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Dar es Salaam. The city is an assault on the senses. Flying into Nyerere International airport, my first glimpse of Tanzania, and indeed of Africa, is incredibly beautiful – mile upon mile of azure ocean clings alluringly to a sandy coastline, clusters of coconut trees spring up from between houses with maroon and blue roofs, and an incredible profusion of blood red hibiscus infuse the entire landscape with color and vibrancy. Quite simply, it is breathtaking. Little wonder then that the city's name translates into 'abode of peace' in Arabic, named so by Arab sailors who arrived here after months on the Indian Ocean to be greeted by pleasant weather (for most of the year!), fertile land, and incredibly hospitable locals.
Mambo from Dar es Salaam! My name is Nabomita and I am fortunate enough to be spending the next few months working at SELFINA (Sero Lease and Finance Ltd.) here in Dar. Dr. Victoria Kisyombe founded SELFINA in 2002 with the goal of providing Tanzanian women, many of whom are excluded from land and asset ownership due to local customs and traditions, with access to micro-credit. Most of SELFINA's customers use their loans to start or infuse fresh capital into small businesses. In an economy where unfortunately even college graduates find it an uphill task to find gainful employment, these loans provide women with the opportunity for self-employment and the ability to support their families.
SELFINA's office is located just off of Old Bagomoyo road, in the Mikocheni B area of the city. The impression that one is left with driving down Old Bagomoyo road, besides the vista of the ocean within walking distance, is of imposing ten feet tall padlocked gates and hired security shielding stately mansions and the people who live in them from the hoi polloi on the street. One could be forgiven for thinking that much of the city's population lives sequestered behind barricades in absolute luxury.
This could not be further from reality. My visit to a client this week took me into the heart of the Vingunguti Miembeni settlement and showed me just how humbly many Tanzanians live. To get to Vinunguti, one must take a dala-dala or local bus down Uhuru road and then walk about a mile to the entrance of the settlement. Our client, Neema Damasi, met us at the entrance and led us through the confusing maze of winding streets that led to her general store. To call these dirt paths 'streets' is misleading. With no concession to modern city planning, the paths slope up and down, and around at random. No more than a foot wide at any point, people walk through them in single file. During the rainy season, the lack of drainage means that the dirt road is flooded with not just mud but also with overflowing sewage and excreta from outdoor latrines. Not surprisingly, the settlement recorded 130 cases of cholera outbreak in 2003 (the last year for which I was able to find credible data). All along the paths and in sudden clearings that one stumbles across, people have built their homes. A vast majority of these are made of wood and have tin roofs, but a few people are fortunate enough to be able to afford concrete. Despite having 14 deep wells dug by the government and other private companies, most of the water is saline and unfit for consumption. Drinking water is supplied by the Water and Sanitation Authority twice a week at midnight. Residents with taps at home are able to store the water in buckets for later consumption, while others must purchase drinking water from vendors. 77% of the population of the settlement earns less than 60,000 Tanzanian Shilling or $52 per month. With almost 69,000 people (2002 census) crammed into an area of 32 hectares (less than 1/10th of a square mile), Vingunguti is one of Africa's urban ghettos. Despite being only fifteen miles inland from Old Bagomoyo road, it is a completely different world in here. Walking into this was an overwhelming and humbling experience, as I'm sure you can imagine. I had seen poverty before but not on this scale, and definitely not this up close and personal.
Our client Neema Damasi rents a small store deep in the heart of Vingunguti from which she runs a grocery business. Earlier this year, she was selling traditional African cloth on the streets for extra income. Prior to that, she ran a tailoring business in 2006. Because up to 53% of Vingunguti's population is informally employed in small businesses and petty trading, it is not uncommon to switch your trade fairly often. If landlords can find someone to pay more rent on your store than you currently do, you can be evicted – contract or not. Neema is actually doing very well when compared to the average resident of her neighborhood. She requested a loan of 300,000 Tanzanian Shilling from SELFINA in January of this year in order to purchase more fabric in wholsesale for her cloth business. When business did not pick up after a couple of months and a store became available inside Vingungiti, Neema sold off her fabric inventory and used this money to pay rent for and stock her grocery store. Her store sells everything from rice and beans to toothpaste and batteries – given the unusually high population density of Vingunguti and the universal applicability of her wares, business is doing well. During the thirty minutes we spent at her store, she made three sales. True, one of them was selling about a big ladle-full of cooking oil to a customer for 10 cents (probably just sufficient to cook that evening's meal and all that the woman could afford), but small sales add up. Neema is now earning about 200,000 Shilling ($172) a month from her business, almost four times what 80% of her neighbors make. Only 7% of Vingunguti's population earns over 100,000 Shilling a month, so she is one of the wealthiest in her area.
Neema's husband runs another grocery store inside Vingunguti and I am hopeful that between them, they earn enough to provide for their three children and the fourth on its way.
I must admit that one of my concerns prior to coming into the field was that I would find that microfinance was not really helping the poorest of the poor, that it was not effectively reaching those who most needed access to credit. Sitting in the comfortable SELFINA office during my first week and observing clients coming in to make monthly payments did not exactly allay my fears – these women did not look desperately poor to me. After visiting Neema and noticing the marked difference between her and her neighbors, I have become much more convinced of the power of small amounts of capital to make a huge difference. I have also had the opportunity to visit other clients and seen how they live – often as many as six people to a single bare room with no electricity and running water. Conversing with them has revealed that most of them wear their best clothes, take two or more dala-dalas, and spend upto three hours commuting to the SELFINA office every month to make their loan repayments. THIS is how desperate they are for credit. In a society where there are not very many opportunities for formal employment, these women must carve out their own paths to a livelihood. For many, Dar es Salaam does not quite live up to the meaning behind its name, but organizations like SELFINA are doing a fantastic job to try and change that.
To support SELFINA and women like Neema Damasi, please click here:
New businesses are constantly being added so please check back frequently!
P.S. – I have attached a picture of Neema Damasi and her grocery store, as well as a picture of an adorable and precocious young Vinunguti resident who posed and pranced like a model, as she demanded that I photograph her.


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Mrs.jcr on 05/15/2011 05:49 PM wrote:
This is great! My kindergarten students will love this!
teresahopson on 07/25/2010 05:20 PM wrote:
Thanks so much for commenting. I think your younger students will enjoy learning the parts of the story this way.
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What a great way to learn and remember the elements of a story! I can't wait to use it in class.
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Here's a little sneak peak to a project I've been working on...
April 26, 2012
4 comments:
She is just a little Ham ! How cute is that smile !ReplyDelete
Your flowers look so pretty - and your girl is growing so fast - she's adorable!ReplyDelete
I used lilacs for my Mother's Day brunch last year, but they have already come and gone in KC this year. I hope you enjoy your first Mother's Day! Emma is beautiful! I can't wait to meet her!ReplyDelete
Lilacs are an all time favorite here and their scent is heavenly! So happy to have found your beautiful site through Kate at Party Resources. I can't wait to read more!ReplyDelete
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Twenty-five years ago, Glendale-born singer-songwriter Sam Phillips left behind her career in Christian music as Leslie Phillips to try her hand in the pop world.
Rechristening herself as Sam, she released "The Indescribable Wow" in 1988. The album lived up to its title, a brilliant synthesis of winning vocals and memorable songs framed in updated 1960s girl-group arrangements that Phillips crafted with help from her then-husband, producer T. Bone Burnett. (They divorced in 2004.)
Her subsequent albums have explored a variety of offbeat byways and mainstream avenues. In between, she found time to record all those "la-la-la" backing snippets for episodes of television's "Gilmore Girls."
"Push Any Button" marks Phillips' return to the kind of infectious tunes that made her transition to secular music such a success in the late 1980s.
"Pretty Time Bomb" has all the hallmarks of Phillips at her best: a percussion-fueled backing track, her distinctive vocals and an infectious chorus. "When I'm Alone" tops it, sounding like a long-lost Brill Building tune with its early 1960s arrangement sporting double-tracked vocals, sprightly orchestral accents and even a few plucked pizzicatos for good measure. It's the album's most irresistible track.
Phillips also excels at more downbeat fare. "See You In Dreams" ladles on heavier orchestration to great dramatic effect, and the delayed vocal harmonies on the chorus add to the song's haunting atmosphere.
"No Time Like Now," the album's most straightforward love song, floats on gentle acoustic backing, highlighted by a resonant electric guitar solo. Its loveliness sounds effortless and completely natural.
The multi-talented Phillips makes the most of her 10 tracks on "Push Any Button," with the album's brief running time — a shade under 30 minutes — leaving the listener wanting more.


