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Search Our Collection
Located on the 2nd floor of the main library.
Hours: Monday - Saturday 9AM - 5:30PM
9AM - 8PM on Thursdays
About the Collection | Local Authors | Pioneer Families
Newspapers.com Search in the library, or at home with your library card, for obituaries, marriage announcements, birth announcements, social pages, local sports action, advertisements, news articles, and more in this Southeastern archive of online newspapers. States included are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Williamson County Genealogy and Local History Database Includes searchable Williamson County obituaries, local African-American Genealogy, Local History news database, and information on Williamson County births, marriages, veterans, and family histories.
FamilySearch Affiliate Access provided in the library. Our patrons will have access to over 2 billion digitized records, including 400
million images that are currently not available to the public outside of an
affiliate library or a FamilySearch family history center.
Ancestry Library Access only provided while visiting the library. All the power of Ancestry.com for finding census data, family histories, vital records, and more - free with your WCPL card.
Fold3: History and Genealogy Archives Access with your library card from home or in the library. General military records, Civil War records, revolutionary War records, Native American genealogy, African American Genealogy, and more.
HeritageQuest Online Access with your library card from home or in the library. Census records, family history books, Revolutionary War records, slave schedules, Freedman's bank records and more.
The Tennessean
Access historical and current newspapers, from 1812 to Present: Click Here
Ancestry.com: Tennessee State Library and Archives Genealogy Records A collection of Tennessee vital records, court documents, land and tax records, and more, provided free to Tennessee residents.
WILLIAMSON COUNTY ARCHIVES ONLINE Free access provided by the Williamson County Archives. Searchable Williamson County Court Cases, Deeds, Marriages, Wills, and more.
Learn more about the Williamson County Archives and Museum.
Items in the Special Collections Department are not available for checkout. Patrons may only access materials during department hours. No food or drink allowed in the Special Collections Department.
The WILLIAMSON ROOM houses the local author collection, rare book collection, and map collection. This room can be used as a short term meeting space for small groups, when available. Rules and conditions apply. Please contact the Special Collections Librarian. Reservations are required. 615-595-1246.
BOOKS, MICROFILM, and MORE - The Special Collections Department has a large collection of books, microfilm, maps, and electronic resources available for research.
CIVIL WAR RESEARCH The department has the complete War of the Rebellion series, as well as a large amount of material related to the Battle of Franklin. In addition, the Williamson Room houses a large collection of historic books related to the Civil War.
THELMA BATTLE WILLIAMSON COUNTY AFRICAN AMERICAN COLLECTION Local grass-roots historian and genealogist Thelma Battle has spent years compiling information on local African-American families. This information is available for research in the Special Collections Department as well as through our database.
In addition, Ms. Battle has combed the communities of Williamson County and surrounding counties to gather thousands of photographs for an annual exhibit documenting local African American history. a partial index of which is available through our online database, while the photographs are available to view in the department.
Ms. Battle has also gathered over 2000 individual funeral programs of local African-Americans. Currently, these are available for viewing in the department.
RICHARD CARLTON FULCHER's AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORICAL COLLECTION contains excerpts gleaned from County Court Records and documents persons of African descent in Williamson County from its founding in 1799 until emancipation.
EDITH RUCKER WHITLEY MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION consists of over 2,300 notebooks of genealogical research compiled by Mrs. Whitley during her lifetime, organized by surname. An index can be found on our database. Please note the use of this manuscript material is limited to three boxes at a time.
The Molly Bateman Reigard Collection of Childress Research and Related Families was donated in 2004, as a gift of the Childers/Childress Family Association, and includes family histories and miscellaneous data.
BRACKEN GENEALOGY COLLECTION is comprised of 3 boxes genealogy materials related to the Bracken family of Nashville and related families.
The Blandford Series of YARBROUGH Genealogical Records was published by the Yarbrough National Genealogical and Historical Association, Inc., and contains 135 volumes of family history of the Yarbrough and associated families covering a multi-state area.
Click HERE for the YARBROUGH Collection Master Index.
For more information on the Yarbrough family, link to their website here:
Yarbrough Family Publications.
PIONEER FAMILIES The library proudly offers a commemorative certificate for Pioneer Families of Williamson County, Tennessee, to eligible persons. Anyone directly descended from a pre-1850 pioneer of the county is welcome to apply for this permanent remembrance of his/her family history.
The collection consists of booklets with documents to support the certificate holder's lineage for each Pioneer Families ancestor. Call to learn more 615-595-1246 ext. 1.
LOCAL AUTHOR Williamson County Public Library maintains a Local Author Collection
created by persons significantly identified with this area, either by residence
or birth, in an effort to highlight emerging creative work in the local
community and as a way to connect authors with the reading public.


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Pee! Pee everywhere! That's what girls from Princeton (Minn.)'s soccer team say they found in their lockers Saturday morning. The pissing bandits haven't been identified, but here are the facts: Princeton's football team played host to Mound Westonka (Minn.) last Friday. Mound Westonka's team used the Princeton girls' locker room for the game. And the next morning, when the girls showed up for soccer practice, they were pretty upset (pissed?) at what they found.
Per CBS Minnesota, Princeton student Taylor Sleen asked the million-dollar question:
Why would you do that to someone else's stuff? The soccer balls were all full of it and some soccer people's shoes were all yellow and stuff—it's gross.
Now, no one's accusing Mound Westonka's players of filling soccer balls with pee, but it doesn't look good for them. The room was locked by a custodian after Friday's football game, and no one opened it until the following morning. The principal at Mound Westonka says players and staff are being interviewed, and investigation is ongoing. Thus far, no answers have trickled forth.
Schools Investigate After Urine Found In Girls Locker Room [CBS Minnesota]
Photo credit: Ulrich Mueller/Shutterstock

subset: commoncrawl


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I am using ArcGIS 9.2 and I have a simple python script that does the following :
- Loop over a polygon feature class (shown in red in the image below)
For each record, create a feature layer to isolate the polygon for the row
Clip a raster (floating point DEM) with the geometry of the polygon feature layer using the Extract By Mask tool
The script works great; however, the clipped raster extents match those of the bounding rectangle of the ENTIRE polygon feature class (all rows). The pixels outside of the individual polygon used as the in_mask_data parameter are NoData values (shown in blue in the image below), so they can be easily dealt with.
I would like to know if it is possible to limit the output raster extents to those of the bounding rectangle of the individual polygon used as the in_mask_data parameter? I looked into the Output Extent environment setting and the MINOF setting is the default and it is supposed to be the intersection of inputs - the input raster and the feature layer in my case).


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A paleontological meeting at the Owl Creek Formation
Mark Wilson May 28th, 2010
RIPLEY, MISSISSIPPI — On our last full field day we met a team from the American Museum of Natural History (led by paleontologist Neil Landman) and converged on the famous Late Cretaceous Owl Creek Formation exposures near Ripley in northern Mississippi. This site has been studied since 1810 and has produced extraordinary fossils, especially ammonites with pearly layers of aragonite still preserved in their shells. As fun as the geology was, it was even more entertaining to see the mix of southern and New York accents and mannerisms on the outcrop!


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Blog Posts In goertzen adventure equipment
Fall Fishing Report: Streamers in the Shallows
Tom Murphy strayed from his beloved Missouri to investigate the state of the browns on the Big Hole. Using an articulated Christmas ornament, he has determined they are hungry, mean, and preparing to spawn!
This skinny old brown ate in still water in front of the boat ramp before we had the anchor up!
Soon after, the below pictured fish hit "harder than a northern pike!"
We knew it would be nothing short of greedy to continue fishing after landing a hog like that, but after a summer on the oars.....it was just too much fun to stop!
The sky was dark, the wind was up, and the temps were chilly, but the fishing was HOT!
By Big Hole Lodge on Monday September 29th, 2014
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Stream Flow
Observed at Maiden Rock monitoring station.
Flow (CFS): Ssn
Gauge Height (ft): Ssn
Updated: 12/29/2016 8:12am


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April 3, 2010
SAN LUIS OBISPO, Calif. - Tayler Williams became the second Gaucho to set a school record this season with her performance in the triple jump at the Cal Poly Invitational. The meet featured nine collegiate teams and many more individually entered athletes.
The women's triple jump featured two Gauchos vying for a school record. Eventually it would be Tayler Williams who set the new record with a mark of 39'10.25" (12.15m). Tamara Thomas was second with her best mark measuring 39'8.75" (12.10m). For a few minutes there was an unusual situation where Thomas held the school record with her wind-legal 12.10m mark, but Williams led the competition with a wind-aided 12.13m mark. In the end Williams would hit a wind-legal 12.15m on her final jump to win the meet and take the record.
Williams also posted a six-meter mark in the long jump with a leap of 19'8.50" (6.01m), which would have been a UCSB record under legal wind conditions. She was the winner of that event as well. Although the wind was above regulation for record setting, it was under the allowable +4.0 meters/second for NCAA qualifying purposes. Entering this weekend, the mark would place in the top-15 spots in the West Region. Her triple jump mark would place her in the top-20.
Winners on the track included Drew Johnston, who took the 400m hurdles with a time of 53.65. He also set another personal best in the 110m hurdles at 14.83, which was good for second place. In the women's 400m hurdles, Aislynn Mueller took the victory with a time of 63.99.
The Gauchos had two winners in the throws. Jean Lightfoot won the women's discus with a personal-best throw of 153'8' (46.83m). Alex Umstead won the men's hammer with a toss of 176'2" (53.69m), and was closely followed by teammate Chris Hamilton in second at 174'8" (53.24m).
Ryan Martin was the other event winner for UCSB, finishing the 400m with a seasonal best time of 48.02. Kelsey Bolden performed well in the women's sprints with a wind-aided time of 12.09 in the 100m.
Two high jumpers returned to the track for the first time since last season. Barbara Nwaba placed second with a clearance over 5'8" (1.73m), and Christina Nowak placed third with a clearance over 5'6" (1.68m).
Finally, Gaucho assistant coach Avery Blackwell decided to participate in the men's 5000m, and he ended up winning the race. He ran 15:16.34 on the track where he trained as a member of Cal Poly's team from 1997-2001.
The next meet for the Gauchos will be the Big West Challenge Cup on Friday, April 9 at UC Irvine.
- UCSBgauchos.com -


