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Five Key Questions for Your Wireless Device Usage Policy
Protect your small business from liability, security risk, and noncompliance by creating a few simple rules for employees and their smartphones
Take a poll of your employees. How many of them carry a smartphone in their pockets? How many are using them—or want to use them—to read and send work emails, text with colleagues, and even access cloud-based business applications? Because so many people now use these remarkable handheld computers to get so much done, small companies are being forced to figure out how they fit into their networks. And that means developing a usage policy for wireless handheld devices that your employees use for work.
The very first element your policy should cover is whether or not you allow employees to connect to your business network with their personal devices, like smartphones and tablets. If you want to let them check their work email, use your cloud-based apps, and use your other productivity tools on their devices, then you'll need to figure out the detailed specifics of what data and applications will be allowed on those devices—and how they can be used when connected and not connected to your network.
A wireless device usage policy is similar to an acceptable use policy (AUP) for your network. This post can help you write an AUP for your small business.
Crafting a workable wireless device policy
You must address a number of questions in a wireless handheld usage policy. For example, who can use their wireless devices on your network? What kind of information is allowed? How much control do you retain over personal devices? Answers to these questions must be covered in your policy to protect your company from potential liability, security risks, and becoming noncompliant with mandated data privacy requirements. Here are the critical questions to consider:
1. What types of information can be accessed or stored on employees' wireless devices? This boils down to business-critical and confidential information vs. non-critical or even public information. If you'll allow users to access files that are sensitive, then you'll have to implement stricter controls. Remember, so much important data is sent through email and stored in the cloud, it's probably safest to expect that everyone using their smartphone will at some point access sensitive information.
2. Who owns the wireless devices? If your company decides to provide users with smartphones, then you own them and can dictate their use. However, if you allow employees to use their own devices, you can exert less control over them. Still, you can stipulate certain conditions—namely, adhering to the rules you set in your wireless device policy—that users must follow to be allowed to access your network , applications, and data with their personal devices.
3. What security measures must they take on their devices? This may be the most important condition you set. You can require people to set passcodes and actively run mobile security software, like anti-virus and self-destruct applications, on their smartphones and tablets. You can also ask that the devices be checked against these mandated security techniques before users are given the OK to connect to your network.
4. Can employees sync their handhelds with their work computers? When you sync your smartphone to your computer, you can easily transfer private data from one device to the other. This can pose a security risk if someone steals sensitive data and then leaks or gives it away, say to a competitor. Also, this is a path for malware and viruses to come into the company.
5. Can people share their devices? If some employees have different access rights to company data, you probably do not want them sharing their handhelds with each other. Any need-to-know classifications your company has given certain employees will help structure this part of your policy.
Enforcing this policy
When you write your policy, make the conditions and consequences specific, but don't name particular devices. By keeping the policy generic to "wireless handheld devices," for instance, you can be sure that your wireless device usage policy will apply to any new technologies that make their way into your office.
Your small business may have other policies already in place that can help support and enforce the wireless device policy, such as a privacy policy, an information classification policy, or an acceptable use policy, but the most critical factor is educating users about the policy. Make sure everyone routinely reviews and understands what conditions must be met for them to connect their personal devices to the company network, and the ramifications if they don't meet those conditions. After all, your network security may be at stake.
What do you allow employees to access on your small business network with their smartphones and tablets?
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.
1 Comments
Raj Kumar
Yes it is right…………cloud based applications are very useful today….specially for small business…it help them to servive in this competitive world..


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BANNER ELK, N.C. --- The Lees-McRae College women's soccer team rallied from a one-goal deficit late in the second half, and won the penalty kick shootout, 5-4, to advance to the final of the Conference Carolinas Tournament for the first time since 2000.
Lees-McRae (13-4-2) outshot Limestone (13-5-1) by a 23-4 margin, including a 16-2 advantage in the second half. Mary Dorn (Shallotte, N.C.) scored perhaps her most clutch goal of her career, tallying her fourth goal of the season late in the second half. Vanessa Jarrett tallied Limestone's goal early in the second period, as Dominique Evans notched an assist.
Kaitlyn Briggs (Oviedo, Fla.) recorded one save in 110 minutes of work for Lees-McRae, while Kristin Alderin-Fleagle made six stops for the Saints. Briggs also made a key stop in the shootout to help the Bobcats advance to the final.
The match remained scoreless until the opening seconds of the 51st minute, when Jarrett flicked a cross from Evans into the bottom corner to give Limestone an early 1-0 lead. Lees-McRae turned up the pressure shortly thereafter, outshooting the Saints by a 15-1 margin over the final 40 minutes of regulation.
Dorn pulled the Bobcats back on terms in the 79th minute, settling a free ball 25 yards from goal and sending a brilliant strike into the bottom corner to knot the score at 1-1, and send the match into extra time.
Meagan Thornton (Millville, N.J.) nearly grabbed the winner midway through the first extra time period, making a brilliant 60-yard run from her own half and into the box, before Kristin Alderin-Fleagle made a clutch save to keep the match level. Emily Jones (Leonardtown, Md.) took the lone attempt at goal in the second extra time period, forcing a save from Kristin Alderin-Fleagle in the 103rd minute.
Briggs came up big in the penalty shootout, stopping Limestone's first attempt before the Bobcats failed to convert their initial try. Each team converted its next four tries to send the penalty kick shootout into sudden death, when Vickie Rich (Arlington Heights, Ill.) converted her attempt after a Limestone miss to send the Bobcats into the conference tournament final.
Lees-McRae returns to the pitch on Saturday when the top-seeded Bobcats host third-seeded Belmont Abbey College in the Conference Carolinas Tournament final at 1 p.m. on Tate Field. The Bobcats won the teams' regular season meeting by a 1-0 score line in Banner Elk.

subset: commoncrawl


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This year, with little Aria attending preschool, the ideas about love have drastically changed and are far from the stuff of romantic comedies. I was talking about it with a girlfriend who has toddlers too. She was telling me that after having a 3-year-old and 4 month old, her husband agreed to get a toaster oven and she would get a vacuum for their Valentine's Day gifts. And now our preparations for Valentine's Day consist of DIY kids' arts and crafts and a lot of baking for Aria's friends. I prepared chocolate-frosted sweet treats this morning.
These are just the right size for little fingers to enjoy, but you can of course make them bigger if they're for your own Valentine's celebration. The chocolate isn't cloyingly sweet, which means you can enjoy more than one!
If you have a toddler at home, odds are you have heard about Disney's musical Frozen and all of the fun characters featured in the film. I made the mistake of purchasing the DVD so we watch it all the time. Our little Aria identifies herself as Princess Anna and we got a little Frozen-themed apron for her to help me out in the kitchen.
Aria has been determined to prepare a snowflake sweet treat so I doubled her pleasure by baking crinkle cookies using chocolate. The fudge-like cookies are covered in powdered sugar with a beautifully crinkled top once baked. Making the cookie batter isn't complicated but the hardest part was to teach my little one patience, as it's best chilled overnight before slipping into the oven.
I love baking cookies. I find it so therapeutic. I think what I enjoy most is the simple thrill of watching the person I baked the cookies for enjoying them.
The reason I haven't published any recipe for the last few days is because I've been a busy bee, traveling to Los Angeles for a press day. If you follow the blog, you probably know I finished filming the pilot of my first cooking series. I'm so excited! I'll tell you more about the events I attended soon.
At this moment, I'm still in LA, waiting for my batch of signature cookies (the ones flavored with pandan). But for now, I wanted to share some of the cookies I've prepared over the years. Enjoy!
Sablés are probably one of my favorite cookies. These crumbly cookies hail from France's Normandy region. They're sometimes served with fruit preserves or covered with chocolate, so I thought I'd combine the two and create this unique version with coarsely chopped Belgian chocolate and fresh blueberries.
The crisp, tender, crumbly and lightly sweetened cookies were so delicious the entire family wondered why I didn't bake more. So to fill this temporary void in our lives, I baked a second batch! Mission accomplished.
No one can argue with the fact that American cookies are the best. When I lived in Paris and came to the US, I kept bringing a ton of American cookies home to my friends and relatives. My childhood friend Alexia, who came to visit us this month, came home with 8 dozen of American cookies to gift to her relatives!
Cookies are always a nice treat no matter the age of the cookie monster or the occasion being celebrated. Several years, I came up with this new recipe for homemade cookies with an exotic twist (pandan extract) for a change and they've become my signature cookies for special occasions. Follow the instructions from this video and you'll have our family's favorite French-Asian fusion cookies.
Check out my other video cooking tutorials and more.


