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The Theoretical Route of the Green Economy Initiatives, Applicability and the Future
1. Introduction
Since 2008, global conservation movements have taken different paths, with the especial focus towards the Green Economic Initiatives (GEI). The major stakeholder of global environmental governance, the United Nations, has been advocating for the integration of conservation and developmental themes as well as the establishment of a collaborative platform where all concern stakeholders can contribute to the health of the planet.
In fostering this concept, the UNEP called for a Global Green New Deal (GEND) in the wake of unprecedented economic stimulus packages. A UNEP report released in December 2008 called for a GEND and a subsequent policy brief to G20 heads of state urging them to turn the crisis into an opportunity by enabling a global green economy (GE) driven by massive job creation from a more efficient use of resources, energy-efficient building and construction, widespread use of clean and modern public transport, the scaling up of renewable energy, sustainable waste management, and sustainable agriculture that reflects the latest thinking in ecosystem management and biodiversity and water conservation (UNEP-GRID 2009:4).
However the concept of the GE is still maturing within the UN as well as in academia and global forums for conservation. The UNEP (2010) notes that the GE is an important concept in linking economic growth to the achievement of environmental sustainability. It implies the realization of growth and employment opportunities from less polluting and more resource-efficiency in energy, water, waste, buildings, agriculture and forests. It also demands the management of structural changes such as potentially adverse effects on vulnerable households and traditional economic sectors. The concept of a GE and its policy implications will be applied differently across the globe, reflecting national circumstances and priorities. However, for developing countries in particular, widespread opportunities exist to strengthen economic development, including poverty reduction as well as food and water security in developing countries, through improved environmental and natural resource management (UNEP 1010:5).
2. The theory of green economy
A GE is one whose growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. These investments need to be catalyzed and supported by targeted public expenditure, policy reforms and regulation changes. This development path should maintain, enhance and, where necessary, rebuild natural capital as a critical economic asset and source of public benefits, especially for poor people whose livelihoods and security depend strongly on nature. A green economy (GE) can be defined as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. A GE is characterized by substantially increased investments in economic sectors that build on and enhance the Earth's natural capital or reduce ecological scarcities and environmental risks. These sectors include renewable energy, low-carbon transport, energyefficient buildings, clean technologies, improved waste management, improved freshwater provision, sustainable agriculture and forest management, and sustainable fisheries. These investments are driven or supported by national policy reforms and the development of international policy and market infrastructure (UNEP 2010:3).
The GE system is also a complex phenomenon which aims to achieve a low-carbon economy, life cycle analysis, and resource efficiency. The GE theory especially captures the notion of the vulnerability of human welfare, which can be understood as the result of widespread application of an unsustainable model of economic development. With the linkages of the recent year's economic and environmental crises, the UNEP urges cooperative efforts to address bringing economy and environment together, under the notion that the environment is where we live, and the development is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The two are inseparable (UNEP 2007). As the environmental issues have chain effects; these situations also can be seen through the lens of diverse and complex impacts of climate change, water management, biodiversity conservation, and forest and land management (UNEP 2010).
2.1. The major component of Green Economy (GE)
The UNEP GE Report outlines the eleven major issues to be addressed while empowering the social well-being of citizens of the developing world. The report addresses important sectors of the GE along with cross-cutting issues, such as finance and other enabling conditions, which include: "Green Industry Segments; Energy Generation; Energy Efficiency; Transportation; Green Building; Energy Storage; Environmental Consulting; Water & Wastewater; Finance/ Investment; Environmental Remediation; Air & Environment; Business Services; Research & Alliances; Agriculture; Recycling & Waste Materials; and Manufacturing/Industrial" (UNEP-GRID 2009:38-39).
It is important to note however that the UNEP is one of the major partners of the IUCN in theorizing and preparing policy directives, and encouraging governments to utilize GE concepts in the UNEP and the IUCN's member-states. Dr. Achim Steiner, the UN Undersecretary-General and UNEP Executive Director, notes that the GE concept is also far from being set in stone. It is, on the other hand, providing for some governments a rationale, blueprint, and a focus for actively realizing many of those unmet sustainability goals, albeit at the current level of each nation (UNEP 2010:2).
As noted above one of the goals of a GE is to help reduce poverty, while increasing resource efficiency and improving social welfare. Importantly, the GE is both a journey and a destination; it has much to do with the MDGs; and it is inextricably intertwined with many of the drivers and factors involved in trying to achieve them (UNEP 2010). There is a strong connection between the environment and the MDGs, since its goals include the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; the achievement of universal primary education; the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women; the reduction of child mortality; the improvement of maternal health; combating major diseases; ensuring environmental sustainability; and the creation of a global partnership for development (UNEP 2007).
The MGDs are based on principles of the people-first approach and the notion of the human well-being. As the UNEP (2007:13) notes, human well-being is the extent to which individuals have the ability and the opportunity to live the kinds of lives they have reason to value. People's ability to pursue the lives that they value is shaped by a wide range of instrumental freedoms. Human well-being encompasses personal and environmental security, access to materials for a good life, good health, and good social relations, all of which are closely related to each other, and underlie the freedom to make choices and take action. Furthermore, in capturing the impact of environmental change on human well-being as described in the Global Environmental Outlook -4 (GEO 2007) conceptual frameworks, the impacts of environmental change on human well-being are strongly mediated by social and institutional factors. Furthermore, the explicit links between environmental change and certain aspects of human well-being, such as food availability and water stress, are better understood than, say, those related to education, personal security, good social relations, and overall access to materials for a good life.
2.2.The Human Wellbeing and the Green Economy
Well-being encompasses more aspects than listed in the following text box; they do not, therefore, fully capture the impacts of environmental change on well-being. However, by enhancing positive impacts, these concepts can pave the way positive environmental change, and it is likely that the addressing the well-being aspects can help to empower society to minimize its impact on the environment.
The conventional environmental problems are well-known effects of environment degradation; whereas single sources can generally be identified, the potential victims are often close to those sources, and the scale is often local or national. " Conventional problems such as microbial contamination, harmful local algal blooms, emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, oil spills, local land degradation, localized habitat destruction, fragmentation of land, and overexploitation of freshwater resources" (UNEP 2007:517). The green economy concept establishes causality of environmental damage and proposes a new way to tackle those causes by bringing all concerned stakeholders together in addressing the issues.
2.3. Theory behind the GE concept
The GE concept is based on the basic principles of ecological economics and environmental/resource economics. These disciplines are specifically dedicated to the economic analysis of the relationship between humans and the environment; whereas ecological economics considers the economy as a subset of a larger ecological system (Dasgupta 2001; Daly 2005), environmental/resource economics examines the combination of environmental elements with existing classical (or neo‐classical) economic models (Harris, 2006). The following table shows the difference between these two schools of thought (on the basis of Bergh 2000 classification).
Ecological economics takes a broad perspective in framing environmental questions by incorporating laws derived from the natural sciences. Ecological economy theorists emphasize the importance of energy resources, especially fossil fuels, in current economic systems. All ecological systems depend on energy inputs, but natural systems rely almost entirely on solar energy. A fundamental principle of ecological economics is that human economic activity must be limited by the environment's carrying capacity (Harris 2006:5-7).
