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The University of St. Thomas: A Failure to Love?
By Dr. Jeff Mirus (bio - articles - email) | Sep 25, 2013
In her first academic convocation address at the University of St. Thomas, new President Julie Sullivan chose to express concern about diversity and, in particular, the need for a welcoming attitude toward gay and transgendered persons. Her university, located in St. Paul, is not to be confused with the University of St. Thomas in Houston, which is a radically more Catholic enterprise. But here is the key quotation from Dr. Sullivan's address earlier this month:
The planning and climate surveys reflected concern about a welcoming and supportive attitude to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons in our community. It pains me to think that a gay student, staff or faculty member would ever feel unwelcome or a need to "hide" at St. Thomas. As Pope Francis reminds us, we are not called to judge. We are called to love and support everyone in our community regardless of their sexual orientation. And, I might add, regardless of the gender of their spouse.
This statement raises far more questions than it answers. One wonders, for example, whether Dr. Sullivan understands the distinction between loving a person and approving of his or her sins. Typically we make a useful distinction between same-sex attraction and commitment to a homosexual lifestyle (commonly referred to as lesbian or gay).
That being the case, one wonders why a Catholic school would have any "gay" staff or faculty, since the presumption is that such persons not only struggle with same-sex attraction (which is a heavy cross) but advocate homosexual activity as a good (which it is not). If so, they oppose the teaching of the Catholic Church, so why would they be hired at any college which exists to serve a Catholic educational mission.
One also wonders whether Dr. Sullivan grasps the demands of love. It is true that we are not to judge persons as evil; we are all sinners. But we are to judge the moral quality of actions, especially so that we can learn ourselves to strive for the good, and help others to do the same. Now to love is precisely to will the good of another, and it is not love to pretend to them that they are behaving in a good way when they are behaving in an evil way, to pretend that their choices are drawing them into closer union with Christ when in fact their choices reject Christ and rupture their relationship with Him.
Once one grasps this distinction, as it would seem that anyone who knows the first thing about Christianity must, it becomes obvious that we must love and support each person in different ways, affirming their value as persons, praising what they do well, and helping them to see their errors and weaknesses so that they might live more fully in the truth and avail themselves of Christ's healing power. Are we to suppose that authentic love is never uncomfortable?
Dr. Sullivan (almost inevitably, one senses) cites Pope Francis to his detriment, implying that he was referring to an ability to judge the morality of human commitments and human actions, when in fact he was continuing the constant Catholic tradition which recognizes our common sinfulness and teaches that we cannot say we are spiritually superior (overall) to another person just because we do not fall into their particular sin. This is worlds apart from a failure to assist another person in overcoming a sinful tendency, which indeed it is far easier to do if we honor their fundamental value as a person.
Gay marriage, of course, is an intrinsic falsehood as well as a declaration of opposition to Catholic teaching and a commitment to a lifestyle which opposes Christ, and indeed opposes the putative values of the University of St. Thomas itself. It goes far behind the typical lapses of a sinner struggling to overcome a temptation. Is it really possible to treat someone in a so-called gay marriage as if their situation is perfectly normal and just as acceptable as any other marriage? Is it desirable for any Christian to do so? Is it desirable that the University of St. Thomas would do so in its official policies, or that it would insist that its students and staff do so as well?
What spiritual failures would such a deliberate blindness entail? Where in all this do we find room for authentic Christian love?
The Catholic Answer
That, ultimately, is the question. We are in the midst of a vast cultural challenge to those teachings of Christ which lie at the heart of the institution of marriage, the institution which forms the very basis of society and which, in the surpassing beauty of its intimacy, is intended to mirror of the relationship of Christ to His Church (Eph 5:32). In this context, I find a dereliction of duty for a Catholic academic administrator to address the need to "welcome" gay and trans-gendered persons without making these distinctions. To do so merely opens the community to a cowardly failure to love.
The presumption in such a case can only be that the administrator in question has not accidently overlooked something but instead rejects the teachings of the Church and departs, on this issue, from unity with Jesus Christ. Let me close, then, with St. Paul's description of the proper role of educators, which should be part of the foundation of every Catholic college or university, and which should have found expression in Dr. Sullivan's address:
And his gifts were that some should be apostles, some prophets, some evangelists, some pastors and teachers, to equip the saints for the work of ministry, for building up the body of Christ, until we all attain to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God, to mature manhood, to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ; so that we may no longer be children, tossed to and fro and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the cunning of men, by their craftiness in deceitful wiles. Rather, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, into Christ, from whom the whole body, joined and knit together by every joint with which it is supplied, when each part is working properly, makes bodily growth and upbuilds itself in love. Now this I affirm and testify in the Lord, that you must no longer live as the Gentiles do, in the futility of their minds; they are darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, due to their hardness of heart; they have become callous and have given themselves up to licentiousness, greedy to practice every kind of uncleanness. You did not so learn Christ! [Eph 4:11-20]
I do not suggest that I am morally superior to Dr. Sullivan just because I do not suffer from this particular error. I feel no temptation to treat her as something less than human. But I do hold that in this matter she is seriously wrong, and that advocacy of her error is a serious failure of both natural and supernatural love.
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Posted by: family-man -
Sep. 29, 2013 7:05 PM ET USA
Since 2007 at least, UST has had an LGBT group. The campus life director informed me, "The Allies are a UST recognized student organization that supports and educates members and the UST community on LGBT related issues." My query about their goals and activities and the Catholic identity of UST went unanswered. So, the new president's statement is disappointing, but not surprising. My greater concern is our seminarians at St. John Vianney college seminary and its connection to UST.
Posted by: wakescheid -
Sep. 28, 2013 11:16 AM ET USA
While Pope Francis is absolutely right that we must not harp about specific immoral behaviors ad nauseum, I think it is not usually conservative Catholics who insist on bringing these issues to the front and center - case in point, Dr. Sullivan. Any hostility I might feel surrounding this issue is not directed at gay individuals. It is directed at those in the public eye who like to imply that my Catholic faith predisposes me to hostility in the first place. Circular reasoning, I know.
Posted by: John J Plick -
Sep. 26, 2013 12:08 PM ET USA
To help people out of charity is a common debt we owe one another. However, to allow those same people the perrogative of "redefining" us and the Church at large is quite another thing. People who call themselves "Catholic" or even Christian imply that they live or strive to live by the orthodox standards defined which are indeed a witness to God's created reality. To pretend that that "doesn't matter" is not "to welcome" but rather to capitulate to the Lie of the Devil.