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Winter Ball
The last pitch for the World Champions was last month. For a bunch of Phillies minor league players, baseball is still going on.
We have players in the Hawaiian League, Arizona Fall League, Puerto Rican Winter League, Venezuela Winter League, Mexican Winter League and Dominican Republic League. Of all those leagues, please send me to Hawaii to scout!
For many years, finding stats from the winter leagues was like looking for a needle in a haystack. With the internet, stats are now available and updated daily on this site: Winter League Baseball.
There's also a blog from the Arizona Fall League. Center fielder Quintin Berry has the latest Phillies AFL blog.


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|Exhibit 1: Computing an NOL
A new line of business to consider
Technology assessments may open the door to new engagement opportunities for your firm. What is a technology assessment? How do you perform one? JofA Tech Q&A author J. Carlton Collins shows you in a detailed explanation.
Maximizing the higher education tax credits
A counterintuitive strategy can save taxes by including otherwise excludable scholarships in gross income.
From The Tax Adviser
From CPA Insider


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By Kate Kelland, Health and Science Correspondent
LONDON (Reuters) - Britons are having sex from their teens until well into their 70s and experimenting with experiences and techniques once dismissed as deviant, according to a major series of scientific studies of sexual behavior.
But while people may have expanded their sexual repertoire over the past decade, both men and women also told researchers they were having sex less often.
"People are working very very hard, they are very busy," said Kaye Wellings of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, when asked why she thought people had reported a drop off in average frequency.
The studies, published in The Lancet medical journal, were based on a national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles, the first of its kind to get data from people up to the age of 74.
One study also found one in 10 women and one in 70 men said they had been forced to have sex against their will at least once since the age of 13 - a problem that British authorities needed to address urgently, the researchers said.
"We need to start thinking about sex differently - sexual health is not merely the absence of disease, but the ability to have pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free from coercion," said Wellings, who co-led the series and presented the findings at a briefing in London.
Improving the quality of people's sexual experiences and relationships was also important for their broader health, the researchers added.
"Men and women who enjoy an active sex life are fitter, have lower rates of depressive symptoms and improved cardiovascular health as compared to those who do not," she and fellow researchers wrote in a commentary on the results.
The studies surveyed and analysed data from more than 15,000 people aged 16 to 74.
They also drew on similar surveys conducted in 1990 and 2000, making them among the biggest and most comprehensive examinations of sexual behavior undertaken in a single country.
Around 57 percent of men aged between 65 and 74 said they had had vaginal sex within the past year, with 30 percent reporting having had oral sex and 3 percent having had anal sex.
A smaller proportion of women in the same age group reported having active and varied sex lives, but in younger age groups the changes in sexual behavior were more striking among women than among men.
One of the most dramatic findings was an increase from 4 percent in the 1990 survey to 16 percent in the current survey in the proportion of women reporting ever having had sex with another woman.
This change coincides with more tolerance in general of same-sex relationships, the researchers said, although they noted that the studies also found people are becoming less tolerant of married partners having extra-marital sex.
The researchers said the surveys showed Britons in general were moving with the times in term of sex, reflecting a global context in which the separation of sexual activity from reproduction is well under way.
Sexual behaviors that are not essential to conception - including masturbation, oral and anal sex, same sex practices and sex in groups "have become easier to discuss and have gained greater acceptance," they said.
"In many cultural contexts, what was once seen as deviance or perversion is increasingly referred to as diversity."
(Reporting by Kate Kelland, editing by Andrew Heavens)


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In Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Lem Billings saw a combination of both Jack and Robert Kennedy. Billings, best friend to President Kennedy, strongly felt that RFK Jr. had presidential potential, even when Bobby Jr. was only a young man of 14.
So writes author David Pitts in Jack and Lem – The Untold Story of an Extraordinary Friendship. This new book explores the 30 year friendship between President John F. Kennedy and Kirk LeMoyne "Lem" Billings.
From the time they first met the Choate School for boys in 1933 until that fateful day in Dallas in 1963, Jack and Lem always remained best friends.
And yet so little is known about Lem Billings in the larger context of Jack Kennedy's life. He is sometimes portrayed as a relatively minor figure in the various JFK biographies since he never served in any official capacity at the White House, was never an Ambassador, Senator, or elected representative. He wasn't a movie star, sports hero, or anybody the paparazzi would particularly want to chase around. His only claim to fame was that he was Jack Kennedy's oldest and dearest friend.
History has often overlooked him, but the fact is that Lem was the one person Jack confided his deepest secrets to, the man who knew JFK better than anyone in the world. That in itself should make him a fascinating subject for biographers, and I've often wondered why we didn't yet have a book on the shelf about this man whose company Jack obviously never tired of.
There are probably two reasons: First, Lem Billings was gay. This was known to JFK from the time the boys were teens, and it is truly remarkable to read how open-minded and accepting of Billings' sexual orientation Kennedy was in a very homophobic 1930s American society.
Again, this seems a subject ripe for further exploration by historians, but one only has to remember the social and political climate of 20, 40, 60 years ago to realize why Lem Billings had to stay hidden in the closet – and in the shadows of history. Only in the year 2007 can we finally have a book that is a frank and honest examination of the President's close friendship with a man who was a homosexual.
Another reason it has taken so long for such a book to be written is that an 815-page oral history Billings (who died in 1981) gave to the John F. Kennedy Library in 1966 has been restricted to researchers for four decades. It was only with the kind permission of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. that Jack and Lem author David Pitts was allowed to access and quote from this invaluable document.
RFK Jr. also allowed Pitts unrestricted access to the Lem Billings Collection, donated to the JFK library in 2003. Now we can finally gain an understanding of the deep bond between these two men through Lem's diaries, letters, photographs and scrapbooks which document 30 years of love, laughter and tears.
"Together, they really had everything," says Robert F. Kennedy Jr. in the book's first chapter. "They loved each other and they got satisfaction out of the successes that each of them enjoyed." For Billings, who had built his whole world around Jack Kennedy since they were both boys, the loss of his best friend was more devastating than most of us could ever imagine.
Billings was by all accounts never the same after that day in Dallas. And then just five years later, the assassination of Robert Kennedy drove Lem into a deepening state of depression, which he tried to combat by making himself a sort of surrogate father to the children Jack and Bobby had left behind.
On the night of June 4, 1968, Ethel Kennedy had been by her husband's side at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles when he was shot. At the time, the children were back in Virginia at Hickory Hill or scattered around New England at their various boarding schools. Lem did his best to help in the hours following the shooting, gathering Bobby and Ethel's kids together for the sad, inevitable journey to California.
He felt he had to be especially strong for young Bobby Jr., who had always been his favorite. Lem tried to console Bobby, Joe and Kathleen on the flight to L.A. on a private plane provided by Lyndon Johnson, but their hopes were soon dashed when they arrived at the hospital and saw just how dire the situation truly was. Within a few short hours, Robert F. Kennedy was gone.
Lem started spending more time with the children, especially Bobby Jr. Determined to take him under his wing, the time he spent with young Bobby during those crucial months after his father's assassination was likely as theraputic for Lem as it was for Bobby Jr.
In the late summer of 1968, Lem took Bobby on a trip of Africa, where the young Kennedy could revel in his lifelong love for animals. By all accounts, the two bonded on their African adventure. When they returned to the United States, young Bobby began spending a lot of time in Lem's Upper East Side Apartment. Lem mentored Bobby, helped him with his problems in school, and reassured him by telling him that he and Jack had their troubles when they were young, too, and had once been viewed as rebels by their families and teachers.
"He helped Bobby a great deal during that terrible time and in the years after that," said singer Andy Williams, a close family friend. "He was very good with Bobby."
Young Bobby and the other kids loved being around him. He wasn't as strict as their own family, and he regaled them with stories of Jack and Bobby only he could tell. "Lem was the most fun person I had ever met in my life," said Bobby Jr. "Lem's house was more like a fun house; it was a museum, a library, a classroom. Books lined the walls throughout. They were all histories, biographies, and art books."
Recalling Lem ten years after his death, Bobby added, "Whenever I felt lonely, or sad, or left out, I would call Lem and laugh."
"The stories he told and the examples he set gave us all a link to our dead fathers and to the generation before us," says Robert F. Kennedy Jr. While older members of the Kennedy family often found the subject too sad to discuss, Lem felt that the older generation had an obligation to pass on the legacy to the younger Kennedys. For the Kennedy boys, Lem was filling a void their parents either couldn't or wouldn't fill, according to the author.
There was never any doubt amongst the children that Bobby Jr. was number one in Lem's heart. David Kennedy and Christopher Lawford sometimes resented all the attention showered upon Bobby, and both spent many years trying to compete for Lem's affection. Despite this, none of them seem to harbor any such negative feelings towards Billings or RFK Jr. today.
"He did an incredible amount for young Bobby," recalls Sigrid Gassner-Roberts, Lem's live-in caretaker and friend from 1969 to 1974. Interviewed for this book, she was particularly outspoken about his concern for Bobby Jr.'s welfare, especially in the year after his father's death. "He (Lem) would say Bobby has it in him to be president of the United States. He wanted to groom him for the presidency."
Lem transferred a lot of his feelings for President Kennedy to young Bobby, Sigrid said. He saw so much of Jack in him. She remembered on one occasion, "Bobby ran away from college and joined a commune. Lem searched all night for him…Eventually, he came back at ten the next morning and said, `He's now back in school.' He was totally, totally devoted to that kid."
Young Bobby Jr. turned to drugs and alcohol for a time to ease the pain of losing his father. While Lem tried to help the troubled teen, he too had fallen victim to the lure of intoxicants in the aftermath of the string of tragedies that seemed without end. Sigrid remembered that Lem would sometimes make deals with Bobby. "I'll stop drinking if you'll stop smoking pot," and kept to them for as long as he could before his resolve would wilt again.
Since Lem was a good thirty years older than the Kennedy kids, he has been blamed by some for their involvement with drugs. But the truth is, as Chris Lawford confirmed in his recent book, the kids were doing drugs before they ever did them with Lem and almost certainly would have continued doing so whether Lem was there or not. It was the `60s, after all, and in actual fact it was the kids who turned Lem on to drugs, not the other way around.In this respect, Chris and Bobby were no different from millions of other young Americans during this period who regarded drug use as a rite of passage.
By 1975, young Bobby had grown into an impressively intelligent, handsome young man and was now clearly the leader of the Kennedy/Billings inner circle. Lem once again found himself playing the role of Bobby's number-one supporter, just as he always had with Jack. Bobby "got a lot of magnetism from Lem's fixation," said Chris Lawford. "Lem had decided that Bobby was the next bearer of Kennedy greatness – and none of us were about to argue. These facts gave him gravitas. Lem's attachment and anointing of Bobby defined him as the second coming."
One might be tempted to think that all this fawning and adoration may well have resulted in overinflating Bobby's ego or given him a sense of entitlement and arrogance. But those who knew Bobby Jr. then say that Lem's influence over him actually made him more down-to-earth and humble, in spite of all the pressures put upon him to carry the Kennedy torch.
RFK Jr. summed it up years later by saying that Lem "taught me to love and appreciate people and things and how to be grateful for every day of my life."
In the last few years of his life, Lem Billings did not talk as much about Jack Kennedy as he used to. At that point, says Sigrid Gassner-Roberts, "he was more concerned with Bobby and whether or not Bobby was doing all right, whether he was making the right decisions, who he was dating, where he was going with his life."
Lem began spending more time alone in his Manhattan townhouse, which had once been such a lively beehive of activity and was still an informal JFK museum of sorts. He still had his memorabilia and his memories of those years, but nothing could fill the void that had been left by Jack's absence. Each day was a day without him. In so many ways, his attachment to Jack's brother Robert Kennedy, and then to young Bobby, was a way of reliving his life with Jack, because he saw so much of Jack in them.
"There was a lot of love in him that he bestowed on many people," Sigrid said of Lem Billings, "but the one person he loved most was torn away from him by an assassin's bullet. He transferred this love on to Bobby."
"He was overjoyed with, and totally devoted to, young Bobby, whom he expected to carry on the torch of the Kennedys," Sigrid wrote in a letter to the author David Pitts.
At Lem's funeral in 1981, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. said of Lem: "He felt pain for every one of us – pain that no one else could have the courage to feel…I don't know how we'll carry on without him. In many ways Lem was a father to me and he was the best friend I will ever have."
Copyright 2007 by RFKin2008.com. All Rights Reserved.


