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Gillian Berchowitz
Photo courtesy of: University Communications and Marketing
Ohio University Press 50 Year Anniversary logo
Graphic courtesy of: Ohio University Press
Feb 13, 2014
By Nicole Pellechia
Many Ohio University students and Athens community members would be surprised to know that Ohio University has its own nationally renowned book publishing company.
Founded in 1964 by a small committee commissioned by then-President Vernon Alden, the Ohio University Press was now ready to make history.
The committee recruited Cecil Hemley, a co-founder of Noonday Press and a senior editor at Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy in New York as the first director. In hiring a director from the commercial publishing world, Ohio University wanted to gain greater visibility for Ohio University.
"At Harvard we had a university press," Alden recollected, "and I was familiar with various presses around the country. I had naturally assumed most first-rate universities would have a press."
From 1964 to 1965, Ohio University Press published 12 titles with a staff of three people. In 1965, it was admitted as a member of the Association of American University Presses after only one publishing season.
In 1979, the Ohio University Press put together a licensing agreement with Swallow Press, a literary western publishing house that allowed it to expand in terms of genre. In 2008, Ohio University Press purchased Swallow Press outright, which expanded the number of titles on its list.
In 2013, Gillian Berchowitz became director after working at the Ohio University Press since 1988. Ohio University Press currently has a staff of nine full-time employees in Athens, Ohio, who acquire, edit, produce, and sell between 40 and 50 books each year, generating close to $1 million in annual sales. It continues to be a member of the American Association of University Presses.
"Ohio University Press today is an international publishing house with distribution channels around the world," Berchowitz said. "Along with our trade imprint, Swallow Press, the Ohio University Press proudly serves as Ohio University's scholarly publishing arm, promoting the culture of scholarly exchange and making books about big ideas in the humanities, arts, and sciences available worldwide in print and digital formats."
Ohio University Press publishes books about its local area and region, specifically Ohio, the Midwest, and Appalachia. It also publishes books of national interest, especially in literature and history. In addition, it publishes books about other parts of the world, most significantly in the areas of African Studies and Southeast Asian Studies as well as U.S. History and Global Health.
Ohio University Press is excited to celebrate its 50th year in business. To recognize the anniversary, the publisher established an "Ohio University Press Week," Feb. 16–22, which will include promotions and events.
"We wanted to dedicate a week to letting people know who we are," said Jeff Kallet, acting sales and marketing manager for Ohio University Press.
Athens City Mayor Paul Wiehl signed an Ohio University Press Week Proclamation at City Hall on Wednesday, Feb. 12 to formally start the 50th anniversary celebration.
Here is a listing of the other activities scheduled for Ohio University Press Week:
• On Sunday, Feb. 16 at 4 p.m. Berchowitz will speak at the Athens County Historical Society and Museum, to kick off the official celebration week's activities.
• On Monday, Feb. 17 at noon in the Ohio University Inn, Berchowitz will speak to the Athens Rotary Club to talk about university press publishing.
• On Wednesday, Feb. 19 at 2 p.m. in Alden Library, Berchowitz will host a presentation on the history of publishing books in Africa. ("From its early collaboration with the Center for International Studies in 1969, Ohio University Press has demonstrated a commitment to publishing about Africa," Berchowitz said. "Through 10 widely known scholarly series and co-publications with other publishers, the Ohio University Press has a reputation for publishing distinguished and accessible works of African literature, global health, social and environmental history, and contemporary politics.")
• On Thursday, Feb. 20 at 7 p.m., Berchowitz will speak in a public forum at the Athens Public Library. At 7:30 p.m. on the same day, Ohio University Press author and Ohio University Creative Writing resident Josh Mehigan will perform a poetry reading in the Walter Hall Rotunda.
• On Friday, Feb. 21, Ohio University Press will host an open house at their 215 Columbus Road location from 4 to 6 p.m. Guests will have the chance to meet Ohio University Press staff and authors, take a tour of the offices and purchase discounted books. Food will be provided and there will be drawings for $50 gift certificates and a deluxe edition of the Ohio University Bicentennial Book.
"We are looking forward to the open house," Kallet said, "for the chance to get together with the local community and to show off our books."
Ohio University Press is located at 215 Columbus Road. Suite 101. For more information, please visit http://www.ohioswallow.com/fifty


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Canada has blocked journalists with China's official news agency and a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) newspaper from joining Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper on an Arctic trip, prompting complaints by Chinese reporters who say they are being discriminated against.
The ban comes when relations between the two nations are already strained. The Canadian government recently accused Chinese hackers of infiltrating the computer systems of Canada's top research and development organization, which Beijing denies. Just a few days later, authorities in China arrested a Canadian couple on suspicion of stealing state secrets about military and national defense research. They remain in custody.
The decision not to have reporters for the People's Daily and the Xinhua news agency travel with Harper reportedly stems from an incident during last year's trip to the Arctic, when Li Xuejiang (李學江) of the People's Daily pushed former Harper spokeswoman Julie Vaux after she prevented him from asking a question.
Harper spokesman Jason MacDonald said in an e-mail on Friday from the Arctic that "some media outlets are not welcome on the trip."
In a telephone interview, Li acknowledged pushing Vaux last year, but said that Harper's office discriminated against Chinese journalists by not allowing him to ask a question and later having him "manhandled" by police.
"They used the police force to get me out of the line of the journalists. It is very rare in the world," he said. "They made a bruise on my arm."
Li, the bureau chief for the People's Daily and a former Washington correspondent, said he could not understand why he was silenced. Harper's staff limits the number of questions at public events.
Li said he did not even apply to go on this year's trip.
"Why do they discriminate against Chinese journalists? For racial reasons?" he said. "They did not give me any reason."
Xinhua reporter Li Baodong (李保東) said he applied, but was told that he could not go because of a lack of space. He does not understand why he was barred.
"This is really ridiculous. This is not just against Mr Li of the People's Daily, it is also against all the Chinese journalists," Baodong said. "It has nothing to do with me."
Li and Baodong said they are considering issuing a complaint with the Ottawa press gallery.
David Mulroney, Canada's ambassador to China from 2009 to 2012, said journalists in China can be quite aggressive, and have been for some time.
"I was once in a melee as they stampeded into a meeting room to get a photo of then-[Chinese] president Jiang Zemin (江澤民). I believe that journalism is one of those critical aspects of Chinese society that is changing slowly but steadily," Mulroney said in an e-mail.

subset: commoncrawl


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Home > Programs > Medical and Dental Programs > Diagnostic Medical Sonography
SJVC's ultrasound tech training prepares students to work as an entry-level general sonographer. Students learn how to perform ultrasound scanning examinations and record the data for interpretation by a physician. Graduates are prepared to provide effective oral and written communication to the healthcare team as it pertains to diagnostic results.
Ultrasound Techs use special imaging equipment to create images of internal organs. On the job, sonographers and ultrasound technicians can expect to:
Our Diagnostic Medical Sonography students learn:
Courses* taken by our Diagnostic Medical Sonography students include:
Orientation to Ultrasound Imaging Seminar This instructional seminar is a prerequisite to the DMS program. This seminar provides an overview of the scope and content of the DMS program. It focuses upon the elementary operational principles of diagnostic medical ultrasound, basic ultrasound terminology specific to the profession, anatomic imaging planes and body directions used in ultrasound imaging, and the image orientation on the ultrasound display. A grade of "C" or better is required to earn credit for this course.
Abdominal and Small Parts Ultrasound Imaging This course covers the aspects of abdominal and small parts ultrasound scanning required for employment as an entry-level sonographer. Emphasis is placed upon basic anatomy and physiology, normal and abnormal appearances of the organs of the abdominal cavity, retroperitoneum, breast, thyroid, parathyroid, prostate, and testes. The student will develop competency in assessing the ultrasonic appearance of normal versus abnormal images through the use of PowerPoint slides and studies. Clinical indications for ultrasound examination of the abdomen and small parts, and differential diagnoses will also be presented and considered. A grade of "C" or better is required to earn credit for this course.
Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound Imaging This course is an in-depth study of the normal and abnormal conditions that affect the reproductive organs of the female pelvic cavity and the developing fetus, including cross-sectional anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pathophysiology. Emphasis is placed upon ultrasonic identification and assessment of the normal and pathological conditions of the uterus, ovaries and fetus. The sonographer's role in determining fetal biometry measurements, age, weight, and well-being is covered. Clinical indications and differential diagnoses for OB/GYN ultrasound examinations are also discussed. A grade of "C" or better is required to earn credit for this course.
*Course listings are subject to change. Reference the SJVC College Catalog for the most current program information.
Our Diagnostic Medical Sonography (DMS) students can earn an associate of science degree in approximately 17 months.
ARDMS CERTIFYING EXAMINATION STATEMENT The law does not require that a diagnostic medical sonographer be licensed or ARDMS certified in order to work as a sonographer, but some employers do require that potential employees be ARDMS certified, or eligible to sit for the ARDMS certifying examination within one year after hire.
Graduates of the SJVC DMS program who hold a B.S. or B.A. degree or higher will be eligible to sit for the ARDMS certifying examination immediately upon completion of the program.
Graduates who have prior education in a two year allied health care field (single subject) that is patient-care related will be eligible to sit for the ARDMS certifying examination immediately upon completion of the program. A two-year allied health education program is defined as (1) 24 consecutive calendar months OR (2) 60 semester credits OR (3) 84 quarter credits. Examples of such allied health occupations include, but are not limited to radiologic technologist (RT), registered nurse (RN), respiratory therapist or occupational therapist.
