel compacted at the same energy and moisture content. This suggests that the addition of 10% mica to neat gravel results in a drop in soil strength, and by extrapolation this material could probably be G6 quality material at 97% Mod AASHTO density.
Figure 5 shows the relation between dry density and CBR strength of the specimen compacted using Mod AASHTO effort. Indications are that the CBR strength of the 10% mica -gravel decreases with increase in moisture content despite the increase in dry density. As is evident from the SEM, the specimen with more than 10% by mass of free mica particles does not stack in flat face to flat face, but rather randomly crisscross in the voids and between the larger granite soil particles. The flat surfaces of mica plates, together with the crisscrossing packing in the gravel particles fabric, result in increased void ratio and ability of the soil to absorb more water and reduce gravel particle interlocking and friction force at contact points. It is thus important to control moisture content during compaction of micaceous gravel materials.
Volumetric changes
Table 2 gives volume changes of the compacted specimens before and after soaking for four hours of seven-day and 28-day cured specimens.
Figures 6 and 7 show percentage changes in volume before and after soaking the specimens for four hours. The figures show that an increase in mica content at all levels of cement content results in expansive volumetric changes. Specimens with less than 10% mica content and 6% cement content recorded less than 1% volumetric change for seven-day specimens. However, it is interesting to note that specimens containing 15% mica content and 6% cement content or more expanded by more than 1% of the original volume.
With the exception of the 15% mica content, the general observation of the volumetric changes is that there is minimal change in volume of the specimens after soaking for four hours, regardless of the increase in mica and cement content. This implies that, after the initial volume change that occurs soon after extrusion of the specimens, the compacted specimens attain stability against volume change in response to variation in moisture conditions. This may be as a result of cement hardening, binding the soil and mica particles together.
Unconfined compressive strength
Table 3 provides a summary of average UCS results for seven-day and 28-day specimens. Analysis of the variance of the data in the table indicated significant influence of mica and cement content on the UCS values.
Figure 8 presents the relation between mica content and UCS for seven-day specimens at different levels of cement content. The design strength class indicated on the graphs does not in any case classify the treated material, but rather gives an indication in UCS range in which a specific material falls. Figure 8 shows that the addition of 2% mica content results in an increase in strength of 2% cement content specimens by almost 1 MPa before the UCS drastically drops at 5% mica. It is considered that small quantities of mica fill in the void spaces between gravel particles, thereby increasing the dry density. In addition, SEM images show that mica tends to align itself to flatter faces around the larger soil particles, which may suggest that a smooth mica surface provides a plane over which adjoining soil particles slide during compaction, resulting in an increase in density and UCS.
For mica content less than 5%, an increase in mica content results in a minimal low unit rate of reduction in strength of specimens, as evident from the flat plot lines. However, the steep slopes of plot lines for mica content greater than 5% indicate the greater negative effect of mica on UCS. The effects of inherent properties of free mica on the weathered gravel are noticeable at mica content greater than 5%. However, as was shown in Figure 1, it is noted that the addition of free mica changed the particle size distribution of the specimens to some extent, particularly for <2 mm particle size range. Particle size distribution has an effect on the engineering properties of the road building materials. This aspect of material properties was not further investigated in this study, but has been taken into consideration when analysing results from specimens with different amounts of added free mica content. The effect of mica properties, at 10% mica content and above, on the material strength dominates over the binding effect of as high as 8% cement content.
Figure 8 also shows a wide gap between UCS plot lines for 2% and 4% cement content for mica content less than 5%. This implies that 4% cement content gives the best UCS gain, and further addition of cement results in less increase in UCS per unit percentage of cement.
Figure 9 shows UCS plot lines for 28-day specimens. An average of 5.5 MPa was obtained for 4, 6 and 8% cement content, giving an increase of almost 1 MPa over and above the 2% cement content UCS. The flat gradient of plot lines implies that the addition of 2% mica has no effect on 4 - 8% cement-stabilised specimens. However, 2% mica negatively affects the strength of 2% cement content specimens. This indicates that optimum gain in strength is obtained at 4% cement stabilisation of gravel with less than 2% mica content.
Furthermore, Figure 9 shows a drastic drop in UCS of specimens with mica content greater than 2% and stabilised with 4% cement content. It is thus noted that 6% cement content provides constant UCS for as much as 5% mica content gravel. Further increase in free mica content beyond 5% results in a drastic decrease in UCS for all levels of cement content. This gives an indication of serious potential problems in strength that could be associated with soils with greater than 5% free mica content.
Comparing strength plot lines in Figures 8 and 9, it is noted that there is a substantial and steady decrease in strength of the 5% mica content gravel stabilised with 4% cement from 4 MPa for seven-day to 3.4 MPa for 28-day. Without further investigation, it can only be speculated that the cause of the drop in strength could be that at content greater than 5% the properties of the elastic, smooth-faced and flaky mica dominate over the physical properties of the minus 2 mm component of the soil fabric (in-fill) of the original neat granite gravel. This also triggers questions as to the performance and durability of the treated material with time and under traffic loading.
Relation between cement content and UCS
Figure 10 shows the relation of cement content on seven-day UCS for 0, 2, 5, 10 and 15% mica content specimens. UCS results for 2% cement content give an indication of the quality of original micaceous gravel. The low strength achieved at 2% cement for all levels of mica indicates the failure of cement to suppress the effects of mica and improve the strength of the material. This relates well with the results from ICC tests that indicated 2% cement content as the minimum requirement for modification of the material, and not strength gain.
Figure 10 also indicates that at 2% cement and less than 5% free mica content the treated material achieves the C3 design strength, and even C2 for 4% cement content. The addition of more than 4% cement to less than 5% mica content gravel material yields less rate of gain in UCS. The strength gain difference between 5% and 10% free mica specimens, when compared with the difference between 10% and 15% free mica specimens, is an indication that the influence of free mica is pronounced for free mica quantities greater than 10% free mica content. This concurs with most researchers who have cautioned against stabilisation of road building materials with free mica content greater than 10% by mass.
The results confirm that, with gravel with 10% or more of mica, one achieves insignificant gain in UCS, even at a cement content greater than 8%. TRH 14 (1985) recommends that design UCS should be obtained with no more than 5% by mass stabiliser at optimum OMC and specified density in order to guard against the use of unnecessarily high and uneconomic stabiliser content in cemented layers. It follows then that use of cement as the only stabilising agent for the gravel material with greater than 10% free mica content is not a feasible option. Alternatively, further investigation that combines cement stabilisation with other stabilisation could be considered as possible options.
Development of a model
Linear regression analysis is utilised to develop a model based on the seven-day UCS. Coefficients derived from the linear regression showed significant correlation between mica content and cement content and the UCS. Considering the t-statistic results, the following regression model is proposed:
UCS = seven-day unconfined compressive strength in MPa compacted at Mod AASHTO compactive effort at 6.3% moisture content
MC = mica content (percentage by mass) CC = cement content (percentage by mass)
F-test of 97.7 against F critical value of 4.7 obtained from testing for significance of the regression and a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.92 indicate the high confidence that one can place in the model to predict UCS as a function of mica and cement content. This high confidence level in the model is applicable to the weathered granite gravel and laboratory specimens used in this test, and hence one would need to recalibrate the model if it is to be used on materials different to ones used in the study.
Density and UCS relations
It is evident from Figure 11 that increases in mica content result in decrease in compacted dry density and decrease in UCS. It is interesting to note that the specific gravity of mica plates is about 2.8, but this is compromised by the high void ratio in the compacted material and the difficulty to compact the material as mica content increases. At 10% mica content, the 2 and 4% cement content specimens had higher density and lower UCS than the 6 and 8% cement content specimens. This means that UCS at 10% mica content is mostly governed by strength derived from cement-hardening, as opposed to density and interlocking of the compacted material particles. However, indications from Figure 11 are that a combination of increase in density and cement content could give better increase in UCS for a given mica content.
The results and the discussions in this paper are limited to laboratory tests performed on weathered granite gravel and added free mica. From the results, limited to the materials used, the following conclusions are made:
■ Increased mica content results in significant and steady decrease in UCS of the specimens at all levels of cement content. However, less than 2% free mica has no negative effect on the strength of the compacted material.
■ Reasonably high UCS strength (>3 MPa) of less than 5% mica content gravel can be attained with 4% cement content and higher. Mica content greater than 5% results in a drastic decrease in UCS, regardless of the cement content applied.
■ Seven-day UCS greater than 1.5 MPa is obtainable for less than 10% mica -gravel with at least 4% cement content. Thus, it is feasible to stabilise micaceous weathered granite gravels (<10% mica content) to base strength for lightly trafficked roads using between 4 and 6% cement content.
■ Increase in free mica content beyond 10% results in very low UCS even for cement content greater than 6%. The results suggest that stabilising a free mica content gravel of greater than 10% to obtain strengths for sub-base and base layers might not be viable.
■ Increase in mica content up to 15% caused less than 2% volumetric increase. This is a marginal change in volume to warrant concerns regarding density rebound effects. Increase in volume caused by plus 10% mica content overshadows shrinkage usually associated with cement-treated material.
We would like to acknowledge the guidance provided by Dr F Netterberg and Dr P. Paige-Green, and provision of muscovite by Ingwe Mica Industries, cement by Pretoria Portland Cement and gravel by Afrisam. Furthermore, the technical assistance and laboratory facilities provided by the CSIR are acknowledged.
Ballantine, R W & Rossouw, A J 1989 Stabilization of soils. Pretoria: PPC Lime Ltd, pp 25-27, 42-51. [ Links ]
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Dapples, E C 1959. Basic geology for science and engineering. New York: Wiley, pp 52-62. [ Links ]
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Gidigasu, M D & Mate-Korley, E N 1980. Highway geotechnical characterisation of residual micaceous soils over granite. Proceedings, 7th Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Accra, pp 831-844. [ Links ]
Gogo, J O 1984. Compaction and strength characteristics of decomposed mica schist. Proceedings, 8th Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Harare. [ Links ]
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MICHAEL MSHALI obtained a BSc In Civil Engineering at the University of Malawi, and a BSc Honours and MSc (Transportation Engineering) from the University of Pretoria. He worked for Mphizi Consultants in Malawi for nine years. Currently he is Principal Associate at Tshepega Engineering (Centurion, South Africa), working as Senior Design Engineer (Geometries) since 2009. His field of expertise includes road and airport pavement engineering, road geometrics and traffic engineering. This paper is based on research that was a topic of his Master's project report.
ads committee in 2006 for lifelong services rendered.
EMERITUS PROF ALEXVISSER recently retired as the SA Roads Board Professor in Transportation Engineering in the Department of Civi Engineering at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. He holds the degrees BSc (Eng) (Cape Town), MSc (Eng) (Wits), PhD (University of Texas at Austin) and BComm (SA). His fields of research merest are primarily low-volume road deslgr and maintenance, roads for ultra-heavy applications, interlocking block paving, and road management systems. He has performed extensive research on non-traditional stabilisers for improving road materials, and has published extensively and lectured internationally on these topics. Since retiring he has also provided advice on projects around the world. Prof Visser s a Fellow and Past-President of the South African Institution of Civi Engineering (SAICE) and a Fellow of the South African Academy of Engineering. In 1998 he was awarded the SAICE Award for Meritorious Research for his contributions to low-volume road technologies, and in 2004 he received the Chairman's Award from the Transportation Division for contributions to transportation engineering. He was awarded emeritus membership of the US Transportation Research Board for Low-Volume Ro


