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Acta Theologica
versão On-line ISSN 2309-9089
versão impressa ISSN 1015-8758
Acta theol. vol.31 supl.15 Bloemfontein Jan. 2011
The spirituality of the Letter to the Galatians
D.F. Tolmie
Prof. D.F. Tolmie, Dean: Faculty of Theology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
The spirituality of the Letter to the Galatians has not received much attention so far. Accordingly, this issue is addressed in this article. After a brief overview of two studies that have already been done in this regard, the focus of this investigation is formulated as the spirituality that comes to expression in the Letter to the Galatians. Of the different approaches available to investigate this matter, the approach of Kees Waaijman is selected. In terms of this approach, two issues are then investigated systematically, namely the divine-human relational process as reflected in the Letter to the Galatians and the transformation process as reflected in the Letter.
Keywords: Biblical Spirituality; Pauline Literature; Letter to the Galatians; Kees Waaijman
Trefwoorde: Bybelse Spiritualiteit; Pauliniese Literatuur; Brief aan die Galasiërs; Kees Waaijman
The approach followed in this investigation of the spirituality of Paul's Letter to the Galatians differs in two ways from the way in which the subject of spirituality is normally approached.
First, it focuses on the Letter to the Galatians in particular. Usually, scholars tend to approach the matter in a broader way, for example by focusing on Pauline spirituality or New Testament spirituality in general.1 It does not happen often that a single letter of Paul, such as Galatians, is the primary focus of attention. In fact, I am aware of only two studies that focus on Galatians in particular: Jean-Jacques Suurmond (2004:647-654) describes the spirituality of Galatians as a spirituality of freedom, which he interprets in terms of the classical mystical way, i.e. purification, enlightenment and union; and Stanley Saunders (2002:162-163) draws attention to the link between apocalyptic eschatology and the spirituality of freedom in this Pauline letter. However, such studies seem to be the exception rather than the rule. Accordingly, there still seems to be room for an investigation of the spirituality of Galatians in particular.
Secondly, in this study, I have opted for a particular approach to the spirituality of Galatians that does not seem to have been followed before. As a point of departure, I have taken Sandra Schneiders's2 threefold distinction of biblical spirituality as referring to (i) "spiritualities that come to expression in the Bible", (ii) "a pattern of Christian life deeply imbued with the spirituality(ies) of the Bible", and (iii) "a transformative process of personal and communal engagement with the biblical text". Whereas Schneiders prefers to concentrate on the third aspect,3 this study will approach the subject in terms of the first aspect, i.e. the spirituality that comes to expression in Galatians.
To begin with: If one wishes to investigate the spirituality that finds ex-pression in Galatians, what should one be looking for? Quite often, the concept of spirituality is closely linked to the notion of experience. For example, Schneiders (2005:15-33)4 links the material object of the discipline to spirituality as an existential phenomenon and its formal object to the experience of the believer(s). In her own words:
Christian spirituality as an academic discipline studies the lived ex-perience of Christian faith, the subjective appropriation of faith and living of discipleship in their individual and corporate actualization(s) (Schneiders 2005:16).
If this definition were to be taken as a guideline, one would focus on the way in which the experience of the believer(s) is reflected in Galatians. However, not everyone agrees with Schneiders that experience should be regarded as the determining characteristic when one studies spirituality. Notably, Kees Waaijman (2002:309) has objected that the notion of experience is not distinctive enough for the purposes of studying spirituality. Instead, he prefers to define spirituality as "the divine-human relational process of transformation" (emphasis DFT), which can be distinguished further in terms of its material object as "the divine-human relational process" and its formal object as "the divine-human transformation" (Waaijman 2002:312). In my view, it would probably be worthwhile to investigate the spirituality of Galatians from the narrower, and more focused, angle proposed by Waaijman. Accordingly, I will attempt to describe the spirituality reflected in this Pauline letter in terms of the framework used by him. The focus falls first on the material object, i.e. the divine-human relational process.
Waaijman (2002:427ff.) highlights three perspectives in this regard, namely (i) the divine reality, (ii) the human reality, and (iii) the relation between these two. In his discussion of divine reality, he focuses paradigmatically on the divine name Yahweh, drawing attention to the way in which it signifies divine presence ("Be-er"); Yahweh as liberator; the process whereby, in time, a distinction was made between God and non-God; and, finally, how the exile reduced Yahwism to its core: "He is there - though we do not know how" (Waaijman 2002:434). Human reality is described from the perspective of the concept nephesh, i.e. in terms of the fact that it delimits what is particularly one's own, that it is needy and sensitive, indicates life's core, is the personal self-manifestation of the I, can "move", can rest in the other and can be given for another. The third issue, the relation between the divine and human reality, is described in terms of the Imago Dei motif, which is then explained in terms of four relational moments: humanity as the adumbration of God, as God's representative, as pupils of God and as his covenant partner. I do not intend to merely project the aspects identified by Waaijman onto Galatians, but, instead, to use them to provide an indication of what one would typically be looking for when approaching the letter from such a perspective. Accordingly, I shall focus primarily on the three broad categories Waaijman has identified, i.e. the divine and the human realities as they are portrayed in Galatians, as well as the relation between them. For practical reasons, I begin with the way in which human reality is portrayed in the letter.
To my mind, the most characteristic aspect of the portrayal of human reality in Galatians is that humanity is depicted as being trapped in a situation of spiritual submission or bondage. In other words, humanity needs to be spiritually liberated. The following three examples may serve as illustrations of this:
Right at the beginning of the letter, Paul refers to humanity as being in need of deliverance "from the present evil age" (... ; 1:4). The eschatological framework should be noted: "the present evil age" implies another "age" which one could call "the coming age."5 Important for our investigation is the way in which the present age is described: it is dominated by "evil" and, accordingly, humanity finds itself in a position of spiritual submission to it. As Louis Martyn (1997:97) puts it, "The human plight consists fundamentally of enslavement to supra-human powers." From this situation, humanity needs to be "delivered" - the Greek word indicates that one is set free or rescued from the power of something,6 in this instance from the power of the present evil age.
A second example is found in Galatians 4:3 (cf. also 4:9), where the situation of spiritual bondage is described as "slavery to the elements of the world" (). Paul uses the concept in a figurative sense to denote elementary and restrictive religious practices to which humanity was enslaved before Christ came.7 The metaphor he chooses is broad enough to cover both Judaism and other forms of religion (Hartman 1993:146). In this context, he alludes particularly to the situation of the Jewish people, since he refers to those enslaved as people under the law (4:5). In the next paragraph, however, he also refers to the Galatians, who earlier had been "in bondage to beings that were by nature no gods at all", as being inclined to return to the elements of the world. Thus, Paul regards the situation of humanity in general as that of slavery to these elements.
A third illustration of this notion is the fact that Paul uses the word "under" () several times in his letter to depict the condition of spiritual bondage. Apart from the expression "under the elements of the world" discussed in the previous paragraph,8 he also depicts the situation "under" the law in 3:23-25 as that of being "under" a Although the figure of a is not necessarily negative in itself, the way in which Paul uses it here is, indeed, decidedly negative, as it depicts the condition of those under the law as a (temporary) situation of captivity.9 In the same context, the situation under the law (10 is used again) is also described as a situation of "confinement" and of "being restrained" (3:23: ). The verb Paul uses in this instance means "to hold in custody/confine" (BDAG, ; thus, it metaphorically depicts the situation as being similar to that of being in prison/custody. In the previous verse, Paul uses the same metaphor to depict the condition of humanity in general11 in similar negative terms: Scripture has confined everything "under sin".
This brings us to the second issue, namely how the divine reality is portrayed in Galatians. In this regard, the primary emphasis in the letter correlates to the way in which humanity is portrayed in the letter.12 Whereas humanity is depicted primarily in terms of spiritual bondage, God is primarily depicted as the one who sets humanity free from that bondage, i.e. God is the one who liberates humanity spiritually. This notion is conveyed throughout the letter by means of various metaphors and statements. One of these has already been discussed above, namely that it was God's will to "deliver" () humanity from its plight. Some of the others include the following: God "calls" people "in the grace of Christ" (1:6), he "justifies" them (2:16ff.), provides them with the Spirit (3:5; 4:6), uses Christ to "redeem" them from the curse of the law (3:13), "blesses" them (3:14), "adopts" them as children (4:5; cf. also 3:26), makes them his heirs (4:7), "knows" them (4:9), "liberates" them (5:1) and "creates anew" (6:17). It is not possible to discuss each of these metaphors or statements in detail here,13 but, in general, it might be said that underlying almost all of these is the notion of God as the one who brings about a total reversal in the situation of humanity, not only in the sense that the spiritual bondage of a particular individual or group of individuals is changed, but also in a cosmic sense, as indicated by Paul's reference to a "new creation".14 Thus, one could summarise Paul's depiction of the divine reality in Galatians in terms of the notion of God as Liberator. This notion is also one of the central ideas highlighted by Waaijman (2002:432) in his discussion of Yahweh, but it should be noted that in the Old Testament, the notion of liberation is linked mostly to physical liberation, i.e. in terms of living space, whereas in Galatians it is understood primarily in the sense of spiritual liberation.