Resource economics is the study of the how society allocates scare natural resources. Moreover, the green economy concept is situated on the Neoclassical Welfare Economics theory and provides the alternative avenue with the use of ecological economic alternatives to cope with the changing scenario of the global environmental crisis.
The GE concept accepts the traditional economic model and provides options with the application of ecological economics, resource economics, and industrial ecology for sustainable livelihood. As Randall (1982) noted long ago, the mainstream economists fall into several loose groupings. The middle ground is occupied by those who find the mainstream economic methodology useful and even quite powerful, but who recognize that it has some perplexing limitations, especially when applied to policy analysis. "To one side of the middle, there is a group of free-market zealots, who see the economic system in very simple terms, and who cannot understand why others fail to see what, to them, is obvious. They divide their time between proselytizing for free-market solutions among known economists and attempting to keep the other group of mainstream economists on the straight-and-narrow. On the other side of the middle, there is an ill-defined group of those who are quite uneasy about limitations, so the mainstream economists and policy analysts are suspicious that the zealots are confusing methodology and ideology, but are unable to develop a coherent alternative to the mainstream methodology" (Randall 1982:37 and also in Terry 1982:928).
Furthermore, the GE concept accepts the key conceptual issues of neoclassical welfare economics and alternatives to the ecological economic model, which largely overlap each other, as seen in Table 2.
Adopted from Gowdy and Erickson 2005:213 (Value Monism implies that all objects of utility have some common characteristic that allows them to be compared. Until the middle of the twentieth century there was a lively debate in economics about varieties of value, including use vs. exchange value, labor and energy theories of value, and so on. Value Monism lies behind standard cost–benefit analysis (CBA) which uses the notion of consumer surplus to judge the desirability of public policy choices (Gowdy and Erickson 2005:212-213). As seen in the table, the ecological economy examines the inter-relationships of economic activities that have an impact on the environment. The ecological economy also looks at the functional relationships of ecosystems, social systems, and economic systems, which has a domino effect on social institutions as seen in Table 3.
Fueled by the ecological economic functional model, one of the major aspects of the GE is the examination of the impact of human economic activities on the biophysical environment and provisions of alternatives to reduce such impacts. Similarly, another discipline which relates closely to the notion of the GE is the industrial ecology, which looks more closely at the relationship between human activity and the environment in the context of an industrialized society (IUCN 2010:3). The concept of industrial ecology is relatively old and uses a systematic approach to examine the trends of environmental degradation. The concept was first utilized by Jay Forrester at MIT in the early 1960s, to examine the world as a series of interwoven systems. Industrial ecology is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological interactions and interrelationships both within and between industrial and ecological systems (Forrester 1968, 1971 as in Garner and Keoleian 1995:3).
The idea of an industrial ecology is based on an analogy of natural ecological systems. In nature an ecological system operates through a web of connections in which organisms live and consume each other and each other's waste. The system has evolved so that the character of communities of living organisms seems to encompass a notion that that nothing which contains available energy or useful material will be lost. There will evolve some organism that will manage to make its living by using any waste product that provides available energy or material. Ecologists talk of a food web: a mutual connection of organisms to each other's wastes. The structure of a natural ecology and the structure of an industrial system, or an economic system, are extremely similar (Frosch 1992:800, also in Garner and Keoleian 1995:31).
Broadly speaking, industrial ecology is the study of systems, which applies the multidisciplinary approach with orientation toward the future of analyzing interactions between industrial and ecological systems; material and energy flows and transformations; and changes from linear (open) processes to cyclical (closed) processes (so the waste from one industry is used as an input for another). Furthermore, it looks for ways to reduce the industrial systems' environmental impacts on ecological systems, to emphasize the harmonious integration of industrial activity into ecological systems, to suggest making industrial systems emulate more efficient and sustainable natural systems, and to identify the industrial and natural hierarchies, which indicate areas of potential study and action (Garner and Keoleian 1995). The goal of industrial ecology is to promote sustainable development at the global, regional, and local levels, which largely overlaps with the goals of the green economy principles.
Likewise, GE theory is fueled by the principles of environmental economics, which is a subset of economics concerned with the efficient allocation of environmental resources. The environment provides both a direct value as well as raw material intended for economic activity, thus making the environment and the economy interdependent. For that reason, the way in which the economy is managed has an impact on the environment which, in turn, affects both welfare and the performance of the economy (The Environmental Literacy Council 2007:6). Environmental economics examines human relationships with nature using rational choice models of human behavior. It analyzes the impact of economic activities on the environment, the significance of ecosystem to the economy, and suggests the appropriate ways of regulating economic activity so that balance is achieved in the society. Furthermore, environmental economics is the understanding of various environmental factors, their influence in the economy, their functions upon the environment, and their impacts upon the life of the people of the present and future. Environmental economics also examines how the individual and society values the overall environmental dynamism and willingness to pay if needed to address the environment.
The ultimate goal of the GE is also embedded with the principles of sustainability. There is a link between social, economic, and environmental sustainability and green economics. The framework of sustainable development provides criteria for the management of human and economic development, while ensuring a proper and optimal function over time (Goodland and Daly 1996; UNEP 2007).
The GE is also based on the people-first approach whereas the concept of sustainability is based on the planet-first or equal-treatment approaches. Furthermore, the GE accepts the environment as the foundation for the furthering of people's well-being by increasing the asset-base and productivity; empowering poor people and marginalized communities; reducing and managing risks; and taking a long-term perspective with regard to intra- and intergenerational equity (UNEP 2007). Environmental health is central to all four of these requirements. Long-term development can only be achieved through sustainable management of various assets such as financial, material, human, social, and natural. Natural assets, including water, soils, plants, and animals, underpin the livelihoods of all people. At the national level, natural assets account for 26 percent of the wealth of low-income countries. Sectors such as agriculture, fishery, forestry, tourism, and minerals provide important economic and social benefits to people. The challenge lies in the proper management of these resources (Bass 2006; World Bank 2006; UNEP 2007:10). Sustainability and GE stand for quality of life (including and linking social, economic, and environmental aspects); care for the environment; thought for the future and the precautionary principle; fairness and equity; and participation and partnership (Gibbs 2000). The only difference between the two is the procedure of implementation. In addition to these major theoretical roots of the GE, it can also be examined under the various sociological theories such as governance, stakeholder, institutional, network, and so on.