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Pregnant Sarah Michelle Gellar Pictures
Sarah Michelle Gellar Spends the Day With Her Tiny Dancer
Sarah Michelle Gellar picked up Charlotte Prinze from ballet class yesterday in LA. The mother-daughter duo chatted with friends after the class then treated themselves to a midday Starbucks run. SMG has been keeping cool and staying fashionable during her final weeks of pregnancy. We've seen her step out in florals, prints, and flirty bohemian tops that show off her baby bump. Sarah Michelle's not the only star prepping to welcome an addition to the family. Reese Witherspoon, Drew Barrymore, and Gisele Bundchen are also expecting, and Anna Faris just gave birth to her first child.


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Bob Graham
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© 2019 Multiple Listing Service of the Mid Carolina Regional Association of REALTORS® All rights reserved. The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange Program of the Mid Carolina Regional Association of REALTORS® MLS. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Moore County Realty LLC are marked with the Internet Data Exchange logo or the Internet Data Exchange thumbnail logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers. The broker providing these data believes them to be correct, but advises interested parties to confirm them before relying on them in a purchase decision. Information last updated on 2019-08-20.


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WHO news via RSS
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Use of the WHO RSS feeds is subject to the terms and conditions outlined in the WHO Copyright notice. WHO reserves the right to discontinue this service at any time.
If you wish to use WHO news on your web site or in conjunction with any commercial purposes, please contact us directly on the following e-mail address email@example.com. Please provide your name, organization, contact details, web site address and the purpose for which you intend to use the WHO RSS feeds.
What is RSS?
WHO news headlines and summary texts are now available via "really simple syndication" (RSS). RSS is a straightforward way for you to keep up-to-date with the latest news from WHO. Every time a news article is published on the WHO web site, you will receive an automatic update without having to visit our site.
What does an RSS feed look like?
Each RSS feed consists of the most recent news stories in summary form. An example of a WHO news release in this format would be as follows:
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- Date: 31 AUGUST 2004 | GENEVA
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- URL to full text: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr59/en/
How does RSS work?
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How do I access WHO RSS feeds?
You need to set your news reader to retrieve the RSS feed from the WHO web site. To do this you will need to copy the link to the service you wish to subscribe to. You then need to follow the instructions for your particular news reader to subscribe to a new service, and paste this link into your news reader.


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Today is the 222nd anniversary of the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, the date usually recognized as the beginning of the French Revolution. I'll be speaking this weekend at FreedomFest on the topic, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: A Libertarian Version." I previewed part of my talk at this week's Britannica Blog column. So what should libertarians think about the French Revolution? The great Henny Youngman, when asked "How's your wife?" answered, "Compared to what?"
Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution is very disappointing to libertarians. Compared to the Russian Revolution, it looks pretty good. And it also looks good, at least in the long view, compared to the ancien regime that preceded it….
Lord Acton wrote that for decades before the revolution "the Church was oppressed, the Protestants persecuted or exiled, … the people exhausted by taxes and wars." The rise of absolutism had centralized power and led to the growth of administrative bureaucracies on top of the feudal land monopolies and restrictive guilds….
The results of that philosophical error—that the state is the embodiment of the "general will," which is sovereign and thus unconstrained—have often been disastrous, and conservatives point to the Reign of Terror in 1793-94 as the precursor of similar terrors in totalitarian countries from the Soviet Union to Pol Pot's Cambodia.
In Europe the results of creating democratic but essentially unconstrained governments have been far different but still disappointing to liberals….
Still, as Constant celebrated in 1816, in England, France, and the United States, liberty
is the right to be subjected only to the laws, and to be neither arrested, detained, put to death or maltreated in any way by the arbitrary will of one or more individuals. It is the right of everyone to express their opinion, choose a profession and practice it, to dispose of property, and even to abuse it; to come and go without permission, and without having to account for their motives or undertakings. It is everyone's right to associate with other individuals, either to discuss their interests, or to profess the religion which they and their associates prefer, or even simply to occupy their days or hours in a way which is most compatible with their inclinations or whims.
Compared to the ancien regime of monarchy, aristocracy, class, monopoly, mercantilism, religious uniformity, and arbitrary power, that's the triumph of liberalism.


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Orgran Easy Buckwheat Pancake Mix (Gluten-Free) -- out of stock
Quantity in Basket:
Code: Buckwheat Pancake Mix
Shipping Weight: 0.00 pounds
ORGRAN EASY BUCKWHEAT PANCAKE MIX (GLUTEN-FREE) (13.2 oz.)
Orgran Buckwheat Pancake mix is all-natural, gluten-free,
wheat-free, and yeast-free, and it contains no
added sugar. Just add water and
a little vegetable oil for perfect
vegan pancakes!
Buckwheat, which is the main ingredient, is high in
protein. It is not actually a grain, but is part of
the rhubarb family of plants. For this mix, the
buckwheat has been stone milled in the traditional
method, blended to an original recipe and immediately
packed and sealed to ensure the best possible freshness,
flavor, and nutritive value.
Ingredients: stone milled buckwheat, rice flour,
corn starch, tapioca, monocalcium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate.


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Heaters and burners are widely used in cracking operations within refineries and petrochemical complexes, forming the first step in the value chain of the chemical industry. They are difficult to design, requiring significant experimentation. In addition, they are often difficult to operate due to burner-burner interactions which cannot be tested in the field.
However, automated optimization of designs can be carried out using advanced algorithms which can significantly reduce the number of trials. Furthermore, even operating conditions can be optimized within a given range of operating conditions and desired performance requirements.
In this webcast, we investigate how STAR-CCM+® can be used to carry out such optimization work using the OPTIMATE/OPTIMATE+™ plugin or HEEDS. This webcast explores how CAD geometries can be easily imported and tailored for parametric optimization studies as well as the combustion physics necessary to simulate burners.


