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Doctor of Philosophy in Higher Education with a Concentration in Research, Evaluation, and Assessment Requirements
Progress Towards Degree
At the time of admission, each student is assigned an academic advisor from among the faculty members of the concentration in which the student has been admitted, on the basis of shared professional interests.
Together the student and advisor develop a plan of study and assistantship experiences that are appropriate to the student's background and career interests. As a student's interests are honed with gained knowledge and experience, a change of advisor may be in the student's best academic interest. Faculty members work closely together in an annual academic review of student progress to ensure each student's needs are being met and that all students are achieving progress toward degree.
Plan of Study
Doctoral study in higher education through the Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education (CSHPE) is characterized by the following:
- breadth of areas of study within higher education
- flexibility in ways to fulfill many requirements
- the opportunity for students to individualize their programs of study to match their interests and needs
- access to a vast array of intellectual resources and learning environments throughout the University of Michigan
For a summary of doctoral degree requirements, see the Doctoral Worksheet for Higher Education Programs.
The doctoral program of study is organized as follows. A total of 60 hours of graduate courses must be taken. Most courses are offered for 3 credits; numbers of credits listed for each category are minimum requirements.
I. Common Curricular Experiences (9 credits)
Three curricular experiences are required of each student. The first two provide broad overviews of postsecondary education, from both contemporary and historical perspectives. The last experience listed is one in which the student integrates concepts from scholarly literature to answer a question posed by the student.
- EDUC 622, Proseminar in Higher Education
- EDUC 661, History of Postsecondary Education
- EDUC 899, Comprehensive Qualifying Examination
II. Gateway Courses to Concentration Areas (minimum of 6 credits)
A gateway course provides an introduction to a concentration and typically serves as a prerequisite course for advanced study within the concentration. Students are required to take two of the following three gateway courses:
- EDUC 761, Postsecondary Institutions as Complex Organizations (Gateway to the Organizational Behavior and Management concentration.)
- EDUC 764, Public Policy in Postsecondary Education (Gateway to the Public Policy in Postsecondary Education concentration.)
- EDUC 690, Academic Affairs and Student Development in Postsecondary Education (Gateway to the Academic Affairs and Student Development concentration.)
III. Research Requirements (minimum of 18 credits)
Since the PhD is a research degree, the research requirement consists of several courses:
- EDUC 793, Introduction to Quantitative Methods in Educational Research
- EDUC 795, Quantitative Methods for Non-Experimental Research (or an equivalent statistics course)
- A course in qualitative methods
- An advanced methods course for dissertation-related research
- EDUC 767, Research Practicum in Higher and Continuing Education (6 credits)
IV. Concentration Courses (minimum of 18 credits - students select these after consultation with his or her advisor)
Each concentration consists of a set of courses comprising in-depth study in the concentration. Students choose the appropriate combination of courses in consultation with their advisors.
V. Cognate Courses (minimum of 6 credits)
Cognate courses are those that are in a discipline or area different from a student's field of study but are related or connected with some aspect of this field. Students choose the appropriate cognate courses in consultation with their advisors. Course credits from a graduate degree outside education may be used to fulfill the cognate requirement, with approval of the student's advisor.
VI. Electives (remaining credits to meet 60 hour requirement)
Elective courses may be used to constitute the remainder of the 60 hours to complete the program of study. These may be School of Education courses or non-School of Education courses. They may be taken from within the preceding categories of courses (gateway, research, concentration or cognate).
VII. Dissertation, Precandidacy, and Candidacy
- EDUC 990, Dissertation Pre-Candidacy
- EDUC 995, Dissertation Candidacy
Review the School of Education's dissertation procedures.
Approval of substitutions or waivers can be requested at any time after initial registration, but should be done as early as possible. When requesting course waivers or substitutions, please attach approved copies of all Request for Course Waiver or Substitution forms to this Worksheet. Download the necessary forms online at: http://www.soe.umich.edu/file/cshpe_waiver_substitution/. It is the student's responsibility to initiate and to obtain supporting materials. A separate form should be submitted for each course or requirement for which a substitution or waiver is requested. The definition of course waivers and substitutions are as follows: A course waiver means that a student has already completed equivalent coursework or has sufficient career-relevant experience and, therefore, enrollment in the course at the University of Michigan is deemed by a student's advisor to not be required. (Career-related experiences may not reduce the minimum 60 hours of coursework required.) Substitution involves a request to replace a regular CSHPE requirement with a relevant University of Michigan course or educational experience. All coursework requested for waiver or substitution must have been completed within five years prior to matriculation in the CSHPE program.
Decisions about course substitutions and/or waivers are the responsibility of the advisor.
The Rackham Graduate School requires all entering PhD students to complete responsible conduct of research and scholarship (RCRS) training before advancing to candidacy. For CSHPE doctoral students entering Fall 2015 and beyond, this requirement is satisfied through the successful completion of EDUC 622, EDUC 792, and EDUC 793.
Cognate courses are those that are in a discipline or area different from a student's field of study but are related or connected with some aspect of this field. All cognate coursework must be approved by your advisor. See http://www.rackham.umich.edu/current-students/policies/academic-policies/section5 for full details. Graduate courses cross-listed across Schools, "meet together" courses, or courses offered through another program within the Educational Studies program in the School of Education may count as cognate courses. Non-higher education graduate-level course credits taken within five years prior to matriculation as a doctoral student in CSHPE may be used to fulfill the cognate requirement; discuss this decision with your advisor. All cognates require a grade of B- or above.
The School of Education requires a student to complete all required degree coursework, submit a signed doctoral worksheet, and pass the Qualifying Paper to achieve candidacy. The Rackham Graduate School requirements can be found at http://www.rackham.umich.edu/current-students/policies/academic-policies/section5.
PhD in Higher Education Timelines
Pre-Candidacy Coursework
Typically, students spend the first two to three years of their doctoral studies completing courses selected in consultation with their faculty advisors as part of the student's plan of study.
Annual Progress Review: Each winter, the CSHPE faculty assess student progress toward degree completion (successful completion of courses, Qualifying Paper, professional experiences in research, teaching, administration, etc., and other indicators of progress).
Qualifying Paper (QP)
The overall goal of the Qualifying Papers is for students to conduct an in-depth, critical analysis of the existing literature relevant to a specific topic (QP A) and, based upon one researchable question from this literature review, to develop a conceptual framework or theory (QP B). The QP process certifies the student's ability to engage in independent scholarship, and often the response becomes a basis for the dissertation. Whereas the goal of a dissertation literature review is to rationalize a particular empirical approach to a question, the QP involves a comprehensive and critical analysis of relevant literature. In the QP, writers must create thoughtful portraits of the existing literature on their topics. This consolidation process involves the identification of key crosscutting themes, evaluation of the knowledge claims made by others, assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the extant literature, and articulation of the various questions that follow logically from one's interpretations of the readings.
Admission to candidacy is an acknowledgement of a student's potential to complete the requirements for the doctoral degree. Advancement to candidacy is not automatic. Upon successful completion of the QP, students must submit a request to the Office of Student Affairs to advance to candidacy. For more detailed information, please see Candidacy Information and Deadlines for School of Education Students.
Dissertation Proposal
All doctoral candidates are required to develop a dissertation proposal, detailing the intended research and the rationale behind it. The development of the proposal is guided by a proposed committee chair (typically the student's faculty advisor). Comprehensive instructions for the proposal process, the formation of a dissertation committee, as well as several other dissertation-related procedures are found in the school's dissertation procedures.
Within This Section
Center for the
Study of Higher and
Postsecondary Education
8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.
610 E. University Avenue, Room 217
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1259
Phone: 734.764.9472
Visit department webpage »