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Nissan Versa Prices Paid and Buying Experience
swede4 Posts: 1$10990 Versa advertised is not available. We got internet quote for one and when we went to dealer, they tried to get us to buy a more expensive model, saying that model was hard to find. When we persisted, they said they would try to find one. After a week, still none available. Seems this is a "bait and switch" ploy.0
A reporter is looking to speak with someone who has recently traded down from a midsize to a small car, or who recently bought a compact car after shopping both midsize and compacts. Please e-mail [email protected] with a daytime phone contact and a brief description of your experience.
Need help navigating? [email protected] - or send a private message by clicking on my name.
Share your vehicle reviews0
PF_Flyer Pennsylvania Furnace, PAPosts: 9,202All good things must pass, and the time for my 2001 Altima to retire has come. 219,000 miles and it doesn't owe me a thing. On the bright side, the 2012 Versa 6-speed will hit my driveway Saturday morning. This will be the 4th Versa for our household, all 6 speeds. A 2007 (currently at 109,000) a 2010 that saved the wife when it was rear-ended while sitting still by an F-150 and totaled, and a 2011 (currently at 38,000) that replaced the 2010.
Edmunds Moderator
Silver 2012 Nissan Versa Hatchback & White 2019 Nissan Rogue S
Need some roadside assistance? [email protected] - or send a private message by clicking on my name.
Just purchased or leased a vehicle? Write your own vehicle review0
formula353 Posts: 3I tried my best to get a deal on my 2012 Versa sedan. They only had two in stock. One was stripped down and the other an SL. I bought the SL however they only budge $200 off the sticker. I'm sure in a few months when they've been out a while I could shop around and get a better price. So far I do enjoy the car.0
igozoomzoom Waleska, GeorgiaPosts: 801Is your 2012 Versa the Hatchback or Sedan? If it's a 6-speed manual, it has to be the 1.8S Hatchback or 1.6S Sedan...right?2015.5 Volvo S60 T6 Drive-E Platinum, 2012 Mazda CX-9 GT0
funsun11 Posts: 1Hi everyone,
I am planning on going to see a local Nissan dealer in the Tampa Bay area. The quoted me for a Nissan Versa 1.6 S CVT (2012) for $13825.
My parents paid $17,500 for 2011 Versa with $2000 down. They live in the Philadelphia area.
I did a True Market Value price for the area Tampa Bay (where I live) and they said : $13404.
I am a female and I won't be taking anyone with me. Any advice on how to handle and negotiate would be helpful.
I know the price range that I am looking for and I am willing to walk out as I refuse to make myself car poor due to high payments.
I am planning on calling the dealer within the next few hours. Any help would be appreciated.0
alamocity Posts: 680Once you have determined the price that you are comfortable with, I would then get the dealership to break down the out the door price to make sure there are no hidden surprises. Next if you plan to finance the vehicle I'd recommend getting approval for the loan before you walk into the dealership, sometimes they may be able to beat it, others times not but best to be prepared ahead of time. Once in the finance office they will attempt to sell you extended warranties, maintenance and other types of packages so decide beforehand whether you want them or not, don't let them talk you into anything you don't want. Best advice a car salesman once gave me is to not do all the talking, the more you talk the easier you are to read.0
Ordered my 5speed versa today at apple nissan in york pa for delivery in march. $12.7K (TTL included) .0
Its sedan with 1.6 engine0
VERY DISAPPOINTED WITH APPLE NISSAN! ORDERED VERSA 5SPEED JUST FEW DAYS AGO. TODAY STOPPED AT DEALERSHIP TO FIND OUT ABOUT THE CAR AND MANAGER INFORMED ME THAT DEAL IS OFF,because nissan stopped making versas with 5speed transmission.0
Opinion of Consumer Report:
Nissan's subcompact Versa sedan is redesigned for 2012 but it's disappointing. In a departure from its predecessor, the small car is now noisy and the interior is blatantly cheap. The car drones as it gathers speed and the continuously variable transmission accentuates engine noise. Handling, though secure, lacks agility. The ride is complaint but rather jumpy. To its credit, the rear cabin is relatively roomy .0
In the government's new, more strenuous crash testing for 2011, the Versa earned an overall rating of two stars out of a possible five, with three stars for overall frontal crash protection and two stars for overall side crash protection.0
Sandman6472 Coral Springs, FLPosts: 4,870Your beef is really with Nissan corporate and not the local dealer really...all they can do is order a certain car but if corporate decides to no longer make that certain configuration, why is it your dealers fault? Maybe you should find another car that suits your needs better. We have a '09 SL hatch with the CVT in the stable and it's been a pretty good car overall though we've had a few problems fixed under warranty, cosmetic mainly. But we're more than happy with the car!
By the way, why are you now trying to trash a car that you were going to buy before you found out that configuration is no longer available? If you knew this information before and you still wanted to purchase it, why now are you trashing it? Or maybe I'm confused here?
The Sandman :sick: :shades:
2015 Audi A3 (wife) / 2015 Golf TSI (me) / 2019 Chevrolet Cruze Premier RS (daughter #1) / 2008 Hyundai Accent GLS (daughter #2)0
If you recently considered a hybrid but decided on a fuel-efficient non-hybrid instead, please email [email protected] by Friday, February 3, 2011 to share your story.
Please include your daytime contact information and a few words about the decision you made.
Need help navigating? [email protected] - or send a private message by clicking on my name.
Share your vehicle reviews0
kj_versa_buyer Posts: 1my daughter had been looking for the 2012 versa s, 5 speed manual, it is not an easy car to come by, after a local dealer promised us the car and failed to deliver, we expanded our search, we talked to dpatrick after searching the internet, they were very helpful and told us to come on over and they would do everything they could to help us out, we drove 2 hours and 20 minutes in the rain and fog early sat morning to look at the only manual we could find anywhere and we were also looking at the versa s, automatic, we were welcomed warmly, and told the manual had sold the evening before, my daughter was already leaning to the automatic because of the availabilty of the manual, i am happy to say she drove her new versa s, automatic home today, the rain stopped just in time too, the sales staff we very helpful, listening to our offer, and considering what we had to say in the matter, after agreeing on the sales price, below dealer invoice, we started talking financing, they were able to beat our local bank by over 2 points and beat our previous approval thru nissan by 1/2 point, we were pleased, upon signing the paperwork we were offered the infamous extended warranty,(my husband never buys these) we were quick to refuse the extension, it was going to raise her payments 25+a month, just more than she was comfortable with, the finance guy asked us why we didnt want it, we explained that my husband it not a fan of extended warranties, and also it was just raising the payment too much, he asked us what the max she was comfortable paying without worrying, we told him, he then offered us a lower interest rate, using coupons and incentives he had available to help, he then told us for 15$ a month she would be covered by the extended warranty for 7 yrs or 75000, with a 0$ deductible!! still a few dollars under what we were looking for, and now we have the peace of mind that comes with the extended warranty, it covers towing, battery jump, even locking your keys in you car, all at 0$, i think the sales and staff at dpatrick did a great job of making us very happy customers, they treated us like people, and really seemed to listen, hear, and consider what we asked, then followed thru with a great deal, thanks to dpatrick, on behalf of my husband and daughter, it's great to know there are some good guys still out there, i will send anyone who is looking for a great deal to dpatrick, in evansville, in, where you feel like your friends are there to help!!!!0
dhiren55 Posts: 4Hello Guys, Last night I bought Nissan Versa SV - Sedan Automatich with splash gaurd and convenience package in Central NJ...MSRP was 16295.. I paid 15860 OTD...
kversa Posts: 1Purchased HB Auto Plus Package -- $13800 + TTL. Wondering if that is a good deal. That is the lowest I got from any local dealer.0
aldag Posts: 81I purchased my new Nissan Versa with 5 speed manual this past Monday afternoon 9/24 from the dealer in Fairfield, Connecticut. I was lucky to find a 5 speed as there does not seem to be many around. The dealer was great and was able to complete the deal from start to finish and driving off the lot in just under 3 hours. Everything was very straight forward and clear and my old car was traded in. The new Versa is great to drive with the 5 speed, it has a lot of pick up, even with the AC on, and is easy to shift. I particularly like the seating position and adjustable seat. The car has a good feel on the highway. For a small car, the passenger room is quite spacious and the trunk is cavernous. The 15 inch tires are providing a smooth ride. Price with taxes, regie, prep, etc. $12,900.0
Great deal at Jeff Wyler Nissan Eastgate: $15110 OTD ($13910 actual price...$17400 sticker) with Convenience Pkg, Splash Guards, Mats, & Paint & Fabric warranty. Difficult deal, but not their fault, I had a very tight budget. Very honorable people & no attempted tricks (which I would've caught anyway) during negotiation or in finance. If you're within 2 hrs of Cincinnati, it's worth the drive. HIGHLY recommend them. Ken Bush, Salesperson. Best, Paul Mansfield, Covington, KY0
Hi, I leave in Houston. Can I have the name of the dealer please. I'm looking for a Versa too, and I have a really tight budget. Thanks0
I just got a 2013 Versa S Plus w/ automatic transmission for $13,600 drive out. That's the best price I can get in Houston.0
Congratulations! You got a very good deal--well done. My dealership is in the Cincinnati area. Peace, Paul0
stever Posts: 52,462A reporter would like to speak with a Baby Boomer who recently (within the last year) purchased a compact or subcompact car. If you can assist, please contact [email protected] with your preferred contact information by July 17, 20130
prijay Posts: 26Hi wanted to know what your base price was before tax, title etc also what was the msrp on the car?0
jmvitrano Posts: 1Hello everyone,
This is my first post here but have used this site's forums over the years for many questions I've had about other cars in the past.
So, I just purchased a used 2010 Versa hatchback (all power options, automatic) certified preowned from the dealer with 55,000 miles on it. It is still under the 5 year, 60k mile warranty and being certified preowned it also has the 7 year, 100k mile powertrain warranty as well. I also purchased the security plus gold preferred warranty which covers almost everything else (at least a lot of things) that could go wrong with the car for 7 years, 100k miles for $1700. I paid $8600 for the car itself (before taxes and warranty).
My question is two-fold: Did I get a good deal on the warranty (no, I didn't call around for other quotes) and do I really need the Gold Preferred warranty?
Any suggestions would be helpful! Thanks!