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If you're not rich and you get sick, in which industrialized country are you likely to get the best treatment?
The conventional answer to this question has been: anywhere but the United States. With its many uninsured citizens and its relatively low life expectancy, the United States has been relegated to the bottom of international health scorecards.
But a prominent researcher, Samuel H. Preston, has taken a closer look at the growing body of international data, and he finds no evidence that America's health care system is to blame for the longevity gap between it and other industrialized countries. In fact, he concludes, the American system in many ways provides superior treatment even when uninsured Americans are included in the analysis.
"The U.S. actually does a pretty good job of identifying and treating the major diseases," says Dr. Preston, a demographer at the University of Pennsylvania who is among the leading experts on mortality rates from disease. "The international comparisons don't show we're in dire straits."
No one denies that the American system has problems, including its extraordinarily high costs and unnecessary treatments. But Dr. Preston and other researchers say that the costs aren't solely due to inefficiency. Americans pay more for health care partly because they get more thorough treatment for some diseases, and partly because they get sick more often than people in Europe and other industrialized countries.Continue reading the main story
An American's life expectancy at birth is about 78 years, which is lower than in most other affluent countries. Life expectancy is about 80 in the United Kingdom, 81 in Canada and France, and 83 in Japan, according to the World Health Organization.
This longevity gap, Dr. Preston says, is primarily due to the relatively high rates of sickness and death among middle-aged Americans, chiefly from heart disease and cancer. Many of those deaths have been attributed to the health care system, an especially convenient target for those who favor a European alternative.
But there are many more differences between Europe and the United States than just the health care system. Americans are more ethnically diverse. They eat different food. They are fatter. Perhaps most important, they used to be exceptionally heavy smokers. For four decades, until the mid-1980s, per-capita cigarette consumption was higher in the United States (particularly among women) than anywhere else in the developed world. Dr. Preston and other researchers have calculated that if deaths due to smoking were excluded, the United States would rise to the top half of the longevity rankings for developed countries.
As it is, the longevity gap starts at birth and persists through middle age, but then it eventually disappears. If you reach 80 in the United States, your life expectancy is longer than in most other developed countries. The United States is apparently doing something right for its aging population, but what?
One frequent answer has been Medicare. Its universal coverage for people over 65 has often been credited with shrinking the longevity gap between the United States and other developed countries.
But when Dr. Preston and a Penn colleague, Jessica Y. Ho, looked at mortality rates in 1965, before Medicare went into effect, they found an even more pronounced version of today's pattern: middle-aged people died much more often in the United States than in other developed countries, but the longevity gap shrunk with age even faster than today. In that pre-Medicare era, an American who reached 75 could expect to live longer than most people elsewhere.
Besides smoking, there could be lots of other reasons that Americans are especially unhealthy in middle age. But Dr. Preston says he saw no evidence for the much-quoted estimates that poor health care is responsible for more preventable deaths in the United States than in other developed countries. (Go to nytimes.com/tierneylab for details.)
For all its faults, the American system compares well by some important measures with other developed countries, as Dr. Preston and Ms. Ho enumerate. Americans are more likely to be screened for cancer, and once cancer is detected, they are more likely to survive for five years.
It's been argued that the survival rate for cancer appears longer in America merely because the disease is detected earlier, but Dr. Preston says that earlier detection can be an advantage in itself, and that Americans might also receive better treatment. He and Ms. Ho conclude that the mortality rates from breast cancer and prostate cancer have been declining significantly faster in the United States than in other industrialized countries.
Americans also do relatively well in surviving heart attacks and strokes, and some studies have found that hypertension is treated more successfully in the United States. Compared with Europeans, Americans are more likely to receive medication if they have heart disease, high cholesterol, lung disease or osteoporosis.
But even if the American system does provide more treatment for more sick people, couldn't it do something to reduce its workload?
When I brought up Dr. Preston's work to Ellen Nolte and C. Martin McKee, two prominent European critics of the American system, they suggested that he was taking too limited a view of health care. They said the system should take responsibility for preventing disease, not just treating it.
Dr. Preston acknowledges that the United States might do more to keep young and middle-aged people from getting sick, but he says it's not clear that other countries' systems are more effective.
"The U.S. has had one spectacular achievement in preventive medicine," he says. "It has had the largest drop in cigarette consumption per adult of any developed country since 1985." If Americans keep shunning cigarettes, the longevity gap could shrink no matter what happens with the health care system.Continue reading the main story


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The four research programs include 1) Cancer Cell Biology, 2) Cancer Prevention and Control, 3) Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, and 4) Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics.
Cancer Cell Biology
The Cancer Cell Biology research program encompasses a tightly knit team of scientists grouped around the central thematic of tumor signaling in the context of inter- and intra-cellular signaling modulated by tumor microenvironment, and its ramifications for the development of prevention, prediction, biomarker and therapeutic target discovery and drug development.
Cancer Prevention and Control
The Cancer Prevention and Control research program organizes all of the cancer prevention-related research activities at Winship Cancer Institute. These activities span the cancer prevention continuum from primary to secondary to tertiary prevention at the individual, select population, and societal levels.
Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics
The overall goal of the Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics research program is to decrease human cancer mortality through obtaining a better understanding of fundamental genetic alterations occurring at the DNA and chromatin levels that are responsible for the initiation, development and progression of tumors and influence responses to therapy.
Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics
The primary mission of the Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics research program is to foster a collaborative team research environment to promote molecular target interrogation for cancer drug discovery and to facilitate translational clinical trials for effective therapeutic development.