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2008 Abel Prize
As Chris Hillman just pointed out in a comment, the 2008 Abel Prize went to John Griggs Thompson and Jacques Tits "for their profound achievements in algebra and in particular for shaping modern group theory". The comment went on my recent throwaway post about the 7x7x7 Rubik's Cube, but a more appropriate one might have been this one from over a year ago, in which I discuss the Feit-Thompson theorem in passing.
Incidentally, I think I've met both of the winners. Tits I'm sure of, since I tried and failed horribly to take a short course he gave at Yale on "buildings". Thompson I believe showed up for Walter Feit's memorial, but I could be wrong about that. I wish I could say I was particularly close to one or the other, but I suppose that will have to wait until Adams and Vogan win the prize.
19 Comments »
If you take a stab at trying to write a few paragraphs of background for the award to Thompson, I might take a stab at writing a few paragraphs of background for the award to Tits. Or, since John Baez has written about the work of both Thompson and Tits in past Weeks, we can both wait for the next installment of TWF.
Chris Hillman
Comment by Chris Hillman | March 27, 2008 |
At some point I plan to post something on the n-Category Café on an approach to buildings via enriched category theory. There is a slogan to the effect that buildings are certain kinds of "metric spaces" where the distance function is valued in a Coxeter group; the approach is to take that seriously, in the context of Lawvere's approach to metric spaces via enriched category theory.
Comment by Todd Trimble | March 27, 2008 |
a considerable portion of the theory of building has been built using the slogan you mention, so you don't really need to advocate taking it seriously…
The axiomatics there is however a bit intimidating, so perhaps indeed the category theory might clarify something.
Comment by Dima | March 28, 2008 |
Dima, what I meant was that the notion of building, involving the yoga of reduced words in Coxeter groups, doesn't seem at first glance to be based on concepts which have recognizable homologues for ordinary metric spaces. In fact, in some treatments, e.g., in Ronan's book The Structure of Spherical Buildings, the meaning of something so basic as "triangle inequality" may not be immediately clear and precise. (Yes, there is of course the Bruhat order, but it is not preserved by translation in the Coxeter group in the same way that the order of the reals is preserved by additive translation, so for the non-experts the analogy may need a little work before it becomes fully satisfying).
Anyway, a categorically minded person might like to find the right general notion which in one specialization yields precisely Tits buildings, and in another yields metric spaces satisfying certain geodesic properties… the context I have in mind (which Jim Dolan and I worked out together) involves some nice enriched category theory and categorical logic.
Comment by Todd Trimble | March 28, 2008 |
Todd, do tell!
I was planning to write about more fundamental background, trying to explain the basic ideas of Klein's vision, explaining how one deduce from the stabilizer lattice information about how "geometrical elements" combine, for example in finite projective planes.
Comment by Chris Hillman | March 28, 2008 |
Chris, where were you planning to write about this? Would you consider writing a guest post for the n-Category Café?
I think John Baez wanted me to hold off on writing a guest post about buildings (as part of the Geometric Representation Theory Seminar he and Jim Dolan are running), but since there is some interest in it now, maybe I'll ask him again. Otherwise I might clean up and expand on some notes which have meanwhile appeared under my name on his website. (I'd have to look to remind myself exactly what's in them now!) But perhaps it might make sense for you and me (Chris) to put our heads together — what you're planning sounds like it would fit in well with what I'd say.
Comment by Todd Trimble | March 29, 2008 |
Wow, thanks to both Todd and John A for the offer to guest post!
Since I already have an account at Ars Mathematica, I am drafting a post on Kleinian geometry (as motivating background for the theory of buildings), but I can already see that it may not be possible under WordPress to upload the figures I planned showing stabilizer-fixset lattices and simple geometric sketches (for some examples I planned to discuss). This would place strong constraints on the kind of post I could attempt to write.
Jacques's software supports math formatting has some other advantages, but unfortunately MathML is incompatible with my own system (wrong libraries, not just missing fonts), so unfortunately I couldn't take advantage of the nicer features at the Cafe; as at Ars Mathematica I would be limited to figureless equationless text. (If I am wrong in thinking that WordPress doesn't support even small xfig figures uploaded as jpegs or whatever, please tell me!) Better than either WordPress or Jacques software for my purposes would be VBulletin (that's what they use at Physics Forums and many similar bulletin boards), which supports reasonably nice if rudimentary mathematical formatting and also allows for small figures. Better by far would be WikiMedia with permissions set for use as a website authorship tool rather than a wiki, since this allows much greater flexibility in using figures, tables, and so on.
Despite these limitations I plan to just forge ahead with a draft and see how it comes out. I hope you, Todd, will go ahead with your post on buildings ASAP! FYI, I am planning to try to get across the most important elements of Klein's vision, especially Galois duality between fixsets and (pointwise) stabilizers, and to discuss some concrete examples to show how geometrical information can be inferred from the stabilizer lattice. The examples I have in mind are finite projective spaces under PGL(d+1,F) and actions by the symmetry group of simplices and d-cubes. My idea is that this could segue into a discussion of finite analogues of more "rigid" geometries like affine, sympletic, euclidean, which is getting close to motivation for buildings, but to talk about that I'd probably need to first talk about homogeneous spaces (as in Lie theory). The theme I have in mind is that Klein proposed that studying the symmetry group of a geometry gives much insight into the geometry, and conversely, constructing the "geometry" corresponding to a group (rather, a group action) gives insight into the nature of the group. He said quite a bit about the first half but less about the second. Buildings can be viewed as partially realizing the second half of Klein's program.
And John, since you've written about Rubik's Cube, which I have used in this context as an example of an "unscrambling problem" which can be formulated in "information theoretic" terms, perhaps I can continue that thread here.
Comment by Chris Hillman | March 29, 2008 |

subset: commoncrawl


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The pressure of water delivered from pressure washers can be very high. In order to avoid any damage caused to the surface, choose a pressure washer that is meant to be used for the purpose you intend to use it for. You should also choose from pressure washers that offer different pressure intensities so that you can use the washer over a range of jobs that need to be done. The light setting of 100 bar can be used for cleaning, motorbikes, bicycles, garden tools, and garden furniture; the light to medium setting of 100-110 bar can be used on cars, boats, lawnmowers, wooden fences, and hot tubs; and the medium to heavy setting of 110-130 bar can be used to clean your concrete driveways, patio, decks, and bricks.
Get the right washers for you for less at Sam's Club.


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It wouldn't be right to call the calamitous end of the General Assembly session a failure. The word "failure" implies that those involved were trying to do the right thing and were for some reason unsuccessful. What happened Monday night, as the politics of an ill-considered gambling expansion bill tangled up a sensible compromise on taxes and the budget, was something quite different, a mixture of sabotage, negligence and too-cute-by-half gamesmanship. It reflects poorly on Maryland's leaders and belies the seriousness of the one real matter at hand: Who should be asked to pay more to maintain crucial state services, and how much? Gov.Martin O'Malley, Senate President Thomas V. Mike Miller and House SpeakerMichael E. Buschneed to bring the legislature back for a special session to resolve that issue, and they need to get it right this time.
The chief architect of Monday's mischief appears to have been Mr. Miller. He was insistent on moving legislation this year to expand gambling to a sixth site in Maryland, either at Rosecroft Raceway or National Harbor in his nativePrince George's County, and to authorize table games throughout the state. The matter was the subject of little attention or debate until a gambling bill sailed out of the Senate two weeks ago. Despite the fact that the legislation had little, if any, connection to state revenues and expenditures in the next fiscal year, Mr. Miller insisted that it be considered in concert with the tax and spending bills that were must-do items for the General Assembly. Senate negotiators only agreed to a compromise with the House on income tax increases after House leaders agreed to bring a gambling bill up for a vote. As that bill's prospects dimmed on the House floor, the Senate's consideration of the tax measures slowed, and time ran out.
Mr. Miller sought to put a good face on the matter this morning in his traditional joint appearance with the governor and House speaker. He heaped praise on Mr. Busch for his work in trying to come to an agreement and insisted that the clock simply ran out before the tax package could be voted on. He said the breakdown was a "minor bump in the road" that would be corrected by a special legislative session of one or two days, once lawmakers see how deep the cuts in the budget will be if they don't approve any tax increases. But the key question is this: Will he stick to his insistence that the gambling bill be part of the special session?
In the dispute between the House and the Senate, Mr. Busch was right on the tax issue — he insisted on a smaller overall tax increase and to shield those who make less than $100,000 — and he was right on the gambling issue. There is no reason for the state to consider expanding its gambling program until its existing one is fully up and running. But he made a mistake in allowing himself to be sucked into the tax and gambling gamesmanship. If there are not enough votes for the gambling plan the Senate initially forwarded to the House — as appears clear — Mr. Busch should simply have allowed his chamber to vote it down a week ago.
Although the 11th-hour drama centered on the House and the Senate, Mr. O'Malley is ultimately the one in charge, and the debacle reflects badly on him. He had some harsh words after the fact — in a 1 a.m. news conference, he decried those who let "egos and pet projects" get in the way of the "common good," and this morning, he referred to the previous night's events as a "damn shame" that set the state back. Where was he a week ago when it was clear that the two chambers were on a collision course? He needed to be publicly and aggressively involved in pushing the debate from the start, but instead, he took a laissez-faire attitude toward the legislature's handling of the budget. Tweeting "Hopeful that the GA will pass a compromise that protects priorities like education while creating jobs & expanding opportunity" two hours and 13 minutes before the legislature is set to adjourn doesn't cut it.
Messrs. O'Malley, Miller and Busch have 21/2 months to clean this mess up before the state's "doomsday" budget, with its half-billion dollars in cuts to education, public safety and other crucial services, goes into effect. They need to hold a special session of the legislature in the coming weeks, but before they do, they need to come to an agreement on a package of bills that deal with the actual pressing issues of the state, not invented ones like expanded gambling.


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Hannity Ignores Evidence To Attack Susan Rice Over '98 Embassy Bombings
Sean Hannity implied that U.N. Ambassador Susan Rice was complicit in security failures surrounding the 1998 bombings at U.S. embassies in Africa by drawing parallels between those incidents and the recent attack in Benghazi, Libya. But recent reports have made it clear that Rice was not to blame for a lack of security at the African embassies.
Hannity was echoing criticism made by Sen. Susan Collins (R-ME). After meeting with Rice, Collins told reporters on Thursday that she was troubled by parallels she claimed to see between the attack in Benghazi and the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, when Rice was assistant secretary of state for African affairs.
The Associated Press reported that review boards established to investigate the 1998 bombings "did not find reasonable cause that any U.S. employee breached his duty in [connection] with the bombings" and noted, "Rice was not blamed." The Huffington Post reported that members of those review boards have said Rice was not responsible for inadequate security; review board member Philip Wilcox said he didn't "remember any inference or allegation that Susan Rice had been negligent" in her role at the State Department, while Michael Armacost, who was also on one of the review boards, said, "I don't recall anything about [Rice having a role]."
Further, as Mother Jones' David Corn pointed out, Rice was not mentioned in the boards' reports at all. Corn noted that Rice "was a policy person who would not be in charge of embassy or security operations."
Yet on Thursday night, Hannity echoed Collins' remarks, saying that those at the embassy in Kenya had requested additional security before the bombings. He also pointed out that Rice delivered televised remarks following both the '98 attacks in Africa and the Benghazi attack, and accused Rice of "propagandiz[ing]" in both sets of appearances. Hannity concluded, "Tell me where this doesn't sound familiar," and later said the Africa bombings were "so very similar to Benghazi, and assistance denied again."
Hannity is also wrong to characterize Rice's televised appearances after Benghazi as "propagandiz[ing]." Fox News hosts have repeatedly attacked Rice for the comments she made on Sunday news shows on September 16, particularly for linking the attack to an anti-Islam video made in the U.S. But intelligence officials and media reports have confirmed that Rice was accurately conveying information provided by the intelligence community. Further, subsequent reporting has shown that some attackers said they were motivated by the anti-Islam video that Rice referenced.