The third issue to be investigated is how the relation between divine reality and human reality is portrayed in Galatians. As I have indicated above, in his discussion of the Imago Dei concept, Waaijman identifies four possible types of relation: humanity as the adumbration of God, as God's representative, as pupils of God and as covenant partner. Interestingly enough, not one of these aspects plays a dominant role in Galatians. Instead, the relationship can be described by means of the concept of humanity as the beneficiary of God, in the sense that humanity benefits from the total reversal in its situation brought about by God. If one were to try to find a Pauline word to characterise this relation, one could hardly choose a better word than (for example, in 2:21) - the word, as Jimmy Dunn (1995:31) points out, which Paul made one of the most significant words in the Christian vocabulary,
... the word which more than any other encapsulates the attitude and activity of God as expressed in the gospel - God's "favour to men contrary to their deserts".15 To be noted is the fact that, in Paul's usage, it is not merely a disposition in God, but something dynamic, the generous output of his power to achieve what is best for his creation.
It should be noted that only one of the four aspects identified by Waaijman, namely that of humankind as the representative of God, actually plays a role in Galatians to some extent, although to a lesser degree than that of humanity as the beneficiary of God. In particular, this notion is linked to Paul himself, who portrays himself in the letter as an apostle, i.e. a representative of God, albeit in a different way.16 This happens especially in the first two chapters of the letter, where the notion of divine authorisation forms the backbone of Paul's rhetorical strategy.17 Thus, in terms of the issue of divine-human relations, this aspect does in fact receive attention in the letter, although it is not portrayed specifically in the letter as being characteristic of the relation between believers and God in general.
In his discussion of the transformation process, Waaijman (2002:456-481) distinguishes five layers, namely (i) transformation in creation; (ii) transformation in recreation; (iii) transformation in conformity; (iv) transformation in love and (v) transformation in glory.
How is the transformation process reflected in Galatians? In the foregoing discussion of the material object of spirituality in the letter, this matter has already been touched upon to some extent, since, as I have indicated, the various metaphors and statements highlighted all refer to a radical status reversal brought about by God. Although the various metaphors/statements portray this status reversal in different ways, they generally depict a form of transformation brought about by God. For example, the notion of "deliverance" (; 1:4) denotes the transformation from a situation of submission to the present evil age to a situation of experiencing the spiritual liberty of the coming age; being called "in the grace of Christ" (1:6) denotes a transformation from being outside the sphere of God's grace to being brought into it; "redemption" in 3:13 denotes a transformation from being cursed by God to a situation where people receive the blessing of Abraham and the promised Spirit, whereas it is used in 4:6 in the context of a transformation from slavery to the elements of the world to adoption as children and receiving the Holy Spirit.
Two further remarks need to be made in this regard. First, it is important to realise that, underlying all the metaphors and statements referring to the transformation brought about by God, there is a broad eschatological framework according to which history is divided into the period before and the period after the coming of Christ. The transformation brought about by God is fundamentally linked to the coming of Christ. In this regard, one can point to Paul's use of the expression "the fullness of time" in Galatians 4:1-7, where the transformation of humanity is clearly linked to the coming of Christ: God had set a specific time in history to "send" Christ to the world, and this became the moment of spiritual liberation.
Secondly, one can surmise that the believers in Galatia experienced the transformation, as it is explained above, in the real sense of the word, as a life-changing event: Hearing the gospel and being converted had a tremendous impact on their lives. This is reflected in Galatians 3:1-5, where Paul reminds the Galatians of their receiving of the Spirit, which caused them to experience18 many things (3:4), including the working of miracles19 (3:5). To this should be added their experience of an event such as baptism (reflected in Galatians 3:27-29), which was not the empty ritual that it has often become in our times, but which was experienced as a life-transforming event.20
To provide a more detailed picture of the nature of the transformation process reflected in Galatians, two further issues need to be investigated:
First, it is important to take note that the letter portrays Paul as one who has been transformed by God, in particular in Galatians 1:11-24. In this section, Paul recounts events from his life to prove the divine origin of his gospel. He portrays his life in Judaism in a hyperbolic fashion: how he persecuted the church of God, attempting to destroy it, and advancing beyond many of his own age in his extreme zeal for the traditions of his forefathers (1:13-14). I have argued elsewhere that the way in which he describes his earlier life in Judaism might be aimed at showing that such a fanatical person could be changed only by divine intervention (see Tolmie 2005a:56). Be that as it may, in the next verses, the transformation that took place in his life is described explicitly as having been caused by divine intervention: God had set him apart before he was born, had called him through his grace and had revealed his Son "in" him (). Scholars tend to contrast two possible interpretations of the words : "in me" (with the emphasis on an internal experience) versus "to me" (interpreting these words as being equal to a dative, with more emphasis on the occurrence of an external event).21 Perhaps the sharp distinction that we draw nowadays between "external" and "internal" in a case such as this was not shared by Paul, which would mean that one does not necessarily have to choose between the two. For our investigation, the important issue is that the transformation that took place in his life was the result of the revelation of the resurrected Christ in and to him:22 By this event, he was transformed from a zealous fanatic attempting to destroy the church of God into a person who had a mission to preach the gospel about God's Son to the Gentiles (1:16).
Furthermore, the superb way in which Paul portrays the transformation that took place in his23 life in Galatians 2:19-20, should not go unnoticed. He achieves this by means of the striking metaphors of dying and living:
On the one hand, the transformation process is portrayed as a process of dying: a dying through the law (in the sense that Paul participates in Christ's death - a death in which the law played a role by pronouncing a curse on him24 - Galatians 3:13), a dying to the law (in the sense of the law having no power over him anymore25), a being crucified with Christ (in the sense of a continuous state of being incorporated into the crucifixion of Christ26) and a dying of his "I", the "old" focus of his personality. On the other hand, the transformation is depicted as a different, new way of living: living for God, having Christ living in him, and living in faith. The transformed life is thus viewed primarily in terms of Christ: a life with him, a life characterised by faith in him, and a life indwelt by him.27 Although Paul does not mention it explicitly, the underlying assumption is that Christ is present in believers through the Spirit.28
Secondly, it should be pointed out that, in Galatians, transformation is also depicted explicitly as an ongoing process. This becomes particularly clear when one focuses on the way in which Paul depicts the situation in which the Galatian believers found themselves at the time. Paul views the radical reversal of status that God brought about in their lives as only the beginning of a process of transformation - a process that can sometimes go horribly wrong, as the mere existence of the letter itself proves. In terms of Paul's frame of reference, this factor may be expounded as follows: It may happen that those who have been liberated from "the elements of the world" turn back to those elements, wanting to be enslaved again (4:9). Furthermore, it may happen that those who have been liberated by Christ submit to spiritual slavery again (5:1). Indeed, people who have been spiritually liberated may then go on to abuse their liberty as an opportunity for the flesh (5:13). They may even reach a situation in which Christ is of no benefit to them at all (5:2); they may fall away from grace (5:4)!
From this, it can be deduced that Paul never views the transformation he envisages in Galatians as a once-off process. Being delivered from the present evil age, being called into the grace of Christ, being justified, being adopted as children of God, etc. - all this is only the beginning of a long, gradual process that can indeed be described as a "long-drawn-out affair" (Dunn 1995:240).
That this is the case can be seen from Paul's passionate wish expressed in Galatians 4:19: For the purposes of our investigation, two aspects should be noted: First, the striking metaphor that Paul uses clearly indicates transformation as a process. The word is used here in the sense of the formation of an embryo (BAGD, . Thus, transformation is portrayed metaphorically as a process in which believers bear Christ as a foetus within them29 - during which he slowly develops inside them in the same way as the process in which a foetus develops. Secondly, the goal of the process of transformation is linked clearly to Christ: The process reaches its completion when he has taken shape in/among30 the believers.
What does Christ's taking shape in believers mean in practice? The cryptic way in which Paul refers to this does not make it easy to grasp what he has in mind. This has given rise to several ways of interpreting this notion. For example, it has been variously described as pertaining to spiritual maturation, moral formation, the formation of the right understanding of Christ (in a doctrinal sense) and as believers' crucifixion with Christ.31 To my mind, one should be careful not to interpret the phrase too abstractly. Paul was not writing a systematic theology or a general introduction to Christian spirituality. He had a very specific context in mind, i.e. the concrete situation in Galatia where the results of his mission work were on the brink of disappearing. What did it mean concretely for Christ to take shape in believers in that situation? To my mind, the literary context of 4:19 provides valuable clues, in particular the contrast "good/not good" in the previous two verses (v. 18: ; v. 17: ) which refers to particular forms of behaviour within the congregations in Galatia.32 The contrast between "good" and "not good" also calls to mind the contrast between the fruit of the Spirit and the works of the flesh in the next chapter. Since the identification of the Spirit and the risen Christ is one of the basic axioms of Pauline theology,33 it might be best to interpret the notion of Christ taking shape as referring to a life in the Spirit - albeit not in terms of an esoteric doctrine, but rather as something very practical. The Galatians had received the Spirit when they were liberated spiritually (3:1-5) and should now be guided by the Spirit in everyday life. This would entail a life of concrete choices: of not doing what the old "I" wanted to do, but being guided by the Spirit in practical terms, choosing against the flesh (5:16-23) - in other words, a life in which one does not abuse the spiritual liberty that one received when one was spiritually liberated, but a life in which one becomes a slave of love (5:13), a life that concretely shows the fruit of the Spirit: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control ...