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Two San Diego residents who recently got tattoos were diagnosed with infections caused by a family of bacteria called nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) – the first cases of this kind detected in San Diego, according to county health officials.
The County Health and Human Services Agency (HHSA) said both San Diegans required medical care due to their infections.
NTM has been found in contaminated tattoo ink and in the water used to dilute ink to create gray areas of a tattoo. Contamination can also happen when the tattoo needle is rinsed between colors.
Health officials said infection can occur because the area being tattooed creates an "open surface on the skin through which bacteria can easily enter the body."
NTM infections can cause itchy, red bumps that can progress to abscesses a few days or weeks after getting a tattoo. Health officials said the infections may require the use of multiple antibiotics for up to six months and can cause permanent scarring even after treatment.
According to health officials, clusters of these types of NTM infection cases have been reported throughout the U.S., but never in San Diego until now.
Though in most cases getting a tattoo is safe, county public health officer Wilma Wooten, M.D., M.P.H., said people should "be aware of the potential for these types of infections before getting a tattoo."
Although both the State of California and the County of San Diego have regulations governing tattoo shops to ensure safe practices are in place, health officials said consumers should still be aware of potential health risks, and know what to look for in a tattoo shop.
This includes making sure the tattoo artist is registered and the shop has a permit from the County Department of Environmental Health (DEH). Also, consumers should ask any and all questions about hygiene and the tattooing process prior to the ink work and request inks and colors specifically made for tattooing.
After getting a tattoo, consumers should monitor the inked area for signs of an infection, including redness, heat, swelling or pus around the tattoo.
If any of these signs of an infection develop, one should promptly seek medical care and call the tattoo artist. In addition, health officials said consumers should report a tattoo-related infection to the DEH Epidemiology Liaison at (858) 505-6814 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
As for these two cases in San Diego, the DEH and HHSA are working together with state and federal health officials to further investigate the causes of the infections.
County health officials did not release the name of the tattoo shops where these customers contracted the infection.


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Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
|Traditional solar cells are able to capture only a small fraction of the energy that fall upon them. In this segment, we'll talk with the developers of flexible sheets of 'nanoantennas' that could aid in getting energy from solar energy or from other heat sources. Repeating arrays of tiny gold foil loops coated on plastic sheets could harvest up to 80 percent of the infrared light that fall upon them, according to scientists involved with the project. The researchers say the material has the potential to cost just pennies a yard -- though a key part of the technology, a method for storing or transmitting the generated electricity, remains to be developed. We'll find out more.


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Hi everyone!
I thought it was time to go back to the roots, so as I said in the first post of the previous Today's thread, I was hoping this might be a thread to -in some way- replace the late "Who's online now?" which I always really enjoyed.
Okay, the same rules apply here: as before, start each post with a sentence that begins with "Today..." and after it everyone can say what's up today, comment on the previous ones or freely talk what ever they please. But as the title says, let's forget about tiny short answers and selfishness and make this more suiting for Talk.
So, I'll go first
Today I've done some serious packing cause I've only got five days till I have to move to a whole new town. It's going to take some getting used to.


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Udo Lattek, who has died aged 80, was one of Europe's most successful coaches - and the first to achieve a remarkable feat.
UEFA President Michel Platini was among those to pay tribute.
The German won all three of UEFA's top club competitions with different teams – the 1973/74 European Champion Clubs' Cup with FC Bayern München, the 1978/79 UEFA Cup with VfL Borussia Mönchengladbach and the 1981/82 European Cup Winners' Cup with FC Barcelona. He also left an impression on his players. "Udo Lattek is my idol as both a manager and a person," said FIFA World Cup winner Jürgen Kohler, who played under Lattek at 1. FC Köln and Borussia Dortmund.
Despite landing eight Bundesliga titles and three German Cups during his time at Bayern and Borussia Mönchengladbach, the one-time VfL Osnabrück boss was regarded as more motivator than master tactician. "Every system and every tactical approach depends on the readiness of the players," he said. "I want mature players who I can grapple with. They were always more important to me than yes men."
"Where there is friction there is energy," was the guiding ethos of Lattek's career, and he certainly got some positive force out of Bayern. Recommended to the club by Franz Beckenbauer while he was assistant coach of West Germany, Lattek helped power them to three championships, a German Cup and the European Cup (won, 4-0, in a replay against Club Atlético de Madrid), even though his motivational methods could be unconventional. Goalkeeper Sepp Maier remembered an incident after a Bayern defeat when the team ignored a curfew and went to a nightclub, only to be tracked down by their coach. "Udo saw the seven or eight of us sitting there and said: 'Right, I'll count to 25,000 and if anyone's still here after that, there'll be trouble.'"
Ousted after a shaky spell at Bayern, he showed his ability again at Gladbach, collecting two further Bundesliga crowns with a side featuring another future Bayern coach, Jupp Heynckes. His charges lost to Liverpool FC in the 1976/77 European Cup final, but made amends by picking up the UEFA Cup in 1978/79, beating FK Crvena zvezda 2-1 on aggregate in the final.
After a low-key stint at Dortmund, Barcelona hired Lattek in 1981 as a replacement for Helenio Herrera. Countryman Bernd Schuster said that Lattek made a grand entrance. "He arrived speaking perfect Spanish and made a big impression on us all," he said. His team missed out to Real Sociedad de Fútbol in the 1982 Liga title race, yet overcame R. Standard de Liège 2-1 in the Cup Winners' Cup final the same year at the Camp Nou to complete Lattek's continental treble.
However, 'El Professor' left Catalonia the following February, partly due to friction with his big summer signing, the 22-year-old Diego Maradona. "My only problem was Maradona, who wasn't used to hard work," he said later. "Once, he didn't turn up on time when the team were due to leave. I had two options: wait for him and lose my authority or go without him. We decided to leave and the rest of the players applauded. Maradona eventually complained to the president and said he couldn't work with me and two weeks later I was sacked."
Lattek went on to coach Bayern again, securing three more titles and two more cups, though he would suffer further European Cup final heartache, with FC Porto prevailing in 1987. He later had brief periods in charge of Köln, FC Schalke 04 and Dortmund – who he saved from relegation in 2000 – before retiring, summing up his combination of street smarts and psychology with the words: "I was an idiot that couldn't do anything but I was ambitious, strong and I used my elbows."
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Mermaids in Movies and Pop Culture
A History of Mermaids in Pop Culture
A History of Mermaids in Pop Culture
Today is the 25th anniversary of the classic Disney princess movie The Little Mermaid, and although the history of mermaids spans centuries, they are definitely having their moment in the sun, er, water. In recent years, TLC's My Strange Addiction featured a merman obsessed with the tailed creatures, famous ladies like Kim Kardashian and Lauren Conrad have dressed like them for Halloween, the special Mermaids: The Body Found explored the possibility that they really exist, and the Disney princess version got her own ride at Disneyland. Not to mention hipster Ariel!
The mythological half-human, half-fish ladies have been immortalized in literature, art, and iconic films, and I just can't get enough of their sexy, sassy, and oftentimes troublemaking ways. So dive into the underwater world of these mysterious beings with this brief history of mermaids in pop culture.


