text:
Servicios Personalizados
Links relacionados
- Citado por Google
- Similares en Google
versión On-line ISSN 2071-0771
versión impresa ISSN 0075-6458
Koedoe vol.50 no.1 Pretoria ene. 2008
The plant communities of the Andover Game Reserve, South Africa
Heath P. CronjeI; Mike D. PanagosII; Brian K. ReillyII
IDoornkloof Nature Reserve - South Africa
IIDepartment of Nature Conservation - Tshwane University of Technology - South Africa
Floristic characteristics of the Andover Game Reserve (AGR) were surveyed using an area-based survey technique and classified according to the data recorded from 88 relevés, using the PHYTOTAB-PC software package. Three plant communities, of which two each contain two variants, were described and mapped. The plant communities and their causative environmental factors were validated through detrended- and canonical correspondence multivariate analyses. The plant communities of the AGR were found to typify the floristics associated with the catenal sequences located in undulating areas on granite. Broad-leaved savanna is located at the crest and upper mid-slopes while fine-leaved savanna occurs along the footslopes of the AGR. Seeplines, a characteristic occurrence along catenas, are found at the transitional zone between the upper broad- and lower fine-leaved savanna plant communities. This study forms the basis for the compilation of a revised ecological management plan for the Andover Game Reserve.
Keywords: Plant communities, PHYTOTAB-PC, catena, savanna, granitic soils
Protected areas have been set aside for the protection of natural resources and to perpetuate the natural conditions (Visser et al. 1996) that are necessary for the continued existence of these systems. Management, in this context, is the practice by which that purpose is realised (Pyle 1980). For the effective management of any natural area a comprehensive description or base line study is of paramount importance (Barrett et al. 2006; Brown & Bezuidenhout 2000; Brown et al. 2005; Coombes & Mentis 1992; Reilly & MacFadyen 1992) as management decisions are based on a comprehensive understanding of the potential of an area. Management of a conservation area starts once the area has been defined on a map (Spinage 1979). Bredenkamp and Brown (2001) emphasised the use of plant communities as a reliable basis for ecological planning and management. This paper aims to describe the plant communities of the Andover Game Reserve (AGR), South Africa, and forms a critical part in the compilation of a revised ecological management plan for the reserve.
The AGR is situated between the southern latitudes 24º 33' and 24º 38' and eastern longitudes 31º 10' and 31º 17', and encompasses an area of 7 100 ha. The AGR is approximately 20 km southwest of the Orpen gate of the Kruger National Park. The physiography is characterised by an undulating landscape with interspersed drainages and upper landscapes arranged predominantly from a westerly to an easterly direction. The AGR is located within the Bushveld Lowveld region of the revised Köppen climate classification (Kruger 2004; Schulze 1994) and receives a mean annual precipitation of 782.9 mm (AGROMET 1996). Mean daily maximum temperatures in January and July are 31.7 ºC and 24 ºC, with the mean daily minimum being 20.1 ºC and 9.2 ºC for the same periods, respectively (AGROMET 1996). The geology of the Pilgrim's Rest area, which includes the Lowveld, has been described by Walraven (1989). The AGR is situated on the Swazian basement complex, which consists predominantly of gneisses and granites. The north-western section of the AGR comprises grey to pale-brown, medium- to course-grained quartz-feldsparbiotite gneiss with subordinate mafic to ultramafic xenoliths. The south-eastern section of the AGR consists of Makhutswi gneiss, which is light-grey, medium-grained biotite gneiss with course-grained quartz-feldspar leucosomes (Walraven 1986). The reserve incorporates a combination of two Veld Types, namely Veld Type 10 or Lowveld and Veld Type 11, also known as Arid Lowveld (Acocks 1988), and collectively described by Driver et al. (2005) as Granite Lowveld Bushveld. Recently this area has been described as the Granite Lowveld by Mucina and Rutherford (2006).
The level of detail required from a particular study, determines the working scale or associated sampling scale, which in turn determines the smallest mappable unit area both in terms of field procedures and cartography (Rutherford & Westfall 1986). Pressey and Bedward (1991) and Panagos (1995) illustrated the effect of different scales on the same data set, where at socalled coarse scales the data set showed fewer groups than when classified for finer scales. Panagos (1995) and Westfall et al. (1996) recommend a sampling scale of 1:12 000 for areas less than 10 000 ha in extent. A recent (1996) monochrome 1:60 000 aerial photograph was used to construct a photographic mosaic that was then enlarged to a scale of approximately 1:13 000. The photographic mosaic was stratified into eight relatively homogeneous areas using a method that involved the recognition of pattern based on texture and grey values (Cronje 2004; Panagos et al. 1998). The number of sampling quadrats positioned in each homogeneous unit depended on the size of the area: the larger the area the higher the number of sampling quadrats allocated to the unit. A minimum of four sampling quadrats was allocated to the smaller homogeneous units to maximise detection of variability. The sampling quadrat area was set at 200 m2 (10 m x 20 m), relative to the sampling scale (Westfall et al. 1997). This quadrat size has become established as an optimised area for savanna (Boucher & Jarman 1977; Bredenkamp 1975; Panagos et al. 1998; Panagos & Reilly 2006; Theron 1973; van Rooyen 1983; Werger 1974). A total of 88 quadrats were subjectively placed throughout the homogeneous strata as identified on the aerial photographic mosaic. Relevés were located in the field using a Global Positioning System (GPS), the aerial photographic mosaic and a topographic map (Cronje 2004).
Each relevé was geo-referenced using a GPS and the environmental factors recorded at each quadrat included: topographic unit (i.e. crest, mid-slope, footslope, riverine); slope in degrees (estimated); aspect in degrees, with the aid of a compass; soil form, with diagnostic horizons identified up to a depth of 1.2 m according to MacVicar et al. (1991); soil characteristics were classified (sandy, loam or clay) based on a texture analysis using the 'sausage test' (Brady 1984); and the visual occurrence of fire and any other noticeable disturbances.
The floristic parameters recorded at each quadrat were species composition, growth forms (tree, shrub, dwarf shrub, grass, and forb) according to Edwards (1983) and Westfall (1992), and canopy cover determined with the use of the Plant Number Scale (Westfall & Panagos 1988; Westfall et al. 1996.) A community composition analysis (Panagos et al. 1998; Westfall et al. 1996) was carried out for each community and variant. It entailed calculating the projected canopy cover-to-frequency ratios of species in five growth form classes (tree, shrub, dwarf shrub, grass, and forb) using PHYTOTAB-PC (Westfall 1992). A linear relation between cover and frequency is assumed and the expected cover for the actual frequency of each species in a community is calculated according to the linear regressions. Three distinct groups are formed i.e. those with a higher cover and those with a lower cover than the standard error of the mean. The third group of species falls between the first two groups. The first group is referred to as strong competitor species because of the high individual resource-space requirements and the second group is called weak competitor species because of the low individual resource-space requirements. The third group is termed normal competitor species. Plant species nomenclature followed that of the National Herbarium, Pretoria (Germishuizen & Meyer 2003).
The floristic data were classified using the PHYTOTAB-PC program package (Westfall 1992, Westfall et al. 1997) and the resultant plant communities were validated using a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) using the CANOCO software package (ter Braak & milauer 1998). A Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) (ter Braak & milauer 1998) was used to validate floristic and environmental relations.
A total of 333 plant taxa were recorded in three main plant communities, with the first two plant communities each having two variants (Table 1). The identified plant communities were as follows:
1. The Strychnos madagascariensis -Aristida stipitata var. graciliflora short closed woodland
1a The Strychnos madagascariensis -Indigofera inhambanensis variant
1b The Strychnos madagascariensis -Parinari curatellifolia variant
2. The Acacia gerrardii -Setaria sphacelata var. sphacelata short closed woodland
2a The Acacia gerrardii -Fuirena pachyrrhiza var. pachyrrhiza variant
2b The Acacia gerrardii -Themeda triandra variant
3. The Gymnosporia senegalensis -Phragmites mauritianus riparian low thicket
The species groups were arranged to highlight the environmental gradients associated with savanna sandveld ecosystems. The phytosociological classification consists of 12 species groups (AL) of which 205 (61.7%) and 128 (38.4%) species constitute the diagnostic and non-diagnostic portions, respectively (Table 1). A vegetation map of the AGR providing the spatial occurrence of the plant communities is presented in Fig. 1.
Description of plant communities
The Strychnos madagascariensis - Aristida stipitata var. graciliflora short closed woodland (Community 1)
Community 1 (Fig. 1; Table 1, Species Group A) occurs throughout the reserve, predominating on the crests and upper mid-slopes of the landscape with a slope ranging between 2º and 5º. The soils found in these physiographic units are deep sandy soils (mean clay > 5%), with a mean depth of 1 m. Soil forms associated with this plant community are Hutton, Clovelly and Cartref (MacVicar et al. 1991). This community contributes the most to the overall species richness of the AGR, with a total of 258 plant species (Table 2), of which the majority, 15.7% and 45.4%, of the species richness is within the grass and forb growth forms, respectively (Table 3). The woody component of the community is dominated (in terms of cover) primarily by Terminalia sericea and Dichrostachys cinerea with 12.2% and 8.2% cover, respectively (Table 4). Terminalia sericea forms dense fringes of varying degrees toward the lower portions of the mid-slopes. Strychnos madagascariensis is a weak competitor with a density of three trees per hectare (Table 4). Digitaria eriantha, Hyperthelia dissoluta, Panicum maximum (mainly under tree canopies) and Perotis patens are dominant (in terms of cover) in the herbaceous layer (Table 4). Aristida stipitata subsp. graciflora occurs as a normal competitor (Table 4). The forbs, Agathisanthemum bojeri subsp. bojeri, Chamaecrista absus, Vernonia steetziana, Tagetes minuta and Wahlenbergia banksiana occur as strong competitors (Table 4). The actual cover contribution of each growth form in this community is shown in Fig. 2, with a high total percentage cover of 67.8%.
The Strychnos madagascariensis - Indigofera inhambanensis variant 1a
Variant 1a occurs mainly in the eastern half of the reserve (Fig. 1; Table 1, Species Group B), where the predominant underlying geology is grey to pale brown, medium- to course-grained quartz-feldspar-biotite gneiss with subordinate mafic to ultramafic xenoliths (Walraven 1986). The species richness consists of 197 plant species (Table 2), with the dwarf shrub (14.5%), grass (14.9%) and forb (49%) growth forms contributing the most to the species richness of this variant (Table 3). Dominant species (in terms of cover) include the trees Dichrostachys cinerea, Terminalia sericea, the grasses Perotis patens, Digitaria eriantha, Bulbostylis contexta, Hyperthelia dissoluta, Panicum maximum, and the forbs Tagetes minuta, Chamaecrista absus, Vernonia steetziana and Agathisanthemum bojeri subsp. bojeri (Table 5). Indigofera inhambanensis is within a normal competition range (Table 5). The vegetation structure in terms of the actual percentage cover relative to each growth form is illustrated in Fig. 2, with a total cover of 64.9%
The Strychnos madagascariensis -Parinari curatellifolia variant 1b
This variant (1b) of Community 1 occurs within the western portion of the reserve (Fig. 1; Table 1, Species Group C). The underlying geology consists of Makhutswi gneiss, which is light-grey, medium-grained biotite gneiss with course-grained quartz-feldspar leucosomes (Walraven 1986). The occurrences of frequent fires (annually) from the bordering rural communities may be an additional causative factor of this variant. The species richness of this variant is slightly higher (207 species) than that of Variant 1a (Table 2), with the grass (17.8%) and forb growth forms (43.9%) contributing the most to the variant's species richness (Table 3). Dichrostachys cinerea and Terminalia sericea remain strong competitors in the tree growth form (Table 6). Euclea divinorum and Phyllanthus reticulatus are strong competitors in the shrub and dwarf shrub growth forms, respectively (Table 6). Fuirena pachyrrhiza var. pachyrrhiza, Perotis patens, Cynodon dactylon, Hyperthelia dissoluta and Panicum maximum are dominant grasses in terms of cover, of which the latter two are also strong competitors (Table 6). Strong forb competitors include Bidens bipinnata, Wahlenbergia banksiana and Agathisanthemum bojeri subsp. bojeri (Table 6). The growth forms depicting community structure relative to their actual percentage canopy cover are shown in Fig. 2, with a high community cover of 72.8%.
The Acacia gerrardii - Setaria sphacelata var. sphacelata short closed woodland (Community 2)
Community 2 (Fig. 1; Table 1, Species Group D) occurs on the lower mid-slopes and footslopes of the AGR, with a slope ranging between 5º and 10º. The soils are sandy-loam (mean clay 510%) towards the lower mid-slopes, becoming more clayey (mean clay > 50%) on the footslopes. Soils occurring in the plant community are: Cartref, Fernwood, Katspruit, Kroonstad, Sepane, Valsrivier and Sterkspruit (MacVicar et al. 1991). The mean soil depth is 1 m along the lower mid-slopes, decreasing to 0.5 m along the footslopes. A total of 222 plant species (Table 2) occur in the community, with the highest species richness being in the forb (39.7%) growth form (Table 3). The dominant trees (in terms of cover) are Aristida stipitata subsp. graciliflora, Acacia nilotica, Combretum hereroense, Dichrostachys cinerea and the shrub Euclea divinorum, of which the latter three species are also strong competitors (Table 7). Dominant grasses (in terms of cover) include Eragrostis gummiflua, Eragrostis curvula, Digitaria eriantha, Setaria sphacelata var. sphacelata, Bulbostylis contexta, Hyperthelia dissoluta and Panicum maximum, with the four latter species also being strong competitors (Table 7). Although Hyperthelia dissoluta occurs as a strong competitor, its dominance in terms of cover (3.9%) is substantially lower in contrast to its dominance in Community 1 and its Variants 1a and 1b (Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6). Noticeably strong forb competitors are Chaetacanthus setiger and Epaltes gariepina (Table 7). The actual canopy cover contribution of each growth form within the plant community is shown in Fig. 2, with the total percentage cover for the community being 65.6%.
The Acacia gerrardii - Fuirena pachyrrhiza var. pachyrrhiza variant 2a
This variant (Fig. 1 Table 1, Species Group E) is indicative of the seeplines and the transition areas between the broad- and fineleaved savanna. Soils occurring in this vegetation unit have a characteristic G-Horizon, namely Katspruit and Kroonstad (MacVicar et al. 1991). As a result of the G-Horizon, seasonal water emerges to the surface forming wet-spots or seeplines, with characteristic hydromorphic species (i.e. within the grass and forb growth forms) dominating these areas. The floristic richness consists of 147 individual species (Table 2) with the grass and forb layers contributing 19.4% and 42.9% (Table 3), respectively, to the species richness of this variant. Diagnostic species are Fuirena pachyrrhiza var. pachyrrhiza and Vahlia capensis subsp. vulgaris var. vulgaris (Table 1, Species Group E), with Eragrostis inamoena, Eragrostis gummiflua, Eragrostis curvula, Cyperus denudatus and Cyperus sphaerospermus occurring as normal competitors in this hydromorphic vegetation unit (Table 8). Species growth relations within this variant are presented in Table 8. Hyperthelia dissoluta remains a strong grass competitor (Table 8), primarily occurring towards the upper regions of this lower mid-slope vegetation unit. Epaltes gariepina is a strong forb competitor indicative of wet or seepline areas (Table 8). Dichrostachys cinerea remains a strong competitor within the woody component of this vegetation unit (Table 8). The total percentage cover for the variant is 71.1%, with proportions within the woody, herbaceous and forb components being 15%, 39.6% and 15.7% (Fig. 2), respectively, clearly demonstrating the hydromorphic characteristic of the seepline with a clear reduction in the occurrence of the woody components in these areas.
The Acacia gerrardii - Themeda triandra variant 2b
This variant (Fig. 1; Table 1, Species Group F) is restricted to the footslopes of the study area and follows the drainage lines originating in the south and flowing in a northerly direction. The variant is also located along the drainage lines in the eastern parts of the reserve. Soil forms in this vegetation unit are predominantly Sterkspruit, Sepane and Valsrivier, which are duplex soils (MacVicar et al. 1991). Duplex soils are characterised by an abrupt textural or structural transition between the surface horizon and the subsoil (Matthee 1996). The Glenrosa soil form (MacVicar et al. 1991) also occurs where the parent granite rock lies shallow below the surface. The species richness in this variant amounts to 193 individual species (Table 2), with the forbs contributing the most (39.2%) to this vegetation unit (Table 3). Dominant species (in terms of cover) include the trees Dichrostachys cinerea, Combretum hereroense, Acacia nilotica, Acacia gerrardii, the shrub Euclea divinorum, the grasses Panicum maximum, Setaria sphacelata var. sphacelata, Digitaria eriantha, and the forbs Chaetacanthus setiger and Epaltes gariepina (Table 9). The total canopy cover for this variant is 62.1% (Fig. 2).
The Gymnosporia senegalensis - Phragmites mauritianus riparian low thicket (Community 3)
This plant community (Fig. 1; Table 1, Species Group J) is found along the seasonal rivers occurring in the northern and north-western corner of the reserve. Alluvial soils are the predominant soils in the community. This community has the lowest species richness with a total of 118 species (Table 2), with the shrub (17.7%), grass (17.7%) and forb (44.6%) growth forms contributing the most to the species richness of this vegetation unit (Table 3). Combretum imberbe and Gymnosporia senegalensis are strong woody competitors (Table 10). Dominant herbaceous species (in terms of cover) include Eriochloa meyeriana subsp. meyeriana, Eustachys paspaloides, Phragmites mauritianus and Panicum maximum, of which Phragmites mauritianus is a strong competitor (Table 10). Hypoestes forskaolii 'form B' is a strong forb competitor (Table 10). The community structure expressed as a percentage actual cover contributed by each growth form is illustrated in Figure 2. The total class cover is 99.4% and is indicative of dense river vegetation, particularly within the grass (48.9%) and forb (21%) growth forms (Fig. 2). The woody proportion constitutes 18.4% of the total class cover (Fig. 2) and the high percentage grass cover found in this riparian community is due to the inclusion of the reed Phragmites mauritianus in the grass growth form, contributing 22.2% cover on its own (Table 10).
Verification of the plant communities
A DCA of the AGR data set using CANOCO (ter Braak & milauer 1998) provided a significant standard deviation gradient of 4.7 on the first axis with further significant and modest gradients on axes 2, 3, and 4 (Table 11). The cluster diagrams generated by CANOCO (Fig. 3 & Fig. 4) reflect similar groupings to the relevé groupings generated by the PHYTOTAB-PC (Westfall 1992) classification programme (Table 1). A separation is evident between Community 3 (relevés highlighted in blue) and the terrestrial communities (1 & 2 plus their variants) (relevés highlighted in red) (Fig. 3). Excluding the riparian community (3) from the data set and performing another secondary ordination expands the terrestrial communities with relevés highlighted in blue, black and red, representing Community 1, Variant 2a and Community 2, respectively (Fig. 4). Outliers in terms of seepline (Variant 2a) relevés are highlighted in green. The lack of clustering of the seepline relevés (Fig. 4) can be attributed to the catenal phenomenon in terms of the variable width of the seeplines and their similarities to the adjacent plant communities with regard to being transitional between the upper and lower plant communities.
Of the environmental factors recorded, the factor most likely to have had the greatest influence computed by a CCA (Table 12) on the distribution of plant communities within the AGR was soil in terms of moisture and clay content.
The AGR's undulating granitic physiography resulted in the identification of a catenal sequence similar to that described by Scholes (1986, 1997). The plant communities of the AGR are thus a function of the catenal sequence in the Granite Lowevld Bushveld (Cronje 2004; Driver et al. 2005), reflecting a mosaic of units having a 'tortoise shell' appearance. Although plant species composition is influenced by such soil properties as nutrient status, pH, salinity and texture, the overwhelming factor determining the spatial distribution and productivity of forest, savanna and grassland is soil moisture balance (Tinley 1982; Walker 1985). At a scale of hundreds of meters to kilometres, the migration of fine soil particles and ions from ridge crests to valley floors, under the influence of water movement and gravity, establishes a topo-sequence of soils and associated vegetation known as a catena (Scholes 1997). The availability of this soil moisture to plants is dictated by the soil type, in terms of clay content. Fine-textured soils along the foot-slopes (high clay) are more xeric and thus water in these soils is limiting for much of the year. Under the same climatic conditions in sandy soils (i.e. along the crests and upper mid- slopes), moisture is much less of a limiting factor (Knoop & Walker 1985) although it is quickly lost to the bottomlands. The sandy soils generally have an acidic pH, with alkaline soils on the footslopes (Bredenkamp 1982; Scholes 1986). Therefore the differences in soil constituency reflect plant productivity, vegetation structure and species composition (O' Connor 1985). Floristic richness is also influenced by climate and management factors such as grazing and fire (O'Connor 1991; O'Connor 1995; Scholes 1997; Teague & Smit 1992).
The vegetation of the AGR relative to the catenal sequence described by Scholes (1997) has the broad-leaved savanna (Community 1) occurring on the crests and upper mid-slopes with sandy soils and the fine-leaved savanna (Community 2) on lower mid-slopes and footslopes with clay soils. Another characteristic feature of the catenal sequence is the formation of seeplines (i.e. an intermittent perched water table) that have characteristic hydromorphic or dambo grassland species (Scholes 1986; 1997) and is represented on the AGR by the community Variant 2a. The formation of this hydromorphic grassland is as a result of the interface between the sandy upland and the clayey bottomland (Scholes 1997).
The influence of the interface of the sand and clay is not necessarily limited to a specific area but can expand from the moist seepline areas into the broad-leaved savanna particularly with regard to hydromorphic sedges and forbs, which are clearly noticeable in the phytosociological table (Table 1), as indicated by the bold broken line between Variants 2a and 1b (Species Group E). A possible reason for this could be a damming-up effect causing moisture to move upwards from the seepline, resulting in a higher moisture content in the lower section of Variant 1b and thus creating hydromorphic conditions similar to that of a seepline. Water moving downslope towards the evident interface would then result in a higher soil moisture content up to the seepline, where the water emerges, creating a hydromorphic grassland. Variant 2a (Acacia gerrardii -Fuirena pachyrrhiza var. pachyrrhiza) is clearly recognisable by the predominance of sedges and hydromorphic grasses and the sparseness of trees, as reflected by the proportional cover values of the woody, grass and forb growth forms being 15%, 39.6% and 15.7%, respectively (Fig. 2). This hydromorphic community is more moist than the areas above and below it and therefore remains green and palatable for longer periods of time, thus making it a valuable habitat for wildlife, especially during the dry winter season (Scholes 1986).
Floristic and habitat correlation
Floristic and habitat correlations not only aid in the verification of the vegetation classification but also provide an understanding of the causes of community differentiation (Westfall 1992).
Finding a correlation between habitat and plant communities does not necessarily validate a classification, because with all the habitat factors available it should be possible to find some or other correlation with a specific group of plants. What is important however is that habitat factors shown to correlate with the plant communities should form some sort of environmental gradient (Panagos et al. 1998). The initial CANOCO DCA (ter Braak & milauer 1998) ordination of all relevés provided a significant gradient (> 4 SD, Table 11). Scatter diagrams (Fig. 3 & Fig. 4) reflect relevé groupings similar to that produced by PHYTOTAB-PC (Westfall 1992). A CCA (ter Braak & milauer 1998) conducted on the environmental factors (Table 12) recorded in this study indicated soil texture (i.e. sandy, sandy loam, loam and clay), and hence soil moisture, to be the environmental factor that had the greatest influence on the plant community differentiation. The relevé grouping produced both by PHYTOTAB-PC (Westfall 1992) and CANOCO (ter Braak & milauer 1998) reflects a gradient relating to soil fertility and moisture clearly evident on catenas of granitic origin. Thus the DCA and the CCA supported and confirmed the vegetation classification of the AGR obtained in this study as analysed by PHYTOTAB-PC (Westfall 1992).
With the exception of the riverine work of Myburgh (1999), this is the first non-riverine application of a scale-related vegetation technique (Westfall et al. 1996) used in conjunction with PHYTOTAB-PC (Westfall 1992) in the Arid or Granitic Lowveld (Acocks 1988; Mucina & Rutherford 2006). The stratification and classification of the vegetation of the AGR at a scale of 1:13 000 has provided a map of the reserve with three main plant communities, two of which have two variants. The plant communities of the AGR are indicative of vegetation on deep sandy soils of the Granite Lowveld Bushveld Veld Type (Driver et al. 2005) with affinity to the catenal phenomenon. The
use of a multivariate data analysis technique on the AGR data set confirmed the phytosociological classification of AGR. The use of the scale-related vegetation survey technique (Westfall et al. 1996; Westfall & Panagos 1988) has provided quantitative data together with a vegetation map of the AGR, which can be used to formulate a management plan for the Andover Game Reserve.
An integral component of reserve management is the implementation of a vegetation monitoring programme for the Andover Game Reserve. The data collected in this study was objective with regard to the systematic manner (Cronje 2004) in which it was collected with the use of the Plant Number Scale (Westfall & Panagos 1988). It is recommended that an area-based monitoring technique that incorporates the data collected in this survey be used so that this baseline data can be expanded upon to benefit management decision support of the Andover Game Reserve.
The authors thank Mr A.J. Botha and Mr I.C. Sharp for logistical support and valued comments; the Tshwane University of Technology for funding; Dr W.J. Myburgh, Mr J.J. Kotze and Dr R.H. Westfall for assistance with data analysis; and Mrs I. Cronje for dedicated assistance and motivation.
Acocks, J.P.H. 1988. Veld Types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, 57: 1-146 [ Links ]
AGROMET DATABASE. 1996. Pretoria: Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Soil, Climate and Water. [ Links ]
Barrett, A.S., Brown, L.R., Barrett, L. &. Henzi, S.P. 2006. Phytosociology and the plant community utilization by vervet monkeys of the Blydeberg Conservancy, Limpopo Province. Koedoe, 49(1): 4968. [ Links ]
Boucher, C. & Jarman, M.L. 1977. The vegetation of the Langebaan area, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 42: 241272. [ Links ]
Brady, N.C. 1984. The nature and properties of soils (9th ed.). London: Collins Macmillan Publishers. [ Links ]
Bredenkamp, G.J. 1975. Plantsosiologiese studie van die Suikerbosrand Natuurreservaaat. MSc thesis, Pretoria: University of Pretoria. [ Links ]
Bredenkamp, G.J. 1982. 'n Plantekologiese studie van die Manyeletiwildtuin. DSc thesis, Pretoria: University of Pretoria. [ Links ]
Bredenkamp, G.J. & Brown, L.R. 2001. A reliable ecological basis for environmental planning. Urban Green File, November/ December 2001: 3839. [ Links ]
Brown, L.R. & H. Bezuidenhout, H.B. 2000. The phytosociology of the De Rust section of the Mountain Zebra National Park, Eastern Cape. Koedoe, 43(1): 118. [ Links ]
Brown, L. R., Marais, H. , Henzi, S.P. & Barrett, L. 2005. Vegetation classification as the basis for baboon management in the Bourke's Luck Section of the Blyde Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga. Koedoe, 48(2): 7192. [ Links ]
Coombes, P.J. & Mentis, M.T. 1992. A procedure for defining conservation management objectives and goals. In: Ebedes, H (ed.). Proceedings of the 3rd International Wildlife Ranching Symposium. Pretoria. [ Links ]
Cronje, H.P. 2004. Rangeland management implications of a scale-related vegetation survey in the Arid Lowveld, South Africa. MTech thesis. Pretoria: Tshwane University of Technology. [ Links ]
Driver, A., Maze, K., Rouget, M., Lombard, A.T., Nel, J., Turpie, J.K., Cowling, R.M., Desmet, P., Goodman, P., Harris, J., Jonas, Z. Reyers, B. Sink, K. & Strauss, T. 2005. National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Priorities for biodiversity conservation in South Africa. Strelitzia, 17. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. [ Links ]
Edwards, D. 1983. A broad-scale structural classification of vegetation for practical purposes. Bothalia, 14: 705712. [ Links ]
Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds.). 2003. The plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia, 14. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. [ Links ]
Knoop, W.T. & B.H. Walker, B.H. 1985. Interactions of woody and herbaceous vegetation in a southern African savanna. Journal of Ecology, 73: 235253. [ Links ]
Kruger, A.C. 2004. Climate of South Africa. Climate Region. WS45. Pretoria: South African Weather Service. [ Links ]
Macvicar, C.N., Bennie, A.T.P., Villiers, J.M., Ellis, J., Fey, M.V., Harmse, H.J., Von, M., Hensley, M., Lambrechts, J.J.N., Bruce, R.W., Dohse, T.E., Eloff, J.F., Grey, D.C., Hartmann, M.O., Idema, S.W.J., Laker, M.C., Merryweather, F.R., Michael, D., Schloms, B.H.A., Schönau, A.P.G., Snyman, K., Van Niekerk, B.J., Verster, E., Loxon, R.F., Meyer, J.H., Paterson, D.G., Schoeman, J.L., Scotney, D.M., Turner, D.P., Van Rooyen, T.H. & Yager. T.U. 1991. Soil classification: a taxonomic system for South Africa. Memoirs on the Agricultural Natural Resources of South Africa, No.15: 1257. [ Links ]
Matthee, J.F.G. 1996. A primer on soil conservation. Pretoria: Government Printer. pp. 1124. [ Links ]
Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia, 19. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. [ Links ]
Myburgh, W.J. 1999. Oewerplantegroei van die Olifantsriviersisteem 'n ekologiese perspektief. Pretoria: Water Research Commission, Report No. 663/1/99. ISBN 1868455688. [ Links ]
O' Connor, T.G. 1985. A synthesis of field experiments concerning the grass layer in the savanna regions of southern Africa. South African National Scientific Programmes Report, 114: 126. [ Links ]
O'Connor, T.G. 1991. Influence of rainfall and grazing on the compositional change of herbaceous layer of a sandveld savanna. Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa, 8(3): 103109. [ Links ]
O'Connor, T.G. 1995. Transformation of savanna grassland by drought and grazing. African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 12(2): 5360. [ Links ]
Panagos, M.D. 1995. A comparative classification of the Sourish- Mixed Bushveld on the farm Roodeplaat (293) using quadrat and point methods. MSc thesis. Petermaritzburg: University of Natal. [ Links ]
Panagos, M.D. & Reilly, B.K. 2006. Use of an area-based survey technique to detect vegetation changes in Sour Bushveld. Koedoe, 49(1): 6977. [ Links ]
Panagos, M.D., Westfall, R.H., Van Staden, J.M. & Zacharias, P.J.K. 1998. The plant communities of the Roodelpaat Experimental Farm, Gauteng, South Africa and the importance of classification verification. South African Journal of Botany, 64(1): 4446. [ Links ]
Pressey, R.L. & Bedward, M. 1991. Mapping the environment at different scales: benefits and costs for nature conservation. In: Margules, C.R. & Austin, M.P. (eds.) Nature conservation: cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Canberra: CSIRO. [ Links ]
Pyle, R.M. 1980. Management in nature reserves. In: Soulé, M.E. & Wilcox, B.A. (eds.). Conservation Biology, an evolutionary ecological perspective. Sunderland: Massachusett: Sinauer. pp. 319328. [ Links ]
Reilly, B.K. & Macfadyen, I.D. 1992. An eco-systematic procedural model for the ecological management of Letaba Ranch Game Reserve, Gazankulu. In: Ebedes, H (ed). Proceedings of the 3rd International Wildlife Ranching Symposium. Pretoria. [ Links ]
Rutherford, M.C. & Westfall, R.H. 1986. Biomes of southern Africa: An objective categorisation. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, 54: 198. [ Links ]
Scholes, R.J. 1986. A guide to bush clearing in the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld, 2nd ed. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand. [ Links ]
Scholes, R.J. 1997. Savanna. In: Cowling, R.M., Richardsom, D. M. & Pierce, S.M. eds. Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 258277. [ Links ]
Schulze, B.R. 1994. Climate of South Africa (WB 28). Part 8. General Survey. Pretoria: Weather Bureau; Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. [ Links ]
Spinage, C.A.. 1979. What is wildlife management? In: Ajaya, S.S. & Halstead, L.B. (eds.). Wildlife management in Savanna woodland. London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 186193. [ Links ]
Teague, W.R. & Smit, G.N. 1992. Relations between woody and herbaceous components and the effects of bush-clearing in southern African savannas. Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa, 9(2): 6071. [ Links ]
Ter Braak, C.J.F. & P. milauer, P. 1998. CANOCO Reference Manual and User's Guide to Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4). Ithaca: New York. Microcomputer Power. [ Links ]
Theron, G.K. 1973. 'n Ekologiese studie van die plantegroei van die Loskopdamnatuurreservaat. DSc thesis. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. [ Links ]
Tinley, K.L. 1982. The influence of soil moisture balance on the ecosystem patterns on southern Africa. In: Huntley, B.J. & Walker, B.H. (eds). Ecology of tropical savannas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. [ Links ]
Van Rooyen, N. 1983. Die plantegroei van die Roodeplaatdamnatuurreservaat II. Die plantgemeenskappe. South African Journal of Botany, 2: 115125. [ Links ]
Visser, N., Van Hoven, W. & Theron, G.K. 1996. The vegetation and identification of management units of the Honnet Nature Reserve, Northern Province, South Africa. Koedoe, 39(1): 2542. [ Links ]
Walker, B.H. 1985. Structure and function of savannas: an overview. In: Tothill, J.H. & Mott, T.T. (eds). Ecology and management of the worlds savannas. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science, pp. 350353. [ Links ]
Walraven, F. 1986. 2430 Pilgrim's Rest 1: 250 000 Geological Series. Pretoria: Government Printer. [ Links ]
Walraven, F. 1989. The geology of the Pilgrim's Rest area. Pretoria: Government Printer. [ Links ]
Werger, M.J.A. 1974. On concepts and techniques applied in the Zürich-Montpellier method of vegetation survey. Bothalia, 11: 309323. [ Links ]
Westfall, R.H. 1992. Objectivity in stratification, sampling and classification of vegetation. PhD thesis. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. [ Links ]
Westfall, R.H. & Panagos, M. D. 1988. The plant number scale an improved method of cover estimation using variable-sized belt transects. Bothalia, 18(2): 289291. [ Links ]
Westfall, R.H., Theron, G.K. & Van Rooyen, N. 1997. Objective classification and analysis of vegetation data. Plant Ecology, 132: 137154. [ Links ]
Westfall, R.H., Van Staden, J.M., Panagos, M.D., Breytenbach, P.J.J. & Greef, A. 1996. Scale-related vegetation sampling. ARC Range and Forage Institute. Private Bag X05, Lynn East 0039. [ Links ]
Correspondence to:
Heath P. Cronje
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Postal Address: Doornkloof Nature Reserve, PO Box 94, Colesberg, 9795, South Africa