I trust that I have managed to do justice to both Paul and Waaijman in this study, at least to some extent. Hopefully, this study has also shown the benefit of approaching spirituality in a particular biblical book, not from the wider angle of experience, but from the more specific angle of transformation proposed by Waaijman. If more biblical books could be investigated from this particular perspective, it is possible that one would be able to not only compare various books and corpi in the Bible more effectively with a view to identifying overlaps, differences and underlying notions with more accuracy, but also, in the end, to provide a more variegated perspective on biblical spirituality.
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Fee, G.D. 2000. Listening to the Spirit in the text. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. [ Links ]
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This article is based upon research supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa.
1 See, for example, Grossouw (1961:87-153); Bouyer (1963:58-89); Marshall (1996:96-116); Fee (2000:33-47), and Rensberger (2002:98-109).
2 Schneiders (2002:134-135). See also Donahue (2006:93-97). In an earlier article, Schneiders's threefold distinction with regard to Biblical spirituality is set out somewhat differently. See Schneiders (1997:70):
Biblical spirituality, then, can refer to the spiritualities witnessed to in biblical texts (life and literature), the lived spiritualities generated by the engagement of believers with the biblical text (life), or the spiritualities incorporated into or inculcated by the texts of spirituality that have been written since biblical times (literature) (Schneiders's emphasis).
Take note that Schneiders also makes a threefold distinction in her discussion of approaches to Christian Spirituality as a discipline, namely between a historical, a theological and an anthropological approach. See Schneiders (2005:19-29).
3 See Schneiders (2002:133-142), as well as Schneiders (1997:70). See also Green (2006:72-83).
4 See also her description of the relationship between the spirituality and the theology of the Fourth Gospel:
In other words, it was a particular lived experience of union with God in the risen Jesus through his gift of the Spirit/Paraclete within the believing community (spirituality) that gave rise gradually to a particular articulated understanding of the Christian faith (theology) (Schneiders 2003:48; her emphasis).
Some examples of other scholars who also link the notion of spirituality to experience in one way or another are as follows: Principe (1983:139): "Spirituality, in this author's opinion, points to those aspects of a person's living a faith or commitment that concern his or her striving to attain the highest ideal or goal"; Marshall (1996:98): "Spiritual experience embraces the whole of life and works itself out in all the manifold activities of life"; Gorman (2000:3): "... the experience of God's love and grace in daily life"; Rensberger (2007:102): "... the experiences of a life lived in relationship with God, and the practices that constitute and sustain that relationship". Fee (2000:35-37) links the notion of spirituality closely to experiencing the presence of the Spirit.
5 This eschatological framework is discussed in more detail in many commentaries. See, for example, Mussner (1977:51) and Dunn (1995:36ff.). Take note that Paul does not explicitly use the term "coming age" here or elsewhere in his letters, but the fact that he often refers to "this age" indicates the eschatological dualism clearly. See Martyn (1997:98).
6 See, for example, Bauer et al. (2000) (hereafter BDAG) and Longenecker (1990:7).
7 The word was normally used in antiquity to refer to the basic elements that were assumed to form the cosmos (namely, fire, water, earth and air). See, for example, the discussion by Schweizer (1988:455-468). However, Paul uses it in a figurative sense in Galatians.
8 Take note that Paul also uses the word "under" to express two other concepts in the context of 4:3: "under" guardians and trustees (4:2: ) and "under" the law (4:5:).
9 For a detailed discussion of this matter, see Tolmie (2005a:139-143).
10 and the accusative are used to indicate a situation "[u]nter der Gewalt und Herrschaft des Gesetzes" (Eckstein 1996:214).
11 This is implied by See Longenecker (1990:144).
12 In this study, I have concentrated on the issues that receive the most emphasis in this regard in Galatians. Of course, much more is said about God in the letter, for example that he shows no partiality (2:6) and works miracles (3:5). It should also be noted that God is depicted not only as loving and caring, but also as a God who punishes, for example in terms of the twofold curse in 1:8-9; or in 5:10, where Paul indicates that those who trouble the Galatians will have to bear God's judgement. Other examples: God is depicted as a God who will not tolerate being mocked and who will cause those who sow in their own flesh, to reap corruption (6:7-8).
13 I have discussed some of these metaphors elsewhere. See Tolmie (2005b:247-270).
14 By means of this expression, Paul refers to the "radical, uncompromising newness" (Martyn 1997:565) that has been brought about by God. The "newness" that Paul has in mind here should not be restricted to a mere individual anthropological newness that believers experience individually. Paul is thinking in broader terms: The old evil age was replaced by the new age; the old creation by the new creation (Martyn 1997:98). As Tom Wright (2005:114) puts it:
[T]he crucifixion of the Messiah means that everything has been turned inside out, not simply his own self, not simply Israel, but the entire cosmos .... Paul is not just speaking of the individual Christian as new creation, though of course that is true as well, but of the entire renewal of the cosmos in which the Christian is invited to be a participant, in the sense both of beneficiary and of agent.
15 Dunn here quotes Lightfoot (1921:424).
16 In Galatians, the notion of Paul as God's representative is linked primarily to the gospel, whereas in the Old Testament it is used in a more general sense, for example by presenting the king as the representative of God in the sense of the embodiment of God's compassion, purity and spiritual oneness. See Waaijman (2002:449-450).
17 Rhetorically speaking, Paul's first objective in the letter is to convince the audience that he was called by God, and that he received his gospel from God. This notion of divine authorisation dominates Galatians 1:1-2:10: In Galatians 1:1-5 Paul adapts the salutation of the letter to emphasise the divine origin of his apostleship. The notion that he wishes to convey here may be summarised as: "I received my apostleship and gospel from God." In Galatians 1:11-24, his objective is to prove the divine origin of his gospel. In this case, the primary notion that he wishes to convey is: "My biography proves that I received my apostleship and gospel from God." In Galatians 2:1-10, his primary objective is to prove the acknowledgement of the content and origin of his gospel by the authorities in Jerusalem. The primary notion in this instance could be summarised as follows: "Even Jerusalem has acknowledged the fact that God called me to be an apostle and that I received my gospel from him."
18 Paul uses the word . Although the word is normally used in the New Testament and the LXX to indicate suffering (Longenecker 1990:104), it cannot be understood in a negative sense in this instance, since - as Silva (1996:57-58) points out - such an interpretation does not seem to match the context in this case, and, furthermore, there are no indications in the rest of the letter that the Galatians actually suffered for their faith. Accordingly, it is best to understand it in the sense of "experiencing something" (thus also BDAG, ).
19 Paul uses the word which definitely refers to miracles in this instance. See Schreiber (1996:192).
20 As Schnelle (2003:317-318) puts it:
Die durch die Taufe gewährte Statusveränderung schlieβt eine Transformation der realen Sozialbeziehungen mit ein! ... Die rituell kon- stituierte Christusgemeinschaft eröffnet nicht nur ein neues Wirklich- keitsverständnis, sondern schafft eine neue Wirklichkeit, die glei- chermaβen die kognitiven, emotionalen und pragmatischen Dimen-sionen menschlicher Existenz umfasst. (Schnelle's emphasis.)
21 See, for example, Mussner (1977:86-87), Martyn (1997:158) and Fee (2007:174-176). Lightfoot (1921:83) interprets the phrase as indicating that God revealed himself to others through Paul; however, this does not seem to be the focal point in this instance.
22 If one defines "mysticism" broadly as the experience of God, this event should be described as a mystical event. See Luz (2004:131-143). As Luz rightly points out, depending on the definition of mysticism that one accepts, "Paul is completely, partly, or at the extremes, not at all a mystic" (p. 134.) On the reluctance of New Testament scholarship in general to describe Paul as a mystic, see Dunn (1998:390-396).
23 I interpret the "I" first as referring to Paul, in the context of his own experience, but also as referring to believers in a generalised sense.
24 Amongst others, see Martyn (1997:257).
25 Amongst others, see Dunn (1995:143).
26 Amongst others, see Schnelle (2007:221). The German word that Schnelle uses is "Einbeziehung".
27 If "mysticism" is understood in terms of the broad definition provided in footnote 23, the indwelling of Christ in the believer described here is to be regarded as a mystical experience. In this regard, see Luz (2004:139, part 3). In the following section (part 4), Luz correctly points out the "democratic" nature of Pauline mysticism:
'Mystical' expressions are to be found in Paul where he interprets those experiences which are constitutive of the faith of all Christians, and not where he interprets the particular experiences of individuals which mark these out from other people (p. 140, Luz's emphasis).
28 In this regard, for example, see Betz (1979:124) and Eckstein (1996:72).
29 Longenecker (1990:195). Gaventa (1990:189-201) rightly points out the es-chatological context of 4:19.
30 can mean either "within you" or "among you". Betz (1979:235) might be correct in his assumption that Paul maintains both concepts at the same time.
31 See the overview by Gaventa (1990:194). The last option outlined above represents Gaventa's own view. The first three interpretations are advocated respectively by Burton, Lietzmann and Müssner. Martyn (1997:430-431) interprets the Christ who is to be formed as the Christ in whom there is neither Jew nor Gentile. Eastman (2007:109) agrees with Martyn, but argues that the notion of suffering should be added to this.
32 In v. 17, Paul accuses his opponents in Galatia of not striving/"courting" in a good manner, and in v. 18 he reminds the Galatians that it is "good" always to strive/court "in a good way". In the previous verses, Paul also reminds the Galatians of the positive way in which they acted towards him when he visited them for the first time: despite his illness, they did not reject him, but received him as an angel of God, as Christ himself (v. 14), and would have "plucked out their eyes" for him (v. 15).
33 Thus, correctly, Luz (2004:136). As Luz (following Dunn 1998:264) also points out, this should not be interpreted as a static identity, but as an identity of effect.