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LeTourneau University psychology professor Dr. Vicki Sheafer has been selected as one of the top 23 psychology professors in the state of Texas by www.State.States.org. The website reports that top professors in the field of psychology research extensively, inspire, teach, and even help the community. The professors chosen stand out for their academic achievements, awards and impressive research. Sheafer was selected for her proven excellence in research, instruction, and community/campus service.
As a premier post-secondary educator and scholar, Sheafer also recently won the Frank Costin Memorial Award for Excellence in teaching for using drama to enhance student learning of classic experiments in social psychology. Sheafer adapted a technique of having undergraduate social psychology students develop dramatic scripts to describe their research, then present the play to the class. Her research results showed that students enjoyed both participating in the activity and also watching the plays of others, and that it allowed them to be creative, caused them to work hard and was interesting and helpful.
"Dr. Sheafer exemplifies the excellence we seek at LeTourneau University, where faculty are not only great scholars, but also great teachers who see both as mutually important," said Steven D. Mason, associate provost and dean of faculty.
LeTourneau University is an interdenominational Christ-centered university located in Longview, Texas, with undergraduate and graduate programs online and at education centers around the state. Academic majors include aviation, business, communication, computer science, criminal justice, education, engineering, health care administration, health science-nursing, human services, kinesiology, the liberal arts, the sciences and psychology.
Claiming every workplace in every nation as its mission field, LeTourneau University graduates are professionals of ingenuity and Christ-like character who see life's work as a holy calling with eternal impact.
Categories: (none)

subset: commoncrawl


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Tabor College will be hosting a variety of activities during its homecoming celebration this weekend, including a fun run and Dutch lunch on Saturday. For those with young children, the education department will host activities from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. for children in pre-school through sixth grade.
Former Tabor College President Larry Nikkel will conduct a book signing outside Java Jays at 10:30 a.m. Saturday for his new book, "Leading and Following."
The musical, "Joseph and the Technicolor Dreamcoat," will have an added performance tonight to help accommodate ticket demand. Seating is limited. Seats can be reserved by calling the student life office at (620) 947-3121 ext. 1033. Performances will be at 7:30 p.m. tonight, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, and at 2 p.m. Sunday.
For more details on activities and to pre-order meal tickets, consult the website or contact the alumni office at (620) 947-3121 ext. 1706.
Sporting events during the weekend will include Lady Jay volleyball against Southwestern College at 5 p.m. Friday and a football game against Kansas Wesleyan at 2 p.m. Saturday.


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Adopt a Gluten-free Blogger: Holiday Celebration Theme
Hello all!
*Edited on 1/2: We've had a serious cold/ flu in our household since Christmas, and have spent the last few days in bed sick, so I'm afraid there was a delay getting my post up. I also only took my new computer on vacation to the in-laws, and it didn't have the password to get into my site, so I wasn't able to see recent posts until today. I'll try to get my post up in the next few days and do a roundup asap.*
I'm proud to say that Adopt a Gluten-free Blogger is back home at the Book of Yum after months under the care of some very dear bloggers who helped out while I was in Japan and busy with my dissertation.
I'd like to announce a twist this month, since I am a bit late getting this post up. First, let's do a themed Adopt a Gluten-free Blogger and select a Holiday Celebration Recipe to try by your favorite blogger! You can pick any recipe that you'd like to see on a holiday dinner table. I'd like recipes to be available for the Holiday season for you all, so please post the link to your post on this post as soon as you get it up. I still need you to email me a photo and link to other blogger's recipe(s) and link to your post. I'll add links to your post and recipe (with photo if you send it) to THIS POST as I receive them.
Participation is simple.
1) Pick a gluten-free blogger whose recipes you admire and adopt them by commenting on this post with your name, blog name and their name and blog name.
*Blogger's recipes must all be gluten-free or have a way to sort and read ONLY gluten-free recipes
*Please pick a different blogger every time you participate
2) Pick one (or two!) of your gluten-free blogger's recipes to try.
3) Make the recipe, photograph it and write a post in your blog introducing the blogger and their recipe.
*Follow the recipe as written, as closely as possible. And, please don't print their recipe on your post- just provide your reader a link to their original recipe.
4) Email me at adoptaglutenfreeblogger[at]gmail[dot]com with your photo of the recipe, the URL of your post, name of the recipe and the URL of the original blogger's recipe post.
*Note: This is a new email set up just for this event. Hopefully this will make it easier to keep track of entries. If you have general questions, please don't email me at this address but post them here so everyone can read the question (and answer). Companies are NOT welcome to email me at this address, unless a representative is planning to adopt a blogger and write about it. ;)
5) Post YOUR POST's URL in a comment to this post, and if possible please try to visit two other blogger's posts that are posted here (and comment!).
*The goal is to make this event more interactive and fun!
Sign up BEFORE December 20 (loose deadline; late sign-ups are ok)
Post your Review and Email me by January 4 (firm deadline, no foolin')
If you don't have a blog, you are still welcome to adopt a gluten-free blogger. Sign up to Adopt a Gluten-free blogger, write a review of one of their recipes, including your name (or pen name), the recipe URL and recipe title. Then take a photo of the completed recipe (if you can) and EMAIL ME the review and photo. I'll create a special page just for our non-blogging participants and post it for you.
I'll start the adoptions by adopting Cybele Pascal at the blog of the same name and cookbook author of The Allergen-Free Baker's Handbook and Allergy-Free and Easy Cooking: 30-Minute Meals without Gluten, Wheat, Dairy, Eggs, Soy, Peanuts, Tree Nuts, Fish, Shellfish, and Sesame
Adoption Sign-Up Sheet:
1) Cybele Pascal the Allergy-free Blogger Adopted by Sea of Book of Yum
2) You Pick!
If you sign up and cannot complete this event by Jan 1st for any reason, please email me immediately at adoptaglutenfreeblogger[at]gmail[dot]com and let me know. Please ONLY use this email account for Adopt a Gluten-Free Blogger relevant emails.
Can't find a blogger to adopt or looking to meet some new gluten-free friends?
Visit my Gluten-Free Blogroll
You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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Lenn Pritchard's full-fendered Deuce roadster
The level of workmanship that went into Lenn Pritchard's full-fendered Deuce roadster is nothing short of mind-blowing. The fully-boxed Kugel frame was treated to a 2-inch stretch, with Aldan coilovers at all corners. Arizona Speed & Marine is responsible for the LT5 crate motor matched with a GM 77R4A transmission. The custom seats covered in tan leather are the handiwork of upholstery wiz Ron Mangus. Mike Pettit redid the '32 sedan dash, adding VDO instruments. An Alpine sound system and GPS are hidden from sight. Most impressive of all is the body, built more than 71 years ago at the Ford plant and soaked in PPG Real Red by Randy Laven of Watertown, South Dakota. Body mods include a 1 1/2 inch channel, reformed and filled cowl, molded front fenders, custom running boards, a windshield patterned from a Porsche 944, vents and brake light patterned after a Corvette ZR1, shortened trunk lid, lengthened hood, molded frame horns, the list goes on and on. Honors for Lenn have included class wins at the Portland and Seattle Roadster Shows, Outstanding Roadster pick at the '00 GNRS, the cover of the January '01 issue of Street Rodder, a pick as one of R&C's 100 Best for 2000, and the privilege of driving such a gorgeous-looking Deuce.
Owner: Lenn Pritchard
Paradise Valley, Arizona
1932 Ford Roadster