Graduates who hold an active certification with Cardiovascular Credentialing International (CCI), or American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT), or Australian Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (ASUM), will be eligible to sit for the ARDMS certifying examination immediately upon completion of the program.
Graduates who do not have these prior educational prerequisites must work for one year (1680 hours) as a diagnostic medical sonographer before they are eligible to sit for the ARDMS examination.
To obtain more information about the ARDMS certification examination, contact The American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers, 51 Monroe Street, Plaza East One, Rockville, MD 20850. Visit their website at www.ardms.org.
ARDMS SPECIALTY CERTIFYING EXAMINATION STATEMENT The SJVC DMS Program is designed as a general concentration in the performance of diagnostic medical ultrasound. When you graduate from this program, the education received will prepare you to sit for the Abdominal and Small Parts and/or the OB/GYN RDMS specialty examinations.
The program is not designed as a complete preparation to sit for the Registered Vascular Technologist certifying examination upon graduation. The Vascular course is intended as an introduction to vascular ultrasound imaging. At least six months of additional training is required prior to sitting for the RVT credential.
The time frame, in regard to your eligibility to sit for the ARDMS examination, is based upon your prior educational background.
SJVC's Diagnostic Medical Sonography program is available at the Bakersfield campus.
Employers are looking for graduates who are prepared to work as an Ultrasound Technician or entry-level Sonographer in a variety of settings such as hospitals, radiology imaging centers or clinics. Other career opportunities include working for a registry service or equipment manufacturer.
Diagnostic Medical Sonography is a 17-month program consisting of three 24-week terms (including summers). Classes meet Monday through Friday and vary based on clinical schedules. Working is discouraged while enrolled in the program, as no special concessions are made for working students.
Admission Requirements Applicants must be at least 18 years of age and have completed the necessary prerequisite courses. Prerequisites must be completed at an institution accredited by an accrediting body recognized by the U.S. Department of Education and students must have a GPA of 2.0 or higher.
Prerequisite Courses:
Applicants must also meet the technical standards (physical requirements) to be considered for the program. Technical standards provide a reference against which candidates for enrollment are evaluated by the Admissions Committee.
Physical Requirements for Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
The following is a list of physical requirements related to the job duties of an ultrasound technologist.
The Diagnostic Medical Sonography program has a highly-selective application process in which only the most qualified candidates are chosen to fill available seats per cohort start.
Admission is determined based on a point scale of the following:
Download applicant information. *Official transcripts of all completed prerequisite courses must be sent to SJVC with the application prior to the deadline.
Foreign Institutions & Transfer of Credit Applicants who have completed coursework outside of the United States must have their transcripts evaluated by the International Education Research Foundation, Inc. (IERF) or equivalent organization. An official copy of the Academic Detailed Report from IERF or an equivalent organization must be included with the application. All applicants must include course descriptions of prerequisite coursework in the application packet.
For additional information regarding the application process, please contact the DMS Admissions Advisor at (866) 544-7898 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
San Joaquin Valley College is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges, Western Association of Schools and Colleges, 10 Commercial Blvd., Suite 204, Novato, CA 94949, (415) 506-0234, an institutional accrediting body recognized by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation and the U.S. Department of Education. Additional information about accreditation, including the filing of complaints against member institutions, can be found at www.accjc.org.
CALIFORNIA SJVC is a private institution and is approved to operate as an accredited institution by the California Bureau of Private Postsecondary Education (BPPE). Approval to operate means that SJVC has been found in compliance with the standards set forth in the California Private Postsecondary Education Act of 2009 (California Education Code, Title 3, Division 10, Part 59, Chapter 8) and Title 5, Division 7.5 – Private Postsecondary Education of the California Code of Regulations.
Any questions that a student may have regarding the college catalog and/or catalog supplement that have not been satisfactorily answered by the institution may be directed to the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education at:
Mailing Address P.O. Box 980818 West Sacramento, CA 95798-0818
Physical Address 2535 Capitol Oaks Drive, Suite 400 Sacramento, CA 95833
Telephone Numbers Toll free (888) 370-7589 (916) 431-6959
Fax Number (916) 263-1897
Website www.bppe.ca.gov
View additional State Approvals for SJVC.
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By clicking the "Send Me More Info!" button, I expressly authorize SJVC, its subsidiaries, affiliates, agents and contractors to contact me regarding educational services via email, telephone (including cellular) or text message - using automated technology - at the email address and phone numbers provided. I understand this consent is not required to attend SJVC. I understand message and data rates may apply, and that my consent may be revoked at any time by notifying SJVC. View our privacy policy.
Download Applicant Information
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When it comes to the growing problem of battling herbicide-resistant weeds in the South, you might say cotton farmers are just lucky like that.
Although resistant weeds have proved troublesome in corn, soybeans and rice, cotton growers have had a particularly difficult time with resistant species such as horseweed and Palmer amaranth or pigweed.
"The problem of weed control in cotton is compounded by the fact that corn or soybean are selected for the seed whereas in cotton, although we sell the seed, we have historically selected cotton for the lint it will produce," says Cotton Incorporated's Robert L. Nichols.
"So we have a perennial plant that's been selected for lint and not seed size that is in fact the slowest to emerge of the three major row crops."
Couple the slower emerging crop with the fact that fewer herbicides have been registered in cotton because of tolerance issues and you can see why producers have felt more of an impact from herbicide resistance.
"When we have resistant events and lose an herbicide we're in double trouble because we have fewer herbicides to lose," said Nichols, senior director of research at CI and a speaker at the Pan American Weed Resistance Conference. The conference in Miami attracted weed scientists from throughout the Western Hemisphere.
"So the current system we're facing with herbicide resistance in the U.S. has really put cotton almost at the point of the spear. We are the people who are at this point most impacted by herbicide resistance because we have those two difficulties — a slowly emerging crop and fewer herbicides to rely on to do our weed control."
Cotton producers, like those of other crops, select a combination of management techniques that minimize crop yield losses and the costs of transgenic-trait technologies, herbicides and field operations to fit their operations.
"Herbicide resistance events destabilize these programs," Nichols said. "A resistance event deletes the option to utilize an herbicide mode of action across all crops within an affected area. The early effects of the event are usually the most severe, because the occurrence of a resistant species is often unanticipated and yield losses may be substantial."
Losses are proportional to the numbers of the resistant weeds, the species' competitiveness, its rate of spread, and the effectiveness and cost of the remaining management options.
"There are also chronic costs of herbicide resistance, because the next most efficient alternative for control is less effective and/or costs more than the one lost," Nichols told participants in the Weed Resistance Conference, which was sponsored by Bayer CropSciences.
"Thus, economic losses due to weed resistance are not alleviated until a new technology is introduced."
Resistance to the acetolactate synthase herbicides (sulfonylurea and imidazolinone) is the most commonly occurring one in the South and is particularly prevalent in the Mississippi Valley. Resistance to acetyl-carboxylase inhibiting herbicides occurs in several areas.
"Both of these resistances are largely managed in corn by the triazine herbicides and were managed in soybean and cotton by the use of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate, in conjunction with the glyphosate-resistance trait," says Nichols.
"The use of glyphosate for preplant vegetation control, and in conjunction with the resistance trait for in-season control, greatly accelerated the adoption of reduced tillage systems. Unfortunately in the northern tier of the Southern states, horseweed became resistant to glyphosate."
The supplemental measures required to manage it preplant and at-plant have raised costs of conservation tillage about $22.67 per acre, according to research by university agricultural economists.
Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth poses an even greater threat to conservation tillage. It has spread rapidly and threatens effective broad-leaf weed control in cotton and soybean east of Texas. Additional herbicides required to achieve control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton now cost approximately $52.63 an acre.
To see a video of Nichols comments, go to http://deltafarmpress.com/video/forefront-of-resistance-0414/.
e-mail: email@example.com


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This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
Transaxle - Differential with helical gears
Gear selection - Forward-Reverse
Overall (No Canopy) - 48.6 in. (123 cm) (Top of steering wheel)
Overall (With Canopy) - 72 in. (183 cm)
Dry - 884 lb. (402 kg)
Curb - 926 lb. (420 kg)
Service - Rear wheel mechanical self-adjusting drum
Parking - Self-compensating, single point engagement
Patriot Blue
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Flame Red
Electric Blue
Steel Blue
Metallic Charcoal
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British Racing Green


text:
DALLAS (AP) — Dirk Nowitzki wrapped his hands around the silver ball trophy that goes to the Western Conference champions and smiled. After five years, he and the Dallas Mavericks are kings of their conference again, earning another trip to the NBA finals.
Yet Nowitzki didn't flash the wide, toothy grin of someone relieved to have accomplished his goal. Because, he hasn't.
Unless the Mavs win the next round, too, and become NBA champions for the first time, their whole glorious postseason — and that silver trophy — won't mean as much. It's a lament heard by many superstars, but Nowitzki's indifference amid much of the frenzied celebration around him showed just how serious he is about it.
"I was already thinking about the finals," he said. "This is nice for a day, but we set our goals in October to win it all. We haven't done it yet."
Dallas capped its climb back to the NBA finals with a 100-96 victory over the Oklahoma City Thunder on Wednesday night that ended the Western finals in five games.