text:
STOCKTON - A suspect in a 5-year-old homicide is in San Joaquin County Jail after extradition from Mexico this week, according to the U.S. Marshal's Office.
STOCKTON - A suspect in a 5-year-old homicide is in San Joaquin County Jail after extradition from Mexico this week, according to the U.S. Marshal's Office.
Marshals, with help from Mexican authorities, arrested Javier Jimenez on Wednesday in Puerto Vallarta, and he has been extradited to the United States and is listed as an inmate in the jail.
Jimenez is the suspect in a stabbing death on Aug. 2, 2008, at the Lost Isle Resort.
According to Record archives, Jimenez was the suspect who stabbed two San Jose men, one of whom later died, and evaded sheriff's deputies by first trying to leave on a boat then jumping back onto the island as deputies, who had arrived by boat, were trying to stop his vessel.
Deputies used K-9 teams and heat-seeking equipment in their search for Jimenez, then a resident of Tracy, and a Sacramento County helicopter equipped with heat-seeking devices also aided in the search, but Jimenez was able to evade capture.
Jimenez, 37, was arrested just three days after his birthday by Mexican officials working on behalf of the U.S. Marshal's Office.
It's the fourth high-profile extradition from Mexico involving San Joaquin homicides since 2012.
� Richard Alcaraz, 22, is a suspect in the homicide of the popular owner of Paisano's Market in East Stockton in November. Alcaraz was arrested May 28 in Cabo San Lucas. He is in San Joaquin County Jail awaiting trial.
� Alfredo Reyes Reyes, 53, is a suspect in the Jan. 25, 1982, homicide of two Stockton teenage girls. He was arrested in May 2011, in a pool hall in Tijuana, where he had been living since the slayings. He is in San Joaquin County Jail awaiting trial.
� Mario Martinez Pe�a, 27, was found guilty of child abuse resulting in death after fleeing during his trial in 2009. Pe�a had fled to Mexico on the day his trial began and was extradited three years later. He is in Pleasant Valley prison, serving his 25-years-to-life sentence.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hard-to-burn 'smart' wallpaper even triggers alarms
Science News for Students (www.sciencenewsforstudents.org) is an award-winning, free online magazine that reports daily on research and new developments across scientific disciplines for inquiring minds of every age — from middle school on up.
Hard-to-burn 'smart' wallpaper even triggers alarms
Wallpaper can transform the look of a room. A new type can also do double duty as a 24/7 fire sentry. This wallpaper is all but unburnable, and when it gets really hot, it can trigger warning lights and sound an alarm. One added benefit: It's nontoxic. Key to the new wallpaper is a network of nanowires inside it. The wires are made from hydroxyapatite, a mineral found in bones and teeth that is flexible on a nanoscale level. Researchers in China described their new wall covering March 13 in ACS Nano. The team hopes the product's traits will make it attractive for use in homes. — Alexandra Taylor
Read more: www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/wallpaper
Living Mysteries: Meet Earth's simplest animal
In the 1880s, scientist Franz Eilhard Schulze was one of the world's top experts on ocean sponges. Today, he is best known for discovering a drab animal no larger than a sesame seed. The animal had been hiding in one of Schulze's fish tanks. To this day, Trichoplax adhaerens remains the simplest animal known. A flat sheet three cells thick, it has no mouth, stomach, muscles, blood or veins. Yet T. adhaerens interests scientists because it shows what the very first animals on Earth might have looked like. The critter is even providing hints about how simple animals later evolved — with mouths, stomachs and nerves. — Douglas Fox
Read more: www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/simple-animal
Dirty air can harm your brain and stress the body
Emerging data show that air pollution can pose serious risks to anyone, including healthy children and teens. Pollutants too small to see can alter brain function. The pollutants can make it hard for kids to concentrate and can throw hormones — those chemical messengers that direct the body's activities — out of whack. In short, air pollution can seriously damage young minds and bodies. And over many years, scientists worry, these pollutants could place healthy young people at risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes or even heart disease and strokes. — Lindsey Konkel
Read more: www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/dirty-air