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Yes, you can do entrelac! It's the best-kept secret in knitting. Learn this technique and three included patterns with the irrepressible Gwen Bortner.
It's an epidemic: Fear of entrelac. Gwen Bortner's mission: Prove that entrelac is much easier than it looks. If you know how to knit and purl, you can do this, and the techniques you'll learn will make you a much better knitter on every project. If you're a more experienced knitter, be courageous, try it and you'll be hooked! Even longtime entrelac knitters will learn new techniques in the process of making the three included patterns. Gwen will teach you tons and make you laugh along the way. Cross Entrelac Knitting off your bucket list and sign up today! What You'll Learn in Entrelac Knitting:
* Entrelac from the ground up, increasing in difficulty as you progress
* Knitting and purling onto the left needle, a.k.a. "backward knitting"
* The best stitch patterns, yarns and blocking for different looks
* Reversible entrelac, shaping and texture, entrelac lace, edging and buttonholes
* Lots of new and useful tricks for any knitting project: How to knit and purl in both directions, the invisible pickup, pick up and purl, and working with negative ease
What You'll Make in Entrelac Knitting:
* The seamless Infinity Cowl, worked in the round. You can do entrelac in the round? Yes you can.
* The Infinity Scarf in reversible entrelac. Reversible entrelac? You'll know all about it if you take this Craftsy class.
* An Entrelac cape designed exclusively for Craftsy!
If you're not delighted with your Bluprint experience, we'll make it right or give you a full refund.


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Salt in bread dough
I bake all the bread we eat in this house, and yet it's still a little hit or miss. So I signed up as a recipe tester for Peter Reinhart's forthcoming book on artisan baking. I'm right in the middle of the first test - obviously, I can't give you the recipe. Straight away, I'm thinking harder about exactly what I'm doing, and that's because I'm (for once) doing exactly what the recipe says.
It's one of those slow-ferment recipes, the sort you barely have to knead, the sort you can keep in the fridge for more or less instant bread all week. But when I found myself putting in about twice my normal quantity of salt, I started fretting. What does salt in bread dough DO - apart from make it taste better, and raise some people's blood pressure?
Dan Lepard is pragmatic: My view is that, for the majority of bread recipes, the salt is an integral part of the loaf, and that bread usually needs to be considered a sodium-rich foodstuff, almost like salt-cured fish. Salt is part of the taste and enhances the flavour of the grain. But we eat to live, or should do if we respect the body that carries us, and it is right and proper that we vary our diet according to what our needs are. Please do vary or omit the salt used in the recipes here. We are told that even a small reduction in our dietary sodium intake will benefit us, and many of our processed foods have a hidden sodium (salt) content where you wouldn't expect it to be - in breakfast cereals, for example. For children, two slices of bread can sometimes equal their recommended daily sodium requirement (which is surprisingly small). So use salt respectfully.
Now that seems to me to be sensible advice, especially coming from a master baker, and one who has travelled all over Europe to watch artisan bakers at work (resulting in The Handmade Loaf, a wonderful and practical book).
All the same, it didn't quite answer the question. Why do bakers use salt? After all, we know it's not strictly necessary from the traditional Tuscan saltless loaf. What effect does the salt have? Most baking books are silent on this, they just exhort you to go out and buy the most expensive salt you can find (those books are going into the charity shop box). Eric Treuille and Ursula Ferrigno hint at what's going on in their Dorling Kindersley illustrated-as-if-for-a-child book Bread:
Salt is used in most bread recipes to control the rate of fermentation and to give flavour. The presence of salt in a dough inhibits fermentation, which strengthens the developing gluten. This results in a bread with a stable crumb, a long shelf-life and more taste than breads without it.
I consulted Elizabeth David's English Bread and Yeast Cookery, and found a more thorough answer:
It is not only because it gives the necessary flavour, or rather corrects insipidity, that salt is so important to bread. It is also in the context of its action on the yeast and the dough during the fermentation or rising period, and for its ultimate effect on the baked loaf, particularly the crust, that salt has to be considered.
First, the flavour. Those early bakers started putting salt in their bread to improve its flavour, then slowly began to appreciate, through observation, that varying amounts of salt made the dough behave differently and affected the quality as well as the taste of the loaves.
So although the amount of salt we put in our bread should, ultimately, depend on taste, individual or collective, practical application of this theory is not so straightforward a matter.
Quite apart from the widely differing salt-toleration, or salt requirements, of each individual, the strength of the ultimate salt flavour in any batch of bread will depend to some extent on the flour used - new flour absorbs more than old flour - on the kind of dough made and on the length of time it is left to ferment.
Broadly speaking, the shorter the rising time the more yeast and less salt are needed, but this is an over-simplification because proportions of both are determined by the volume of dough concerned. The larger the batch, the relatively smaller the proportion of yeast, so the balance of salt must be adjusted, at any rate in theory, to the time calculated for the fermenting or rising of the dough.
I say in theory because when it comes down to a small batch of home-baked bread, it really is not necessary to make elaborate calculations. A few experiments will surely show what is the proper quantity of all the ingredients, their relation to rising times, and to the ultimate flavour and texture of the bread. When it comes to finding out what went wrong with a loaf or a batch of bread, made apparently in every respect identically with your last successful one, then is the moment to try to remember whether perhaps your salt was carelessly measured, or if you guessed at the quantity instead of weighing it as usual.
...To me, bread with a very low salt content is virtually uneatable, and in my calculations for the rising time of the dough the extra salt I put in is allowed for. It is worth remembering that a proper proportion of salt helps the retention of moisture in the baked loaf, and that too much makes for a hard crust.
She goes on to write about the problems in re-scaling quantities of salt and yeast when altering recipes. And she throws light on the recipe I'm currently testing:
For an overnight or eight-hour rising the yeast can again be decreased without reducing the salt content It would be the high proportion of salt which would slow up the action of the yeast, and prevent the dough over-fermenting or developing a sour taste The very short rising and proving times, often as little as 40 minutes all told, sometimes given on flour-packet recipes, can only be explained by the minimal salt content of the dough.
And, for the record, she used Cheshire rock salt, bought in 6lb jars.
Links to related posts
Yeast starter for bread - and the bread make your own sourdough starter
No-knead bread the famous NY Times recipe
Speeded-up no-knead bread and a different take on it
Yoghurt bread fabulous, easy, TRY IT
Quick oat loaf
Spelt bread - it's getting easier to buy this highly-flavoured flour
Fresh corn bread - now is the perfect autumnal moment for this
Late summer hearth bread - another perfect autumn bread, this one with grapes
Anti-oxidant tea bread - I made this for my husband for a pre-surgery boost - delicious, too!
Yeast conversion - fresh/dried/quick
Things to do with stale or leftover bread
Herb stuffing for roast chicken
Grilled trout with rosemary stuffing
Baked scallops
Anchovy toasts
Links to the best blogging bakers I know
Tanna at My Kitchen in Half Cups
A Year in Bread
Susan at Farmgirl Fare
this list is not exhaustive, there are dozens of wonderful blogging bakers


