text:
Bernard Montgomery
|The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
Montgomery wearing his beret with two cap badges.
|Birth name
|Bernard Law Montgomery
|Monty, The Spartan General
17 November 1887
Kennington, London, England
|24 March 1976
(aged 88)
Alton, Hampshire, England
|Buried at
|Holy Cross Churchyard, Binsted
|United Kingdom
|British Army
|Years of service
|Field Marshal
|Commands held
|1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
9th Infantry Brigade
8th Infantry Division
3rd Infantry Division
II Corps
V Corps
XII Corps
South-Eastern Command
Eighth Army (1942–43)
21st Army Group (1943–45)
Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1946–48)
Deputy Supreme Commander Europe of NATO (1951–58)
|First World War
Anglo-Irish War
Arab revolt in Palestine
Second World War
|Knight of the Order of the Garter
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in Despatches (9 times)
|Other work
|Colonel Commandant, Royal Tank Regiment
Colonel Commandant, Parachute Regiment (−1956[1])
Representative Colonel Commandant, Royal Armoured Corps (1947[2]-1957[3])
Colonel Commandant, Army Physical Training Corps (1946[4]-1960[5])
Colonel Royal Warwickshire Regiment(1947[6]-1963[7])
Deputy Lieutenant of Southampton (1958–)[8]
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC (/məntˈɡʌmərɪ əv ˈæləmeɪn/; 17 November 1887 – 24 March 1976), nicknamed "Monty" and the "Spartan General",[10] was a senior officer of the British Army.
He saw action in the First World War as a junior officer of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. At Méteren, near the Belgian border at Bailleul, he was shot through the right lung by a sniper. He returned to the Western Front as a general staff officer and took part in the Battle of Arras in April/May 1917. He also took part in the Battle of Passchendaele in autumn 1917 before finishing the war as chief of staff of the 47th (2nd London) Division.
In the inter-war years he commanded the 17th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers and, later, the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment before becoming commander of 9th Infantry Brigade and then General Officer Commanding 8th Infantry Division.
During the Second World War he commanded the British Eighth Army from August 1942 in the Western Desert until the final Allied victory in Tunisia. This command included the Second Battle of El Alamein, a turning point in the Western Desert Campaign. He subsequently commanded the British Eighth Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy.
He was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord from the initial landings until after the Battle of Normandy. He then continued in command of the 21st Army Group for the rest of the campaign in North West Europe. As such he was the principal field commander for the failed airborne attempt to bridge the Rhine at Arnhem, and the Allied Rhine crossing. On 4 May 1945 he took the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath in Northern Germany. After the war he became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in Germany and then Chief of the Imperial General Staff.
- 1 Early life
- 2 First World War
- 3 Between the world wars
- 4 Second World War
- 5 Montgomery's lack of diplomacy
- 6 Later life
- 7 Death
- 8 Legacy
- 9 Honours and awards
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Early life
Montgomery was born in Kennington, London, in 1887, the fourth child of nine, to an Anglo-Irish Church of Ireland minister, the Reverend Henry Montgomery, and his wife, Maud (née Farrar). The Montgomerys, an 'Ascendancy' gentry family, were the County Donegal branch of the Clan Montgomery. Henry Montgomery, Vicar of St Mark's Church, Kennington, at that time, was the second son of General Sir Robert Montgomery, a native of Inishowen in County Donegal, the noted soldier and proconsul in British India, who died a month after his grandson's birth.[11] He was probably a descendant of Colonel Alexander Montgomery (1686–1729). Bernard's mother, Maud, was the daughter of the preacher Frederic William Farrar and was eighteen years younger than her husband.[12] After the death of Sir Robert Montgomery, Henry inherited the Montgomery ancestral estate of New Park in Moville, County Donegal. However, there was still £13,000 to pay on a mortgage, a large debt in the 1880s, and Henry was at the time still only an Anglican vicar. Despite selling off all the farms that were at Ballynally, "there was barely enough to keep up New Park and pay for the blasted summer holiday" (i.e., at New Park).[13]
It was a financial relief of some magnitude when, in 1889, Henry was made Bishop of Tasmania, then still a British colony and Bernard spent his formative years there. Bishop Montgomery considered it his duty to spend as much time as possible in the rural areas of Tasmania and was away for up to six months at a time. While he was away, his wife, still in her mid-twenties, gave her children "constant" beatings,[14] then ignored them most of the time as she performed the public duties of the bishop's wife. Of Bernard's siblings, Sibyl died prematurely in Tasmania, and Harold, Donald and Una all emigrated.[15] Maud Montgomery took little active interest in the education of her young children other than to have them taught by tutors brought from Britain. The loveless environment made Bernard something of a bully, as he himself recalled, "I was a dreadful little boy. I don't suppose anybody would put up with my sort of behaviour these days."[16] Later in life Montgomery refused to allow his son David to have anything to do with his grandmother, and refused to attend her funeral in 1949.[17]
The family returned to England once for a Lambeth Conference in 1897, and Bernard and his brother Harold were educated for a term at The King's School, Canterbury.[18] In 1901, Bishop Montgomery became secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the family returned to London. Montgomery attended St Paul's School and then the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from which he was almost expelled for rowdiness and violence.[19] On graduation in September 1908 he was commissioned into the 1st Battalion the Royal Warwickshire Regiment as a second lieutenant,[20] and first saw overseas service later that year in India.[19] He was promoted to lieutenant in 1910,[21] and in 1912 became adjutant of the 1st Battalion of his regiment at Shorncliffe Army Camp.[19]
First World War
The Great War began in August 1914 and Montgomery moved to France with his battalion that month, which was at the time part of the 10th Brigade of the 4th Division.[19] He saw action at the Battle of Le Cateau that month and during the retreat from Mons.[19] At Méteren, near the Belgian border at Bailleul on 13 October 1914, during an Allied counter-offensive, he was shot through the right lung by a sniper.[19] Montgomery was hit once more, in the knee.[17] He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallant leadership: the citation for this award, published in the London Gazette in December 1914 reads:
Conspicuous gallant leading on 13th October, when he turned the enemy out of their trenches with the bayonet. He was severely wounded.[22]
After recovering in early 1915, he was appointed to be brigade major[23] first of 112th Brigade and then with 104th Brigade under training in Lancashire.[24] He returned to the Western Front in early 1916 as a general staff officer in the 33rd Division and took part in the Battle of Arras in April/May 1917.[24] He became a general staff officer with IX Corps, part of General Sir Herbert Plumer's Second Army, in July 1917.[24]
Montgomery served at the Battle of Passchendaele in the autumn of 1917 before finishing the war as General Staff Officer 1 and effectively chief of staff of the 47th (2nd London) Division,[24] with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel.[25] A photograph from October 1918, reproduced in many biographies, shows the then unknown Lieutenant Colonel Montgomery standing in front of Winston Churchill (Minister of Munitions) at the parade following the liberation of Lille.[26]
Between the world wars
After the First World War Montgomery commanded the 17th (Service) Battalion the Royal Fusiliers,[27] a battalion in the British Army of the Rhine, before reverting to his substantive rank of captain (brevet major) in November 1919.[28] He had not at first been selected for Staff College (his only hope of ever achieving high command). But at a tennis party in Cologne, he was able to persuade the Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of Occupation, Sir William Robertson, to add his name to the list.[29]
After graduating from Staff College, he was appointed brigade major in the 17th Infantry Brigade in January 1921.[30] The brigade was stationed in County Cork carrying out counter-insurgency operations during the final stages of the Irish War of Independence.[24]
Montgomery came to the conclusion that the conflict could not be won without harsh measures, and that self-government was the only feasible solution; in 1923, after the establishment of the Irish Free State and during the Irish Civil War, Montgomery wrote to Colonel Arthur Percival of the Essex Regiment:
Personally, my whole attention was given to defeating the rebels but it never bothered me a bit how many houses were burnt. I think I regarded all civilians as 'Shinners' and I never had any dealings with any of them. My own view is that to win a war of this sort, you must be ruthless. Oliver Cromwell, or the Germans, would have settled it in a very short time. Nowadays public opinion precludes such methods, the nation would never allow it, and the politicians would lose their jobs if they sanctioned it. That being so, I consider that Lloyd George was right in what he did, if we had gone on we could probably have squashed the rebellion as a temporary measure, but it would have broken out again like an ulcer the moment we removed the troops. I think the rebels would probably [have] refused battles, and hidden their arms etc. until we had gone.[31]
In May 1923, Montgomery was posted to the 49th (West Riding) Division, a Territorial Army formation.[24] He returned to the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1925 as a company commander.[24] In January 1926, having been promoted to major in July 1925,[32] he was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at the Staff College, Camberley in the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel,[33] a position he held until January 1929 by which time he had been made a (brevet lieutenant-colonel).[34]