text:
a) Tectonic & age control on magmatism Intra-continental basaltic volcanism commonly forms volcanoes dispersed over large areas and erupted over a long period of time, in spite of the fact that the individual volcanoes could be as short lived as a few hours. This type of dispersed intra- plate volcanism is often defined as monogenetic volcanism, expressing the short-lived and small-volume eruptions of the individual volcanoes that make up the fields. While the eruption duration of each individual volcano in a volcanic field is generally short, the life of the entire field can be well over the average lifetime of a composite or stratovolcano, ranging from a few thousands to several hundreds of thousands of years. The total magmatic output of an individual volcano of a volcanic field is considered to be small and estimated to be several orders of magnitude less than the total magmatic output of a composite volcano; however, the total magmatic output of a volcanic field as a whole can be comparable to the average magma output rate of a composite volcano of any composition. These unique features of intra-continental, dominantly basaltic volcanic fields provide a great opportunity to conduct research to understand the internal and external parameters that control how magma reaches the surface from the mantle regions, how individual magma batches evolve during ascent, how the structural elements of the lithosphere influence the style of volcanism produced by the rising magma and how spatio-temporal variations of the style, volume, chemistry of the volcanism could be linked to physico-chemical processes during the ascent of the magma. The generally long duration of the activity of a whole volcanic field makes monogenetic volcanism an important parameter to consider in sedimentary basin evolution. The accumulated eruptive products and their slowly eroding volcaniclastic material could significantly influence the sedimentary history of an evolving basin. The added volcanic material to the basin could help to constrain the timing of events by using radiometric dating techniques to solve stratigraphical problems. The eruptive history of a basaltic volcanic field, which can span millions of years, could coincide with dramatic climatic and paleoenvironmental changes that can be dated precisely using radiometric dating techniques of preserved volcanic rocks. Therefore, a systematic volcanological and geochronological study of individual volcanoes of a volcanic field can help to draw a detailed paleoenvironmental reconstruction, often in combination with paleogeographic reconstructions and erosion rate estimates. In this session we would like to invite contributors conducting research on understanding the link between basaltic magma ascent and the structural setting of a lithosphere. Presentations targeting key questions that try to explain why and how magma forms dispersed ascent zones leading to the formation of volcanic fields are welcomed. We are calling for presentations that show the potential link between dispersed volcanism and more central vent-dominated volcanism. Research results on the spatio-temporal evolution of small-volume basaltic volcanic fields from the perspective of understanding the external versus internal controlling parameters of such variations are encouraged to be submitted to this session. New geochronological analytical techniques, case studies, analogue and computer modelling to explain the magma ascent from depth to the surface are expected to be presented in this session.
Convener Karoly Nemeth (Palmerston North/NZ, recent address: Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) Zoltan Pecskay (Debrecen/H)