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Local community theater groups Civic and Rivertowne are between shows, but Ratio Theatre Company is gearing up for its Aug. 30 debut of the play �Reds.� On Tuesday, there is some high-profile dancing at Pamlico Community College, when Wendy Osserman brings her dance company from New York City.
Local community theater groups Civic and Rivertowne are between shows, but Ratio Theatre Company is gearing up for its Aug. 30 debut of the play �Reds.�
On Tuesday, there is some high-profile dancing at Pamlico Community College, when Wendy Osserman brings her dance company from New York City.
Later in the week, on a humanitarian note, the Military Missions in Action, teamed with Pamlico County property owners Russ and Karen Richard, will hold a 2 p.m. Friday groundbreaking for a home for a returning Marine disabled veteran. It will be at the Nature�s Run subdivision outside Arapahoe on Kershaw Road.
Here is a sampling of other events this week:
The Craven-Pamlico Christian Coalition meets Monday at the Golden Corral in New Bern. The meeting is open to all interested citizens. Those who wish to eat should arrive between 6 and 6:30 p.m., with the meeting called to order a half-hour later.
The guest speaker will be John Rustin, president and executive director of the North Carolina Family Policy Council in Raleigh.
He will talk about the legislative session and lead a discussion on legislation regarding family values. Founded in 1992, the N.C. Family Policy Council is a nonpartisan, nonprofit research and education organization dedicated to the preservation of the family and traditional family values.
Rustin lives in Raleighwith his wife, Laynette, and two children.
Also on the agenda will be the final preparations for the 20th Annual God & Country Banquet, which will be held at the Havelock Tourist and Event Center on Sept. 16.
Tickets are $18 and will be available at Monday's meeting.
For more information about the Craven-Pamlico Christian Coalition, contact Jerry Schill at 514-0381.
The Wendy Osserman Dance Company takes to the stage Tuesday at Pamlico Community College�s Delamar Center. The college�s Cultural Enrichment Department is sponsoring the show by the New York Citydance company.
The show is at 7 p.m.
Modern dancer Osserman is inspired by many forms of dance she�s studied.
The show is called an �informance,� which she said will demonstrate what inspires her to choreograph and how she does it. After performing solos, duets and trios that make up her newest piece, �Appetite,� Osserman and her dancers will show how improvisation can become choreography.
A question-and-answer session will follow.
The Pamlico County Library has Preschool Storytime Friday at 10 a.m. in Bayboro. It features stories, puppets, crafts and interaction.
On Saturday, the Junior Craft Club meets at 11 a.m. to make crafts, jewelry and pillows. Lunches are welcome.
Tickets are now on sale for �12 Angry Men� at New Bern Civic Theatre.
Shows are Sept. 13, 14, 20 and 21 at 7:30 p.m., with 2 p.m. matinees Sept. 15 and 22.
Admission is $17 in advance, $19 at the door. Students and active duty military are admitted for $10.
It is adapted by Sherman Sergel and based on the Emmy award-winning television movie by Reginald Rose.
Locally, it is produced by special arrangement with The Dramatic Publishing Company. Alan Berger directs the local show, with Eileen Shaloub producing.
The synopsis of the story, provided by Civic Theatre: �A 19-year-old man has just stood for trial for the fatal stabbing of his father. �He doesn�t stand a chance,� mutters the guard as the 12 jurors are taken into the bleak jury room. It looks like an open-and-shut case until one of the jurors begins opening the others� eyes to the facts. It becomes personal and a new murder threat is born. Tempers get short, arguments grow heated, and the jurors become 12 angry men.�
There is still time to send in membership forms and payment before Jacob Johnson opens the 2013-14 Down East FolkArts Series.
The concert season begins Sept. 20 and 21. On the web: downeastfolkarts.org
Season ticket packages are $88 per person and include tickets for all eight concerts at a choice of venues in New Bern at the Trent River Coffee Company or in Beaufort.
Call 633-6444 for information. Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Here is a reminder to anyone who wants to submit information and photos to the Week Ahead. The deadline for submissions is noon on Friday before publication.
Anyone who wants items in the Thursday Ticket entertainment section should do so by noon on the Tuesday before.
Charlie Hall can be reached at 252-635-5667 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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Monday, 2 March 2009
How smelly is your cycle parking ?
The magazine, printed in Dutch, makes quite amazing reading. This is but an example of the sort of issue which is discussed here, but which never was mentioned in discussions that I recall about planning or maintaining cycle parking in the UK.
The article goes on to discuss lighting, colour schemes, music (or lack of, and a proposal for occasional poetry in order to make older cycle parking seem nice again), all in order to lead to cyclists having a pleasant experience that they will want to repeat. The next section, "Warm welkom," talks about red asphalt leading into a cycle park giving a warm feeling of being welcomed on a red carpet.
Do you feel welcomed by the cycle parking where you live ?
It is also, of course, necessary to have quite a lot of cycle parking. I've other posts on this subject.
5 comments:
- Karl McCracken (twitter: @karlonsea) said...
"Do you feel welcomed by the cycle parking where you live ?"
No. 'Lonely', is probably close to it!
- 2 March 2009 at 00:36
- Nick said...
I have to confess I've never used the cycle parking facilities in Eindhoven (I park my bike in the basement of the office building where I work), but I'm told they're all over-used and perpetually full - partly, it seems, with bikes that get abandoned there and have to be taken away by the local authority after a period. Currently a big new underground bike park is being built in the city centre to ease the strain, but it's been delayed by the fact that ancient ruins were discovered while the site wasbeing excavated, which meant that the archaeologists took over from the builders for some months. Should be good when it's finished though.
- 2 March 2009 at 12:29
- WestfieldWanderers said...
I don't use cycle parking 'cos there isn't any where I go shopping.
Probably explains why I bought a Brompton.
- 2 March 2009 at 19:59
- Mikael said...
Our building has three bike sheds and a bike rack for the 40 flats. They're all filled up nicely. The motion sensor light goes on when you approach your bike. It's always dry and comfy. I feel welcomed.
- 2 March 2009 at 20:47
I'm satisfied with the cycle parking in our town centre here. Reasonably plentiful and everywhere you'd want it. (Covered parking would be a welcome addition though.) And not smelly.
As for the edge-of-town shopping centre, it's sparse, it's flimsy and the only bike I ever lock there is my beat-up old steed, Blinky.
- 3 March 2009 at 18:01


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EqualLogic PS Series Array Software can support up to 16 arrays in one group.


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Not recommended for anyone without a flat stomach, The "free" bib does a great job of cupping and emphasing even the modest beer belly.
With the comfortable Progetto X2 insert, very few seams and widely spaced bib straps, Castelli's Free Race Aero bib shorts are exceptionally good.
The Free Aero Race bib shorts have been in Castelli's collection for a few years, but have been constantly developed over the years and benefited from the company's involvement with the former Cervelo Test Team, and now the Garmin-Sharp squad. There's no harder arena to develop products than pro racing, these shorts are a good example of that.
Castelli combine three fabrics in the construction of these shorts. The side panels are made from Energia Micro which has a high stretch factor, the front panel is Breathe Micro to prevent overheating, and the area in contact with the saddle is made from tougher Action Micro fabric. The three fabrics are combined in a very well shaped and cut short, with very few seams, and in particular none in the inner thigh area. This contributes to a great on-the-bike comfort that is up there with the best bib shorts in this price range.
To ensure comfort on hot days, Castelli have moved the bib straps out as far as possible, keeping your chest mostly free of unnecessary fabric. This is ideal when grovelling up mountain cols with the jersey fully unzipped, but it also contributes to a great lack of restriction around on the torso. The bib straps all but vanish; you never notice them when riding.
As is featured on many of their shorts, the Giro3 leg gripper is a real class feature. A 5cm wide band compresses the legs and keeps the shorts firmly and comfortably in place. There's no need for silicone gripper tape here, the shorts just stay put. This also boosts comfort as there's no irritation of the skin. It's simple, but highly effective.
And finally, inside the shorts is the Progetto X2 Air insert, their top-end offering that is also used across their bib short range. It's without doubt one of the most comfortable inserts I've tested, and manages to provide comfort despite a low bulk design. It consists of two layers: a perforated foam top layer to keep you cool, and a padded layer beneath it. The two pieces are free to move and slide over each other which reduces rubbing, contributing greatly to the comfort.
These shorts have been getting a lot of use. I've been wearing them for training rides, criterium races and six-hour slogs, and every time I pull them on I'm reminded just how comfortable and well fitting they are. They are expensive though, but they're better than many shorts that cost a lot more. They work really hard to justify the price, they're packed with clearly thought out features and details that make them a premium product.
Build quality is high, they look good and the comfort is great. I couldn't ask for more from my shorts.
Premium bib shorts with high comfort, build quality and attention to detail. Expensive, but if you ride a lot, worth it
If you're thinking of buying this product using a cashback deal why not use the road.cc Top Cashback page and get some top cashback while helping to support your favourite independent cycling website
road.cc test report
Make and model: Castelli Free Aero Race bib shorts
Size tested: Medium
Tell us what the product is for, and who it's aimed at. What do the manufacturers say about it? How does that compare to your own feelings about it?
This short debuted in 2007 but benefits from years of constant refinement, including 4 years of Pro racing testing, as we try new ways to make it better.
Three fabrics provide technical attributes unmatched by others: (1) Action Micro fabric in the saddle contact area provides durability, (2) Energia Micro fabric on the sides and back provides outstanding stretch and excellent re- turn, and (3) Breathe Micro fabric in front provides en- hanced breathability.
Tell us some more about the technical aspects of the product?
Famous free bib keeps your chest free to avoid overheating
No inner-leg seam
Color-matched giro3 single-layer engineered gripper
2 rear reflective inserts
Progetto x2 air seat pad for famous X2 Air comfort and improved air flow
Build quality is extremely high with very few seams, and three fabrics combined to good effect. These shorts will last a very long time making them a good investment.
These offer performance of the highest level, which helps to justify the high cost. From the comfortable chamois, to the widely spaced bib straps, the lack of seams, the combination of fabrics, and the leg gripper, everything is very nicely thought out. And that shows in the ride performance.
So far these are showing no signs of wear and I can see them lasting many years without issue.
The Progetto X2 Air with its two-layer design offers very high levels of comfort. The shorts themselves are extremely comfortable, with a great fit.
£135 is certainly a lot of money but I feel these shorts do everything to justify that price, they're among the very best bib shorts currently available.
Tell us how the product performed overall when used for its designed purpose
Ticked all the boxes.
Tell us what you particularly liked about the product
The chamois, fit, bib straps and leg grippers.
Tell us what you particularly disliked about the product
Nothing springs to mind.
Did you enjoy using the product? Yes.
Would you consider buying the product? Yes.
Would you recommend the product to a friend? Yes.
About the tester
Age: 31 Height: 180 Weight: 67
I usually ride: My best bike is:
I've been riding for: 10-20 years I ride: Every day I would class myself as: Expert
I regularly do the following types of riding: road racing, time trialling, cyclo cross, commuting, touring, mtb,
David has worked on the road.cc tech team since July 2012. Previously he was editor of Bikemagic.com and before that staff writer at RCUK. He's a seasoned cyclist of all disciplines, from road to mountain biking, touring to cyclo-cross, he only wishes he had time to ride them all. He's mildly competitive, though he'll never admit it, and is a frequent road racer but is too lazy to do really well. He currently resides in the Cotswolds.


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The ladies over at Belathée sent over another great fashion photoshoot that they did while in Savannah…all these fashions were designed by SCAD student Erick Skowronski. They'd be great to wear to or FOR any wedding. You can reach Erick at firstname.lastname@example.com if you want information on any of the fashions shown.
[images by Belathée Photography]


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1956 GMC 100 Pickup
Lantz Jackson, Vallejo, California
It's been 23 years in the making and three years in final building stage. Lantz equipped his GMC with an LS1 and 4L60E trans. The chassis starts with the boxed stock frame with a Mustang II frontend and TCI rear with a 4-bar suspension. A pair of Glide seats were upholstered in light tan leather. A custom center console houses controls for the electronic functions.