The young, up-and-coming Thunder made things tough on the older, now-or-possibly-never Mavericks as they had throughout the series. And, as he has throughout the postseason, Nowitzki made the plays that mattered most. His latest highlights: swishing a 3-pointer with 1:14 left that put Dallas ahead and making a pair of free throws with 13.3 seconds left to seal it.
"It feels good to finally go back," Nowitzki said. "This time, hopefully we can finish the job."
The Mavs' only other trip to the finals was in 2006. They were up 2-0, with a big, late lead in Game 3, but wound up losing to the Miami Heat in six games. They'd won only a single playoff series since until a tremendous run this postseason — going 12-3, with wins in 10 of the last 11 games, including a sweep of the two-time reigning champion Lakers.
This Dallas team filled with veterans all seeking their first rings has been playing with what coach Rick Carlisle calls "a laser-like focus." It showed when they clawed back from a 15-point deficit with 5:06 left in Game 4, and again in this game, when the Mavs were down by six with 4:37 left.
They outscored the Thunder 14-4 the rest of the way, with many of their most-accomplished players making the key plays: Nowitzki, Jason Kidd, Shawn Marion and Jason Terry.
"It goes to our veteran leadership, our experience, us being in every possible situation we could possibly be in," said Terry, who along with Nowitzki are the only holdovers from the '06 team. "We know what we're going through offensively and defensively. We know we have to get stops and we're able to do that. When you have that belief and that trust in what you're doing it's just a confidence and more times than not you're going to be successful."
Nowitzki scored 26 points, nine in the fourth quarter. For the series, he averaged 32.2 points, 11.8 in the fourth quarters.
Marion scored 15 of his 26 points in the fourth. His steal, dunk and free throw right after Nowitzki's go-ahead 3 went a long way toward pulling this one out. It meant a lot to him because unlike Nowitzki, Kidd and Terry, he's never been to the finals.
"Lots of guys never go, so I'm going to make the best of it," Marion said. "We knew what we were capable of from the start of the season. This is a realization of that."
When the Mavs last made the finals, they advanced with a win in Phoenix. This time, they got to share the moment with their fans. Franchise founder Don Carter was right in the middle of it all, trading his signature white cowboy hat — the one that used to be featured in the team's logo — for a black baseball cap that read "The Finals 2011" with a Mavs logo and the championship trophy.
"All I can tell everybody is, we ain't done yet," team owner Mark Cuban said during the on-court trophy presentation ceremony.
Funny thing is, Dallas could face Miami again. Fans seem to hope so, chanting "Beat the Heat!" so loudly after Cuban spoke that they drowned out Carlisle's on-court interview.
LeBron James and Miami lead the Chicago Bulls 3-1 in the Eastern Conference finals. If the Heat win Thursday night, the finals will begin Tuesday in Miami. If the Bulls win Thursday night, the finals will begin next Thursday in the East winner's city.
The Mavericks' big edge this series was experience, and it showed in the final two games. Age never slowed them, in part because their legs were refreshed by eight days off before the opener. Winning this game is huge because it earns them at least six days off before the finals.
"Any time you can get rest this time of year is a bonus," said Kidd, who at 38 could become the oldest point guard to ever win a title — by several years. "For us to close it out here is huge."
Oklahoma City led for most of this game, even staying ahead during a stretch of 11 straight missed shots. But the Thunder were just too young and too inexperienced to understand how to close out a game.
When Dallas started to surge at the start and middle of the fourth quarter, Kevin Durant and Russell Westbrook came up with some answers. Yet when the pressure really ratcheted up, and 21,092 fans were at their loudest, the veteran Mavericks made all the right moves.
"It's tough now," Durant said. "But we can learn from it. The only way to get better is to keep pushing."
Westbrook scored 31 points, and Durant and James Harden each scored 23. The Thunder bowed out with only their second three-game losing streak of the season.
"I just think we played hard and just couldn't come up with the win," Durant said.
Considering its youth and the experience gained in this series, Oklahoma City can expect to close in on many more titles. That was little consolation Wednesday night.
"You can't skip (developmental) steps," coach Scott Brooks said. "We all have to get better, including myself."
Notes: Nowitzki made 59 of 61 free throws this series, an amazing 96.7 percent. For the postseason, he is 130 of 140, or 92.9 percent. ... Carlisle won a championship as a backup on the Celtics, but this is his first trip to the finals as a coach. ... Dallas is 7-1 at home this postseason. ... The Mavs, Spurs and Lakers have combined to win the last 13 West titles. ... Dallas-area sports fans are getting spoiled. The World Series was here in October/November, the Super Bowl in February and now the NBA finals are coming in June.


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Home » Coffee Related Items and More » Coffee,Cappuccino,etc. Equipment » Gourmet Granita Machines
Gourmet Granita Machines
bunn, beverage ice machine, specialty ice machine, frozen drink beverage, gourmet, granita machines, ultra, 2, cds-2, grindmaster, grindmaster G23-2b, mg23-2b grindmaster granita machines


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Henry Poole Special Cundey Red Tie
In the 1950's, Sam Cundey found customers selecting fancy worsted cloth and requesting a suitable necktie to match their new suit. Sam blended black into red silk and the Henry Poole Special Burgundy Tie was introduced – it has remained popular with clients ever since. Originally an intricate weave design using black and red base colours, we have developed Sam Cundey's Henry Poole Special Burgundy Tie into a full range of colours. We are now pleased to offer matching rhodium plated cufflinks.
Also available in other colours.
Material: 100% silk
Care: Dry clean only
Tie can be bought together with matching cufflinks for a discounted price in the Henry Poole Collection.
144cm long with classic 9cm blade
UK next working day (except highlands Scotland) if ordered before 2pm £10
Europe standard delivery 2-3 working days £24
USA standard delivery 2-5 working days (pending customs) £26
Rest of World standard delivery 3-5 working days £33


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#@%*!ing technology!!!
I lost all my pics of my big ol' yarnbomb that I made for the elevate the arts event. Dang.
But, I did have this one that I'd uploaded to facebook, and one is always better than none.
I guess that just means I get to make more - and take pictures with an oldfashioned camera - imagine calling a digital camera old fashioned!


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Terminally Cute 3Posted by Danny Vice at 12:57 PM
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|View Poll Results: Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood - Episode 52 Rating
|Perfect 10
|9 out of 10 : Excellent
|8 out of 10 : Very Good
|7 out of 10 : Good
|6 out of 10 : Average
|5 out of 10 : Below Average
|4 out of 10 : Poor
|3 out of 10 : Bad
|2 out of 10 : Very Bad
|1 out of 10 : Painful
|Voters: 65. You may not vote on this poll
|Thread Tools
|2010-04-10, 22:21
|Link #1
Anxious bookseller
Join Date: Aug 2006
Location: Shibuya Psychic Research
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood - Episode 52 Discussion/Poll
Welcome to the discussion thread for Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood, Episode 52.
Thread Guidelines
|2010-04-11, 03:35
|Link #3
Resident Gaijin
Join Date: Mar 2009
Location: Seattle, WA
Age: 35
I agree. This was quite the action packed episode.
If I had to pick a favorite portion, it would probably be the can that was opened by Al in the first 3 minutes of the episode ^_^;; That was amazing.
|2010-04-11, 09:06
|Link #4
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2009
Location: Normandy SR-2
Age: 24
What an epic episode. I loved seeing Al and Pride's battle animated, although I was imagining him to be a little more silent in it... Yay for Armstrong siblings, and YES for the epic preview! I'm sorry, but that has to be one of the most teasing previews ever. Perhaps I'm a little biased because the next episode's covering one of my favourite chapters in the manga...
I'm expecting good animation for next week, too. It better be good.
|2010-04-11, 15:18
|Link #8
Beautiful fighter.
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: England, UK
Age: 32
This episode gets a 1000000/10 from me.
I mean first we get that outstanding piece of animation for the Al vs Pride, along with the great scenes for the Sloth fight. Obvious best part of the episode was Yoki's epic scene with a brilliant new piece of music to go with it. Actually while on that topic, we had a good number of new pieces in this episode, along with the return of some old favourites for some seriously good music placement.
Insert song was pretty nice was well, and totally unexpected. I like.
Epic end to this episode, and next weeks features one of my favorite all time moments from the manga. With the way this is going, it being animated will blow me away.
|2010-04-11, 16:09
|Link #9
Unagi, Rice Bowl Love
Join Date: Aug 2009
Location: Canada
Now why didin't we recieve such awesome animation threw out the entire series lol. These latest ep are quite top notch.
I didnt expect that speed out of sloth >-<;
and nothing more to say but <3 envy and looking forward to next week!
|2010-04-11, 16:38
|Link #10
User of the "Fast Draw"
Damn this episode was amazing. There are so many fights going on and yet everything felt right. I especially liked the battle the Armstrong siblings were putting up. Great to see Alex stepping up and really helping his sister out. Sloth is one dangerous enemy. Not really in tactics, but being a fast tank!
That preview was evil. I want next week's episode now! Not reading the manga I didn't think we'd get to see that happen after such a long wait.
|2010-04-11, 18:23
|Link #11
Senior Member
Join Date: May 2009
Hehe, well the concept/sin of sloth isn't really being slow: It's being able, but unwilling. Sloth is both incredibly strong and super fast, but he doesn't do what he is actually capable of doing out of laziness/apathy
|2010-04-11, 18:52
|Link #12
Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2007
Brotherhood just keeps outdoing itself. This final arc is full of awesome moments one after the other, and they're definitely making the most of it. And the best part is that every character gets to shine.