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Almost like old times for Schumacher
Michael Schumacher refused to tempt fate on Saturday after returning to the front row of the Formula One starting grid for the first time since 2006 and at the same circuit where he took his 91st and last win that year.india Updated: Apr 14, 2012 20:10 IST
Michael Schumacher refused to tempt fate on Saturday after returning to the front row of the Formula One starting grid for the first time since 2006 and at the same circuit where he took his 91st and last win that year.
Asked if he felt he was closing the circle and was capable of picking up where he left off by winning again in China, the seven times world champion smiled: "I'll tell you tomorrow."
The former Ferrari ace, now 43, has not stood on the podium since he ended three years of retirement to come back with Mercedes in 2010.
Since then he has had to put up with critics saying he was over the hill, would never again be a winner, had lost his touch and was in danger of damaging his legacy as the sport's most successful driver of all time.
He has looked rusty at times in the last two years but rarely, if at all, has he shown self-doubt or wavered in the belief that he can return to the top of the podium if given the tools to do the job.
Now Mercedes are coming up with what he needs.
On Saturday, the German was third fastest but moved up to the second slot on the front row alongside compatriot and team mate Nico Rosberg after McLaren's Lewis Hamilton was handed a five place penalty for a gearbox change.
"When you are in difficulties, you know what it means to get out of that. It needs patience and focus and that's what we all had. And now we are taking the fruits from all the work and effort we put in," said Schumacher.
More enthusiastic
The German's contract ends this year but team principal Ross Brawn, who followed him from Benetton to Ferrari and then brought him to Mercedes, set no limits.
"We have been consistent in believing that Michael can continue to produce the results we've all seen in his career," he told reporters. "It was a fact that we've not had a good enough car.
"I think it's great for the team, it's great for him and for Formula One. To see Michael Schumacher up there is a great bonus for Formula One as a sport generally.
"Michael's second period in Formula One is... viewed differently by the public," added the Briton. "They are more enthusiastic to see him do well."
Schumacher was dominant in the early years of the last decade, winning five titles in a row with Ferrari and setting record after record without real rivals in what some dubbed 'Formula Yawn'.
"With the results he had in his first career it became almost automatic," said Brawn, who was Ferrari technical director in that golden age for the Italian glamour team.
"And like any sport when someone is dominating it like Michael was able to, people get used to it and it's not so exciting. But seeing Michael back on the front row is great for him and the sport.
"To have two drivers in there, with Nico, is for us just sensational."
Mercedes have yet to find the race pace to match their obvious speed in qualifying, with only one point from the first two races after struggling to get the tyres to work in a tight performance window.
They have been working hard to resolve that, however, while also seeing off a protest from rivals Lotus over their controversial rear wing. If they can build on Rosberg's pole, Schumacher could be around for some time longer.
"Everything is completely open," said Brawn. "If it feels right for him and it feels right for us, and things are going well, then why would we want to stop? But we've got a long way to go before we get there.
"It won't be a difficult decision I'm sure, but it's far too early to get into speculation about what it's going to be."
First Published: Apr 14, 2012 20:08 IST


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johnmiller on Family Tree Circles
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Looking for MILLER of Gibraltar and Malta
My GGGF, Thomas Bristow MILLER, born in Deptford, London in 1790 and started work as an apprentice shipwright in 1805 in the Naval Dockyard in Gibraltar. He married Matilda CHAPLIN, a resident, in 1813 before moving on to the Malta dockyard after the Napoleonic wars in 1817. He lived there until 1837 before returning with his family to Portsmouth, England.
His son, John George MILLER, my GGF, was a Sailmaker in the East End of London who disappeared in unknown, tragic circumstances, possibly in India in the late 1870s.
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Sincere apologies: I reread my e-mail i should have quoted black not back.
Question: Could you please advise if the new falcon knight contained in the Lego Joust Exclusive set 10223 is a black falcon knight?
Answer: Thanks for getting in touch with us regarding "Kingdoms Joust"
I can confirm that the Falcon Knight is black. Here is a link to the webite where you can have a look at the set in close detail!
No issues or need for a debate just trying to get clarification of a minor set detail.