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I'm heartbroken and yet profoundly proud to announce that this is Leanna Lofte's last week here at iMore. Leanna first joined us as a forum member in September of 2008, and impressed us so much that she quickly became a moderator, and by April of 2009, had begun writing app reviews. Among her earliest subjects were, of course, a math app and a photography app roundup. Studying and teaching math, and taking photographs, were and are two of her greatest passions. (The others being, as anyone who follows any of her social streams well knows, tiny dogs that look more like Ewoks, her husband and fellow mathamagician, Dave, and most recently, her impossibly cute little daughters, Lila and Lucy.)
All of those, and more, have been evident in her work at iMore. Most especially her photography, if only because it so magnificently captures and shares all of the others. (And because her insistance that math is theoretical has shaken our world-views and, frankly, scared us.)
From camera tests for all the latest iOS devices, to apps that she reviewed and taught us all how to better use, to the hero imagery that now adorns all of our pages, Leanna not only changed how iMore looks, but how we at iMore look at the world around us. (In a custom white-balanced, rule-of-thirds grid, if you must know!)
And now she's done with blogging, and is moving on.
Leanna has been offered and has accepted a job in the San Francisco Bay Area, doing what we just know she'll be incredibly great at doing. She'll be taking the rest of the week to finish up some special projects for iMore she's been wanting to do for a while, and then she'll be seeing to her move, and her new career, and as much as we'll miss her terribly, we're even more unbelievably happy and excited for her.
Leanna, you've brought joy to us every day through your intelligence and your charm. You taught us and inspired us, and we're so very much better, in so very many ways, for having had you here.
We wish you every happiness. You'll always be with us in spirit, and in our hearts.
Thank you, Leanna, for everything!
For the further adventures of Leanna Lofte, you should follow her on Twitter @llofte


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Blog Archives
On Fi-yah
Hello friends! Apparently a lot of you want me to make banana softserve and homemade larabars in my new food processor! I couldn't agree more :) But first things first you guys, I've got to get my hummus on ;)
Well, I started today off like I start every Wednesday – Waffle Wednesday!!
- 1/2 cup rolled oats
- 1/2 cup cottage cheese
- 1/2 cup egg whites
- 1 tbsp ground flax
- 1/2 tsp baking powder
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- cinnamon
All blended up, with 1/3 cup frozen blueberries added, then into the Belgian waffle maker.
Yummmm. I ate these with my hands :)
I decided to skip my usual morning snack and see if I could hold it out till lunch. Sometimes I feel like I have a snack just for the sake of having it, when I don't really need it. Well, I made it to lunch, without eating my arm off. But I was quite hungry, and my lunch was too small.
Tofu + tofu spread pita. Usually I have a side of veggies or fruit to go with my pitas, but I thought this would be enough. Skipping snacks, then going for lighter meals apparently doesn't work (HUGE duh!!)
Ninety minutes later I broke and had a snack.
Taste of Nature Argentina peanut plains bar. This is one of my new bar finds – and it's Canadian!
Ingredients are about as simple as you get: "peanuts, agave nectar, brown rice syrup."
I had high hopes for this bar. I mean, how is sugar and peanuts not good? But it was crunchy (not chewy) and almost like a brittle. Very plain tasting, needed some salt. Honestly, I think I'd just rather a handful of peanuts.
So lesson of the day is: I sometimes still suck at intuitive eating. But I didn't die without a snack this morning. I made up for it by snacking all afternoon though because I was never satisfied from lunch. I guess, if my diet ain't broke, why am I trying to fix it? :P
Then the highlight of my day came: I got to see the Olympic torch!!!!
How cool is that!?!? Canada is hosting the Winter Olympics, so they're bringing the torch through all the small cities as part of its international run. Chris and I caught the start of the run. It was so neat to see. This HUGE entourage of decked out vans (including one with dancers) pulled up. The first torchbearer waited nervously until they lit the torch and brought it out. Then she was off! They did a little tour around the city and had a big ceremony tonight that I purposely avoided (eeek, crowds).
After the brief excitement, Chris and I went across the street to Boston Pizza for some grub.
Boston Pizza is definitely one of those scary chains that people warn you about. Hard to order healthy here, and the food isn't that great to begin with.
Chris pulled a Garfield.
I got the lemon baked salmon.
BLECH. Ugh, I try not to be a food snob, but this salmon was majorly sub-par. Waaaay overcooked. You can tell it was just a frozen hunk that was thrown in the oven. The saving grace of this meal was the balsamic vinaigrette with sundried tomatoes on the side. So not worth my money.
But it didn't matter, cause afterwards we went to go see New Moon and that was definitely worth my money! I liked it much better than the first. The acting was better, and well, I'm a Jacob fan. Edward just isn't my type ;)
Python business…
Lara mentioned that maybe I should talk about what workouts I've been doing to get my little muscle bumps on my arms. Honestly, I haven't been doing much! I dedicate two workouts a week to weightlifting. One of those is full-body the other is upper-body + abs. My legs get so much work in with running, spinning and step class, that I really can't do weighted squats and lunges more than once a week. Not just for the sake of my muscles, but my hips are really sensitive to it too.
Works out fine for me because upper body has been my focus lately! Back in my triathlon days I didn't have much time for weight training on top of my six cardio workouts a week. But my shoulders started to look awesome with all the swimming I was doing! I actually haven't swum since the triathlon itself, and when I didn't pick up the weight training again right away (running and biking in the summer is just too much fun!) my newly sculpted shoulders started to disappear.
So. What exactly have I been doing? First off, I lift heavy. I usually do 2-4 sets of 8-12 reps at really challenging weights. Basically, I want my last rep to feel like I can't push out any more. I know my weights are too low if my muscles don't feel tired by the end, and too high if I can't squeeze out more than two reps. I'm not entirely against low weights at high reps, as it's good for increasing strength and endurance. But for straight up muscle building, I like the idea of heavy weights. A mix of the two is perfect!
I also really like to do alternating sets working two different muscles at a time. This allows for shorter rest times in between sets, and a better heart-pumping workout :) When I do my full-body work, I'll alternate a lower-body and upper-body move for three sets, then move on to to another upper/lower combo. OR, I just do straight sets of compound moves that work both upper and lower at the same time. Squatting with a front grip on a barbell then pressing it over my head as I come up (front squat push press) is a perfect example of that.
I approach my upper body only days the same way. Except, I try to work opposite muscles in my alternating sets. It's really easy to fatigue quickly when you're working the same muscle in two consecutive sets. I also try to alternate pushing motions and pulling motions. A perfect example would be alternating sets of chest presses and lat pulldowns. Both work opposite muscles using opposite motions.
Of course, you don't have to do two alternating sets. You can also do circuits of 3+ moves in a row repeatedly until, well, you're blue in the face. But for the sake of not hogging all the equipment, I stick to two at a time.
If you're not into the alternating thing, pyramid sets and drop sets are another great way to challenge your muscles which I addressed in this post.
And if you're a complete newb and don't know many lifting moves this page should keep you busy :) It's all about getting in the weight room and trying things out! I'm a nerd, and I bring in notes and diagrams of any new exercises I want to try when I'm in there. Sometimes I get funny looks from people, but I'm never scared to ask for help if I need it :) Although, I gave a man a dirty look once for trying to help me adjust a bench. I don't know why, but I do not appreciate chivalry in the weight room.
Aaaaand I'm off! Night night! :)
Question of the Day: What's your least favourite restaurant chain? I really dislike Tim Hortons. They're coffee tastes like grass water and their muffins are innocent looking cake bombs.


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versión On-line ISSN 2312-878X
versión impresa ISSN 0256-9507
Missionalia (Online) vol.42 no.1-2 Pretoria abr./ago. 2014
This edition of Missionalia has (again) an interesting mix of articles. We are pushing boundaries in terms of our commitment to inter-disciplinary research, but also the conscious nurture and mentoring of a crop of new emerging scholars. This is exciting! Missiology, as the scholarly engagement with mission and the transformative encounters inspired by our religious ideals, is inherently about crossing and pushing boundaries - and as such it is about imagining and the creation of new discourses.
Our first set of articles comes in a series of engagements. In the first place we publish the articles of Francis Garaba and Annalise Zarvedinos. These articles, by colleagues in Archival Studies and History, are uncharacteristically long for Missionalia, and it comes in a set of two articles. Part 1 opens up the contents of the Lutheran Theological Institute Archive, which is so relevant for the Southern African mission history, in particular of the Lutheran church in South Africa, and the second article (Part 2) covers the practicalities of the management of this archive. It was felt by the reviewers that these articles make an important contribution, which is relevant for (church) historical, ethnographical, sociological and of course missiological research. It also opens the lid on an important on-going project by the Lutheran Theological Institute (LTI) Library towards 2016 to process all the primary material in this archive. Lots of opportunity opens up with this project and Missionalia will keep her readers up to date. The articles by Nelus Niemandt and John Klaasen also continue on research themes that these colleagues explored in previous articles. For Niemandt, it is the global dialogue with voices seeking or better, discerning the practice of the Christian mission with an emphasis on "ordinary life, emerging mission-shaped churches, and missional spirituality". The article of Henning Wrogeman also touches on these discourses. He proposes an intercultural paradigm of mission for European churches, what he calls "Oikomenical Doxology".
Klaasen's interest remains the inter-relation between faith and the broader (and newer) development discourses, in line with his previous articles. As Missionalia, we intend to publish articles that showcase these kinds of research projects that emerge from the Southern African region, but also, those which concretely address the questions from the region. It is for this reason that these kind of projects will continue to feature strongly in our journal. These articles amplify our commitment to grounded interdisciplinary research which is responsive to regional themes, but also participate in global discourses.
However, we would also introduce newer voices. SAMS has made a strong commitment in recent years to nurture and mentor new scholars. During our annual conferences space is provided for postgraduate students in Missiology and related disciplines for critical engagement, during the Emerging Theologians sessions, whilst we also invited articles from these emerging colleagues. In this bumper edition (and the next one), we partner with Unisa's Department of Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology to publish four peer-reviewed articles, from the Meal of Peace Project with a homeless community in the City of Tshwane, which started in 2012, currently co-ordinated by Credo Mangayi. These articles were published as chapters in a peer-reviewed book called, "Pavement Encounters for Justice: Doing Transformative Missiology with homeless people in the City of Tshwane" (Mashau & Kritzinger 2014). The editors and the authors (as copyright owners), have given permission that it may be published in Missionalia, as an accredited South African journal. We are grateful to be able to present the work of Leomile Mangoedi and Moroka Mogashoa, Dumisane Methula, Themba Ngcobo and Eugene Baron in this edition. They've already presented papers at the SAMS congress in 2014, but here they address different themes related to the realities of the homeless in this particular urban context. For Mangoedi and Mogashoa, it is the reality or mission agency of women displaced or trafficked into forced labour; for Methula, coming from a Black Theology of Liberation perspective, it is the struggle for economic justice. Ngcobo, focus on human dignity through African eyes and for Baron, it is the challenge of forming good habits which also remains a struggle. These new voices need to be nurtured, engaged and strengthened. We are excited to introduce them in this edition and again invite senior (seasoned) colleagues to continue to mentor them, as they challenge all of us about different exciting discourses and as they continue to learn.
It is our hope that, whilst you might not agree with all the ideas argued for in the articles, that the readers do find it of interest for their own research or for our on-going quest for doing a transformative Missiology. We were most certainly challenged.
Prof RW (Reggie) Nel & Rev GJ (Cobus) van Wyngaard