The first that comes to mind is definitely Alphonse. The major smackdown he layed on Pride and Kimblee in the first few minutes of the episode was absolutely epic and the animation was fittingly very high quality, the kind of which I hope to see in next week's episode as well. And it wasn't just in terms of action that Al got to show off his awesomeness. I'd always loved his "Why can't I save both us and the world?" speech in the manga, and Rie Kugimiya's great performance only made it better.
And of course, Kimblee's reply was also very awesome and typical of him. It's a shame that he was taken out by a relatively minor character though, but it didn't piss me off as much as when I read it in the manga. Pride eating him was also pretty well done with a very fitting creepy BGM. Speaking of Pride, even after it looked like the good guys got the best of him there, they're actually just playing into his hand and heading towards the exact place he wants them to be. "Brave humans sure are easy to trick", haha. Still, props to Yoki. Even a loser can have a crowning moment of awesome!
Next, the Armstrong siblings vs Sloth, another great fight. And one which should show all those who thought Olivier was stronger than Alex because of their comic relief fight a few episodes back. Who saved whose ass there? Yep, good ol' manly Alex. Though of course, Olivier still got to be her usual awesome self, with her lecture to the indecisive soldiers at the end. "Think for yourself" indeed.
And man, though I do think Rain is too mellow an OP for FMA, hearing it alongside Romi Paku's hot-blooded screams while Ed and the rest beat the crap out of those zombies sure was cool.
So yeah, all in all, amazing episode. Nearly perfect. My only complaint would be that for some reason they left out this great panel from the manga:
But oh well.
As for the preview, it was pretty good at hinting on the awesomeness that is about to unfold without actually spoiling anything. But I couldn't help but notice and shake my head at Envy's transformation in it, which was clearly reused animation from his fight with Marcoh in episode 43. Getting lazy there, Bones?
|2010-04-11, 20:22
|Link #14
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2007
Oh, I liked both figfhts^^
Finally Al looked cool. Though I slightly liked Armstrongs VS Sloth in manga more. But they still keep kicking asses^^
Finally Yoki had a heroic moment! Suh a pittythat Kimbley had diead though...
Oh and I just love how Olivier calls the soldiers "Fools" when they suggested that thos monsters are her allys
|2010-04-11, 20:34
|Link #16
Senior Member
Join Date: Dec 2009
Awesome action in this episode!
I really liked the way the built the suspense in the various fights but..
Wow music fail.
Also, the part where Alex was like "you can't die before handling the formalities!" was really funny XD. They really do like each other, even if they don't show it
|2010-04-11, 21:15
|Link #18
Senior Member
Join Date: May 2007
This episode was action packed! Non stop from beginning to end. Was there even a commercial break? because there was no eyecatch. There's so much going on and we (non-manga readers) still don't know what Bradley, Lan Fan, Greed/Ling and Hohenheim are doing.
|2010-04-11, 21:53
|Link #19
Join Date: Jan 2009
Location: USA
Age: 33
Oh man, that was an intense episode. Awesome from beginning to end. Al's fight was sick, that philosopher stone sure does help, lol.
I didn't care for the insert song. We just heard it, don't need to hear it again. At least use an older one or a new one.
And the constant "shonen last minute save by another character" was funny but I didn't know who was going to save who or anything so I was surprised (except for Roy, fire is his trademark after all).
|2010-04-11, 22:00
|Link #20
Join Date: Jan 2008
Age: 30
they let themselves go with this one. very well done. it looks like the ep i've been waiting for will FINALLY happen next week. i always thought it would be the next one from like 3 eps ago, and here it finally is. i cannot wait for it.
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- University head warns of higher fees impact on poorer students
- Christopher Pyne in a muddle over student loans
- The Pulse Live with Judith Ireland
When Tony Abbott knocked off Malcolm Turnbull by just one vote in December 2009, he kept the same frontbench in place, which meant retaining Christopher Pyne as chief parliamentary tactician.
Pyne was low risk, being both a safe pair of hands and a true believer in the new Abbott doctrine of ''total politics''.
The member for Sturt is nothing if not battle-hardened. Indeed, by the time he is 50 in under four years, half of his life will have been spent as a serving federal MP.
The quintessential career politician, he had come more or less straight from student politics at Adelaide University to the real thing in Canberra - a fact his critics say, is all too evident.
Yet for all his knowledge, his parliamentary guile and his demonstrable intellectual power, Pyne has distinguished himself so far as the minister most likely to be over-ruled by his prime minister. That doesn't mean his future is in doubt, it is not. But he must be careful.
Last week, he set the hares running with his thought bubble over recouping outstanding HECS-HELP loans from the estates of deceased students. Abbott, alive to the dangers, killed the idea dead (if not buried and cremated).
It would have been bad enough if this was just an unwelcome distraction from a difficult post-budget sales task struggling to stay afloat. But Pyne's detractors are now talking of a pattern. They cite politically difficult moments when subsequent ''clarifications'' were required to steady the ship.
In November last year for example, Pyne overplayed the government hand telling a compliant media host, ''Boats have been turned back''. It was precisely the kind of direct statement Scott Morrison, the Minister for Border Protection, was refusing to discuss as a so-called ''on water matter''.
That paled, however, against the own goal kicked just weeks later in his own portfolio when Pyne unilaterally declared void Abbott's central pre-election commitment to match Labor's Gonski school funding package. Claiming a $1.2 billion hole, he said the formula to which both sides had committed was ''unimplementable''.
It was an egregious error forcing Abbott to recommit to the schools promise and to suddenly finding ''new money'' the government claimed could not be found just days before.
Voters will mostly forget the prankish stunts in Parliament such as the failed attempt by Pyne and Abbott to run from the chamber to avoid Craig Thomson's ''tainted'' vote.
And they are likely to be unfazed by the recent vision of Pyne, as House leader, openly instructing speaker Bronwyn Bishop to close down applause after Bill Shorten's budget reply speech. Par for the course, many will conclude.
Internal critics, however, have long memories.
Mark Kenny is the national affairs editor for the Sydney Morning Herald and The Age, based at Parliament House


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What is wrong with me?
My husband just went through a serious surgery for esophageal cancer. That was July 10th, I have held up under the strain until now and seem to be going downhill, even though they got all the cancer and everything looks really good.
Yesterday while I was grocery shopping I think I had an anxiety attack. I had to get out of the store and quickly went to my car where I burst into tears and cried all the way home. I was upset for the rest of the day and couldn't pin it on any thing in particular.
I have been basically housebound so could it be just a need to get out when I really don't feel like going? I keep saying I'm going to find a cancer support group but haven't done it.
We stay the winter in AZ and live in CA. Since the drs are better here we chose to have the robotic surgery at Univ of AZ Med Ctr by two of the top surgeons. Our two daughters came and were there for the whole time. He was in intensive care due to a blood clot. (27) days. It is a horrible surgery and the recovery is very slow and he can't get out much yet. I would really like to go home but to CA for a month or two but can't leave from appts with drs here.
Have I said anything that gives you an idea of what's going on with me?
Handling trauma is often an instinctual reaction, i.e., your emotions get suppressed in order to be more effective and to be able to function. I suspect that now that everything is looking good, you (on a less than conscious level) are allowing yourself to finally react to pent-up fears and worries. Your panic may have been a delayed reaction to feeling totally powerless and out of control for so long a period. So much of your life has been challenged by your husband's surgery and recovery, all of which was beyond your control. I strongly suggest that you reconsider a support group. You'll find that your reaction isn't so uncommon. I do wish you well as you and your family reclaims the life you once knew.
Dr. Joe
------------------------- Disclaimer: The diagnosis of clinical anxiety or depressive disorders requires a physician or other qualified mental health professional. The information provided is intended for informational purposes only. Please understand that the opinions shared with you are meant to be general reference information, and are not intended as a diagnosis or substitute for counseling with your physician or other qualified mental health professional.
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what's wrong with me?
I thought I wrote back and thanked you for your reply but can't find it. That makes sense to me, but what kind of group do I look for? I feel so stuck here. My husband doesn't feel good enough to go out and I am getting very anxious staying in every day. I want to go out but yet I don't? How can I beak this cycle?
Perhaps you can give the state psychological association a call and ask them for a referral (here in New Jersey, we have an extensive referral program run by the NJ Psych association). For now, recognize that it's important for you to not feel powerless. You can start by simply going out for a brief walk each day...anything that begins to help you step apart from feeling stuck. If you do try to walk, it's important for you to clear your mind and not stay trapped in reflexive, insecurity-driven thinking, do this by becoming more "present," i.e., if you go for a walk, rather than thinking about all your struggles, notice the flowers, feel the breeze, the sunshine....try to give yourself a mental vacation. The more you separate from your inner frictions, the more you'll be building up your psychological resilience.
I do wish you well...
Dr. Joe
What's wrong with me?
Hi, so when you mention a group you mean a psychologist? I was thinking you meant Cancer Support group or something like that. I have a wonderful counselor at home, she is a LCSW but I won't be going back to our home state until he can travel. We are snowbirds and usually go South in Sept thru May, but this time we had to stay here because of the medical facilities. At home he would not have gotten as good a care and maybe wouldn't have even found the cancer.Thanks
I agree that a support group would be appropriate right now. Perhaps you can inquire at the medical facility, they would be your best resource from finding such a group.
I wish you well,
Dr. Joe
What's wrong with me
Thanks, I think I'll try a cancer support group. I have a friend that might go with me, she lost a dau. Thanks again,
|understanding feelings???