In 1927, he met and married Elizabeth Carver, née Hobart, widow of Oswald Carver, Olympic rowing medallist who was killed in the First World War.[35] Their son, David, was born in August 1928.[24] Elizabeth Carver was the sister of the Second World War commander Percy Hobart.[24]
He returned to 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment again, as Commander of Headquarters Company in January 1929 and went to the War Office to help write the Infantry Training Manual in Summer 1929.[24] In 1931 Montgomery was promoted to lieutenant colonel[36] commanding the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and saw service in Palestine and British India.[24] He was promoted to colonel in June 1934 (seniority from January 1932).[37] He attended and was then recommended to become an instructor at the Indian Army Staff College (now the Pakistan Army Staff College) in Quetta, British India.[38]
On completion of his tour of duty in India, Montgomery returned to Britain in June 1937[39] where he became commanding officer of the 9th Infantry Brigade with the temporary rank of brigadier,[40] but that year saw personal tragedy when his wife died. While on holiday in Burnham-on-Sea, she had suffered an insect bite which became infected, and she died in his arms from septicaemia following an amputation.[24] The loss devastated Montgomery, but he insisted on throwing himself back into his work immediately after the funeral."[17]
In 1938, he organised an amphibious combined operations landing exercise that impressed the new commander-in-chief, Southern Command, General Wavell. He was promoted to major-general in October 1938[41] and took command of the 8th Infantry Division[42] in Palestine.[24] There he quashed an Arab revolt before returning in July 1939 to Britain, suffering a serious illness on the way, to command the 3rd (Iron) Infantry Division.[24] On hearing of the rebel defeat in April 1939, Montgomery said, "I shall be sorry to leave Palestine in many ways, as I have enjoyed the war out here".[17]
Second World War
British Expeditionary Force
Retreat to Dunkirk and evacuation
Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. The 3rd Division was deployed to Belgium as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). During this time, Montgomery faced serious trouble from his military superiors and the clergy for his frank attitude regarding the sexual health of his soldiers, but was defended from dismissal by his superior Alan Brooke, commander of II Corps.[43] Montgomery's training paid off when the Germans began their invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940 and the 3rd Division advanced to the River Dijle and then withdrew to Dunkirk with great professionalism, entering the Dunkirk perimeter in a famous night-time march which placed his forces on the left flank which had been left exposed by the Belgian surrender.[44] The 3rd Division returned to Britain intact with minimal casualties. During Operation Dynamo — the evacuation of 330,000 BEF and French troops to Britain — Montgomery assumed command of the II Corps.[45]
On his return Montgomery antagonised the War Office with trenchant criticisms of the command of the BEF[17] and was briefly relegated back to divisional command of 3rd Division. He was however made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. 3rd Division was at that time the only fully equipped division in Britain.[46]
Montgomery was ordered to make ready his 3rd division to invade the neutral Portuguese Azores.[46] Models of the islands were prepared and detailed plans worked out for the invasion.[46] The invasion plans did not go ahead and plans switched to invading Cape Verde island also belonging to neutral Portugal.[47] These invasion plans also did not go ahead. Montgomery was then ordered to prepare plans for the invasion of neutral Ireland and to seize Cork, Cobh and Cork harbour.[47] These invasion plans like those of the Portuguese islands also did not go ahead and in July 1940, Montgomery was appointed acting lieutenant-general,[48] placed in command of V Corps, responsible for the defence of Hampshire and Dorset, and started a long-running feud with the new commander-in-chief, Southern Command, Claude Auchinleck.[17]
In April 1941, he became commander of XII Corps responsible for the defence of Kent.[45] During this period he instituted a regime of continuous training and insisted on high levels of physical fitness for both officers and other ranks. He was ruthless in sacking officers he considered would be unfit for command in action.[49] Promoted to temporary lieutenant-general in July,[50] in December Montgomery was given command of South-Eastern Command[51] overseeing the defence of Kent, Sussex and Surrey.[49]
He renamed his command the South-Eastern Army to promote offensive spirit. During this time he further developed and rehearsed his ideas and trained his soldiers, culminating in Exercise Tiger in May 1942, a combined forces exercise involving 100,000 troops.[52]
North Africa and Italy
Montgomery's early command
In 1942, a new field commander was required in the Middle East, where Auchinleck was fulfilling both the role of commander-in-chief Middle East Command and commander Eighth Army. He had stabilised the Allied position at the First Battle of El Alamein, but after a visit in August 1942, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, replaced him as Commander in Chief with Alexander and William Gott as commander of the Eighth Army in the Western Desert. After Gott was killed flying back to Cairo Churchill was persuaded by Brooke, who by this time was Chief of the Imperial General Staff, to appoint Montgomery, who had only just been nominated to replace Alexander as commander of the British ground forces for Operation Torch.[53]
A story, probably apocryphal but popular at the time, is that the appointment caused Montgomery to remark that "After having an easy war, things have now got much more difficult." A colleague is supposed to have told him to cheer up – at which point Montgomery said "I'm not talking about me, I'm talking about Rommel!"[54]
Montgomery's assumption of command transformed the fighting spirit and abilities of the Eighth Army.[55] Taking command on 13 August 1942, he immediately became a whirlwind of activity. He ordered the creation of the X Corps, which contained all armoured divisions to fight alongside his XXX Corps which was all infantry divisions. This was in no way similar to a German Panzer Corps. One of Rommel's Panzer Corps combined infantry, armour and artillery units under one corps commander. The only common commander for Montgomery's all infantry and all armour corps was the Eighth Army Commander himself. Correlli Barnett commented that Montgomery's solution "... was in every way opposite to Auchinleck's and in every way wrong, for it carried the existing dangerous separatism still further."[56] Montgomery reinforced the 30 miles (48 km) long front line at El Alamein, something that would take two months to accomplish. He asked Alexander to send him two new British divisions (51st Highland and 44th) that were then arriving in Egypt and were scheduled to be deployed in defence of the Nile Delta. He moved his field HQ to Burg al Arab, close to the Air Force command post in order better to coordinate combined operations.[55]
Montgomery was determined that the Army, Navy and Air Forces should fight their battles in a unified, focused manner according to a detailed plan. He ordered immediate reinforcement of the vital heights of Alam Halfa, just behind his own lines, expecting the German commander, Erwin Rommel, to attack with the heights as his objective, something that Rommel soon did. Montgomery ordered all contingency plans for retreat to be destroyed. "I have cancelled the plan for withdrawal. If we are attacked, then there will be no retreat. If we cannot stay here alive, then we will stay here dead",[57] he told his officers at the first meeting he held with them in the desert, though, in fact, Auchinleck had no plans to withdraw from the strong defensive position he had chosen and established at El Alamein.[58]
Montgomery made a great effort to appear before troops as often as possible, frequently visiting various units and making himself known to the men, often arranging for cigarettes to be distributed. Although he still wore a standard British officer's cap on arrival in the desert, he briefly wore an Australian broad-brimmed hat before switching to wearing the black beret (with the badge of the Royal Tank Regiment next to the British General Officer's badge) for which he became notable. The black beret was offered to him by Jim Fraser while the latter was driving him on an inspection tour.[59] Both Brooke and Alexander were astonished by the transformation in atmosphere when they visited on 19 August, less than a week after Montgomery had taken command.[57]
First battles with Rommel
Rommel attempted to turn the left flank of the Eighth Army at the Battle of Alam Halfa from 31 August 1942. The German/Italian armoured Corps infantry attack was stopped in very heavy fighting. Rommel's forces had to withdraw urgently lest their retreat through the British minefields be cut off.[60] Montgomery was criticised for not counter-attacking the retreating forces immediately, but he felt strongly that his methodical build-up of British forces was not yet ready. A hasty counter-attack risked ruining his strategy for an offensive on his own terms in late October, planning for which had begun soon after he took command.[61] He was confirmed in the permanent rank of lieutenant-general in mid October.[62]
The conquest of Libya was essential for airfields to support Malta and to threaten the rear of Axis forces opposing Operation Torch. Montgomery prepared meticulously for the new offensive after convincing Churchill that the time was not being wasted. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began, "We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle makes amends for much delay."[63]) He was determined not to fight until he thought there had been sufficient preparation for a decisive victory, and put into action his beliefs with the gathering of resources, detailed planning, the training of troops—especially in clearing minefields and fighting at night[64]—and in the use of 252[65] of the latest American-built Sherman tanks, 90 M7 Priest self-propelled howitzers, and making a personal visit to every unit involved in the offensive. By the time the offensive was ready in late October, Eighth Army had 231,000 men on its ration strength.[66]
