text:
OpenView Operations software is a suite of network management tools used to monitor events on, and evaluate the performance of, hosts on the network. The OVTrace component of this suite is used to log the actions being taken by the other components of the suite in order to debug any problems that may be occurring. More information can be found at the following link.
Remote exploitation of multiple stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities in Hewlett-Packard Development Co.'s OpenView Operations for Windows OVTrace service may allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code with SYSTEM privileges.
The vulnerabilities exist within functions responsible for handling requests. These functions take a string from the request and copy it into fixed-size stack buffers. Since the length has not been properly validated, this results in an exploitable stack-based buffer overflow.
Exploitation of these vulnerabilities results in arbitrary code execution with SYSTEM privileges.
The OVTrace service, while not crucial to normal operations, is started by default. The OVTrace service is also present on systems that have only the management console installed as well as systems that have a full installation of the server and console installed.
iDefense has confirmed the existence of these vulnerabilities in HP OpenView version A.07.50 for Windows, with all patches applied as of Jun 27, 2007. Previous versions may also be affected.
Employing firewalls to limit access to the affected service will mitigate exposure to these vulnerabilities.
Hewlett-Packard Co. has addressed these vulnerabilities by releasing patches for all HP OpenView products that contain the Shared Trace Service component. For more information consult the following HP Support Documents; c01106515, c01109171, c01109584, c01109617, c01110576, c01110627, c01111851, c01112038, c01114023, c01114156, c01115068 at the URLs shown below.
The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) project has assigned the name CVE-2007-3872 to this issue. This is a candidate for inclusion in the CVE list (http://cve.mitre.org/), which standardizes names for security problems.
07/12/2007 Initial vendor notification
07/13/2007 Initial vendor response
08/09/2007 Coordinated public disclosure
The discoverer of these vulnerabilities wishes to remain anonymous.
Get paid for vulnerability research
Free tools, research and upcoming events
Copyright © 2007 Verisign, Inc.
Permission is granted for the redistribution of this alert electronically. It may not be edited in any way without the express written consent of iDefense. If you wish to reprint the whole or any part of this alert in any other medium other than electronically, please e-mail customer service for permission.
Disclaimer: The information in the advisory is believed to be accurate at the time of publishing based on currently available information. Use of the information constitutes acceptance for use in an AS IS condition. There are no warranties with regard to this information. Neither the author nor the publisher accepts any liability for any direct, indirect, or consequential loss or damage arising from use of, or reliance on, this information.


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There's no place like theatre…
Well, we just wrapped up a performance at Rodman Theatre. Under the direction of Rudy Roggenkamp, the theatre department presented Almost, Maine. So many people love love loved the show, and I have to say. It was great.
I was stage manager, and I couldn't have been more proud to be a part of that show. We had some incredible freshman actors, Megan Ostrofsky and Tyler Portner, who acted brilliantly. New-to-the-stage Savanna Lancaster was a hit, especially with the very last scene. And last but certainly not least, Alex Wolfe gave another hit performance. Each actor had to portray several different characters, so there was a TON of work put into this show.
The play was about 19 different people experiencing falling in or out of love. The idea was that all 8 stories happened at the same time on a Friday night under the northern lights. It was really well received by the audience—I know several people who came back to see the show again.
If you ever hear of a performance of Almost, Maine, go see it.
Of the things that happened on stage, my personal favorite was the northern lights effect. I wouldn't be sad if that special effects machine were to get stolen and end up in my room somehow…
But my favorite part of the theatre department at Mount Union is the family-like atmosphere off-stage. It's amazing the friendships you can create within 6 weeks when everyone starts out as strangers.
There's just something about being a part of something greater, and coming together to create a quality production. We can all be goofy, laughing college kids and snap within a second to being serious actors and crew.
Then, we all go to the director's house and eat. Lots of food, lots of fun. It's kind of like a big family dinner, and always a great capstone to a show.