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|View Poll Results: Ore no Imouto - Episode 5 Rating
|Perfect 10
|9 out of 10 : Excellent
|8 out of 10 : Very Good
|7 out of 10 : Good
|6 out of 10 : Average
|5 out of 10 : Below Average
|4 out of 10 : Poor
|3 out of 10 : Bad
|2 out of 10 : Very Bad
|1 out of 10 : Painful
|Voters: 132. You may not vote on this poll
|Thread Tools
|2010-11-01, 16:33
|Link #121
Senior Member
Join Date: May 2007
no Manami for second consecutive episode makes me so sad (she does not even appear on the OP). the preview makes me hopeful, though; and they better have plenty of Manami to keep my mind at ease.
anyway, I really enjoyed the fifth episode; I especially liked Kyo's declaration of love--- it's so like him to solve his sister's problems by sacrificing himself. I shouldn't be surprised anymore, but it does surprise me how funny he can be.
Ayase is my second favorite character, and having an episode dedicated to her is really nice. I was sort of expecting her little bursts of anger and frustration (that's what makes her so charming, in my opinion); and she turned out to be more interesting and complex than I had first expected. I think there's a lot that can be said about her character and her relationship to Kirino; and hopefully we get to explore more of those dynamics now that she knows of her hobbies, and is apparently more willing to accept them after the last scene.
Personally, I did not particularly find Ayase's actions to be so much of a shock (or out-of-character); but that's probably because I was already familiar with her thanks to the Drama CD.
|2010-11-01, 17:04
|Link #122
~Official Slacker~
Join Date: Aug 2010
Location: Xanadu
Age: 25
Before things were cleared, Kirino was mostly keeping things from Ayase as you said, and since Ayase is clinged to Kirino either respecting her abilities to be the very best in school (idolization) or that she has been a friend of Kirino for a long time, and eventually knew more and more about her "school side", but it could just be both combined. Then came the incident where she found the eroge games and manga that Kirino had with her all along. Ayase was just stunned that Kirino has been lying to her all this time, and that she felt she dint know that Kirino had this side within her to do such indecent things, the fact that she was her "best friend" to her. The way she was unable to understand this situation clearly, left to the part before Kyousuke stepped in.
Ayase probably cant stand the games/manga that Kirino enjoys so much for the obvious reasons of influencing people to do indecent things. Then Kyousuke stepped in and declared his love for Kirino.. With this declaration of love for his sister, and that the fact he was "influenced" by the eroge games/manga that made Ayase blush to no limit. She obviously knows that he is thinking of doing somthing to Kirino, with being her best friend she has to protect her at all cost, making her cling to Kirino even more then before. She probably even remembered the scene where Kyousuke groped Kirino, and now thought that the incident that occurred was part of Kousuke's indecent action to Kirino with no one watching..
Now an interesting point in this episode was also between Kirino and Kyousuke, where Kirino finally let out the fact why Kirino was alienating Kyousuke from her life up until he found out about her Otaku life. Kyousuke was never there for Kirino for the majority of her life, and Ayase/her life as a model/her otaku life were the only things keeping her happy with life up until the point. Now she knows that she can trust Kyousuke even more with dealing with situations, leading to the last scene with her opening up to Kyousuke even more, now we just need flashbacks on what made Kirino believe that Kyousuke was mostly the one alienating her from his life to clearly understand her feelings in this episode.
Now the father scene was epic I must say... The reaction he did when Kyousuke clearly just shot the bullet there was just This episode was also a big development for the father, even though he did not get much screentime. It showed that even if his children did indecent things that could make him utterly disgusted. He shows that he is a very Tsundere-type of father, but deep inside he cares for his daughter and son. Since he cant do anything about Kyousuke, either with the eroge since he is above 18, and cant really do much to influence his life like what he can do to Kirino. Where the only thing he had left supporting him was the 18+ eroge game which would corrupt Kirino's mind in his opinion. He just had to give in and help Kyousuke with his matters. Now some of you may think that the words that came out of the father's mouth in episode 3 clearly denounced Kyousuke as a "worthless son" this episode shows that even if he is worthless in his eyes, he "now" cares about what happens to Kyousuke. Earlier, he dint have to worry about Kyousuke as much since he dint do anything indecent or such, and believed that Kyousuke would do the right thing and wont get into trouble. But when episode 3 occurred... The father "probably" had the feeling that he has to worry about even the children that "seemed" like they were leading a normal lifestyle.
Last edited by Hooves; 2010-11-01 at 17:17.
|2010-11-01, 17:20
|Link #123
Apathy moe~
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Atlanta, USA / Seoul, Korea
Some interesting tidbits I read on another blog. The first volume of the series was released on August 2008, 2nd volume (which episode 5 is based on) on December. And 2008 was reportedly a rather difficult year for otaku culture. I thought it interesting to put this episode that context.
|2010-11-01, 17:28
|Link #124
Minor Member
Join Date: Oct 2010
Location: 幻想郷
Age: 28
It suddenly starts raining.
While you are outside.
"Where are you going?"
Ayase, you bastard, you intentionally destroyed the precious doujinshi. Yeah, saying we're not friends is redundant at that point.
"It's not like I looked into [the SisCaly incident] for you."
Why was that even in there... >>;
The way they attack problems is not new but is always entertaining. Slapstick humor to wash down the dramatization.
Spoiler for Damn you Kyousuke, fix it /glare:
|2010-11-01, 17:41
|Link #125
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2004
Location: Edinburgh
Age: 37
|2010-11-01, 17:43
|Link #126
~Official Slacker~
Join Date: Aug 2010
Location: Xanadu
Age: 25
|2010-11-01, 17:55
|Link #128
Twintails are wintails!
Join Date: Mar 2010
Age: 38
Spoiler for ep. 5:
Spoiler for ep. 5:
Spoiler for ep. 5:
|2010-11-01, 17:58
|Link #129
~Official Slacker~
Join Date: Aug 2010
Location: Xanadu
Age: 25
For people that believe Ayase hates games/anime as a hobby in general.. I dont think so... She just cant stand eroge, and the indecent things that happen. After Kyousuke cleared the facts of the news she heard about Otakus. It was also in the line "I just cant agree with this sort of manga" or something along that line.
Last edited by Hooves; 2010-11-01 at 18:11.
|2010-11-01, 18:09
|Link #130
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2003
I suspect Ayase's not as horrible as she seems. It really felt to me like, once she calmed down and patched things up, she managed to figure out Kyousuke's game. Or at least suspect that that was his game. And with her initial tirade, I have some suspicion that she's been deceived and betrayed in the past. She seems to have very strong feelings about lies and secrets, a little too strong to just be her sense of right and wrong.
And I don't think Kyousuke's really taking the route he took here too much. It doesn't seem like his main plan of defense, but rather his last resort, taking the shot for her when nothing he can think of will stop a person from attacking her.
Part of Ayase's problem is she jumped in at the deep end. If she wants to be a real friend, I think she should at some point ask Kirino to lend her the first seasons of her favorite anime series, or some of the 12+ versions of her favorite games, so she could see what Kirino's fallen in love with without the erotic stuff that will make her close her mind completely. Who knows, she might find she likes Meruru and dating sims, and if Kirino can find some opening to get her interested in anime/manga, eventually Ayase may even warm up to eroge. She'll probably still think it's a little creepy to see these siblings playing incest games though.
|2010-11-01, 18:10
|Link #131
IT Support
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Italy
Age: 29
I didn't care about the emotions of the characters at all...
I am really starting to doubt my decision to continue this series 'till the end, especially when I see good comments for Youkai Zaruko, which I dropped...
|2010-11-01, 19:05
|Link #133
Minor Member
Join Date: Oct 2010
Location: 幻想郷
Age: 28
He's the only other male character at this point and now this outburst of tsundere-ism ...
|2010-11-01, 19:14
|Link #134
Member of DOLLARS
Join Date: Sep 2008
Location: In the magical land of Moonswell pass
Age: 24
Reminds me of how video games are attacked in the UK and USA, one thing Otaku and Video Game Nerds have in common: the mass media blame an entire medium for the few psychos that exist within them, its like Kirino cancelling her friendship with Ayase for being a model because some models end up drug addicts/with eating disorders.
Dont blame the many on the few.
It is a bit hard to defend little sister porn games and manga though, at least manga in general you can argue it has artistic purposes as with games in general, screwing little girls...urm...bit on the questionable side.
How many episodes do you think before Kirino gets a boyfriend and Ayase goes yandere on him?
@Lolification Oh the glare...so cold...so unnerving the horror...oh the cute tsundere horror...
|2010-11-01, 19:22
|Link #135
IT Support
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Italy
Age: 29
|2010-11-01, 19:45
|Link #137
Twintails are wintails!
Join Date: Mar 2010
Age: 38
|2010-11-01, 19:48
|Link #138
Join Date: May 2008
Location: California
Age: 29
If the novel was anything like the anime, they made it pretty clear that the intent was to criticize Japanese mass media exaggerating and antagonizing otaku culture.
|2010-11-01, 20:54
|Link #139
Otaku Apprentice
lol I guess he's meant to be a sacrificial lamb.
First sacrifice: All those eroge are mine. They were really amazing. I love anime and eroge with a passion! Got a prob- *FALCON PUNCH*
Second sacrifice: We have tales of forbidden love (we make love). I love my sister.
Ayase: I'll kill you.
|2010-11-01, 23:47
|Link #140
Senior Member
Join Date: Jun 2008
Age: 35
And then he got kicked in the balls. I like how she distracts him with the pillow first, so he's unable to dodge this time.
To those who found a similarity between this and the previous arc, I did get a deja vu feeling watching her rant but there are two significant differences:
1 - The first time, Kyouske was the one doing the confronting on her behalf. This time, she handled it herself. Kirino gained some self reliance here.
2 - The dad accepted the (mostly logical) argument, valuing Kirino's happiness over his ideal vision of her (sans the eroge). Ayase refuses to see even this far and needs to be tricked/have an excuse for continuing her frienship.
|Thread Tools