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Outdated store : This store hase been closed. Please go to the shopping center detail for more info.
Store located in Shopping mall/center : Erin Mills Town Centre
Store brand name : Costa Blanca
Address & Location : 5100 Erin Mills Parkway, Mississauga, Ontario, L5M4Z5
State : Ontario
City : Mississauga
Phone (Erin Mills Town Centre) : (905)-569-1981
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Most successful ad styles
Choosing the right ad styles can mean the difference between ads your users will notice -- and click -- and ads they'll skip right over. We've outlined a few strategies below that are designed to decrease ad blindness, the tendency for users to ignore anything that's separate from the main content of your site. By making these changes, you'll be making your ads more visible to users.
Blend, complement and contrast
Let's briefly define the three techniques you can use to design ad styles that will be successful for your site:
- To blend, make the background and borders of your ads the same color as the background of your page where the ad is placed. If your site has a white background and you don't want to spend a lot of time choosing ad colors, we recommend using our pre-designed Google default ad style.
- To complement, use colors that already exist on your site, but don't match the background and borders exactly where the ads are placed.
- To contrast, choose colors that stand out against the background of your site. Contrasting is recommended only for sites with dark background, so we suggest using an ad style with white background, white borders, and blue titles.
For most color techniques, we recommend using colors for your ad text and links that already exist on your site. For example, if the links on your site are all green and your text is black, use green links and black text in your ads as well. Since most users are accustomed to seeing blue links, you might also try using blue. In general, use common sense when choosing your ad styles. If your site's main colors are pastels, don't design ads that are all primary colors. Users won't click on ads that are visually offensive.
The color strategy you should use on your site varies depending on the ad placement and the color of the background where the ads are placed. Review the table below for a quick reference about which strategies we suggest will work well on your site:
|Ads within content
|Ads adjacent to content
|Light background behind ads
|Blend or complement
|Dark background behind ads
|Blend, complement, or contrast
|Contrast or complement
Repeat visitors and sites with busy content
Even if your ads are designed perfectly, the techniques above might not work for a couple reasons:
- Does your site have mainly repeat visitors?
If your visitors come back day after day, they'll likely become blinded to the position of the ads over time, regardless of the ad colors. Try customizing the way your ad looks or occasionally switching the location of your ads on the page.
- Does your site have a lot of ads and busy content?
If your site is filled with ads or packed with loads of competing content, chances are that you'll need to use more visually arresting colors to make your ads catch a user's eye. If the techniques above aren't getting results for you, try using more prominent ad styles
For more helpful tips on connecting with your users and increasing engagement with your content, be sure to download the AdSense Guide to Audience Engagement.
Would you notice the ads in these implementations?


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Translation Disclaimer
Statistical Data on Births, Deaths, and Communicable Diseases
City of Berkeley Public Health Division
1947 Center Street, Second Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704Map to Office of Vital Statistics
510-981-5320 (Phone)
510-981-5315 (Fax)
510-981-6903 (TDD)firstname.lastname@example.com
Hours of operation:
Monday - Friday: 8:00am - 5:00pm
Please Note: All links which link with Adobe (PDF) files will require your computer to have the Adobe Acrobat Reader installed. Click here to download the Adobe Acrobat Reader for FREE.
Birth DataLive Births By Mother's Race/Ethnicity and Age: City of Berkeley, 2000-2008 (PDF) (Excel)


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Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure
Michael C. Jensen, A THEORY OF THE FIRM: GOVERNANCE, RESIDUAL CLAIMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS, Harvard University Press, December 2000
78 Pages Posted: 19 Jul 1998 Last revised: 18 May 2013
Date Written: July 1, 1976
This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the 'separation and control' issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears the costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem.
Note: Sadly, Dr. Meckling, Dean Emeritus of the Simon School, passed away in May 1998.
Keywords: Agency costs and theory, internal control systems, conflicts of interest, capital structure, internal equity, outside equity, demand for security analysis, completeness of markets, supply of claims, limited liability
JEL Classification: G31, G32
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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Recommended Papers
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Follow Loyola University New Orleans on Twitter
NolaLoyola 2012 celebrates brass brand tradition in New Orleans
Loyola press release - August 20, 2012
The Center for the Study of New Orleans at Loyola University New Orleans will celebrate the Crescent City's rich musical heritage with the second annual NolaLoyola, "Beats of the Streets: The Brass Brand Tradition in New Orleans," on Friday, Sept. 28. The full day of events is free and open to the public.
The day will kick off with a screening of Jerry Brock's 1987 film, "In that Number: The New Orleans Brass Band Revival," hosted by local brass band legends Gregory Davis of the Dirty Dozen Brass Band and Gregg Stafford of the Young Tuxedo Brass Band, who both appear in the film. Following the film, the Baby Boyz Brass Band will offer a free concert and various food trucks will be on hand to provide affordable lunch options.
In the afternoon, Ben Jaffe, creative director of Preservation Hall and son of hall founders Allan and Sandra Jaffe, will present the lecture, "New Orleans Jazz on Film," which will feature rare archival footage of noted New Orleans Jazz legends.
"Beats of the Streets" will conclude with a keynote event featuring performances by the Loyola Faculty Jazz Band, the Young Tuxedo Brass Band and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band.
This event is co-sponsored by the College of Music and Fine Arts and the College of Social Sciences. The full schedule of the event is listed below.
10 a.m. – Noon, Monroe Library, Multimedia Room 2
Film Screening – "In That Number: The New Orleans Brass Band Revival," presented by Gregory Davis and Gregg Stafford
Noon – 2 p.m., Residential Quad
Lunch and Concert – Music by Baby Boyz Brass Band and lunch provided by local food trucks
2 – 4 p.m., Monroe Library, Multimedia Room 2
Lecture – "New Orleans Jazz on Film," presented by Ben Jaffe
7 p.m., Louis J. Roussel Performance Hall, Communications/Music Complex
Keynote Performances – Featuring the Loyola Faculty Jazz Band, the Young Tuxedo Brass Band and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band
For more information, contact Jess Brown in Loyola's Office of Public Affairs at 504-861-5882 or email@example.com.


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Earth Science Shampoos (12 fl. oz.)
Quantity in Basket:
Code: ESshampoo
Shipping Weight: 0.00 pounds
Your Choice
Hair Treatment -- out of stock
Chamopure -- sold out
ChamoCondition -- sold out
EARTH SCIENCE PURE ESSENTIALS SHAMPOOS (12 fl. oz.)
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Extract gently clean hair without drying or causing
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color-treated hair. pH 5.0.


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Experts are saying the time has come for upgradable cars. How would you improve your ride? http://j.mp/1TMvl6t
Experts are saying the time has come for upgradable cars. How would you improve your ride? http://j.mp/1TMvl6t
Considering the winter we've just been through (and some would say it's not quite over), nearly everyone is breathing a sigh of relief now that Spring is here! Warmer months DO bring less severe road and driving conditions. However, there are stillvehicle maintenance, insurance, and driving tips that can save time, money, and even lives.
For starters, don't jump the gun at the first sign of warm weather. Water on roadways can freeze at night long after the last snowfall—especially at high altitudes and in far northern climes. If you drive on winter tires, a good piece of advice, according to reliable sources, is to wait till temperatures stay above 45-degrees (F) before shedding snow tires for good.
But you shouldn't wait on ALL things. For example, check your tires and windshield wiper blades before spring rains start to fall to be sure that they're up to their respective tasks. For tires, the penny test should tell you whether you've got enough tread depth to clear away water. And to ensure good visibility in a wide range of conditions, be sure to check windshield wiper blades and replace them if they're worn, or leave streaks.
And as weather turns from temperate to downright hot, perform routine checks and maintenance on the stuff that keeps the "hot side hot and the cool side cool," such as radiators and cooling systems; batteries and electrical systems; and air conditioning.
Activities that take drivers' attention off the road, including talking or texting on mobile devices, eating, conversing with passengers and other distractions, are a major safety threat.
In 2014, 3,179 people died in distraction-affected crashes, based on National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) criteria.
The number of state legislatures passing measures that address the problem of driver distractions continues to rise. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia ban the use of hand-held cellphones while driving; 46 states and the District of Columbia have banned the practice of texting while driving.
A 2012 Consumer Reports survey found that 71 percent of respondents cut back on texting, talking on a handheld phone or using a smartphone while driving in the previous year. Over 50 percent of them said they were influenced to change their behavior because of state laws, up from 44 percent in a survey conducted in 2011.
(1) Percent of drivers using hand-held cellphones.
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.