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Taking TEI Further: Teaching and Publication
Starting in spring 2012, the WWP has a grant from the NEH Institutes in Advanced Topics in Digital Humanities for a series of nine advanced seminars on using the Text Encoding Initiative (a standard for the representation of texts in digital form) to be held in 2012-2014 at Brown University (2012 and 2013) and Northeastern University (2014). Travel funding will be available for participants.
This advanced seminar series focuses on three topics, each of which will be offered once in 2014: 1) TEI Customization: Developing Custom Schemas with TEI 2) Publishing and Transforming TEI Data: XSLT for Digital Humanities Projects 3) Teaching with TEI: Text Encoding in the Humanities Classroom
Funding Information: Details About This Grant
Project Director(s)
Funded through the Office of Digital Humanities

subset: commoncrawl


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The Modern Architecture Game: Are You Up To The Challenege? [Video]
Greatest architects, famous buildings and legendary quotes-these are just some of the modern architecture fields you will have to discover and overcome in the questions addressed by The Modern Architecture Game. Developed by Next Architects, this captivating means of socializing tests your knowledge, with no less than 1000 modern architecture questions. According to Next, "The Modern Architecture Game is the second edition of the architecture game. The first edition was launched on 30 August 1999. It was the first project collaboration involving the four partners at NEXT architects and was distributed in the private environment of Delft University of Technology. Ten years later, we\'ve produced a revised version of the game, analytically unravelled and improved. This edition is an international version, in the sense that it is produced in English, but also that the questions range right across the breadth of modern world history".
The purpose of the game is to reach the middle of the board, before anybody else does. This is possible by answering all the questions correctly: "Give a wrong answer, and the infamous round glasses of Le Corbusier are passed on to the next player." The design of the game was paid special attention, as the game pins are all inspired by famous modern buildings, and the board has a smooth, black construction drawing. Be sure to check out the video below for the game trailer and tell us if you are ready to take the challenge.


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Farmyard Animals - Boys Personalised Clocks
This fun collection of well loved farmyard animals makes a fabulous bedroom or nursery clock for little boys and its educational too! The names of the animals are written around the outside so that your child can learn to identify and spell them!
Can be personalised with up to 11 letters in the name
11" (28cm) in diameter
The design is printed and the print then laminated onto a wooden base to make a clock, after which they are personalised by me, by hand.
Battery not supplied


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The 3500 Calorie Rule
Thank you, this is an amazingly useful article to try and explain how calories and weightloss work.
Yeah, lots of really interesting stuff in there. Some stuff that I'm sure is referenced in other articles that I probably missed or didn't understand that now make sense to me. I thought particularly interesting was the 10/90 LBM/Fat loss example, which really drives home a point I've seen in other articles (about how weight loss centers have an incentive to have you lose LBM, since a small deficit can lead to a larger scale weight loss) but didn't entirely understand.
Also, the point about how much water tags along with stored carbs was interesting. This is a major "duh," but one of the parts that was confusing to me relates to the fact that for purposes of figuring out what a particular quantity of nutrient means for purposes of weight loss, there's usually a lot of conversion involving the energy stored. So, like you know 100 grams of fat is around 900 calories, and then the question is "what does that mean," and you have to convert energy to mass in the body, which we now learn depends on the kind of tissue one is talking about, etc. So, while I've probably read before that a gram of carbs stored in the body carries with it 3 to 4 grams of water, I wasn't entirely sure what that meant, because I thought there was math involved in figuring out "ok, what does 3 to 4 grams of water mean with respect to weight." The "duh" part, after reading the article, is that there is no conversion. A gram of water, obviously, weighs a gram, dummy! So, 100 grams of carbs requires math -- it's 400 calories, and that's the energy equivalent of 400/3500 lbs or so of fat, or 400/700 lbs or so of muscle, or the energy required to raise x litres of water y degrees, or whatever. But the water part is easy -- it carries along when stored about .65 pounds of water, which weighs . . . wait for it: .65 pounds!
Any way, really helpful article.
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Explore Your AreaRestaurants Nightlife Shopping Events Things to Do Jobs Real Estate Photographers Travel Recreation
About Community
Are you always looking for new places to eat? It's easy to fall into a routine of going to the same places for lunch and dinner. However, It's refreshing to try new places and take your tastebuds on an adventure. Whether you're looking for your next cheat meal or perhaps a healthy option, we will be able to help you out with some ideas. Try foods from different cultures and backgrounds and you might find yourself falling in love with foods you may have never tried before. Providing you with insights on deals and the best sports to check out, the foodie community has got you! Check us out next time you decide to head over to your usual spots and you might be surprised at how pleased you are to try something new!
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Examples of Independent Study activities include, but are not limited to, the following:
Traditional Independent Study (IS). Develop an IS plan encompassing a variety of activities, all contributing to achieving the desired learning outcomes under the direction of an ASHA Approved Independent Study Provider (e.g. reading journal articles, observing a master clinician, reviewing case files, an internship/hands-on experience). These experiences might culminate with the learner writing a critical review of the experience, including how participant will incorporate newly acquired skills and knowledge into practice.
Continuing education (CE) activities offered by an organization that is not an ASHA Approved CE Provider. Attend activity offered by an organization that is not an ASHA Approved CE Provider and write a critical review of the experience including ways in which newly acquired skills and knowledge will be incorporated into practice.
Course design and instruction. Develop and present information of clinical significance to a group of peers, allied professionals, and/or laypersons (speech, course, presentation).
Research and publication. Design, implement, and report a study relevant to human communication and disorders.
Journal and/or study groups. Meet with one or more persons at specified times to discuss pre-assigned relevant materials.
Audiotape and/or videotape instruction. Review tapes and write a critical review including ways the newly acquired skills/knowledge will be incorporated into practice. Some ASHA Approved CE Providers offer pre-packaged audio and video offerings (self-studies) for ASHA CEUs. However, if a pre-packaged self-study pertinent to the professions is not offered for ASHA CEUs, the learner can use those materials and along with an ASHA Approved IS Provider develop an IS plan around the use and successful completion of those materials.
Clinical case studies/record review. Select individuals from clinical service files to analyze and produce a final report to be reviewed by the ASHA Approved CE Provider and/or a group of peers that offers a critique of the assessment, recommendations, intervention plan, counseling, and follow-up procedures. The report could include documentation and/or justification from the literature.
Literature review. Review literature on a specified topic and submit a written summary. Consider including critical comments and a plan for incorporating the acquired information into practice.
Professional visitation. Identify experts or master clinicians, and arrange to visit and observe them in their clinical setting. Develop a written report summarizing the experience and describe how the information will impact the delivery of clinical services in the work setting.
Internship. Commit to a period of time working with colleagues who have special skills that would benefit the learner in his/her employment setting.
Other. Devise and implement an Independent Study plan that does not fit any of the above categories under the direction of an ASHA Approved IS Provider.
Independent Study may not be used in the following situations:
Provider-initiated activities. Independent Study cannot be used to offer participants CEUs for a group activity offered by an ASHA Approved CE Provider. If a Provider fails to file an activity within the 7-day pre-activity filing deadline, Independent Study cannot be used as a substitute to offer ASHA CEUs to participants in the activity.
Cooperative CE offerings. ASHA Approved CE Providers should not offer Independent Study services for activities that should have been conducted as cooperative CE offerings or as Provider-initiated activities. Independent Study should not be used to offer CEUs to groups of participants in activities. Organizations that are not ASHA Approved CE Providers but want to offer ASHA CEUs to participants in their continuing education activities should (a) seek a Provider with whom to conduct a cooperative CE offering or (b) apply to be an ASHA Approved CE Provider.
Activities initiated by ASHA CE administrator through ASHA Approved CE Provider. The ASHA CE administrator of the ASHA Approved CE Provider has oversight and is responsible for planning, monitoring, and approving Independent Studies, it would represent a conflict of interest for the ASHA CE administrator to both offer and earn ASHA CEUs for his/her Independent Study. ASHA CE administrators may participate in Independent Study, but they must do so through another ASHA Approved CE Provider and ASHA CE administrator.
By groups. It is inappropriate to use Independent Study to offer ASHA CEUs for a group of learners. Independent Study is intended for an individual's specific learning needs. Even if several participants engage in similar Independent Study endeavors, each participant must have a separate original plan with learning outcomes specific to what that participant will be able to demonstrate as a result of the experience. The CEB will reject plans that appear to be created for groups of learners or that are duplicates. Group activities should be filed as a cooperative CE offering or as a Provider-initiated activity.
For other activities not appropriate for ASHA CEUs. The Independent Study activity must relate to the science or practice of speech-language pathology and/or audiology. For additional information, see Activities for Which ASHA CEUs are Not Intended.
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Archery in Ancient China
Archaeological discoveries proved that archery in China dates back 20,000 years. Practical archery takes three conditions: a bow strong enough to propel arrows, arrows that are sharp enough to kill, and a technique to ensure the stability of arrows in flight. The bow and arrow in ancient China fully met the three conditions. Archaeologists have unearthed finely made arrowheads in a site of the Paleolithic Age in Shanxi Province. Made of stone, the arrowheads were sharp and pointed, and could be mounted on a shaft. No bow was found at the site, since bows were usually made of wood, bamboo and perhaps tendon of animals and could not remain intact for so many years. But the arrowheads were enough to prove the existence of bows.
As for how to keep the arros stable in flight, Kao-Gong-Ji, the earliest work on science and technology in China, writes under the item of THE ARCHER: "Decide the proportions of the shaft to install the feathers. The feathers at the end of the shaft are installed in three directions, and then the arrowhead is mounted. An arrow thus made will not lose its balance even in strong winds." It also says, "When the feathers are too many, the arrows will slow down; when the feathers are too few, the arrow will become unstable." Later on, ancient Chinese developed bronze arrowheads and the crossbow, upgreading archery to a new height.
Picture of using archery with feet in ancient China:


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Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS)
The challenge
Promoting awareness and access to information about World Heritage is the first step towards getting people involved in its conservation. Harnessing the media to disseminate the message about World Heritage values is key to ensuring greater visibility, leading to widespread involvement.
The response
Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) has partnered with the World Heritage Centre to communicate important messages about World Heritage to a large public audience, using television, radio, and other media. TBS strives to support the current generation, and the world they will inherit, in three main areas – the environment, education and social responsibility. The partnership between TBS and the World Heritage Centre is the perfect illustration of the reciprocity of partnerships – by supporting TBS' coverage and access to information and helping them produce top-class materials, the World Heritage Centre in return enjoys the resulting media exposure.
Actions on the ground
Since 1996, a partnership between Tokyo Broadcasting System and the World Heritage Centre has been in effect for the production of documentaries on World Heritage that are broadcast throughout Japan. Originally concluded between the World Heritage Centre and the National Federation of UNESCO Associations in Japan, this has been a direct partnership between TBS and the Centre since 2006. TBS started its documentary program "The World Heritage" at a time before the World Heritage Convention was well known among Japanese public. But the weekly 30-minute program, with its striking images, compelling narration and inspiring music, rapidly generated interest among the Japanese people. The program contributed to increase World Heritage-related tourism, publications as well as television programs, which helped bring about broader understanding and convey the true value of the Convention to a wide public. TBS has completed the broadcast of 800 episodes as of September 2012 and is working towards establishing a "Digital Video Heritage Archive" that will be accessible to generations for years to come.
About TBS
Tokyo Broadcasting System Holdings, Inc. heads the TBS Group, which provides television, radio, satellite broadcasting, and other entertainment services throughout Japan. Established in 1951, TBS is one of the leading private broadcasters in Japan, and is known for its drama, news, and documentary programs. With its 27 television and 33 radio affiliates, TBS' media products are enjoyed in every corner of the nation. "The World Heritage" documentary series has been one of its flagship programmes for the past 17 years.
Partnerships / Activities (1)
Private Media & Entertainment
TBS Television 5-3-6 Akasaka, Minato-ku 107-8006


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What Works in Rich Media Mobile Advertising?
Celtra'sWhat Works in Rich Media Mobile Advertising? infographic provides marketers with a baseline for ad performance, helping them plan successful and effective mobile campaigns.
Celtra Inc, the industry leader for rich media advertising and analytics across mobile devices, has today unveiled a new infographic that highlights front-line advertising industry trends from the company's first quarterly Mobile Rich Media Monitor Report.
The data behind the infographic indicates that a well designed rich media experience that uses a store locator, games or social media has a direct and positive impact on consumer engagement and return on investment. In fact, rich media mobile advertisements drive double-digit engagement rates (12.8 percent on average) across all devices types, platforms and ad placements.
Celtra's infographic hones in on several key metrics including engagement rate, expand rate and click-through rate. The data also provides an in-depth look at ad feature performance for mobile rich media campaigns.
This design is the first in a quarterly series planned by Celtra to be released with their quarterly Rich Media Monitor Report. Each one will highlight a different insight from the information that Celtra publishes in the report.
It's a clear design that walks the reader through the data and the conclusions step-by-step. There's a lot of data included, but the data visualizations are easy to understand.
Thanks to Caitlin for sending in the link!


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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And Cousins rule!!! Finally...
I think they'll be the first boot.
Quote from: Дussie Ҏanda on January 25, 2012, 11:08:54 PMI think they'll be the first boot. Noooooo!
I love these two, and especially Stacy, but I don't have positive vibes...
Loving them so far!
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text: Despite its relationship to the Halo Warthog, the Hummer HX made a pretty big splash at the Detroit Auto Show. One of its coolest features is the front-facing camera that's integrated into the rear-view mirror. Throw in a docking slot to record your off-roading adventures directly to an iPod and you've got something quite cool, indeed. Sure, the HX is obviously very conceptual, but this is a feature that doesn't seem too farfetched. Of course, it's also a feature that may be destined to document tragedy, especially in this YouTube age.


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Media Tagged With: Family_guy
Check out the latest Kicked in the Nuts episodes here. From the writers of Family Guy.
All of the best clips of Stewie being gay.
Well ladies and gentleman, there has been yet another epic battle between Peter and the Chicken. So here it is, with the first two fights included, in their glorious entirety.
Place your bets folks. The family Simpson and the family Griffin are squaring off.
Chuck Norris guest starred in last nights episode. Next week he'll be back to unscramble eggs.
Since the end of the sememster is coming up soon, here is a little advice on how to handle failing your finals from the family Griffin.
The guys tell Peter how he should get his new boss to like him. Should you find yourself under new management, do not do what Peter does.
Chris and the creepy old guy Herbert hang out for some pedophilic humor. This is weird and hilarious.
Peter has a crazy dream that he was eating a sheep. And just for good measure there's a Star Wars reference.
Peter and the guys taunt Joe for not being able to finish his steak. Of course Joe overreacts. Just a little.
Peter Griffin may have been found to exist as an actual human being. A female human being.
Peter makes fart noises whenever someone mentions Meg, because he blames her for losing his job.
That last post reminded me of this clip from Family Guy, where Brian is trying to communicate with a Mexican.
Peter is the host of his own show...Sideboob Hour. Does that turn you on?
Its the talking cars from the Chevron commercial... Only one wants to hump the other one.
Peter and Lois aren't the only couple that has ever had problems. Bickering couples go waaaay back.
Peter goes through a phase where he narrates his own life for two weeks. "I'm going to start doing this," I wrote.
Peter does a favor for the Park Ranger. I guess Yogi won't be bothering any more campers.
Here Brian has a coke problem, and goes into a drug enduced rant. Peter's response is great.
This cow really loves his job. And apparently Peter likes pancakes.
Chris is reaching for milk and gets sucked into...an Aha music video!
Whoever goes the longest without puking gets the last piece of pie in the fridge, after chugging a bottle of ipecac. Great idea Peter.
A compilation of some of the best Stewie scenes. Watch!
Hilarious clip of Cookie Monster hiding cookies in his room while he's in rehab.
Great clip of Peter as Wheel Of Fortune contestant, with a bonus! Mayor Adam West on Jeopardy.
Great clip from Family guy where Peter helps Quagmire fake his death. I laughed until I cried the first time I saw this whole episode.
One of my favorite Family Guy scenes, where Stewie makes fun of Brian about his novel. Laugh. Out. Loud.
Anyone who drives a Hummer is a jerk! And gotta love when cartoon characters say the F-word and get past the FCC sensors! Sarcasm rocks!
One of the downfalls of being a super hero is the fact your one super power tends to leave obvious traces.
An explicit never-before-seen clip from Family Guy. Obviously never made it on air... was only made to create a rise out of producers.
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text: SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) - U.S. sales of videogame software slipped 11% in the month of November from the same period last year, despite the release of blockbuster titles such as "Halo 4" and "Call of Duty: Black Ops 2." According to data from NPD Group released late Thursday, overall sales of game hardware fell 13% during the period, despite the launch of the Wii-U from Nintendo NTDOY, +0.32% in the middle of the month. Activision's ATVI, -3.57% "Black Ops 2" was the top-selling game for the month, followed by "Halo 4" from Microsoft that was available exclusively for the company's Xbox 360 console. Other big seller included "Assassin's Creed III" and "Just Dance 4" from Ubisoft. Electronic Arts EA, -1.81% saw two of its sports titles -- "Madden NFL 13" and "FIFA 13" -- in the top ten list, along with "Need for Speed: Most Wanted."


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Why Is Pizza So Delicious? This Is Why Pizza Is So Delicious
Pizza is the food of the gods. Tell someone you ordered a pizza and there's a 99% chance that person is onboard with the decision. We know it tastes so good, but have you ever wondered just why.


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- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 8 dry lasagna noodles (not no-boil)
- 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 2 cloves garlic, minced
- 1 (10-ounce) box frozen spinach, thawed
- 16 oz. ricotta cheese
- 3/4 cup freshly grated Parmesan, Pecorino Romano, or a combination
- 1 pound pre-shredded mozzarella, shredded (about 4 cups)
- Finely grated zest of 1/2 lemon
- 1/2 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg
- 1/8 teaspoon cayenne
- 1 large egg, beaten
- 2 jars of your favorite tomato sauce
- Bring a large pot of water to a boil over high heat and salt it generously. Add the lasagna noodles and boil, stirring occasionally, until al dente, about 8 to 10 minutes. Drain.
- Meanwhile, heat the olive oil and garlic in a saucepan over medium heat until the garlic begins to brown. Add the spinach, season with salt and pepper and stir until the spinach dries out and the garlic is fragrant, about 3 minutes. Cool.
- Mix the riccotta cheese, Parmesan/Pecorino, 2 cups of the mozzarella cheese, lemon zest, nutmeg, cayenne, and cooled spinach in a bowl. Season with salt and pepper, to taste. Stir in the egg.
- Cover the bottom of a 9 by 13-inch casserole with a thin layer of tomato sauce. Cover with 3 of the noodles placed side-to-side, but not overlapping. Top with a 1/4 of the cheese mixture and about a half cup of tomato sauce. Season lightly with salt and pepper. Repeat to make 2 more layers. Cover lasagna layers with remaining noodles, dollop remaining cheese mixture on top. Drizzle with remaining tomato sauce, then scatter the remaining 2 cups mozzarella on top.
- Bake, uncovered, until the lasagna is hot and bubbly, about 40 to 45 minutes. Let lasagna stand for 10 minutes before serving.
The lemon zest is the key to this recipe - it gives it a fabulous tang!