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Published Apr 24, 2008
"I never go to Davis and after reading the reviews, I was very eager to check them out. I didn't know where they were..."
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After more than six months of investigations and controversy surrounding U.S. surveillance policies, President Obama delivered highly anticipated remarks that addressed the issue with the intention of restoring trust in the federal government and, more specifically, the National Security Agency.
You'll recall that the controversy began after former NSA contractor Edward Snowden leaked an abundance of classified documents. Snowden's leaks showed that the government routinely collected the phone records of American citizens for possible use in tracking terrorism suspects.
This raised the public's suspicion that the federal government was spying on them. It didn't help that the Obama administration handled the leaks horribly and continued to mislead Americans, denying that the surveillance ever occurred.
Well, the president's speech didn't make me feel any safer. In fact, if anything, it was disturbing. He acknowledged that high-tech surveillance does pose a threat to civil liberties, but once again reiterated that "the United States is not spying on ordinary people who don't threaten our national security."
Obama then outlined changes, saying that he would require court approval each time an agency analyst requested access to calling records, except in emergencies. He also stated that he intends to remove the government from the business of collecting Americans' calling data and give it to a tech or phone company.
This is a ludicrous idea. Why would the president think it would be good to have private contractors collect and hold what could be potentially dangerous national security data? Do we really think a private contractor is better at this sort of task than the NSA or FBI?
Let's not forget that Snowden got clearance through an outside contractor. This shows how dangerous it is to let an outside company have a role in our national security. And the president is actually considering using a private contractor to store the data once it is collected. That's ridiculous.


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Some interesting elements of nature are incorporated into this new line of "ecoresins" from 3Form.
Called Full Circle, the designers utilize renewable materials collected from artisans in diverse communities such as Inodnesia and Africa.
I'd be great if they could make Ecoresins more eco-effective — its currenly a polyester resin which incoporates a 40% post-industrial recycled content. Perhaps 100% recycled content could be used, or even a biodegradable resin?


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Skip to Content
As the number of international students and 1.5 generation students rapidly increases on our campus, it is important for faculty to create a learning environment in which both native speakers and non-native speakers become an important part of their own learning processes. An effective way to cultivate such an environment is to design course assignments and class activities by utilizing the strengths and challenges of native speakers and non-native speakers.
When designing class assignments and activities, there are some important points for faculty to consider. Let's take a look at the following assignment prompts.
Certain cultural assumptions are deeply embedded in these assignment prompts. They invite us to think about what identities international and 1.5 generation students are expected to enact in these assignments. Such students can be engaged in the assignments in a more meaningful way if they are asked to examine the influence of the most popular sports game in their home countries; compare a well-known talk show in their home countries with one of the talk shows in the US or compare two most well-known talk shows in their home countries; and critique the economic vision of the Presidents of their home countries. This way, they can also help create a global moment in a local classroom by introducing their own cultures and customs. It is important to remember that international students are valuable assets for classroom activities and assignments, and they can help prevent class assignments or projects from being ethnocentric.
When faculty design a group project that requires an international perspective, international students and 1.5 generation students can take a more active role in the research process while native-English-speaking students can be more active in writing the paper. Native speakers become language informants and non-native speakers become cultural informants for their group project.
If it is a speaking assignment, faculty may pair an ESL student with a native speaker; the ESL student becomes the discussant for a native-English-speaking presenter. The ESL student should read the native speaker's presentation material before the presentation and conduct the Q&A session for the native speaker. They get to know each other's presentation topics beforehand and can help each other develop their ideas further for their projects (it is similar to the Discussant and Presenter format that is often used in professional conferences). This way, faculty can foster interactions between both groups of students that can benefit the learning of both students.
Another effective way to guide ESL students to become more active in their learning processes is to encourage them to bring back some artifacts that capture key aspects of their cultures or any artifacts that have some symbolic meanings in their cultures. Ask them to bring significant objects and introduce their cultures to your class. They can create a global moment both in their local classroom and on our campus by introducing their own cultures and customs. Cultural mementos can be also invaluable primary data sources for research projects in many courses that require an active inquiry into cultures, literacies, and languages. Also, each quarter, a variety of cultural events are arranged by the Office of Student Life and other student organizations on campus. They can use those artifacts to participate in the cultural events that take place on our campus (e.g. Intercultural Nights).
Faculty should not aim to assimilate international students into the US academic discourse community or simply acculturate them into the US academic culture. The goal of our education is not to Americanize international students; most of our international students go back to their home countries after their education at UWB. Our goal is to guide them to become more competent global citizens. We should help such students develop intercultural literacy, which Juan Guerra defines as "the ability to consciously and effectively move back and forth among as well as in and out of the discourse communities they belong to or will belong to" (1997, p. 259).
In order to guide the students to move back and forth between the communities, it is crucial for faculty to provide them with a point of reference and a point of comparison for class activities and assignments. They should be given opportunities to talk and write about their cultural identities, heritages, and conflicts. They should be guided to "shuttle between their cultures and communities" (Canagarajah, 2002, p. 146). Their education in the US should not weaken their existing relationships with their home cultures: they should be constantly encouraged to negotiate and articulate their differences in order to become more competent global citizens (Connor, 2011; Min, 2012). This is the key idea in fostering an intercultural educational environment that can benefit both native and non-native speakers in our classrooms and on campus.
Canagarajah, S. (2002). Globalization, methods, and practice in periphery classrooms. In D. Block & D. Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and language teaching (pp. 134-150). New York, NY: Routledge.
Connor, U. (2011). Intercultural rhetoric in the writing classroom. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Guerra, J. (1997). The place of intercultural literacy in the writing classroom. In C. Severino, J. Guerra, and J. Butler (Eds.), Writing in multicultural settings (pp. 234-244). New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America.
Min, Y. K. (2012). Contact zone in TESOL: East and west immersion. Journal of International Students, 2(1). 83-85.
Min, Y. K. (work in progress). Teaching ESL students: Guidelines for inclusive pedagogical practices.
Education Program


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Large CLR User-Defined Types
In SQL Server 2005, user-defined types (UDTs) in the common language runtime (CLR) were restricted to 8,000 bytes in size. This restriction has been lifted in SQL Server 2008 and later versions. CLR UDTs are now treated in a similar way to large object (LOB) types. That is, UDTs less than or equal to 8,000 bytes behave the same way as in SQL Server 2005, but larger UDTs are supported and report their size as "unlimited".
For more information, see Large CLR User-Defined Types (OLE DB) and Large CLR User-Defined Types (ODBC).
Use Cases
For ODBC, support for large UDTs includes the ability to send UDT values in pieces as data-at-execution parameters. This is done by using SQLPutData.
For OLE DB, support for large UDTs includes the ability to stream UDT values to and from the server by using ISequentialStream binding.
UDTs less than or equal to 8,000 bytes will behave as they did in SQL Server 2005. For OLE DB, you can still stream small UDTs by using ISequentialStream binding.
Sometimes native code will have to understand the contents of CLR UDTs, but will not have to instantiate managed objects. If this is the case, you can use custom serialization to convert UDT values on the server into a well known format for clients.
For applications that have existing data access code, you can exploit CLR UDT behavior on the client by retrieving UDTs through native APIs and instantiating them by using C++ CLI interop in mixed mode applications.
See Also
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Discussion papers
Patients in control: why people with long term conditions must be empowered
This report sets out the key drivers for giving patients greater control. It describes why giving patients greater control helps to improve health outcomes and the quality of services people receive. It summarises research with patients showing that people want more control and involvement in managning their health than they have currently.