If you've never been a part of a show, definitely do it at least once. And don't think there is only one way to be involved in a play. I've tried out for plays here and gotten leads and small roles, and I've had shows where I didn't get cast. So, I find other ways of being involved. I stage manage, and in the past I've helped make costumes. But there's also crewing, making scenery, box office—whatever you can think of.
There are so many opportunities available, and so many memories to be made. Theatre: Just do it.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Please enter your travel dates.
Suite, 1 Bedroom (King)
- 1 king
Suite, 2 Bedrooms (King and Queen)
- 1 king and 1 queen
Suite, 2 Bedrooms (ADA 1K - 1Q Comm Shwr)
- 1 king and 1 queen
Suite, 2 Bedrooms (ADA 1K - 1Q Comm Tub)
- 1 king and 1 queen
All Suites Hotel in the International Drive Resort Area
With a stay at Sonesta ES Suites Orlando in Orlando (SeaWorld - Convention Center), you'll be minutes from Pirate's Cove Adventure Golf and Sleuth's Mystery Dinner Show.
This family-friendly condo is close to SeaWorld® Orlando and Universal Studios Florida®.
Make yourself at home in one of the air-conditioned rooms featuring kitchens with refrigerators and stovetops. Your pillowtop bed comes with Egyptian cotton sheets, and all rooms are furnished with double sofa beds. Satellite programming and DVD players are provided for your entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Conveniences include safes and complimentary weekday newspapers, as well as phones with free local calls.
Be sure to enjoy recreational amenities, including an outdoor pool, a spa tub, and a 24-hour fitness center. Additional amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access, an arcade/game room, and gift shops/newsstands. Spending a day of fun is easy with the complimentary theme park shuttle.
Grab a bite from a grocery store serving guests of Sonesta ES Suites Orlando. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Featured amenities include an Internet point, express check-out, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Free parking is available onsite.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
- General
Sonesta ES Suites Orlando offers a complimentary deluxe breakfast each morning. In addition to an heated outdoor pool and a children's pool the hotel also provides a spa tub and a fitness facility.
Complimentary Scheduled Shuttle service is available to Walt Disney World®, Universal Orlando, and Sea World. The hotel is also on the I-Ride Trolley Route, which provides transportation and up and down International Drive
This Orlando hotel also offers a concierge desk with area theme park ticket sales, multilingual staff, complimentary wireless internet service, and gift shops/newsstands. Complimentary parking is available on site.
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-out
- Arcade/game room
- Free guest parking during stay
- Internet point
- Luggage storage
- Pool sun loungers
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Theme park shuttle (complimentary)
- Designated smoking areas
- Beach/pool umbrellas
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free Wi-Fi
- Security guard
- Smoke-free property
- Air-conditioned public areas
- ATM/banking
- Bar/lounge
- Business services
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Concierge desk
- Doorman/doorwoman
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Grocery store
- Laundry facilities
- Multilingual staff
- Free parking
- Porter/bellhop
- Spa tub
- Swimming pool - children's
- Swimming pool - outdoor
- Tour assistance
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
- Parking
Free parking, Free guest parking during stay
- Room Amenities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Sofa bed size
- Television
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Complimentary weekday newspaper
- Premium bedding
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Access via exterior corridors
- Blackout drapes/curtains
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- Dishwasher
- Stovetop
- Satellite TV service
- Free Wi-Fi
- Egyptian-cotton sheets
- Premium TV channels
- DVD player
- Pay movies
- Separate sitting area
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Coffee/tea maker
- Kitchen
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- In-room safe
- Pillowtop mattress
- Sofa bed
- Dining
A complimentary deluxe breakfast buffet is offered daily from 7 am - 10:30 am, with assorted hot & cold items, freshly baked breads and muffins, cereals, yogurt, and more.
You can unwind with a drink in the Lobby Lounge featuring products and drinks with a Florida flair, including locally brewed craft beets and various mixed drinks. Happy Hour Specials are offered daily in the Lobby Lounge,
- Recreation
An outdoor pool, a children's pool, and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a fitness facility.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golf - driving range nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Golf - miniature nearby
- Helicopter/airplane tours nearby
- Accessibility
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
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Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 4 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Please note: One-bedroom suites sleep up to 4 guests. Two-bedroom suites sleep up to six guests. No extra-person charges apply.