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There is something truly beautiful that all of us can bring to this world – whether it be the simply human, warm feeling of a hug you give to the little girl in the Bulgarian orphanage that never knew her parents, the smile of deep heartfelt gratitude on a mother's face in Africa, who now can feel safe knowing that her child has something as basic as clean drinking water, or the little boy in the Tibetan community of India, whose heart and eyes light up with hope of the opportunity for a better life from the English lessons you are giving him. Even something that seems like such a small amount of help to you, can be such a huge sigh of relief for those who aren't used to having anyone care about their plight.
We are so lucky in many parts of the world to have most of our basics covered, we can sometimes forget the suffering in other places. When we connect our will to our hearts and understanding of what is right, we can really find the inner strength and willpower to make our world a place with less suffering and more opportunities for everyone. I am a firm believer of this.
Today there are many, many genuinely free volunteer opportunities and organisations that let you do good for the world without lining the pockets of Wall Street executives.
I have separated them into four areas – Africa, Asia, Latin America, and worldwide. Read on to find the opportunity that is right for you.
Continue Reading >> Top 5 Free and Unique Volunteer Opportunities Worldwide


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- Living
- Dining
- Bedroom
- Outdoor
- Office
- Storage
- Lighting
The Onion pendant lamp was designed in the late seventies, and originally known under the name YAMAGIWA. Verner Panton designed it in a form reminiscent of the cross section of an onion, consisting of a large number of metal discs. These hide the light source and at the same time act as reflectors. The Onion pendant comes in two sizes, and is now also available in silver.
|Product Type
|Suspension Lamp
|Verner Panton
|Year of Design
|Country of Origin
|Diam 45 x 69h cm Cord 400 cm
You can send us a message to request more information about this product. Just fill in the form below.


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Online File Storage
With businesses and users being spread across various geographical locations and a vast amount of information stored in the form of documents that need to be shared among users, a central location to store and manage documents is the need of the hour. SkyDesk Docs is an ideal solution for users who work remotely and deal with a large number of files. It allows you to store files in all formats such as images, music, videos, zip, pdf,etc., and keep them organized in folders for easy and quick access.
You can Upload and Store Files in SkyDesk Docs with:
Bulk Uploads: You can add whole folders or multiple individual files and store them in SkyDesk Docs in one go.
Zip/Unzip Files: You can upload zipped files and unzip them in SkyDesk Docs. When the uploaded zip file is extracted, the files inside get unzipped and stored in defined folders.
E-mail In: You can transfer and store files that come as email attachements directly into SkyDesk Docs
Folder and Bulk Upload
SkyDesk Docs allows you to upload multiple files in one go, without breaking a sweat. You can drag and drop folders from your desktop or simply email files from your existing mail accounts to SkyDesk Docs.
Folder Uploads
With the Folder Upload option you don't have to go through the mundane process of selecting individual files within folders to upload, as you will be able to upload whole folders directly from your desktop into SkyDesk Docs. If the folder has sub-folders, then the folders will be created with the same hierarchical folder structure.
Bulk uploads
With the bulk upload option you can upload multiple files, all in one go, into SkyDesk Docs. You can choose documents and files from your desktop, from various folders and from different drives and easily upload them into your preferred folder in SkyDesk Docs.
SkyDesk Docs - 'Email-in' feature allows you to email files from your existing mail accounts directly to your SkyDesk Docs account without the need to login. How does it work? "Email-in" feature in SkyDesk Docs, provides you a secure email address. Documents mailed to this secure email address will be transferred directly to 'My folders' section present in your SkyDesk Docs Account.
SkyDesk Docs 'Email-in' feature also allows you to upload scanned documents directly from printer to your SkyDesk Docs account using the secure email address provided. Once the documents are uploaded in SkyDesk Docs, you can share, edit, send email etc., in SkyDesk Docs.
Also, you can share the email address to your team members to transfer documents to your SkyDesk Docs account. As SkyDesk Docs supports all file formats, the type of files your team members send really doesn't matter much. Instead of downloading the document to desktop and uploading to SkyDesk Docs, using this feature, you can simply email documents.
Benefits of "Email-in"
Document Conversion
Converting documents to different formats could become tiresome when working with huge team. Using SkyDesk Docs, you can export text documents, spreadsheets and presentations to different formats (like PDF, XLS, HTML) in just a click.
You can import files in different formats to your SkyDesk Docs account. Also, it can be exported to the desired format from within SkyDesk Writer. All you need to do is upload the file, select the desired output format, and save it in your system. Also, no third party software installation or sign up is required.
PDF Viewer
From RFPs, resume to e-books - PDFs are a popular format for sharing documents today. SkyDesk Docs with an inbulit PDF viewer, makes it easy to upload and view files without having a PDF viewer installed in your system. You can directly upload the PDF file from your system, and view it from within your SkyDesk Docs account.
The viewer retains the original format of the file, and helps you navigate easily to different pages. You can search for text within the PDF document, and copy any selected text to your clipboard.
Full-text Search
In a business organization there are bound to be a number of documents that are stored and finding a particular document might take up valuable productive time. With SkyDesk Docs you can reduce the time spent on finding the required file as it offers full-text search and tag options that will make it easier for you to locate the file you are looking for.
SkyDesk Docs offers full-text search option, where you can search for a document by either mentioning keywords or phrases contained in the document, making it simpler to identify the document you are searching for. You can search for any file that has text, in any format such as PDFs, excel sheets, presentations etc.


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For prospective new members, a word of warning: don't use common names like Dennis, Simon, or Kenny if you decide to create an account. Spammers have used them all before you and gotten those names flagged in the anti-spam databases. Your account registration will be rejected because of it.Dismiss Notice
Since it has happened MULTIPLE times now, I want to be very clear about this. You do not get to abandon an account and create a new one. You do not get to pass an account to someone else and create a new one. If you do so anyway, you will be banned for creating sockpuppets.Dismiss Notice
If you wish to change your username, please ask via conversation to tehelgee instead of asking via my profile. I'd like to not clutter it up with such requests.Dismiss Notice
Due to the actions of particularly persistent spammers and trolls, we will be banning disposable email addresses from today onward.Dismiss Notice
An option to display times with the 24 hour standard is now available. To change it, go to Preferences > Locale > Language and choose the 'English - 24 Hour Clock' option. If you prefer the 12 hour clock, you don't need to do anything, it's the default.Dismiss Notice
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Don't you trust me?, 119
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SignatureAww, don't make that pouty face... It makes me want to torment you more...
My Active Quests:
Empty Existence [KH/Multicross] Play as a Nobody from kingdom hearts throughout the multiverse.
[NSFW] Of Heroes and Demons A hero? A demon? Oh my!
[NSFW?] GATE/Zoids: Let the war begin!: Tensions rise as a new world opens up between the empire and the republic.