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ARDMORE, Pa. — We've seen this act before, so many times that Father's Day wouldn't be the same without watching Phil Mickelson find a way to lose the U.S. Open.
Someday he may write a book about it, though it would figure to be a tough sell. Misery and heartbreak usually are, even if Mickelson manages to hide both behind the big grin that never seems to go away.
Just how his latest drama will play out won't be known until sometime in the early evening hours Sunday at Merion Golf Club, the historic course that seems to be begging for a storybook ending to put alongside Ben Hogan's dramatic win in 1950 and the Grand Slam that Bobby Jones put his finishing touches on in 1930.
Hogan came back from a car wreck to win his Open here. That's fitting in a way because, should Mickelson somehow find a way to win in his 23rd Open he will have overcome a ton of wrecks of his own making.
He's had the lead in the Open with three holes left, and lost. He had the lead in another with two holes to go, and lost.
And, of course, he threw one of them away on the last hole when the only thing that seemed left to do was prepare his victory speech.
If careers were measured by blown opportunities, he'd be the leader in the clubhouse. Five times he's finished second in his nation's championship, the one tournament he wants so desperately to win and the one that has tormented him for most of his adult life.
Now he's got a one-shot lead with 18 holes to go for the first time in an Open. And now the fun really begins.
Heartwarming or heartbreaking. Either way, NBC has to be happy because it's going to be must-see TV.
"Let's go," Mickelson said after walking off the 18th green. "I can't wait to get back out playing."
With good reason, after a back nine Saturday that would have been impeccable had he not left a par putt on the last hole a half revolution short. On a golf course Tiger Woods and Rory McIlroy had no clue about solving, Mickelson was 2-under on the tough back side to finish up a round of 70 and take a one shot lead over Hunter Mahan and Charl Schwartzel.
He played safe but he played well, showing he's learned lessons from past Opens where his aggressiveness often got him in trouble. The Open is almost always a grind and that's especially true at Merion, where Mickelson is the only one who is under par for the week.
He's got three green jackets and a PGA Championship win so nerves on the final day of a major shouldn't be an issue. And it's hard to imagine anyone blowing by him on a course that yields birdies but is quick to punish mistakes.
Really all he has to do is shoot something par or under and the Open is his.
"I feel better equipped than I have ever felt heading into the final round of a U.S. Open," Mickelson said. "My ball striking is better than it's ever been. My putting is better than it has been in years, and I feel very comfortable on this golf course. I love it."
Of course, he is Phil Mickelson so none of that may matter. Strange things tend to happen to him and around him, and there's no guarantee that in the heat of the moment his carefully thought out game plan won't be tossed aside like a broken tee.
That plan was crafted in practice sessions here a few weeks ago and short game work in the backyard complex of his San Diego area home. He studied it while flying overnight on his private jet for a 7:11 a.m. tee time Thursday after staying home to watch his daughter, Amanda, speak at her eighth grade graduation.
It's the same daughter who was born a day after the 1999 Open, where Mickelson finished second to Payne Stewart after leading by a shot with three to go.
The Open has always been a place where Mickelson seems to be in the midst of something besides golf. The last time he was the runner-up, in 2009 at Bethpage in New York, his wife Amy had just been diagnosed with breast cancer and his defeat was tempered by the reality of her illness and treatment.
He's now set up for either his greatest win since his Masters breakthrough in 2004 or the most bitter of all his many Open losses. He was honest enough to say that after his opening 67, noting how heartbreaking it would be if he were never to win this tournament.
But the stars all seem to be aligning for this one. Woods is not a factor, Schwartzel is the only other major winner in the top 10, and Mickelson has the lead all by himself.
Oh, yeah, it's also Father's Day for the father of three and it's his 43rd birthday, too.
"It's got the makings to be something special, but I still have to go out and perform and play some of my best golf," Mickelson said.
There are 18 holes and about five hours of work left to do, and a lot of trouble in between. But Mickelson is exuding the quiet confidence of someone who has figured it out, someone who knows what to do.
He understands that if you don't win your own national championship you will never be considered an all-time great. He knows that he won't have another 23 chances to get it done.
Mickelson has a chance to write his own ending to this story, and make it a best seller.
If he doesn't, this may go down as the one Open loss he'll never shake.
Tim Dahlberg is a national sports columnist for The Associated Press. Write to him at firstname.lastname@example.com or http://twitter.com/timdahlberg