3. The GE and environmental sociological theory
The GE can be evaluated within scholarship of environmental sociology. Environmental sociological scholarship reviews human ecology; environmental attitudes, values, and behaviors; the environmental movement; and technological risks. It conducts the risk assessment and evaluates the political economy of environmental politics. Furthermore, environmental sociology looks toward bridging the dualisms – structure vs. agency, nominalism vs. realism, materialism vs. idealism, methodological precision vs. substantive importance – that continue to pervade the discipline as a whole (Buttel 1987:484- 1987). One of the core implications of the GE is to look at the societal situation in relation to social and environmental justice. In the same line, environmental sociology looks at society as a globalized marketplace with the understanding that the prevailing forces in our lives undermine the real importance of our human communities and our planet. Green Economics argues that society should be embedded within the ecosystem, and that markets and economies are social structures that should respond to social and environmental priorities (Cato 2008). Environmental sociology acknowledges the role of conservationist, naturalist, holistic approaches, and particularly international media, and looks at the societal influence on the global bio-physical environment. Similarly, it looks at environmental organizations as a loose network structures rather than as dense inter-organizational networks, and finds it difficult to function in corporatist arrangements (Buttel 1987).
In the broader theoretical line, sociologists have not examined the greening of the world, which is present in sociological scholarships. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) propounded by Dunlap and Liere (of 1977), is one example of sociologists' concerns about the connection of the environment and society. The NEP focuses on beliefs about humanity's ability to upset the balance of nature, the existence of limits to growth for human societies, and humanity's right to rule over the rest of nature (Goldman and Shurman 2000; Dunlap et al. 2000; Dunlap 2008). Here the subject matter of the GE and the organization sociology largely overlap. In this regard, it is noteworthy to see that how the NEP can contribute to the extension of GE, which is still largely being discussed in international environment conservation forums by the United Nations agencies (particularly the UNEP) and conservation organizations like the IUCN.
It is evident that the subject matters listed in the NEP are subject matters of the GE and are situated in the same nexus. Both try to understand and search for options to reduce the public pressure on the global ecosystem, with the understanding of the conventional (forest degradation, water pollution, air pollution, acid rain etc.) and the newly explored (climate change, ozone hole, rise in the global temperature and glacier recession) cause-and-effect environmental problems. The principles of environmental sociology, the NEP, and Green Economics as Kennet and Heinemann (2006) note, are positioned within a very long-term, earth-wide, holistic context of reality as a part of nature. It also incorporates and celebrates difference, diversity, equity, and inclusiveness within its concepts of society and community. Its philosophy is to manage economics for nature as usual, rather than to manage the environment for business as usual.
Green Economics can incorporate a much wider, more practical, multidisciplinary range of knowledge than other schools of economics (Kennet and Heinemann 2006:68). Green Economics highlights forward thinking for long term impact and searches for high-technology based on the practicality of environmentalism on the basis of social dynamism. However, because the concept is so new there is an urgent need to incorporate accepted sociological knowledge to foster more theoretical grounding. Linking the theory into the efforts of the UNEP for greening the world, the Max Weber concept of rationalism and the avenue of the global leadership hold very strong positions. Weber focuses on the trend of rationalization in organizational governance in both the public and private sectors of modern societies and how society can produce more goods and services to fulfill social needs through formal forms of organizations. It is important to acknowledge that the former and current Secretary General of the United Nations, as well the Director General of the UNEP, have been trying to implement policy directives through UN agencies. Although there are few indications of a positive direction, it is too early to state the effectiveness of the initiatives. The UN has, for example, implemented varieties of environmental policy instruments such as standards; bans; permits and quotas; zonings; liabilities; legal redress; and flexible regulations (UNEP 2010), as seen in Table 5.
However, by nature, the implementation of the international policy instruments in the complex phenomena and the globalized the concept and follow the complexity procedure and still try to incorporate all most all component of GE.
4. Theory of governance, and GE
The UNEP policy directive on governance notes that the term 'governance' has been defined in many different ways, which vary according to the scope and locus of decisionmaking power (ECOSOC 2010). In recent times, many governance functions that influence individual and collective behavior have been executed beyond the exclusive remit of governments. Accordingly, there has been a shift to a definition under which the governance, at whatever level of social organization it may take place, refers to conducting the public's business by the collection of authoritative rules, institutions, and practices by means of which any collectivity manages its affairs (Ruggie 2004). The most important actors in the process of IEG include national governments; intergovernmental organizations such as the UN and its specialized bodies; civil society groups; private sector associations; and a variety of partnerships between public, private, and civil society actors. The key institutions and mechanisms through which IEG is carried out include a multitude of intergovernmental, non-state, and public-private processes and initiatives that vary in format, structure, and membership (UNEP 2010: 2).
Governance engenders a number of perspectives and definitions which are closely linked with the concept of a green economy and the IUCN's efforts in mainstreaming the environmental governance principles. This definitional claim of Kahn and Zald (1990) is useful to examine the relationships between the IUCN and its members including INGOs, NGOs, national governments, and private enterprises. It is an established notion that the global governance includes both nation-state and the non-state actors (INGOs, NGOs, Civil Society Organizations and private sectors (McKormick, 1999; Kauffman 1997; Schreurs 1997). In the social sciences, governance is also sometimes explained in Foucaultian terms (Baldwin 2003; Agrawal 2005), where government means less of the political or administrative structures of the modern state but rather the people's internalization of the rules that leads to types of selfgovernance, that is governance without active external enforcement (Foucault 1991). Foucault's work is notable; it philosophically illustrates the extensive social and political structures, including the state, bureaucracy, and professions that are utilized in framing the GE. It also describes how knowledge and power are utilized by a hybrid international organization (such as the IUCN) at the state and transnational levels. In the broader sense governance is a matter of resolving conflicts, finding common purpose, and/or overcoming inefficiencies between actors in situations of interdependent choice (Barnett and Duvall 2005:6).
There are various players in global governance that include: multilateral organizations, such as the UN, IMF, World Bank and WTO; international associations, such as the G8, OECD, the Commonwealth and NATO; inter-regional groups, such as SAARC, APEC, and the Trans-Atlantic Partnership; regional bodies like the EU and NAFTA; private governance, such as the IUCN, Greenpeace, WWF, Amnesty International etc.; national governments, of which there are approximately 230 in the world; and finally subnational governments like US states, Canadian provinces, and the German Länder etc. (Cable 1999 as in World Humanity Action Trust 2000).
5. GE and Global Environmental Governance (GEG)
Global environmental governance (GEG) is the sum of organizations, policy instruments, financing mechanisms, rules, procedures and norms that regulate the processes of global environmental protection. In the contemporary world, there has been increase in the awareness of environmental threats. As a result numerous efforts have emerged to address them globally. Since environmental issues entered the international agenda in the early 1970s, global environmental politics and policies have been developing rapidly (Najam et al.2006:6). In the development of environmental policies the agencies of the United Nations have played the most important roles. Similarly, from the nongovernmental sector, the IUCN is only the IO who is involved in environmental governance policy formation. The GEG is the complex issue; therefore it is extremely difficult to evaluate success and failure. Najam et al. (2006) have tried to outline major efforts of UN in GEG reform, especially in strengthening the role of the UNEP.