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|Ryan Heath with University
of Cumbria Vice-Chancellor
Prof Peter Strike
But that same decision made him stand out from the crowd enough to secure his current role, which he describes as "the most fulfilling professional relationship of my life".
The lesson? Be different, be true to yourself, and believe in the power of words to make a difference.
Personal qualities
With a talk entitled 'Leading with Words in a System Stacked Against You', Ryan delivered the second IFLAS public lecture of the spring season.
Speaking to MBA students and other guests, he outlined the personal qualities he believes enable individuals to become agents of change within complex organisations.
The spokesperson for European Commission Vice President Neelie Kroes, Ryan (an Australian) told guests that as an 'outsider' in Europe, four key qualities have allowed him to gain influence and make change:
- Optimism: "If you're a pessimist you probably don't think there are a lot of ways to make the world better."
- Bravery: "You need to be willing to take risks with ideas and risks exploring the edge of your own talent. The obvious practical example is that you have to be willing to lose your job." (Ryan has lost three jobs through speaking his mind, but that ultimately led him to a role where his views were valued).
- Self-trust: "You have to look after yourself, because no one else is going to. And you shouldn't worry about making enemies; if you're not getting some people off side you're not making a difference."
- Being different and proud: "You need to be different in order to get the chance to make a change in a big organisation."
The power of words and the political ends they can be put to
A great speech can transform the world. Ryan points out that orators like John F Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Winston Churchill, or more recently Barack Obama have used the power of words to bring about change.
Ryan understands this power - and so does his boss, Neelie Kroes.
But he points out that many leaders in the corporate sector fail to grasp the importance of being part of a dialogue.
|Ryan Heath speaking at IFLAS
Ryan said: "The quality of public thought from our executive class is very poor indeed. These leaders don't see themselves as corporate citizens who contribute to a democratic atmosphere – they enter the debate to promote or defend numbers or lobby for a particular interest."
When Kroes was European Commissioner for Competition, she confronted the leaders of the finance sector head-on when they failed to join the public discourse on banking following the bail-outs of 2008 and 2009.
She told them: "I am here to listen, not to please. Some banks may be too big to fail, but they are not too big to restructure. Some banks are still in denial. If it takes some tough love to face up to your responsibilities, then that's what I'm prepared to offer. The banking sector is in no position to lecture governments right now and the public is in no mood to listen."
Ryan said: "By holding the dam wall against the banks in 2009 we saved taxpayers billions of Euros and made it possible to create the 'banking union' that has just been written in to law. This could not have happened if Neelie Kroes did not lead with words every day."
|Ryan Heath was introduced
by Dr David Murphy, the
new deputy director of IFLAS
Now Kroes is European Commissioner for Digital Issues, Ryan and his boss encounter similarly blinkered corporate leaders.
Facebook bosses Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg come in for particular criticism for their approach to addressing some of the world's problems.
Ryan said: "The problem is that the answer is always 'more Facebook'."
Bill Gates is an exception among digital leaders, Ryan says, because he is prepared to step away from his immediate context within Microsoft in order to innovate.
And Kroes continues to use the power of words to fight for causes she believes in – such as calling a group of Vodafone executives 'a roomful of thieves' when they complained about plans to ban mobile roaming charges in Europe.
Although Ryan's experiences centre on government, his ideas are relevant to any individual in a large organisation – like the sustainability leaders studying programmes with IFLAS.
Ryan said: "We need to keep power accountable and explain that to its face. Leaders need to talk to people directly and advisers must dare to give honest advice in private so that better decisions can be made in public. If you can contribute to that then you can make a difference in a system stacked against you."
These inspirational ideas also lie at the heart of the IFLAS agenda – as we search for ways to challenge conventional views and find new ways to move towards fairer and more sustainable societies.
- In September IFLAS launches its Postgraduate Certificate in Sustainable Leadership. Find out more about the course at www.cumbria.ac.uk/sustainableleadership


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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more
Iron County news. [volume], January 31, 1891, Image 2
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Kitchen 305 Celebrates Thanksgiving With Endless Holiday Buffet
Executive Chef Chris Wong has planned a Thanksgiving dinner designed for families and friends to enjoy at Kitchen 305. A combination of international gourmet cuisine and American holiday favorites, Wong is serving a hearty, all-you-can-eat Thanksgiving feast for $35 per person. The holiday meal begins with a choice of starters from the cold bar including cranberry and tangerine compote, Sicilian olive salad with artichoke hearts, imported artisanal and domestic cheeses, an assortment of pates and traditional dilled Icelandic gravlax with champagne mustard sauce. Diners will enjoy a carving station of oven-roasted turkey with Gilbert gravy, clove-studded, Smithfield Ham with maple glaze, prime rib with horseradish mouselline and herb roasted salmon topped with grain mustard cream sauce and salmon caviar. Turkey day trimmings include spicy andouille and oyster corn bread stuffing and toffee candied yams with pecan glaze and apple cured bacon and walnuts. An array of confections from apple and pear cobbler with Jack Daniel's sauce, mini fresh fruit tartlets, flourless chocolate cake and old fashioned pumpkin pies promise to satisfy the sweet tooth. Celebrate the holidays with the Kitchen 305 family by calling 305-749-2110 for reservations.