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Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.
Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.
Banned episodes
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
Revision as of 13:51, 23 September 2011 by Quirino (talk | contribs) (Holiday Hi-Jynx: I changed 'there are no restrictions in the United Kingdom' to '...in Europe' because it aired a few weeks ago in the Netherlands so I'm convinced that there's only restrictions on this episode in the United States.)
Banned episodes are episodes of the anime which have been deemed unsuitable for airing or reairing in a specific country.
- 1 Banned episodes in the English dub
- 2 Banned episodes in Japan
- 3 Banned episodes in South Korea
- 4 Banned episodes in other countries
- 5 Temporarily banned episodes
- 6 External links
Banned episodes in the English dub
Most of the banned episodes have occurred in the United States.
List of banned episodes
Note: the reasons given below may not have been corroborated officially.
- Beauty and the Beach
- This episode was initially banned when the episodes were first dubbed for airing in the United States. During 2000, the episode was finally dubbed and aired twice before disappearing once again. It was banned because James wore an inflatable body suit to give him large breasts in order to win a beauty contest. It also appears to be retconned out of continuity with the English dub, although Brutella is seen in the following episode.
- This episode was banned due to the prevalent usage of handguns throughout the episode. The Safari Zone warden points a gun at Ash's head, and even shoots the gun at Team Rocket. The banning of this episode left a major plot hole and a continuity error in the English dub, as this was the episode where Ash captured all 30 of his Tauros. As this is the Safari Zone episode, it also makes the Safari Zone unseen in the English anime, though it is mentioned in the two episodes that took place before it.
- Holiday Hi-Jynx
- This is the only episode of Pokémon to be banned in the English dub after its initial airing. After the episode aired, a woman named Carole B. Weatherford wrote an article stating that Jynx, which was featured prominently in the episode, is a stereotype of African-Americans. Soon afterward, the episode was pulled from rotation and is not believed to have aired since 2000. Despite this, the episode is currently available on VHS, and is on the Indigo DVD boxset. Additionally, no restrictions were placed on this episode in Europe. This episode has also been banned in South Korea.
- This episode was also banned due to the large focus on Jynx. Unlike the previous episode, this one has never aired in English. Due to the episode not having the redesigned Jynx with purple skin, it was banned and has never been seen outside of Japan.
Banned episodes in Japan
There have also been three confirmed episodes of Pokémon that have either aired once or never in Japan, nor the rest of the world.
List of banned episodes
- Known as the "seizure episode," this episode has been banned worldwide after airing only once in Japan. One particular scene of this episode had a series of flashing lights, which caused a total of approximately 685 Japanese children, 375 girls and 310 boys to be sent to the hospital with symptoms of epilepsy. The show went on hiatus for months, delayed the episodes Holiday Hi-Jynx and Snow Way Out!, and cancelled the airing of the New Years Eve episode. The episode also forced the producers to go back through the previous episodes and dim the lighting on them so as not to cause an accident of this magnitude again.
- EP040 (unaired)
- This episode was scheduled to be broadcast December 31, 1997, between Holiday Hi-Jynx and Snow Way Out!. However, following the EP038 incident, the schedule was re-organized and this episode was never actually aired. No trailer for this episode has ever been seen, nor is any further information known apart from its Japanese title.
- AG101 (unaired)
- This episode was scheduled to be broadcast on November 4, 2004. However, not long before, a devastating earthquake struck Japan. Believing it would have been insensitive to air an episode about earthquakes mere weeks after the disaster, it was postponed. However, it never got around to airing and was soon forgotten.
Banned episodes in South Korea
These episodes were banned from airing in South Korea, causing South Korean continuity errors in the anime's run.
List of banned episodes
- Challenge of the Samurai
- This episode has been banned due to the episode featuring a samurai.
- Pokémon Scent-sation!
- This episode has been banned for reasons of cultural and racial discrimination.
- The Ninja Poké-Showdown
- This episode has been banned for reasons of cultural and racial discrimination.
- Riddle Me This
- This episode has been banned for reasons of cultural and racial discrimination.
- Bad to the Bone
- This episode has been banned for reasons of cultural and racial discrimination.
- The Fourth Round Rumble
- This episode has been banned for reasons of cultural and racial discrimination.
Banned episodes in other countries
Occasionally there are episodes that are not banned in Japanese or English, but are banned in another country.
- The Bicker the Better
- This episode has been banned in several countries, including Italy, France and Aruba. It's been alleged that the "battle of the sexes" format of the episode has caused those countries to ban the episode.
- Dawn's Early Night
- Though technically not banned, this episode was skipped in New Zealand for an unknown reason.
Temporarily banned episodes
Some episodes were pulled off the air for a period of time for various reasons but were aired on a later date.
Temporarily banned episodes in the United States
- Tentacool & Tentacruel
- After the events of September 11, this episode was taken out of rotation. In the months following the attack, Kids' WB! refused to air it due to the destruction of several buildings (particularly Tentacruel smashing a skyscraper) and the use of machine guns. When Cartoon Network started to air Pokémon, the episode was put back into rotation. It is also on the VHS "Seaside Pikachu" and the Indigo DVD boxset.
- The Tower of Terror
- This episode was temporarily banned after September 11. The official reason has never been confirmed, but many believe that the episode's title may have had something to do with it. The episode is no longer banned and continues to air.
Temporarily banned episodes in Japan
- This episode, originally meant to be the 26th episode of Best Wishes, was originally scheduled to air in Japan on April 7, 2011, but it was postponed because of the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. It later aired on June 23, 2011 with a slightly altered storyline to make it seem like it took place between BW036 and BW038 rather than Battle for the Love of Bug-Types! and Emolga the Irresistible!.
Temporarily banned episodes internationally
- BW023 (unaired) and BW024 (unaired)
- This two-part saga of Team Rocket facing off with Team Plasma was postponed due to the earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan almost a week before the first half was supposed to air. Unlike any of the former, they are expected to air at a later date because of their significance to the series and TV Tokyo's word on the matter. As the episodes have yet to air in Japan, dubs of the episode have yet to be shown around the world. While the episodes were simply skipped in Japan, the English dub edited A Venipede Stampede! to remove the cliffhanger ending that set up the story, and all regions aired Battling for the Love of Bug-Types! followed by Emolga the Irresistible! instead.


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Tea Towels
Photo Featuring Goldthorpe, St John and St Mary Magdalene Church c1965
Buy your favourite nostalgic Frith photo as a quality Tea Towel. Frith's 100% cotton tea towels are specially printed for you and make the perfect house-warming present and are ideal as gifts.
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Photo featuring Goldthorpe, St John and St Mary Magdalene Church c1965.
About our Tea Towels
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Easter has come. It�s a new day, a new dawn, a new spring. Where to go from there? At First United Methodist in Gastonia, the congregation is getting ready for three evenings of renewal services starting Sunday.
The public is invited to attend the �Living Victoriously� services Sunday through Tuesday at the downtown church located at 190 E. Franklin Blvd. Services are at 7 p.m., with music beforehand at 6:45 and refreshments afterwards.
Sunday�s speaker will be Dr. Jody Seymour, senior pastor at Davidson United Methodist Church, who served at Gastonia�s First United Methodist for eight years until 2003. He has published several books and returns with a strong knowledge of the Gaston community.
Monday�s speaker, the Rev. Gregg Plott , who is currently serving as senior associate minister at First United Methodist, has a background in business and marketing for Lowes.
Tuesday�s speaker, the Rev. Chris Westmoreland is a son of long-time local minister, Dr. Jim Westmoreland. Chris grew up here in Gastonia, and has a growing young church in Huntersville, Assurance United Methodist Church.
Music will be provided by a variety of groups including the Wetzell Sisters, the First United Methodist Church Choir, and CrossFire .
After the services, at 8 p.m., there will be refreshments, prepared by the church�s own Chef Monica Smith.
�My passion is to take the old story and make it come alive. I love to help people formulate questions of faith before we ever get to the answers. The spiritual pilgrimage is not only about �having arrived,� but about experiencing the journey and seeking to understand the challenges that come with such a journey.� Jody enjoys tennis and writing. He and wife Betsy have been married for 42 years. They have two children, Abigail and Amanda, who both reside in Charlotte.
He�s the son of Jim and Barbara, and proud to call First UMC Gastonia home. He is a product of Becky Greene and the Youth Ministry of First UMC, where he heard his call to ordained ministry. Brother to Andy, a member of the church, and married to Kristin for 18 years with children ages 12, 10, 6. In his spare time, in addition to hanging out with family, hiking, and running. He loves dogs and people (most days not necessarily in that order).
He was appointed Senior Associate Minister of First United Methodist Church on Oct. 1 2012. He worked in the marketing and business administration field for 21 years before entering the ministry in 2004. Gregg is married to Kim. Their daughter, Mackenzie, is a middle school math teacher in Rocky Mount, Va. Gregg likes to spend any of his spare time with Kim, Mackenzie and Mackenzie�s husband Patrick and all their farm animals on their farm in Virginia.