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Acta Theologica
versión On-line ISSN 2309-9089
versión impresa ISSN 1015-8758
Acta theol. vol.34 no.1 Bloemfontein ene. 2014
Cyril of Alexandria speaks for God in his interpretation of the Holy Bible
Dr. Eirini Artemi
Greek Archdiocese of Athens, E-mail: email@example.com
Cyril of Alexandria is known more for his defence of Alexandrian Christology than for his accomplishments as an interpreter of the Old and New Testaments. Although the fathers were aware that the Old Testament's idiom differed from that of the New Testament, they considered the Bible to be one book and that each part thereof complemented the other. Cyril emphasises that "[t]he entire Scripture is one book, and was spoken by the one Holy Spirit" (Isaiah PG 70, 656A).1 The unity of the Bible is based on Christ; without him, it is difficult to view Leviticus, Proverbs, Ezekiel, Mark's gospel, the Acts of the Apostles or the first epistle of John as part of one Holy Book, the Bible.
Keywords: Cyril of Alexandria, Holy Bible, Interpretation
Trefwoorde: Cyril van Aleksandrië, Heilige Skrif, Interpretasie
Cyril insists that the law of the Old Testament is a pedagogy which, using metaphors and types, led infants to maturity and hid the beauty of the presence of God within it (Glaphyra PG 68, 137B). In the New Testament, the presence of God becomes visible in the enfleshed (sesarkomenos) Divine Word. The New Testament enables people to understand the stories and the pictures in the Old Testament spiritually (Glaphyra PG 68, 148C). Cyril's most interesting interpretation is the Gospel of John. In every interpretation treatise, the patriarch of Alexandria develops his Christological teaching and explains how God, and especially the Son of God, reveals Himself to humanity. Cyril of Alexandria underlines the mystery of God through his interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. For him, both the Old and the New Testaments are the ways in which God revealed Himself to Israel and to the world. Linked to the Christological controversy, which led to the Council of Ephesus in 431, the last important representative of the Alexandrian tradition in the Greek Orient, Cyril the Bishop of Alexandria, was later defined as the "guardian of exactitude" - guardian of the true faith - and even as the "seal of the Fathers". His important commentaries on many of the New and Old Testament Books are based on the defence of the Trinitarian and Christological faith against the Sabellian, Arian, Apollinarius and Nestorius theses. His interpretation is based on a more literal and occasionally typological exegesis. In his interpretation of the Holy Bible, Cyril finds the opportunity to speak about the Triune God and mainly to explain his Christological teaching. The latter was very important for his theological disagreement with the Patriarch of Constantinople, Nestorius.
Cyril's dealing with the interpretation of the Scriptures enables him to exercise a harsh polemic against contemporary and former heretical teachings. Any heresy is a danger to the unity and coherence of the body of the Church (Glaphyra PG 68, 696BC). Heresy deprives man of salvation and leads to the loss of his soul (Glaphyra PG 68, 556C; Epistles PG 77, 1088B). Therefore, Cyril refutes any heretical errors on reasonable arguments and hagiographical evidence. Cyril found it extremely difficult, at the time, to campaign for Orthodoxy due to the contrasting interpretations between the Antiochian and the Alexandrian schools of theology and interpretation. The rivalry between these two schools is documented differently in their interpretation of the Bible. In Alexandria, the prevailing biblical approach used allegory in its interpretation of Scripture, whereas the Antiochian school stressed the primacy of historical exegesis (Artemi 2012:22, 66, 210).
Cyril is convinced that the theology of the Church must be based on the interpretation - the explanation - of the Bible (I Ad Corinthians PG 74, 868B). The Greeks had invented a mythology for their gods and ignored the One and real God, who is revealed through the plain text of the Bible (I Ad Corinthians PG 74, 868B; Contra Julianum PG 76, 853CD). The biblical documentation is not simply an external reference to a text that was written in the past; the awareness and realisation of the "meaning" of Scripture is the very fact of the society of God (XII Prophetas PG 71, 33A, 36B). Cyril considers that the God-bearing men of both the Old and the New Testaments are hydrants of the redemptive Word. He believes that the theological teaching of the Testaments nurtures the world that has dried up from sin (Ad Nestorium PG 76, 169A). Therefore, he does not hesitate to base his writings on the texts of the Holy Bible. Finally, he considers the New Testament to be superior to the Old Testament, because the former reveals more important truths and the way that should be followed in order to become perfect, and complete his restoration (Isaiah PG 70, 217D).
Through his works, Cyril shows the respect which the Holy Father nourishes for both the Old and the New Testaments. He considers both as equal sources of the Bible that strongly and unequivocally proclaim the existence of one triune God. Simultaneously, the Bible ridicules those heretics who distort the biblical truth. Only in the Bible "does the divine beauty light" (Contra Julianum PG 76, 856D-857A). Cyril also emphasises that the language of the Bible is inferior to that of Greek ancient philosophical texts, but he explains that the latter are used as a practice for the real "education" of the Bible (Contra Julianum PG 76, 857C-860A).
For Cyril, the Scriptures are the pillar of his thought, because he considers their texts to be inspired by the grace of the Holy Spirit, and to be the true documents for the "mystery" of Jesus Christ:
The aim (skopos) of the inspired Scriptures is the mystery of Christ signified to us through a myriad of different kinds of things. Someone might liken it to a glittering and magnificent city, having not one image of the king, but many, and publicly displayed in every corner of the city ... Its aim, however, is not to provide us an account of the lives of the saints of old. Far from that. Rather it seeks to give us knowledge of the mystery [of Christ] through those things by which the word about him might become clear and true (Glaphyra PG 69, 308C).
Cyril emphasises the following:
But I think that those who are engaged on the Holy Scriptures ought to admit all writings that are honest and good and free from harm. For thus collecting together the varied thoughts of many and bringing them together into one scope and understanding, they will mount up to a good measure of knowledge, and imitating the bee, wise workwoman, will compact the sweet honeycomb of the Spirit (Ad Johannes I PG 73, 18A).
In general, for Cyril, the Bible is always related to the mystery of Christ:
He is less interested in understanding what Moses or Zechariah or Paul or Matthew 'meant' than he is in understanding what Christ means" (Weinandy & Keating 2003:21).
The Bible is about Christ and nobody can speak for the incarnate Word without using the words of the Bible. Cyril's point of view thus differs from that of the previous fathers. For Irenaeus, as for all early Christian interpreters, the Scriptures did not stand alone, but were understood and interpreted within the context of the Church's faith and life, its creeds, its liturgy, its practices and its beliefs (Weinandy & Keating 2003:15). For Cyril, the books of the Bible protect the faithful from the heretics and "establish" the faith in them. In these divine books, God put the whole truth for Himself. Although the human being is not able to contain the whole universe, the human mind can only accept some parts of the ultimate revelation of God, in order to be protected from the tales of the heretics (Ad Johannes I PG 73, 21B).
The Bible exhibits the divine truth:
The Spirit does not reveal the truth to those who spend too much effort preparing for battle and who exult in tangled and deceptive arguments rather than rejoice in the truth. This is because the Spirit does not 'enter a deceitful soul' nor does he otherwise allow his precious pearls to be rolled under the feet of swine. Instead, he would rather spend his time with simple minds because they move without guile and avoid superfluous sophistry (Ad Johannes I PG 73, 9AB).
In concluding, Cyril emphasises the end, the highest goal of the entire Bible, namely the coming of Christ. To this end, there is a stable unity between the Old and the New Testament. To quote Henri De Lubac (1959:322):
Jesus Christ brings about the unity of the Scripture, because He is the endpoint and the fullness of Scripture. Everything in it is related to Him. In the end He is its sole object. Consequently, He is, so to speak, its whole exegesis.
Sometimes, Cyril uses verses from the New Testament as hermeneutical keys to reading the Old Testament, thus revealing his understanding that both Testaments are a unified whole. An example of what we have referred to above is that "Cyril looks to passages such as Matthew 5:17 and John 4:24 as providing the hermeneutical keys to interpret the Old Testament" (Beazley 2009:6). Within the unified whole of Scripture, Cyril recognises that each author has a particular σאοπός and τέλος for his individual works (Wilken 2004:842). Finally, Cyril explains the very origin of both the Old and the New Testaments. It requires that the doctrine in both be harmonious, because both refer to man's salvation according to God's project, which is the incarnation of the Second Person of the Triune God.
According to Cyril, the Bible is meant to reveal the "mystery of Christ", which is the mystery of the Incarnation of the Divine Word (Glaphyra PG 69, 308C). The divinely inspired biblical texts were written by the prophets, the evangelists and the apostles and are the source of man's salvation. Through these texts, the Triune God reveals Himself, His will and all the divine mysteries. Of course, Cyril never fails to stress that interpreting the holy texts is a difficult task (Ad Johannes PG 73, 16A). A great deal of patristic exegesis is replete with inter-textual connections based on theological and perceived connections of grammatical and thematic elements. Cyril is no exception to this (Beazley 2009:4).