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The latest GPS technology could allow emergency services to collect any available information about a user's location.
Radical changes need to be made to the emergency 999 service to make it suitable for the smartphone generation, a report has warned.
A text alert system and apps could form part of a data-based emergency service, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) suggested in its report entitled Contacting Emergency Services in the Digital Age.
The latest GPS technology could allow emergency services to collect any available information about a user's location
It said the need to update is "critical" as communications have undergone major changes since the 999 service was designed more than seven decades ago.
Professor Will Stewart, chairman of the IET's Communications Policy Panel said the latest Ofcom figures show the majority of communications by 12 to 15-year-olds are now text-based.
He said there is a concern that making a 999 call is not something that would feel "natural" for this age group, even though they are statistically more likely to be victims of crime.
There are instances when it would be more appropriate to send a message than make a call, Prof Stewart said.
"A girl alone in a minicab who becomes worried about her personal safety might feel unable to make a call on her mobile phone - but could send a text or alert someone over social media," he said.
"And in the case of certain crimes, such as abduction or a break-in, a silent text or app-based alarm system would be more appropriate and instinctive than the current voice-based one for everybody - irrespective of their age."
The IET said prioritising alerts would be the " main engineering challenge" to avoid delays at busy times.
The latest GPS technology could allow emergency services to collect any available information about a user's location, including in instances where a phone may have been stolen.
The seriousness of a threat could be informed by a scan of the messages for keywords like "SOS", the report said.
It is important that agencies work together on a new strategy, Prof Stewart added.
" Much of the technology we need to update our emergency service is available today. But we need a shared, cross-party strategy to create a common and user-friendly interface for all service providers to connect to - and one that the general public will be happy to use," he said.
"And it's important we do this before different parties go off and do their own thing - confronting the public with too many options and no universal emergency service."
Superintendent Mark Nottage, who works on the Emergency Services Mobile Communication Programme at the Home Office, said progressing with the use of digital technology is a priority.
"Many people, particularly young people, are using a range of social media applications to communicate, and many rarely make voice calls in their daily lives. This means that we need to adapt and be responsive to ensure that when people need to contact the emergency services or other public services they can quickly access the right information and the most appropriate service first time, and in the way that they choose and are familiar with."


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"We talked earlier in the day about having hope and believing in ourselves," said Lipscomb coach Frank Bennett. "When teams would take a run at us and take the lead against us we would get discouraged. We have to believe we can withstand those leads and if we work hard good things are going to happen for us.
"We needed this one from a confidence standpoint. Hopefully, it will give us some momentum going into conference play this week."
The Lady Bisons proved they believed and used an 11-0 run in the second half to take control in a 63-55 win over Ohio Valley Conference Tennessee State Saturday night at Allen Arena.
With 11:34 remaining in the second half the Lady Bisons, a member of the Atlantic Sun Conference, trailed Tennessee State 41-35. A little more than four minutes later the Lady Bisons, sparked by seven points from guard Jenna Bartsokas during the stretch, were ahead 46-41.
The Lady Bisons never gave up control of the game the rest of the way. Their biggest lead was 12 points at 57-45 with 4:29 left in the game. The Lady Bisons outscored Tennessee State 40-26 in the final 20 minutes.
The first half had been a different story. Tennessee State took an 11-9 lead with 11:10 left before intermission and led by 13 (29-16) with 1:59 remaining before the half. The Lady Bisons answered with a jumper from guard Anna Bowers, a pair of free throws by forward Miriam McAlister and a 3-pointer by forward Jilian Partin with 10 seconds left to cut the half-time deficit for the Lady Bisons to 29-23.
"In the first half we were really struggling there for awhile offensively," said Bennett. "We were just hanging in there. We had a nice little spurt at the end of the half to get ourselves back in range.
"The second half was the best half we have played all year. We were a lot more solid defensively. We weren't giving up easy shots. We were doing a better job rebounding. We also had a better shot selection offensively. We only had six turnovers in the half after 15 in the first half."
The tempo of the game, especially in the second half, was fast-paced for both teams.
"We are much more able to play a fast, athletic team like TSU, because we have more speed ourselves," said Bennett. "We match up a little bit better. TSU had some tough lineups. They were going with four guards so Cree Nix and Brittany Duerk had to play some quick players.
"We trailed a lot in the game and had to fight to come back. We just hung in there."
Duerk scored a season-high eight points, hitting three-of-four shots from the field and adding two free throws.
"Brittany made some big plays around the basket," said Bennett. "She is still trying to get comfortable handling the ball on the outside of the court. She is pretty good around the basket. We have to get the ball to her more. I thought Anna Bowers made a couple of really nice passes to her. Anna is maybe our best passer."
Partin and Bartsokas each scored 13 points for the Lady Bisons. Partin was a perfect 4-for-4 from 3-point range, a team high for the season. It was her third double figures scoring performance of the season.
"Jilian struggled for her 3-point shots, but she got some great looks," said Bennett. "As a senior she wants to win. She made some great plays."
Bartsokas has scored in double figures in every game for the Lady Bisons.
Forward Cree Nix hauled in a game-high nine rebounds. It was her third straight game to finish with nine rebounds and her fourth straight game to lead the Lady Bisons on the boards. She has also tied for the lead in one game.
"The last four games Cree has really increased her activity level," said Bennett. "She is getting rebounds. She is scoring some baskets. She is doing some good things."
Tennessee State forward Tiffany Jackson scored a game-high 25 points. Guard Kendra Appling added 15. Jackson was also the top rebounder for Tennessee State with eight boards.
The Lady Bisons are 2-4. Tennessee State is also 2-4.
The Lady Bisons played four OVC teams this season, finishing with a 2-2 record.


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Discover All Things Regional in Central PA's art and culture scene. Join hosts Cary Burkett and Joe Ulrich as they make artistic discoveries throughout the midstate. From music and visual arts to theatre, museums, literature and more! Listen every Wednesday and Friday on witf 89.5 and 93.3 for features highlighting the best and brightest cultural happenings in the region.
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I'm terrible at blogging these days. Life just tends to get in the way of pretty much everything.
I thought I would update since we had Bailey's follow up at MDA clinic yesterday which is a clinic we go to every 4-6 months and get to see several doctor's in one visit. It is usually an overwhelming day but when I left there this time I was actually feeling pretty happy in Bailey's care.
We saw Neuro-muscular which is the main clinic that follows Bailey and I am in constant contact with. They are going to try Bailey on a new medicine that may help with muscle fatigue. They aren't sure if it will work since it is typically used with a disorder that Bailey does not have but they figured if it does work then it would be great especially to possibly get her to school full time in the future. We should know within a few days if the medicine will help or not.
We saw Pulmonology who just went over how Bailey has been breathing and gave refills on her asthma medicine and did a chest x-ray just to make sure there were no changes in her lungs. Bailey was supposed to have a sleep study several months ago but we had to cancel it so we're looking at having that done in December.
We also saw Physical medicine and rehabilitation who looked at Bailey's hands and feet, how she gets around, and what she is able to do as far a self-care. We are thinking of trying out different AFO's from Nascott at the National Rehabilitation Hospital. The way they were described would seem to be better for Bailey. We love Shriners and Dr. vB but it seems better for Bailey at this point to try out something different.
Also we saw Nutrition who just told us to follow up with GI due to a 12lb weight gain that is pretty concerning but she is scheduled to see them in November.
Neuro filled out her school paperwork for our 60 day review meeting with Home and Hospital services and as of right now they are keeping her at a half a day (once we work up to that) and following up the rest with the Home and Hospital teacher. I am hoping to get her to the half a day point by the end of October/beginning of November depending on her health of course.
Bailey will see Genetics in November as well but as of right now ALL of her doctors are actively working together to get Bailey approved for REM so that they can start the process to have the Exome sequencing covered by insurance and then they will move forward with that. It will be a very lengthy process and we won't have results for several months but HOPEFULLY something will come from this that will help them know what to do to help with these dangerous Metabolic crashes that she continues to have. It is just far to critical for her to continue this way for the rest of her life. Help is needed beyond explanation.
School has been going well, her team has been great with keeping in contact with me and having lots of emergency procedures in place for Bailey. They are constantly making sure Bailey has all that she needs while at school. She has been asking me to stay at school longer so hopefully her health will allow that to happen soon!
Friday, October 4, 2013
Moving forward
Posted by Bailey's Mommy at 11:51 AM 0 comments
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VALENTINO GARAVANI SOFT MIRROR WOCfashion Other Brands
We always say: 'when you need studs, go find it at Valentino'. Why? Because Valentino makes the best studs in the world and they're famous for it!
Meet the latest Valentino Garavani Soft Mirror Wallet On Chain (or just a mini bag, or an evening bag). It's the newest design for the Fall Winter 2017 Collection. This bag is gorgeous and the look explains it all because a lot of attention has been spent on the little details.
The Design
You won't find much minimalistic handbag at Valentino, because it's too boring. Just like this Garavani Soft Mirror WOC, this bag is made with solid color, but it wouldn't be a Valentino handbag if they didn't threw some studs at it. The studs are organized from small to large on the front flap, with the largest on the front and it goes smaller once it moves to the top.
This bag radiates the tough-luxe status. It goes perfectly with an evening dress or just casual clothes. You can use it for special occasions or just on a lunch date.