El Alamein
The Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October 1942, and ended 12 days later with the first large-scale, decisive Allied land victory of the war. Montgomery correctly predicted both the length of the battle and the number of casualties (13,500).[67] However, soon after Allied armoured units and infantry broke through the German and Italian lines and were pursuing the enemy forces at speed along the coast road, a violent rainstorm burst over the region, bogging down the tanks and support trucks in the desert mud. Montgomery, standing before his officers at headquarters and close to tears, announced that he was forced to call off the pursuit. Historian Corelli Barnett has pointed out that the rain also fell on the Germans, and that the weather is therefore an inadequate explanation for the failure to exploit the breakthrough, but nevertheless the Battle of El Alamein had been a great success. Over 30,000 prisoners were taken,[68] including the German second in command, General von Thoma, as well as eight other general officers.[69] Rommel, having been in a hospital in Germany at the start of the battle, was forced to return on 25 October 1942 after General Stumme – his replacement as German commander – died of a heart attack in the early hours of the battle.[70]
Montgomery was advanced to KCB and promoted to full general.[71] He kept the initiative, applying superior strength when it suited him, forcing Rommel out of each successive defensive position. On 6 March 1943, Rommel's attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at Medenine (Operation Capri) with the largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed.[72] At the Mareth Line, 20 to 27 March, when Montgomery encountered fiercer frontal opposition than he had anticipated, he switched his major effort into an outflanking inland pincer, backed by low-flying RAF fighter-bomber support.[73] For his role in North Africa he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States government in the rank of Chief Commander.[74]
The next major Allied attack was the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). Montgomery considered the initial plans for the Allied invasion, which had been agreed in principle by Eisenhower and Alexander, to be unworkable because of the dispersion of effort. He managed to have the plans recast to concentrate the Allied forces, having Patton's Seventh US Army land in the Gulf of Gela (on the left flank of Eighth Army, which landed around Syracuse in the south-east of Sicily) rather than near Palermo in the west and north of Sicily.[75] Inter-Allied tensions grew as the American commanders Patton and Bradley (then commanding II US Corps under Patton), took umbrage at what they saw as Montgomery's attitudes and boastfulness.[73]
Italian campaign
During the autumn of 1943, Montgomery continued to command the Eighth Army during the landings on the mainland of Italy itself.[76] In conjunction with the Anglo-American landings at Salerno (near Naples) by Mark Clark's U.S. Fifth Army and seaborne landings by British paratroops in the heel of Italy (including the key port of Taranto, where they disembarked without resistance directly into the port), Montgomery led the Eighth Army up the toe of Italy.[76] Montgomery abhorred the lack of coordination, the dispersion of effort and the strategic muddle and opportunism he saw in the Allied effort in Italy and was glad to leave the "dog's breakfast" on 23 December 1943.[73]
Montgomery returned to Britain in January 1944.[77] He was assigned to command the 21st Army Group which consisted of all Allied ground forces that would take part in Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy under overall direction of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces, American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.[76] At St Paul's School on 7 April and 15 May he presented his strategy for the invasion. He envisaged a ninety-day battle, ending when all the forces reached the Seine, pivoting on an Allied-held Caen, with British and Canadian armies forming a shoulder to attract and defeat the main German counter-attacks, while the US armies took the Cotentin Peninsula and Brittany, wheeling south and then east on the right.[73]
During the hard fought two and a half month Battle of Normandy that followed, the impact of a series of unfavourable autumnal weather conditions disrupted the Normandy landing areas.[73] Montgomery's initial plan was to break out immediately towards Caen. Depending on the historical interpretation he was unable or unwilling to do so. As the campaign progressed Montgomery altered his initial plan for the invasion and switched to a strategy of attracting and holding German counter-attacks in the area north of Caen, which was designed to allow the United States Army in the west to take Cherbourg. Hampered by stormy weather and the bocage terrain, Montgomery had to ensure Rommel focused on the British in the east rather than the Americans in the west, who had to take the Cotentin Peninsula and Brittany before the Germans could be trapped by a general swing east. By the middle of July Caen had not been taken, as Rommel continued to prioritise prevention of the break-out by British forces rather than the western territories being taken by the Americans. This was broadly as Montgomery had planned, albeit not with the same speed as he outlined at St Paul's. An American break-out was achieved with Operation Cobra and the encirclement of German forces in the Falaise pocket at the cost of British sacrifice with the diversionary Operation Goodwood.[78]
Advance to the Rhine
General Eisenhower took over Ground Forces Command on 1 September, while continuing as Supreme Commander, with Montgomery continuing to command the 21st Army Group, now consisting mainly of British and Canadian units. Montgomery bitterly resented this change, although it had been agreed before the D-Day invasion.[79]
Winston Churchill had Montgomery promoted to field marshal[80] by way of compensation.[79] Montgomery was able to persuade Eisenhower to adopt his strategy of a single thrust to the Ruhr with Operation Market Garden in September 1944. It was uncharacteristic of Montgomery's battles: the offensive was strategically bold but poorly planned. Montgomery either did not receive or ignored ULTRA intelligence which warned of the presence of German armoured units near the site of the attack.[81]
When the surprise attack on the Ardennes took place on 16 December 1944, starting the Battle of the Bulge, the front of the U.S. 12th Army Group was split, with the bulk of the U.S. First Army being on the northern shoulder of the German 'bulge'. The 12th Army Group commander, General Omar Bradley, was located south of the penetration at Luxembourg and command of the U.S. First Army became problematic. Montgomery was the nearest commander on the ground and on 20 December, Eisenhower (who was in Versailles) temporarily transferred Courtney Hodges' U.S. First Army and William Simpson's U.S. Ninth Army to Montgomery's 21st Army Group until the "bulge" could be reduced and a simpler line of communications restored, despite Bradley's vehement objections on national grounds.[nb 1] Montgomery grasped the situation quickly, visiting all divisional, corps, and field army commanders himself and instituting his 'Phantom' network of liaison officers. He grouped the British XXX Corps as a strategic reserve behind the Meuse and reorganised the U.S. defence of the northern shoulder, shortening and strengthening the line and ordering the evacuation of St Vith. The German commander of the 5th Panzer Army, Hasso von Manteuffel said:
The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.[82]
Montgomery's 21st Army Group advanced to the Rhine with operations Veritable and Grenade in February 1945. A meticulously planned Rhine crossing occurred on 24 March. While successful it was two weeks after the Americans had unexpectedly captured the Ludendorff Bridge and crossed the river on 7 March with less than a battalion. Montgomery's river crossing was followed by the encirclement of the German Army Group B in the Ruhr. Initially Montgomery's role was to guard the flank of the American advance. This was altered, however, to forestall any chance of a Red Army advance into Denmark, and the 21st Army Group occupied Hamburg and Rostock and sealed off the Danish peninsula.[73] On 4 May 1945, on Lüneburg Heath, Montgomery accepted the Surrender of German forces in north-west Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands.[83]
Montgomery's lack of diplomacy
Montgomery was notorious for his lack of tact and diplomacy. Even his "patron" the Chief of the Imperial General Staff Lord Alanbrooke frequently mentions it in his war diaries: "he is liable to commit untold errors in lack of tact" and "I had to haul him over the coals for his usual lack of tact and egotistical outlook which prevented him from appreciating other people's feelings".[84] One incident that illustrated this occurred during the North African campaign when Montgomery bet Walter Bedell Smith that he could capture Sfax by the middle of April 1943. Smith jokingly replied that if Montgomery could do it he would give him a Flying Fortress complete with crew. Smith promptly forgot all about it, but Montgomery did not, and when Sfax was taken on 10 April he sent a message to Smith "claiming his winnings". Smith tried to laugh it off, but Montgomery was having none of it and insisted on his aircraft. It got as high as Eisenhower who was said to be absolutely furious, but with his renowned skill in diplomacy he ensured Montgomery did get his Flying Fortress, though at a great cost in ill feeling.[85][86] Even Alanbrooke thought it "crass stupidity".[87]
Montgomery's lack of diplomatic skills was further mentioned by Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, when he spoke about the Anglo-Polish relationship during Operation Market Garden. The 93-year-old prince was clearly emotional on television and described the Poles as "the best soldiers available" and declared it was an "outrage" that they had not yet received any recognition for their contribution.[88] Furthermore, the prince said, "In general, a typical trait for English commanding officers is that they highly dislike people who prove them wrong," referring to Field-Marshal Montgomery. Finally, he said in a conclusive manner, "Montgomery personally, prevented Sosabowski and his men from receiving any medals."[88]