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It is curious in some ways that modern-day Western Christians have created a more lavish holiday of the birth of Jesus than of the life of Jesus or even the more theologically significant death and resurrection of Jesus.
It is curious in some ways that modern-day Western Christians have created a more lavish holiday of the birth of Jesus than of the life of Jesus or even the more theologically significant death and resurrection of Jesus.
Only two of the four Gospels even mention the birth, and while they are roughly consistent with one another they highlight different details.
It is extremely doubtful that the birth took place in December. But while changing customs down through the centuries have brought us Christmas in its present form, it is still possible to discern just how unusual were the circumstances through which the man whom Christians believe to be the savior of all humankind came into the world.
What is striking is how thoroughly the story confounds the conventional thinking of the world and the worldly about who and what are important and what constitutes real power and the hope of salvation.
Although Matthew tells us of three Magi or wise men from the East who had received mysterious prophecies about an important new king, they did not find him in the palaces of the powerful as might have been expected. Instead he was born in the humblest of circumstances � an old cave or grotto is designated in modern-day Bethlehem � his parents having been turned away even from conventional inns, and laid in a manger.
According to Luke, his birth was greeted not by the rich and powerful of the day, but by a group of shepherds who had seen a vision of an angel who brought them �good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people.�
The foreign Magi, with their gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh came later.
To compound the sense of humiliation according to conventional thinking, Matthew tells us that after Joseph and Mary were engaged, Mary turned up pregnant, and not by Joseph. This was profoundly shameful, and Joseph at first, in line with conventional thinking, �was minded to put her away privily.�
An illegitimate child, covered by some story about his mother being overcome by the Holy Spirit, born in a cave and laid in a manger, was to be the universal savior? What kind of God would pull such a stunt?
Apparently, a God who wanted people to understand that conventional thinking about power and what is important in life, about the significance of what the world views as respectable and fitting, is due for some serious rethinking.
All these centuries later few of us have fully absorbed the necessity for such a radical reappraisal of conventional thinking. So the babe in the manger still calls.


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Talk:Eleanor Farjeon
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Is there any other information regarding the Christian hymns authored by Eleanor Farjeon?
- Apart from Morning Has Broken I am not aware of any. I had refrained from adding the lines of this poetry last year when I created this page, because I was not certain they could be allowed. I stop short of giving a full rendering of the lyrics even now, because the work is under copyright, and any proper use we or others make of them are constrained under fair use guidelines, and thus it is advisable to use only brief segments or statements from such songs.~ Kalki 22:28, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)


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Alia Baroque of Fallen Gods Inc kindly dropped on me an amazing creation, Ice Crystal, that I'm sharing with you here today.
Ice Crystal comes in both male and female versions, with tattoo layer make up and several wearing options for the outfit. Charming, sensual and eerie, besides being simply amazing to look at, it's also a great inspiration for your roleplay characters. Thank you, Alia!
Skin: Fallen Gods Inc - Crystal xx ICE Opal Natural - 990L each, 2200L the row.
Outfit: Fallen Gods Inc - Ice Crystal Female Outfit - 500L
(Full size on Flickr)
Other credits:
Hair: Magika
Eyes: Poetic Colors
Poses: Everglow, WetCat


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Please login first to complete purchase/ quotation request, view custom order reports, or create favorites list.
Don't have an account with us yet? Please set up an account to place order or obtain customer services.
7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid, SE is a blue fluorophore that has pH-dependent and environment-sensitive fluorescence. It is widely used for preparing bioconjugates of blue fluorescence.


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Supporting the World's Most Popular Football Team
When it comes to recognisable global brands, they don't come much bigger than Manchester United. Established in 1878, the world-famous football club has won more than 50 major titles and has more fans than any other club in the world with over 659 million supporters.
As Official Logistics Partner, DHL's partnership with Manchester United brings together two globally recognized brands and we are enormously proud of our successful relationship. The partnership also allows DHL to bring the Manchester United brand into core business areas and promote DHL's growth in every market, where the Manchester United following is very strong.
Throughout the 2018/19 season, DHL are once again harnessing this global passion and uniting fans regardless of their location, by creating opportunities for fans to play a match with one football which is continuously touring the world. The UNITED. DELIVERED. Global Football Tour officially commenced at Old Trafford with players sending the ball on its journey worldwide.
Fans are invited to host a UNITED. DELIVERED. match, which may be a competitive match or just a kick about with friends. DHL delivers the official UNITED. DELIVERED. match ball to each location and match hosts are also gifted a legacy kit of football equipment to use long term, after the ball continues its journey.
DHL have opened the Tour to everyone including DHL employees and our customers! To get involved, simply register any upcoming match by visiting the campaign website and you could be part of the Tour!
Enter now at www.dhl.com/UnitedDelivered


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My understanding is that in the 1980s, and perhaps in the 1990s too, Pascal and C were pretty much head-to-head as production languages.
Is the ultimate demise of Pascal only due to Borland's neglect of Delphi? Or was there more, such as bad luck or perhaps something inherently wrong with Pascal (any hopes for its revival?).
I'm interested in historical facts and observations one can back up, rather than likes and dislikes.


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Only hotels in 89084 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in North Las Vegas, NV for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 89084 hotels and motels so you can review the North Las Vegas hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Clark county and area code 702 are also listed.
How should we direct your call?


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One Houston firefighter remained hospitalized in critical condition Saturday, a day after a massive motel and restaurant fire killed four of his fellow firefighters.
A total of 14 were hospitalized Friday afternoon. Houston Fire Department spokesman Jay Evans said Saturday that other injured firefighters had been released overnight, but he did not have a precise count.
Among the four killed were veterans of the department and a newcomer just a month out of the fire training academy.
The fire broke out at a restaurant connected to the Southwest Inn along a busy freeway, and was the deadliest in the 118-year history of the department. Three firefighters died at the scene, while the fourth died at a hospital, according to the mayor's office and a medical examiner.
One of the dead is 29-year-old Robert Garner. His father, Jerry Veuleman, told the Houston Chronicle that Garner was proud of his work and had set his sights on becoming a firefighter after leaving the military. He joined the department in 2010.
"'Use your training. Don't be a hero. God will look after you,' " Veuleman recalled telling him. "God chose it was time to take Robert and the other firefighters. We are sorry, but we are also blessed."
The others who died were: 35-year-old Capt. Matthew Renaud, an 11-year veteran of the department; 41-year-old Robert Bebee, who joined almost 12 years ago; and 24-year-old rookie firefighter Anne Sullivan. She had graduated from the training academy in April.
Fire officials said they took a high risk in aggressively fighting the fire because they believed people were inside the motel. When a portion of the building collapsed, the firefighters were trapped.
In 1953 and 2000, two Houston firefighters were killed in a single fire. Three firefighters died in 1929 when a train slammed broadside into their engine.


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One hit of a wet bass drum (seasoned with some more hi-hat) appears courtesy Brazilian drummer Waldir G.
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Welcome to Eat My Words, where the predominant taste is kindness. Eat My Words was conceived to fill a "great gift" void, and to help those in need. Our delightfully decorative, and divinely delicious edibles help to raise money and awareness for the Stephen Lewis Foundation, whose tireless efforts on behalf of those in such dire situations warrants all the help we can give.
Let's face it... no-one deservers a treat more than Mom, so download our special pdf to spoil her in the most meaningful way!


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But in the days that followed Sandy, it become obvious that a change will be a slow one at best.
For instance, in the aftermath Governor Andrew Cuomo said that this storm is proof that a long-term solution is necessary. "It's a longer conversation," he said, "but I think part of learning from this is the recognition that climate change is a reality."
While he may have been aware of the lesson, the message seems to have escaped him. Less than a week after the storm, the governor took steps responding to a gas shortage in the city that was causing panic among residents. He relaxed a number of restrictions to make it easier to drive our polluting automobiles, even inviting the federal government to give away gas for free.
The governor isn't the only one to blame, however. It would seem that New Yorkers have a memory that lasts less than a week, too. As they wait on long lines for gas and send emissions into the atmosphere, idling for hours, they seem to forget that they are helping exacerbate the problem.
Climate change legislation doesn't need to be a long conversation. The people of New York need to be told that they need to change or the destruction that Hurricane Sandy caused will be a more common occurrence.
But when panic sets in at the notion of making due without our automobiles for a few days, it's easy to see that change is not going to come easy. In fact, people getting into fist fights over fuel even diverted our first responders away from helping people who actually need it, in order to guard gas stations as if gold were being distributed.
One of the events that proceeds a new hurricane, along with preparing for it, is naming it. The name of the next catastrophic storm that hits New York City should be dubbed Hurricane Irony, in honor of everyone waiting on line.
While people can't be expected to change their habits overnight, the panic over fuel that followed the hurricane makes it obvious that this is, in fact, going to be a long, long conversation.