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Friday, August 10, 2012
August 10 - St. Laurence, Martyr, Deacon, Keeper of the Church's Wealth
Laurence was a deacon in Rome during the 3rd century. Like so many 3rd century Roman Christians, he faced innumerable pressures from the Roman Empire and the expectations of the imperial mindset. Also like many 3rd century Roman Christians, he faced down death because of refusal to cooperate with the imperial lies and deceptions. In the case of Laurence, it was the persecutions executed by Valerian that would result in his eventual death. Valerian, like other emperors, disenfranchised and exiled powerful Christians in the Senate and murdered priests, deacons, bishops, and powerless Christians. Laurence, indeed, was well accompanied in his death and died a faithful follower along with his other brothers and sisters in the faith.
As a deacon, he was a leader within the early Church and intensely connected with the lives of many other Christians. He helped officiate the services of the early Church and offered hospitality and compassion to countless needy individuals and families. As an officiant and leader in Rome, he was well-acquainted with Pope St. Sixtus II. Valerian had Sixtus seized and ordered his execution. This surely had a significant impact on Laurence. As Sixtus walked to his death and martyrdom, Laurence met him and asked him: " Father, where are you going without your son? Holy priest,where are you hurrying off to without your deacon? You never mounted the altar of sacrifice without your servant, before, and you wish to do it now?" Sixtus looked at his dead friend and took a moment from his own walk to death and glory and remarked to Laurence, "Soon, you will follow me." Sixtus wasn't wrong.
Only a couple of days later, the Roman prefect demanded the wealth of Laurence's church. Since there was great persecution, the prefect was astute enough to know when he could take advantage of the disenfranchised to pad his own pocket. Laurence asked for three days to gather it together for the prefect and, perhaps thinking it wasgracious, the prefect granted the time. Laurence quickly distributed the wealth of his congregation to the poor, sick, needy, and crippled people in the community. He took the wealth intended to provide for the needy and gave it over into the hands of the needy. After three full days of pouring himself out, Laurence lead a group of needy people to the prefect. When the wealth of the Church was demanded, Laurence spread his arms wide and indicated the needy people around him. He stared into the eyes of the prefect and said, "You want the wealth of the Church? Here they are." Looking into the eyes of imperial Rome, Laurence insisted that these poor and oppressed people that Rome placed no value on were, in fact, valuable and worthy of love and devotion. Seeing the shock and rage upon the face of the prefect, and knowing that he had likely signed his own death warrant, Laurence continued: "Yes, prefect, the Church is rich, indeed. Far richer than the Empire."
His death was ordered. He was seized and beaten. Finally, he was chained to a metal gridiron. He was given a chance to deny his faith but he refused. He had been baptized into death of self and remained comfortable with his commitments even if it infuriated the Empire that didn't get it (it never does). They lowered the gridiron over the fire and began to grill Laurence. They hoped to prolong Laurence's pain and suffering. They hoped to demonstrate the power of the Empire over the death and destruction of the body.They reveled in the power of fear over the minds of people. Yet, Laurence had already demonstrated the failure of the Empire to ever change or heal even one person. It was, instead, the love that Laurence offered and the Church taught that was, truly, transformational. He died on the gridiron but not before calling out to his executioners: "This side is already done and if you want me cooked just right you better turn me over." In his death, as in his life, Laurence offered a mockery of the values and methods of the Empire and the world. For Laurence, as for the rest of us, the only hope for life and change dwelt in a God who was love, a Lord who was a lamb, a Spirit who dwelt in the hearts of people, and a death that brought life.
Posted by Joshua Hearne at 7:00 AM
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Latest media releases
Changes to UBS's Investment Bank senior management
UBS today announced that William Vereker will join the Investment Bank on 1 June as Head of Corporate Client Solutions(1), EMEA. William joins UBS from Nomura where he was Joint Head of Global Investment Banking.
In addition, UBS's Investment Bank will establish a new cross business, global Financial Institutions Group which will be led by David Soanes. Both William and David will report into the Investment Bank's CEO, Andrea Orcel, and will be Executive Committee members.
Andrea Orcel, CEO of UBS's Investment Bank, said: "Continuing to strengthen our Institutional Client franchise in Europe is crucial for us and I am convinced that somebody of William's calibre will significantly contribute towards achieving our ambitions in the region.''
"It is also clear to me that we will benefit from an integrated approach to serving our FIG clients - a critical sector for UBS. David is one of the markets leading FIG specialists, and with his leadership, I am confident we can fully leverage the entire bank's capabilities to better serve clients globally in this sector."
Background on William Vereker
William joins from Nomura where he was Joint Head of Global Investment Banking. Prior to this he was Head of European Investment Banking. He was formerly at Lehman Brothers where he held the position of European Head of Investment Banking and before that he was Head of Global Natural Resources and Power. William also held a number of roles in investment banking at Morgan Stanley over a 9 year period. William's clients include many of the world's largest natural resources and utility companies and he has been involved in many of the landmark transactions across those sectors over the last 25 years. Most recently, he advised Xstrata in relation to their merger with Glencore and International Power with respect to their acquisition by GDF Suez.
About UBS AG
We draw on our 150-year heritage to serve private, institutional and corporate clients worldwide, as well as retail clients in Switzerland. Our business strategy is centred on our pre-eminent global wealth management businesses and our leading universal bank in Switzerland. Together with a client-focused Investment Bank and a strong, well-diversified Global Asset Management business, we will expand our premier wealth management franchise and drive further growth across the Group.
Headquartered in Zurich and Basel, Switzerland, UBS has offices in more than 50 countries, including all major financial centres, and employs approximately 63,000 people. Under Swiss company law, UBS is organized as an Aktiengesellschaft, a corporation that has issued shares of common stock to investors. UBS AG is the parent company of the UBS Group (Group).
The operational structure of the Group comprises the Corporate Centre and five business divisions: Wealth Management, Wealth Management Americas, Investment Bank, Global Asset Management and Retail & Corporate.
UBS media contacts
London: +44-207-567 47 14