The weakness of the GEG, particularly in the case of the UNEP, has been largely discussed in the UN General Assembly. In this line, with the realization of a strong international environmental conservation organization, the French President, Jacques Chirac, called for the creation of a United Nations Environmental Organization (UNEO) at the UN General Assembly in 2003. In response to President Chirac's presentation, an informal working group was set up to facilitate dialogue among governments on UNEP reform (Najam et al. 2006). Especially, from 2003, there have been long debates in the UN General Assembly and in international forums about the global authority of environmental governance. Similarly, there have been discussions regarding models of GEG reform such as the Compliance Model, which advocates for the creation of a body that could provide binding decisions; and the New Agency Model, which refers to creating a new organization outside the UNEP with concentrated environmental responsibilities and the ability to steer UN agencies in relation to environmental issues. This model has been highlighted mostly by the Bierman et al. mostly since 2000.
Bierman (2004:17) argues that creating a UNEO would pave the way for the elevation of environmental policies on the agenda of governments, international organizations, and private organizations; it could assist in developing the capacities for environmental policy in African, Asian, and Latin American countries; and it would improve the institutional environment for the negotiation of new conventions and action programs as well as for the implementation and coordination of existing ones.
Similarly the UNEP model focuses to upgrade the UNEP as a departure point for improving environmental governance and suggests upgrading it to a specialized agency to strengthen its status. Likewise, the Multiple Actors Model argues that the system of governance comprises multiple actors whose actions need to be mutually reinforcing and better coordinated. Without better integration of these multiple actors, organizational rearrangement cannot resolve institutional problems (Najam et al. 2006:17-20). The success and failure of the governance depends on the governments' and other stakeholders' commitments and mutual efforts to attain the goals. In the case of environmental management it has a chain of difficulties largely associated with the public well-being. As Bierman (2004:12) notes, the UNGO is a political response to economic, cultural, social, and eco-logical globalization. It is not initiated and developed by some centralized decision-making body, but by an amalgam of centers of authority at various levels.
The efficacy of the current system of global governance has been the subject of intense debate. It is not only a normative discussion as to increased global governance, but likewise a debate on better global governance. By nature the success of GEG depends on political will. As World Humanity Action Trust (2000) notes, the challenge of GEG can also be seen on the basis of the World's Commons, whereas issues of responsibility have always been challenging. Furthermore, the effectiveness of GEG also depends on the capacity of tackling the commons as well as on the formation of coping strategies, and the availability of infrastructures for implementation.
The cause of ineffective GEG is due to the lack of cooperation and coordination among international organizations; the lack of implementation, compliance, enforcement, and effectiveness; inefficient use of resources; and global governance outside the environmental arena. Other causes of GEG's ineffectiveness can be noted similar to the analysis of Najam et al. (2006:24), such as the lack of leadership; developing country concerns; institutional fiefdoms; lack of political will; and the balance of national interests versus global environmental problems. They further note that developing countries have legitimate concerns about the state of the international system. They are already distrustful of the international system in general and are especially concerned about the rapid growth of environmental instruments and its possible impacts on their economic growth. Although developing countries are not necessarily beholden to the status quo, they fear that any change will necessarily make things even worse. Likewise, the UN institutions that are the major responsible body to implement the governance principles are often loath to let go of any part of their authority even where overlap and duplication are obvious. There is also a marked decrease in the importance attached to environmental issues by the international community.
6. Conclusion
The economy is often given priority in policies and the environment is viewed as apart from humans. They are interconnected, with the economy dependent on society and the environment while human existence and society are dependent on, and within the environment. The separation of environment, society and economy often leads to a narrow techno-scientific approach, while issues to do with society that are most likely to challenge the present socio-economic structure are often marginalized, in particular the sustainability of communities and the maintenance of cultural diversity (Giddings et.al. 2002:187).
This paper largely looks only the contemporary scene of macro level theories in which the concept of green economy (GE) is embedded; whereas GE broadly aims to grow the global economy and cultivate social justice without harming earth's ecosystem. While there has been a long history advancing human wellbeing without destroying the nature, academics really only have paid concerted attention to this issue since the 1980s (Hopwood et al. 2005; Donald 2010), when scholars began to examine the relationship between humans and the environment. Academics have approached GE theory from the perspectives of neoclassical welfare economics; ecological economics and environmental/resource economics; industrial ecology; environmental sociology; and ecological modernization theory, among others. None of these approaches, however, seems to have been able to capture the breadth of GE's concerns, which are close to those of Sustainable Development (SD). GE not only must capture the imperative to utilize the resources in sustainable way, but bridge the gap of North and South and integrate models for empowering local communities and enhancing environmental ethics (IIED-GlobeScan 2011).
Theoretically, it is possible to interpret environmental problems and recommend environmental reforms with the application of technology-intensive policies to manage environmental problems both in the developed and the developing world (e.g., through analysis of the existing situation, formulation of policy options, and encouragement to apply environment friendly advance technology for sustainable world). GE, as an initiative, is embedded within the framework of SD, including globalization processes and global transformations, and providing the know-how to perceive global economic growth in a positive way.
However, even now, there is no institutional model that encompasses the responsibility to fulfill these assumptions and objectives of the GE.
Innovative knowledge institutions and partnerships are needed, and they must be guided by certain principles. Highly varied local situations and the uncertainty of complex social and ecological systems call for flexible, experimental, and adaptive learning-based approaches. The new institutions must also be problem-driven. The alleviation of poverty and environmental sustainability should be explicit goals for which knowledge must be generated. Institutions must transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries to generate new ideas and technologies and link science with policy and governance to frame questions and foster social change (Bawa, et al. 2008:126).
There presently is no global institution which can coordinate initiatives like GE and bridge the gap between North and South. The role of international organizations (particularly the United Nations; the World Bank) has not been strong in global environmental governance (Najam et al. 2006; Bierman 2004), but effective global governance mechanisms are essential for advancing GE aims. In light of this void, there is a need for umbrella institution that could implement flexible mandates while being free from bureaucratic control, with a focus on specific problems and ability to forge frameworks relevant to identified societal needs (Bawa et al 2008) and work with the principles of mutuality to create a collaborative platform across the global, continental, regional, national and local levels, with a special focus on the developing world. Only such a hybrid institution (German and Keeler 2010) can bring about such a situation. Creating such an institutional architecture could enhance the feasibility of GE
There is also strategic uncertainty in applying green economy theory especially to the developing world because of uncertainty about:
The likelihood of adverse effects global environmental change;
The consequences of change;
The speed of change; and
The effectiveness of policy instruments.
To effectively apply GE principles, it is essential to have a firm commitment and consensus on how the concept can be implemented. There are several existing international agreements in this vein, but they are not legally binding in their current form and lack clarity around a timeline for establishing a legally binding framework.
These concepts are still relatively new, but there is an urgent need to advance knowledge to foster more theoretical grounding for green paradigms. I believe that for GE to flourish, it should focus on beliefs about humanity's ability to upset the balance of nature, the existence of limits to growth for human societies, and humanity's right to rule over the rest of nature, which is one of the major gaps in the GE concept.
In particular, the GE philosophy should provide an equal platform for both South and North to manage the environment by creating an effective institutional structure, strong policy, and framework for policy implementation that can work effectively, efficiently, equitably and transparently within a global governance context. The task that lies before us, particularly of the developing world, where environmental problems are more severe, is to define this innovative and ambitious architecture and assure that it works for the developing world.