text:
Two victims of 2011 listeria cantaloupe outbreak die; outbreak officially linked to 33 deaths
Two men sickened in the 2011 cantaloupe listeria outbreak have died in the last few days, two years after the national scare was linked to melons grown on a Colorado farm.
Herb Stevens and Charles Palmer died in the last four days, according to the men's attorney, Bill Marler.
At the time of Stevens' death, Marler was returning from a meeting with lawyers and insurance companies representing the broker, shipper and grocery store chain that sold the contaminated melons, as well as the auditor who gave the farm an outstanding rating while it was shipping the listeria-covered cantaloupes. Stevens was 86.
"If I were a cynic, you could look at the justice delayed and see that the strategy of the corporations that sell you 'fresh fruit' is to stretch the process out until all the victims are dead," Marler wrote on his blog. "If I were a cynic."
Stevens' wife and four daughters, along with dozens of other victims' families, will be the beneficiaries if the companies settle lawsuits stemming from the outbreak. The Littleton man ate part of a cut-up cantaloupe his wife bought at a grocery store in August 2011. Within two weeks, he had tremors, chills and was so weak he couldn't stand.
Stevens never rebounded after he was sickened by the cantaloupe and his family attributes his decreased quality of life the last two years to the food poisoning.
Palmer, of Colorado Springs, had hoped to resolve his lawsuit against the cantaloupe shipper, farm inspector and grocery store before his death. He had $250,000 in medical bills and didn't want to leave that burden on his wife and two sons, ages 18 and 20.
Palmer, a retired master Marine Corps sergeant, was 70 when he was sickened by listeria bacteria, and until then, his family says, his health was clean. His symptoms began with a severe headache and stiff neck, and worsened to the point his eyes were rolling back and he was not responding to his wife, who called 911.
As he was treated for listeria, doctors discovered cancer. Before his death, Palmer wrote this: "I worry everyday that my physical and mental life will also be a burden on my wife and family trying to take care of me. If I could get back just half the strength I used to be I would probably be a lot less stressed. This always trying to take care of me is not something I want or the pressure put on my family to wait after me."
Officially, the outbreak is linked to 33 deaths and one miscarriage by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


text:
HONOLULU, July 12 (UPI) -- United Airlines Flight 201 from Honolulu to Guam was diverted Friday due to an odor inside the aircraft, an FAA official said.
The Boeing 777 was diverted to Midway Island about 1,300 northwest of Honolulu when the odor was detected in the cabin or cockpit, FAA spokesman Allen Kenitzer said.
No one was injured in the incident.
The 335 passengers and 13 crew members stayed on the island about seven hours before a replacement aircraft took them back to Hawaii. United Airlines Flight 2105 took the passengers on to Guam on Saturday.
Clark said the airline is inspected the jetliner. The nature of the odor wasn't reported.
Midway Island -- or Atoll -- is an unincorporated territory of the United States.