- Check-out
Check-out time is 11 AM
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: Visa, American Express, Diners Club, Discover, MasterCard
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
- Additional Details
Children 18 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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2013 Young Democrats of America Winter Conference
We are excited to announce that YDA is heading to Oklahoma City for our Winter National Conference from Friday, February 22nd - Sunday, February 24th.
YDA meetings will begin Friday afternoon and run through noon on Sunday. The conference will include special programming regarding strategic planning for the organization. A more detailed schedule will be released in the coming weeks. You won't want to miss this one!
The Sheraton Oklahoma City Hotel - 1 N. Broadway Ave. - is the host venue for this Meeting. The room rate $129/night for plus tax for single/double. You can book reservations by clicking here to get our group rate!
- Regular registration ($65) will then be in available until 5 PM EST Friday, February 15th
- After 5 PM EST on Friday, February 15th, only On-Site Registration ($85) will be accepted.
If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact our Meetings Director, Walker Mattox at firstname.lastname@example.com


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We are really excited to share a quick sneak peek of the first Shapeways 3D Printer operating in New York City...
This is not yet our 'Factory of the Future' in full effect but we were too excited at having the first Shapeways 3D Printer operating in New York City that we had to share... The first 3D Printer in operation is a 3D Systems ProJet 3500 plus which we use to 3D Print Frosted Detail and Frosted Ultra Detail which is a UV cured Acrylic.
As you watch the video of the 3D Printer in action, laying down layer upon layer of acrylic resin you will notice occasional flashes as the UV light hardens the acrylic resin. At the same time as the acrylic resin is laid down wax is also laid down as support material which is why we can 3D Print complex forms with overhangs, under-drafts and moving parts as they are supported by wax.
Once the build is finished (this can take several hours) we remove the tray from the 3D Printer and put it on ice to remove the 3D prints from the build platform. From here the 3D prints go into an oven to melt the wax support material from the acrylic parts, then into a ultrasonic bath to clean of the final wax residue.
As you can see we are getting a really beautiful, clean high resolution finish from our first 3D Printer in NYC. Those who order FUD 3D prints from within the USA may notice a little difference in the quality of their 3D prints Made In NYC...
Learn More »
Weekly top designs, exclusive offers, tips, and tricks.
Today is the final day for Shapeways at @MADMuseum in #NYC. Last chance for a #3dselfie. instagram.com/p/nBPCfWs8Yo/
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Hudson >Fabric, Quilting & Needlework > Jo-Ann Fabrics & Crafts
5381 Darrow Rd, Hudson, OH | Directions 4423641.212311 -81.440234
nice store! – this is a great store to go to get professional help with any craft prooject you may need. The employees are very knowledgeable
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RT @teddysears: I met @VogsCaps drinking a piña colada at Trader Vic's. His hair was perfect. #CapsPosted 1 day ago
Holtby stops all 32 shots he faces in regulation and overtime to earn fourth shutout of seasonVIEW THE ENTIRE POST
That's a wrap for the Caps for 2013-14VIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Caps center has first two-goal game in NHL to support Halak's 34-save nightVIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Caps close out campaign with a pair of home games this weekendVIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Brouwer scores twice, each member of Gang Green line tallies once and Holtby makes 36 stops to key victory.VIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Playing out the string of a subpar season, the Caps face Carolina in the final road game of '13-14 and first after elimination from playoffs.VIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Washington's faint playoff hopes are hanging by a thread after a road win in St. LouisVIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Much has changed on Washington's hockey landscape since it last visited The Lou.VIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Holtby holds off Isles while teammates score three times in the second to turn two-goal deficit into two pointsVIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Washington seeks to halt a five-game losing skid and keep its dim playoff hopes aliveVIEW THE ENTIRE POST
Washington's 2-1 setback to the Devils all but extinguishes the Caps' already faint playoff hopesVIEW THE ENTIRE POST
RT @teddysears: I met @VogsCaps drinking a piña colada at Trader Vic's. His hair was perfect. #CapsPosted 1 day ago
Defenseman Tyson Strachan has cleared waivers and will join AHL Hershey Bears for final three games of reg. season, and hopefully playoffs.Posted 2 days ago
Hearty congrats also to #Caps goalie coach @OlieKolzig37 for election to Washington DC Sports Hall of Fame. Richly deserved. HOF guy, too.Posted 2 days ago
Hearty congrats to Bethesda's Graham McPhee, who has committed to the US-NDTP for 2014-15. He'll be on the U-17 team. Huge honor.Posted 2 days ago
CRL host Alan May takes us on a special tour of Caps Casino...