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The CW, much like its primary audience of teenage girls, likes The Hunger Games. A lot. So much so, in fact, that even after they ordering a pilot based on the Hunger Games-esque young adult book The Selection, as well as talking about some kind of Battle Royale TV show, the network has decided to go ahead and put real teens on islands, without food or water, force them to compete, and film it.
Behold the description for The Hunt:
THE HUNT is an intense wilderness competition taking place over one month, as 12 teams of two are provided no food, water, or shelter, but must compete in a game where they'll rely on their physicality, survival skills, and hunting skills to endure their conditions, capture one another, and ultimately win a huge cash prize.
Note the description does not include any mention these teens giving into their hormonal nature in these extreme circumstances and 1) fucking each other, 2) killing each other, or 3) both. But we can hope!
[Via The Mary Sue]


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Before the Freeway, Part 5
Continuing with my series on the coastal surfing scene here in our lovely Orange County when I was growing up – before the freeway system connected north and south Orange County and when the only way up and down was via Pacific Coast Highway.
Focusing on the different surf areas, we started off last week at the very south end of the county at San Onofre Surf Club. Today I wanna move up the coast just a tad to the area we call "Trestles."
Trestles is actually four separate surf spots, five if you count "middles." You have "Barb Wire" at the north, followed by "Uppers," then "Lowers" and finally "Church" at the south. Lowers is the premier spot, but they are all good at certain times and certain swells. Some of the best surfing on the California coast happens on just about any given day at these surf spots, and it has been that way since I can remember.
The best surfers in the world would come to surf Trestles. And at that time there was none better at Lowers than a young kid from Newport Beach named Chris Marsae. His nickname was "the Gremlin." He was smallish and thin, and had a dark complexion with intense eyes.
I can still envision him sweeping huge bottom turns and walking smoothly right to the nose and staying there for weeks on end, 10 toes over the nose. You could see his eyes glowing all the way from Oceanside.
Another standout was Billy Fury from Seal Beach. Fury had a surfing style much like the famous Lance Carson from Malibu. You could also catch the likes of Joey Cabel, Mickey Munoz, Peter Van Dyke or even the great and illusive Phil Edwards on a good day. A solid south swell and Trestles was the place to be.
What made surfing the Trestles area a real challenge back in the 50's and 60's was that all these spots, with the exception of Barb Wire (also known as Larry's Left) were located on the Camp Pendleton Marine Base and were off limits to the public. To surf there you had to sneak in through the jungle that separated Pacific Coast Highway and the beach.
You could walk all the way from San Clemente State Park if you wanted, but that was a reeeeealllllllyyyyyy long walk. Nobody in his or her right mind did that. Of course some might say that sneaking onto a United States Military Base illegally to surf was not exactly using your right mind either.
There are zillions of great stories about these adventures. On a lucky day you had no problems. But on others you could get chased by the Marines and even arrested. It is amazing at how few surfers actually got caught sneaking in and out when you consider that this was dumb surfers against the premiere fighting force on the planet.
Many times the Marines would pull up on the beach and wait for surfers to lose their boards, this being many years before surf leashes came along, and grab them. If you swam in to get your board they would arrest you. I can remember being in the water and having them actually open fire on us, shooting live rounds right over our heads. This was normally the time to start paddling north to get out of there.
Live gunfire is a pretty good persuasion to bail out on the surf mission. But there were those who would just hang out and wait for the "jarheads," as we called them, to split. There was this one dude from Newport Beach named Mike McClelland who used to actually go up on the beach and fight them to get his board back, and win. I was usually one of the ones paddling north, probably the one in the lead.
Later on they developed a deal where if they got your board they would make you go to the base down by Oceanside and sign a paper that said you promised to "never do it again," to get it back. And if you did it again you could not get it back.
And yes, I did sign one of those and I did do it again. Just never got caught again.
Stay tuned for more of "Before the Freeway" in coming weeks.


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« Back to Romantic Restaurants In Lebanon
Yasmina – Ashrafieh
Indian Fusion Restaurant
Review by Souad
Yasmina welcomes its guests in the ground floor of an old authentic building in Ashrafieh. The restaurant has a wonderful setting: a large terrace with a charming fountain and colorful curtains. The interior is also nice but more reserved. The music, the accessories, every detail reflects the Indian spirit.
The restaurant serves a fusion Indian cuisine, so don't expect the whole set of Indian dishes neither the same original taste. This doesn't mean that Yasmina's food isn't good, we actually enjoyed our meal with chicken biryani and samossas. However, I would've preferred a Lassi made with Indian yogurt not Lebanese one. The chef pampers the dishes with nuts while the portions are small especially appetizers. The service was professional and friendly.
Yasmina is definitely too expensive with an average bill of 60$ per person. However, if you're looking for an original dining experience in a lovely setting, book in advance and visit Yasmina.Write a Review
Indian fusion menu
Suitable for vegetarians. Serves alcohol.
Good to know
Has a terrace. Recommended for families, romantic diners and show off.
Tal3et Akkawi, at your left, Cyprus Embassy Str, Ashrafieh
1 Review
Jun 25, 2012 at 16:10Worst value for Money - Average food
Call them
Phone Number: 01 206 406 or 70 407 406
Website: http://yasminaindianfusion.com
Opening hours
Monday to Sunday from 12:30 PM till 03:30 PM and from 08:30 PM till 11:30 PM
Get there
Tal3et Akkawi, at your left, Cyprus Embassy Str, Ashrafieh
See Also
Chenbao - Saifi(2 votes)
Fine Dining Chinese Restaurant
Julia's(8 votes)
French restaurant located in an old traditional house
Al Hindi - Ain El Mraysseh(5 votes)
Great Value for Money Indian Restaurant in the Heart of Beirut
La Table d'Alfred - Ashrafieh(2 votes)
Refined French Restaurant and Lounge
Chez Jean-Claude - Ashrafieh(2 votes)
French Bistro
Les Vilains - Ashrafieh(10 votes)
International Traditional cuisine