text:
World Hepatitis Day: More must be done to stop this silent killer
15 July 2013 -- Viral hepatitis – a group of infectious diseases known as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E – affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, causing acute and chronic disease and killing close to 1.4 million people every year. On World Hepatitis Day, 28 July 2013, WHO and partners focus on the fact that although the burden of disease caused by viral hepatitis is growing, it remains largely ignored or unknown to many policymakers, health workers and the public.
fact buffet
Hepatitis A
1.4 million estimated cases of hepatitis A every year.Fact sheet on hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
240 millionpeople live with chronic HBV infection.Fact sheet on hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
150 millionpeople are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.Fact sheet on hepatitis C


text:
I have had a ball been bowled at me, it hit the stumps but teh bails did not come off and he stayed in
I have had a ball been bowled at me, it hit the stumps but teh bails did not come off and he stayed in
My BT and FPT team the: (Fishs XI)
supporting; Mark Ramprakah (for England), Graham Thorpe;
Geraint Jones; Ali Brown; Saqulain Mushtaq; Surrey CCC; Fishs XI; Fulham FC and Lincolnshire CCC.
A fine cover drive that deserved to be four. Unfortunately a beer glass thrown onto the outfield by a drunken spectator has stopped the ball. Shame.
That is ridiculous.
...he really should have picked that up.
Jesus brings life eternal
Don't blame it on the ball shine, don't blame it on the great flight, don't blame it on the crease line, blame it on the googly! That's out!
Hahaha, thats clearly the best so far.
President of SKAS - Kat is King | Proud member of CVAAS - One of the best | LRPLTAS - Rosco rocks!
Go Tigers!
R.I.P. Fardin & Craig
Don't bag it out its not that bad
My Bes XI of all time:
1. H Sutcliffe
2. J Hobbs
3. D Bradman
4. S Tendulkar
5. B Lara
6. G Sobers
7. A Gilchrist
8. R Benaud
9. D Lillee
10. M Marshall
11. I Khan
I don't like drug addicts.
I don't like chukkas.
It is just the bunch of idiots writing the commentary making it bad. There will be more in the database now with it open all season. So,So, repetitive.
Love the BT Commentary, cracks me up on a regular basis. Better than "same line of commentary 3 times in one over" FTP at any rate
You actually read the commentary?
Yeah, I haven't read commentary in years.
... .... .- -.- . / - .... . / -.. . .- - .... / ..-. .-. --- -- / -.-- --- ..- .-. / -... --- -. . ...
So are we ready for another cup anytime soon?
Member of the AAAS
Member of CW Green | Stedingham Jets Grade Cricket Team | Northside Power
Manager of South Australia (WCC)
Winner of AFL Tipping 2006 | Winner of Wimbeldon Prediction 2006
Personally I don't think there's anything wrong with the commentary per se, it's more to do with the frequency at which fairly unlikely events occur. For example, even playing in a blind cricket league, in RL I never see players being hit by the ball on such a regular basis - Okay, short leg and the WK might cop a few, but maybe that'll happen twice or three times a match, not two or three times an over! Similarly, despite being the most technically correct (boring) batsman on my team, in nineteen years of playing, I've hit the non-striker's stumps with a straight drive precisely once! I remember because sadly the bowler got a hand to it, and ran out my partner - I wasn't the most popular boy in the pub that night!
And in those nineteen years, I've never seen anyone get bowled, only for the bails not to fall. Mind you, that's probably because, in my league, we play with fixed stumps, so if the ball hits the wicket you're out regardless! - Though that causes a whole other series of arguments over whether the ball hit the face of the stumps, (which is clearly out), or the side or base, which is not out, as they wouldn't be there on an ordinary set of stumps. This is a particular bone of contention for me, being a left-arm chinaman bowler, turning it into the stumps. Though I bowl people so rarely that personally I reckon they should be given out if I beat the bat, let alone hit any part of the stumps.
The only similar event I can recall in test cricket was when Dominic Corke, against The West Indies in 1995, knocked his bails off while playing a cut to Ambrose. Nobody, including Corke, realised, and they ran two. When Corke got back to the striker's end, he simply replaced the bails and went on to get a fifty! Only TV replays showed what had happened, and Corke maintains to this day that he was as clueless as everyone else.
But my point being that, in about twenty-five years of watching test cricket, I can only recall one, slightly similar, event, so it shouldn't happen in BT every other over!
I've seen people being bowled without the bails falling of numerous occasions in my career...
I've seen a lot of people leave the field injured because they got hit...(i've hit someone to the hospital once..he dropped the catch I gave him )
I've hit the stumps of the non strikers end quite a lot...but indeed not 3 times an over!(same with people being hit and the bails not falling off)
That's why we should all fill in as much "boring" commentary as possible.
Winner of the 4th Cricket Web Battrick Cup
I much prefer these funny lines each over than the borin commentary like, Back foot defense, dot ball. What would u prefer.
the only funny piece of commentary is the one where the guy takes the catches clutching the ball in the scrotal area, lol.
"Matt Damon"
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
I enjoy reading magazines. A well-written magazine article is a perfect way to learn something new about the world in a relatively quick fashion. A magazine article length is just about perfect for "family reading time" or for other brief opportunities throughout the day.
An aside: our family has a pretty regular "family reading time" in which we each read something (or, in the case of the youngest members of our family, have something read to us) for a set period of time. We're usually all in the same room when we do this. I try to choose a variety of things to read during this period so that the children see me reading a variety of things. A big part of "family reading time" is to encourage reading through emulation.
I tend to prefer either magazines that focus strongly on well-edited and well-researched deep writing (like The Atlantic) or magazines that teach me how to do something new (like a good cooking magazine).
In our neighborhood, children are often selling magazine subscriptions to support their clubs and other activities, and Sarah and I tend to support them, particularly children that live near us and play with our own children. The result is that we end up subscribing to a few different magazines along these lines.
This leads to another problem: magazine bloat. If you subscribe to several different magazines, that means you're getting the issues in the mail very regularly. That's a lot of paper entering your home.
If you aren't completely on top of reading those magazines immediately – and most of us are not – those magazines can start building up and cluttering your home.
If you hit a busy phase in your life, there's a good chance that some issues will go entirely unread. I know that during particularly crazy weeks around here, we'll miss issues of magazines, even ones that we love.
If you have "project" magazines and you want to hold on to some of them for future tasks, the magazines will start building up.
The end result of all of these things is clutter. Magazines, if not properly maintained, can easily grow into a cluttered nightmare.
The easiest solution is to simply trim your magazine subscriptions. Don't resubscribe to the magazine (or two) that you read the least. This will save you money and reduce the number of issues cluttering your home.
Other useful tactics:
Have an organizing system for your "project" magazines. I love to hang onto issues of magazines that encourage me to do things, like cooking magazines or homebrew electronic magazines. If you don't have a system for getting them out of the way and in a coherent order, they can cause a real mess. I simply have a closet shelf devoted to project magazines, where I keep all of them.
Tear out or otherwise record key tips, then toss the magazine. Don't keep a full magazine just for one recipe or one idea. Tear out that page and save it, then toss the rest of the issue. Better yet, copy down that one piece of information you want to save in some electronic fashion, whether through scanning or typing it in.
If you're talked into subscribing by a young salesperson, just extend a subscription to something you already get. If a child is on my doorstep and I'm looking at the catalog of magazines they have for sale, I always look for ones I'm subscribed to and intend to keep subscribing to. If the price is reasonable, I choose that one. This way, my subscription is just extended and I'm not facing any new magazines that I don't really want coming in the mail.
Keep your magazines under control and you'll keep one source of clutter well under control (and perhaps save yourself a bit of money, too).
This post is part of a yearlong series called "365 Ways to Live Cheap (Revisited)," in which I'm revisiting the entries from my book "365 Ways to Live Cheap," which is available at Amazon and at bookstores everywhere.


text:
Moderator: 3ne2nr Mods
ek4ever wrote:Better start polishing Civic from now
MG Man wrote:what are the selection criteria?
kurpal_v2 wrote:Guys, idk if its just me but do I NEED to see the pop-up EVERY single page I visit?
Kinda annoying...
maybe you disabled your cookies? It should only popup once every 2 dayskurpal_v2 wrote:Guys, idk if its just me but do I NEED to see the pop-up EVERY single page I visit?
Kinda annoying...
crazybalhead wrote:Looking at the 2011 Colombia car, Trinidad definitely has a chance!
MG Man wrote:post ah pic nar pappy
Meguiar's TnT wrote:MG Man wrote:post ah pic nar pappy
MG Man like they waiting on you to start it. Post a pic of your ride to get the ball rolling.
Meguiar's TnT wrote:Sweet car MG. Would love to see this fully restored. Really a piece of History that you have there. I fully agree on taking your time to get back the original or as close to original parts as possible.
Come on guys, lets see some more pics of TnT's Best Cars.
equipped2ripp wrote:yeah, throw up a retail price list. if prices are comparable, alot of guys would rather buy it down here than ordering online.
Return to "Ole talk and more Ole talk"
Users browsing this forum: diamonds are forever, Phoenixblasting, Rovin and 50 guests


text:
contact hp – help & support | contact hp technical support
Contact hp support via phone or chat. Need Support to setup your device is damaged, disabled, or hacked, don't panic. Contact hp support & let the hp technical support Services get you back up and running. We're here 24/7. Contact hp support Now.
|Related Link: Click here to visit item owner's website (0 hit)
|Target State: Arizona
Target City : GLENDALE ,AZ
Last Update : Aug 30, 2018
Number of Views: 116
|Item Owner : Desktophp
Contact Email:
Contact Phone: 8442964279
|Friendly reminder: Click here to read some tips.