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Survey shows CT teens outpace nation on key issues
Connecticut teens are more likely to be bullied at school, more likely to have tried heroin and more likely to have access to illegal drugs on school property than their peers across the country.
But the same national survey that showed these grim statistics also showed Connecticut high-school students are less likely to drink alcohol before age 13, less likely to have had sexual intercourse and less likely to spend more than three hours a day watching TV or playing video games.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey, given last year to 13,600 high-school students nationwide, included questions on alcohol and drug use, sexual behavior, diet, nutrition and physical activity.
Results for the Connecticut teens taking part correspond roughly to results for their peers nationwide on most survey questions, including the likelihood of getting into a physical fight on school grounds, the frequency and duration of sad or hopeless feelings and the frequency of driving while texting, emailing or drinking.
But in some cases, the CDC considers differences between state and national results statistically significant.
In Connecticut, for instance, 21.9 percent of students said they had been bullied on school property, compared to 19.6 percent of students nationwide.
"The bully data doesn't surprise me at all," Ridgefield psychotherapist Elizabeth Jorgensen said.
"We have a lot of adults who bully and their behavior trickles down, especially in Fairfield County, where there are high-achieving and demanding parents," she said. "When you pressure your child all the time, it is a form of bullying your kid. Then those kids take that behavior to school."
Worse, she said, some parents bully school officials in defending their misbehaving children, which sends the wrong message to the students.
Jorgensen said she sees a link between the results for bullying and those for forced sexual intercourse -- which 9.2 percent of Connecticut teens report suffering, compared to 7.3 percent of U.S. teens.
Forced sex is "an extreme form of bullying," Jorgensen said.
Survey results suggest nearly one-third of teens in Connecticut and the nation felt sad or hopeless nearly every day for two or more weeks in a row, although state students were less likely to seriously consider suicide: 14.5 percent, compared to 17 percent nationwide.
Jorgensen credited that to the state's mental health services, which she thinks could be better still.
"We definitely have more school counselors per student than many other states," she said, "and we are lucky that we have more resources compared to more rural states."
Studies show that highly affluent children have a higher risk of mental illness than their peers from middle-class and working-poor families, she said.
"In general, (middle-class and working-poor parents) spend more time with the children, and so the kids have more environmental supports," Jorgensen said.
The state's higher rate of heroin use among teens -- 3.4 percent, vs. 2.2 percent nationwide -- is linked to the growing abuse of prescription opiates, Jorgensen said, because students who become addicted to these often move on to heroin, which is cheaper.
The heroin figures were no surprise to officials of the Midwestern Connecticut Council of Alcoholism, which is trying to address opiate addiction among young people in the region.
"This opiate use is a national epidemic now and is something to be concerned about," said Terry Budlong, director of Prevention Services for the Midwestern council. "We are trying to catch the national epidemic before it becomes too rooted here."
In the survey, Connecticut teens were found to be less likely than U.S. peers to use alcohol before 13, although use by teenagers generally corresponded with national figures.
But a local report Budlong released Tuesday suggests progress is being made. Fewer students in 2014 reported using alcohol in the past 30 days than in 2010, and a similar decline was evident among those reported attending a party where others drank, or driving away from a party after drinking themselves.
"We have had a concerted effort for the last two years to increase the number of middle- and high-school students we spoke to," Budlong said. "Two years ago, no one was talking about underage drinking, and in the past two years we have addressed every middle- and high-school student in Danbury."
The Midwestern Council used grant money on billboard ads, bus advertisements and a radio public-service announcement on the dangers of underage drinking.
Michelle Catucci, president of the Connecticut School Counselor Association, said the survey offers good information.
"It brings awareness to issues and open conversations," she said, because it alerts counselors to their common problems. "It doesn't have to be a district that is looking at an issue all alone."
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Today's Washington Post contains an article titled, "FDA Considers Revoking Approval of Avastin for Advanced Breast Cancer." An excerpt:
The debate over Avastin, prescribed to about 17,500 women with breast cancer a year, has become entangled in the politically explosive struggle over medical spending and effectiveness that flared during the battle over health-care reform: How should the government balance protecting patients and controlling costs without restricting access to cutting-edge, and often costly, treatments?
A better question is: why should the government be the one to strike that balance? Why shouldn't some women be able to sign up for a health plan that covers Avastin, while others are free to make a different choice?


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At Guy Carpenter, leadership goes deeper than management. Over 2,000 professionals work here. Most of them are the very best in the world in highly specialized fields. We are an organization of innovators: in the transfer of risk, in new forms of capital, in actuarial science and analytics. These are the people that our clients want to see on their business: people who know, people who listen, people who deliver new ways to succeed. Our clients look to us for confidence at crossroads moments, and in three broad areas of enterprise:
Unmatched expertise, global reach, and a profound commitment to client success
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Guy Carpenter is organized to rapidly coalesce expertise around each client's objectives.
Within each of these business units are progressively finer degrees of expertise. Our account executives assemble the best talent in Guy Carpenter's world for each assignment. As a Marsh & McLennan Company, we often help our clients achieve strategic goals beyond the task at hand, drawing on the resources of Oliver Wyman, Mercer, and Marsh.
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When Gov. Rick Scott entered his first legislative session in 2011, he had an ambitious series of goals.
Scott called for moving all new state employees into a 401(k)-style retirement plan. He pushed for $2 billion in tax cuts, including reductions in the corporate income-tax rate. He pressed measures to implement drug testing for people who receive state benefits. The governor even wanted the Legislature to pass a two-year budget.
The newly-minted governor won partial victories on most of those issues, but his wish list has gotten smaller in subsequent sessions. In 2013, Scott focused on two issues -- pay raises for teachers and a sales-tax exemption for manufacturing equipment -- and essentially got what he wanted.
This year, Scott has arguably trimmed things even further in the final legislative session before he faces voters again in November. Aside from a few highlights in his budget, like an increase in education funding, the governor's agenda basically boils down to $500 million worth of tax and fee reductions. And his re-election campaign says the tax cuts and a victory on his spending plans are basically all Scott needs.
"Gov. Scott will spend this legislative session fighting for Florida families, workers, and students," said Greg Blair, a spokesman for the governor's campaign. " ... Gov. Scott is committed to moving Florida forward with a fiscally responsible agenda that cuts spending, pays down another $170 million in state debt, and does not contain a single tax increase."
Republicans say they're inclined to go along.
"The good news is, his agenda is aligned with ours, and vice versa," said House Speaker Will Weatherford, R-Wesley Chapel.
Democrats have a more cynical answer when asked what Scott needs from the session, which begins Tuesday.
"Fifty percent plus 1 in November, and that's what they're working on," said Rep. Mark Pafford, D-West Palm Beach, after GOP lawmakers had few questions for Scott's office at a recent budget hearing.
House Minority Leader Perry Thurston, D-Fort Lauderdale, said issues like the expansion of Medicaid -- a controversial issue last year -- are likely off the table. Such an expansion was projected to bring $51 billion in federal money to Florida over a decade.
"Without a doubt the Republicans are looking for a very smooth session," he said. "We think the last thing they want to address is the $51 billion elephant in the room."
The scaled-back agenda has been accompanied by changes in Scott's approach. During his first session, some observers thought Scott acted like the chief executive officer of a private business, expecting his board of directors to largely follow his lead.
Scott has since worked to bridge gaps with lawmakers, including by appointing former House Majority Leader Carlos Lopez-Cantera, R-Miami, to be his lieutenant governor.
"(Scott) got here, he was a CEO, had that kind of background and mentality," said Sen. John Thrasher, a St. Augustine Republican who also serves as Scott's campaign chairman. "I think he understands that there are probably 160 folks (lawmakers) out here who think they've got just as much understanding of what ought to be done for the state as he does."
The passage of time from a bitter 2010 primary between Scott and then-Attorney General Bill McCollum -- a race in which most of the GOP establishment lined up against Scott -- has also helped.
"I wouldn't call it a hostile takeover," said Senate President Don Gaetz, R-Niceville. "But in business terms, when you step into an organization that didn't really want you, you've got some real challenges."
Not that the 2014 session doesn't contain the possibility of a few land mines. Weatherford and Gaetz have unveiled a more ambitious agenda that includes a pension overhaul similar to the one Scott once proposed and a dramatic expansion of the state's de facto school-voucher program.
Gaetz said in a recent interview that he believed that the House-Senate "Work Plan" could be a boon to the governor -- even if it wasn't designed that way.
"All of that work, I think, is good policy. ... And I believe that good policy becomes good politics," he said.
Others think that what Scott gets or does not get from lawmakers is almost completely beside the point. Rick Wilson, a Republican political consultant not affiliated with Scott's campaign, said Scott's fate will instead hinge on issues like his handling of the state's economy.
"Voters do not make their decisions based on what happens in the Legislature with the governor," he said.
(This is part of a package of stories previewing the 2014 legislative session.)
Senior writer Dara Kam contributed to this report.