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A 24-hour daily face moisturizer.
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Texas Republicans today dismissed President Obama's months-late 2014 budget proposal as a useless proposal that doesn't get to the heart of what America needs.
The president's $3.77 trillion blueprint calls for investments in infrastructure, education and research while replacing budget cuts that went into effect last month with increased taxes and spending cuts. The plan would reduce the deficit by $1.8 trillion over the next decade, according to the White House.
"When it comes to deficit reduction, I've already met Republicans more than halfway. So in the coming days and weeks, I hope that Republicans will come forward and demonstrate that they're really as serious about the deficits and debt as they claim to be," Obama said flanked by cherry blossoms and the acting director of the Office of Management and Budget, Jeffrey Zients, in the White House Rose Garden this morning.
But Texas Republicans think the proposal — which, like all White House budgets, is unlikely to pass — doesn't properly address the economic issues facing Americans.
Sen. John Cornyn of San Antonio said Obama "chose to lead from behind and put off the task of governing."
"Even with the extra time, the President has offered a budget that isn't serious about putting our nation back on a path to long-term economic growth. He's holding necessary reforms hostage to more tax increases, failing to take serious steps toward deficit reduction and pushing a budget that never balances."
Rep. Roger Williams of Weatherford called the president's budget "a joke":
"The president's budget unsurprisingly contains his usual cast of characters – higher taxes, more spending, and bigger government. I'm a small business owner. I know a budget when I see one, and this is not a budget…it's a joke. This administration continues promoting its flawed policies, like its budget that doesn't balance, that simply do not work. Unemployment still hovers around 8%, our nation consistently carries annual trillion dollar deficits, and business owners and families are cutting back, struggling to make ends meet.
Warm weather, cherry blossoms. Apparently Obama was two months late with his budget because he wanted to have the press conference outside.
— Rep. Steve Stockman (@SteveWorks4You) April 10, 2013
>>> More reaction on the jump page
Rep. Pete Sessions of Dallas slammed Obama for his "overdue" budget proposal, that leans on tax hikes that would hurt job growth.
"House Republicans are committed to getting our economy back on track and expanding opportunity for the American people. That is why we approved a balanced budget to eliminate the deficit and restore confidence in our economy with job-creating projects like the Keystone XL pipeline. It's time for the White House to start respecting the hard-earned tax dollars of American families by joining us in putting an end to fiscal recklessness in Washington."
Rep. Kenny Marchant of Carrollton said the President's proposed taxes is "irresponsible."
"Americans want economic growth and jobs, which is why they overwhelmingly support a balanced budget. The House Republican budget would achieve balance, repeal Obamacare, include no new taxes, and in turn help our economy grow and help job prospects improve. The budget proposal that the President has introduced today raises taxes, increases government spending, and never balances.
"This proposal, delivered more than two months late, is not serious and is not a reasonable way to govern."
Rep. Bill Flores tweeted his reaction to the president's proposal:
The only award POTUS deserves for the #ObamaBudget? A tardy slip. goo.gl/LxhlV
— Rep. Bill Flores (@RepBillFlores) April 10, 2013
Rep. Jeb Hensarling:
"Shrinking paychecks combined with increasing gas and grocery prices have left Americans struggling to make ends meet. The last thing they need is for the president to raise their taxes, add more regulatory uncertainty for job creators, and ignore our looming debt crisis. These hardworking Americans want opportuntiy and a main street economy where, if they work hard and play by the rules, everyone can succeed.
The balanced Republican budget provides the fairer economy and greater future for our children that the American people demand, and I was proud to support it."
Rep. Lamar Smith, chairman of the House Science Committee, says he's skeptical about the Obama administration's plans to 'lasso' an asteroid:
"Hardworking taxpayers are tired of watching the government borrow and spend money it doesn't have.
While getting points for creativity, a proposed NASA mission to 'lasso' an asteroid and drag it to the Moon's orbit will require serious deliberation. Seemingly out of the blue, this mission has never been evaluated or recommended by the scientific community and has not received the scrutiny that a normal program would undergo."
Rep. John Carter:
"I regret the President's fiscal year 2014 budget continues the Administration policy of ignoring the law, and relying on gimmicks and unauthorized proposals to claim savings," says Carter. "At a time when our budget is hemorrhaging red ink and our Nation remains threatened from terrorists, illegal border crossings, and natural hazards, we need DHS to present a legitimate budget request that prioritizes protecting this country and complying with the law. Instead, the FY14 request defies numerous statutory requirements including incarceration of criminal aliens, fails to adequately support critical frontline missions, and repeats numerous proposals that Congress has soundly rejected."


text: News & Events / Events print Events All Events RSS Feeds Search by... Academic Alumni Other Programs Student Admissions Social Month of... January February March April May June July August September October November December YEAR 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 « Back 11.08.18 Faculty Workshop: Brian Bix, University of Minnesota Law School Thursday, November 8 12:45 to 1:45 p.m. Brooklyn Law School Subotnick Center, 11th Floor 250 Joralemon Street Brooklyn Brian Bix, Frederick W. Thomas Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Minnesota Law School, will be the speaker. Our Faculty Workshops are only open to faculty and a small group of students. These workshops provide the group with an opportunity to discuss works in progress by Law School faculty and other legal scholars. Students may rsvp for a workshop at any time by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com; please put the name and date of the workshop in the subject line. Students will be chosen through a lottery and notified a day prior to the workshop. Email this article Share Watch: Book launch for Professor Heidi Brown, Director of the Legal Writing Program and author of The Introverted Lawyer: A Seven-Step Journey Toward Authentically Empowered Advocacy


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Diamond Chain's extensive ASME / ANSI product assortment provides industry leading wear life and is available in a variety of base materials, finishes, and lubrications.
Available in ANSI 25 through 240 and ISO 05B through 032B. Includes single and multi-strand, heavy series, and solutions for specialized applications.
Includes ANSI 25 through 160 and ISO 05B through 048B single and multi-strand, and select maintenance-free, and attachment solutions.