text:
To provide a forum for discussion regarding effective digital and print methods, including, but not limited to social media, flyers, etc. to disseminate information about the value of their respective academic and research libraries in the United States and around the globe, and the services and events they offer and to work for the objectives of the Association of College and Research Libraries.
Displaying active committee roster as of 07/01/2018. Last retrieved on 08/17/2019. Members can log in to view full contact information for committee members.
As of August 2018, the LMOIG had 1,106 members. Interest Group composition includes a convener and incoming convener.
The Library Marketing and Outreach Interest Group was established at the 2014 Spring Executive Committee Meeting. The next renewal date for this interest group is the 2020 ALA Annual Conference.
Get Involved
Join an Interest Group
Join the Library Marketing and Outreach Interest Group through your ALA membership record, and participate through the interest group's ALA Connect space and the ACRL listserv. If you have any questions, suggestions, or ideas for discussion topics or events, please contact the conveners.


text:
The price of oil slid to near $92 a barrel Monday as investors grew worried about possible fallout from a plan to pay for a bailout for cash-strapped Cyprus by slapping a tax on deposits in the country's banks.
By early afternoon in Europe, benchmark oil for April delivery was down $1.08 to $92.37 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract rose 42 cents on Friday.
The deposit tax is part of a plan agreed to on Saturday by Cyprus and its international lenders, and it prompted savers to rush to banks in Cyprus to withdraw as much of their cash as they could.
Adding to the uncertainty, lawmakers in Cyprus postponed a vote on the €10 billion ($13 billion) bailout package until Tuesday evening, as politicians' concerns grew that the tax fell too heavily on smaller savers.
While some analysts said it appeared unlikely that panic would spread to other countries and prompt capital flight from weaker EU economies, lower oil prices were the result of "increased risk aversion" in wake of the Cyprus events, said a report from Commerzbank in Frankfurt.
"In the short term the pressure is likely to continue as further financial investors are expected to withdraw from the market," Commerzbank said.
On Monday, the euro slid against the dollar and other major currencies. A stronger dollar pushes down oil prices, making crude more expensive for traders using other currencies. The euro was down to $1.2929 from $1.3080 late Friday in New York.
Brent crude, used to price many kinds of oil imported by U.S. refineries, was down $1.56 to $108.26 per barrel on the ICE Futures exchange in London.
In other energy futures trading on the Nymex:
- Wholesale gasoline lost 4.65 cents to $3.1038 a gallon.
- Heating oil fell 3.29 cents to $3.9977 a gallon.
- Natural gas added 6.4 cents to $3.936 per 1,000 cubic feet.


text:
Usually, these podcasts are focused on you. Your goals, dreams, ambitions and skills in magic. This time, we're encouraging you to look outside yourself and into your community.
Jason Brumbalow, vice president of Ellusionist, has a side gig: Every Friday he goes to a nearby hospital and performs close-up magic for kids of all ages. JBone said that he's "selfish," because he gets a lot out of these performances. But so do the kids — for a moment they are taken far away from their hurt, illness or situation, and that can make all the difference in their recoveries.
Jason talked about what it takes to perform at hospitals: What kind of magic to bring, what kind of training you need and how to go about getting one of these gigs. This topic is close to all of our hearts at Ellusionist — from the beginning we have been about moving people with magic, and this is a group of people who appreciate every minute of it.
And looky here: A little bonus podcast giving a preview for what Ellusionist is releasing throughout the rest of the year:


text:
HERITAGE. A journey through time. from Juan Rod on Vimeo.
I love fashion short films and the work I've seen from Santiago Esteban so far is right up my street, I think again the magic comes as well by his use of music that creates that very special atmosphere and I wish there was a follow up to each of his videos.
Though LV is not really my thing the collection does come to life in Esteban's hands where he features Louis Vuitton's Heritage collection, "A journey through time" for Elle Spain, modelled by Diana Dondoe.
And if you haven't seen his cowgirls in"Wanted" already, you'll find it here.
Have a lovely Friday noon!


text:
GREENSBORO, N.C. – UNCG men's basketball head coach Wes Miller announced the signings of transfer guard Nik Brown (Ashburn, Va./Longwood) and high school forward Marvin Smith Jr. (Richmond, Va./Fork Union Military Academy) to national letters of intent Friday. Both Smith Jr. and Brown will be eligible to play immediately during the 2014-15 season.
Brown, a 6-3 guard, spent the past season at Brunswick Community College, playing only five games before suffering an injury. He spent the 2012-13 season at NCAA Division I Longwood where he played and started 17 games as a point guard for the Lancers. He averaged 9.7 points and 3.6 assists per game for the Big South member school, including eight games scoring in double figures. He scored a career-high 21 points against Florida A&M (11/23/12), while also scoring 19 points against Cornell (11/24/12) and Coastal Carolina (1/5/13).
"Nik and Marvin are both key additions to our program," Miller said. "Nik is a physical and experienced guard. We love his toughness on both ends of the floor as well as his ability to create offense for himself and his teammates. He has already played a year of Division I basketball, which should ease his transition from junior college."
Brown starred interscholastically at Middleburg Academy in Virginia. He earned Virginia Division II All-State First Team honors as a senior when he averaged 18.6 points, 7.9 assists, 4.2 rebounds and 3.2 steals per game. He led his team to a 26-5 overall record and a runner-up finish in the Division II State Championship, averaging 22.3 points per game in the tournament to earn All-Tournament honors.
Brown was named to The Washington Post All-Met Third Team as a senior when he led all Virginia high school players in assists. He was ranked the 13th-ranked player overall in the state of Virginia by ESPN. He was named the Liberty District Player of the Year as a junior, averaging 22.2 points, 5.1 rebounds, 4.6 assists and 2.5 steals per game. He is the son of Sherri P. Brown and was born in Greensboro.
Smith, a 6-6 guard/forward, spent last season at Fork Union Military Academy in Virginia leading the team in rebounding during the prep season. Prior to prep school, he spent three years playing at Henrico High School for coach Vance Harmon. He helped the Warriors win the 2013 Virginia AAA State Championship as he averaged 14.8 points and 10.3 rebounds per game his senior season. He was named the Capital District First Team and Central Region Second Team, while also earning Virginia Preps Third Team All-State honors.
"Marvin gives us a valuable combination of size, athleticism and versatility on the perimeter," Miller said. "We have watched him over the last year and have been impressed with his competitiveness, work ethic and winning mentality. We are proud to announce that both Nik and Marvin are Spartans."
Smith's 10.3 rebounds per game still stands as the Henrico High School record for rebounding average in a single season. He also participated in the ASSIST All-Star game his senior season. He played AAU Basketball for one of the top teams in the country, Team Loaded VA, helping them to a runner-up finish at the Adidas Invitational. Smith is the some of Marvin Smith Sr. and Lisa Smith.
Brown and Smith join C.J. Coleman (Fortville, Ind./Mt. Vernon) and Lloyd Burgess (Asheville, N.C./Christ School) who signed in November during the early signing period in this year's recruiting class.


text:
I'm on the phone with a friend who is in Southern California to see a collection of America's greatest bluesmen together onstage. The bluesmen are a part of a documentary film in progress, a piece entitled, Once and For All, and it's got plenty of star power from a band made up of Pinetop Perkins, Hubert Sumlin, Sugar Blue, Steady Rollin' Bob Margolin, Willie "Big Eyes" Smith, and Bob Stroger. It may well end up being the next Last Waltz.
My friend tells me she's having a chat with the film's director - she thinks I should talk to him. I think she's right, but the time is wrong. I think to myself that it's not quite time to write about the documentary as there's too much left to be seen, such as, will Keith Richards make a cameo at some point? But I do know my friend is right.
To be honest, about the last thing in the world I want to watch is a movie about rock, rock bands, or rock stars. There just haven't been many worth watching, and the film industry at large hasn't been blowing my skirt up of late, so I'm kind of cringing when my friend suggests I see the film and write a review. My gut is telling me to follow this trail that leads to Rosenbaum, but I hadn't known the movie was what it was. So, I cringe, and I wonder what the hell I'd gotten myself into this time.
Let me cut to the chase here, and say, this is one hell of a movie. It rang so true that I wondered if Rosenbaum had been down some of the same roads I'd traveled. I had feared a cliche ridden drama, but instead got a very realistic portrayal of the betrayals that all too often lie at the heart of the dream. Sure there are some broadstroke moves, but that's because they ring true. The too long in the tooth road manager, the two timing rock moll, the ego'd out lead singer, a crooked record exec, and a rhythm section that is so pedestrian that it's almost transparent. These are cliches because they exist. And they exist here.
Kevin Zegers plays Spyder, a burnt out shell of an ex-superstar who walked across the soul of his best friend to make his dream come true. He made it, but it was all built on the songs written by his childhood friend Eric Gensen (played by an excellent Jason Ritter). Spyder had taken his friend's songs, claimed them for himself, and become a star as his friend toiled in anonymity as a school teacher back in their hometown, embittered by his punk-rock legend father's death, and his own fears of grabbing for the brass ring.
After a failed attempt to replicate the success of his pilfered debut, Spyder returns to his childhood home to rouse his old friend from a nasty pill addiction, a suburban existence, and the pain of teaching school children musical rudiments. He's accompanied by an aggressive female manager (Taryn Manning) who is desperate to return to the top at whatever cost is necessary. She's balanced by a grizzly old road manager (Peter Fonda), who is her seeming opposite, being concerned with the legacy of Gensen's father (his old boss), and genuinely caring about the music and the musicians. It turns out that they're really not so far apart, they just come from different genders and generations.
Under the direction of a less knowledgeable, less skillful artisan this could lead to the movie being just another standard cut drama, but I'm thinking that screenwriters Jasin Cadic and Rosenbaum have seen their share of broken bands and maybe even the deaths of a few rock dreams in their own travels. It rings so true I was a little unnerved at times, having either been in or around so many nearly identical situations. I've had the honor and pleasure of working with or for a great collection of musicians, including Iggy Pop, Bobby Womack, Michael Schenker, and Robert Pollard - I know a bit about the minds, actions, and spirits of great musicians and tortured souls, and this movie shows the gritty underside brilliantly.
Rosenbaum even manages to place the band in the age old situation of joining a blues band for a jam while driving through the Delta. And he does it in a way that had me shaking my head and saying, "I've actually done that, and he pretty much nailed it."
Movie cliches and generalizations are a lot like the licks that make up rock and roll and the blues. There is only a slight difference between the great and the mediocre, but it may as well be a million miles. Scott Rosenbaum is the Muddy Waters of the music movie set. He's taken what could easily have been a terribly hackneyed story, and infused it with the soul and reality of greatness.
I knew when my friend called me from the lobby of that Santa Ana theater that something was happening, and it turns out again that I have been honored to preview a great piece of work before its general release. I'd like to thank Scott Rosenbaum for having the nerve to send a copy of a rock and roll film to a guy who hates rock and roll films, and Libby Sokolowski for the phone call, the invitation, and the introductions. I gotta tell ya, I was sweating, hoping that I wouldn't hate this guy's film. Thank goodness it's a brilliant movie, and I can again say, this is great art - support it.