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Oct. 1, 2005
The Bisons soccer team lost a tough defensive contest Saturday night, falling 1-0 on the road at Stetson in an Atlantic Sun Conference game.
The game was knotted 0-0 until the 74:05 mark of the second half when Tanner Wolfe fired a shot from 20-yards out that went by Bisons goalkeeper J.D. Murphy. Wolfe leads Stetson in goals with 10 for the season.
Murphy made seven saves for the Bisons. Stetson had 15 shots, nine shots on goal.
The Bisons made 11 shots with six shots on goal. Roland Borys led the Bisons with three shots on goal. Kevin Terry, Josh Cline and Andy Irvine each added a shot on goal for the Bisons.
Jeff Smeraglinolo made five saves on the way to the shutout for Stetson.
The Bisons are 2-5-1 overall, 0-2 in the conference. Stetson is 4-7-0, 2-0 in the A-Sun.


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Event will be held at King�s Restaurant on U.S. 70
The Grainger Hill Performing Arts Center will continue its monthly Mystery Dinner event, �A Dinner to Die For,� with a Friday performance at King�s Restaurant on U.S. 70 East.
The event begins at 6:30 p.m.
The $40 ticket cost per person includes the meal, consisting of roast pork with chutney sauce, string beans, potatoes, spiced apples, assorted desserts, tea and coffee. Wine and beer are extra.
Area actors will present the historical murder mystery, staged during the period of the Civil War and based on facts about the Kinston�s own Sugar Hill. It will be complete with period costumes.
The emcee is Alison Merritt, and the narrator is Wilbur King.
Characters include Anne Johnson, the Madam; Nora Parker, Sugar Hill girl; Thomas Bailey, Sheriff; Bill Taylor, forger; Teresa Sumner, land owner�s wife and principal playwright; Dedra Houston, slave; Lysa Mackey, whiskey woman; Stephen Alford, CSS Neuse sailor; Katie Griffith, whiskey woman�s daughter; and Ann Brinson.
The show is being held monthly at area restaurants.
The Nov. 8 performance (also at 6:30 p.m.) will be at the Kinston Country Club, and a later event (time and ticket price to be announced) is planned at the Chef and the Farmer.
To reserve spaces for this unique event call Barbara Smith (252-521-4513), Alison Merritt (252-560-8515) or check the Grainger Hill Web site at ghpac.com for more information. A portion of the theater events is tax-deductible, since Grainger Hill is a nonprofit organization. Checks may be made payable to Grainger Hill PAC.


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The Big Fellow: Michael Collins and the Irish Revolution
Clonmore & Reynolds, 1937 - Ireland - 192 pages
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LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - ukforever - LibraryThing
A great biography of Collins written less than two decades after his death. O'Conner fought against Collins and the Treaty during the Irish Civil War, but became fascinated by the man later. Contains ... Read full review
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A detailed account of Collins, the type of man he was, what he believed in, and what he did. Not the easiest book to read as it is loaded with dates, names and organisations, but a must read for anyone who claims Collins to be one of their heroes. Read full review
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More than 500 business leaders have called for the "damaging" 50p top rate of tax to be ditched in the budget.
Entrepreneurs from across the country accused the chancellor, George Osborne, of putting "populist politics before sound economics".
They claim the levy is halting the expansion of their businesses and warn the tax has left money-makers in a "very awkward position".
In a letter to the Daily Telegraph, 537 small and medium-sized business owners said: "Given the current state of the UK economy, we urge the Chancellor to urgently consider scrapping the top rate of tax in his forthcoming budget.
"The tax, which is in effect a 58p tax after national insurance is taken into account, puts wealth creators like us in a very awkward position.
"We believe the richest should help the poorest in society. 1% of taxpayers are forecast to contribute nearly 28% of income taxes. But penalising high earners through an unfair, politically-motivated tax puts populist politics before sound economics."
The letter adds: "The result is that the 50p tax is set to reduce government income, and damage the economy, the public services and charitable giving."
Earlier this year David Cameron said he still regarded the rate - introduced by Labour in 2010 - as a temporary measure following reports that the government had accepted would be politically difficult to axe it before the 2015 general election.
Among the signatories is Tony Stein, director at Canterbury Care. He said: "The 50p tax rate is a disincentive to job creation. Times are hard and reducing the resources available to entrepreneurs to reinvest in new business is the wrong outcome for the country."
Andrew Denny, managing director of Fix-a-Form International, said: "I am simply trying to create wealth for me, my kids and my loyal staff. Why are high earners treated like they have committed a crime and should be punished?"
Martin Jones, operations director at Covpress, said: "The 50p tax is unfair and unjustified."
Rachel Reeves, shadow chief secretary to the Treasury, said: "When millions of families and pensioners on middle and low incomes are being squeezed by the VAT rise and cuts to tax credits, cutting taxes only for the richest 1% cannot be the right priority now.
"But these business owners are right to call on the government to take action to stimulate growth and jobs in our economy. That's why Labour is calling on the chancellor to use the almost £1bn unspent from his failed national insurance holiday to give a tax break to all small firms taking on extra workers.
"We also need substantial and fair tax cuts to ease the squeeze on families and pensioners and jump-start our stalled economy, with a temporary VAT cut being the fairest and quickest option."


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Oracle and IBM databases: Disk-based vs In-memory databases
Thursday, December 17, 2009 at 3:43AM
Current disk based RDBMS can run out of steam when processing large data. Can these problems be solved by migrating from a disk based RDBMS to an IMDB? Any limitations? To find out, I tested one of each from the two leading vendors who together hold 70% of the market share - Oracle's 11g and TimesTen 11g, and IBM's DB2 v9.5 and solidDB 6.3.
read more at BigDataMatters.com