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The American Heart Association estimates that 44 million women in the United States are affected by cardiovascular diseases. Wait! Isn't it men who are at greater risk of heart disease?
The American Heart Association estimates that 44 million women in the United States are affected by cardiovascular diseases. Wait! Isn't it men who are at greater risk of heart disease?
"Although heart disease is sometimes thought of as a 'man's disease,' around the same number of women and men die each year of heart disease in the United States," reports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which tags heart disease as the leading cause of death for women.
What do women need to know?
— Heart disease is not just an issue for the elderly. Risk might increase with age, but factors such as using birth control pills, smoking, family history and a sedentary life can affect young people. However, women generally experience heart attacks at an older age than men.
— Women who are fit are not necessarily safe. "Factors like cholesterol, eating habits and smoking can counterbalance your other healthy habits," shares AHA. Get cholesterol checked annually.
— While there are telltale signs of heart disease, AHA cites 64 percent of women who die from coronary disease had no warning signs.
— A main symptom of a heart attack due to heart disease might be crushing weight on chest, but Cleveland Clinic points to subtler symptoms three to four weeks before a heart attack: dramatic fatigue, shortness of breath or sweating, and pain in neck, back or jaw.
— Women have a higher lifetime risk than men of stroke due to heart disease.
— Women with heart disease are also likely to have diabetes, obesity, depression and other health concerns.
— Risk of heart disease is greater in Hispanic and African-American women, who often develop it earlier in life.
— AHA and other research organizations have yet to pinpoint accurately whether red wine decreases issues associated with heart disease, but it is clear that excessive drinking of alcohol exacerbates heart disease.
— Women who are overweight by at least 30 pounds have a great chance of developing heart disease.
On its site, goredforwomen.org, AHA offers ways women can avoid and combat heart disease.