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Study abroad for a semester or for a year is a wonderful opportunity available to all students at Barnard. Financial aid recipients who wish to study abroad should understand fully how the process works to insure that all their expected costs can be covered. We want to make sure that all students can make the most of their experience overseas and to that end,
**All students receiving financial aid who are considering studying abroad must make an appointment with a financial aid officer prior to their departure to discuss their financial aid. **
Application Process
All grant funds at Barnard are awarded based on financial need. The same holds true for students traveling abroad. Students who would like to be considered for financial aid and who plan to study abroad should complete all financial aid documents required for the regular annual application process. Please remember you will have to submit financial aid documentation for the following year if you are abroad in the spring term.
Please note that only students who are enrolled in a Barnard approved study abroad program during the academic year can receive financial aid (grants and/or loans) from Barnard, if eligible. Students who attend a program abroad that is not approved by Barnard for degree credit, cannot receive any transfer credits or financial aid from Barnard for that time.
Financial Aid Budget
Barnard creates a budget for all students who are awarded financial aid. The budgets below are our estimate of what each student needs to cover her tuition, room, board, and basic expenses over a nine-month period. In most cases, we use the same figures for study abroad as we do for study at Barnard. If your program's estimated living expenses are significantly lower than the living expenses listed below, we will reduce your budget to reflect the lower estimate. To plan your trip (and to have your study abroad approved by financial aid) you will need to find out your program's estimated room and board charges and bring them to your required meeting with financial aid. Barnard grants cannot be increased to cover higher living expenses abroad--though students are eligible to borrow increased amounts for additional living expenses.
|One Semester Abroad
One Year Abroad
|maximum of $7,568
|maximum of $15,135
|Total Budget:
Barnard travel allowances are based on one trip home from New York plus overseas travel allowances listed below.
Australia and New Zealand
Asia (including India) and Russia
Western Europe and the United Kingdom
Eastern Europe
South America
Central America
Middle East
Caribbean & Mexico
Cities in the 21st Century
|(Check program each term) $4,300
These are Barnard's estimates of your expenses and all Barnard grant aid is based on these 2018-2019 budgets.
Personal Budgets
Although Barnard establishes a financial aid budget for each student, everyone has special trips they would like to take, or special experiences they would like to have while abroad. In order to insure that finances are well managed, we encourage each student to establish her own personal budget for her time abroad.
All students studying abroad in a Barnard approved program are charged Barnard tuition and a study abroad fee. These fees should be paid to Barnard through payment of the bill (due August 1 for Fall and December 1 for Spring). Barnard will then forward payment to your study abroad program for their applicable tuition.
Tuition Deposits
If the program you plan to attend requests a tuition deposit, please see the Study Abroad Dean or her assistant before paying the deposit. In some cases, since Barnard is guaranteeing payment of the full tuition, a deposit is unnecessary and can be waived.
Room and Board
Unlike tuition and fees, room and board varies from program to program. Students are responsible for paying room and board charges directly to their particular study abroad program. If, for example, you were attending Brown University's program in Florence, you would receive a bill from Brown for room and board charges for the semester and would be responsible for paying Brown directly. If you have Barnard grant funding over and above the amount of tuition and fee charges from Barnard, you will be issued a refund which can then be used to pay for room and board.
All financial aid for your time abroad is processed by Barnard's Financial Aid Office. If you received grants and loans in excess of your tuition and fees charges from the College, you must request a refund from the Bursar's Office. These funds can then be used to pay your room and board expenses billed to you by your study abroad program. All students who expect to receive a refund should fill out a Refund Request Form at the Bursar's window before departing. This request designates where the refund check should be mailed. It is strongly recommended that you provide the Bursar's Office with Direct Deposit information. Doing so will significantly reduce the time it will take for you to receive your refund.
Self-Help (Loans and Work)
A student who qualifies for Barnard College grant aid has a standard recommended student loan awarded. This is the student's self-help for the term. Please note that the College will replace the job award with increased Barnard College grant to make up for the loss of academic year earnings while studying abroad. Many students consider borrowing additional funds or choose to work more hours during the preceding summer or semester to save for their time abroad.
All students are encouraged to meet with a counselor in Beyond Barnard to explore any and all work options available to them prior to departure and while abroad.


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Members of First Baptist Church are an integral part of the Blount County Kicko that meets in the former Fort Craig school location.
For additional information, check out: www.kicko.org.
© 2019 First Baptist Maryville - 202 W Lamar Alexander Pkwy, Maryville, TN 37801 | Phone: 865-982-5531 | Contact | Feeds | Podcasts | Sitemap
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We are psyched to announce that Fine & Raw recently began a relationship with Bushwick Campus Farm, an organization that works with the Bushwick School for Social Justice, Brooklyn School for Math and Research, Academy of Urban Planning, and the Academy for Environmental Leadership to educate the community about supporting sustainable agriculture. Fine & Raw is now donating our cacao bean husks on a regular basis for use as compost material in BCF's community garden. Below are some photos of those involved with Bushwick Campus farm hard at work!
To read more about or get involved with Bushwick Campus Farm:
Bushwick Campus Farm Facebook Page
For some fun and informative facts on why cacao bean husks are top notch for soil conditioning, check out Sunshine Garden's website:


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Trophies Awarded to Donquixote Doflamingo
Awarded: Jul 5, 2017
Another Year... Another Birthday!
Points: 750
You've celebrated another birthday with us, eh? We are really glad to have you onboard! We award you 750 points - Oro Jackson Staff
To earn this trophy, log-in at least ONCE and make at least ONE POST on your Birthday after completing 730 days on Oro Jackson (Must have been registered for more than 2 years).
Awarded: Jul 5, 2017
Wealth! Fame! Power!
Points: 500
My wealth and treasures? I will let you have it because its your special day! I left all of it at *that* place ! TAKE 500 POINTS and go look for it! - Gol D Roger
To earn this trophy you must log-in to Oro Jackson at least ONCE and make at least ONE POST on your Birthday.
Awarded: Nov 3, 2017
Ah, It's 4 Years Already?
Points: 1000
Seems like we just started our journey yesterday, lets continue to have loads of fun and adventures together! I award you 1000 bounty points, for four years of sailing together, KANPAI!- Luffy
Awarded: Feb 1, 2017
3 Long Years!
Points: 750
You've been sailing with us for 3 years now, right? Thus I, the great God Usopp award you 750 points! - Usopp
Awarded: Nov 26, 2015
Points: 500
It's been 2 years... you are truly a loyal nakama. We Go To The New World!
Awarded: Nov 24, 2014
We've Been Sailing Together For A Year!
Points: 150
Yohohoho! You have been sailing with us for a year now, I'll perform a special song just for you! But before that, I award you 150 points! - Brook
Awarded: Dec 2, 2013
4 Weeks On My Ship!
Points: 30
Haha! You have spent 4 weeks on the ship I built! Here, take 30 points. - Shipwright Tom
Awarded: Jul 13, 2019
What Is Your Name?
Points: 200
I hear you have posted 400 messages... impressive. What is your name? I shall remember it and we'll meet again! For now I award you 200 points - Hawkeye Mihawk
Awarded: Apr 19, 2017
Damnit! I'm Not Gonna Be Left Behind...
Points: 150
That Coby, he's training so hard... I'm not gonna be left behind! Here, I award you 150 points for 300 posts. - Helmeppo
Awarded: Feb 27, 2015
A Brave Marine!
Points: 100
So, you have reached 200 posts? Congratulations! I will award you 100 points, now come train with me and let's become brave and great Marines! - Coby
Awarded: Mar 9, 2014
I'm Gonna Become The Greatest Swordsman!
Points: 50
Eh, I heard you reached 100 posts? What is your goal? I'm gonna become the greatest swordsman in the world! If you stand in my path, I shall cut you down! But for now, I award you 50 points. - Roronoa Zoro
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
My Evil Scheme
Points: 15
I'm planning of killing Kaya and taking over the village! Take these 15 points for getting 20 posts... and come try to stop me! - Captain Kuro
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
You've Set Out On Your Journey?
Points: 5
So, you have set out on your journey to become the Pirate King? Then you'll need this hat! I award you 5 points for your first 5 posts, go ahead in your journey! - Shanks
Awarded: Apr 21, 2017
So Smooth~
Points: 350
It has come to my attention that you have received 1000 likes? I award you 350 points my lovely! - Lady Alivda
Awarded: Feb 15, 2017
Points: 350
You reached 900 likes... that is impressive aniki! I award you... 350 Points! - Yosaku
Awarded: Nov 26, 2015
Points: 350
Yooo, it has come to my attention that you have received 800 likes? I award you 350 points, now... 1 - 2 - JANGO! Give me back those 350 points! - Jango
Awarded: May 28, 2015
Tell Me All About Your Adventure!
Points: 350
You have received 700 likes! I want to hear it~ All about your adventure! I hope it is as cool as Usopp-San's stories! Here, I award you 350 Points! - Kaya
Awarded: Feb 10, 2015
Keep Her Smiling!
Points: 300
You promise to keep Nami smiling right? Fine then, take 300 points for receiving 600 likes! - Gen San
Awarded: Sep 20, 2014
I Like Money And Oranges!
Points: 250
I heard you reached 500 likes? Congratulations~ I award you 250 points... now come here a minute, and give me triple the amount in BELI! - Nami
Awarded: Apr 28, 2014
Points: 200
I'll take you to Fishman Island once you reach the red line! But for now, I will award you 200 points for 400 likes~ Hatchan
Awarded: Mar 15, 2014
Your Cooking Sucks!
Points: 150
Your cooking sucks... but your posts don't seem to suck! You have received 300 likes, here, I award you 150 points! - Patty
Awarded: Jan 29, 2014
You Shitty Brat!
Points: 100
Eh, what's this I hear, 200 likes? But you still haven't seen the world you shitty brat! Take these 100 points and off to work, you'll be here in Baratie for a year! - Chef Zeff
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
Stand Up Against Me!
Points: 50
I am the greatest, the one and only, Don Krieg! You dare stand up against me? Die! Oh, before that, take these 50 points for getting something like 100 likes. Now, DIE! - Don Krieg
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
Usopp Pirates Unite!
Points: 15
Just like how we are friends, you are gathering friends! We heard you got 20 likes? That's great! We award you 15 points! - Usopp Pirates
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
Someone Likes You?
Points: 5
I flashily heard that you flashily received 5 flashy likes, but me the great Buggy-Sama has 10,000 followers! Here, take 5 points and flashily DIE! - Buggy The Clown
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
Points: 500
A like to message ratio of 4!? YOU ARE SUPPAAAAA! I award you 500 points! - Franky
This trophy can only be earned if you have posted 150+ messages.
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
Pasta Machine!
Points: 350
Don't laugh! But congratulations for having a like to message ratio of 3, I award you 350 Points! - Kaku
This trophy can only be earned if you have posted 150+ messages.
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
Making Water 7 Float!
Points: 250
I'm working to turn Water 7 into a floating ship due to the Aqua Laguna! But I have to take a short break to award you 250 points, for what you ask? You have a post to like ratio of 2! - Iceburg
This trophy can only be earned if you have posted 10+ messages.
Awarded: Nov 28, 2013
Shall We Learn History Together?
Points: 150
Fufufu, I heard you have a post to like ratio of 1? You are on the right track! lets learn history together! But before we begin, I'll award you 150 points! - Nico Robin
This trophy can only be earned if you have posted 10+ messages.
Awarded: Nov 3, 2017
I've Been Waiting To Meet You
Points: 300
Vice Admiral, I've been waiting to meet you. But before we get to business, I award you 300 Points! - Silvers Rayleigh
Awarded: Jul 5, 2017
I Need More Pizza!
Points: 300
Oi you CP-9 bastard, bring me more pizza! I'll award you 300 points if you do so! - Jewelry Bonney
Awarded: Feb 1, 2017
I've Read About You
Points: 300
I've read about you on the newspapers, you are a Rear Admiral now huh? I award you 300 points - Shakki
Awarded: Nov 26, 2015
Points: 240
You are now a Commander! I shall call you Commander-Chin! Here, take 240 points~ Keimi
Awarded: Feb 11, 2015
Lt. Commander!?
Points: 240
Whaat is a Lt. Commander raaank? Whatever it is... I award you 240 Points! - Oars
Awarded: Apr 28, 2014
I Wish I Met You In My Prime...
Points: 240
So, you are now a Lieutenant. I wish I had met you in my prime, we'd have a great battle! For now, I award you 240 points. - Ryuuma
Awarded: Nov 29, 2013
Points: 160
Why is it so surprising to see me positive EH!? Do you want me to turn you negative? Then stay quiet!!! I award you 160 points for reaching the Chief Officer rank. - Perona
Awarded: Nov 29, 2013
Points: 80
Yooooi-- It has comeeee to my attentionnnn that youuu have reached the rank of an Crewmate? I award youuuu 80 points! - Kumadori
Awarded: Nov 29, 2013
Points: 30
You are going ahead... you scare me! Here, I award you 30 points for reaching Apprentice Rank. - Kuzan