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A new Special Series scope with rings suitable for centerfire applicaions. Fully Coated Optics, a generous eye relief and a variety of power configurations combined with a competitive price it makes this scope a great option for most hunting and shooting situations.
- Fully Coated Optics
- 1/4 MOA W/E Adjustments
- One-year warranty


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Check out our official Submit a Trick page for more info and to submit your trick. One of the best perks about working with us is that we hook you up. Just check out these incentives!
The Deal
This is where we talk shop. Whenever we look at partnering with an artist - be they creating their first effect or an established artist, we ensure that the deal table is always balanced. The more your effect brings to the table, the more we put back into the deal. While we cant layout a flat figure or royalty without seeing your effect, anything that we agree to produce always comes with what could be called a signing bonus. As a minimum, we offer;
- Our Artist Swag Kit - As an Ellusionist artist, we want you to look the part. Well put together a bagoswag for you - it could contain shirts, hoodies, caps, jewellery, luggage, accessories, exclusive playing cards - almost anything. Whatever weve produced in our artist exclusive line at the time, well box it up and ship it to you, on the house. Welcome to E.
- The Spree - A $250 gift card to spend on any and all products in the Ellusionist catalog. If you can add it to your cart on the website - the gift card will make it yours. You can stock up on decks, coins, DVDs, gimmicks - whatever you want. Spend it however you want - its yours.
- Black Club Membership - Our Black Club members can attest to just how good this membership really is - and we dont want any of our artists to miss out on it. So, as an Ellusionist produced artist - youre membership is granted, free.
- Family and Friends Bonus - We know that one of the simplest joys you can have in creating an effect is being able to gift your creation to your family and friends - or just filling your bookshelf with a bunch of DVDs with your name on it (Brads got a whole walk-in closet made just for this purpose). Although this is an option that changes from contract to contract depending on what the artist wants, well usually give you 50 DVDs/Downloads/Packages of your creation to horde, sell or give away - after all, its yours.
Have more magic questions? Keep up with me on Twitter too! [url]http://twitter.com/lukedancy[/url]


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A mobile methamphetamine lab was discovered after the device began leaking toxic vapors inside a vehicle, according to the Cleveland County Sheriff's Office.
Three men were arrested and one was transported to the hospital after the �one-pot� meth lab was found, said Sheriff Alan Norman.
Norman said three men were in the vehicle traveling on the 1700 block of Airport Road when the lab � known as �one-pot� because of its typical production in a plastic soda bottle with pseudoephedrine and several other ingredients � began releasing vapors.
"Some of the vapors escaped and was inhaled by one of the individuals," Norman said.
He said the men pulled off to the side of the road and began dismantling the product in the nearby woods.
The sheriff's office narcotics and patrol division responded to a call about a suspicious vehicle.
Three men were charged with possession of meth and possession of a meth precursor.
They were Clinton Andrew Barnes, 21, of 4715 Fargo Trail in Vale, who is being held under a $50,000 secured bond; Joshua Pinkney Mears, 22, of 2509 N.C. 150 in Crouse, held under an $85,000 bond; and Michael Andrew Stager, 32, of 3179 Laboratory Road in Lincolnton, who has a $75,000 bond.
Norman said the man who was taken to the hospital was treated and then released back into law enforcement custody.
All three are being held in the Cleveland County Detention Center.
"We participated, and the SBI was called to dismantle the product and...take the toxic elements away from the location," Norman said.
Reach reporter Rebecca Clark at 704-669-3344 or firstname.lastname@example.com or follow on Twitter @TheStarRebecca.


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Building a Freeway: Rubberized Asphalt.
UPDATE: ADOT has completed its Quiet pavement program. The Federal Highway Administration has issued an updated memo to clarify its position on use of pavement as a noise abatement measure. The memo reiterates that regulations at 23 CFR 772 do not allow for the use of pavement type or surface texture as a noise abatement measure. FHWA will continue to consider pavements as contribution to the noise abatement measure if evaluated for the pavement's full life cycle. The FHWA will also allow new Quiet Pavement Pilot Projects that evaluate the pavement for its full life cycle, to avoid premature overlay of the pavement solely to restore the noise reduction. FHWA encourages highway agencies to continue researching their pavement types and surface textures and to construct those pavement in accordance with their agency's requirements. The FHWA will continue to investigate data used for its Traffic Noise Model and "average pavement type" for noise analyses on projects.
INFORMATION: Highway Traffic Noise - Guidance on Pavement as a Noise Abatement Measure
Originally published on April 10, 2013
A three-year, $34 million project to surface about 115 miles of Phoenix-area freeways with rubberized asphalt is working toward a smoother ride for motorists and quieter neighborhoods for those who live adjacent to the roads.
The first areas to receive the "quiet pavement" were on the Loop 101 Agua Fria Freeway from Union Hills Drive to 31st Avenue, and on the Loop 101 Pima Freeway from 21st Avenue to Tatum Boulevard and from Frank Lloyd Wright Boulevard to Mountain View Road. State Route 51 was resurfaced from Shea Boulevard to Bell Road. The entire Loop 101 and SR 51 freeways plus sections of Interstate 10, Interstate 17 and the Loop 202 Red Mountain and Santan freeways will also receive new rubberized asphalt surfaces.
Rubberized asphalt has been used for more than 20 years to resurface highways and city streets in Arizona when pavement surfaces reach their normal life expectancy. While it helped reduce the disposal of used tires, it recently has been recognized for its reduction of traffic noise.
Rubberized asphalt consists of regular asphalt paving mixed with "crumb rubber" which is ground, used tires that would otherwise be discarded or take up space in landfills. Used tires are processed by separating the casings, fabric and steel. The extracted rubber then is ground to the consistency of ground coffee. Rubberized asphalt has the benefit of being smoother and quieter. Noise readings have shown the rubberized asphalt generally reduces tire noise by an average of 4 decibels.
Approximately 1,500 tires are used for every lane-mile of rubberized paving, which can put a major dent in the 2 million used tires that are generated annually in Maricopa County. Those used tires usually end up in landfills or in storage. Landfill space is at a premium, and tires in storage are a fire threat.
Rubberized asphalt cannot be applied during cold weather or very hot weather. The concrete pavement surface needs to be between 85 and 145 degrees Fahrenheit for the material to adhere properly. So rubberized asphalt can only be applied in the spring and fall in the Phoenix area, from March 15 to May 31 and from September 1 to November 15. Prior to application, contractors must repair pavement cracks, chips and joints and prepare the concrete surface for the rubberized asphalt overlay.
The Quiet Pavement Program was developed by ADOT in cooperation with the Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) and area cities. It will be completed over a three-year period and funded using $34 million from other regional projects.
July 26, 2013
Rubberized asphalt is durable, smooth and uses recycled materials that otherwise would be headed to a landfill ... what's not to like? Full story ...
April 21, 2011
Driving Valley Freeways this time of year? You might hear about or even experience lane restrictions because of rubberized asphalt paving. "Why," you ask, "does ADOT schedule rubberized asphalt paving between March and May when so many of us are out and about enjoying the gorgeous weather?" Full story ...
Arizona Department of Transportation
Contact Us
Copyright © Arizona Department of Transportation – All rights reserved.


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It only took one test drive of the $100,000 Fisker Karma to convince Ed Orlowski and his wife, Jaklin, that they had to own one of the hybrid gas-electric cars. But the Rancho Santa Margarita couple still waited weeks before taking delivery, as more than 200 of the first Karmas to roll off the Finland assembly line had been recalled for a defective hose clamp.
Now the Orlowskis and other Fisker owners are anxiously awaiting the fate of the Anaheim-based carmaker, and the implications that might have for their luxury vehicles.
Fisker, funded with $1.2 billion in private investment and $193 million from a federal loan, has reportedly prepared for the possibility of a bankruptcy filing even as it seeks more cash from partners, investors or new owners. The company's 220 workers – just a third of the number employed a year ago – returned to their jobs Monday, following a weeklong furlough intended to save money, according to spokesman Roger Ormisher.
The Karma made its name with eco-conscious celebrity buyers such as Justin Bieber and Leonardo DiCaprio. But Joel Lipman might be more typical of the car's 1,500-plus owners. Lipman, a retired physician from Newport Coast, put down a $5,000 deposit on Karma No. 62 in early 2009. Then he waited more than three years to get it.
Lipman saw the purchase as a chance to make a statement.
"I did it to support what I thought was a great car, an industry that I want to see grow and an environment I want to see saved," he said. "And I wanted to put my money where my mouth is."
Lipman has become hooked on the convenience of electric driving. On a recent vacation, he grew aggravated at the number of times his rented SUV dragged him into gas stations. Lipman's Karma only needs gas every six or seven weeks. (The Karma uses a range-extending gasoline generator to charge its battery.)
But Lipman also knew he was buying into an experiment and that the company might run into trouble. On Monday, Lipman called the Irvine dealership, Fisker of Orange County, to check on his options. He says he was told some of the car's parts come from General Motors, and that may increase the odds of getting replacements if Fisker goes under.
Called for comment by the Register, the Irvine dealership deferred to Fisker Automotive. Ormisher, the Fisker spokesman, said that as of Monday service and parts ordering were operating normally. Whether that will continue to be the case is "difficult to say," he said, until the final plan is clear.
The Orlowskis finally took delivery of their Karma the day before Christmas 2011. They still adore the car – they've put 13,000 miles on it – and the looks it draws.
"I've had a very good experience with the car," said Ed Orlowski, a clinical manager of radiation oncology at UC Irvine Medical Center. The public "gets the bad news" – recalls, car fires, supplier bankruptcy and even a flood on the East Coast that wiped out more than 300 of the cars. "I just wish they would get the good news, too."
Still, he also wonders where he will get service and repairs in the event of bankruptcy. "I'm definitely concerned," he said.
In Palo Alto, meanwhile, another electric-car maker said late Sunday that it is on the path toward its first quarter of profitability. Tesla Motors said it had sold 4,750 of its $62,000-plus Model S, 250 more than it had previously forecast. Tesla lost $90 million on automotive sales of $294 million (and $12 million in development services) in the fourth quarter of 2012.
If that cleared up some questions about Tesla, they're only mounting for Fisker owners.
"I think it would be a potential collector's item," said Lipman. "But I'm not a collector, so that doesn't mean much to me."
Contact the writer: 949-229-2426 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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I am now reaching the end of my time on the DLA Piper Privileged Access Scholarship Programme, and I write this now having finished the Spring Vacation Scheme, and having received a Training Contract Offer to work at DLA Piper.
Prior to coming to university, I had only experienced high-street law firms. DLA Piper was the first global law firm that I had exposure to, and what immediately struck me was the down-to-earth and genuinely friendly nature of the DLA representatives - Heidi Thomas and Andrew Davies. I had never considered wanting to work for a commercial firm, and they really opened my eyes to the potential of working on exciting deals, alongside getting involved in Business Development and Pro Bono work.
I applied for the Programme and gained a place on the Privileged Access Scheme. This was fantastic in enabling me to meet more DLA people, in both social contexts and master classes. This really gave me the opportunity to see if everyone was like the representatives I had met - and they definitely were! This really reaffirmed by desire to get involved with the firm, as the international work they engage with is so exciting and the opportunities for personal development (such as going on secondments) are unparalleled.
The masterclasses were extremely useful in providing an insight into the practical application of law that you have studied. They are so beneficial in actually giving you an idea if you would like the area of law in practice - as it differs so much from what you are studying! The contract law masterclass in particular was invaluable as it addressed both areas of law that we had studied from day one, and interesting, topical areas of law - such as looking at the recent M&S case which we had studied at university and that related to whether a particular term relating to M&S's lease was implied in the contract. It also complemented my studies in providing relevant information and application, that helped prepare for my group feedback sessions.
The programme enabled me to establish links with a truly fantastic firm of normal, ambitious, supportive people. It really motivated me to apply for the position of 'Brand Manager' for DLA Piper at the University of York. I was successful in my application - and I am sure that DLA getting to know me through the Programme was imperative to my success!
I have just finished the Spring Vacation Scheme at DLA Piper, and I am still enjoying DLA as much as I did in first year. So much so, that I will be working for the firm post completion of university and the LPC!
Ben Payne is a second-year Law student at the University of York. He is taking part in DLA Piper's International Scholarship Scheme as a Privileged Access student.