In August 1945, whilst Alanbrooke, Andrew Cunningham and Charles Portal were discussing their possible successors as "Chiefs Of Staff" they concluded that Montgomery would be very efficient as CIGS from the Army's point of view but that he was also very unpopular with a large proportion of the Army. Despite this Cunningham and Portal were strongly in favour of Montgomery succeeding Alanbrooke after his retirement.[89]
Later life
After the war Montgomery became the Commander in Chief of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), the name given to the British Occupation Forces, and was the British member of the Allied Control Council.[90] He was created 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein in 1946.[91] He was Chief of the Imperial General Staff from 1946 to 1948, succeeding Alanbrooke, but was largely a failure as the role required strategic and political skills he did not possess. He was barely on speaking terms with his fellow chiefs, sending his VCIGS to attend their meetings[90] and he clashed particularly with Arthur Tedder, who as Deputy Supreme Commander had intrigued for Montgomery's dismissal during the Battle of Normandy, and who was by now Chief of the Air Staff. When Montgomery's term of office expired, Prime Minister Clement Attlee appointed Sir William Slim from retirement with the rank of Field Marshal as his successor; when Montgomery protested that he had told his protégé John Crocker, a former corps commander from the 1944–45 campaign, that the job was to be his, Attlee is said to have given the memorable retort "Untell him".[92]
He was then appointed Chairman of the Western European Union's commanders-in-chief committee.[90] Volume 3 of Nigel Hamilton's Life of Montgomery of Alamein gives an account of the bickering between Montgomery and his land forces chief, a French general, which created splits through the Union headquarters. He was thus pleased to become Eisenhower's deputy in creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's European forces in 1951.[93] He continued to serve under Eisenhower's successors, Matthew Ridgway and Al Gruenther, until his retirement, aged nearly 71, in 1958.[94] His mother Maud, Lady Montgomery, died at New Park in Moville in Inishowen in 1949; she was buried alongside her husband in the 'kirkyard' behind St. Columb's Church, the small Church of Ireland church beside New Park, overlooking Lough Foyle. Lord Montgomery did not attend the funeral, claiming he was "too busy".[73]
He was chairman of the governing body of St. John's School in Leatherhead, Surrey, from 1951 to 1966, and a generous supporter. Lord Montgomery was an Honorary Member of the Winkle Club, a noted charity in Hastings, East Sussex, and introduced Sir Winston Churchill to the club in 1955.[95]
In 1953, the Hamilton Board of Education in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, wrote to Montgomery and asked permission to name a new school in the city's east end after him. Viscount Montgomery Elementary was billed as "the most modern school in North America" and the largest single-storey school in Hamilton when construction began in 14 March 1951. The school officially opened on 18 April 1953, with Montgomery in attendance among almost 10,000 well-wishers. At the opening, he gave the motto "Gardez Bien" from his own family's coat of arms.[96] Montgomery referred to the school as his "beloved school" and visited on five separate occasions, the last being in 1960. On his last visit, he said to "his" students:[96]
Let's make Viscount Montgomery School the best in Hamilton, the best in Ontario, the best in Canada. I don't associate myself with anything that is not good. It is up to you to see that everything about this school is good. It is up to the students to not only be their best in school but in their behaviour outside of Viscount. Education is not just something that will help you pass your exams and get you a job, it is to develop your brain to teach you to marshal facts and do things.
Montgomery's memoirs (1958) criticised many of his wartime comrades in harsh terms, including Eisenhower, whom he accused, among other things, of prolonging the war by a year through poor leadership — allegations which ended their friendship, not least as Eisenhower was still US President at the time. He was threatened with legal action by Field-Marshal Auchinleck for suggesting that Auchinleck had intended to retreat from the Alamein position if attacked again, and had to give a radio broadcast (20 November 1958) expressing his gratitude to Auchinleck for having stabilised the front at the First Battle of Alamein. The 1960 paperback edition of his memoirs contains a publisher's note drawing attention to that broadcast, and stating that in the publisher's view the reader might reasonably assume from Montgomery's text that Auchinleck had been planning to retreat "into the Nile Delta or beyond" and pointing out that it had been Auchinleck's intention to launch an offensive as soon as the Eighth Army was "rested and regrouped".[97] Montgomery was stripped of his honorary citizenship of Montgomery, Alabama, and was challenged to a duel by an Italian officer.[98]
In retirement he publicly supported apartheid after a visit to South Africa in 1962, outraging much British liberal opinion, and after a visit to China declared himself impressed by the Chinese leadership.[99] He spoke out against the legalisation of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, arguing that the Sexual Offences Act 1967 was a "charter for buggery"[100] and that "this sort of thing may be tolerated by the French, but we're British – thank God".[101] Biographer Nigel Hamilton has suggested Montgomery may have been a repressed homosexual;[102] in the late 1940s Montgomery maintained an affectionate friendship with a 12-year-old Swiss boy.[103] One biographer called the friendship "bizarre", although not "improper", and a sign of "pitiful loneliness."[104]
He twice met with Israeli general Moshe Dayan. After an initial meeting in the early 1950s, Montgomery met Dayan again in the 1960s to discuss the Vietnam War, which Dayan was studying. Montgomery was harshly critical of US strategy in Vietnam, which involved deploying large numbers of combat troops, aggressive bombing attacks, and uprooting entire village populations and forcing them into strategic hamlets. Montgomery said that the Americans' most important problem was that they had no clear-cut objective, and allowed local commanders to set military policy. At the end of their meeting, Montgomery asked Dayan to tell the Americans, in his name, that they were "insane".[105]
Montgomery died from unspecified causes in 1976 at his home Isington Mill in Isington, near Alton in Hampshire, aged 88. After his funeral at St George's Chapel, Windsor, Montgomery was interred in Holy Cross churchyard, Binsted.[73] His Garter banner, which hung in St. George's Chapel in Windsor during his lifetime, is now on display in St Mary's, Warwick.[106]
- Montgomery's portrait by Frank O. Salisbury (1945) hangs in the National Portrait Gallery.[107]
- A statue of Montgomery stands outside the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall, alongside those of Field Marshal Lord Slim and Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke.[108]
- Montgomery gave his name to the French commune Colleville-Montgomery in Normandy.[109]
- The Imperial War Museum holds a variety of material relating to Montgomery in its collections. These include Montgomery's Grant command tank (on display in the atrium at the Museum's London branch), his command caravans as used in North West Europe (on display at IWM Duxford), and his papers are held by the Museum's Department of Documents. The Museum maintains a permanent exhibition about Montgomery, entitled Monty: Master of the Battlefield.[110]
- The World Champion Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band from Northern Ireland is named after him.[111]
- Montgomery's Rolls-Royce staff car is on display at the Royal Logistic Corps Museum, Deepcut, Surrey.[112]
- The Montgomery cocktail is a martini mixed at a ratio of 15:1, facetiously named that because Montgomery supposedly refused to go into battle unless his numerical advantage was at least that high.[113] Ironically, following severe internal injuries received in the First World War, Montgomery himself could neither smoke nor drink.[81]
- In the 1998 documentary Live At Aspen during the US Comedy Arts Festival, the British comedy troupe Monty Python explained how they came up with their name, saying that the name Monty "... made us laugh because Monty to us means Lord Montgomery, our great general of the Second World War".[114]
Honours and awards
- Viscountcy (UK, January 1946)[91]
- Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (UK, 1946)[115]
- Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (UK, 1945)[116] KCB – 11 November 1942,[71] CB – 11 July 1940[117]
- Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (UK, 1914)[22]
- Mentioned in Despatches (UK, 17 February 1915, 4 January 1917, 11 December 1917, 20 May 1918, 20 December 1918, 5 July 1919, 15 July 1939, 24 June 1943,[118] 13 January 1944[119])
- Distinguished Service Medal (USA, 1947)[120]
- Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA, 10 August 1943)[74]
- Member of the Order of Victory (USSR, 21 June 1945)[121]
- 1st class of the Order of Suvorov (USSR, 16 January 1947)
- Croix de Guerre (France, 1919)[122]
- Knight of the Order of the Elephant (Denmark, 2 August 1945)[123]
- Grand Commander of the Order of George I (Greece, 20 June 1944)[124]
- Silver Cross (V Class) of the Virtuti Militari (Poland, 31 October 1944)[125]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia, 1947)[126]
- Grand Cordon of the Seal of Solomon (Ethiopia, 1949)[127]
- Grand Officer with Palm of the Order of Leopold II (Belgium, 1947)[128]
- Croix de Guerre 1940 with Palm (Belgium)[128]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (Netherlands, 16 January 1947)[129]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (Norway) (1951)[130]
- Médaille militaire (France, 1958)
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, May 1945)
- War Cross 1939 (Czechoslovakia, 1947)
Viscount Montgomery's ribbons as they would appear today, not including campaign or other awards.