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Wednesday, August 10, 2011
The Other Guest in Our Garden
I posted "The Summer of Pies" the day before this guest, a cooper hawk, showed up on Second Apple Tree, so I did not include her (him?). For some reason, when she showed up, the other guests left (except for a lone chickadee on a feeder, who must have calculated that he was not worth her attention).
4 comments:
Great shot, Greta!ReplyDelete
Wow, that one's so big that it could pick up a cat or a small dog. I have one of similar size in my yard and it freaks me out when it flies by!ReplyDelete
Carol and Bill - Thank you - I have relayed your compliments to Daughter #2, who took the picture.ReplyDelete
Donna - Yes, that hawk lives around here and visits our yard periodically - but it's always a bit startling to see it fly in.
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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The FAA fiasco
The air traffic controller furloughs are the White House tours of the sky.
From time immemorial, a government that doesn't want to tighten its fiscal belt finds high-profile ways to inconvenience the public in the hopes of turning it against spending cuts. In keeping with this tried-and-true so-called Washington Monument strategy, the White House canceled tours in the immediate aftermath of sequestration. In an escalation, the Federal Aviation Administration furloughed air traffic controllers this week, causing widespread flight delays.
Story Continued Below
Somehow, the Obama administration managed to find the federal employees perhaps most essential to the nation's transportation and commerce, and send them home. It found one of the few categories of federal workers that operate something, and cut it. It found a way to make one of the most aggravating aspects of modern American life, air travel, even more aggravating.
On Monday, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid rushed to the Senate floor to say that, "In airports across the country, millions of Americans will get their first taste of the pain of sequestration." He then plugged for a budgetary gimmick to cancel most of sequestration, so spending can resume as usual. Reid knows the script of the Washington Monument strategy very well.
The head of the FAA, Michael Huerta, says he has no choice but to disrupt the nation's aviation in implementing the sequestration. He has to find $600 million in cuts in an agency with a $15 billion budget within a Transportation Department with a $70 billion budget. Only 15,000 of the FAA's 47,000 employees are air traffic controllers. Yet he is furloughing controllers such that on Monday more than 1,000 flights were delayed.
The furloughs hit all airports equally, no matter how busy they are, or how central they are to the system. As far as the FAA is concerned, the Chicago Air Route Traffic Control Center, with more than 8,000 takeoffs and landings a day, is the just the same as Waterloo Regional Airport in Iowa, with fewer than 80.
The FAA should be able to manage with a little less. Its operations budget has doubled since 1996. The agency got along just fine in 2007, even though it had fewer controllers than today and less money, while handling more air traffic. Even with sequestration, the FAA overall has slightly more funding than under President Barack Obama's 2013 budget request.
In 1986, the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings automatic deficit-reduction law, the model for today's sequestration, went into effect, mandating a cut of more than 4 percent at the FAA. Yet no controllers were furloughed. In past budget showdowns, air traffic controllers have been considered essential employees.
As Sen. Tom Coburn has pointed out in letters to Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood, "The FAA employs a variety of lawyers, public affairs specialists, speechwriters, administrative staff, congressional affairs staff, community players, management and program assistants, and other employees that aren't immediately critical to FAA's mission." Why can't they disproportionately contribute to the savings of sequestration? The operations account where the sequestration cuts largely fall also has $2.7 billion in non-personnel costs.


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ZANESVILLE - Coach Brett McLean had watched his St. Clairsville High School football team roll over opponents throughout the season, but the Red Devils saved their best for when they needed it most.
ZANESVILLE - Coach Brett McLean had watched his St. Clairsville High School football team roll over opponents throughout the season, but the Red Devils saved their best for when they needed it most.
After building a 17-point lead in the first quarter of the Division IV, Region 15 final Nov. 16 at Zanesville, top-seeded St. Clairsville needed a big play in the middle of the fourth quarter to secure a 37-29 win over third-seeded Johnstown-Monroe.
The Red Devils (13-0) advanced to a state semifinal Nov. 23 against defending state champion Creston Norwayne at a site to be announced. Norwayne (13-0) defeated Brookfield 49-28 in a regional semifinal Nov. 16.
Red Devils quarterback Matt Kinnick connected with Jerrid Marhefka on a 66-yard touchdown pass with 7 minutes to play in the fourth quarter to regain momentum and give his team a 31-21 lead. The play came 41 seconds after Tyler Thompson had scored his third of four touchdowns for the Johnnies, who finished 10-3 a year after going 13-1 and losing to Norwayne 59-28 in a state semifinal.
"That may have been the biggest play we have had all season," McLean said of Kinnick's touchdown pass to Marhefka. "That was two seniors coming through and making something happen when we needed it the most."
St. Clairsville scored on four of its first five possessions to take a 24-7 lead with 5:52 remaining before halftime. In the first half, Kinnick rushed for a 13-yard touchdown and threw a 12-yard touchdown to Michael Ferns and a 21-yard score to Marhefka. Zach Musilli also kicked a 21-yard field goal.
"It would have been easy for our kids to give up, but they went out and played four quarters," Johnstown coach Mike Carter said. "We made the adjustments on defense, kept our heads up and did what we needed to do."
Thompson rushed for 124 yards on 25 carries for Johnstown, with touchdowns of 31, 15, 23 and 9 yards. He also was 3-for-13 passing for 59 yards and two interceptions. Cody Farley ran 20 times for 111 yards and Scott Sammons caught two passes for 36 yards.
Kinnick was 15 of 30 passing for 260 yards and four touchdowns. Jaylon Brown rushed for 150 yards on 27 carries for the Red Devils and caught five passes for 80 yards. Marhefka had five receptions for 112 yards and Dan Monteroso had three catches for 77 yards.
1 2 3 4 Final JOHNSTOWN 0 7 7 15 29 ST. CLAIRSVILLE 17 7 0 13 37
SC -- Kinnick 13 run (Musilli kick)
SC -- Musilli 21 FG
SC -- M. Ferns 12 pass from Kinnick (Musilli kick)
J -- Thompson 31 run (Benton kick)
SC -- Marhefka 21 pass from Kinnick (Musilli kick)
J -- Thompson 15 run (Benton kick)
J -- Thompson 23 run (Benton kick)
SC -- Marhefka 66 pass from Kinnick (Musilli kick)
SC -- Gossett 7 pass from Kinnick (kick failed)
J -- Thompson 9 run (Carter run)


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With sleek, rounded edges and an appealing, symmetrical design, Honeywell's 6100 Series Alpha and Fixed-Language Display Security Keypads are an excellent addition to any installation. The Alpha keypad is now 20% smaller than previous versions, features a larger eight-line display, and includes VISTA Intelligent Programming (VIP). VIP is menu-based programming for the most common features to help reduce keypad programming time and labor costs.
Enhanced function and arming keys are great for quick set-up and customer use. The use of graphic icons and text simplifies operation and provides system status at a glance. Alpha and Fixed-Language keypads have the same family look. Models are available that offer voice, integrated RF or a hardwired zone to best meet the needs of the installer and the end-user's budget.
- Attractive, sleek look
- Wide, easy-to-read matrix LCD display (Alpha only)*
- VISTA Intelligent Programming (VIP)
- Menu-based programming option (Alpha only)*
- Intuitive, menu-based user code programming (Alpha only)*
- Single-button arming option
- Intuitive clock programming
- Icon indicators
- Four programmable function keys
- Integrated 5800 transceiver (RF models)
- Fixed-English: 16 zones
- Alpha: Unlimited zones
- Voice annunciation (voice models)
- Integrated hardwired zone (ZN models)
- Compatible with all VISTA controls
*Supported by: VISTA-21iP or equivalents; Rev 3.16 and above VISTA-20P & VISTA-15P or equivalents; Rev 9.16 and above VISTA-10P or equivalents; Rev 4.16 and above
Additional Info
Additional Info
|Part Number
|What's in the box
|(1) Honeywell Custom Alpha Receiver/Security Keypad
- Key padReview by Van
- Hard to operate without instructions. I need an instructional guide for all the features on the key pad. (Posted on 11/22/2015)