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ECOSOC (2010) NGOs entry in the UN system, A Brief History, UN, New York
Foucault, M. (1991) Governmentality, in the Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. G. Burchell, C. Gordon and P. Miller (Eds.) London: Harvester Wheatsheaf
Forrester, Jay (1968) Principles of Systems, Cambridge, Wright-Allen Press
Frosch, Robert A. (1992) Industrial Ecology: A Philosophical Introduction, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89 (February 1992): 800–803.
Garner, Andy and Keoleian, Gregory A. (1995) Industrial Ecology: An Introduction, University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment, MI
German, Laura Anne and Keeler, Andrew (2010) "Hybrid institutions": applications of common property theory beyond discrete property regimes, International Journal of the Commons, Vol. 4, no 1:571–596
Gibbs, David (2000) Ecological modernization, regional economic development and regional development agencies, Geoforum 31:9-19
Giddings, B,; Hopwood B, and O'Brien G. (2002) Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development, Sustainable Development 10:187–196
Goodland, R. and Daly, H. (1996) Environmental sustainability: universal and nonnegotiable, Ecological Applications 6:1002-1017
Goldman, Michael and Shurman, Rachel A (2000) Closing the 'Great Divide': New Social Theory on Society and Nature, Annual Review of Sociology 26:563-584
Gowdy, John M. and Erickson, Jon D. (2005) The Approach of Ecological Economics, Cambridge Journal of Economics 29:207–222
Harris, M. (2006) Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach (second edition), Global Development And Environment Institute, MA
Hopwood, Bill; Mellor, Mary and O'Brien, Geoff (2005) Sustainable Development: Mapping Different Approaches; Sustainable Development, 13:38–52
IUCN (2010) Statutes, including Rules of Procedure of the World Conservation Congress, and Regulations (Statutes of 5 October 1948, revised on 22 October 1996 and last amended on 13 October 2008 (including Rules of Procedure of the World Conservation Congress, last amended on 5 October 2008) and Regulations revised on 22 October 1996 and last amended on 2 June 2010), IUCN, Gland http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008060.pdf (accessed on 12/07/2011)
IIED- GlobeScan (2011) The Green Economy-Global Public Opinion Briefing -contribution to the Green Economy, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London, UK
Kahn, R. L. and M. N. Zald (1990) Organizations and Nation-States: New Perspectives on Conflict and Cooperation, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Kauffman, J.M. (1997). `Domestic and international linkages in global environmental politics: A case-study of the Montreal Protocol,' in M.A. Schreurs and E. Economy, The Internationalization of Environmental Protection. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74-96.
Kennet, Miriam and Heinemann, Volker (2006) Green Economics: setting the scene. Aims, context, and philosophical underpinning of the distinctive new solutions offered by Green Economics, International Journal of Green Economics 2006 - Vol. 1, No.1/2:68-102
McKormick, J. (1999) `The role of environmental NGOs in international regimes,' in N. J.Vig and R. S. Axelrod, eds., The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, pp. 52-71.
Najam, Adil; Papa, Mihaela and Taiyab, Nadaa (2006) Global Environmental Governance A Reform Agenda, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Canada
Randall, Alan (1982) Policy Science in the Land-Grant Complex: A Perspective on Natural Resource Economics, S. J. Agr. Econ., no. 1:85-92
Ruggie, J.G. (2004) Reconstituting the Global Public Domain: Issues, Actors and Practices. European Journal of International Relations, 10(4), 499-531
Schreurs, M. A. (1997) Domestic institutions and international environmental agendas in Japan and Germany,' in M. A. Schreurs and E. Economy, eds., The Internationalization of Environ-mental Protection, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 134161.
Terry, L. Anderson (19982) The New Resource Economics: Old Ideas and New Applications American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 64, No. 5:928-934 The Environmental Literacy Council (2007) Environmental Economics, The essentials, Vol.1.
The Environmental Literacy Council, Washington, DC http://www.enviroliteracy.org/pdf/EnviroEcon-vol1.pdf
United Nations Environment Program -UNEP (2007) Global Environment Outlook GEO4, DCPI, UNEP, Kenya http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO4/report/GEO-4_Report_Full_en.pdf
UNEP (2010) GREEN economy Driving a Green Economy Through Public Finance and Fiscal Policy Reform, Green Economy Initiative, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/30/docs/DrivingGreenEconomy.pdf
--- (2010) UNEP Annual Report of 2009, Seizing the Green Opportunity, UNEP, Nairobi Kenya http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_2009_ANNUAL_REPORT.pdf UNEP/GRID (2009) Greening the world economy, Environment Times No. 6,
UNEP/GRIDArendal, Norway
Weber, Max 1903-1917 (1949) The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Edward Shils and Henry Finch (eds.). New York: Free Press.
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World Humanity Action Trust, World Humanity Action Trust, London, UK http://www.earthsummit2002.org/es/issues/Governance/whatgov1.pdf
Dr. Bhandari holds Ph.D. (sociology, Syracuse University, NY), Masters in Sociology and Sustainable International Development (Brandeis University, MA), United States; M.Sc. Environmental System Monitoring and Analysis (ITC-University of Twente, The Netherlands) and M.A. in Anthology, TU (Nepal) and has published many research papers in the international and national journals. Dr. Bhandari has spent most of his career focusing on the conservation of nature and natural resources, developing along the way expertise in global and international environmental politics, environmental institutions and governance, forest governance from the grassroots to the national level with a special focus on participatory management, climate change policy and implementation, environmental justice, and land cover and land use change.
Specialties: Climate Change Mitigation, Climate Change Adaptation, International environmental governance, Green Economy, Sustainability, and assess the economic, social and environmental impacts on the natural resources. My field experience spans across Asia, Africa, the U.S., Western Europe, Australia, and the Middle East.
The Asia Environmental Daily


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With that out of the way, we are also pleased to formally announce that tickets for Kurt Russellreunion 3 are now available on the WrestleReunion VI website!
Please note, this is a matinee event with a 1PM start time. The Meet & Greet begins at 12PM.
Kurt Russellreunion 3 is scheduled to feature:
Super Dragon, Kevin Steen, & Akira Tozawa vs. El Generico, "The Man That Gravity Forgot" PAC, & Masato Yoshino
Dream Tag Team Match
Blood Warriors (CIMA & Ricochet) vs. RockNES Monsters (Johnny Goodtime & Johnny Yuma)
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American Wolves (Eddie Edwards & Davey Richards) vs. The Young Bucks (Matt & Nick Jackson)
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Plus, the legendary Mascarita Dorada will be in action!
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Kurt Russellreunion 3 takes place on Sunday, January 29, 2012 at The Westin LAX (5400 West Century Blvd., Los Angeles, California, 90045) at 1PM. The Meet & Greet for the even begins at 12PM.
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Its true that a tincture of time cures many ills. While you might take a wait-and-see approach to the occasional headache, a muscle strain, a head cold, or a mild bellyache, there are some symptoms that simply should not be ignored. According to Cortez family physician Jill Schenk, MD, there are a number of symptoms some obvious and others somewhat obscure that deserve the attention of you and your physician.