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Cash Mob Success hits Kitsap County
Our day started early for a breakfast visit at Jak's Cafe and Espresso where Julie Krucek makes everything in her beautiful cafe from scratch. The family recipes are all gluten free.
She served up many rounds of egg Benedict and delicious artisan creme puffs and really rolled out the hospitality red carpet by singing Happy Birthday to a local Poulsbo resident. Patrons trickled in all day from 10AM-5Pm and enjoyed their visit to the very well known cafe.
Cash Mobbers from Kitsap County couldn't have asked for better weather for National Cash Mob Day. "My sales were up 40% that day- Thanks so much! When can we do it again?" stated Julie Krucek founder of Jak's cafe.
The next awesome location was CJ's Evergreen General Store and Catering where Cynthia Jeffries-Cyr also rolled out the penny candy, Dinner to Go meals from her famous catering department, hot aromatic espresso, ice cream and pies.
Bremerton Cash Mobs were instrumental in inviting local residents, creating the certificates of appreciation and showcasing what locally made products were available for purchase. "We bought some of the Sequim Valley Marion Berry Jelly. I'm in heaven!" stated Robin Henderson founder of Bremerton Cash Mobs.
Cash Mobbers and local business owners celebrated the sunny day and the events success at another locally owned establishment by having a nice meal at Rachel's in Bremerton. Everyone relaxed, socialized and networked with other local business owners and residents that they might not have normally met. It was a very humbling, gratifying and emotional experience for many who attended. Cash Mobbing might be addicting!
"I would like to thank all of you that came by the store for the 1st Bremerton Cash Mob yesterday. I really appreciate all the people that came out. We feel that it was a success. We were so glad to see so many new people and returning customers. We hope to see all of you again. If there is anything that you would like to see us carry, just let us know and we will see what we can do about that. Again, thank you so much. It really was an honor to be one of the first Cash Mob sites. " Cynthia Jeffries-Cyr
For More Information about how to get involved, visit Kitsap County Cash Mobs Enjoy!
Lisa Jachimowicz Poulsbo, Washington
Designs of the Times -What Inspires You?
Design is everywhere. It can be in the food we eat, the art we buy or the Jewelry we wear. The Designs of the Times Blog is about the people, places and things that help us a enjoy the abundance of creativity all around us. Join us as we showcase the rich designs of our surroundings that make up this great area we call home- Kitsap County! We hope to bring inspiration, joy, and creativity to all who read our Blog.


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Denise Bebbington, Ph.D.
Associate Research Professor of International Development and Social Change (IDSC)
Director, Women's and Gender Studies Program (as of January 1, 2012)
Office: WGS Program Office, 4th floor, Jefferson Tower
Phone: (508) 421-3731
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Ph.D. development studies, Institute for Development Policy and Management, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
M.Sc. in development management from The American University
B.A. in history from the University of California, Berkeley
Research Interests and Projects:
Denise Humphreys Bebbington has a long engagement with Latin America having worked as Latin America Coordinator for Global Greengrants Fund, Inter-American Foundation Representative to Peru, and Catholic Relief Services Sub-Director in the South America region and Project Officer in Guatemala.
Her recent research addresses the expansion of extractive industry and infrastructure development in South America, the responses of social-environmental movement organizations and the political ecology of natural resource extraction.
She is currently involved in two collaborative research projects exploring the relationships between socio-environmental conflict, extractive industry, decentralization and sub-national development in the Andean-Amazonian region. More information on this research at the following websites: innovacionesinstitucionales.wordpress.com and www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/andes.
Denise has also been involved in collaborative research project entitled: "Safeguarding Local Equity as Global Values of Ecosystem Services Rise" supported by the Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) Programme (ESPA Programme Framework grant NE/I00341X/1). This project involves an interdisciplinary team of collaborators to develop a conceptual framework that analyzes the links between ecosystem services and sustainable poverty reduction, with a focus on how benefits derived from ecosystem services are distributed among different stakeholders, the factors underlying these processes and their potential impacts. More information on this project can be found at: http://redd-net.org/themes/equity
Recent Publications
Forthcoming Bebbington, A.; Humphreys Bebbington, Denise; Bury, Jeffrey; Hinojosa, L.; and Burneo, M.L. "Anatomies of Conflict: Social Mobilization and New Political Ecologies of the Andes in Subterreanean Struggles: New Dynamics of Mining, Oil and Gas In Latin America. A. Bebbington and J. Bury (eds.) Austin: University of Texas Press.
2012Humphreys Bebbington, D. "Understanding the relationship between extraction, territory, inequality/inequity and conflict in the Bolivian Chaco" Environment, Policy and Science doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.07.027
2012 Humphreys Bebbington, D. "Consultation, Compensation and Conflict: Natural Gas Extraction in Weenhayek Territory" Journal of Latin American Geography.
2012 Humphreys Bebbington, D and Bebbington A. "Post What? Extractive Industries, Narratives of Development and Socio-environmental disputes across the (ostensibly changing) Andean Region" in H. Haarstad, (ed.) New Political Spaces in Latin American Natural Resource Governance. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2012 Humphreys Bebbington, D. "Las tensiones estado-indígenas debido a la expansión de la industria hidrocarburífera en el Chaco boliviano" en Hinojosa, L. (ed.) Gas y Desarrollo: Dinámicas territoriales Rurales en Tarija – Bolivia. CERDET-Fundación Tierra: La Paz.
2011Humphreys Bebbington, D: "State-Indigenous Tensions over Hydrocarbon Development in the Bolivian Chaco" in A. Bebbington Social conflict, Economic Development and Extractive Industries: Evidence from South America, London: Routledge. (Spanish translation in press, Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos)
2010 Bebbington, A. and Humphreys Bebbington, D.: An Andean Avatar: Post neoliberal and liberal strategies for securing the unobtainable. New Political Economy Vol. 16, No. 1.doi: 10.1080/13563461003789803
2010 Humphreys Bebbington, D. and Bebbington, A.: Extracción, territorio e inequidades: El gas en el Chaco boliviano," Umbrales, 20: 127-160. (Reprinted in Ecuador Debate, vol. 79: 83-104: http://www.ecuadordebate.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Ecuador-debate-79.pdf ).
2010 Humphreys Bebbington, D. and Bebbington, A.: Extraction, Territory and Inequalities: Gas in the Bolivian Chaco," Canadian Journal of Development Studies 30, No.1-2: 259-280.
2010 Humphreys Bebbington, D. and Bebbington, A.: Anatomy of a regional conflict: Tarija and resource grievances in Morales' Bolivia," Latin American Perspectives. vol. 37 no. 4 140-160 doi: 10.1177/0094582X10372503
2009 Humphreys Bebbington, D and Catari, Umber. "Los hidrocarburos y los Pueblos Indígenas del Chaco Tarijeño," in Cabildo Abierto, Puno, Peru: SER.
2009 Bebbington, A.; Humphreys Bebbington, D.; Bury, J.: "Federating and defending: water, territory and extraction in the Andes, in Boelens R., D. Getches and A. Guevara Gil (eds), Out of the mainstream The Politics of Water Rights and Identity in the Andes. London: Earthscan.
2009 Bebbington, A.; Humphreys Bebbington, D.: "Actores y ambientalismos: Continuidades y cambios en los conflictos socio-ambientales en el Perú," in J. de Echave, R. Hoetmer and M. Palacios (eds.) Neoliberalismo, minería y las luchas por el territorio: Actores, estrategias y alternativas. Lima: CONACAMI, Programa Democracia y Transformación Global, and Cooperación.
2009 Catari, Umber and Humphreys Bebbington, D.: "Encuentros forzados, diálogos frustrados: La lucha por la salud y el medio ambiente frente a la explotación hidrocarburífera" pp. 128-142 in América Latina: Riqueza privada, pobreza pública. Quito: CIDSE-ALAI.
2008 Bebbington, A.; Humphreys Bebbington, D.; Bury, J., Lingan, J.; Muñoz, J.P.; and Scurrah, M: Mining and social movements: struggles over livelihood and rural territorial development in the Andes. World Development. 36(12): 2888-2905
2008 Bebbington, A.; Hinojosa, L.; Humphreys Bebbington, D.; Burneo, M; and Warnaars, X.: "Contention and ambiguity: Mining and the possibilities of development," Development and Change. 39(6):887-914
2008 Humphreys Bebbington, D. "Letter from Tarija: to the Brink and Back Again. Bolivia Information Forum, No.11: 7-9.
2007 Nuñez, T.; Humphreys Bebbington, D; and Mego, A. ¿IIRSA - otra oportunidad perdida? Punto equilibrio, No. 96: 18-20.
Current Research/Grants:
Co-I, "Conflict and Institutional Construction: Tackling the local and national resource curse in the Andean Region," Ford Foundation, US$185,000 (2011-2012)
Co-I, "Extractive industry, decentralization and development: an Andean comparative study," Ford Foundation, US$200,000 (2012-2013)