RMNB and Jay Beagle discuss the Cap's loyalty to his 6-year...
In X's & O's, Alan May discusses the key moments from the C...


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|State of Missouri
|Nickname(s): The Show Me State
|Motto(s): Salus populi suprema lex esto (Latin)
|Official language
|English 1
|Jefferson City
|Largest city
|Kansas City
|Largest metro
|Greater St Louis Area2
|Ranked 21st
|- Total
|69,709 sq mi
(180,533 km2)
|- Width
|240 miles (385 km)
|- Length
|300 miles (480 km)
|- % water
|- Latitude
|36° N to 40° 37′ N
|- Longitude
|89° 6′ W to 95° 46′ W
|Ranked 18th
|- Total
|6,044,171 (2013 est.)3
|- Density
|87.1/sq mi (33.7/km2)
Ranked 30th
|- Median household income
|$46,867 (35th)
|- Highest point
|Taum Sauk Mountain4a
1,772 ft (540 m)
|- Mean
|800 ft (240 m)
|- Lowest point
|St. Francis River at southern Arkansas border45
230 ft (70 m)
|Before statehood
|Missouri Territory
|Admission to Union
|August 10, 1821 (24th)
|Jay Nixon (D)
|Lieutenant Governor
|Peter Kinder (R)
|General Assembly
|- Upper house
|- Lower house
|House of Representatives
|U.S. Senators
|Claire McCaskill (D)
Roy Blunt (R)
|U.S. House delegation
|6 Republicans, 2 Democrats (list)
|Time zone
|Central: UTC −6/−5
|Animate insignia
|American Bullfrog
|Channel Catfish
|White hawthorn
|Big bluestem
|Honey bee
|Missouri Mule
|Flowering Dogwood
|Inanimate insignia
|Square Dance
|Hypsibema missouriensis6
|Show Me (unofficial)
|"Missouri Waltz"
|Route marker(s)
|State Quarter
|Released in 2003
|Lists of United States state insignia
Missouri (see pronunciations) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States.7 Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis.
The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia.8 Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis,9 and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points for the Pony Express, Santa Fe Trail, and Oregon Trail were all located in Missouri.10 The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County.11
- 1 Etymology and pronunciation
- 2 Geography
- 3 History
- 4 Demographics
- 5 Economy
- 6 Transportation
- 7 Law and government
- 8 Important cities and towns
- 9 Education
- 10 Culture and Entertainment
- 11 Sports
- 12 Naval vessels
- 13 State nickname
- 14 Wildlife
- 15 Famous Missourians
- 16 See also
- 17 Notes
- 18 References
- 19 External links
Etymology and pronunciation
The state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe. They were called the ouemessourita (wimihsoorita12), meaning "those who have dugout canoes", by the Miami-Illinois language speakers. As the Illini were the first natives encountered by Europeans in the region, the latter adopted the Illini name for the Missouri people.13
While many American states have names that its natives and non-natives pronounce dissimilarly, Missouri is the only one whose name is pronounced differently even just among its present-day natives14—the two most common pronunciations being i/məˈzɜri/ and i/məˈzɜrə/.15 16 This situation of differing pronunciations has existed since the late 1600s. Further pronunciations also exist in Missouri or elsewhere in the United States, involving the realization of the first syllable as either /mə/ or /mɪ/; the stressed second syllable as either /ˈzɜr/ or /ˈzʊər/;17 the third syllable as /i/, /ə/, centralized /ɪ/ ([ɪ̈]), or even ∅ (in other words, a non-existent third syllable);16 and the phoneme /r/ as either of two allophones: [ɹ] or [ɻ].18 Any combination of these phonetic realizations may be observed coming from speakers of American English.