The chain is even more beautiful and can be adjusted. The chain can also be detached so that this bag changes into a clutch bag. The end of the chain is refined with a big round jewel-like hardware, which looks very stunning and feminine. This bag also offers an option to carry as chain-link hand-strap.
The Interior
For a small bag, this Garavani Soft Mirror WOC is surprisingly roomy. Inside you will find one main compartment to store all your necessities, but it also comes with a zipped pocket and a slot pockets (including 8 card slots).
The Sizes And Prices
Measuring 4.5' x 7.5' x 1' (H x W x D) inches, priced at $1375 USD, $9300 HKD, ¥147000 JPY, $1640 AUD.
Where To Shop?
|Look for more colors via MyTheresa
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versión On-line ISSN 2312-878X
versión impresa ISSN 0256-9507
Missionalia (Online) vol.42 no.1-2 Pretoria abr./ago. 2014
Engaging in the Struggle for Economic Justice in the Streets of the City of Tshwane1
Dumisane W Methula2
The Meal of Peace Project is a transformative encounter that represents a theoretical break with neo-liberal missiological discourses and seeks to liberate the Bible from ivory tower hegemonic paradigms. This is done through Bible studies with the homeless from the City of Tshwane, engaging in the struggle for economic justice in the hills and valleys of Tshwane. In the past 20 years the major characteristic of the democratic dispensation in South Africa, since the inauguration of majority rule in 1994, has been the intensification of the country's socio-economic problems of poverty, unemployment and inequality. The struggle for economic justice is the new struggle for the prophetic church and liberation theologies in the current constitutional democratic juncture in post-apartheid South Africa. The need arises for exploring ethical alternatives to achieve economic injustice. This article's critical reflection on the socio-economic situation will be carried out through the Bible study session at TLF, where we looked at the message of Amos 5:22-24.
Keywords: Neo-Liberal, Contextual Bible Study, Tshwane, ecomic justice, prophetic church, liberation theology
For as long as millions are still living in abject poverty in informal settlements - victims of commercial sexual exploitation and human trafficking, refugees and illegal immigrants, homeless and landless people, victims of abuse, of dehumanising materialism and opulence, with a profound lack of meaning - the task of nurturing a new consciousness, the drive to recover and reaffirm all humanity as sacred has not ceased to be important (De Beer 2008:2).
The whole purpose of the Meal of Peace Project, the Community Engagement project of the department of Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology, is to seek to nurture "a new consciousness and to reaffirm humanity as sacred", as advocated by De Beer. This means concretely that theological reflection and mission praxis must be incarnated in the unfinished business of liberation that is incomplete. Since the black majority still live in informal settlements, they are "victims of commercial sexual exploitation and human trafficking, they are refugees and illegal immigrants, homeless and landless people, and victims of abuse'. And there are those forced into crime, substance abuse, alcoholic lifestyles and juvenile delinquency. At the root of these social problems lies the fundamental structural crisis of economic injustice and elite policies that only serve those with economic might, political power and social privileges. I concur with Mosala (1989:68):
Black theology will have to rediscover the black working-class and poor peasant culture in order to find for itself a materialist-hermeneutical starting point. The particularity of the black struggle with its different forms and faces must provide the epistemological lens with which the Bible can be read. Only this position seems to represent a theoretical break with dominant biblical hermeneutics; anything else is tinkering with what must be destroyed.
For Black theology to transform the future of Azania (South Africa), it must rediscover the voices of the black working-class, poor black peasants, black women, squatter camp residents, township young people and rural people in charting a new course of action. West (1991:19) says that in South Africa, as elsewhere, "the majority of interpreters of the Bible are not trained or semi-trained readers, but ordinary readers. More importantly, in South Africa most of these ordinary readers are from 'the base,' from the poor and oppressed." The Bible Study sessions conducted at the Tshwane Leadership Foundation with the homeless, abused women and the poor and economically oppressed people living in the streets of Tshwane sought to liberate the Bible from ivory tower theological discourses and to listen, learn and engage in the struggle with the voiceless on the economic periphery. I concur with West (1991:18) that "[w]hile the primary interlocutors of Western theology and biblical studies are educated and powerful, the primary interlocutors of liberation theologies are the poor and marginalized." In attempting to contextualise theological praxis, biblical studies and missiological reflection within the streets of Tshwane, our primary interlocutors and those with whom we seek to be in solidarity are the poor, landless, unemployed, underemployed, abused women, the homeless, street children, refugees and the victims of injustice.
Reflecting on the Context of Tshwane
During his inaugural lecture, Mashau (2014:6) emphatically lamented the fact that the City of Tshwane "is a space of exclusion where the homeless, sex workers, foreigners, street vendors and many others who are on the margins are excluded from mainstream economy and socio-political landscape of our city. Most of them scramble for crumbs, just like Lazarus." The victims of economic injustice who are excluded from the mainstream economy are mainly black people, who still remain homeless, sex workers, criminal gangs and foreigners who came to the City of Tshwane looking for greener pastures from all over the country and the African continent.
Steve Biko (2012:61) challenged black ministers of the gospel to stop blaming "black people in the townships for their thieving, house-breaking, stabbing, adultery, etc. No one ever attempts to relate all these vices to poverty, unemployment, overcrowding, lack of schooling and migratory labour."3 Black ministers of the gospel 20 years into democracy, instead of blaming young people and black people for car hijackings, violent crime, promiscuity, drug and alcohol abuse, must question the structure of economic injustice and land dispossession as producing these behavioural lifestyles in the democratic era. Ministers of the gospel must not maintain the status quo by condemning the poor for laziness, lack of faith and lack of hard work when in fact the socio-economic structure of society militates against young people, and especially young black women. One can only hope that the vision of the Executive Mayor of Tshwane will be achievable: "ensuring that the capital City of Tshwane by 2055 will be a liveable, resilient and inclusive city whose citizens enjoy a high quality of life, have access to social, economic and enhanced political freedoms and where citizens are partners in the development of the African capital city of excellence" (Ramokgopa 2014:10).
Engaging urban ministry twenty years after the democratic elections, this is what Mashau (2014:17) calls the City of Tshwane: "The city of hills and valleys. The hills of Tshwane continue to flourish and benefit from the system of the world." The hills of Tshwane symbolise political power, military might and economic affluence, whereas the valleys represent those who are economically powerless, politically weak, on the social margins, the poor, sex workers, foreigners, the homeless and street kids. With this painful reality in mind, Mashau (2014:10) says: "We can conclude, therefore, that life for the city dwellers in Tshwane very much resembles 'the valley of the shadow of death' of Psalm 23 and, to some extent, the dry bones in Ezekiel 37. Help is needed and is needed urgently."
Help is needed urgently because the situation of black people, particularly the majority, has changed little or become worse, irrespective of humanitarian initiatives like giving the poor free RDP houses, social grants and access to health and educational facilities. This happens, despite the fact that "Tshwane has the second-highest average household income in Gauteng - it is indeed above the South African average. Average household income in Tshwane has grown by almost 93% since 2001" (Ramokgopa 2014:7). de Beer (2008:8) laments the fact that the streets of Tshwane are places:
where the belongings of the homeless people are stolen and burnt by security companies and police officers, where young prostitutes are bribed and women in general are harassed. The front pages of daily newspapers broadcast it: cash-in-transit robberies, hijackings and farm murders. But they seldom tell the stories of the countless acts of violence perpetrated against the most vulnerable in society by those who are supposed to protect them.
To restore the human dignity of the most vulnerable in the city, Ndungane (2005:2) says:
So it is right that the churches should be at the forefront of the fight against poverty, which, in all its ramifications and consequences, is nothing short of evil. It mars the image of God within humanity; it mars the image of God in the poor as it deprives them of opportunities for abundant life; and it mars the image of God within those of us who have more than enough, but who, through greed, complacency or even ignorance, fail to do the justice, to embrace the loving kindness that our God asks of us.
The poor in the city walk in the shadow of death and the streets of the City of Tshwane have become "sites of struggle between life and death;" they are the zones of non-beings where the homeless are "struggling in urban spaces, forever being under threat of eviction or removal, or criminalised for being poor" (de Beer 2014:1).
Twenty Years of Institutionalised Poverty, Chronic Unemployment and Systematic Inequality in democratic South Africa
In the past 20 years, the major characteristic of the democratic dispensation in South Africa, since the inauguration of majority rule in 1994, has been the intensification of the country's socio-economic problems of poverty, unemployment and inequality. It is important to acknowledge that, even though significant milestones have been attained in the political transition from the apartheid period to a democratic dispensation, the political transition and its successes should not be used to mask the contradictions that the democratic period embodies, especially with regards to questions about economic transformation and economic justice. The political compromises made in Kempton Park in 1993 had one ultimate objective: to subjugate, conquer and dominate blacks on the economic front.