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Iman Shumpert is set to return today when the Knicks take on the Detroit Pistons in London, England. Coming off a brutal ACL injury, Shumpert's level of athleticism is unknown. I've seen Adrian Peterson used as an example of how Shumpert could come back at the same level of athleticism, or even better, but there are countless examples of athletes who are never the same after such an injury. Either way, Shumpert's return should provide a much needed boost to the defensively challenged Knicks. A top five defense a year ago, New York has had a plethora of problems on that end of the court this season.
We shouldn't expect Iman Shumpert to come back and be a defensive savior. That is unfair to him as a second year player coming off a devastating injury. Nobody is expecting Shumpert's return to launch the Knicks back into elite defensive prominence. Having said that, Shumpert is definitely an upgrade over a mediocre group of perimeter defenders, even if he's not the athlete he was last season. I'm going to break down the areas in which Shumpert will help the team.
First off, Shumpert is an upgrade over guys like Ronnie Brewer and James White, on both ends of the court. With today's NBA trending towards smaller and smaller lineups, I think Shumpert playing alongside Felton/Prigioni and Jason Kidd in a three guard lineup can work. In that sort of lineup, while he is a very inconsistent shooter, he will be an upgrade over Brewer who has been nothing short of unplayable on offense over the past month. Having Shumpert in the fold also makes playing Carmelo Anthony at the 4 spot much easier for Woodson. Rather than having lineups with both Brewer and White (welp) alongside Anthony, he'll be able to insert Shumpert who can at least give the team a boost on defense. It will be interesting to see what Mike Woodson does once Raymond Felton gets healthy. For the near future, I believe we'll see Shumpert mostly at the 2-guard spot, due to lack of depth at point guard. It is unknown whether Shumpert will start or come off the bench. If I was coaching, I'd probably start Shumpert but bring along his minutes slowly. I'd go with Prigioni-Kidd-Shumpert-Anthony-Chandler. You can play that lineup for the first six minutes of the game, then bring in Novak and JR for Shumpert and Kidd and get into your rotation. It'll be interesting to see what Woodson does. I think any lineup that has Anthony on the floor with two bigs is a mistake, but Woodson has often used the seemingly useless tactic of playing Kurt Thomas for 3 seconds at the start of a game before going to the bench. With Shumpert back in the fold, I see no reason to do that.
From a defensive standpoint, the Knicks really could use Shumpert. They're ranked 16th in the league in defensive efficiency. MySynergySports has them as the 18th best defense in the league in terms of Points Per Possession allowed. Let's look to Synergy to see where the Knicks really struggle on defense.
The Knicks have really struggled defending isolations, where they are 28th ranked defense in the league. You can see on the chart above that Knick opponents are finishing possessions in isolation 12% of the time and they've been pretty successful doing so. Current Knicks perimeter players are struggling in these situations. Jason Kidd is allowing opponents to shoot 44.4% in isolation, allowing 1.05 PPP. Raymond Felton is allowing opponents to shoot 46.4% at 0.97 PPP. Pablo Prigioni's numbers sit at 44% and 0.97 PPP. These are not good numbers. I'm not picking on those guys, as I like all three players, but they've been horrible guarding opposing guards mainly because they aren't good at defense. However, Shumpert returning will allow the Knicks to hide these guys a bit more than they would otherwise. He also defended quite well in isolation last season, holding opponents to just 33.8% shooting for 0.69 PPP.
Shumpert will add to the Knicks already solid spot up defense. His biggest deficiency on defense was when he had to fight over picks. As aggressive an on-ball defender as he is, he was passive in fighting over screens and often switched too easily. The Knicks got away with it because they had better perimeter defenders on last year's team, but Shumpert can't do that with this team. It'll be interesting to see how he plays screens, as the Knicks as a team have continued to switch much easier than they should.
Shumpert's greatest impact on defense will be helping to keep opponents out of the paint. The Knicks are the 4th worst team in opponents shooting % at the rim. As we've seen again and again this season, quick guards have had their way with the Knick defense. I believe this is a bigger problem predicated around bad team defense, but having guards like Felton and Kidd who struggle to keep opponents in front of them doesn't help. Many of these looks for opponents are coming in the pick and roll game where the Knicks defense is ranked 23rd in defensive PPP allowed to ball handlers, also a product of bad team defense. However, Shumpert being attacked in the pick and roll should be more effective for the Knicks than Kidd or Felton.
Offensively, it'll be interesting to see how Shumpert shoots the ball. Recovering from injury all off-season, I doubt he had much of a chance to improve his three point shooting. However, I don't think he's quite as bad at shooting as his numbers last season would indicate. Recall that early last season, thanks to Toney Douglas being historically terrible, Mike D'Antoni had to play Shumpert at point guard. Given how offensively challenged the Knicks were, Shumpert was encouraged to shoot. Alot. He wasn't successful in that role and his shooting percentages really suffered. However, if you look at the last two months of last season, he shot much better than he did early in the season.
If the Knicks can get 34% 3PT shooting from Shumpert, I think they'll be pretty satisfied. He's an offensive upgrade over James White and definitely an upgrade over Brewer. The Knicks 4-out sets should bode well for Shumpert as there will be good space for him to get to the rim, whether it be off the dribble or by cutting.
Don't expect Iman Shumpert to come in and be the savior. The Knicks defensive problems run deeper than what Shumpert coming off injury can fix. But make no mistake, he'll definitely help the Knicks defense. Assuming he's not a completely different player athletically, Shumpert gives the Knicks an elite level perimeter defender that they don't already have. Offensively, I think Shumpert is an upgrade over James White and he's definitely an upgrade over Ronnie Brewer. With Shumpert back, those players won't have to play as big of a role on the team which is good for everybody. I could not be more excited for reshumpification and he'll upgrade the team on both ends of the court, but the expectations for him should be modest.
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In the U.S. and around the world, fans' passion for sports continues to grow. 2013 was no exception—over 33 billion hours of national sports programming were consumed by 255 million people in the U.S., up 27 percent from the 26 billion hours consumed in 2003. From last year's nearly 109 million viewers watching the "Harbowl," the Beyoncé halftime show and the blackout, to over 21.6 million Germans watching the UEFA Champions League final match, sporting events captured fans' attention globally.
And with the addition of Nielsen Audio and Scarborough to Nielsen's portfolio in 2013, our "fanalytics"—what we refer to as the collective intelligence and insights around sports consumers—continues to evolve, helping our clients gain a deeper understanding of the sports fan.