Faithful to the memory of his uncle Theophilus, Cyril adopts the use of typological interpretation, avoiding allegory for the majority of his treatises (Artemi 2012:66, 210). He is concerned with the correlation between the historical data of the texts and their spiritual meaning. For this reason, he prefers typology. He contends that scholars should not overlook the grammatical and spiritual elements of the divinely inspired texts of Scripture, because they would not have the opportunity to learn the true meaning of the writings and to benefit spiritually. Although Cyril uses typological interpretation, he is often labelled as eclectic in his methodology in that he can appear to draw from both Alexandrian and Antiochian sources, because of variances in exegetical practices from the well-perceived boundaries between Alexandrian and Antiochian exegeses (Keating 2004:13-14). It is likely that such perceived eclecticism posits that there might be less of a dichotomy at work in Greek Patristic exegesis. Thus, it is important to evaluate Cyril on his own terms, as Keating suggests (Keating 2004:5). This requires a working knowledge of Cyril's time and history, as his own terms appear intrinsically wrapped within the history and tradition of his time. However, in order to understand Cyril, one should not assume that the voices of his contemporaries speak for Cyril, as he may not always be a harmonious voice on this historical stage (Beazley 2009:9).
Οἱ τὴν ἐν ταῖς θεοπνεύστοις Γρααῖς ἱστορίαν ὡς ἕωλον παραιτούµενοι͵ εύγουσι ατὰ τὸ εἰὸς τὸ νοεῖν δύνασθαι, αθ ὃν προσήει τρόπον, τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς γεγραµµένα. Θεωρία µὲν γὰρ πνευµατιὴ αλή τε αὶ ὀνησιόρος, αὶ τῆς διανοίας τὸν ὀ θαλµὸν εὖ µάλα αταλαµπρύνουσα νουνεχεστάτους ἀποτελεῖ. Ὅταν δέ τι τῶν ἱστοριῶς πεπραγµένων διὰ τῶν ἱερῶν ἡµῖν Γραµµάτων εἰσέρηται, τότε δὴ τὸ ἐ τῆς ἱστορίας χρήσιµον θηρᾶσθαι πρέπει, ἵνα πανταχόθεν ἡµᾶς ἡ θεόπνευστος Γραὴ σώζουσά τε αὶ ὠελοῦσα αίνηται(Isaiah I PG 70, 192AB).
Typological interpretation was used in many of the Old and the New Testament texts. Many terms in the Old Testament, such as the paschal lamb, typify the mystery of the Incarnation of Christ. Reference to this lamb is the pre-designation of Christ and his sacrifice, which was the means of mankind's salvation from the bondage of sin (Lucem PG 72, 820B). At another point, he mentions that Isaac was the "type of Christ", who is loaded with the wood for his own sacrifice, just as the Lord himself was burdened with the cross (Lucem, PG 72, 933D) on which he would suffer in his human nature and die on Calvary (Golgotha).
The use of the typological method was not limited to the examples cited earlier, but was applied to many other events of the Old Testament which prefigured the events of the New Testament. Cyril has the opportunity to show that the events and the law of the Old Testament are a type, typos, indication of the proper nature of devotion to God: the beauty of truth is hidden within it:
... διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν ἰοῦσαν πραγµάτων (=στοιχείων τῆς ΠΔ), τὴν νέαν ἡµῖν ἐπιδεῖξαι Γραή, αὶ τῆς νοµιῆς πολιτείας οὐ σόδρα διῳισµένην τὴν ἐν Χριστῷ ζωήν, εἰ πρὸς θεωρίαν ἄγοιτο τὴν πνευµατιὴν τὰ τοῖς ἀρχαίοις διωρισµένα. Τύπος γὰρ ὁ νόµος αὶ σאιά, αὶ τῆς εὐσεbείας ἡ µόρΦωσις ὡς ἐν ὠδῖσιν ἔτι αὶ אεאρυµµένον ἐν ἑαυτῇ τὸ τῆς ἀληθείας ἔχουσα άλλος (De adoratione in spiritu et veritate, X PG 68, 137AB).
Cyril often uses typological interpretation in an allegorical way, as referred to above regarding the interpretation of the sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham as an indication of Christ's sacrifice. In Cyril's work, Glaphyra in Genesim (Glaphyra III PG 69, 137B-140A), the interpretation of this passage of the Old Testament (Gen. 22:1-2, 5-19) is based on the "breadth of history" (Glaphyra III PG 69, 140A), the historical and grammatical method. In another treatise, Cyril incorporates the allegorical interpretation of this event of the Old Testament as it was first presented by Paul in his Letter to the Galatians. In this instance, Isaac and his sacrifice represent Christ and his sacrifice, as mentioned earlier. Allegorically, Isaac was the beginning of the realisation of God's promise to Abraham, namely that his descendants would increase like the grains of sand of the sea (Gen. 13:16-17) and the stars of heaven (Gen. 15:5-7), meaning not the progeny of the flesh, but those who believe in Christ and are baptised in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Cyril mentions that the Greek poets and sages were the first to use the allegorical method, because they:
... admired elegance of speech, and good language was among their main aims, and they boasted in mere refinements of words and revelled in bombastic language: and their poets had falsehood for their material, wrought by proportions and measures into what is graceful and tuneful; but for the truth they cared little, being sick through a lack of right and profitable doctrine, meaning that God Who Is by his nature. And truly, as holy Paul says, 'They became vain in their imaginations, and their heart, being void of understanding, was darkened. Saying that they were wise they became foolish, and changed the glory of the Incorruptible God into the likeness of the image of corruptible man and of birds and four-footed beasts and creeping things (Quod unus sit Christus PG 75, 1253D-1256A; Rom. 1:21; Eph. 4:18).
Cyril's allegorical method conceals what each interpreter conveys, but it reveals the "hidden treasure" in the god-like words: "περὶ αὐτῆς (= τῆς θείας Φύσεως) ἀλλ ὡς αὐτῇ πρέπει אαὶ bούλεται" (Ad Johannes PG 73, 61C). This treasure is revealed only through the Holy Spirit in the minds of scholars, "εἰδὸς δὲ τὸ Πνεῦµα τὰ ἐν Θεῷ אεאρυµµένα, ταῖς τῶν ἁγίων αὐτὰ διαπορθµεύει ψυχαῖς, אαὶ ἀπλανῆ אαὶ ἀµώµητον αὐταῖς ἐνίησι γνῶσιν" (I Ad Corinthios PG 74, 884D).
The patriarch of Alexandria explains that the indwelling of the Spirit in the authors of the New Testament resembles the lamp in the tent of Testimony, in which the fire illuminated both the stage and the surrounding area (Ad Johannes PG 73, 193BC, 569C). By this example, he means that all scholars need to be illuminated by the Holy Spirit, in order to understand the same truth as did the authors of the books of the New Testament.
In general, the Holy Spirit's role in deepening the study of the events is emphasised. The Holy Scripture cannot be interpreted only by means of allegorical and historical-grammatical methods, but Cyril teaches that the interpretation of the Holy Bible is the result of the scholars' illumination from God. This does not mean that Cyril no longer uses these methods. In the case of Christ's parables, Cyril leaves aside the established methods of interpretation in order to understand the scope and depth of the meaning of the parables. In any case, he argues, the best tool for the interpretation of the parables is the narrator's ability to explain the meaning of them according to the teaching of Christ (Lucem PG 72, 625A).
Despite his interpretive efforts aimed at clear and sound theological teaching, Cyril knows that it is very difficult to talk about the divine mysteries. He refers to God as a Being, which differs from each created being, because He created everything while He Himself was uncreated and eternal. The Alexandrian father had to interpret the revealed divine truth through the finite limits of human language. This involved many obstacles and risks. For this reason, many theologians or scholars of holy texts consciously avoided theological interpretations of the Bible and opted for silence. On the other hand, God sometimes commanded: "Speak and be not silent". The holy father abided by the divine command. Cyril constantly believes that the books of the Bible were written by authors enlightened by the grace of the Holy Spirit. These authors lived in a particular era, were influenced by a certain philosophical environment and wrote in a specific linguistic form. Taking all these parameters into consideration, Cyril highlights theological integrity, while avoiding the extremes of the Antiochian schools in terms of Christological dogma.
Many scholars attribute the problem of the Christological formula concerning the nature of Christ "Mia-physis and Dyo physes" to the controversy between the Alexandrian and the Antiochian schools of theology. While the Alexandrian school adopted the "hypostasis union" or the "nature union" of the Godhead and manhood to assert the oneness of Jesus Christ, the Antiochian school accepted the "indwelling theology", that is, the Godhead dwells in manhood, as if Jesus Christ were two persons in one, to avoid confusion between the Godhead and manhood, and to avoid attributing human weakness to His divinity. The starting point of the Alexandrian school was John 1:14 "And the Word became flesh", while that of the Antiochian school was Colossians 2:9 "For in Him dwells the fullness of the Godhead bodily". St. Cyril rejects the Antiochian theory of "indwelling", that is, the Godhead of Christ dwelt in His manhood, or the theory of "conjunction" or "close participation" as insufficient to reveal the real unification, but permits the division of natures of Christ as Nestorius taught (Malaty 1987:11).
Cyril views the study of Scripture as the soul of theology. His aim as an exegete and theologian is to passionately defend the unity of the Incarnate Word. Cyril of Alexandria is above all a priest who tirelessly comments on the Scriptures in the light of the incarnate Logos (Weinandy & Keating 2003:209-236). His exegesis of the Psalms is characteristic. As he writes in the Proemium of his Commentary, the text of the Psalms is, in an extraordinary way, overflowing with narratives concerning Christ the Saviour of us all (Psalmos PG 69, 717AB). Before the incarnation of the divine Word, people were unable to exceed the limits of their worldly desires, because of the difficult path to rid themselves of their sinful mentality. When the Son of God became sarx (a man with both soul and body), without losing his divinity, the road to virtue became smooth (Psalmos PG 69, 720A; Psalm 1:3).