The 1994 elitist transition did not transform the structure of economic injustice, the reason being that "racism is an institutionalised way of life in South Africa"4 Biko (2012:97). Furthermore, the EFF (Economic Freedom Fighters) say that "in the war for economic freedom, the black majority of Africans are still a conquered nation" (Shivambu 2014:3). This point is also acknowledged by the Executive Mayor of Tshwane, Kgosientso Ramokgopa (2014:6), in that "the role of the state in intervening in economic growth has often been hampered by market-led governance imperatives." Terreblanche (2012:101) writes:
All the social evils attached to abject poverty, structural unemployment and growing inequality negatively affect more or less the same section of the South African population: the poorest 25 million, of whom 95 per cent are African and 5 per cent coloured. The interaction between poverty, unemployment and inequality (PUI) not only entrenches and aggravates these people's predicament, but also intensifies their burden of deprivation
These social evils that entrench, aggravate and deepen deprivation among blacks are based on the fact that "the poorest 50 per cent still receive less than 8 per cent of the total income" (Terreblanche 2012:102). Cheap labour has been, and still is, a key fundamental feature of inequality and economic deprivation. This is manifested in unequal income distribution (expressed by a high Gini co-efficient), based on racially-distorted economic structures that reinforce South Africa's notoriously-earned status as the most unequal society in the world. In this country, people live side by side in extreme wealth and extreme poverty. The question is: Is democracy and the world-acclaimed constitution of South Africa all about entrenching cruel inequalities, institutionalising poverty and growing an economy that does not create jobs? The fact that predominantly white suburbs are like "First World Countries" in terms of income, infrastructure, lifestyle, property, resources, economic power, social privileges etc., whereas townships are like "Third World Countries" characterised by crime, poverty, hunger, deprivation, squatter camps, health hazards and poor quality education, makes one agree with the conclusion of the former president of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki that we are not one nation, but two nations in one country. Ndungane (2013:1) comments:
The World Bank reports that, even though economic growth and rising social welfare payments have made a dent into poverty levels in South Africa, large pockets of poverty remain deeply entrenched, mostly among the black population in townships and informal settlements. An estimated 34.5% still lives below the poverty line, while a large number has relied on grants as a safety net and a single source of income to stay on or slightly above the poverty line. Some data sources state that as much as 50% of the population lives below the poverty line, if the international poverty line of $2 a day is considered. Two dollars a day is equivalent to R606 per person per month using today's prices. Take a moment to think about what you would be able to afford with R606 each month.
Biko (2012:102), in analysing the socio-psychological state of blacks, said: "The most powerful weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed." According to Mosala (2010:5), "after years of liberal ideological domination of the opposition space, it was BC [Black Consciousness] that exposed the hypocrisy and moral bankruptcy of liberalism and liberals. BC unseated liberalism; it drove it into exile; it liberated our people from its seductive appeal." The reason why the ANC-led government from 1994 till 2014 has never championed the culture of entrepreneurship, self-reliance, the spirit of innovation and quality service delivery for the black majority is simply because of its reliance on the "hypocrisy and moral bankruptcy of white liberalism and black liberals." The problem is that we are politically free, but our minds are not decolonised. Vellem (2013:5) says:
The dominion of market fundamentalism - the central place that has been given to neoliberal economics post-1994 - which continues to disembowel the poorest of the poor is a form of religion we can only welcome by betraying the gospel of Jesus Christ. The hegemony of pragmatic politics which has resulted in a skewed logic of justice does not only render our reconciliation discourse post-1994 'heretical,' but also dislodges our theology from its foundational interlocutor, while market fundamentalism attains a pseudo-religious status.
We cannot remain the church of those on the margins by embracing neo-liberal policies that "continue to disembowel the poorest of the poor and betray the prophetic mandate of the gospel of Jesus Christ." Why we have the structural problems of poverty, unemployment and landlessness is because of the myth of reconciliation and non-racialism based on dependence on white people. Hence, as blacks we cannot create employment, grow the economy, build an infrastructure and give quality basic services without the white people. The reason is that we are psychologically not liberated, but still in spiritual, scientific, theoretical and economic bondage to white people and Euro-American epistemological paradigms.
Exploring Ethical Alternatives to Economic Injustice
I understand the struggle for economic justice as a need for a redistribution of wealth and land to address past injustices and restore the dignity of those on the margins, but this struggle must be founded on moral values, ethical principles and biblical justice for the widow, stranger and orphan. Thus, the struggle for economic justice is a search for more just, equitable and sustainable economic alternatives that are founded on the common good, solidarity, preferential options for the poor, democratising the economy and bringing the fulness of life to the majority of black citizens who have lost their land and economic wealth underneath the soil through colonialism and apartheid. As a matter of fact, it is imperative for the Black/African Christian Church and Black Theology to subject every economic system to the demands of the gospel based on human rights, human dignity, a just social order and a shared vision for development, equity, based on liberation, justice, shalom and the Reign of God. Vellem (2013:5) says: "I submit, therefore, that faith in its crudest sense in neo-liberal economics must be repudiated. There are many similarities between GEAR5 [Growth, Employment and Redistribution] and NGP6 [New Growth Path] such as tight fiscal measures and, indeed, its 'eschatological' promise for the poor and jobless."
The Black theological praxis of liberation in the struggle is to search for an alternative economic system founded on economic reconciliation that prioritises the victims of colonialism and apartheid. It must re-open the debate on the merits and de-merits of capitalism, socialism and social democracy. The economic situation of South Africa therefore has to be evaluated in order to develop ethical and theological options for a just and life-giving economy. Twenty years after the dissolution of apartheid and the establishment of the democratic dispensation, this analysis calls for a radical rethinking of economic justice - drawing insight from theology, ethics, economics and social experience. Not only do we need to criticise neo-liberalism, economic globalisation and capitalism, but we also need to develop a Black theological theory of economic justice that explores alternatives to socio-politico-economic liberalism that aggravates economic injustice. Yet in the process, with other organic intellectuals committed to Black Consciousness ideas and Pan Africanism, we must engage in developing African socialism as a theological and economic paradigm of justice in the twenty-first century.
The Economic Justice Challenge from the Book of Amos 5:21-24 and the Experiences of the Homeless and Abused Women in Tshwane Leadership Foundation
Listening, engaging, discussing and reflecting on the theological challenge from the Book of Amos 5:21-24 in the Bible was a humbling experience, a learning curve and a new journey of faith based on the academy of ordinary readers of the Bible. Their interpretation of Scripture continuously reminded me to be a listener, learner and student, to sacrifice my teacher complex, and listen to new paradigms informed by the epistemological privilege of the homeless and abused women. I was reminded about the birth of liberation theologies in the 1960s - that these theologies were not born in lecture halls, seminaries, theological faculties or church councils. Instead, liberation theologies were born in the struggles of the poor in the streets of the major cities of the world, where they prioritised transformative actions, rather than merely interpreting theology.
To the homeless, abused women, commercially exploited sex workers, street children, foreigners and victims of economic injustice - those on the margins of society - poverty is not a theoretical, abstract or scientific question, but a daily reality. To them, homelessness is not just some statistics, but the painful reality of: Where do I sleep tonight? Where is my next meal going to come from? And the pain of having left family in the rural areas to look for greener pastures in the capital city of South Africa. This is also a reality for the migrants from other countries like Zimbabwe, Mozambique and elsewhere in Africa who are looking for better opportunities in South Africa. During the Bible Study, we reflected on the selected verses in the Book of Amos, dealing with the themes of worship, wealth, righteousness and justice, which form the basis of the struggle for economic justice within the biblical paradigm. Before I discuss the interpretation of homeless and abused women, it is important first to reflect, understand and unpack the challenge of social justice contained in Amos 5:21:24.
The Bible is full of passages that place the call for justice in the centre of its teaching. Justice is an important issue in all societies and it is a central theme in Christian theology. Justice and righteousness are synonymous terms grounded in God's divine nature, revealed in God's law and covenant. The words justice and righteousness abound in biblical passages with a prophetic perspective. I agree with Van Heerden (2011:74) that the prophets of Israel:
were not primarily interested in abstract philosophical issues, nor in definitions and intricate arguments. They speak about the lot of simple people - widows, orphans, aliens. They also speak about the daily conduct of the rich, public officials and heads of state. The prophets felt intensely about injustice and their oracles were their way of expressing their agonised struggle over it.
Justice, right and righteousness are concrete practical concepts that emphasise the importance of doing justice, not mere abstract theoretical issues or merely just rational thinking. Two words from the Scriptures are translated by the word justice - mishpat (justice, judgement) and tsedaqah (righteousness, justice). Tsadiq, referring to the one who practises justice and righteousness, is at the centre of the teaching of the prophets.
In liberation theologies, justice is clearly associated with a special concern for correcting historical injustices for the poor, the oppressed and those who lack the means of self-sustenance. Dolamo (2001:293) says that "Justice is based on equal rights and equal dignity. Justice based on these two concepts implies a social balance." In discussing the biblical, theological and ethical context to the Book of Amos, I do not mean to impose my views nor dictate my understanding of Scripture to the homeless and the abused women, but to contextualise this passage so that we can appreciate the views from below, as expressed on the streets of Tshwane. Doorly (1989:18) explains that:
The eighth-century prophets are the first biblical characters without a veil of myth and legend. Hosea, Amos, Isaiah and Micah do not perform any miracles, and, apart from some Isaiah narrative, do not play a key role in the nation's history. They are not presented as deliverers of the people, nor are they pictured as being in positions of great importance in the nation's history.
By the middle of the eighth century BCE, when Amos was called as a prophet to the northern kingdom, he was a stock trader from Tekoa in Judah. Van Heerden (2011:79) sets the scene: "It was a time of reasonable prosperity and political stability, but also of grave social abuses. The poor were the prime victims of these. The people with economic power were the ones that were most insensitive to the lot of the poor." The situation was so unjust in the northern kingdom that the Israelites "sell the righteous for silver, and the needy for a pair of shoes" (Amos 2:6, 8:6). Amos could not tolerate such miscarriage of justice, for the poor were quite shamelessly exploited by those with economic power. The courts of justice and those with political authority trampled on justice and served the status quo.