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Eric Roode sent the following update:
The status is basically that the writing is taking much, much longer than I had expected. I had thought I'd be able to document a couple classes per hour; instead, it's taking me a few hours per class. I don't really know what to do to speed up the process, so I am just continuing to plug along. At the rate I'm going, however, the project is going to take much longer than the three months I had estimated.
See http://news.perlfoundation.org/2009/08/wxperl_documentation.html for more information about this grant.


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If you're a groom-to-be, planning an Edo marriage introduction, I know what keeps you awake at night – how much will the bride price list cost? I've got the answer in this post. For a while now, we've been receiving a lot of questions from grooms-to-be, asking to get an idea of what the Edo bride price and traditional wedding process is like. I know how most men feel when they are about to go to their Nigerian or Edo inlaws for the first time – grooms-to-be are usually nervous and afraid of the unknown cost involved. Usually, it's a fear of 'can I really afford the bride price list?'. We discovered that, in most cases, the list is not as fearful as 'stories' make it to be. In an earlier post, we provided an expo for engaged grooms-to-be who are preparing to marry an Igbo woman, and in this post, we will be giving you an insight into what to expect to budget for when going to ask to marry an Edo woman. You will also find out what days are forbidden to hold marriages and steps on how to go about asking for her hand in marriage, from her family. Scroll down to read.
So, since I am not from Edo state, I got together with my trusty Benin-based makeup artist, Henrietta Eromonele Oziengbe, to write this groom's guide for you ('Nele is from Uvue quarters in Emuhi village Ekpoma, Esan West local government area of Edo state) – her biz contact info is at the end of this post. Read on to see what's inside the Edo bride price list, and also get to know what forbidden dates to avoid when going to pay the bride price.
The Edo Bride Price List (an expo for grooms-to-be)
If every Nigerian groom knows, in advance, how much the bride-price and engagement list (they'll receive) will cost, they will be better prepared and not afraid to meet their inlaws, without delay. The purpose of giving you a peek into the Edo bride price list (below) is to help you plan your introduction ahead of time. Note that Edo state is made up many sub-tribes and villages, each of which has a slight difference (significant, in some) from the other. So, use the below bride price list as a guide to draw up your marriage introduction budget, and be prepared by saving up before contacting your future in-laws.
- The Holy Bible – 1 (one)
- 1 Umbrella
- 1 suitcase filled with clothes (box of wrappers)
- 2 bottles of hot drinks (schnapps)
- 1 crate of malt drinks
- 1 plate of kolanuts
- 1 bag of salt
- 25 liters of palm oil for the bride's mother
- 1 jar of palm wine
- 1 carton of wine for sundry use (the groom should hold this)
- 3 crates of malt for women of the lineage
- 6 carton of beer for men of the lineage (broken down into: 2 cartons of small Guinness stout; 2 cartons of Star beer; 2 cartons of Gulder beer)
- 28 tubers of yam arrange in groups of seven
- 14 tubers of yam for the eldest man in the lineage
- N1,500 cash for the dowry
- N5,000 cash for the bride's mother
- N3,000 cash for the bride's father
- N9,000 cash for the men in bride's lineage
- N6,000 cash for the women bride's lineage
RELATED: A to Z of What Happens During an Edo Introcuction and Traditional Marriage Ceremony (The Process Explained)
My narrator on this grooms' guide, 'Nele, advices that you should expect a slight difference in the bride price list and traditional marriage process, IF your fiancé is from another part of Edo state. She says that the traditional marriage custom across Edo state is generally similar similar. SEE BELOW: the forbidden dates to avoid when going to pay the bride price.
RELATED: Nigerian Traditional Wedding Planning Checklist
DISCLAIMER: Grooms, the above list is just a guide to help you budget ahead and be prepared. You are required to officially request the bride price list and engagement custom from your future inlaws (father-in-law and/ or mother-in-law) – ask your wife-to-be which person to ask, in a case where one or both parents are dead, or separated.
SEE ALSO: 5 Sample Wedding Budgets for Small Low Cost Weddings in Nigeria
MORE: A Beautiful Benin Wedding (Plus Colour Combo Inspiration)
- The bride price/ dowry list are the customary gift items that a groom takes to the bride's family, when asking for the bride's hand in marriage. You may want to buy them one after he other until you get all of them. Be sure to leave the perishable items for when it's close to your marriage introduction and bride price ceremony.
- You need to know that the above bride price list value, and any other culture's bride price list is not the price of your wife-to-be. Those are just customary and symbolic – did not start today. You cannot buy a woman for any monetary amount. So after paying her bride price, treat her well because you did not buy her.
Fixing a Date for Your Edo Traditional Marriage Introduction: Forbidden Days to Avoid
When choosing a date for the Edo traditional marriage introduction event, there are dates to avoid. AVOID the market days, because it is forbidden to pay bride price or conduct traditional marriage ceremony on market days. That is the custom of the people of Emuhi village in Ekpoma part of Edo state, so you'll have to ask your wife-to-be for their own village's forbidden days. Obviously, you first and then your family must establish a relationship with the bride's family before agreeing a date for the marriage introduction.
This post is part 1 of our Edo Traditional Wedding Planning Guide for grooms, click here to read PART 2. This article series is part of our wedding planning guides for Nigerian grooms-to-be or foreign grooms who are preparing to marry a Nigerian women. If this article has helped you, leave us a comment down below, to let us know. And, if you've already collected the bride-price list, tell us how similar or different it is from the list above.
Guide and Explanation for this Post was by Henrietta Oziengbe Eromonele (aka Nele):
Nele is an Edo / Benin city based makeup artist that specialises in bridal makeup, head gear (gele) tying, bridal hair, rental and making of beads costume for brides and grooms and sales of pro makeup tools. To book her wedding and event services, call her on: 08062522976 OR email her at [email protected]


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A corridor management plan (CMP) is a grassroots-level community planning document that covers the entire scenic roads.
A CMP is an inventory of the characteristics, features, resources and special qualities of the roadway. The document consists of the following components that, together, provide for the conservation and enhancement of the roadway's intrinsic qualities while promoting tourism and economic development, all for the users' enjoyment of the roadway.
In addition, the FHWA requires specific elements that must be in any CMP.
The CMP must be completed as part of nominating a scenic road for national designation.
Arizona Department of Transportation
Contact Us
Copyright © Arizona Department of Transportation – All rights reserved.


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A 'Classic' color scheme for DiffMerge is now available (Windows only).

Someone made a request over on the 3.1 beta announcement on the blog
http://vaultblog.sourcegear.com/article ... e-3-1-beta for a brighter color scheme/theme (that was similar to the colors used in the original version of sgdm) without having to set each individual color field in the Options Dialog.

Attached to this message is a file of registry settings that will change the colors from the default pastel colors to something similar to the original 1.1 version of sgdm. This is not an exact clone, because the 2 programs draw the file and folder windows differently, but it is close. The values set by this script can all be directly set via the Options Dialog. This script has been provided as a convenience for users wanting a more 'classic' look.

To install, download the attached sgdm_classic_theme.reg.txt, rename it to remove the .txt suffix, and then double-click on the .reg file.

If you don't like the new settings, click on the Restore Defaults buttons on the Various File and Folder Color tabs in the Options Dialog.
Classic color theme for DiffMerge
Support for our DiffMerge utility.
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Attached is a screen shot showing DiffMerge using the classic color scheme.
Posts: 534
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For comparison, here is a screen shot showing the coloring of the original version of sgdm on the same files/folders.
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