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- Home
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Intercessory Prayer Main
A Message from the Director
Evangelist Marilyn Bassfield
Prayer is not just saying words to an unreachable God but it is spending intimate time with the Father, learning His wisdom, drawing from His strength, being filled with His quiet presence and basking in His love. This type of relationship brings results when we pray.
When intercessor's go before God in prayer, touching and agreeing His word says in Matthew 18:20 that He will be in our midst. Can you just image having God stand before you in prayer?
Our ministry as Intercessors has served the needs of God's people for more than 11 years as a prayer support system for our
Pastor, church family, the staff, this city, state, nation and the world. We take the responsibility of covering the body of Christ in prayer very seriously.
Our intercessory prayer team have been blessed to meet and lift others in prayer together every Monday since it's inception in 2000 without fail. In your time of need our ministry can provide you with an Intercessor to pray with you. We are available to receive your prayer requests 24 hours a day by calling the church prayer line at 803-796-8380 or toll free at 1-877-796-8380. There are prayer request cards available during worship services and you may also make prayer requests through this web site.
In addition to prayer, our ministry has successfully held nine prayer conferences, several prayer vigils, prayer retreats and prayer walks. We have completed several series of workshops geared toward bringing believers into a closer relationship with God through prayer. Some workshops include:
1) School of Intercession, 2) Lord, Teach Us To Pray: Public and Private Praying, 3) The Three Levels of the Anointing, 4) Seven Basics of a Prophetic Ministry in the Church Today.
Likewise, we have been instrumental in assisting seven churches in starting their own Intercessory Prayer Ministry.
God is preparing His people for an extraordinary work. The only way to do this is through prayer. 2 Chronicles 7:14 states, "If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land." KJV
Our Statement of Purpose
To ensure that all area of the Church are covered with prayer continuously. We pray for our Pastor, the staff, the city, the state, for nations, governments and the entire body of believers in Christ.
We rely on God's power to break through, pull down and build up victoriously as we flow in the Holy Spirit, creating an atmosphere for Signs, Wonders and Miracles in the Name of Jesus.
This ministry consists of committed, dedicated members submitted tot the leadership and guidance of the Holy Spirit.
(1) Our goal is to staff this ministry 24 hours a day with volunteer prayer warriors.
(2) To develop an effective prayer life.
(3) To ultimately worship the Lord and understand what it means to pray in Spirit and in Truth.
(4) To help those that desire to understand and accept their true calling to intercession.
(5) To connect with local communities churches and organizations to bring awareness and evoke global change through prayer.
If you are interested in joining this ministry, please contact the church at (803) 796-8133 or 1-877-796-8133.
Outreach Ministry - West
- Home
- Counseling Ministry
- Couples for Christ
- Financial Ministry
- Senior Missionary Society
- Sisterhood
- Brotherhood Ministry
- Intercessory Prayer Ministry
- 500 Club
- Brookland's Orchestra
- Brookland's Soup Kitchen Ministry
- Prison Ministry
- Seniors Ministry
- Young Woman's Auxiliary
- Progressive
- Young Adult Ministry (YAM)
- Young Adult Ministry Interest Sheet
- Women In Ministry


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Cynthia Cave-Gaetani, Registered Dietician, and Chef Greg Borosky, both from Lourdes Food and Nutrition Service (Touchpoint) share the role their department plays in meeting the dietary needs of diverse patients at Lourdes:
For our Jewish patients requiring Kosher foods, high quality, pre-packaged Kosher meals are provided; Lourdes does not have a Kosher kitchen on site. This same food also meets the Islamic dietary guidelines of Muslim patients who require Halal food. Muslim patients who are fasting for religious holidays are given after-hours supplies of food on the nursing units so they can eat after sundown and before sunrise.
Catering Associates visit patients and do personal orders and to determine food preference and dietary needs. Patients always has the choice of accepting or rejecting a food choice.


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MHI Wins Honors in Dallas McSam Awards
April 14, 2018
Both Dallas-Fort Worth building programs of McGuyer Homebuilders Inc., (MHI), won coveted design awards during the recent Dallas Builders Association's McSam Awards.
The Plantation Homes model in Arlington's Viridian community was the award winner for Best Merchandising in a model priced between $325,001 and $400,000. This traditional family home features a palette of neutral tones that help rooms seem larger than what has been designed for the 40-foot homesites, said Rudy Pospisil, division president for MHI.
"Light cream walls, floors and furniture of weathered oak and white cabinets and white trim create a sense of spaciousness," he said. "It's a prime example of how interior design and architectural design can complement."
The model was merchandised by MMI. Plantation Homes' designs in Viridian are priced from the $340,000s.
Coventry Homes' model at Merion at Midtown Park, Design 2052, was named as having Best Architectural Design for a Patio Home. Created for a sophisticated urban buyer, this model features two stories with an open-concept kitchen, living and dining areas on the first floor, as well as a master suite and powder room. Upstairs is a second bedroom, full bath, game room and study loft that can be converted into a third bedroom. Two outdoor areas expand the living space and solar-powered lights on the garage panels and doors into the home are a departure from typical design. Pricing in Merion at Midtown Park, located east of Central Expressway and south of Royal Lane, is from the $440,000s.
The Merion at Midtown Park model also was a finalist for Best Interior Merchandising for a Patio Home. Plus, Coventry Homes was a finalist in another category of the McSam Awards. Design 4166 at Edgestone at Legacy in Frisco was a finalist for Home of the Year.
"The red hot Dallas housing market has the best in the business building homes and developing communities," Pospisil said. "We are honored to be included in those ranks."
More than 350 entries were made this year in the McSam Awards, which was created in 1979 to recognize significant and creative contributions to residential marketing.
Coventry Homes builds in seven Dallas-Fort Worth communities, with pricing from the $350,000s to more than $600,000. Details can be found at www.coventryhomes.com. Plantation Homes can be found in 15 communities throughout the Metroplex, with pricing from the $250,000s to the $500,000s. Now in its 30th year, MHI also builds in Austin, Houston and San Antonio. More information is available at www.plantationhomes.com.
About McGuyer Homebuilders, Inc.
Since its inception in 1988, McGuyer Homebuilders exceeds customers' expectations through quality service, construction, and value. McGuyer Homebuilders offers its award-winning designs under its signature brands – Plantation Homes, Coventry Homes and Wilshire Homes in five markets across Texas. Celebrating 30 years as a Texas homebuilder, McGuyer Homebuilders builds thousands of homes annually and is honored as one of the top 30 homebuilding firms in the nation. For more information, visit www.mcguyerhomebuilders.com.


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My Cobalt Julissa is coming along nicely. I honestly did think that there was a possibility that I would be able to finish this sweater in one weekend, but alas, no such luck. I cast on enthusiastically, and I worked on it exclusively all weekend. It's not finished yet, but I'm well on my way. I've tried it on and it fits exactly like it should. So far, so good!
The studio reno is moving along nicely. Most of last week was spent working on invisible parts of the project, things like burying pipes underground. Then they poured the foundation, the most beautiful, smooth, shiny slab of concrete I've ever seen. Chris filled in the trench and put the grass back, that was one of the reasons that we opted to dig the trench by hand, Chris carefully removed the top layer of soil and grass and put it aside, when the work was done and the trench was back filled he then replaced all the grass and now we have our yard back! Friday the magic happened, I looked out my window in the afternoon and there was a building in my yard!
This part is really exciting. See that big 9 foot wide window opening on the side? That's going to be so nice to work under. French doors, a vaulted ceiling, the studio is going to be the nicest room in our house!


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