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Roddin' @ Random
Model-Engine Scale
How many machinists does it take to build a 10hp engine the size of a pumpkin? No, it's not the start to a joke—it's the story of the Black Widow 1⁄3-scale model V8. If you're wondering exactly how one-third of an engine measures up, pull out your calipers now. A complete Black Widow V8 is 15 inches long from fan to flywheel, 71⁄2 inches across head to head, and 12 inches tall from oil pan to blower. We had to stop ourselves from pinching its cheeks, the little cutie.
The Black Widow is a Chevy-based, gas-burning model engine built by Ken Hurst and Dwight Giles of the Bay Area Engine Modelers (BAEM)club in northern California. Like its fullsize brethren, a scale-model engine is the result of designs and redesigns as each new builder adds his touch to the process. The Black Widow started as a series of patterns by machinist John Vlalvianos, who was dissatisfied with other model V8 casting kits in circulation. John made some initial castings but passed away before completing a full engine. Fellow BAEM club members Ken and Dwight rescued the patterns and added a supercharger. Ken and Dwight offer casting sets of the Black Widow, but don't think that means you can just buy one, insert Tab A into Tab B, and fire it up. As it says on the BAEM website, "Unfortunately, it isn't a simple matter to machine a functioning internal-combustion engine."
Yeah, that's a bit of an understatement. We spoke with Ken, Dwight, and more recent model-engine enthusiast Jim Kipp about what it takes to get one of these little mills up and running. Jim has a collection of model engines, and he's currently working on assembling several Black Widows with changes and redesigns of his own. He invited us to his shop to see exactly what's inside a miniature engine. The answer is, everything that's inside a big one, only smaller. As for how many machinists it takes to build one? It appears to be an ever-expanding number best described by the equation V8/3 = (M+B) x I. That's 1⁄3-scale V8 equals machinist plus billet times innovation.
Scaled-down engines are nothing new. Modeler Paul Knapp says he has one from 1919 in his collection, and we've seen even earlier references to models of hit-and-miss engines (which only have a power stroke every few cycles to limit rpm, usually for agricultural needs). The BAEM club encourages all forms of model-engine building, and if you think you're up for the challenge, see BAEMclub.com to find out how to get started on a miniature engine of your own. There's also an online magazine, ModelEngineBuilder.com.
Jim had all the supercharger parts made and has been experimenting with different finishes to get a vintage magnesium look, but the blower isn't just for show. It makes ¾ of a pound of boost. Dwight mentioned that during initial testing on a drill press, Ken Hurst placed his hand on the intake and gave himself a blood blister from the suction.
See the Video!
Models are nifty when static, but when you fire up 6.28 angry, boosted cubic inches and wing 'em through open headers, that's unmatched merriment. Experience it by searching "V8 Black Widow" at Videos.HOTROD.com.
1:1 Smallies
Thinking of tiny engines got us to wondering about the smallest-displacement production V8s for American cars. Here's what we came up with for the tiniest gas V8s from each manufacturer, in order from smallest to largest.
Ford: 136 ci for the little V8-60, '37–'40
Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac: 215 ci from '61–'63 (the Olds engine was used in the Pontiac; the smallest Pontiac-designed V8 was the '78–'81 265-incher)
Mercury: 221 ci, the first Windsor, introduced in 1962
Studebaker: 224 ci in '55–'56
Dodge and Plymouth: 241 ci, available as a Hemi for the Dodge and only in a poly-headed version for Plymouth in '53
Nash, Hudson, and Rambler: 250 ci, from '56–'61
Cadillac: 250 250ci, the turdly HT-4100 from '82–'85
Chevy: 262 ci 262 ci in '75–'76, even smaller than the 265ci first small-block in '55
DeSoto: 276ci 276 ci Hemi, '52-'54


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Modernista! has gone a long way to show us the power of the web. I guess their site qualifies as the first site EVER to use the web for what it is… information. Not really sure if it love it or hate it, but it definitely doesn't go by without leaving a mark.
Article No :295 | April 7, 2008 | by Constantinos Demetriadis
November 6, 2009
This handbag is so unique, andreplica handbags
replica bags I never see it's sold in the stores, where did you get this one please?
April 8, 2008
Apparently Wikipedia got ticked off because of this.


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The principle
Stainless steel is a composite material, consisting of the metallic substrate with a non-metallic surface, the passive layer, consisting mainly of chromium oxide.
The passive layer is formed on its own accord through the reaction of the chrome in the stainless steel with oxygen from the environment. In the case of intact stainless steel the passive layer covers the entire surface area completely and densely. It alone protects the stainless steel, which is otherwise not resistant to corrosion.
Passivation is a chemical process that forms and optimizes the passive layer without attacking the basic material. There are two common processes:
- POLINOX Passiv contains a strong oxidating agent and results in a rapid and complete formation of the passive layer
- POLINOX Protect and Protect TC are patented processes for optimizing an existing passive layer in its composition and structure, thereby considerably improving the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, or reinstating it within the framework of a renovation process.
The application
POLINOX Passiv based on nitric acid with additives to improve the effect. It achieves a rapid formation of the passive layer following pickling or mechanical processing of the surface. The duration of the processing is about 30 minutes at room temperature. POLINOX Passiv is available as a liquid (POLINOX B Passiv) for immersion, sprinkling, wiping or through-pumping, and as a sprayable paste with good adhesive properties (POLINOX FL Passiv) for the treatment of large free-standing surfaces.
POLINOX Protect gives stainless steel surfaces superior corrosion resistance which cannot be achieved through other processes. The surface finish is unaffected. The application can be carried out on new surfaces and also for maintenance and renovation of corroded surfaces. Seam welds and scaled surfaces can be passivated by pickling or spraying without prior treatment.
POLINOX Protect TC is the combination of chemical treatment with a subsequent short heat teatment at temperatures in the range of 140°C - 250°C. This leads to a considerable strengthening of the passive layer, both in depth and structure. POLINOX Protect is a non hazardous substance; it is biologically degradable. Its usage is not subject to official approval or regulation. Processing takes place over a period of approx. 4 hours in an immersion bath (POLINOX Protect B) or by application to a surface or wiping (POLINOX Protect Cleaner).
POLINOX Protect and POLINOX Protect TC:
- can be used on any alloy with a chrome content of over 15% (lower Cr content requires modification)
- can be used on all surface finishes
- improves the resistance to pitting
- doubles the resistance to stress corrosion
- reduces the formation of crevice corrosion
- increase resistance to thermic discolouration to around 150°C
- removes ferritic contamination
- removes rust and corrosion products
- reinstates the corrosion resistance of surfaces which have been attacked
- is not a dangerous substance and is not subject to any restrictions of use
- can be used directly on weld discolouration and welds and in many cases replaces pickling.
- Architecture
- Vehicle and boat construction
- Machine cladding
- Switch boxes
- Plants in the chemical, pharmaceutical, food and drinks industries
- Swimming pool construction
- Mounting elements
- Medical technology