Politicians often employ multiple pronunciations, even during a single speech, to appeal to a greater number of listeners.14 Often, "eye dialect" spellings of the state's name, such as "Missour-ee" or "Missour-uh," are used informally to phonetically distinguish pronunciations.
Missouri borders eight different states, as does its neighbor, Tennessee. No state in the U.S. touches more than eight states. Missouri is bounded on the north by Iowa; on the east, across the Mississippi River, by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; on the south by Arkansas; and on the west by Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (the last across the Missouri River). The two largest Missouri rivers are the Mississippi, which defines the eastern boundary of the state, and the Missouri River, which flows from west to east through the state, essentially connecting the two largest metros, Kansas City and St. Louis.
Although today the state is usually considered part of the Midwest,19 historically Missouri was considered by many to be a Southern state,20 chiefly because of the settlement of migrants from the South and its status as a slave state before the Civil War. The counties that made up "Little Dixie" were those along the Missouri River in the center of the state, settled by Southern migrants who held the greatest concentration of slaves.
In 2005, Missouri received 16,695,000 visitors to its national parks and other recreational areas totaling 202,000 acres (820 km2), giving it $7.41 million in annual revenues, 26.6% of its operating expenditures.21
North of, and in some cases just south of, the Missouri River lie the Northern Plains that stretch into Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Here, rolling hills remain from the glaciation that once extended from the Canadian Shield to the Missouri River. Missouri has many large river bluffs along the Mississippi, Missouri, and Meramec rivers. Southern Missouri rises to the Ozark Mountains, a dissected plateau surrounding the Precambrian igneous St. Francois Mountains. This region also hosts karst topography characterized by high limestone content with the formation of sinkholes and caves.22
The southeastern part of the state is the Bootheel region, part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain or Mississippi embayment. This region is the lowest, flattest, and wettest part of the state. It is also among the poorest, as the economy is mostly agricultural.23 It is also the most fertile, with cotton and rice crops predominant. The Bootheel was the epicenter of the four New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811–1812.
Missouri generally has a humid continental climate ( Dfa) with cold winters and hot and humid summers. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate turns into a humid subtropical climate. Located in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Without high mountains or oceans nearby to moderate temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. Missouri's highest recorded temperature is 118 °F (48 °C) at Warsaw and Union on July 14, 1954 while the lowest recorded temperature is −40 °F (−40 °C) also at Warsaw on February 13, 1905.
Missouri also receives extreme weather in the form of thunderstorms and tornadoes. The most recent tornado in the state to cause damage and casualties was the 2011 Joplin tornado, which destroyed roughly 1/3 of the city of Joplin. The tornado caused an estimated $1–3 billion in damages, killed 159 (+1 non-tornadic), and injured over 1,000 people. The tornado was the first EF5 to hit the state since 1957. The tornado was the deadliest in the U.S. since 1947, making it the 7th deadliest tornado in American history, but the 27th deadliest in the world. St. Louis and its suburbs also have a history of experiencing particularly severe tornadoes; the most recent memorable one being an EF4 tornado that damaged Lambert International Airport on April 22, 2011.24 In fact, one of the worst tornadoes in American history struck St. Louis on May 27, 1896.25
|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Missouri Cities.