See also
- Afrika Korps
- M. E. Clifton James (Montgomery's double during the war)
- Tex Banwell (another double)
- Irish military diaspora
- Panzer Army Africa
Explanatory notes
- ↑ For a full discussion see Pogue, Forrest C. (1954). "Chapter XX. Winter Counteroffensives". United States Army in World War II. European Theater of Operations: The Supreme Command. Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Army. CMH Pub. 7-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 40729. p. 1504. 9 March 1956. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37983. p. 2663. 10 June 1947. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41182. p. 5545. 20 September 1957. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37589. p. 2665. 31 May 1946. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 42240. p. 24. 30 December 1960. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37826. p. 6236. 20 December 1946. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 43160. p. 9424. 15 November 1963. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 41599. p. 166. 6 January 1959. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ "Viscount Montgomery of Alamein". Desert Island Disks. 20 December 1969. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Various Authors (1969). Illustrated Story of World War II. The Reader's Digest Association. p. 284. ISBN 0-89577-029-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hamilton (entry author). Dictionary of National Biography. XXXVIII. p. 324.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hamilton, p. 3 (1981)
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Hamilton, p. 31 (1981)
- ↑ Hamilton, p. 5 (1981)
- ↑ Chalfont, Arthur Gwynne Jones (1976). Montgomery of Alamein. Atheneum. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-689-10744-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). Alamein: War without hate. Penguin Group. pp. 223–230. ISBN 0-670-91109-7.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hamilton (1981), p. 36
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Heathcote, p. 213
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28178. p. 6762. 18 September 1908. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28382. p. 3996. 7 June 1910. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 The London Gazette: no. 28992. p. 10188. 1 December 1914. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 29080. p. 1833. 23 February 1915. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 Heathcote, p. 214
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30884. p. 10505. 3 September 1918. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ Horne, Photo Plate No 1 after page 100
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31585. p. 12398. 3 October 1919. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31799. p. 2406. 27 February 1920. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ Montgomery (1960), p. 35
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32207. p. 760. 26 January 1921. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ Sheehan, William (2005). British Voices from the Irish War of Independence. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-905172-37-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33083. p. 5972. 11 September 1925. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33128. p. 691. 29 January 1926. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33460. p. 617. 25 January 1929. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ the Peerage,com
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33681. p. 378. 16 January 1931. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34067. p. 4340. 6 July 1934. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34075. p. 4975. 3 August 1934. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34426. p. 5181. 13 August 1937. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34426. p. 5178. 13 August 1937. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34566. p. 6814. 1 November 1938. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 34566. p. 6815. 1 November 1938. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ Heathcote 1999, p. 218,
- ↑ Lord, Walter (1999). The Miracle of Dunkirk. London: TheViking Press. ISBN 1-85326-685-X.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Heathcote, p. 216
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery, p. 64
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery, p. 65
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34909. p. 4660. 26 July 1940. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Mead, p. 303.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35224. p. 4202. 22 July 1941. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35397. p. 7369. 26 December 1941. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
- ↑ Stacey, Charles P. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1966.
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. III, pp. 367–369.
- ↑ Churchill, p. 420. According to J. Toland, Battle: The Story of the Bulge, 1959, p. 157, this conversation was with Churchill's chief of staff Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay, beginning with Montgomery saying to Ismay, "It's a sad thing that a professional soldier can reach the peak of generalship and then suffer a reverse which ruins his career."
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Playfair, Vol. III, p. 370.
- ↑ Barnett, p. 265
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Moorehead, Alan, Montgomery, pp. 118–27 (1946)
- ↑ Caddick-Adams, p. 461
- ↑ "Jim Fraser obituary". The Guardian. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. IV, pp. 546–48
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. III, p. 388.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35746. p. 4481. 13 October 1942. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ Churchill, p. 588
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. IV, pp. 13–14.
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 9.
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 16.
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 78
- ↑ Playfair, Vol. IV, p. 79.
- ↑ Moorehead, pp. 140–41
- ↑ Churchill, p. 591
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35782. p. 4917. 10 November 1942. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ Stout (1956), Chapter 11—Tunisia. The Battle of Medenine
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 73.6 73.7 "Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 1 July 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36125. p. 3579. 6 August 1943. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
- ↑ Mead, p. 306.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Heathcote, p. 217
- ↑ Hart, p. 8
- ↑ D'Este, p. 202 (1983)
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 Weigley, Russell F. (1981). Eisenhower's Lieutenants. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 253. ISBN 0-253-13333-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36680. p. 4055. 29 August 1944. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 Michael Lee Lanning, James F. (FRW) Dunnigan. The Military 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Leaders of All Time. Citadel Press. p. 235.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Patrick Delaforce, The Battle of the Bulge – Hitler's Final Gamble.
- ↑ Heathcote, p. 218
- ↑ Alanbrooke, pp. 418/9, 516, 531, 550 & 638
- ↑ Corrigan, p. 312
- ↑ Alanbrooke, p. 417 to 418
- ↑ Alanbrooke, p. 418
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 Netwerk Televisie-uitzending, Onderscheiding Soldaten? (3 December 2004, Dutch news broadcast).
- ↑ Alanbrooke, p. 720
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Mead, p. 309.
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37407. p. 1. 28 December 1945. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ Mead, p. 109.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 39352. p. 5221. 9 October 1951. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41508. p. 5954. 26 September 1958. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
- ↑ "Sir Winston Churchill Gets The Winkle In Ceremony at Hastings" Pathe News; accessed 10 April 2014.
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 "History of Viscount Montgomery School". Viscount Montgomery School. Retrieved 1 July 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Montgomery 1960, p. 14
- ↑ Per La Repubblica (22 February 1992), the duel challenge actually came from Vincenzo Caputo, a Sicilian lawyer.
- ↑ Heathcote 1999, p. 219
- ↑ Hamilton (2002), p. 169
- ↑ Robert Andrews. The Columbia dictionary of quotations. Columbia University Press. p. 419. ISBN 0-380-70932-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Hamilton (2002), pp. xv–xxii, 167-70
- ↑ Baxter, p. 121
- ↑ Horne, Alistair; Montgomery, David (2009) [1994]. The Lonely Leader: Monty 1944–45. London, UK: Pan. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-330-51001-1.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Moshe Dayan Sounds the Alarm in Vietnam". 15 September 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Garter Banner Location" (PDF). St George's Chapel, Windsor. June 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 1 July 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Statue of "Monty", Whitehall, London Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery". Geolocation. Retrieved 1 July 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "In pictures: Tribute to Montgomery". BBC. Retrieved 1 July 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Monty: Master of the Battlefield". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 1 July 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band history". Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band. Retrieved 1 July 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ RLC Museum publicity leaflet/website.
- ↑ John Taylor (19 October 1987). "The Trouble With Harry's". New York Magazine: 62.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- Ryan, Cornelius (1974). A Bridge Too Far. Hodder. ISBN 0-684-80330-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Schultz, James (1998). A framework for military decision making under risks. Thesis. Air University, Maxwell Airforce Base, Alabama.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Primary sources
- Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2001). Danchev, Alex; Todman, Daniel, eds. War Diaries 1939–1945. London, UK: Phoenix Press. ISBN 1-84212-526-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Brett-James, Anthony (1984). Conversations with Montgomery. Irwin. ISBN 978-0-7183-0531-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Montgomery, Bernard Law (2000) [1972]. A Concise History of Warfare. Wordsworth Military Library. Ware, Herts, UK: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-84022-223-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Montgomery, Bernard Law (1960). The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (paperback edition). London and Glasgow: Fontana.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- Montgomery, Bernard (2008). Brooks, Stephen, ed. Montgomery and the Battle of Normandy: A Selection from the Diaries, Correspondence and Other Papers of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, January to August 1944. Army Records Society series, 27. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-5123-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernard Montgomery.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Bernard Montgomery
- Montgomery and Anglo Polish relations during WWII
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
- Biography of Montgomery, Jewish Virtual Library website; accessed 10 April 2014.
- Profile, desertwar.net; accessed 10 April 2014.