text:
Keep flies away with these great life hacks
Keep flies away by:
1. Keeping up on the housework. Flies are attracted to garbage and animal feces, so keep a clean kitchen (especially the sink, as they may try to breed in the drain), take the garbage out, and stay on top of the kitty litter box.
2. Keeping your yard spick and span. Decaying plants and produce are a great way to attract flies, and standing pools of water are great places for flies to breed.
3. Growing a basil plant — they ward off flies. So do cinnamon and cloves.
4. Making an anti-fly solution with 3 to 4 fresh cayenne peppers and 3 to 4 cups of water. Spray garbage cans, drains, ceilings, moist areas or anywhere else those pesky little guys like to hang out.
5. Putting a little oscillating fan on your kitchen counter — they won't fly somewhere with so much wind resistance.
6. Growing some insect-repelling plants like lavender, geraniums or eucalyptus.
— Cook'n


text:
Computer Science ColloquiumIm Rahmen des Informatik-Kolloquiums, das von den Instituten des Fachbereichs Informatik, der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Informatik (ÖGI), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Datenverarbeitung (ADV) sowie der Österreichischen Computergesellschaft (OCG) abgehalten wird, spricht
Prof. Dr. John Gough
Oracle Labs, Brisbane, Queensland University of Technologyüber das Thema:
Reconceptualising Bottom-Up Tree RewritingZeit: Wed 17.7.2013, 16:00, 60 Minuten
Ort: S3 218
ZusammenfassungBottom-up tree rewriting is a widely used method for code selection in programming language compilers. The use of dynamic programming allows such rewriters to emit code sequences that are optimal with respect to some prescribed cost metric, at least for tree-structured computations. The semantics of rewriting are specified by the production rules of a tree grammar.
In this talk, I show that a suitable reinterpretation of the meaning of the non-terminal symbols of such grammars provides a significant increase in the expressivity of the rewriting system. In particular, the generation of instructions for flow of control may be subsumed into the rewriter. Likewise, transformation rules normally associated with peephole optimization are also conveniently expressible.
VortragenderJohn Gough is a professor emeritus at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane and and a researcher at Oracle Labs, Brisbane. His research interests include programming languages, compilers and virtual machines. He is also the author of several books on these topics.
Einladender: Prof. Dr. Hanspeter Mössenböck, Institut für Systemsoftware
Liste aller Vorträge


text:
USD to COP interbank exchange rate = 3334.45
Exchange Rate Checker
If you have been offered/charged an exchange rate then enter it below to check the true cost to the latest interbank mid-rate.
Sending USD->COP we recommend:
USD and COP in the Markets
When determining the best time to make a foreign exchange transaction, in this case the USD vs COP, you should pay attention to the recent market trends for both currencies.
United States Dollar (USD)
The US dollar has held its value this year despite a serious escalation in US-China trade tensions, mainly because the greenback is still considered a safer currency to own than most others. After grim employment data on June-7, the Dollar Index was up 0.5 percent on the year (it had fallen 2 percent from May's 2-year high).
As in other parts of the world, interest rate cuts are now expected in the US following a drastic shift in economic forecasts. At least two Fed cuts are expected this year, with the first most likely to come in July.
Taking the blame for the economic downturn is US President Donald Trump, whose trade policies have set a ball rolling that could wipe $455bn from global output according to the IMF.
Read more in the article USD Forecasts.
Colombian Peso (COP)
No recent Colombian Peso market updates.
Why can't I just get the USD/COP market rate I see online or in the media?
The mid-rate is the rate you will see quoted online or the news. It is actually just the half-way point (hence mid-rate) between the last rate at which the USD / COP was traded (bought or sold) in the international markets.
All foreign exchange providers charge a fee for providing their service and this fee is usually contained within the exchange rate margin (or difference to the mid-rate). Some providers such as Transferwise will quote you the mid-rate (or close to) and charge a separate percentage fee.
Getting a good market rate is mainly about timing however the transaction margin you end up being charged can be considerably reduced by around a few percent (of total amount being exchanged) for travel money and possibly over 5% to 6% when sending money. The exact potential savings depends on the currencies being exchanged and the amount you are transferring and if you are willing to shop around.
Our real-time foreign transfer and travel money/cards comparison calculators make shopping around easy and help you calculate how much you can save.
We help you Compare & Save Money on Exchange Rates.
View all USD Exchange Rates


text:
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- Coverage Dates: Current edition
- Update Frequency: Ongoing
The Encyclopædia Britannica database includes thousands of articles from the printed Encyclopædia Britannica, including thousands more that are not found in the print set. The resource also includes year-in-review articles from recent yearbooks, The Britannica Student Encyclopedia, and Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary and Thesaurus. Most articles are brief or of moderate length and discuss people, places, institutions, things, or concepts. Longer articles are divided into separate sections for easier access and more accurate searching.
The database also includes an extensive World Atlas linking users to maps, flags, statistics, and more for many countries. The Web Sites section in each article includes links to related Web sites, selected for content by Britannica editors.
- Database Provider: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- Database Tutorial: Britannica Training Materials
- Database Tutorial: Britannica Guided Tours
Express Link (bookmark): http://www.galileo.usg.edu/express?link=zebo


text:
"Onion SportsDome" Comes to COMEDY CENTRAL(R) Premiering Tuesday, January 11 at 10:30 p.m. ET/PT
'Onion SportsDome' is the Undisputed Universal Leader in Sports Coverage, Reporting News, Analysis, Scores, Highlights, Rumor-Mongering and Petty Personal Attacks
New Series From The Onion and COMEDY CENTRAL Follows the Third Season Premiere of 'Tosh.0'
NEW YORK, Dec. 1, 2010 -- Sports are finally about to get the attention they deserve, courtesy of The Onion. America's most trusted news source is teaming up with COMEDY CENTRAL to bring viewers the most intense televised sports news program in recorded human history. "Onion SportsDome," a 30-minute rundown of the finest in sports news, analysis, scores, highlights, rumor-mongering and petty personal attacks, premieres Tuesday, January 11 at 10:30 p.m. ET/PT on COMEDY CENTRAL, following the third season premiere of "Tosh.0."
"SportsDome" is the signature show of the Onion Sports Network, which has grown from a humble UHF channel purchased as a tax dodge and a way to profit from The Onion's vast footage library of women's beach volleyball, into the undisputed global sports leader it is today. "SportsDome" is now the number one destination for fans seeking game reports, insight from former players and theme music heavy on bell tones and bendy guitar riffs. With its total access to the inside of sports and pulse-pounding coverage, it has become impossible to be a sports fan without being a fan of the "Dome."
The show is co-anchored by Mark Shepard and Alex Reiser. Reiser earned a seat at the "SportsDome" desk in 1995 after working his way up from the mailroom, showing the persistence needed to repeatedly knock on the office door of the VP of OSN programming and shout highlights from the night before at the top of his lungs. Mark Shepard has been with "SportsDome" since 2005, when he parlayed the suicide of a World Backgammon Championships commentator into his first on-air appearance, impressing producers enough to install him behind the storied "SportsDome" anchor desk.
Shepard and Reiser are joined by the venerable "Dome" crew, including Senior sports insider Reggie Greengrass, who needs nine BlackBerries to hold the phone numbers of all the athletes he knows; update anchor Melissa Wells, who holds more journalism degrees than the rest of her colleagues put together; "Wish Zone" host Jay Woodworth, who makes terminally-ill children's dreams come true as long as they are sports-related; analyst Doc Webb, who holds the SportsDome record for the number of athletes he's referred to as "overpaid garbage;" and investigative reporter Marc Howell, who, mines sports' most tragic elements for awards and ratings gold.
Julie Smith, Will Graham and Michele Armour are the executive producers of "Onion SportsDome." Will Graham also serves as the show's director. Jack Kukoda is the head writer. Lisa Leingang and Sam Grossman are the executives in charge of production for COMEDY CENTRAL.
COMEDY CENTRAL, the only all-comedy network, currently is seen in more than 98 million homes nationwide. COMEDY CENTRAL is owned by, and is a registered trademark of, Comedy Partners, a wholly-owned division of Viacom Inc.'s (NYSE: VIA and VIA.B) MTV Networks. COMEDY CENTRAL's Internet address is www.comedycentral.com.


text:
Fast Track
Fast Track
Size: 18x24 in. | Media: Ink & watercolor on Arches watercolor paper
This item ships flat and shipping costs are calculated during the checkout process. Frame and mat are NOT included. All of my art is hand-made, original abstract art. Original art purchase comes with Certificate of Authenticity on an embossed card, unique only to Josh Schoemaker.
sold out


text:
Happy Halloween! {and a nerdy pumpkin carving affair}
Jordyn and I hosted a pumpkin carving party on Saturday, and it was one giant nerdfest. The resulting pumpkins were absolutely hilarious, and I'm so proud of us. Haha. The above two pumpkins are Loki (on the left) and Thor and his exploding hammer (on the right), and are Jordyn's and my pumpkins respectively.
It was a fun night complete with hot apple cider, popcorn, and apple cider donuts. So good.
Please take note of my awesome photoshop job in the above photo. So corny, but I love it.
(hint: I'm not really holding Thor's hammer!)
Happy Halloween!
p.s. ♥ kelsey


text:
Through the media looking glass: decoding bias and blather in the news
Common Courage Press, 1995 - Social Science - 275 pages
From inside the book
36 pages matching campaign in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-3 of 36
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Is Media Ethics Becoming an Oxymoron?
A Media Crusade Against
32 other sections not shown
Common terms and phrases
activists AIDS American Aristide attack Bentsen Bill Bill Clinton Bob Grant Boggs broadcasting cable campaign Carter Chile civilians columnist companies Congress corporate crime David Gergen debate Democratic denounced disabled economic editor election federal GATT Gingrich Greenpeace groups Haiti headline Hillary Clinton human rights immigrants industry Israeli issue journalists killed Koppel labor leader Lloyd Bentsen MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour magazine mainstream major managed competition mass media media are liberal military million months Mordechai Vanunu murder NAFTA national media Neufeld newspaper Newsweek Nixon nuclear outlets Palestinian Paula Jones Pepsi percent political politicians poverty problem pundits radio Randy Shilts recent reform Republican Rush Limbaugh Russian says Senate Shilts Sinclair single-payer story television tion U.S. government U.S. media unions United Vanunu violence Washington weeks White House Whitewater women Woodstock 94 workers World Yeltsin York
References to this book
Democratic Communications: Formations, Projects, Possibilities
James Frederick Hamilton
Limited preview - 2008
All Book Search results »
El otro en el espejo
Alfredo Prieto
Snippet view - 2004