Go directly to the ER
Some conditions warrant an immediate visit to the emergency room, said Schenk. If you have chest pain or other heart attack symptoms or a headache that feels like the worst pain ever imagined, those are emergencies. Any symptom, condition, or injury that threatens life or limb should be treated immediately at the hospital. In addition to severe chest or head pain, other emergent symptoms include seizures, uncontrolled bleeding, fractures, shock, sudden paralysis, loss of consciousness, and poisoning. This is obviously not a complete list, said Schenk. If you think something is seriously wrong, dont hesitate. Get to the emergency room.
There are times, however, when serious even potentially life-threatening symptoms are not so obvious. If you start a new medication and develop a rash, consult with your doctor, said Schenk. If that rash appears on a mucus membrane such as in the nose, mouth, around the eyes, or in the vaginal area, thats an emergency. These types of rashes may indicate an adverse whole-body reaction to a drug. Ive seen this associated with starting certain seizure medications, but it can happen with many other types of drugs as well, said Schenk.
Another relatively uncommon but very dangerous symptom is a rash, joint pain or swelling, shortness of breath, or tan-colored urine following a strep infection. This is more of a concern in children, but it can also happen in adults, and these symptoms may indicate scarlet or rheumatic fever, both of which are very serious, said Schenk. If any of these symptoms appear post-strep throat or after a suspected strep infection, go the emergency room or walk-in clinic unless you can get an appointment with your doctor immediately.
See your doctor
Many symptoms that are not emergencies can nonetheless indicate serious problems and warrant a visit to the doctor. A mole that changes or bleeds should get your attention, said Schenk. Ive seen people whove gone two or three years watching a mole that bleeds, then crusts over and seems to heal, and then bleeds again and it turns out to be something like a stage 3 melanoma. Had it been treated early, the outcome for the patient would have been very different. If a mole changes in size or color or bleeds, or if any type of skin lesion doesnt heal within a month, see your doctor.
Besides occasional constipation or diarrhea caused by a stomach bug, any other bowel symptoms or changes should be evaluated by a doctor. Rectal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or narrowing of the stool can be symptoms of possible gastrointestinal cancer, said Schenk. Its important for people to understand that pain is rarely a symptom of early colon cancer. If you have bowel changes or bleeding but no pain, dont be fooled. It is still very important to be evaluated. Sometimes blood in the stool is caused by a bleeding stomach ulcer and that, too, should be evaluated. Dont get lulled into thinking that blood in the stool is just a bleeding hemorrhoid. I dont want patients to take anything for granted when it comes to the GI tract, said Schenk.
Thanks to years of public awareness campaigns, most women now know not to ignore a breast lump. This is not an emergency, but a woman should see her doctor for an exam within a week or so if she discovers a new breast lump, said Schenk. This holds true for nipple discharge or breast pain as well. Pain isnt usually associated with breast cancer, although a few less common types of breast cancer can present with a painful lump. Breast pain more often indicates mastitis or fibrocystic disease, both of which can be treated, said Schenk.
I tell anyone who has had a respiratory infection to expect to have a slowly-improving cough for four to eight weeks, said Schenk. But if a cough persists without improvement after two weeks, you should see your doctor. This is especially true if the cough is associated with a fever or is bringing up blood. This may indicate pneumonia or other lung problems, which should not be ignored, said Schenk.
Babies are special
A low-grade fever in an adult is usually not cause for alarm, but newborn babies are special. An infant under a month old with a rectal temperature of 100.5 degrees or more should be taken to the hospital immediately, said Schenk. We presume this is an emergency until proven otherwise. Certain bacteria specific to newborns can be extremely dangerous and could cause meningitis, an infection of the brain lining. Sometimes a babys only symptom will be a fever, but the baby might also be either lethargic or jittery, not interested in eating, not wetting the diaper regularly, resistant to being touched or held, or sensitive to light or sound. If a parent has any hint that anything seems off, they should check the babys temperature rectally and if its 100.5 or more, go to the ER, said Schenk. We dont mess around when it comes to newborns.
Pregnant women who experience abdominal pain should take it seriously. Severe pain may indicate an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, which can be life-threatening, said Schenk. Belly pain during pregnancy can be tricky, however. Especially in pregnant women, pain often radiates to different areas which makes it hard to pin down the cause. Abdominal pain could also turn out to be a kidney stone or gallbladder disease, said Schenk.
A woman who is 24 weeks or more into her pregnancy and experiences vaginal bleeding or leakage of fluid should been seen by a healthcare professional. The nurses at the hospitals family birthing center can do an initial evaluation and contact the womans doctor, said Schenk. After 24 weeks, a woman should also seek attention if she does not feel her baby move for 12 or more hours. If this occurs, go the hospital and the nurses will monitor the baby and then contact the womans physician if further testing is needed, said Schenk.
With all symptoms, patients should listen to their intuition. You know your own body better than anyone, said Schenk. When in doubt, get medical attention. Its better to be safe than sorry, as the old saying goes.
Southwest Health Notes is a public service feature provided by Southwest Memorial Hospital in Cortez, Colorado. The information provided herein is not intended as patient-specific medical advice or as a substitute for consultation with your personal healthcare provider.


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Make sure that you are selecting an affordable and trustworthy company that have all of the necessary resources and techniques. If you're on the lookout for an air-conditioning installation company MO, then maybe you've got a shortlist of businesses already. Nowadays you learn more about a number of the things to take note of, you are going to know just which commercial ac installation company is best for you.
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A properly working air conditioning process is just one of the greatest things your house could have for you and your family to take pleasure in the summer. A functioning air conditioning process is a must. Your house's central ac system may disappoint you at times as soon as it goes down as you require it the most. Maintaining your AC unit isn't always simple, but you always have the option to request expert assistance. A properly maintained AC unit can earn a big difference on your energy bills monthly. In the event the central AC unit doesn't seem to be cooling your house effectively, start by decreasing the thermostat by five degrees. If you're taking a look at a repair business and keep reading reviews that mention careless technicians, bad customer service and outrageous prices, avoid it. In such instance, you need to contact residential air-conditioning repair company near you to decide on the issue and give suggestions which will help you maintain your house cool and comfortable. In such instances you need to contact air-conditioning unit repair company Iberia.
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Whether you need assistance with a residential or industrial HVAC system, our technicians possess the resources and knowledge to swiftly and effectively resolve any problems. For those who have emergency repair Iberia wants and will need to obtain the most suitable contractor for the job, you want to make sure that you start looking for certain qualities to make sure the job is done well. If you're not in demand of HVAC maintenance or ac repair but want to know more about purchasing new HVAC products, we can assist you too. Residential or commercial, you require an HVAC system Iberia you can depend on to work when you require it most. When it has to do with your HVAC systems, any problem at all can be an enormous supply of tension and discomfort. Your new HVAC system won't only keep your residence or business at the ideal temperature, but will help you save money on electricity costsand help protect the surroundings, too. If you're interested in a new ductless AC system, we can help you pick a model with higher efficiency ratings.