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South African Journal of Science
versão On-line ISSN 1996-7489
versão impressa ISSN 0038-2353
S. Afr. j. sci. vol.104 no.7-8 Pretoria Set./Ago. 2008
First use of geological radar to assess the conservation condition of a South African rock art site: Game Pass Shelter (KwaZulu-Natal)
F. HuneauI, *; S. HrléII; A. DenisI; A. SalomonII
IUniversité Bordeaux-1, Centre de Développement des Géosciences Appliquées (CDGA), B18, avenue des Facultés, F-33405 Talence, France
IIRock Art Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
WE PRESENT THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY of the main panels of Game Pass Shelter, a major painted rock art site in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg mountain range, using ground penetrating radar. The investigation depth in the Clarens Formation sandstones lies between four and 80 cm, adequate to determine whether the rock wall presents any potentially unstable discontinuities. By identifying such areas and determining the depth of alteration zones at the major discontinuities, the radar helps in the precision mapping of the state of conservation of the rock art panels. The best results are obtained when discontinuities consist of thin clayey layers and are saturated with infiltrating water or are open widely. The radar analysis demonstrated the major role of the thin clayey sedimentary joints as potential source of instability and damage to the art. Thus, non-destructive and technically simple ground penetrating radar is especially useful for the investigation of the stability of rock art sites.
For many years, the conservation of rock art in South Africa has been a major challenge and many studies on both natural and anthropogenic damage have been carried out.16 If today we can reasonably expect to limit human vandalism at public sites, natural weathering still remains an important threat to rock art. In the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Drakensberg, well known for its high concentration of painted San rock art, it is known710 that the art is susceptible to the natural weathering of the Clarens Formation sandstone.11 Together with the usual chemical, physical and biological weathering processes, the fracture system of the rock at the origin of the shelters, comprising the Clarens Formation (previously called Cave Sandstone), often jeopardizes the integrity of the rock art. The visual identification of discontinuities apparent on the rock surface is, however, insufficient to assess the potential risks of instability. Knowledge of the spatial extension of the discontinuities within the rock and of their width is required for an accurate assessment of the risk.
The lack of efficient and non-destructive tools to assess the structural stability of painted panels encouraged us to test the applicability of ground penetrating radar (GPR). This technique is mostly used for ground geological investigations and the identification of discontinuities within rock beds.12,13 GPR localizes and evaluates the development of discontinuities in depth, behind the rock wall, and gives a three-dimensional visualization of potential instability sources. Although it has never been attempted before, the GPR thus seems particularly suitable for investigating the stability and helping in the design of efficient and proactive conservation measures for painted rock shelters.
The investigations were carried out at Game Pass Shelter (GP), one of the principal public rock art sites in the KZN Drakensberg (Kamberg Nature Reserve, uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park). The site was chosen for its significance in the understanding of San rock art14,15 and its excellent management, making it a potential model site of conservation against damage of natural origin. Moreover, feasibility tests carried out at this site are applicable to the numerous other sites within the Clarens Formation.
The Clarens Formation consists of sandstones dated from the Late Triassic. These sandstones16,17 are of aeolian origin, their thickness ranges from 100 m to more than 230 m and they are covered, at a regional scale, by important basalt flows dating from the Early Jurassic forming the Drakensberg Massif. Petrographically speaking, the Clarens sandstones are composed of quartz grains marginally associated with feldspars. They appear as layers of finely sorted sandstones of colours ranging from ochre to rust.18 Between these layers, there are joints of bluish clay that can reach a few decimetres in thickness. Some sandstone layers show abundant sedimentary figures of cross-layered stratification that indicate a partly alluvial origin.
The Clarens layers are also widely fractured, which causes the broken aspect of the main scarp. In the Kamberg area, the fracturing is mainly orientated 60° from north and is, therefore, orthogonal to the orientation of the scarp at GP (orientated mainly between 120° and 150° from north). The dip of the sandstone layers is relatively small, varying around three and five degrees to the north-west. This gives a pseudo-tabular and monocline structure to the sedimentary ensemble. The massive structure of the sandstone layers and their tendency to break out in metre-sized blocks constitutes a major risk to the conservation of the rock art, confirmed by the accumulation at the base of the scarp of sandstone blocks amounting to 50 cubic metres.
Discontinuities observed at GP are either of geological origin or result from weathering processes. Geological discontinuitiescomprise, for instance, fractures, extension joints, and clayey stratification joints. Weathering processes include a combination of thermal stress fatigue and variations in the rock moisture regime, said to affect mostly the aeolian sandstones of the Clarens Formation.11 The development of large scales and many flakes on the surface of the main panel at GP may be attributed to these phenomena. Although climatic variables are reported as important parameters controlling deterioration of rock art,11,1921 the impact of animal burrowing and mineral crystallizations caused by the circulation of percolating water should not be underestimated.
At a larger scale, the intense vertical fracturing of the whole cliff at GP is associated with at least four stratification joints (thin and weak clayey layers) that are responsible for the cutting of the painted wall into many blocks of several metres. Some of these blocks are highly unstable and the evaluation of their connection with the whole scarp is a priority to assess conservation threats.
GPR is a survey method using the properties of electromagnetic waves and their interactions with the ground or the rock. The propagation of electromagnetic waves is described by the Maxwell equation, where two regimes can be distinguished: a diffusion regime associated with conduction phenomena and a propagation regime linked to polarization phenomena. The GPR belongs to the high-frequency (ranging from less than 100 MHz to several GHz) electromagnetic methods in which polarization phenomena predominate.
On the surface, an emitter antenna sends waves into the ground as very short time pulses. On encountering a discontinuity in the dielectrical properties of the soil, the waves are partially reflected back to the surface where the amplitudes of the reflected waves are measured by a receiver antenna. These readings are a measure of the amplitude of the electrical field resulting from the reflections and diffractions on the dielectrical interfaces, and are a function of the propagation time of the waves. Their analysis gives access to the electromagnetic and physical properties of the soil.
The results are first given as a raw radargram (or time section), in which the amplitude of each signal, coded as colour levels, is shown as a function of the propagation time (vertical scale). The horizontal scale shows where the signals are recorded on the surface. The first step in the processing of these raw data is to build an interpreted radargram (or depth section), where the vertical scale of time is replaced by a scale of depth (e.g. Fig. 1). This is implemented from the knowledge of the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves in the studied medium.
A Geophysical Survey Systems Inc. Subsurface Interface Radar 2000 (GSSI SIR-2000) detector (model DC-2A/3400) was used in this study. The frequencies used are around 1.5 GHz, which allow investigation depths varying between one and 80 cm, depending on the resistivity of the soil. The electromagnetic waves have no harmful effects on the rock or the paints. Measurements can be made as continuous sections or on a point, according to the fragility of the rock studied or the presence of art.
Before any investigation of the stability of painted rock walls, tests (not reported here) were made to determine whether the equipment could be used on Clarens sandstones. These preliminary tests, to determine the depth of penetration of the electromagnetic waves and the possibility of identifying the discontinuities of interest for conservation, showed that the GPR can detect: (i) rock scales of small width (1020 cm), (ii) the presence of moisture in clayey joints, and (iii) at greater depths the presence of open cracks which might destabilize entire rock blocks.
A wave of high amplitude, nearly continuous over the entire profile, is clearly shown between 20 and 25 cm (Fig. 1), consistent with a thin clay joint locally visible on the surface. This important discontinuity is a risk for the conservation of the panel located just above which carries most of the paintings of the site. Although no sign of short-term instability is so far visible on the surface, the radargram indicates that the joint lacks cohesion. It also shows that infiltration water passes through this joint, thus potentially increasing the instability of the panel.
Because the rock geometry does not allow a continuous profile under this layer, two point measurements were made instead. These measurements show the presence of an interface between 18 and 25 cm (also visible on the surface) that goes deep into the rock (Fig. 2). Although it appears closed on the surface, where no sign of short-term instability has yet appeared, the radar image shows that the interface is clearly discontinuous in depth.
Figure 3 shows a slab with a significant detachment visible to the naked eye. The aim of the radar measurement was to evaluate the detachment in depth and over the entire length of the slab. The radargram shows that the slab is detached over its entire length and with potential short-term instability. A radargram recorded of an area with water seepage, suggesting the possibility of an open discontinuity, failed to confirm, after processing, a clear discontinuity (Fig. 4). The blurred shape of the radargram results from strong amplification of the waves that increases measurement noise. Nevertheless, the strong amplification on part B (the zone with maximal oozing) possibly shows a discontinuity at about 5060 cm. At the time of the measurement (during austral spring), the surface was dry and no water was seeping, which may explain the poor contrast.
The aim of the measurement depicted in Fig. 5 was to confirm the presence of an open discontinuity (at the layer upper joint) possibly causing instability of the overhanging slab. When the signal is strongly amplified, the radargram shows the probable presence of two interfaces, detected at 35 and 50 cm. The joints observed on the surface are, therefore, continuous in depth and contain moisture, as they are easily detected by radar.
The radar investigations carried out at GP have demonstrated the usefulness of GPR in assessing the conservation condition of a rock art site. The best results are obtained with: (i) clayey sedimentary joints, (ii) open tension joints, (iii) joints saturated with percolating water. The GPR is, however, not able to show shallow discontinuities such as superficial scales because the signal from the first centimetres of the ground are perturbed by direct waves of strong amplitude ('near-field zone').
The contrast on the radargrams is increased by the presence of water or air within the discontinuities. This preliminary investigation was carried out during the dry season. Better results might be expected during the wet season when percolating waters may circulate along major cracks or saturate argillaceous joints and allow a stronger contrast in the reflection of the electromagnetic waves. This is likely to be the case where marks left by seeping water were observed but that were dry at the time of the investigation.
Most of the sources of instability investigated at GP with ground penetrating radar are more related to the geological characteristics of the site than to weathering processes. From this point of view, the vulnerability of the numerous thin bluish clayey joints can be considered as a potential short-term risk to the conservation of the rock art. The GPR clearly underlines the poor cohesion of these sedimentary joints and the risk of damage to painted panels that they represent.
Tests and measurements made at GP demonstrate that the GPR met its objectives; namely, to determine the existence of scale detachments behind the surface and the deeper opening of discontinuities between layers without any danger to the paintings. This technique complements information obtained by a visual observation of the walls.
It is now possible to undertake precise monitoring focusing on the most unstable parts of the painted panels. At GP special attention should be paid to the evolution of the thin clayey joints, as they constitute the main source of instability of the rock layers. Gauges may be installed to follow the opening of the discontinuities identified as potential sources of instability, thus allowing for timely remedial action.
We thank for their financial support the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Suzanne Ward (Xharo Award 2004) and the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand (individual research grant 2004). This project also benefited from the help of Amafa aKwaZulu Natali and Ezemvelo-KZN Wildlife, which granted the required permits, and would not have been possible without the collaboration of all the staff from Kamberg Nature Reserve.
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