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Mark Beckles - Infinite Aspirations
Mark Beckles is the principal life coach at Infinite Aspirations. Mark offers a unique coaching experience that focuses on helping you to realise your true potential and achieve your goals.
Stuart Green BSc (Hons) Dip CBT Dip RSA HPD D Hyp MNCH (reg) MAC
I provide a friendly and professional service, working closely with my clients to enable them to overcome the barriers that are holding them back in life, and to support them in moving forward towards the achievement of their aspirations and goals.
Akeila Browne
I specialise in helping women to live life consciously, helping them to find their voice, develop their presence and increase confidence. Helping my clients to elevate in life, business and career, whilst living their souls purpose.
L Edwards
Le'Siran - The Woman Power Coach.
Lucille Roache
I started out my career as a lawyer practising in criminal law and then moved into Personal Injury where I became a supervisor, and then eventually a manager. My years of experience in managing and coaching people have provided me with the skills...
Teresa Lewis Msc PgDip BA(Hons) MBACP(Senior Accredited) MAC
Teresa is a founding member of the BACP's coaching division and the only coach in Wolverhampton to gain full registration status with the prestigious Association for Coaching. She is passionate about leadership and uses her Masters degree in...
Alison Richards - My Licensed Master NLP Coach. B'ham & Leamington
HELLO and WELCOME. My name is Alison, I am a Licensed Master NLP / Coach, and lots, lots more ! My intention is to comes from a place of integrity, commitment and honesty. My mission is to get the best out of YOU. Yes YOU, because that's what you...
Lisa Tighe - Change Your Life Solutions
I am Lisa Tighe and I am an NLP and EFT Practitioner and Coach. I work with adults and teenagers in one to one sessions. I discovered NLP in my late 30's and it literally blew my mind! Contact me for more information on how NLP and EFT can help you
Dr. Coni Judge, BCC, APA, AC, SIOP
I specialise in helping women and introverted leaders develop executive presence and communication skills to achieve their goals and improve performance. I also work with men and all personality types so please ask if you're looking for support.
Jessica Shields
Coaching a fantastic way of enabling you to achieve your goals, develop yourself, your purpose and give you confidence in all that you do. I deliver coaching sessions to help you define what you want from life, and 'find your potential to shine'.
Mark Ellis - Performance Life Coach, Career & Business Transition Coach.
Life Coach, Performance Coach & Career Coach to Business Owners, Entrepreneurs & Sales Professionals. Helping professional men improve their performance and income and make business, career & lifestyle transitions to create the life they desire.
Jan James, Transformation Coach
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Earl Lynch - The Kairos Experience Ltd
As a specialist in developing people, my mission is to add value to each life, regardless of background, culture or faith. I have over 20 years experience and I am here to help and support you.
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Jo helps heart-centered entrepreneurs, business owners and professionals with purpose, productivity, mindset, sustainable strategies, systems, goals, planning, sales, marketing, speaking, work-life balance, leadership, management and personal growth
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I will see your life through your eyes, will travel with you on your journey of transformation. I will help you to achieve the life you dream of, by discovering your passions and uncovering your genius. I will facilitate your self-discovery. .
Dr Gary Wood - Solution Focused Life Coaching with a Chartered Psychologist
Coaching is about goals - goals for a better life. Ask for a free consultation to see how Dr Gary Wood's solution-focused, evidence-based psychology, coaching approach will work to make things better for you. Based in Birmingham & Edinburgh, UK.
Laura Cockett
I help women to thrive at work. I coach ambitious women who want to build a rewarding career, doing something that matters to them. I help women alleviate work-related stress, and develop the confidence and skills to get jobs they love.
Stuart Downing - Professional Life &Business Coaching-Anxiety,...
I will see your life through your eyes, will travel with you on your journey of transformation. I will help you to achieve the life you dream of, by discovering your passions and uncovering your genius. I will facilitate your self-discovery. .
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You can be whatever you want to be if you put your mind to it!Mary established her life coaching and mentoring service in 2006 offering support to a wide range of clients. Everyone is different, every person has different needs and aspirations....
Caroline Bottrill BSc(Hons). Hyp Dip. HPD.MNCH (Acc) NLP.TLA Coach
Caroline Bottrill is a Personal Perfomanve Coach, Clinical Hypnotherapist and NLP Practitioner with over 8 years experience of working with clients in a broad range of treatment areas and is a successful Weight Loss and Well-being Specialist.
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Coaching business owners to identify and realise your dream business startup and successful small business. Guiding you to make it happen. Strategy Session offered for you gain clarity and direction for the best next steps for you and your business.
Faye Spencer | Co-Active® Coach | Moxie Coaching UK
Hi, I'm Faye. I'm passionate about helping people who, like you, don't want to use anymore time, energy or money on things that aren't right. Life's too short! If you know deep-down you want more, let's move you towards living a life you really love.
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This post is a bit different to the usual type of stuff I'd post on SEOno, but I was having lunch with a friend the other day and while we were talking about some of the upcoming web/tech events in Cardiff, I realised that there were so many going on next month that it was becoming difficult to keep track of them all.
…So I thought I'd list and link to them all in one place:
Cardiff Blogs
Web | Twitter | Facebook
When: Tuesday 4th September
Where: Maldron Hotel, St. Mary Street (map)
How much: Free!
Tickets: Eventbrite
Subject: Blogging
About: Anyone who knows me well knows that I adore Cardiff Blogs. This particular meet-up is all about the Wales Blog Awards (which I've been longlisted for, by the way)!
Web | Twitter
When: Wednesday 5th September
Where: O'Neill's, Trinity Street (map)
How much: Free!
Tickets: Via their site (fill out the "+++ you 'tendin?" bit!)
Subject: Software Development
About: All about software development, with a number of speakers. I've not been to one before (I think it's still fairly new, so I don't think there's been that many previously), but I'm going to try and make it along to this one. I've heard many good things though!
Cardiff Start
Web | Twitter | Facebook
When: Tuesday 11th September
Where: IndyCube Central, Castle Arcade (map | link)
How much: Free!
Tickets: Facebook
Subject: Startups
About: Someone asked me to explain what Cardiff Start's Hackdays were all about the other day. I'm sure someone will correct me if I'm horribly wrong (please do!), but it's my understanding that its aim is to discuss how to boost the profile of Cardiff's startups as a community. And that this is Phase 2. Rob Lo Bue sums it up well over on his blog.
Web | Twitter
When: Thursday 13th September
Where: The Owain Glyndwr, St. John Street (map)
How much: Free!
Tickets: Lanyrd
Subject: Web Development (more specifically Ruby on Rails)
About: If you're a Ruby developer in South Wales then this is definitely one for you. I believe they've been running monthly for about a year now.
Cardiff Internet Marketing
Web | Twitter
When: Monday 17th September
Where: Future Inn, Cardiff Bay (map)
How much: £5 (£4 if booked in advance)
Tickets: Eventbrite
Subject: Digital Marketing
About: There's been a few of these now, and although I've unfortunately not been able to make one just yet, I've heard that they're very good if you want to learn about different areas of online marketing (and that they're also good for networking)! This one covers online reputation management: more info here.
Hashtag (I don't think they have a dedicated site/Twitter yet)
When: Wednesday 19th September
Where: Vanilla Rooms, Park House Club, Park Place (map)
How much: Free!
Tickets: Eventbrite
Subject: Social Media
About: I believe this is the first one! A "Social Media Mixer" with speakers, social media-inspired cocktails and cake!
Oi! (Online Influence) Conference
Web | Twitter
When: Thursday 20th September
Where: The Celtic Manor Resort (map)
How much: £75
Tickets: Eventbrite
Subject: Social Media
About: I have no idea why this wasn't added to the list sooner, especially seeing as I already knew about it (something I probably shouldn't admit to, but gosh darn my honesty)! Anyway, cheers for @Nonentity for bringing its omission to my attention. For more info, feel free to check out the hashtag: #OiConf.
Wales Blog Awards
Web | Twitter
When: Thursday 20th September
Where: Richard Burton Theatre, RWCMD (map)
How much: £5 (ticket price includes a glass of wine)
Tickets: Via the RWCMD website
Subject: Blogging
About: The Wales Blog Awards has been running annually since 2010 and features a variety of blogs in a variety of categories – click here for a full list of the shortlist nominees.
CryptoParty Cardiff
When: Saturday 22nd September
Where: O'Neill's, Trinity Street (map)
How much: Free
Tickets: Eventbrite
Subject: Cryptography
About: Hat tip to @foomandoonian for finding out about this one – please see his blog post for more info.
Have I missed anything? If so, please feel free to drop a comment on this post, use the contact form or simply tweet me! For repeat visitors, if there are any updates then I'll make a note of what they are below here, so that you know if there's anything new.
I haven't decided yet if this is to be a one-off or maybe part of a regular-ish series. I was thinking more the former simply because there's a lot going on in September (as I said in the intro to this post). However, I guess we'll see how it goes…!
Also, when I first had the idea for this post, I wanted to write it as a guest blog post on behalf of Computer Recruiter, so I'd still like to accredit them with a mention (and a link)!
[Welsh Twitter dragon image credit: Foomandoonian; event logos courtesy of each event's Twitter profile]
- 08/09/12 – Added the Wales Blog Awards event.
- 11/09/12 – Added venue info for cardiffrb.
- 18/09/12 – Added CryptoParty Cardiff.
- 20/09/12 – Added Oi! Conference (better late than never eh!)


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Professor Hong-Yi Chen
Narrative Biography
Hong-yi Chen was born in Shanghai, China. She was sent to the countryside by the government during China's Cultural Revolution, and worked as a farm girl for eight years in a small village in northeast China. Hong-yi studied economics at Fudan University from 1977 to 1982. After having earned a master degree, she taught economics at Fudan for 7 years. In 1989, Hong-yi came to the United States, and she earned her Ph.D. degree at U.C. Berkeley in 1997.
It has been Hong-yi's dream to develop an economics program that educates young students to love economics, not because it could lead to good paying jobs, but because it would enhance their ability to make a contribution to the human society we live in. SUA gives her a group of great students to bring her dream to fruition and she deeply appreciates it.