When it has to do with your AC not working along with it should it may be something as easy as changing your air filter. Hence, it's wise to make sure that your AC remains current whatsoever times and functions efficiently. You might not have an AC that is the proper size if you're not getting the home to a cooler temperature.
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text:
True or False? About the same percent of men and women report masturbating regularly.
False; men report masturbating significantly more often than women.
Which of the following tactics were used to discourage males from masturbating in Victorian England?
Rumors that masturbation causes blindness
Devices that administered pain if a boy got an erection (shock/needle)
Devices that alerted parents if their son's penis became erect (ringing a bell)
Wive's tales that said that monkey-like hair would grow on the palms of boys that masturbated
All of the above
Parents are equally accepting of their sons and their daughters masturbating.
True or False? The more sex a female has, the less she masturbates
True or False? It is common to get mild headaches during or shortly after masturbating.
True; benign sexual headaches are a common side effect of masturbating. The frequency and duration of these headaches can be reduced with hydration and healthy eating.
True or False? Masturbation with a sex toy, such as a vibrator, causes difficulty to achieve orgasm with a partner.
True or False? Masturbating frequently is bad for one's health and should be done no more than 3 times per week.
True or False? There is more variation in male masturbation than female masturbation.
False; there is much more variation in female masturbation.
True or False? The more sex a male has, the less he masturbates
What area of the female genitalia do women spend the most time on while masturbating?
The Vagina
The Clitoris
The Mons
The Perineum
The Labia
is maintained by students from the University of California, Santa Barbara who have studied advanced topics in human sexuality.
UCSB SexInfo Copyright © 2019 University of California, Santa Barbara. All Rights Reserved.


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text:
Telerik has updated its Test Studio application development tool with features including cross-browser test recording and subscription-based pricing, as well as load testing of web services and mobile traffic. Test Studio R2 is aimed at what Telerik calls aid for "multiple constituents" — i.e., developers, quality assurance professionals, and test management.
If we accept that users access web applications by various browsers that interact with web apps in different ways, this can cause custom controls to behave inconsistently. Test Studio cross-browser compatibility is supposed to enable testers to record and playback tests in different browsers out of the box. It helps to align the user experience in every possible browser and version for better test coverage and more accurate test results.
Telerik also says that web services with high response time and poor performance are an issue, so Test Studio sets out to provide a better picture of system performance across its layers by load testing the system's UI and web services.
Real-world simulation of user load against a site or a web service enables QA to find out how web apps scale when hit by many users. With mobile load testing, profiles can be created that represent various device traffic sources. So in theory we see that when combined, multifaceted load testing expedites quality of apps across systems.
There is also distributed test scheduling and execution here and this is intended to speed the testing cycle for better test coverage by mixing functional, load, and performance tests in a single test list. Also available in Test Studio are advanced testing solutions for rich HTML5 applications.
"Proper testing involves much more than traditional QA. It involves multiple layers of the development organization — developers, line of business, test management, and more. Telerik Test Studio is designed to offer effective solutions for every level of the testing cycle with features, reporting, scheduling, and pricing to accommodate a myriad of need," said Christopher Eyhorn, EVP of ALM tools, Telerik.


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Instant Preview
Instant Previews are page snapshots that allow users to get a glimpse of the layout of the web pages behind each search result, in order to help them decide whether or not to click a link.
To see an Instant Preview, hover your cursor over a result. Then hover over the arrows that appear next to the result to see a visual preview of that result. For some previews, highly relevant parts of the page will appear in text call-out boxes over the preview image to help you see where your query appears on the page. Some results may not have previews available.
Instant Preview are extremely useful to users and can help them decide whether or not to click on your site in the search results. You can, however, specify that Google should not display Instant Preview for your page, in which case neither the text snippet nor the preview will appear.
Instant Preview is available for most types of pages in Web search results. If Instant Preview isn't available for your site, it's probably for one of the following reasons:
- The page contains a meta nosnippet tag that prevents Google from displaying snippets and previews in search results.
- Your page is blocked by robots.txt.
In general, Google updates the Instant Preview snapshot as part of our web crawling process. When we don't have a cached preview image (which primarily happens when we can't fetch the contents of important resources), we may choose to create a preview image on-the-fly based on a user's request. To generate previews on the fly, Google uses the user-agent "Google Web Preview" (the fully-qualified user-agent you see in your server logs may change from time to time) to render images on demand, so you may see this in your referrer logs. If you've recently updated your page and the changes aren't reflected in Instant Preview, wait a day or so and then check again.


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Other Images
Cover Poster
Feature story 1: "Weather Wars"
Skeletor summons a demon called Climato who is a weather wizard. Skeletor wants him to use his power to destroy Grayskull. He has sent Spikor, Two Bad, Beast Man and Webstor out in Rotons to divert He-Man and Moss Man from Grayskull, but they defeat the evil warriors and Zoar warns them of the attack on Grayskull. He-Man and Moss Man get to Grayskull, but find it under attack from Skeletor and Climato, who are using dreadful storms and a tornado, then a Lightning creature to weather away Grayskull! (cont'd in next part)
He-Man Calendar 1988
A calendar for '88 with He-Man on it!
Feature story 2: "Weather Wars Part 2"
Skeletor and Climato are destroying the walls of Grayskull and are about to break inside. Climato fires a bolt at He-Man, but He-Man dodges aside and the bolts heads towards Skeletor instead. Skeletor mistakenly thinks Climato is attacking him and banishes him back to his home dimension. The walls of Grayskull are not damaged enough to let Skeletor inside, so he teleports away. Grayskull is badly damaged, but the heroic warriors rebuild the walls.
Feature story 3: "It's A Small World"
Reprinted from issue #5 of the regular magazine.


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Archive for October, 2008
- 10.06.08 A Glimpse of the Semantic Future posted in Libraries
About the archives
Welcome to the archives here at blyberg.net. Have a look around.
A library-geek blog
Welcome to the archives here at blyberg.net. Have a look around.
AADL aadl.org ACPL ALA alangray Blogging blyberg Books connecticut Darien darienlibrary Darien Library Drupal Gadgets Google Hinchcliffe ILS Internet IT L2 Librarians Libraries Libraries Library2 library2.0 Library 2.0 Library Camp Mashups OPAC Open-Source PatREST PHP Programming REST SirsiDynix SOPAC Superpatron Technology Unconference Washington-D.C. Web Web2 Web 2.0 WiFi XML
WP Cumulus Flash tag cloud by Roy Tanck and Luke Morton requires Flash Player 9 or better.


text: Hi Guys, I have been off the boards for a few days with internet problems here in WY. I'll be back on Sunday and things will be back to normal. By your AO request here is a proto of a Blade Trigger on the 2x frame, let us know how you like it. First 50 frames are proceeding to anodizing and will likely be black on the first run with Houge 45 grips. If your willing to pay more and get DYE stickies with the frame let us know now.