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Corn and Crab ChowderWe've had a quick shot of wintry weather in The Deep South, for at least a few days anyway, and a good chowder made with corn, crab and a little cream, really hits the spot when that cold weather blows in. It's been such a hot fall that as much as I love them this time of year, thinking about soups, stews and chowders has been hard to do frankly. Leave it to The South to go from beach weather to frost in about 8 hours! Apparently we decided to just pass by fall altogether - gotta love The South! Course, we'll be back to beach weather in no time, which explains why my garden looks like a laundry right now, with sheets and blankets strewn across many of my plants.
This is the easiest dish to throw together, and to be honest the amount of crab is pretty relative. Use what your budget will allow. I am lucky. My father-in-law has crab traps set about in the Gulf, and when he gets home from his worldly work travels, he goes out and checks the traps. My wonderful mother-in-law painstakingly picks those crabs herself, and then is so kind to offer The Cajun and me glorious bags full of already picked, fresh lump crab. She is so generous in that respect about, well, everything really. Have I mentioned how much I love my in-laws? Anyway, the point being, use the amount of crab your budget allows. If you can afford a full pound of lump crab, then by all means go for it because it is worth every penny. Ever picked a single crab of meat? If you have, you already know it's worth the price.
Though there is a small roux in this chowder, I like to also use a can of creamed corn together with either fresh, canned, or frozen whole kernel corn. The creamed corn helps to contribute to the creaminess of the chowder base, and since The Cajun loves creamed corn, and I love corn fritters, so it's a pantry staple in our house anyway.
This is a delicious, flavorful chowder, not too rich thanks to the use of half and half instead of heavy cream, and is just perfectly heart warming for these cooler days ahead. I hope that you enjoy it.
Recipe: Corn and Crab Chowder©From the Kitchen of Deep South Dish
Prep time: 15 min
Cook time: 10 min
Total time: 25 min
Yield: About 4 servings
- 4 slices of bacon, cut up
- 2 tablespoons of butter
- 3/4 cup of chopped onion
- 1/2 cup of chopped celery
- 1/4 cup of all purpose flour
- 2 cups of chicken stock or broth
- 1-1/2 cups of diced raw potato
- 1 can of whole kernel corn, drained
- 1 can of creamed corn
- 1 teaspoon kosher salt
- 5 turns of the pepper grinder
- 1/2 teaspoon of Cajun seasoning (like Slap Ya Mama)
- 1/4 teaspoon of Old Bay seasoning
- 2 cups of warmed half and half
- 1 pound of fresh crab, picked over for shell, (set aside a few pinches for garnish)
- 1/4 cup of sliced green onion
- 1-2 tablespoons of dried parsley
- Reserved crab and extra sprinkle of Cajun seasoning, for garnish
Cut the bacon into small pieces and saute until cooked but not crisp. Add the butter, onion and celery and cook until tender, about 4 minutes. Stir in the flour, until well blended. Cook and stir for about 5 minutes to cook the flour. Stir in the broth a little at a time until mixture is smooth. Add the potatoes, increase heat and bring to a boil; reduce heat and simmer for about 10 minutes, stirring several times. Stir in the corn, seasonings and half and half. Bring back up to a boil, reduce back to a simmer and gently fold in the crab. Stir in green onion and parsley; simmer for about 10 minutes or until crab is warmed through. Garnish with a pinch of crab and a sprinkle of Cajun seasoning.
Cook's Notes: Because I live on the Gulf Coast, I have easy access to fresh crab meat. Substitute pouches or well drained cans of crab as needed. The amount is relative - use what you have access to and what your budget will allow. Can also substitute shrimp in this recipe. Of course, if you're making this in the midst of fresh corn season, definitely use fresh shucked, corn cut right off of the cob in place of the canned whole kernel corn. It is especially good when roasted in the oven first. Clean, brush generously with butter and roast in a 350 degree oven for about 30 minutes. Let cool and cut off the husks. Can also substitute frozen corn.
Tip: To easily pick out any shell, spread crab on a baking sheet in a single layer and place in a 200 degree oven for 3 minutes. The shell will be visible and easy to pick out.
Variation: Substitute shrimp or crawfish for the crab, or use chicken instead of seafood - you'll want to eliminate the Old Bay and use 2 to 3 cups of cooked, shredded or chopped chicken. Eliminate the protein and Old Bay and make this a plain corn chowder, increasing the corn, if desired.
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Help out Martina!
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President Trump Signs Bill Ending Overnight Government Shutdown
President Trump signed a two-year spending deal ending the overnight government shutdown. Kentucky Republican Senator Rand Paul prompted the brief shutdown by delaying the Senate vote for hours in a protest over federal deficits.
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First, the President tweeted "Just signed Bill. Our Military will now be stronger than ever before. Also means JOBS, JOBS, JOBS! " Trump added, "Without more Republicans in Congress, we were forced to increase spending on things we do not like or want in order to finally... take care of our Military." Adding, "Sadly, we needed some Dem votes for passage. Must elect more Republicans!"
In his second tweet, Trump said "Without more Republicans in Congress, we were forced to increase spending on things we do not like or want in order to finally, after many years of depletion, take care of our Military. Sadly, we needed some Dem votes for passage. Must elect more Republicans in 2018 Election!"
His third tweet of the morning explained that unless more Republicans are elected to Congress in 2018, "Costs on non-military lines will never come down." He also said that DACA was not included in the final deal and that Congress is set to start working on immigration reform.