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South African Journal of Science
versão On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versão impressa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.104 no.7-8 Pretoria Set./Ago. 2008
Defining waste in South Africa: moving beyond the age of 'waste'
S.H.H. Oelofse‡; L. Godfrey
CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
The legal definition of waste can often be vague and dependent on factors other than the composition or possible after-use of the material. The European Court of Justice has stated that the term 'waste', in European Union legislation, implies 'discard'. In South Africa, there is currently more than one legal definition of waste. This not only complicates the classification of material as waste, but also creates confusion amongst industry and government dealing with waste management issues. This hinders the successful implementation of the waste hierarchy that aims at diverting waste away from landfill by promoting sustainable waste recycling and re-use. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the definition of waste and the shift to waste as resource, and the implications thereof for the implementation of government policies, strategies and legislation on waste re-use and recycling. Special emphasis is placed on the South African situation where new waste legislation is currently under development.
The internationally accepted waste hierarchy1 (Fig. 1), as first accepted into policy by the European Community in the Framework Directive of 1975,2 is aimed at preventing waste where possible, re-using, recovering and recycling waste to reduce volumes, treating the waste to render it less hazardous or harmful to the environment, and disposing of unavoidable waste to landfill as a last resort. The successful implementation of the waste hierarchy largely depends on its translation into policy, strategy and legislation. However, one of the main obstacles to successful implementation appears to be the mere definition of waste and its legal interpretation by both government and industry.
Defining waste has its origins in the management of unwanted and discarded material, where waste historically was disposed without consideration for the resultant environmental consequences or the re-use or recycling potential. The management of waste, both locally and internationally, has been incorporated into environmental legislation to protect both the environment and human health from any adverse effects of waste disposal.
While there are certainly some cases where it is clear that material is waste and re-use should not be consideredfor example, medical wasteresource recovery at landfill sites and waste dumps is a clear indication of the existing re-use potential of waste being disposed of. There is also a vast number of'difficult' or 'border-line' residues and by-products (mostly industrial waste) that are not being disposed of, but are consistently and profitably re-used, both locally and internationally. Defining something as waste therefore involves treading a very thin line between 'resource' and 'waste'. In addition, the classification of a material as 'waste' has fundamentally important commercial consequences,3 for instance, disposal requirements, and transportation of hazardous substances.
South African law has very strict requirements regarding the transport of waste, with companies having to go through extensive administration to effect the movement of the material, adding to the cost of transport.4
Waste is internationally defined in legislation that controls waste disposal. To promote waste re-use, there is a need for a clear definition of waste, and perhaps more importantly, clarity on when something ceases to be waste. This paper provides an overview of different legal definitions of waste adopted abroad and in South Africa. Each definition is briefly discussed, focusing on the implications of the definitions of waste to re-use and recycling.
International definitions of waste
A review of the literature reveals an on-going international debate on the definition of waste. Countries and regions where this definition is currently in the spotlight include: the European Union, Singapore, New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United States. The discussions in each of these countries are briefly highlighted in the following sections.
European Union
The Waste Framework Directive2 defines waste as 'any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I [of the Directive] which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard'. While simple, this definition is problematic in its interpretation5,6 and inconsistent in its enforcement.6 There is no consensus about when material is discarded or intended to be discarded. This uncertainty in the definition of waste has even been argued to have implications for human rights.5
Within the European Union, many of the cases dealing with, or testing the definition of waste arise out of criminal prosecutions for violations of waste management regulations, where criminal liability depends on whether the substance or material concerned falls within the legal definition of waste.5,6 As a result, the UK government has acknowledged the need for a full debate on the interpretation of the definition of waste, to provide industry and competent authorities with increased clarity in this regard.5 The European Community's Sixth Environment Action Programme calls for 'clarification of the distinction between waste and non-waste' and this issue seems set to remain topical for some time to come.5
Industry and government need to have the same understanding as to what is waste and what is a by-product (material with the potential for re-use, whether a re-use market currently exists or not). The definition of waste should allow for responsible waste recovery, recycling and re-use without creating a threat of criminal liability in terms of waste legislation, while at the same time, not ignoring the potential environmental and human health impacts associated with these activities.
European case law gives a legal resolve on when waste is no longer considered waste. If material can be re-used without further processing and if there is financial advantage to be gained from the re-use, the substance in question should not be regarded as waste, but as a legitimate product. The reasoning applicable to by-products should be confined to situations in which the re-use of the goods, materials or raw materials is not a mere possibility but a certainty.6
The Environmental Public Health Act (EPHA)7 defines waste as 'any substance which constitutes a scrap material or an effluent or other unwanted surplus substance arising from the application of any process; and any substance or article which requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled, and anything which is discarded or otherwise dealt with as if it were waste shall be presumed to be waste unless the contrary is proved.' The definition of disposal facility, similar to South African legislation, also includes a recycling facility, subjecting recycling facilities to the same controls as disposal facilities.
This definition of waste therefore assumes just about everything to be waste unless the producer or generator can provide proof that it is not. By subjecting recycling facilities to waste disposal controls, they are also subject to the bureaucratic process of applying for a waste disposal facility licence. These definitions leave Singapore in the same situation as South Africa, where there is ambiguity as to what exactly is waste and where waste legislation could be seen as a burden to waste re-use and implementation of the waste hierarchy.
New Zealand
Unlike a number of other OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, New Zealand does not have comprehensive legislation dedicated to the management and minimization of wastes. Analysis of the waste minimization and management provisions in OECD countries indicates that legislation is required to support waste management programmes and targets.8
The New Zealand Waste Strategy8 defines waste as 'any material, solid, liquid or gas that is unwanted and/or unvalued and discarded or discharged'. This definition recognizes that, in fact, 'waste' is not necessarily a useless material but rather a renewable resource.9 This definition emphasizes material being unwanted and/or unvalued. Availability of economically viable markets for these materials is therefore key in interpreting this definition.
According to Boyle,10 the current New Zealand legislation and policy does not provide sufficient direction and focus in the field of waste management and pollution prevention. Compared with programmes in the UK and Pennsylvania, the New Zealand waste management and pollution prevention programme is vague, lacking in direction and funding, and fails in reducing waste production or effectively managing waste.10 The broad definition of waste should be identified, at least in part, for this situation.
At the time of writing this article, the New Zealand Ministry for Environment has been developing a new Waste Minimization (Solids) Bill (www.greens. org.nz/waste). Interestingly, the new Waste Bill does not specifically define the term 'waste', but does define certain types of waste, namely, organic waste, medical waste, and construction and demolition waste. This may be an attempt to avoid the confusion experienced internationally in legislating a too broad definition of waste.
The international experiences of a broad legal definition of waste should guide new developments on the legislation front. It is, however, also possible that a too narrow definition of waste may result in increased adverse environmental consequences.
The New Zealand approach to defining specific waste-streams with specific controls may serve the purpose of reducing the impacts of problem waste-streams, through strict controls, while supporting the re-use of other waste-streams with a high re-use potential. The added advantage of this approach is that re-use can be promoted and controlled in a specific manner to a waste-stream.
The Waste Disposal Act of Taiwan,11 as amended in October 2001, does not specifically define 'waste'. Instead, the act classifies waste into two broad types: general wastes and industrial wastes. Industrial wastes are further broken down into hazardous industrial waste that contains toxic or dangerous substances in a sufficient concentration or quantity to endanger human health or pollute the environment, and general industrial waste that includes materials other than hazardous industrial waste.12
According to Tsai and Chou,12 industrial wastes may still possess some economic value, depending on the quality and the ready accessibility of a market for it, and should not necessarily be considered a waste. As a result, a new paradigm was established,12 aiming at minimization of the generation of industrial wastes and the use of virgin resources by the manufacturing industry. This new paradigm is evident in the promulgation, by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan, of the Resource Recycling Act.13
The purpose of the Resource Recycling Act13 is to 'conserve natural resources, reduce waste, promote recycling and reuse of materials, mitigate environmental loading, and [build] a society in which resources are used in a sustainable manner'. The act defines renewable resources as 'substances that have lost their original usefulness, are economically and technologically feasible to recycle and may be recycled or reused as announced or approved by the Act.' Defining a material as a renewable resource, therefore, aims at protecting non-renewable resources through the re-use of 'waste' streams.
The Taiwanese government has further supported this new paradigm, with the promulgation of supporting regulations aimed at promoting recycling such as the Renewable Resource Recovery Regulations,14 Preferential Procurement Regulations15 and the Management Regulations for the Restriction or Prohibition of the Import or Export of Renewable Resources.16
A key factor in the re-use of industrial waste in Taiwan is the Industrial Waste Exchange Information Service Centre, established by the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) with the assistance of the Taiwan EPA and the Ministry of Economic Affairs. This centre has, since 1987, actively assisted in coordinating with factories that intend to re-use industrial wastes.12
To support resource re-use/recycling, the Waste Disposal Act has incorporated financial incentives such as tax deductions for investment, accelerated depreciation, and low-interest loans. The Waste Disposal Act has therefore provided both a regulatory framework for implementation as well as an economic framework that promotes re-use. Although industrial waste re-use/recycling has benefited from this new paradigm and supporting legislation, it is not without its problems.12 Key factors that stand out in the Taiwanese case is the absence of a clear definition of waste, while at the same time providing for the definition of a 'renewable resource', indicating a shift in mindset towards materials re-use and recycling.
Again, whether or not material is viewed as waste depends on the available market for it. The definition is not clear on where the distinction between waste and renewable resource should be made. The approach towards renewable resources is, however, a significant change in thinking from the historical, conservative, protection-based legal definition.
United States
According to Lown,17 the statutory definition of solid waste differs from the regulatory definition in the United States. Congress defined solid waste as: '[A]ny garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities '.17 By contrast, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory definition of 'solid waste' is 'any discarded material that is not excluded' under 40 Code of Federal Regulations [sec] 261.4(a), or by variance. If a material is discarded, it is solid waste, unless the EPA specifically removes it from the solid waste category.
The U.S. EPA approach to defining solid waste is thus to spread its regulatory authority widely, and then to remove from the solid waste category anything that it deems to be legitimately recycled, or actually needed to make a product.17
Many of the significant decisions that attempt to distinguish regulated discarded materials from non-regulated products have emanated from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. The court limited the EPA's authority under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to those materials that were actually part of the 'waste disposal problem' and not those which are 'destined for beneficial reuse or recycling in a continuous process by the generating industry itself.' Thus, if a material was still part of the 'ongoing manufacturing or industrial process,' it was outside the EPA's jurisdiction.17 In another court ruling, the EPA's jurisdiction was expanded to include materials recycled outside the generating facility, even if they were later sold as a product.17
It has been argued, usually by the regulated community, that environmental regulations create unnecessary impediments to creative solutions like eco-industrial developments. The RCRA regulations are often cited as the most obstructing.17
The American example once again points to the fact that defining material as waste has the consequence of subjecting that material to waste regulations. Waste regulations are primarily aimed at the protection of the environment against the possible harmful effects of waste material, if not managed properly. It is not geared towards providing an enabling legal environment for re-use or recycling of that material. Protection of the environment by applying the precautionary approach, and therefore a broad (catch-all) definition of waste, is therefore in direct conflict with the creation of an enabling environment for the re-use of waste material.
South African definition of waste
There are currently at least two legal definitions of waste in South African legislation. The Environment Conservation Act (ECA)18 provides for a definition of waste to be published in the form of a legal notice.19 This notice defines waste in terms of its unwanted or superfluous nature. The choice of these terms to define waste reflects the thinking or approach towards waste in the 1990s, that is, one of protection. This is not surprising, as the Government notice was published under the auspices of environmental conservation. The National Water Act20 also followed a similar protection-based approach by defining waste in terms of polluting potential.
This broad (all-encompassing) legal definition of waste therefore subjects waste re-use and recycling facilities in South Africa to similar controls as waste disposal sites, amongst others, the need for an operating permit. While the ECA does provide for exemptions to permits to be issued, this approach places a burden on re-use and recycling activities to obtain authorization for these initiatives that can often be a lengthy, bureaucratic process. In addition, it is not clear whether the reprocessed material should continue to be deemed a waste, or a product.
The precautionary principle, as applied in the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal,21,22 assumes that a waste is highly hazardous and toxic until proven otherwise. The burden of proof as to whether a waste is non-hazardous lies with the generator of the waste in question, often restricting the potential exchange of the material for re-use. In applying this principle to industrial waste, all industrial waste is considered to be hazardous and classified as such, most often purely due to the excessive volumes of waste produced. The re-use of hazardous waste is dependent upon reclassification to 'delist' it, in order to prove that the material does not pose any significant threat to the environment and human health. The delisting process is outlined in the Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste21,22 and involves costly and specialized tests to be performed on both the waste and the final product, be it bricks, concrete or any other product produced by use of the material. The delisting process reclassifies the waste as non-hazardous, but the material's definition remains waste.
If, however, the material is excluded from the definition of waste, it can be re-used by the generator, or sold (exchanged)for re-use, without going through a bureaucratic process such as delisting. A proposed re-definition of waste has the potential to promote waste re-use and material exchange programs, save natural resources, reduce costs to both the generator and landfill, and protect the environment in the long-term by diverting waste away from landfill.
The broad, but very restrictive, protection-based definition of waste currently adopted by South African legislation is viewed by industry as an obstacle to the successful implementation of a waste hierarchy.4 The current approach, or behaviour towards waste management and waste re-use in South Africa, driven largely by the current legal definition of waste and the associated legal requirements, is depicted in Fig. 2.
A common question that arises within industry is whether a material, suitable for re-use or further processing (whether a market currently exists for it or not) is waste or a by-product. In South Africa, current waste re-use and recovery is subject to waste management regulations and controls in order to regulate the full life cycle of the waste.
Internationally, a serious emerging terminological and regulatory problem is being raised by increased controversy regarding potentially recyclable waste. In most existing legal definitions, the term 'waste' includes material that is technically suitable for recovery and re-use.23 By including these waste-streams in the definition of waste, the material becomes subject to the same regulations as other waste-streams that are not (or currently not) suitable for recovery.
Implementation of the waste hierarchy through reduction and recycling targets requires clarity on what can be reduced or recycled. Unclear or ambiguous waste definitions are a common phenomenon throughout the world, leading to courts of justice having to resolve waste governance issues.
Defining waste is imperative to the regulation of waste and the control of possible negative impacts of waste on the environment and human health if not properly managed. It is therefore important to define waste in a way that will support the regulation of environmental impacts as well as support the principles of integrated waste management, as defined through the waste hierarchy. Adopting a broad, all-encompassing, definition of waste will promote environmental protection through the application of the precautionary principle, with the possibility of discouraging the implementation of the waste hierarchy, because of the bureaucratic processes involved. On the other hand, adoption of a narrow definition of waste will support implementation of the waste hierarchy, but may undermine environmental protection. Irrespective of the definition adopted, some trade-off between protection and re-use is envisaged.
The result has been a paradigm shift towards waste as resource, and a resultant change in the governance of waste from protection (Fig. 2) to re-use (Fig. 3).
The Taiwanese legal definition of industrial waste is an example where industrial waste may not necessarily be classified as waste if it still possesses some economic value. The classification, however, depends on the quality of the material and the availability and accessibility of potential markets for its re-use.12 Bainbridge6 noted that 'to stay within the law and maintain profitability, many businesses abandon strategies for realizing commercial value from their production and consumption residues and, instead, send these for disposal by incineration or landfill, with the result that virgin materials are bought and used in their place.'
Internationally, a typical approach to promote waste recovery through legislation is directed at specific waste-streams, as opposed to using a broad legal framework. This is evident through the numerous waste-type specific acts which have been promulgated internationally, for example, the Electronic Waste Recycling Act, Beverage Container Recycling Act, Computer Recycling Act, and Cell Phone Recycling Act. Strong government regulation of all recycling activities can, however, be a problem. If waste re-use and recycling involves many procedures or bureaucratic obstacles, the likelihood of re-use will typically come down to (1) economics and (2) return on effort.
Reclaimed and recycled material needs to be controlled, to limit the risks to the environment, and to ensure that principles such as the 'polluter-pays-principle' continues to apply, irrespective of the after-use. The concept of extended producer responsibility provides one way of addressing this problem. A good example of extended producer responsibility is where producers of certain waste-streams are obliged to take a product back (such as for electronic waste). However, there are limits to this approach in terms of waste-streams to which it can be applied, as well as the extent to which it is applied (such as, when the producer is released of responsibility). An argument can be made that the initial producer of the waste remains responsible for the waste until it is reworked into a secondary product, and that the producer of the secondary item then becomes the producer with extended responsibility. Although there is merit in the application of this approach, it can be applied irrespective of the definition of waste by linking it to pollution potential.
In certain cases, this concept may act as a disincentive for re-use and recycling, especially in the South African situation, where small, medium and micro enterprises with limited capital resources are the likely sector to become involved in recycling and re-use initiatives. It also needs to be recognized that reclamation and recycling is to a large degree dependent on fluctuations in the market and availability and cost of technology. In the absence of economic incentives, there is thus always the potential that certain material will be disposed of, irrespective of their potential to be re-used, or by the definition of waste.
Southern African definitions of waste are similar to the EU's. The current EU debate on the definition of waste is therefore as relevant to the South African context as to the EU itself. South Africa, however, has the advantage that the policy principles implemented in Europe since 1975 are only now being translated into South African legislation.
The waste management hierarchy has been developed to improve the management of waste and reduce associated impacts through prevention, minimization and re-use. In order to ensure coherence in the implementation of the hierarchy, however, a clear definition of waste is essential. The waste hierarchy has not, however, been accompanied by a single definition of waste, and every country adopting the hierarchical approach has adopted their own definition of waste. The widespread adoption of the waste hierarchy is indicative of the magnitude of the waste problem, the desire to reduce the generation of waste, and increase re-use and recycling.
The debate on the definition of waste is far from concluded. It is clear, however, that broad definitions of waste create a minefield of regulatory requirements and bureaucratic processes that need to be put in place in order to manage waste successfully. This approach allows for legislative control over all aspects of the waste hierarchy but it may act as disincentives to its implementation.
The approach to viewing material as a renewable resource rather than waste may provide an alternative solution to promoting waste re-use. Regulation of resource use, extended to renewable resources, will favour re-use and recycling initiatives as well as give due regard to virgin resource conservation. It may even lead to the replacement of the waste hierarchy with a resource-based hierarchy. Such a resource hierarchy would typically focus on minimization of the use of virgin resources, followed by waste minimization, and renewable resource re-use, recycling and energy recovery. This should be considered in conjunction with the protection of environmental and human health, to ensure least impact through waste recycling and re-use. Protection of the environment against the effects of waste is a high priority, especially in developing countries, where the poor enforcement of waste legislation has resulted in impacts on both the environment and human health.
There is thus a definite need in South Africa to reconsider the retention of a broad definition of waste in the new Waste Bill. A shift in focus away from waste towards renewable resource use and recovery will not only assist in implementing the waste management hierarchy, but it will also bring South Africa one step closer to the ultimate goal of reducing waste to landfill. It will further enable industry to engage more actively in industrial ecology initiatives that are more focused on sustainable development through waste and energy exchange and cooperation, than waste management as such.
1. Sakai S., Sawell S.E., Chandler A.J., Eighmy T.T., Kosson D.S., Vehlow J., Van der Sloot H.A., Hartlén J. and Hjelmar O. (1996). World trends in municipal solid waste management. Waste Management 16, 341350. [ Links ]
2. Council Directive 75/442/EEC on Waste (1975). Official Journal of the European Communities, L 194/39, 15 July 1975, subsequently amended by Council Directive 91/156/EEC. [ Links ]
3. Brown V. and Fraser S. (2006). The legal definition of waste: where do we stand now? Briefing for businesses on the legal definition of waste under European and British Law. Available online: http://www.rics.org [ Links ]
4. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2006). National waste management strategy implementation: Industrial waste exchange baseline study report: Sedibeng District Municipality. DEAT Report Number 12/9/6. Pretoria. [ Links ]
5. Staker C. (2005). The definition of 'waste' in the Waste Framework Directive. Eur. Curr. Law, March 2005. [ Links ]
6. Bainbridge T. (2006). Secondary materials: Will new rules make a new beginning for the end-of-waste? Conference proceedings of the Waste2006 conference held in Statford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, U.K. [ Links ]
7. Singapore Ministry of Environment (2002). Environmental Public Health Act, Act 14 of 1987; 2002 revised edition. Available online: http://statutes. agc.gov.sg [ Links ]
8. New Zealand (2002). The New Zealand Waste Strategy. Ministry of Environment. ME number 422. [ Links ]
9. Wakim N. (2004). Sustainable solid waste management in New Zealand. Discussion paper produced by the IPENZ Presidential Task Committee. [ Links ]
10. Boyle C.A. (2000). Solid waste management in New Zealand. Waste Management 20, 517526. [ Links ]
11. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (2001). Waste Disposal Act. Available online: http://law.epa.gov.tw/en/laws/245676169.html. [ Links ]
12. Tsai W.T. and Chou Y.H. (2004). Government policies for encouraging industrial waste re-use and pollution prevention in Taiwan. J. Cleaner Prod. 12, 725736 [ Links ]
13. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (2002). Resource Recycling Act. Available online: http://law.epa.gov.tw/en/laws/ 962396701. html [ Links ]
14. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (2003). Renewable resource recovery regulations. Available online: http://law.epa.gov.tw/en/ laws/404915719.html [ Links ]
15. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (2005). Preferential Procurement Regulations. Available online: http://law.epa.gov.tw/en/laws/ 572356781.html [ Links ]
16. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (2003). Management Regulations for the Restriction or Prohibition of the Import or Export of Renewable Resources. Available online: http://law.epa.gov.tw/ en/laws/874068806.pdf [ Links ]
17. Lown J.J. (2003). Eco-industrial Development and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: Examining the barrier presumption, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review. Available online: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3816/ is_200301/ai_n9169853/ [ Links ]
18. Republic of South Africa (1989). Environmental Conservation Act, Act 73 of 1989. Government Gazette, 1 June 1989. [ Links ]
19. Departmment of Environment Affairs (1990). Identification of matter as waste Environment Conservation Act, 1989. Government notice 1986, Government Gazette (No. 12703 of 24 August 1990). [ Links ]
20. Republic of South Africa (1998). National Water Act, Act 36 of 1998. Government notice 1091, Government Gazette (No. 19182 of 26 August 1998). [ Links ]
21. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (1998). Waste Management Series. Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste, 2nd edn. Pretoria. [ Links ]
22. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (2005). Waste Management Series. Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of Hazardous Waste. Draft 3rd edn. Pretoria. [ Links ]
23. Twardowska I. and Szczepanska J. (2002). Solid waste: terminological and long-term environmental risk assessment problems exemplified in a power plant fly ash study. Sci. Tot. Environ. 285, 2951. [ Links ]
‡ Author for correspondence. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Without fail, fog and rain delayed my flight to Portland from LaGuardia the Tuesday before Thanksgiving. Excited to have nothing better to do than read emails and articles on my phone, I waited at the gate. On the flight, I sat at the window, face pressed against the safety glass watching the lights pass miles bellow. Flying out over the Connecticut sound and up 95 through Mass and New Hampshire, the pilot signaled the initial approach some 25 minutes into the flight.
For the next three days, I wondered the familiar country with my college roommate and frequent accomplice, Tucker.
Cape Elizabeth.
I like this hanging light.