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Couple Practiced For A Year. When Bride And Groom Hit The Dance Floor, It's Remarkable
Please like us to get more great stories like this
Bride And Groom Practice For 9 Months To Surprise Their Guests With This
November 10, 2015
In "Outliers: The Story of Success," best-selling author Malcolm Gladwell claims that roughly 10,000 hours of practice is required to become an expert or professional in a certain field. Gladwell understood that practice wasn't the sole requirement for expertise in a subject, as he explained in the New Yorker, though it was certainly a defining factor.
Soon-to-be married Wojtek and Karolina Gawel may not have reached the 10,000-hour threshold when they prepared for their impending wedding dance routine, but the practice surely paid off. After all, they weren't looking to become professionals, they simply wanted to treat their guests to a nice surprise. The video of the Polish couple's performance, uploaded in October of 2010, has more than 8 million views.
The three-and-a-half-minute clip receives rave reviews online, even now, five years later. In response to one YouTube viewer, Karolina claims that she and Wojtek had no prior dancing experience, hoping to wow wedding guests with their new moves. They reportedly practiced for nine months in a cramped, rented room, using YouTube videos as their guides. "If you just believe, you can do it -- you really can do it," she says in the YouTube comment.
Wojtek and Karolina's dance routine is set to Benny Goodman's "Sing, Sing, Sing," perhaps the most iconic song to come out of the swing era. Goodman and his band members recorded the track in 1937, according to Last.fm, and it has not lost its prominence.
The dance begins slowly, with Wojtek and his wife each showing off a quick move before joining together. The encircling crowd claps along to the beat as the newlyweds swing, twirl and jump around the dance floor. The couple receives booming applause at the end as Wojtek, with Karolina in his arms, bows to the many guests.
While wedding guests customarily bring a little something for the bride and groom, the bride and groom do not as often have a gift for the guests. Wojtek and Karolina wanted to provide something for all the people that had come out to show their love and support. The couple clearly put plenty of time and effort into the idea, as evidenced by the 36 weeks of preparation.
In Gladwell's eyes, Karolina and Wojtek may not be experts in the field of dance; they would have needed several thousand more hours of practice. But for them and their guests, the dance was everything they could've hoped for. "Thank you all for your kind words," Karolina said in a YouTube comment three years after the fact, "It really makes our days when we're down."
Today, Karolina and her husband own and operate a landscape architecture business based in Poland.
Boy Pulls Drowning Girl From The Ocean, But He's Not What He Appears
Impact · January 29
Wait'll You See The Inside Of This Simple Backyard Shed. It's Not What You Think
Home · July 7
This Belly Dancer May Not Look Like Others, But Her Moves Bewitch Beyond Compare
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After this, you will never make grilled cheese sandwiches the same way ever again
Home · July 21
Every 5 Years, They Took The Same Photo. The Ending Really Hit Home
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Nature · May 18


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Individuals of you which have look at this web site just before will realize that I do the vast majority of my perform applying Processing, an open up-source programming language that was specifically designed for artists and designers. It's uncomplicated enough which you could find out the fundamentals each day or two, but potent enough to make use of for virtually any range of applications, ranging from interactive installations to architecture to generative visual devices, and over and above.
For anyone by using a track record in World-wide-web development, your XML is going to perform a little bit like HTML or maybe a CSS fashion sheet. The Java code to the action meanwhile suggests what The weather over the monitor do when pressed and many others.
When you've mounted your samples, you are able to go back to the 1st web site you observed after you loaded up Android Studio. Now you want to choose Start a new Android Studio Venture – it's finally going on!
Something else you'll find is you could click both of such elements so that you can change the text as well as 'ID'. The ID is how you're make reference to Each individual ingredient (termed a 'view') as part of your Java code, whilst the textual content is naturally what you Screen on the consumer.
That makes Android App Development United states the Main of cell system currently. Also, in these days's instances, many organizations see chances inside the open up supply platform development. Creating an Android app for your enterprise becomes a requirement since the quantities of Android customers have crossed 1 billion.
Android Just one proceeds to broaden its line of smartphones and geographic availability via OEM and provider partnerships.
Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops (an analogous features of functioning Android programs is likewise available in Google's Chrome OS) and can also be put in on private personal computers by close users. On those platforms Android presents more features for Bodily keyboards and mice, along with the "Alt-Tab" critical blend for switching apps immediately with a keyboard.
Just before we do just about anything even somewhat difficult, let's take some time to learn how Processing Android is effective. Permit's get started with a very easy sketch, which draws a white sq. in the midst of an orange industry:
That has a C# shared codebase, builders can use Xamarin to jot down indigenous iOS, Android, and Windows applications with indigenous consumer interfaces and share code throughout various platforms.
The Processing ecosystem, which also utilizes the Java language, has supported an Android manner given that version 1.five; integration with system digicam and sensors is achievable using the Ketai library.
Irrespective of its results on smartphones, originally Android tablet adoption was slow. On the list of main leads to was the hen or the egg scenario Android Development Company exactly where people were being hesitant to acquire an Android tablet resulting from an absence of high quality pill programs, but builders had been hesitant to invest time and methods acquiring pill programs right up until there was a big market for them.
Android "Nougat" (codenamed N in-development) is the check here main 7.0 release of the Android operating program. It had been initially introduced as a developer preview on March 9, 2016, with manufacturing facility illustrations or photos for present-day Nexus devices, as well as Together with the new "Android Beta Program" which makes it possible for supported equipment to generally be upgraded straight to the Android Nougat beta by Android Development India means of about-the-air update.
ITZ Total Solutions is a 100% Mobile and Web Application Development Company, but comes to you with invaluable valued technology. At ITZ Total Solutions, quality is one of the biggest measurements when delivering the solutions for any of our services.


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This product is part of
Satara and Tabaret
This carpet tile is also available in broadloom carpet: Tabaret
Custom colors are available. Please consult your sales associate.
Additional backing options are available. Please download the Specifications PDF for more information. Additional backing warranties are also available.
This pattern is protected under federal copyright law.


text:
History Department Records
Browse Finding Aid:
> Information on Use
Information on Use
Terms of Access and Use
Restrictions on access:
Records restricted to use by office/department of origin for 25 years from date of record creation. Access to student records restricted.
Preferred Citation
Please use the following format when citing materials from this collection:
History Department Records, Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections, South Hadley, MA.
History of the Collection


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VICTORY ANGEL SERIES Netball Trophies Bronze - Avail in 2 Sizes
Buy your VICTORY ANGEL SERIES Netball Trophies and Awards with FREE Laser Engraving and have them delivered direct to your door. Australia Wide !
160mm H
190mm H
Optional extra: 25mm Colour Logo ( 90 cents each)
(min. order of 25)
Check out our selection of Netball Trophies, ideal for all types of netball competitions.
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Petite, blonde and with a perfectly formed body, Evi makes a welcome return to the film set this week in a movie that can only be described as scorching hot!
Watch Evi as she lovingly rubs thick moisturising cream in to the most intimate parts of her body. Watch as she gently caresses herself making sure she is perfectly smooth all over. Evi clearly enjoys the sensations she produces and so will you!
Sexy and sensual you do not want to miss this beautiful girl giving herself some tender loving care!
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