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ICD-10 Code S21.409S
Unspecified open wound of unspecified back wall of thorax with penetration into thoracic cavity, sequela
|Short Description:
|Unsp opn wnd unsp bk wl of thorax w penet thor cavity, sqla
|Long Description:
|Unspecified open wound of unspecified back wall of thorax with penetration into thoracic cavity, sequela
Valid for Submission
ICD-10 S21.409S is a billable code used to specify a medical diagnosis of unspecified open wound of unspecified back wall of thorax with penetration into thoracic cavity, sequela. The code is valid for the year 2019 for the submission of HIPAA-covered transactions.
Code Classification
- Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00–T98)
Information for Medical Professionals
Convert S21.409S to ICD-9
The following crosswalk between ICD-10 to ICD-9 is based based on the General Equivalence Mappings (GEMS) information:
- 906.0 - Lt eff opn wnd head/trnk (Approximate Flag)
Present on Admission (POA)
S21.409S is exempt from POA reporting - The Present on Admission (POA) indicator is used for diagnosis codes included in claims involving inpatient admissions to general acute care hospitals. POA indicators must be reported to CMS on each claim to facilitate the grouping of diagnoses codes into the proper Diagnostic Related Groups (DRG). CMS publishes a listing of specific diagnosis codes that are exempt from the POA reporting requirement.
CMS POA Indicator Options and Definitions
|POA Indicator Code
|POA Reason for Code
|CMS will pay the CC/MCC DRG?
|Diagnosis was present at time of inpatient admission.
|Diagnosis was not present at time of inpatient admission.
|Documentation insufficient to determine if the condition was present at the time of inpatient admission.
|Clinically undetermined - unable to clinically determine whether the condition was present at the time of inpatient admission.
|Unreported/Not used - Exempt from POA reporting.
Information for Patients
Back Injuries
Your back is made of bones, muscles, and other tissues extending from your neck to your pelvis. Back injuries can result from sports injuries, work around the house or in the garden, or a sudden jolt such as a car accident. The lower back is the most common site of back injuries and back pain. Common back injuries include
- Sprains and strains
- Herniated disks
- Fractured vertebrae
These injuries can cause pain and limit your movement. Treatments vary but might include medicines, icing, bed rest, physical therapy, or surgery. You might be able to prevent some back injuries by maintaining a healthy weight, lifting objects with your legs, and using lower-back support when you sit.
- Back pain - returning to work (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Back pain and sports (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Lifting and bending the right way (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Returning to sports after a back injury (Medical Encyclopedia)
[Learn More]
Wounds and Injuries
Also called: Traumatic injuries
An injury is damage to your body. It is a general term that refers to harm caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and more. In the U.S., millions of people injure themselves every year. These injuries range from minor to life-threatening. Injuries can happen at work or play, indoors or outdoors, driving a car, or walking across the street.
Wounds are injuries that break the skin or other body tissues. They include cuts, scrapes, scratches, and punctured skin. They often happen because of an accident, but surgery, sutures, and stitches also cause wounds. Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but it is important to clean them. Serious and infected wounds may require first aid followed by a visit to your doctor. You should also seek attention if the wound is deep, you cannot close it yourself, you cannot stop the bleeding or get the dirt out, or it does not heal.
Other common types of injuries include
- Animal bites
- Bruises
- Burns
- Dislocations
- Electrical injuries
- Fractures
- Sprains and strains
- Bleeding (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Crush injury (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Cuts and puncture wounds (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Electrical injury (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Gunshot wounds -- aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia)
- How wounds heal (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Laceration - sutures or staples - at home (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Lacerations - liquid bandage (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Surgical wound care (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Surgical wound infection - treatment (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Wet to dry dressing changes (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Wound care centers (Medical Encyclopedia)
[Learn More]
ICD-10 Footnotes
General Equivalence Map Definitions
The ICD-10 and ICD-9 GEMs are used to facilitate linking between the diagnosis codes in ICD-9-CM and the new ICD-10-CM code set. The GEMs are the raw material from which providers, health information vendors and payers can derive specific applied mappings to meet their needs.
- Approximate Flag - The approximate flag is on, indicating that the relationship between the code in the source system and the code in the target system is an approximate equivalent.
- No Map Flag - The no map flag indicates that a code in the source system is not linked to any code in the target system.
- Combination Flag - The combination flag indicates that more than one code in the target system is required to satisfy the full equivalent meaning of a code in the source system.


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Gallery: Snake Mountain Cruisers Car Show
BRISTOL — The Snake Mountain Cruisers hosted its ninth annual "Better L8 Than Never" car show Sept. 15 in Bristol.
The group raised $2,600 for Camp Ta-Kum-Ta through a 50/50 raffle, bake sale and sponsor donations. The winner of the raffle also donated the winnings back to the nonprofit, which benefits young people with cancer.
There were around 200 cars registered for the show, said Brian Myers, one of the organizers. More than 500 people attended throughout the day. Trophies were awarded in categories such as Top 30, Best of Show, Muffler Rap Muscle Car, Muffler Rap Tuner, Speculator's Choice, Top Tuner and Host Club Car. There were also prizes for the Piston Toss, in which adult participants attempted to throw a piston into a tire some distance away. Children competed for prizes in a potato sack race, a Hula-hoop contest and a piston toss of their own.
Photos courtesy of Brian Myers/Snake Mountain Cruisers
Created with Admarket's flickrSLiDR.


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Logitech V470 Cordless Laser Mouse
In a lightweight, durable design, the V470 Bluetooth mouse for business professionals integrates laser tracking and side-to-side scrolling plus zoom. Also, manage power better with an On/Off battery switch.
Tags: input device, mouse, logitech
Product Specification
|Wireless Technology
|Bluetooth wireless technology
|Other Features
|Operating System Compatibility


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SportsDirect Inc.
Recap: Purdue 73, William & Mary 66
Purdue 73, William & Mary 66: Terone Johnson scored 16 points and the Boilermakers held on for a hard-fought victory over the visiting Tribe in their final non-conference tuneup.
Purdue (6-6) got a couple of big baskets from Jacob Lawson in the final moments and Johnson scored six in the last five minutes to lead the Boilermakers to their second straight win and a return to the .500 mark.
William & Mary (7-4), which had a four-game winning streak snapped, led 40-39 at halftime on the strength of 60 percent shooting from the field, but the Tribe could not hold off Purdue. A.J. Hammons added 14 points for the Boilermakers while Ronnie Johnson, Terone's younger brother, chipped in 11.
Marcus Thornton scored 21 points to lead four players in double digits for the Tribe. Tim Rusthoven tallied 16 while Kyle Gaillard had 12 and Brandon Britt added 11. William & Mary shot 49.1 percent for the game from the field.
NOTEBOOK: Purdue, which has not been over .500 all year, hosts No. 15 Illinois in its Big Ten opener on Jan. 2...The Boilermakers went 3-0 this year against the CAA with wins over William & Mary, Hofstra, and UNC Wilmington ... Thornton has scored in double figures in 13 straight games dating back to last year and now has five games of 20 or more points this season.


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15 May 2011
Chanel 4 News Covers Kagame-Birrell Twitter Exchange
This evening, Ian Birrell sat down with the UK's Channel 4 News to discuss his thoughts on the exchange he had with Rwanda's President Paul Kagame. The report does a good job of providing a short summary of the exchange and hits on the key points.
You can read the full exchange here.
A View From The Cave by Tom Murphy is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.