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Oct. 8, 2008
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Behind Christian Therkelsen's game-high six points, the MIT men's soccer team powered to a 5-0 victory over local foe Brandeis University in a non-conference game on Wednesday. The margin of victory was the largest for the Engineers since an 8-0 decision in 1971. With the win, the Cardinal and Gray improved to 11-0-1 on the year while the Judges' record dipped to 6-5 overall.
Brandeis made the first charge at net with a low blast by Ben Premo that was ultimately stopped by MIT goalkeeper Tom Caldwell. The Judges recorded two more shots before the Engineers made their first attack downfield. Neil Zimmerman sent a throughball to Therkelsen who curled the ball around Brandeis netminder Sean O'Hare for the opening goal in the fifth minute. The Judges controlled the ball for the next 12 minutes, tallying a trio of corner kicks and shots, including a blistering point blank attempt by Alexander Farr that was smothered by Caldwell.
On the ensuing attack, Therkelsen sent a low cross from the near sideline to Zachary Kabelac who redirected the ball with the inside of his left foot to left side of the net. The Engineers extended their lead to 3-0 in the 25th minute when passes by Therkelsen and Kabelac set up Peter Bojo for what proved to be the final goal of the frame.
Brandeis continued to pressure MIT's defense in the second stanza. In the 55th minute, Jamie Batista split his defenders and sent a cross to Premo whose resulting header was just wide. On the Engineers' next attack, a free kick by Jason Zhu from the near sideline was punched out by O'Hare but the ball ended up at Therkelsen's feet and he quickly blasted a shot into the right side of the goal.
The Judges almost ended the shutout in the 73rd minute when Kevin Murphy's diving header on a Patrick Metelus corner kick was cleared off the line at the post. MIT capped off the scoring in the 78th minute when Max Stein-Golenbock sent a pass from Kabelac on the ground that just hit the inside of the far post and bounced into the net. In the 87th minute, Metelus' strike was stopped by MIT goalie Dylan Rankin as the ensuing rebound remained in possession of the Judges but they could not convert the scoring opportunity.
For the game, Brandeis posted a 15-13 edge in shots and a commanding 11-2 advantage in corner kicks, with both of MIT's attempts occurring during the last two minutes of play. Caldwell collected three saves in 76 minutes of action while Rankin stopped three shots during the final 14 minutes. O'Hare grabbed four saves in 60 minutes before Matt Lynch closed out the contest with two saves.
Both squads will return to conference play on Saturday, Oct. 11. MIT will host NEWMAC foe Springfield College while Brandeis will have a home match-up with UAA opponent Case Western Reserve University.