|Kansas City
|St. Louis 29
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013)
Indigenous peoples inhabited Missouri for thousands of years before European exploration and settlement. Archaeological excavations along the rivers have shown continuous habitation for more than 7,000 years. Beginning before 1000 CE, there arose the complex Mississippian culture, whose people created regional political centers at present-day St. Louis and across the Mississippi River at Cahokia, near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Their large cities included thousands of individual residences, but they are known for their surviving massive earthwork mounds, built for religious, political and social reasons, in platform, ridgetop and conical shapes. Cahokia was the center of a regional trading network that reached from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The civilization declined by 1400 CE, and most descendants left the area long before the arrival of Europeans. St. Louis was at one time known as Mound City by the European Americans, because of the numerous surviving prehistoric mounds, since lost to urban development. The Mississippian culture left mounds throughout the middle Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, extending into the southeast as well as the upper river.
The first European settlers were mostly ethnic French Canadians, who created their first settlement in Missouri at present-day Ste. Genevieve, about an hour south of St. Louis. They had migrated about 1750 from the Illinois Country. They came from colonial villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, where soils were becoming exhausted and there was insufficient river bottom land for the growing population. Sainte-Geneviève became a thriving agricultural center, producing enough surplus wheat, corn and tobacco to ship tons of grain annually downriver to Lower Louisiana for trade. Grain production in the Illinois Country was critical to the survival of Lower Louisiana and especially the city of New Orleans.
St. Louis was founded soon after by French from New Orleans in 1764. From 1764 to 1803, European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, due to Treaty of Fontainebleau30 (in order to have Spain join with France in the war against England). The arrival of the Spanish in St. Louis was in September 1767.
St. Louis became the center of a regional fur trade with Native American tribes that extended up the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, which dominated the regional economy for decades. Trading partners of major firms shipped their furs from St. Louis by river down to New Orleans for export to Europe. They provided a variety of goods to traders, for sale and trade with their Native American clients. The fur trade and associated businesses made St. Louis an early financial center and provided the wealth for some to build fine houses and import luxury items. Its location near the confluence of the Illinois River meant it also handled produce from the agricultural areas. River traffic and trade along the Mississippi were integral to the state's economy, and as the area's first major city, St. Louis expanded greatly after the invention of the steamboat and the increased river trade.
Napoleon Bonaparte had gained Louisiana for French ownership from Spain in 1800 under the Treaty of San Ildefonso, after it had been a Spanish colony since 1762. But, the treaty was kept secret. Louisiana remained nominally under Spanish control until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the cession to the United States.
Part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the United States, Missouri earned the nickname "Gateway to the West" because it served as a major departure point for expeditions and settlers heading to the West in the 19th century. St. Charles, just west of St. Louis, was the starting point and the return destination of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which departed up the Missouri River in 1804 to explore the western territories to the Pacific Ocean. St. Louis was a major supply point for decades for parties of settlers heading west.
As many of the early American settlers in western Missouri migrated from the Upper South, they brought enslaved African Americans for labor, and a desire to continue their culture and the institution of slavery. They settled predominantly in 17 counties along the Missouri River, in an area of flatlands that enabled plantation agriculture and became known as "Little Dixie". In 1821 the territory was admitted as a slave state as part of the Missouri Compromise with a temporary state capitol in St. Charles. In 1826 the capital was shifted to its permanent location of Jefferson City, also on the Missouri.
The state was rocked by the 1812 New Madrid earthquake. Casualties were light due to the sparse population.
Originally the state's western border was a straight line, defined as the meridian passing through the Kawsmouth,31 the point where the Kansas River enters the Missouri River. The river has moved since this designation. This line is known as the Osage Boundary.32 In 1836 the Platte Purchase was added to the northwest corner of the state after purchase of the land from the native tribes, making the Missouri River the border north of the Kansas River. This addition increased the land area of what was already the largest state in the Union at the time (about 66,500 square miles (172,000 km2) to Virginia's 65,000 square miles, which then included West Virginia).33
In the early 1830s, Mormon migrants from northern states and Canada began settling near Independence and areas just north of there. Conflicts over religion and slavery arose between the 'old settlers' (mainly from the South) and the Mormons (mainly from the North). The Mormon War erupted in 1838. By 1839, with the help of an "Extermination Order" by Governor Lilburn Boggs, the old settlers forcefully expelled the Mormons from Missouri and confiscated their lands.