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South African Journal of Science
versión On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versión impresa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.106 no.1-2 Pretoria ene./feb. 2010
One or two species? A morphometric comparison between robust australopithecines from Kromdraai and Swartkrans
Zachary CofranI; J. Francis ThackerayII
IDepartment of Anthropology, University of Michigan, United States of America
IIInstitute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
The type specimen of Paranthropus robustus (TM 1517, including a partial cranium) was discovered at Kromdraai near Sterkfontein in 1938 and described by Robert Broom as a new species. Subsequently, more robust australopithecines were discovered at the nearby site of Swartkrans. These Swartkrans hominins were described by Broom as Paranthropus crassidens. Many palaeoanthropologists currently regard the robust australopithecines from Kromdraai and Swartkrans as one species, but consensus has not been reached on this issue. A morphometric analysis has been undertaken to assess the probability that specimens attributed to P. crassidens represent the same species as that which is represented by TM 1517, the holotype of P. robustus. Our results failed to reject the null hypothesis that both sites sample the same, single species of robust australopithecine.
Keywords: Kromdraai; Swartkrans; Paranthropus robustus; Paranthropus crassidens; STET
The type specimen of Paranthropus robustus (TM 1517, see Figure 1) was discovered at Kromdraai B in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa and described by Broom1 as a new genus and species. Subsequently, additional specimens of 'robust' australopithecines were discovered at Swartkrans, within four kilometers of Kromdraai B, and described as a distinct species, P. crassidens.2 Many palaeoanthropologists such as Tobias3, Brain4, Fuller5, and Kaszycka6, regard the Kromdraai B and Swartkrans 'robust' australopithecine specimens as representing a single species. Others such as Grine7,8,9,10 and Howell11, and more recently, Schwartz and Tattersall12, regard the two as distinct at a species level, P. robustus and P. crassidens, respectively. To date, this issue has not been addressed by a morphometric analysis of both cranial and dental material. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that the robust australopithecine crania from Swartkrans and Kromdraai are morphometrically similar enough to belong to the same species, P. robustus.
Craniodental measurements were taken on original specimens: TM 1517a from Kromdraai, and SK 12, SK 46, SK 48, SK 79, SK 83, and SKW 11 from Swartkrans. The set of cranial measurements was adapted from that of Lockwood13, and is listed in Table 1. Dental measurements included only the maximum labiolingual/buccolingual breadth, because heavy interproximal wear obscures maximum mesiodistal lengths in most specimens.5,14 Where a trait was present on both the right and left sides, the average of the two values was taken.
Thackeray and colleagues15,16 described a method whereby measurements of pairs of specimens were compared to one another, in order to assess probabilities of conspecificity. Measurements obtained from extant, conspecific male-female pairs were plotted against each other, with the female on the x-axis and male on the y-axis. Morphometrically similar pairs tended to exhibit a relatively low degree of scatter about a least-squares regression line associated with the equation y = mx + c. This degree of scatter, or degree of dissimilarity, was quantified by calculating the standard error of the slope, m (here, "sem"). Using modern conspecifics as a frame of reference, Thackeray and colleagues15 found that this sem statistic displayed a normal distribution when log-transformed (base 10). Thus, pairs of specimens that were morphometrically very different from one another - specimens of different species - can be expected to have a relatively high degree of scatter about the regression line, and so a relatively high sem. Conversely, pairs of conspecifics tended to have a lower degree of scatter and hence a relatively low sem. Using an extant reference sample of over 1 400 specimens of vertebrates and invertebrates, Thackeray16 presented a log sem value of -1.61 ± 0.23 as a statistical definition of a species expressed in terms of probabilities.
The log sem method described by Thackeray and colleagues15 was developed further by Wolpoff and Lee17,18, who used a statistic which they referred to as the 'standard error test of the null hypothesis' (STET). Like log sem, STET is based on the standard error of the slope of the least-squares regression line in bispecimen comparisons. However, Wolpoff and Lee18 argued against the dampening effects of logging the sem statistic. Additionally, they noted that regressing specimen x on specimen y produced different slopes and therefore different standard errors, as compared to regressions of y on x. Thus, STET utilises the standard error of the slopes of both possible pair-wise regressions: STET = [(s.e.mx)2 + (s.e.my)2]1/2, where mx and my are the least-squares slopes of each possible regression. In this way, the STET statistic is invariant of how specimens are regressed on one another, and makes no assumptions about sex, which is often difficult to determine in fossil specimens. Low STET values indicate very similar overall shape (low scatter about the regression lines).
For this analysis, we used the STET statistic to assess the likelihood that TM 1517 and the Swartkrans crania represent the same species. If TM 1517 represents a different species from that which is represented by the Swartkrans robust australopithecines, STET values computed for Swartkrans specimens (compared against each other) should be significantly lower than the STETs derived from TM 1517-Swartkrans comparisons. A ranked-sums test19 was used to determine whether the Swartkrans-only STET values were significantly different from the values computed for the TM 1517-Swartkrans comparisons. This non-parametric test was appropriate in this case because the two samples were not independent: The same Swartkrans crania were used to compute STET values for within-Swartkrans and TM 1517-Swartkrans comparisons.
Finally, because the STET statistic is more reliable with increasing numbers of variables,18 the above procedure was repeated in a secondary analysis, omitting pair-wise comparisons that share less than ten variables, as in the case of the following pairs: TM 1517-SK 12, TM 1517-SK 79, SK 79-SK 12, and SK 12-SK 83. An advantage of the methods developed by Thackeray and colleagues15,16 and Lee and Wolpoff17,18 is that they facilitate assessment of fossil assemblages when certain specimens do not preserve all of the traits under study. Additionally, these methods provide a means of testing hypotheses about taxonomy, based on metric similarity. It should be noted that these methods only test null hypotheses - hypotheses of no significant difference.
The mean STET value for Swartkrans-only was 0.156 ± 0.118, and that of TM 1517-Swartkrans was 0.119 ± 0.104 (see Table 2). The Wilcoxon test showed the distributions are not significantly different (p = 0.3) The TM 1517-Swartkrans distribution was within the range of the Swartkrans distribution, with the exception of the TM 1517-SKW 11 comparison, which had a lower STET value than any comparison within Swartkrans alone (see Figure 2). That the TM 1517-Swartkrans distribution had a lower mean STET value than the Swartkrans-only distribution, highlights the morphological similarities of TM 1517 with many specimens from the Swartkrans sample.
Figure 2 shows that within the Swartkrans-only distribution there is a major outlier, the comparison of SK 12-SK79; this is one of the comparisons preserving fewer than 10 variables in common. The secondary analysis, omitting the comparisons with less than 10 variables in common, produced similar results to the whole-sample analysis (see Figure 3). The mean STET for Swartkrans-only was 0.120 ± 0.070, and that of TM 1517-Swartkrans was 0.053 ± 0.012. In the reduced dataset, the TM 1517-Swartkrans STET values span an even smaller part of the lower range of the within-Swartkrans variation, further underscoring the similarity between TM 1517 and the Swartkrans fossils. A Wilcoxon ranked-sums test on this reduced dataset showed the TM 1517-Swartkrans and Swartkrans-only STET distributions to be significantly different (p = 0.02) at the p < 0.05 level. Because the TM 1517-Swartkrans STET values were generally lower than those within Swartkrans, this significant result is surprising, and further emphasises the morphological similarity between the crania from these two sites, as well as the great variation within Swartkrans itself.
The results show that one cannot reject the null hypothesis: That TM 1517 from Kromdraai and crania from Swartkrans sample the same species, Paranthropus (or Australopithecus) robustus. The TM 1517-Swartkrans STET values were generally lower than the within-Swartkrans values, indicating that not only is TM 1517 within the Swartkrans-only range of variation, but also that TM 1517 is generally more similar to Swartkrans crania than the Swartkrans crania are to each other. In fact, the lowest STET value from the analysis, indicating the two most similar specimens, is that of TM 1517 from Kromdraai and SKW 11 from Swartkrans Member 1's Hanging Remnant. In light of the fairly large variation displayed by the Swartkrans fossils, our results point to a relatively stable lineage of robust australopithecine in the Sterkfontein valley in the lower Pleistocene.
Our results indicate that the Kromdraai and Swartkrans robust australopithecines represent the same species. This is contrary to findings of Howell11, Grine7,9,10, and Schwartz and Tattersall12, whose conclusions were based largely on differences in dental sizes, proportions, and gross morphology between the two sites. Two issues arose with these authors' conclusions. Firstly, the decisions to make specific distinctions appear to be have been made from gross inspection of each site's summary statistics for given dental traits (e.g. M3 mesiodistal length), rather than from statistical tests. Along these lines, Fuller5 used a resampling procedure to compare the pooled Swartkrans-Kromdraai dental coefficients of variation (CV) to the CVs of modern humans, African apes, and fossil hominins. Her results showed that variation within the pooled Swartkrans-Kromdraai sample was statistically no greater than in most of the modern and fossil referents, leading her not to reject the hypothesis of a single species represented at the two sites.
Secondly, some Kromdraai specimens contributing to the seemingly specific differences between the two sites may actually relate to the presence of early Homo. For example, Grine9, 10 suggested that the teeth of a sub-adult from Kromdraai, KB 5223, represented a robust australopithecine species different from that which was represented at Swartkrans. However, Braga and Thackeray20 have shown, using qualitative and quantitative criteria, that KB 5223 is probably attributable to early Homo. Placing all other Kromdraai B dental specimens in the P. robustus sample along with Swartkrans specimens, these authors found it improbable that the KB 5223 postcanine dentition came from the same P. robustus sample, but rather more likely indicated the presence of Homo at Kromdraai In some non-metric traits, this specimen is similar to the TM 1536 M1 and dm1, also from Kromdraai. However, the authors noted that TM 1536 lacked the key diagnostic features of Homo molars, such as the absence of the hypoconulid on the dm1 and C6 on the dm2, present in KB 5223. Thus, the results of Braga and Thackeray20 corroborated those of Fuller5, indicating a high probability that the 'robust' dental specimens from Kromdraai and Swartkrans, with the exception of the KB 5223 dentition, sample a single species. Our results further demonstrate the craniodental affinities of the Kromdraai and Swartkrans robust australopithecine fossils.
From our morphometric analysis, we failed to reject the null hypothesis, therefore there is a very high probability that the type specimen of P. robustus, TM 1517, is the same species of robust australopithecine that is present at Swartkrans. Moreover, TM 1517 fit comfortably within the range of craniodental variation seen in Swartkrans, and is indeed morphometrically very similar to many of the Swartkrans fossils. Hence, the Swartkrans 'robust' australopithecines and TM 1517 can be considered conspecific, representing a single species, Paranthropus (Australopithecus) robustus.
Support for this research was provided by the Rackham Graduate School and the University of Michigan Department of Anthropology (ZC), and by the French Embassy in South Africa, the National Research Foundation (South Africa) and the Andrew Mellon foundation (JFT). We thank Dana Begun and Milford Wolpoff for helpful comments on earlier manuscripts, as well as two anonymous reviewers for helpful and insightful comments on an earlier draft. Our gratitude also goes to Stephany Potze, Lazarus Kgasi and Tersia Perregil at the Transvaal Museum for helpful access to the fossil material.
1. Broom R. The Pleistocene anthropoid apes of South Africa. Nature. 1938;142:377-379. [ Links ]
2. Broom R. Another new type of fossil ape-man. Nature. 1949;163:57. [ Links ]
3. Tobias PV. The cranium and maxillary dentition of Australopithecus (Zinjanthropus) boisei, Olduvai Gorge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1967. [ Links ]
4. Brain CK. The hunters or the hunted? An introduction to African cave taphonomy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 1981. [ Links ]
5. Fuller K. An analysis of the probability of multiple taxa in a combined sample of Swartkrans and Kromdraai dental material. Am J of Phys. Anthropol. 1996;101:429-439. [ Links ]
6. Kaszycka KA. Status of Kromdraai: cranial, mandibular, and dental morphology, systematic relationships, and significance of the Kromdraai hominids, CNRS Editions, Paris; 2002. [ Links ]
7. Grine FE. New craniodental fossils of Paranthropus from the Swartkrans formation and their significance in 'robust' Australopithecine evolution. In: Grine FE. Evolutionary history of the 'robust' Australopithecines. New York: Aldine, 1988; p. 223-246. [ Links ]
8. Grine FE. New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans formation (1979-1986 excavations): Craniodental specimens. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1989;79:409-449. [ Links ]
9. Grine FE. Description and preliminary analysis of new hominid craniodental fossils from the Swartkrans formation. In: Brain CK. Swartkrans: A cave's chronicle of early man. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum, 1993; p. 75-116. [ Links ]
10. Grine FE. A new juvenile hominid (Mammalia: Primates) from Member 3, Kromdraai Formation, Transvaal, South Africa. Ann Transvaal Mus. 1982;33:165-239. [ Links ]
11. Howell FC. Hominidae. In: Maglio VJ, Cooke HBS, editors. Evolution of African Mammals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978; p. 154-248. [ Links ]
12. Schwartz JH, Tattersall I. The human fossil record vol. 4. craniodental morphology of early hominids (Genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Orrorin), and overview. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2005. [ Links ]
13. Lockwood CA. Sexual dimorphism in the face of Australopithecus africanus. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1999;108:97-127. [ Links ]
14. Wolpoff MH. Interstitial wear. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1971;34:205-228. [ Links ]
15. Thackeray JF, Bellamy CL, Bellars D, et al. Probabilities of conspecificity: application of a morphometric technique to modern taxa and fossil specimens attributed to Australopithecus and Homo. S Afr J Sci. 1997;93:195-196. [ Links ]
16. Thackeray JF. Probabilities of conspecificity. S Afr J Sci. 2007;103:1. [ Links ]
17. Wolpoff MH, Lee SH. The Late Pleistocene human species of Israel. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris. 2001;13:291-310. [ Links ]
18. Lee SH, Wolpoff MH. Habiline variation: A new approach using STET. Theory Biosci. 2005;124:25-40. [ Links ]
19. Siegel S. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956. [ Links ]
20. Braga J, Thackeray JF. Early homo at Kromdraai B: probabilistic and morphological analysis of the lower dentition. C R Palevo. 2003;2:269-279. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Zachary Cofran
Department of Anthropology
University of Michigan, 101 West Hall 1085 S. University Ave
Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
email: email@example.com
Received: 15 July 2009
Accepted: 05 Nov. 2009
Published: 11 Mar. 2010
This article is available at: http://www.sajs.co.za


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