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The MIT Ombuds* Office helps people express concerns, resolve disputes, manage conflicts, and learn more productive ways of communicating. The Ombuds Office serves as an independent, confidential, neutral and informal resource to the diverse MIT community—it is a resource for faculty, staff, students and post-docs. It provides a place for every voice at MIT to be heard and to receive impartial attention without fear of loss of privacy. The Ombuds Office seeks to promote a fair conflict management system and supports systemic changes to achieve this goal.
*This office uses all four terms—ombud, ombuds, ombudsperson, and ombudsman.
You can always get emergency help.
Dial 100 if you are calling from an MIT phone (the MIT campus emergency number).
The Police at MIT: 617.253.1212
MIT Medical: 617.253.4481
Or check out: http://web.mit.edu/emergency/ if you are wondering if something unusual is happening on campus.


text: Earlier this week, American Eagle Outfitters was pleased to sponsor Pittsburgh Irish & Classical Theatre's Dance Party. The fundraiser was hosted by Jack Gleeson, who plays the tyrannical King Joffrey on HBO's hit show Game of Thrones. Prior to the event, Jack visited the American Eagle Outfitters store at Ross Park Mall in Pittsburgh to be outfitted by our own Director of Styling, Preston K. and Senior Stylist, Coco Y. Check out the photos below for a behind the scenes look at his fitting.