- Viscount Montgomery of Alamein interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs, December 20, 1969
|Military offices
|Preceded by
Geoffrey Raikes
|Commander, 9th Infantry Brigade
5 August 1937 – 28 October 1938
|Succeeded by
William Robb
|New title
Division reformed
|Commander, 8th Infantry Division
28 October 1938 – 23 August 1939
|Succeeded by
Reade Godwin-Austen
|Preceded by
Denis Bernard
|GOC, 3rd (Iron) Division
28 August 1939 – 21 July 1940
|Succeeded by
James Gammell
|Preceded by
Sir Alan Brooke
|GOC, II Corps, British Expeditionary Force
30 May 1940 – 1 June 1940
|Succeeded by
Edmund Osborne
|Preceded by
Sir Claude Auchinleck
|GOC, V Corps
22 July 1940 – 1 April 1941
|Succeeded by
Sir Edmond Schreiber
|Preceded by
Andrew Thorne
|GOC, XII Corps
1 April 1941 – 17 November 1941
|Succeeded by
James Gammell
|Preceded by
Bernard Paget
|GOC-in-C, South-Eastern Command
17 November 1941 – 7 August 1942
|Succeeded by
John Swayne
|Preceded by
Sir Claude Auchinleck
|GOC-in-C, Eighth Army
13 August 1942 – 31 December 1943
|Succeeded by
Sir Oliver Leese
|Preceded by
Sir Bernard Paget
|GOC-in-C, 21st Army Group
January 1944 – August 1945
|Succeeded by
Post Disbanded
|New title
New command
|Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine
|Succeeded by
Sir Richard McCreery
|Preceded by
The Lord Alanbrooke
|Chief of the Imperial General Staff
|Succeeded by
Sir William Slim
|Peerage of the United Kingdom
|New creation
|Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
|Succeeded by
David Montgomery
- Use British English from August 2011
- Infobox military person image param needs updating
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- 1887 births
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- British field marshals of World War II
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text:
Inspired by "Color Cues" from Amy Walsh of
Blue Underground Studios
Quiltmaker: Laura Boehnke
Scraps of assorted bright tone-on-tones (blocks)
18x22" piece (fat quarter) multicolor floral (blocks)
1/2 yard black floral (blocks)
1 yard multicolor print (border, binding)
1/3 yard polka dot (sashing)
1-1/4 yards backing fabric
43x43" batting
Finished quilt: 37x37"
Finished block: 6x8-1/2"
Quantities are for 44/45"-wide, 100% cotton fabrics.
Measurements include 1/4" seam allowances. Sew with right sides together unless otherwise stated. {C}

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Imation Showcases Security Enhanced IronKey™ "PC on a Stick™" Windows 8 Compatible Drives at RSA 201
Imation Showcases Security Enhanced IronKey™ "PC on a Stick™" Windows 8 Compatible Drives at RSA 2013
IronKey Workspace W500 expands mobile workspace family; will feature hardware encryption, additional security for organizations supporting teleworkers, contractors and BYOD strategies
OAKDALE, Minn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Imation Corp. (NYS: IMN) , a global scalable storage and data security company, today announced that it will be demonstrating IronKey™ Workspace W500 during the RSA Conference 2013 at Imation's booth #2425. The IronKey Workspace W500 devices will help companies address both their teleworking needs and their compliance requirements, via enhanced security features including hardware encryption, a rugged metal enclosure and additional security and management options. The IronKey Workspace W500 has passed the Windows Hardware Certification Kit for Windows 8-compatible drives.
Imation's IronKey Workspace family currently includes the Windows To Go certified IronKey Workspace W300, which features high speed and performance with Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption. Having passed the Windows Hardware Certification Kit for Windows To Go compatible drives, the IronKey Workspace W500 is currently undergoing Microsoft Corp.'s rigorous Windows To Go certification process. Following certification, the drives will be available via Imation Mobile Security channel partners.
IronKey Workspace W500 will feature IronKey hardware encryption and a ruggedized metal casing; and options for mass provisioning and device management. The IronKey Workspace W500 also will offer an optional crossover storage feature, which allows the device to be used also as traditional encrypted security-enhanced flash drive, eliminating the need for a second encrypted drive for data transfer.
"Any time you're transporting data, it's critical to consider security," said Lawrence Reusing, Imation's general manager for Mobile Security. "While standard certified Windows To Go devices feature BitLocker drive encryption, Imation's W500 workspace will incorporate valuable advanced security features to strengthen protection of critical data, while taking full advantage of the mobility and flexibility of Windows To Go."
With the continued upsurge in mobile workers, BYOD (bring your own device), and contract employees, companies are coming to grips with a new set of security challenges with corporate data being accessed virtually anytime from anywhere and mobile workers demanding usability as if they are still at their desktop. IronKey Mobile Workspace solutions give IT departments the ability to provide access to a full PC with full functionality, control over deployed environments and enhanced security for user data and the environment.
"The typical flash drive is not designed for the intense level of performance required to run your PC on a Stick, whereas the high performance, enhanced security and rugged construction of IronKey Workspace drives is specifically designed to deliver a fast, smooth Windows 8 Enterprise desktop experience on a wide range of compatible PC devices," Reusing said.
Advancing the IronKey Brand
Learn more about the IronKey Workspace and Imation's full portfolio of IronKey secure USB devices at the new www.ironkey.com. IronKey solutions meet the challenge of protecting today's mobile workforce, featuring USB solutions for data transport and mobile workspaces. The IronKey line includes the world's leading hardware encrypted USB drives, PC on a Stick workspaces for Windows To Go, and cloud-based or on-premise centralized security-enhanced device management solutions. IronKey is the mobile security portfolio of Imation Corp. For more information please visit, www.ironkey.com.
Customers can purchase Imation IronKey drives from Imation Mobile Security channel partners via http://www.ironkey.com/en-US/how-to-buy/, or from our eCommerce store at http://store.imation.com/security.
About Imation
Imation is a global scalable storage and data security company. Our portfolio includes tiered storage and security offerings for business, and products designed to manage audio and video information in the home. Imation reaches customers in more than 100 countries through a powerful global distribution network and well recognized brands. For more information please visit, www.imation.com.
Imation, the Imation logo, IronKey, the IronKey logo, and PC on a Stick are trademarks of Imation Corp. and its subsidiaries. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.
Imation Corp.
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The article Imation Showcases Security Enhanced IronKey™ "PC on a Stick™" Windows 8 Compatible Drives at RSA 2013 originally appeared on Fool.com.Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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text:
Let $M$ be a compact Riemannian manifold and let $T : M \rightarrow M$ be Anosov. I have read here that it is an open problem to prove that $T$ is topologically mixing if $M$ is connected. Katok and Hasselblatt point out that if $(T, \mu)$ is mixing, then the restriction of $T$ to the support of $\mu$ is topologically mixing. Yet I have also read here (among other places) that Axiom A diffeomorphisms (and hence Anosov diffeomorphisms) satisfy exponential decay of correlations, which seems like it implies mixing (take characteristic functions). Still, I see references in the physics literature (which is where I am coming from) to "mixing Anosov maps".
While the Anosov alternative for flows is clear enough, I haven't found a characterization of mixing properties for Anosov diffeomorphisms that sorts out these apparently contradictory statements.
With that in mind, my question is (sort of): under what circumstances is an Anosov diffeomorphism guaranteed to be mixing?


text:
What I want is a environment that lets me create my own "boxes" (or blocks? I keep confusing them...) with the following properties
- They visually couple together a piece of sourcecode and a explanation, possibly a mathematical formula
- They get indexed and named somehow so I can list them in a central directory somewhere
To get a feeling for what I want to place in the box:
\begin{equation}matrix * (x * x\_factor) = right\end{equation}
So its basicly a
\lstinputlisting and a
\begin{equation} ... \end{equation} I want to glue together. But I would prefer not to get nailed into the equation too much, as I might want to use some other explanation then a equation for some piece of sourcecode.
I did a few attempts to solve 1) by kidding around with answers I found here, especially the mdframed package. But how would I define my own command to avoid repeating the style markup over and over again?
For 2) I thought about piggybacking the theorem system. Would that be a viable way to go?
(And sorry for maybe badly mixing up latex terminology. I am currently in the process of learning the benefits of the whole system by taking a deep jump into it and holding on to everything that seems useful to me.)


text:
Ultraviolet (UV) water sterilization is the safe alternative to chlorine for drinking water, storage tanks, ingredient chillers or pools. It is also highly effective in food processing or rainwater recovery systems. In Filtrine's ultraviolet sterilizers, called the Steri Flo series, the UV radiation with a wave length of 2,536 angstrom, is produced from a low pressure mercury lamp.
Model S240-05 UV water sterilizers feature effective germicidal which eliminates micro-organisms; no chemicals or toxic products; low cost operation; easy installation and maintenance. To add removal of 5 micron particles for longer life, consider the Model IL-SF series. For three-stage purification and better tasting water, specify the Model IL-SF-TMS series.