Conflicts over slavery exacerbated border tensions among the states and territories. From 1838 to 1839, a border dispute with Iowa over the so-called Honey Lands resulted in both states' calling up militias along the border.
With increasing migration, from the 1830s to the 1860s Missouri's population almost doubled with every decade. Most of the newcomers were American-born, but many Irish and German immigrants arrived in the late 1840s and 1850s. As they were mostly Catholic, they mostly set up their own religious institutions in the state, which had been mostly Protestant. Having fled famine and oppression in Ireland, and revolutionary upheaval in Germany, the immigrants were not sympathetic to slavery. Many settled in cities, where they created a regional and then state network of Catholic churches and schools. Nineteenth-century German immigrants created the wine industry along the Missouri River and the beer industry in St. Louis.
Most Missouri farmers practiced subsistence farming before the Civil War. The majority of those who held slaves had fewer than five each. Planters, defined by historians as those holding twenty slaves or more, were concentrated in the counties known as "Little Dixie", in the central part of the state along the Missouri River. The tensions over slavery had chiefly to do with the future of the state and nation. In 1860 enslaved African Americans made up less than 10% of the state's population of 1,182,012.34 In order to control the flooding of farmland and low-lying villages along the Mississippi, the state had completed construction of 140 miles (230 km) of levees along the river by 1860.35
American Civil War
After the secession of Southern states began in 1861, the Missouri legislature called for the election of a special convention on secession. The convention voted decisively to remain within the Union. Pro-Southern Governor Claiborne F. Jackson ordered the mobilization of several hundred members of the state militia who had gathered in a camp in St. Louis for training. Alarmed at this action, Union General Nathaniel Lyon struck first, encircling the camp and forcing the state troops to surrender. Lyon directed his soldiers, largely non-English-speaking German immigrants, to march the prisoners through the streets, and they opened fire on the largely hostile crowds of civilians who gathered around them. Soldiers killed unarmed prisoners as well as men, women and children of St. Louis in the incident that became known as the "St. Louis Massacre".
These events heightened Confederate support within the state. Governor Jackson appointed Sterling Price, president of the convention on secession, as head of the new Missouri State Guard. In the face of Union General Lyon's rapid advance through the state, Jackson and Price were forced to flee the capital of Jefferson City on June 14, 1861. In the town of Neosho, Missouri, Jackson called the state legislature into session. They enacted a secession ordinance. However, even under the Southern view of secession, only the state convention had the power to secede. Since the convention was dominated by unionists, and the state was more pro-Union than pro-Confederate in any event, the ordinance of secession adopted by the legislature is generally given little credence. The Confederacy nonetheless recognized it on October 30, 1861.
With the elected governor absent from the capital and the legislators largely dispersed, the state convention was reassembled with most of its members present, save 20 that fled south with Jackson's forces. The convention declared all offices vacant, and installed Hamilton Gamble as the new governor of Missouri. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized Gamble's government as the legal Missouri government. The federal government's decision enabled raising pro-Union militia forces for service within the state as well as volunteer regiments for the Union Army.
Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from Arkansas and Texas under General Ben McCulloch. After winning victories at the battle of Wilson's Creek and the siege of Lexington, Missouri and suffering losses elsewhere, the Confederate forces retreated to Arkansas and later Marshall, Texas, in the face of a largely reinforced Union Army.
Though regular Confederate troops staged some large-scale raids into Missouri, the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. "Citizen soldiers" or insurgents such as Captain William Quantrill, Frank and Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and William T. Anderson made use of quick, small-unit tactics. Pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers, such insurgencies also arose in portions of the Confederacy occupied by the Union during the Civil War. Recently historianswho? have assessed the James brothers' outlaw years as continuing guerrilla warfare after the official war was over. The activities of the Bald Knobbers of south-central Missouri in the 1880s has also been seenwho? as an unofficial continuation of insurgent hostilities long after the official end of the war.