The price increases forced the poor peasants to borrow money and pledge their properties to make a living until they had lost the land and were forced to work on their property - their land - for somebody else (Doorly 1989:44; Kelley1973:43; Van Heerden 2011:79). Ultimately, the poor were sold into debt slavery (Amos 2:8). That led to a situation where the poor were working for someone else on what had been their own land, simply in order to meet their commitments to their creditors. Eventually, some of the poor were sold into debt slavery, as people who were enslaved for non-payment of debt were often sold to foreigners. Such people could rightly claim to have lost everything (Amos 2:6; 8:6), (van Heerden 2011:79). In that context of injustice, Amos 5:21-24 exclaimed in God's name:
I hate, I despise your feasts, and I take no delight in your solemn assemblies. Even though you offer me your burnt offerings and cereal offerings, I will not accept them, and the peace offerings of your fatted beasts I will not look upon. Take away from me the noise of your songs; to the melody of your harps I will not listen. But let justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream (ESV 2013).
Motyer (2005:130-131), commenting that this passage reveals the practice of a "wealth religion" consisting of festivals, sacrifices, and music - all evidence of abundance. They took their religious duties seriously; they entered fully into their religious privileges, bringing burnt offerings, cereal offerings, and peace offerings symbolic of their status as God's people. They gave full expression to their religious joys with singing... but all that God heard was noise. Van Heerden (2011:80) says "The prophet [Amos] maintains that the people's religious celebrations were abhorrent while injustice was rife among them. The Lord is not to be simply 'celebrated;' he wants to guide the people towards greater justice and righteousness." This is confirmed by Kelly (1973:85): "Verse 24 might well be called the golden verse of Amos, for it sounds the keynote for the entire book. [Amos] had caught a vision of a just society, a society in which religion was no longer a matter of rites and ceremonies, but where the true service of God was the service of the poor and the oppressed."
The justice which is the fruit of righteousness is not some psycho-spiritual matter, concerned about the personal prosperity of individuals. This justice is a social, political and economic one that removes obstacles that bind the poor, unemployed and landless people to poverty. The God of justice is not found in wealthy religious festivals where justice is neglected, but demands equality among human beings.
During the Bible Study at TLF, we looked at the following question: "Why does God reject the fat and rich offerings of those who practise economic injustice, political corruption, abuse of state power, gender oppression and self-enrichment"? During the group discussions, participants felt that "God is righteous and therefore he dislikes people doing things from an evil heart. God does not want offerings from rich people who oppress and exploit poor people." These observations by the homeless and the abused women are critical in constructing urban local theologies, because the voices of the poor are critical and serve as the formative and foundational basis of Black and liberation theologies. The righteousness of God is raised within the fact that God is a God of justice who protects the poor, widows and strangers. The fact that the group speaks about "God rejecting the offerings of rich people who oppress and exploit the poor" is a great observation. The group members also felt that "rich and powerful people make offerings to impress." They argued that "these kind of offerings are meant to silence the ministers of religion from being critical of economic injustice against the invisible members of the community, whose rights are trampled upon by the rich people who bring fat offerings, not out of a genuine heart, but rather to impress others and trash the poor as the lazy ones." One participant said: "the dominant theme in the Book of Amos is social justice."
During the group discussions, participants said that "social equality means us being equal in the eyes of God." Group members stated that "true worship leads to social equality, shalom and the Reign of God, but where there is no equality, the righteousness and justice of God is absent and there is only the noise of worshippers. The members in the Bible Study groups made the comments that "Justice is like the flowing of a stream and righteousness is like a river that never runs dry. God knows how the rich have prevented the poor from justice."7 Considering the discussion by the homeless and the abused women, they observed that "justice is like the flowing of a stream that must not be prevented or poisoned by political corruption, abuse of state power and economic inequalities." They concluded by saying "Righteousness, which is the fruit of justice, must be like a river that never runs dry, for when it runs dry the poor suffer homelessness, women are abused, workers are underpaid, and social justice is perverted."
We must continually be engaging in the struggle for economic justice side by side with the victims of injustice, and be in solidarity with those on the streets of Tshwane begging for bread, sleeping in inhuman conditions. We must also form partnerships with abused, violated and enslaved women, foreigners and homeless people. From this Bible study, the major themes of social justice and God's righteousness can be developed to engage in the holistic struggle for economic justice in the streets of Tshwane. Any solution to the problems of homeless and abused women must be based on the agency of those on the social margins. The voices of the untrained readers of the Bible must inspire and direct the vision and mission of Black Theology in the current elitist and neo-liberal democratic dispensation. We must explore alternatives to capitalism and break with the dominant bourgeois ideology and the morally bankrupt neo-liberal hegemonic discourses in post-apartheid South Africa. The eschatological message of Christ's liberation must be incarnated in the struggles of informal settlements, victims of commercial sexual exploitation, human degradation, dehumanised voices on the margins and illegal immigrants.
Biko, S. 2012. I write what I like. Picador Africa, Johannesburg. [ Links ]
Dolamo, R. 2001. Reconciliation and Economic Justice in South Africa: the Role of the Church and Theology. Verbum et Ecclesia 22(2): 292-299. [ Links ]
De Beer, S. 2008. "Taking Back our Streets": Reading Steve Biko's "Black Consciousness and the Quest for Humanity" on the Streets of Tshwane. Paper presented at the Forum for Religious Dialogue Symposium of the Research Institute for Theology and Religion held at the University of South Africa, Pretoria, 23-24 August 2008 www.uir.unisa.ac.za (Accessed 27 June 2014) 1-17. [ Links ]
De Beer, S.F. 2014. Between Life and Death: On Land, Silence and Liberation in the Capital City. HTS Teologies Studies/Theological studies 70(1), Art.#2075, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i1.2075 (Accessed 06 Nov. 2014). [ Links ]
Dourly, W.J. 1989. Prophet of Justice: Understanding the Book of Amos. Paulist Press, [ Links ].
Kelly, P.H. 1973. Amos: Prophet of social justice. Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan. [ Links ]
Mashau, T.D. 2014. Reimagining Mission in the Public Square: Engaging hills and valleys in the African City of Tshwane. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies; 70(3) (2014), 11 pages. doi: 10.4102/hts.v70i3.2774 (accessed 11 Nov 2014). [ Links ]
Mosala, I. 1989. Black Theology and Biblical Hermeneutics in South Africa. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans . [ Links ]
Mosala, I.J. 2010. A paper delivered by Prof Itumeleng Mosala at the AZAPO 20th National Congress held at the Fun Valley Conference Centre in Johannesburg on 20 March 2010. [ Links ]
Motyer, A. 2005. The Message of Amos. InterVarsity Press, England. [ Links ]
Ndungane, N. 2013. Good Governance Conference. www.africanmonitor.org/ampresidentspechees (accessed 2014: 05-12). [ Links ]
Ramokgopa, K. 2014. State of the Capital City Address. www.tshwane.gov.za/speeches%20City%Address%20%2003April%20%FINAL%version.pdf (Accessed 28 Oct 2014). [ Links ]
Shivambu, F. 2014. The Coming Revolution: Julius Malema and the fight for economic freedom. Auckland Park, Jacana. [ Links ]
Terreblanche, S. 2012. Lost in transformation. Johannesburg, KWW Review Publishing Company. [ Links ]
Van Heerden, W. 2011. Poverty and Prophetic Critic, in The Bible and the Eradication of Poverty, Scheffler, E and van Heerden W (eds). University of South Africa, Tshwane (Pretoria). [ Links ]
Vellem, V. 2013. A critical black analysis of the church's role in the post-apartheid struggle for socio-economic justice. Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 39(2) Feb, www.scielo.org.za (accessed 28 June 2014) 1-23. [ Links ]
West, G. 1991. Biblical Hermeneutics of Liberation: Modes of Reading the Bible in the South African Context. Cluster Publications, Pietermaritzburg. [ Links ]
1 This article was published as a chapter in the peer-reviewed book Pavement Encounters for Justice: Doing Transformative Missiology with homeless people in the City of Tshwane (Mashau & Kritzinger 2014), that was a result of the Meal of Peace Project of the Dept. of Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology at Unisa. The editors and the authors (as copyright owners), have given permission that this version may be published in Missionalia, as an accredited South African journal.
2 Pastor Dumisane W Methula is a Research Assistant at the Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology, at the University of South Africa (Unisa). Pastor Methula can be contacted at email@example.com
3 Even though Biko made this statement during apartheid, its impact is still practically relevant currently in the post-apartheid era.
4 Though legally racism ended formally with apartheid in 1994, the very structure of post-apartheid society is anti-black in more sophisticated ways.
5 GEAR was the neo-liberal macro-economic policy adopted by the ANC- led government in 1996 that was based on market fundamentalism.
6 NGP, adopted as the macro-economic policy of the Zuma administration, is not radically different from GEAR in that it is still a neo-liberal market fundamentalist policy.
7 The group members made most of their comments in African languages, and their comments carried more weight, power and deep conviction.


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ASHRAE is accepting proposals for papers for its 2013 Winter Conference, to be held Jan. 26-30 in Dallas.
The conference's technical program will consist of the following tracks: HVACR Systems and Equipment; HVACR Fundamentals and Applications; Standards, Guidelines and Codes; Energy Conservation; Refrigeration; Large Building Design; Facility Management: Operations, Technology and Energy Improvements; and Special Interest.
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