Flow rate is 240 GPM. Destroys bacteria and organic growth.
V Engineering Bulletin
V Catalogs
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*Note that the stainless steel "Soft-Touch" bubbler valve is only available in mirror finish.
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WARRANTY: Filtrine warrants to the original buyer that Filtrine drinking water equipment is free from defects in material and workmanship. The time period is specified in the manual shipped with the equipment.


text:
California Yacht Club Mourns Member Killed in Sail Boat Race
(SAN DIEGO) -- A California yacht club on Sunday mourned the death of one of its members who was killed in a sail boat race over the weekend.
Craig Thomas Williams, a 36-year-old married father, was killed and five crew members were injured when their sailboat, christened Uncontrollabe Urge, lost steering and broke apart in the surf.
"[Williams] was a very integral member at our yacht club and it's a tragic loss," said Carey Storm, the commodore of the Silver Gate Yacht Club.
"To have one of our top racers to go out and for a weekend of a competitive race and have it end in tragedy, the loss of life, the loss of… injuries, the trauma to the entire crew, the loss of the vessel…It's just really difficult," Storm told ABC News' San Diego affiliate.
The Uncontrollable Urge was one of 40 vessels in the annual Islands Race, fighting to make their way along a 139-nautical mile course from Long Beach to San Diego.
A mayday call was issued by crew on board the 30-foot sail boat around 9:26 p.m. Friday after the boat's rudder failed, according to a news release from the U.S. Coast Guard.
"The crew initially stated they were not in need of assistance and declined assistance from both the Coast Guard and other boaters involved in the race. The sailors requested assistance from a commercial salvage company, however they were unable to launch due to weather conditions," the release said.
An attempt to anchor the boat around 11 p.m. failed, the Coast Guard said, and the boat drifted closer to San Clemente Island.
When the boat entered the crashing surf, the sailors were forced to abandon the vessel.
A helicopter crew rescued the six sailors and took them to a Coast Guard station where they were met by paramedics, however, officials said Williams was dead on arrival.
Chuck Hope, commodore of the San Diego Yacht Club, one of the sponsors of the race, said it could have been much worse.
"This was an excellently prepared boat," he said. "The fact that we didn't lose six was a testament to the fact that they did have safety equipment on board. They followed the procedures. It could've been a much worse scenario."
Copyright 2013 ABC News Radio


text:
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text:
Come here to talk about anything related to the shooter game based in Vietnam, Shellshock Nam '67!
why keno mittha bolis re mon...
13th Mar 2015, 20:38
Having technical problems with the game? Come here and someone might be able to help you.
2nd Oct 2013, 12:42
© 2016 SQUARE ENIX LTD. All Rights Reserved
SQUARE ENIX and the SQUARE ENIX logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd.
Square Enix Limited, Registered in England No. 01804186 Registered office: 240 Blackfriars Road, London, SE1 8NW.


text:
There can be no doubt that this year is an irruption year for Red-breasted Nuthatches. Sitta canadensis isn't just irrupting out of its far northern home but exploding southward, with reports in every southern state except for Florida, including birds on the outer banks of North Carolina, on Grand Isle, Louisiana, in a suburb of Atlanta, and on the Gulf Coast of Texas. Bird bloggers from Wisconsin to Massachusetts have noticed the irruption and blogged about it. But just how much have Red-breasted Nuthatches shown up since their irruption started in August? Check out this graph adapted from eBird that shows the frequency of sightings in the United States in 2012 – Red-breasted Nuthatches are showing up on birders' checklists just over sixteen percent of the time!
frequency of Red-breasted Nuthatch sightings in the United States, January-September 2012
But why are the nuthatches irrupting? The usual understanding of why irruptions of birds – from Red-breasted Nuthatches to Snowy Owls – occurs is that there is a shortage of food. No lemmings left in the north? Birders are delighted by Snowy Owls. No cones from which Red-breasted Nuthatches gather seeds? Birders across the United States are delighted by the "yank-yank" of Red-breasted Nuthatches on sixteen percent of their outings.
Red-breasted Nuthatch at Jones Beach State Park, New York
Ron Pittaway's famous winter finch forecast includes some some non-finch irruptives, including Red-breasted Nuthatch. This year's forecast, which, as always, is Ontario-centric, says the following about red nuts:
A widespread irruption of this nuthatch beginning in mid-summer indicated a cone crop failure in the Northeast. Most will leave the eastern half of the province for the winter, but some will probably remain in northwestern Ontario where cone crops are much better.
No cones, no nuthatches – they irrupt! But could the widespread nature of this irruption and the sheer number of birds indicate that something else is going on? The cones that nuthatches are dependent upon are apparently notorious for having a boom-and-bust cycle. If they are a bust this year, as Pittaway indicates that they are at least in Ontario, then last year it is likely that they were booming. This article discusses the heavy cone crop in Maine last year on red spruce, balsam fir, and larch, and Ron Pittaway's forecast from last year said "cone crops are excellent and extensive across much of the boreal forest and the Northeast" and that nuthatches had "very little southward movement."
Red-breasted Nuthatch at Jones Beach State Park, New York
In December of last year Clare Kines wrote a post here on 10,000 Birds about the cause of the massive Snowy Owl irruption many birders were lucky enough to experience. He explained that the irruption was not just caused by the drop in lemming populations that are the main prey of Snowy Owls but by the huge number of lemmings that were around just prior to the bust:
Snowy Owls produce large broods of up to 14 chicks on years when lemmings are plentiful. A brood of nine chicks will be fed something in the order of 1500 lemmings from the time they are hatched until they are independent. Remember that friend of mine that saw 17 breeding pairs of Snowy Owls in a single valley? If they each raised nine owlets, the owlets alone would have eaten over 25,000 lemmings from that valley.
So this was a good summer for lemmings, a very good year. They were everywhere, including a couple of them that inhabited a cage in my house for a while (they were released back where they were caught). They actually make very good pets, becoming very tame quite quickly. And because it was a good year for lemmings it was a very good year for Snowy Owls, who produced large broods. As these broods have grown into juvenile birds there is more and more competition for fewer lemmings and they begin to disperse farther and farther afield, resulting in the irruption that many of you are enjoying now. I think that you'll find that most of the Snowy Owls you are seeing are juveniles.
Do nuthatches have the same boom-type population burst because of good conifer crops? Yes and no, or at least, that is what I theorize. Red-breasted Nuthatches rely on seeds from conifers as a staple when they winter in the far north. Young birds are fed on what all young birds are fed on – lots of protein. Bugs, caterpillars, and other assorted creepy-crawlies are what young nuthatches get from their parents. But when winter came to the far north last year their diet, like their parents' diets, changed to seeds from cones. And because cones were abundant nearly everywhere in their range, they had plenty to eat. And because they had plenty to eat they did not have to travel great distances to find food, which is the most dangerous undertaking a bird, particularly a young bird, experiences. That means there were a lot more nuthatches around this spring to breed and that means that there are lots and lots more nuthatches to irrupt across the United States right now.
Thank a pine cone. Or a spruce cone. Or a larch cone.
Red-breasted Nuthatch at Van Saun Park, New Jersey
I don't want to understate my lack of scientific credentials, which is total. Also, I don't really trust that eBird data for previous irruption years – which seem to indicate that this year is a much larger irruption than past years – is entirely accurate, simply because many more people are using eBird now than in past years and the number and quality of checklists entered into eBird is up. Anecdotal evidence seems to indicate that this irruption year is larger than most but I would like to see some rock-solid empirical data. If anyone has anything further to add, or wants to scold me for my ignorance, please feel free to have at it in the comments.
Red-breasted Nuthatch jumping for joy
They are irrupting to increase the chance of one making it across the Atlantic and into my Heidelberg backyard alive.
In my honest opinion.
I have them in my yard in Destin , Florida
Very friendly they are , especially one that has taken a liken to me !? He waits everyday for me to come out so he can eat. So sweet!
One more reason why everyone should be using eBird vigorously. As Cory rightly says, some of the historical data on eBird is suspect because its uses has blossomed so much in just the last several years. But if we all keep at it by recording all our sightings, the next irruption of RBNU will have comparable data for this year and subsequent "down" years. Citizen science for the win!
Data from bird banding and migration watches (like the morning flight watch in Cape May) might help answer the question of how big this year's irruption is compared to those in past years, but I'm not sure if that data is easily accessible to the general birding public. It would be interesting to see the numbers from those sorts of operations, though.
I've already seen two Red-breasted Nuthatches in my neighborhood this fall (which is quite extraordinary considering that I'd previously only seen one here in the past five years).