The Alexandrian father argues that man is able to achieve knowledge of God partly through the creation,
[f]or the face of the Lord is spiritual contemplation of everything that has come to be on the earth, while the light of His face is partial knowledge of these things (Psalmos PG 69, 740C; Psalm 4:6).
Basically, Cyril's theology is the praise of God. He views the glory of God in the wholeness of creation and, in particular, the creation of man, the incarnation of the Word of God, and the work of salvation. This praise is attributed, and has given proportion to all the Persons of the Holy Trinity: "The heavens declare the glory of God; and the expanse shows the work of his hands" (Habacuc PG 71, 881A; Psalm 18, 2 (19, 2); Psalmos PG 69, 828C; Thesaurus PG 75, 248BC).
Cyril emphasises that God is one, Father, Son and Holy Spirit: "One deity, in three hypostases". "Μία µὲν γὰρ θεότητος Φύσις, ὑΦέστηאε δὲ ἰδιאῶς ὁ Πατήρ, אαὶ µέντοι אαὶ ὁ Υἱός ὁµοίως אαὶ τὸ Πνεῦµα" (2 De recta Fide ad reginas PG 76, 1405C; Adversus Nestorii blasphemias PG 76, 60B, 172A). One God exists in three persons. The Father distributes goods to man by means of the Son, through the grace of the Holy Spirit (De adoratione in spiritu et veritate PG 68, 413A, 521B; Exod. 20:3; Isaiah IV, 1, PG 70, 873A; Adversus Nestorii blasphemias PG 76, 172A; Psalmos: PG 69, 1124D).
Cyril stresses unequivocally that God is One "by nature and truly" (Isaiah PG 70, 772B). He remarks that the Christian doctrine of God the Father is not based on the dominant thought of secular Greek philosophers. The latter considered him to be an impersonal authority, who had created the world. Cyril emphasises the monarchy of the Trinity, in order to clarify that the Son and the Holy Spirit come "physically" (by nature) and in essence from the Father as the sole "principle with no beginning" (Thesaurus PG 75, 112AB). The Father is called Father, because he engendered the Son by his own essence (Psalmos PG 69, 1236C; De Ss. Trinitate PG 75, 717A).
On the other hand, the Son is the face (prosopon) of God the Father, but not identical with the hypostasis of Father, because this would lead to the heresy of Sabellius. Even when Cyril calls the Son the face of the Father, he does not adopt Sabellius' teaching. He is referring to the revelation of the incarnate Son in the world. This is confirmed by the words of Christ: "He is the radiance of his glory and the exact representation of his nature"; "he that hath seen me, hath seen the Father", and "the Father and I are One" (Psalmos PG 69, 1140CD; Hebr. 1:3; Jo. 14:9, 10:30).
Cyril characterises the Son of God as "Light of the Father's Light", because the Father and the light that has been engendered by him, the Son, are inseparable. This is used to demonstrate the homoousion that exists between the Father and the Son, so that the latter is called the "radiance (apaugasma) of the Father" (Psalmos PG 69, 921A; Psalm 35:10). "Radiance" (apaugasma) is a term first used in the Wisdom of Solomon: "For she is the brightness of the everlasting light, the unspotted mirror of the power of God, and the image of his goodness" (Wisdom of Solomom 7:26), and later by the Apostle Paul: "His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very image of his substance, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself made purification for our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high" (Hebr. 1:3) and Athanasius of Alexandria:
And the origination of mankind is brought home to us from things that are parallel; but, since 'no one knows the Son but the Father, and no one knows the Father but the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal Him' (Matthew 11:27), therefore the sacred writers to whom the Son has revealed Him, have given us a certain image from things visible, saying, 'Who is the brightness of His glory, and the Expression of His Person' (Hebr. 1:3) (De Decretis 11:3).
Cyril states unequivocally that this derives from the radiance of the divine "sun", God the Father. In the same way that the brightness of the sensible sun does not come after it, but rather the light occurs simultaneously with the sun, so also with the Son, who is the radiance (apaugasma) (Johannes 1:27) of the intelligible "Sun", God the Father. The Son is, therefore, eternal, without beginning, just like God the Father, and consubstantial with the Father as homoousion. Only the Son knows the Father and the Father knows him (Psalmos PG 69, 1221A; Hebr. 1:3). The Word, who is "God naturally and truly": "ὁ אατὰ Φύσιν ἰδίαν ἐλεύθερος, ὡς Θεός, ὁ ἐν µορΦῇ אαί ἰσότητι τοῦ γεγεννηאότος" (Adversus Nestorii blasphemias PG 76, 121A, 201C; De Ss. Trinitate 3 PG 75, 828A; Jo. 10: 35-36), through His incarnation, constructs the bridge by which the Creator approaches his creatures:
Ἀλλ᾽ 'ἐπεσאέψατο ἡµᾶς ἀνατολὴ ἐξ ὕψους'·(Lk. 1:78) ἐπέΦανεν ἡµῖν ὁ Μονογενής τοῦ Θεοῦ Λόγος, אαὶ συνανεστράΦη τοῖς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, אαθ᾽ ἡµᾶς γεγονὼς ἄνθρωπος µετά τοῦ µεῖναι Φύσει Θεός·αὐτὸς ἡµᾶς συνῆψε δι᾽ ἑαυτοῦ τῷ Θεῷ אαί Πατρί, περιελὼν τὸ µεσολαbοῦν, אαὶ ἀµνησιאάאως ἀπαλλάξας τῆς διιστάσης ἡµᾶς ἁµαρτίας אαὶ διאαιώσας τῇ πίστει (Apologeticus contra Theodoretum pro XII Capitibus PG 76, 461AB).
In other words, the incarnate Son is the means whereby the Father relates to Creation (Psalmos PG 69, 877D). It is stressed that the word "apaugasma" is mentioned only once in the New Testament, in the Epistle to the Hebrews 1:3, to which Cyril refers in this statement. In the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Son is the "apaugasma" of the glory, the reflection of the glory of God. Therefore, in the New Testament, the only time the word "apaugasma" is mentioned, it has the meaning of reflection, a meaning that is assigned in the passive sense. However, Cyril uses the same word in his commentary to mean radiance and effulgence of light, and links it with the Son Being "Light of light". This meaning reflects the active sense of the word.
Cyril of Alexandria emphasises that the Only-begotten Word of God the Father, (Adversus Nestorii blasphemias PG 76, 129B; De incarnatione unigeniti PG 75, 1209A), "because He is God" (Psalmos PG 69, 1225B) is the creator of the earth, the sky and all that is in them (De incarnatione unigeniti PG 75, 1197D, 1245BC; Isaiah PG 70, 853C; Thesaurus PG 75, 485D, 488A, 492C; Col. 1:16). His creative capacity has not been learnt; rather he has it "essentially and physically" through being consubstantial with the Father. St. John's saying "All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made" testifies to God's creative attributes. Being omnipotent, He can penetrate deep into the "being" of man, and knows even the innermost thoughts of His creatures and provides for them (Thesaurus PG 75, 261A).
The God-man (Theanthropos) is powerful and is able to save both the righteous and the sinners (Psalmos PG 69, 901B). When the sinners repent, they try to put their repentance into practice. The Incarnate Word "did not approach man in order to punish him; the Father sent his Son into the world, not in order to judge the world, but to save the world through him" (Psalmos PG 69, 1081AB; Jo. 3:17). He was full of love for his creation and unsparingly offered redemption and salvation of the human race. He taught the will of His Father and declared that the standard for the world's judgement will be the Gospel and his proclamation of salvation (Isaiah PG 70, 592B).
The patriarch of Alexandria notes that the Incarnate Word (Ad religiosissimum Imperatorem Theodosium PG 76, 1168A) intersects with, and simultaneously unifies history. He claims the new (Kainos) man in his substance to be "one with his own flesh". The immutability of the Incarnate Word's divine nature declares that God is not subject to any alteration or change, because his nature is full, infinite and perfect. He is the life, who "was born of God Father's life, having his own hypostasis" (Ad religiosissimum Imperatorem Theodosium PG 76, 1168A). His existence is not "at the same time (omochronos)" as the creation of his human nature, because he is "the creator of the ages" (Ad religiosissimum Imperatorem Theodosium PG 76, 1168A; Psalmos PG 69, 724A). For this reason, Paul states that "Jesus Christ [is] the same yesterday, and today, and forever" (Ad Hebraeos PG 74, 997CD, 1000A; Hebr. 13, 8). Therefore, Christ is immutable and unalterable in the centuries that have passed "yesterday", in the present "today", and in the age to come, "forever". This explains the words of Jesus: "Before Abraham was, I am" (Ad religiosissimum Imperatorem Theodosium PG 76, 1196B; Jo. 8:58). Even though it seemed that he spoke to his contemporaries as a man, he did not do so according to his age as the Incarnate Word, but according to his existence as God. The latter is eternal and beyond time:
Ἦν µὲν γὰρ ἀεί אαὶ ἔστιν ἐν οὐρανῷ אαὶ ἐν τῷδε τῷ אόσµῳ, אαὶ τόπος αὐτοῦ אενὸς τὸ σύµπαν οὐδείς. Πληροῖ γὰρ τὰ πάντα τῇ τῆς θεότητος Φύσει. ἈΦῖאται δὲ πρὸς ἡµᾶς ἐµΦανῶς ὁ ἀόρατος, ὅτε τὴν אαθ᾽ ἡµᾶς ὑπέδυ µορΦήν' (Contra Julianum PG 76, 932CD).
The Son presents the enhypostatic picture of the Father to the world; he reveals divine truths in a way that the human mind is able to capture and interpret. As a man, he does not bear the eternal glory which he has as God. For this reason, prior to his passion and self-sacrifice on the cross, he asks the Father to glorify him as a man with the glory which he has had since the beginning of the world:
the Only-Begotten Word of God being Lord of glory would not (as though lacking glory) have sought it from the Father. Hear therefore from us too: If you say that the Only-Begotten Son who is from God by nature is not he who here asks glory from the Father, who was it who said, 'Glorify me with the glory which I had with you before the world was?' (Adversus Nestorii blasphemias PG 76, 216B; Jo. 17: 4-5; Psalmos PG 69, 724B).