text:
Tangled Up In Blue
It all started at a pretty early stage in Bob Dillon's youth-his love of street rods, that is. Along with a few hot rod magazines and his admiration of the work turned out by local craftsmen- whose art Bob had seen blasting down the otherwise sedate Virginia roads all of his youth-he was pretty much hooked.
Back in 1991, Bob began to hunt for the right truck at the right price. His chance came when a thoroughly used '55 Ford F-100 became available for a fairly reasonable sum. Although in pretty rough shape, as Bob put it, he could see past the rust and rot that had come to define the truck's past and into its future as a full-fledged custom.
Stripping the F-100 down to the frame was the first chore in store for Bob. With a Pro Street look in mind and plenty of fresh horsepower planned, Bob boxed the frame's front three quarters and added a complete Mustang II front end kit from Fat Man Fabrications located in Charlotte, North Carolina, while adding a subframe for strength in the rear quarter.
Next, Bob purchased a Ford 9-inch Posi rearend that was disassembled and narrowed to allow room for the massive Mickey Thompson Sportsmans that were Bob's choice for traction. After fitting the modified rearend with Richmond 3.50:1 gears, Bob called on Air Ride Technologies for one of their ShockWave systems to keep the M/Ts in touch with the asphalt. To complete the rolling chassis, he added Wilwood four-piston calipers and drilled rotors for fast and reliable stopping power. He lightened the '55's steering with a Mustang II power steering rack mated to a Borgeson steering shaft, and the entire assembly was topped with a Budnik banjo-style steering wheel.
Bob's friend Tim told him about an available 460-inch Ford mill, which the pair stripped down and took to the local machine shop to clean it up and fit it with a set of Keith Black 9.5:1 pistons. In the meantime, the heads received a thorough port and polish. Once the block was back, Bob set to the task of assembling his first motor with a shop manual close at hand. Along the way to finishing the motor, a '78 Lincoln C-6 tranny found its way into Bob's garage. This, too, he stripped and had rebuilt by AA Transmission, who added a TCI 2,500-rpm stall torque converter.
Of course, with a truck this age, you know there's got to be some rust and rot to deal with-and Bob got his share. Grinding, welding, and sanding till all hours of the night, Bob got the cab section of the truck ready for some pros to take over. He'd already chopped the top 4 inches up front while taking 3 1/2 inches off the rear to give the roofline a more aggressive attitude. He then dropped off the cab at C.A.R.S. in Belews Creek, Virginia, where the final touches were laid on the body. Meanwhile, Bob plumbed the oil, fuel, and brake lines in preparation for assembly. Upon the cab's return, he bolted it in place, followed by a Dan Carpenter bed and tailgate. Bob cut the bed and created the tubs that shroud the fat rear M/Ts. He then lined the bed with Purple Heart wood, and as a memorial to his wife's mom, her moniker, Weezie, is emblazoned on the differential cover. Seems she passed shortly before getting her ride in "that damn thing," so now she goes to all the runs, if only in name.
One final addition was one of the components Bob just had to have-a Mooneyes fuel tank. A few last wires to connect the MSD ignition and the motor fired easily, filling the garage with the divine thunder of a V-8.
Now, if this sounds like it took some time, you heard correctly. Twelve years, to be exact. After a successful season showing the truck, winter rolled around, and sure as the flu Bob was itchin' for another project. But since "the boss" (that'd be Bobbi, his wife) wasn't ready for another dozen years of garage time, she suggested he put his energy to use modifying the '55. To get Weezie ready for the '06 season, the engine bay got most of the attention with the addition of a Haltech EFI system that mimics the look of four classic Webers (minus the headaches), and a shiny new set of Boyd's Crown Jewel rims. One final touch came in the way of a birthday present from Bobbi-a new four-fan radiator created by Wizard Cooling in Orchard Park, New York, without Bob knowing. Is that cool or what?


text:
The History of the Rotorua Museum
The Rotorua Museum is said to be the most photographed building in New Zealand, but there is more than meets the eye with this beautiful building.
1 / 4
The Rotorua area is a must see destination and has been home to one of the most iconic buildings in New Zealand over the last 100 years. Today it is home to the Rotorua Museum but it has been host to many different tenants during its colorful life time. If the walls could talk the building of the Rotorua Museum would have an endless number of fascinating stories to tell.
In the nineteenth century intrepid tourists travelled the enormous three month journey by ship from Europe to New Zealand to experience the geothermal activity Rotorua had to offer. During this time many visitors claimed that the mineral hot pools in the area had healed and even cured many illnesses they had. The New Zealand Government saw this opportunity and decided to shape Rotorua into an internationally renowned spa destination.
In 1908 the New Zealand government officially opened a very grand and ostentatious spa building known as the "Rotorua Bath House". This luxurious geothermal spa offered therapeutic treatments such as mineral mud baths and alkaline hot pools to cure all illness from respiratory problems to skin conditions and arthritis.
However, the treatments ceased when international travel was brought to a halt due to World War One which ceased all tourism operations in Rotorua. Shortly after the Rotorua Bath House was decommissioned as an exclusive spa retreat and was instead used as a hospital to rehabilitate returning soldiers.
After the war the building became vacant and fell into disrepair and demolition was even considered. Luckily, in the 1960s local entrepreneurs decided to revive the old bath house into a nightclub called the Tudor Towers. The old building saw many late nights and live bands from all over the world over three decades.
In the 1980's Tudor Towers closed its doors for the last time to be reopened as the Rotorua Museum of Art and History, now known simply as the Rotorua Museum.
An on-going programme of restoration and development has been undertaken to ensure the Rotorua Museum retains its Bath House beauty and also its place in history as one of New Zealand's most famous buildings. The Rotorua Museum has recently undergone extensive, multimillion dollar renovations to extend and revive the building to its former glory.
The museum is now filled with much of its own history from its spa days, as well as a world class cultural experience, and many ever-changing exhibitions from nationally and internationally renowned artists.
Rotorua is the tourism hub of New Zealand's North Island and is home to everything from eco-adventures, spa and wellness and the best in Maori Culture. If you would like to visit the Rotorua Museum along with many of the other great activities in Rotorua visit the Rotorua Super Passes website to plan your unforgettable escape.
Artículo de
Rotorua Superpasses
Rotorua Travel NZ Ltd. is a privately owned business based in Rotorua, New Zealand, specialising in packaging attractions and activities into sightseeing passes- a one stop shop for you to offer the best of Rotorua sights and activities.


text:
Republican Mia Love could make history in Utah
SALT LAKE CITY — In her bid to become the first black Republican woman elected to Congress, Mia Love is the party's emblem of diversity this year. She is reluctant to embrace the role, saying she does not let race or gender define her politics.
The 36-year-old mayor of Saratoga Springs, Utah, points to her policy stances as the reason for her success.
''I was elected mayor not because of my race or gender, not because I wear high heels, but because of the policies I put in place,'' Love said.
Polls show Love with a slight lead over Democratic Representative Jim Matheson, a six-term incumbent. The race is too close to call.
In a party that has struggled for decades to attract black voters, the daughter of Haitian immigrants included subtle nods to civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks in her speech to the Republican National Convention in August.
''Our story has been told for over 200 years with small steps and giant leaps,'' she told the delegates. ''From a woman on a bus to a man with a dream, from the bravery of the greatest generation to the innovators and entrepreneurs of today, this is our story.''
Love has made much of her family story, a hallmark of her speeches: Her parents legally immigrated to Brooklyn, N.Y., in the early 1970s, she says, with just $10 in their pockets. She says her father — who has worked as a painter, janitor, and school busdriver — taught her never to ask for a handout. Her parents became naturalized citizens in 1984.
Black Republicans long have been scarce in Congress. Of 26 black GOP House members since 1870, the majority served in a post-Civil War Reconstruction era. The first black senator elected after Reconstruction, however, was a Republican, Edward Brooke of Massachusetts.
Sununu backs off remarks on Powell
WASHINGTON — A top adviser to Mitt Romney is backing away from his suggestion that fellow Republican Colin Powell endorsed President Obama because both men are black.
Former New Hampshire governor John Sununu issued a statement late Thursday night saying Powell is a friend and he respects the endorsement.
''I do not doubt that it was based on anything but his support of the president's policies,'' Sununu said in the statement.
Appearing on CNN earlier on Thursday, Sununu said he wondered whether Powell had ''a slightly different reason for preferring President Obama.''
Host Piers Morgan asked what reason that would be. Sununu said, ''Well, I think when you have somebody of your own race that you're proud of being president of the United States, I applaud Colin for standing with him.''
Powell endorsed Obama on Wednesday on CBS ''This Morning,'' saying that the president got the United States out of Iraq, has laid out a plan for leaving Afghanistan, ''and didn't get us into any new wars.''
Powell, a former US secretary of state, also endorsed Obama in the 2008 campaign.
Romney won't ask Ind. Senate candidate to pull ads
AMES, Iowa — A senior aide says Mitt Romney will not call on Indiana Senate candidate Richard Mourdock to pull TV ads featuring the GOP presidential candidate's endorsement.
The aide, Eric Fehrnstrom, says Romney disagrees with the Indiana Republican's recent comment that pregnancy resulting from rape is, in Mourdock's words, ''something God intended.''
But Fehrnstrom said Friday that Romney would not interfere with Mourdock's ads.
Reid injured in crash in Las Vegas
LAS VEGAS — Senate majority leader Harry Reid was in good condition on Friday night after an apparent rear-end car crash on an interstate through Las Vegas.
Reid "experienced rib and hip contusions and has been cleared for release by the doctors," his office said in a statement.
Reid was wearing a seat belt.
Nevada Highway Patrol spokesman Jeremie Elliott said six cars were involved in the chain reaction crash at about 1:10 p.m. Friday on Interstate 15.
Two police vehicles, two civilian vehicles, and two Capitol police vehicles were involved in the wreck.
The freeway runs parallel to the Las Vegas Strip.
It was not clear whether there were any other injuries.


text:
1″ thick!
In stock
EarthLite Deluxe Massage Table Warmer 30″x 73″
You may have invested in the best sheets for your clients to enjoy during a massage, but what about the table beneath? If it is cold to the touch, it could make those costly sheets completely useless to the client who lays shivering and uncomfortable. Why take such a chance? The EarthLite Deluxe Massage Table Warmer is a full sized fleece pad and warmer in one! Digital controls include a timer that automatically shuts off after 12 hours.
It fits firmly into place thanks to strong elastic straps, and the adjustable temperatures (86°-122°F) make it possible to give each client precisely the conditions they need. Ensure that each massage is as beneficial and enjoyable as possible by offering a soft, warm, and relaxing treatment surface.
How to troubleshoot if you think the warmer is not getting warm.The warmer may appear to be not working if it is lying on the massage table without any covering. The heat from the warmer is activated when covered by a blanket or sheet, or a body when getting a massage. The best way to test it is to turn on the warmer, and lay down on top of it. Within a couple of minutes, you should feel the warmth. If you do not feel the warmth, please contact our customer service department for further instruction.
Before Cleaning
Spot Cleaning
|7 kg
There are no reviews yet.