I've noticed more in the Boise area this year than ever before. I've been hearing them even in my suburban Meridian, Idaho area, which is usually very limited in the variety of birds. What might this suggest for other winter finches? Bring on the Redpolls and Crossbills!
I think there's already enough eBird data to show the previous irruption. Check out the 2007-2011 graph and look at the end of 2007 and beginning of 2008. Next week could be the peak.
After reading this article a few days ago, I have done a quick tour of my yard after work. Yesterday it was a flock of yellow rumped warblers. Today, there was one red-breasted nuthatch out front. Thanks for the impetus to go looking!
Two years ago, I regularly saw RBNUs at my local (Northern VA) parks, starting in late October and staying around through March-April. Last year there were none. I wondered why, and noticed that there were no new cones on the pines – they all looked dried up. I assumed that any RBNUs that came through had kept on going. This year, there are again no new pine cones on the park trees, but the RBNUs arrived in early September (in great numbers) and are staying around. I doesn't appear that there is a bounty of cone seeds to feed on here either, so I wonder how they will fare? I'd speculate that this might be a population crash year for RBNUs. I hope not, they are one of my favorites.
They are also irrupting on the West Coast — numbers are up from Petaluma through the Santa Cruz area all the way to the Mojave Desert. I just had the first ever for my yard in Barstow, CA.
First ever in my yard in Oak Run, California, and I've been here for 30 years!
According to Birds of North America Online "Southward irruptions typically occur in alternating years for this and other boreal seed-eating birds (Bock, C. E. and L. W. Lepthien. 1972. Winter eruptions of Red-breasted Nuthatches in North America 1950-1970. Am. Birds 26:558-561). Long-term observations at Long Point Bird Observatory in Ontario, Canada corroborate patterns observed at other locations, with irruptions occurring in the following years: 1961, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1986, and 1987."
Oh, by the way Corey, great shots of the Nuthatches! I especially like the first one with the little guy on top of the cone! Here is a graph of the number of RBNUs per 100 party hours of Christmas Bird Counts from 1960 to 1985.
In my South Houston (Pearland) suburb, I have seen lots of RBNU today, 10/20/12, at my bird feeder. The last time we saw any this far south along the Gulf Coast, was about 12-15 years ago. We are Very excited and hope they stay all winter.
Correction to my previous post: the date today is 10/29/12.
Happy to see them at my Oakdale, Long Island NY bird feeder. 🙂 … I discovered his identity here at your website. Thanks!
We've never recorded them here on Dewees Island, and we have hand entered bird surveys from the last 20 years. Only one was ever recorded, in January of 2011. This year there is at least one pair on the island and probably two, with repeated sightings for almost a month. Thanks for all the great info– I am linking to your blog from the DeweesIslandBlog.
Saw several red breasted nuthatches at my feeder today, along with the flocks of chicadees and tufted titmouse. I live in suburban Maryland and didn't see them last year at the feeder. They are very quick – they just grab a sunflower seed and fly away, then return again and again and again…never staying for more than a quick second.
I live in Morehead City, NC and have never had Red Breasted Nuthatches. They are in my bird bath everyday, but I do not have a good count on how many.
Just got my first photos of a Red-breasted Nuthatch today for Buckskin Mountain State Park in Arizona. I thought heard one some weeks ago, but this was my first sighting, and it was in an olive tree.
From Austin Texas 78709: November 2012 – December 2012. Weekend bird observations – on my backyard bird feeder (sunflower seeds from HEB) and environs pairs of Red-breasted Nuthatches every weekend coming to the feeder and slinking up and down the ash junipers for the last six weeks. No more than 2 at a time always accompanied by Carolina Chickadees and Titmice. They appear multiple times throuoghout the day, are easy to approach, and call quite frequently. These sightings can either be of one pair returning or multiple pairs returnng or passing by. Have been living in this location since 2004 and these are the first sightings of this species. Deja vu is this season in the air ater living in Minnesota for 12 years some time ago.-TS
December, 2012, here in Matagorda County, Texas, the Red-breasted Nuthatches started appearing at my Sunflower Seed Feeders right about the time Hurricane Sandy was hitting the Northern States. WOW! This is a new bird! I had to go online to find it's ID since this is an unfamiliar species to the backyard. The regular Chickadees and Titmouse are not particularly happy since the Nutchatches moved in being so numerous. They wait for their chances to sneak in at four feeders, although, I'm happy to have them all! By the way, I am still seeing Hummingbirds, so, also, have to keep those feeders supplied.
Saw a red-breasted nuthatch at our feeders in Springfield, IL on 12/16/2012.
I first sighted these birds two summers ago on an island of the coast of the Lower North Shore of Quebec (Near Labrador) and now they are here by the thousands! This is the first winter we have seen them staying here, and my father just reported to me that farther up here in the woods that he has seen dozens of them dead on the forests floor. My gathering is that they are freezing to death. So sad cause they are a pleasure to watch and they love my homemade suet.
Photographed a red=breasted nuthatch this afternoon, February 2, 2013 in Lee County, VA which is about 20 miles east of Cumberland Gap. First one I have ever seen.
Friends of mine and I documented dozens of these last winter from Cordova to norhtern Mississippi. It would be great to see these return to the region and capture additional images.
An update to the previiously posted note: sightings of Red-breasted Nuthatches have been reported in McKenzie, Tennessee. This is in the northern portion of the state, just southwest of Paris.
© 2013 10,000 Birds. All words, images, and opinions are the property of their respective authors unless stated otherwise.


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One thing I like about Ubuntu is that everything is easy to install. Installing software, in the vast majority of cases, should be as simple as running a single command.
I am very happy to see free Informix Developer Edition software now available as Debian packages for Ubuntu. Packages are available for IDS, CSDK, OAT, and an IDS Demo instance. It makes Ubuntu the easiest platform to install IDS, just run a single command.
These packages have been developed for the Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Long Term Support) release, but can be installed on the latest 9.10 as well (see below).How to add the Ubuntu partner repository as a source (Ubuntu 8.04)
I typically just vi /etc/apt/sources.list and uncomment the line for the partner repository. Then run "apt-get update" to retrieve the new packages lists. A more graphical way is to run the Ubuntu Package Manager and add a repository (click on these images to view larger versions)..
Once the partner repository is enabled you can see the Informix packages in the GUI Ubuntu Package Manager and install them directly:
Alternatively just use the commnand line. E.g. "sudo apt-get install informix-ids":
How to install on Ubuntu 9.10
Being lazy I am copying Alexander Koerner's 9.10 instructions from his Facebook entry (thanks Alex)..
In order to install IDS in Karmic Koala (9.10) you need to a) manually download and install the libstdc++5 from here http://packages.ubuntu.com/jaunty/i386/libstdc++5/download and b) add the Ubuntu 8.04 partner repository (deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu hardy partner) to your preferred Ubuntu installer (e.g. Synaptic). Then select e.g. informix-ids-demo, start the installation and relax... ;-)
I've converted a laptop to Ubuntu 9.10 and like how easy installation and set-up was. I don't miss the early days of Linux when you needed to know about device drivers (ok I do a bit).
See also Alexander's tutorial in German on the Ubuntu users' wiki: http://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Baustelle/Informix, and a brief install guide on Eric's Blog on Informix-Zone.


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Police executives and lawmakers can do several things to lower dual arrest rates and make arrest more effective:
Read on to learn more about the issue and research that led to these recommendations.
Police have been making more arrests in domestic violence incidents. In 2000, about 50 percent of intimate partner violence cases[1] resulted in arrests, compared to 7 to 15 percent in the 1970s and 1980s. Research has revealed that some aspects of the change cause problems: too many victims are arrested and too few cases are accepted by prosecutors.
The problem appears to arise in part from the practice of dual arrests — situations in which police arrest both parties involved in the altercation rather than trying to identify the primary aggressor. About 2 percent of domestic violence incidents result in dual arrests.
The research comes from a study that examined data from National Incident-Based Reporting System[2], and involved a multistate survey of incident records kept by police.
See the full report
Explaining the Prevalence, Context, and Consequences of Dual Arrest in Intimate Partner Cases (pdf, 207 pages).
Findings pointed to the practice recommendations that could improve the effectiveness of arrests, conserve police resources and raise conviction rates.
Next section: Protections Order May Reduce Intimate Partner (Domestic) Violence.
[note 1] These are cases of aggravated assault, simple assault and intimidation that involve spouses, ex-spouses, same-sex couples, and boyfriends and girlfriends.
[note 2]Find more information about the National Incident-Based Reporting System from the FBI.
National Institute of Justice, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531