The divine truth, the divine presence reveals himself, and demonstrates that he is different from any human presence or truth (De recta fide ad reginas PG 76, 1205B). Therefore, the uncreated truth, God, acts and presents Himself to man. This is the process which Cyril calls "apocalypse", "illumination", "light", and "teaching" (dadouchia). The Holy Spirit makes the Triune God known in man. At the same time, the Spirit is consubstantial and equal to the other two Persons of the Holy Trinity. Therefore, the Holy Spirit knows the authentic divine truth and reveals it completely to the people who live in Christ. Both "rational" and "non-rational" creation participates in the actions of the third person of the Holy Trinity, and is thus enlightened and sanctified continuously through its course in time (Psalmos PG 69, 1209B; Psalm 83:5-7).
The Father is revealed as God in the Old Testament. He is the creator of a variety of wonderful things. He made his presence known to those who did not belong to the Jewish race, such as the Egyptians, and emphasised that "he is the only one God by nature and truth". At the same time, with the help of the Holy Spirit, He shows to the Israelites and their neighbours that the true God is Spirit. Thus, they must as "true pilgrims" worship "the Father in spirit and truth" (Psalmos PG 69, 1192C).
God rages against those who despise and ignore His will. He is often present in the history of Jewish people to punish the chosen people with hardships, calamities and wars, to make them reconsider their choice of the wrong path - to make them reasonable. This is why the blessed David says:
whose mouth must be held with bit and bridle, lest they come near you. Many sorrows shall befall the wicked: but mercy shall surround him who trusts in the Lord about (Isaiah PG 70, 281AB; Psalm 31 (32): 9-10). God grants rejoicing and gladness to those who seek justice and fight for peace (Psalmos PG 69, 912A).
In the Old Testament, man follows in God's footsteps. God the Father pays to each man what he is entitled to (Glaphyra PG 69, 373B):
with a nod, He can humiliate the high and elevate the lowly, wither the fresh plant and make the dry plant green again.
In addition, through the prophets, God proclaims hidden and future things, which only He knows (Isaiah PG 70, 188A). The Father enables man to come to Him by means of the Word's Incarnation with spiritual sacrifice, deservedly earning a "place" in the divine mind (De adoratione in spiritu et veritate PG 68, 1032B, 1024AB; Act. 4:12). Thus, because of Christ, people will be able to be worthy of both the memory and the knowledge of the Triune God. With the Incarnation of the Word, God the Father revealed his glory and his will in the face of Christ. For this reason, Cyril observes,
we know the Father through him [Christ], who revealed to us his [the Father's] good will, which is that which is perfect and acceptable, according to the Scriptures (De adoratione in Spiritu et Veritate PG 68, 741CD).
Cyril invokes as irrefutable the evidence of Christ's words: "... everything that I heard from my Father, I proclaimed to you" (De adoratione in Spiritu et Veritate PG 68, 741CD; Jo. 16:15). Christ, therefore, is the port and route through which the Father reveals Himself to the people and, by means of Christ, rational beings can attain God (Thesaurus PG 75, 485BC, 560CD, 561A; De SS. Trinitate PG 75, 812BC, 1021B; Joannes PG 73, 556C-7A; Psalmos PG 69, 840A). With his mission, Christ indicates to people the root from which He is springing, and he adds to the Father's revelation of himself (De SS. Trinitate PG 75, 812B).
It should be mentioned that, in the Psalms, one encounters knowledge of the divine Word and the Holy Spirit. These are not referred to as separate hypostases, but as God's attributes. The reason for this is that the world of the Old Testament perceived God not in the sense of Christian monotheism, but in the sense of enotheismos: God in one substance/hypostasis.
In general, the Scriptures show the presence of the Triune God and speak for the unity of Christ. The Scriptures uphold the ideas of union in every text, when they refer to Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The only begotten Son and Word of God is presented in the New Testament. Cyril uses the phrases of Paul to speak for God through the Bible:
All things were made through Him, and without Him was nothing made, ... Since then the Divine Paul declares that all things were made through Jesus Christ, and the Divine Evangelist confirms the force of the sentence and preaches that He was God the Maker of all things, speaking truly, and the Angel's voice too points out that Jesus Christ was truly born of the Holy Virgin (De Incarnatione Unigeniti PG 75, 1309BC).
Cyril of Alexandria was greatly interested in the interpretation of the Bible. Saint Cyril wrote the various commentaries of the books of the Bible with the intention of defending the faith against the false opinions (ψευδοδοξίαις) of other teachers (ἐτεροδιδασאαλούτων) (Farag 2007:71). Cyril emphasises that the Scriptures reveal God. As interpreter of the Scriptures, Cyril does not deal with the text as text, but as the source that anyone can "see", the epiphany of the Triune God. Through the Bible, Christians are taught that the Father is the eternal source of the Godhead, from Whom the Son is begotten eternally and from Whom the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally. It is obvious that Cyril uses the interpretation of the Bible as the only way for speaking for the Triune God, enfleshed Word and Holy Spirit. Cyril's interpretation of both the Old and the New Testaments follows the method of the Apostle Paul. According to the Apostle of Nations, the interpretation of the Old Testament should become in the light of Christ; therefore, Cyril expands his exegetical imagination by showing how other passages of the Bible can be read in that way. In his interpretation, Cyril used a middle road for the way of exegesis of the Antiochian and Alexandrian schools. The Alexandrian father's interpretation taught that the Bible becomes a general area of interrelated words, all speaking about the same theological subject, the one God revealed in Christ, whose work was proven by the Holy Spirit in the Church. Cyril believed that it was his task as interpreter to lead any faithful to penetrate the meaning of the text beyond the words, to highlight a word here, an image there, to find Christ unexpectedly, and to perceive the splendour of divinity.
Artemi, E. 2012. Isidore's of Pelusium teaching for the Triune God and its relation to the triadological teaching of Cyril of Alexandria. Athens. [ Links ]
Artemi, E. 2013. The mystery of the incarnation into dialogues 'de incarnatione Unigenitii' and 'Quod unus sit Christus' of St. Cyril of Alexandria. Publ. 24grammata, Athens. [ Links ]
Beazley, J.M. 2009. Cyril of Alexandria's interpretation of Matthew and Luke's quotation of Hosea: a study on patristic exegesis of inter-textual occurrences. Marc Cortezand James De Young Guided Research Project, 20 March 2009. [ Links ]
Burghardt, W.J. 1957. The image of God in Man according to Cyril of Alexandria. Washington: Catholic University of America Press. [ Links ]
Dratsellas, C. 1967. The soteriology of St. Cyril of Alexandria. Edinburgh. [ Links ]
Dratsellas, C. 1968. Questions on the soteriological teaching of the Greek fathers. Theology 39:210. [ Links ]
Farag, L.M. 2007. St. Cyril of Alexandria. A New Testament exegete. His commentary on the Gospel of John. Gorgias Press. [ Links ]
Keating, D.A. 2004. The appropriation of divine life in Cyril of Alexandria. New York: Oxford University Press. [ Links ]
Lubac, de H. 1959. Exegese Medievale. Paris. [ Links ]
Malaty, Fr. 1987. The terms physis and hypostasis in the early Church. Alexandria. [ Links ]
Weinandy, Th.G. & Keating, D.A. 2003. The theology of St. Cyril of Alexandria, a critical appreciation. NewYork: T. & T. Clark. [ Links ]
Wllken, R.L. 1971. Judaism and the early Christian mind. A study of Cyril of Alexandria's exegesis and theology. New Haven: Yale University Press. [ Links ]
Wllken, R.L. 2004. Cyril of Alexandria. In: C. Kannengiesser (ed.), Handbook of patristic exegesis, VolumeTwo. (Boston, M.A., Brill), pp? [ Links ]
1 The abbreviation PG stands for J.P. Migne, Patrologia cursus completus graeca. Paris, 1857-1866.


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By JEFF AYERS
Associated Press
"No Way Back" is the latest high-octane thriller from Andrew Gross, the best-selling author of "15 Seconds." One woman's life is destroyed and another hides a secret from her past.
Wendy Gould has a fight with her husband. She waits in a bar for a girlfriend who doesn't show. Wendy flirts with a stranger and soon finds herself in his hotel room. Before things get hot and heavy, she realizes her mistake and runs into the bathroom. When she hears another voice in the room, she peeks out to see a man with a gun. Soon, two men are dead — and she's on the run.
Meanwhile, young nanny Lauritzia Velez has a secret that could prove deadly. She's on a shopping trip at a mall with her charges when a gunman tries to shoot them. A security guard kills the shooter before he can harm them, but Velez realizes she has to flee if she wants the family to survive.
Gross is a master of suspense, and "No Way Back" will put him on the best-seller lists once again.
However, one weakness in the story is that both women need men to help them survive. It's too bad neither character comes across as strong enough to do it without help.
Send questions/comments to the editors.
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Expect a recession in 2021, say 34% of economists in survey
Nation & World
China lashes out at Taiwan for offering asylum to Hong Kong protesters
Our View: Loss of doctors leaving hole in rural health care


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