20th century to present
Between the Civil War and the end of World War II, Missouri transitioned from a rural economy to a hybrid industrial-service-agricultural economy as the Midwest rapidly industrialized. The expansion of railroads to the West transformed Kansas City into a major transportation hub within the nation. The growth of the Texas cattle industry along with this increased rail infrastructure and the invention of the refrigerated boxcar also made Kansas City a major meatpacking center, as large cattle drives from Texas brought herds of cattle to Dodge City and other Kansas towns. There, the cattle were loaded onto trains destined for Kansas City, where they were butchered and distributed to the eastern markets. The first half of the twentieth century was the height of Kansas City's prominence and its downtown became a showcase for stylish Art Deco skyscrapers as construction boomed.
In 1930, there was a diphtheria epidemic in the area around Springfield, which killed approximately 100 people. Serum was rushed to the area, and medical personnel stopped the epidemic.
During the mid-1950s and 1960s, St. Louis and Kansas City suffered deindustrialization and loss of jobs in railroads and manufacturing, as did other Midwestern industrial cities. In 1956 St. Charles was the site of the first interstate highway project.36 Such highway construction made it easy for middle-class residents to leave the city for newer housing developed in the suburbs, often former farmland where land was available at lower prices. These major cities have gone through decades of readjustment to develop different economies and adjust to demographic changes. Suburban areas have developed separate job markets, both in knowledge industries and services, such as major retail malls.
|Historical population
|Est. 2013
|Source: 1910–201037
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Missouri was 6,044,171 on July 1, 2013, a 0.9% increase since the 2010 United States Census.3
According to the 2010 Census, Missouri had a population of 5,988,927; an increase of 392,369 (7.0 percent) since the year 2000. From 2000 to 2007, this includes a natural increase of 137,564 people since the last census (480,763 births less 343,199 deaths), and an increase of 88,088 people due to net migration into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 50,450 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 37,638 people. Over half of Missourians (3,294,936 people, or 55.0%) live within the state's two largest metropolitan areas–St. Louis and Kansas City. The state's population density 86.9 in 2009, is also closer to the national average (86.8 in 2009) than any other state.
In 2011, the racial composition of the state was:
- 84.0% White American (81.0% non-Hispanic white, 3.0% White Hispanic)
- 11.7% Black or African American
- 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native
- 1.7% Asian American
- 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander
- 1.9% Multiracial American
- 0.1% Some other race
As of 2011, 3.7% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).38 As of 2011, 28.1% of Missouri's population younger than age 1 were minorities (note: children born to white hispanics are counted as minority group).39
|Racial composition
|Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
|Other race
|Two or more races
The U.S. Census of 2000 found that the population center of the United States is in Phelps County, Missouri. The center of population of Missouri itself is located in Osage County, in the city of Westphalia.43
As of 2004, the population included 194,000 foreign-born (3.4 percent of the state population).
The five largest ancestry groups in Missouri are: German (27.4 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), British (10.2 percent), American (8.5 percent) and French (3.7 percent). "American" includes some of those reported as Native American or African American, but also European Americans whose ancestors have lived in the United States for a considerable time.
German Americans are an ancestry group present throughout Missouri. African Americans are a substantial part of the population in St. Louis (56.6% of African Americans in the state lived in St. Louis or St. Louis County as of the 2010 census), Kansas City, Boone County and in the southeastern Bootheel and some parts of the Missouri River Valley, where plantation agriculture was once important. Missouri Creoles of French ancestry are concentrated in the Mississippi River Valley south of St. Louis (see Missouri French). Kansas City is home to large and growing immigrant communities from Latin America esp. Mexico, Africa (i.e. Sudan, Somalia and Nigeria), and Southeast Asia including China and the Philippines; and Europe like the former Yugoslavia (see Bosnian American). A notable Cherokee Indian population exists in Missouri.
In 2004, 6.6 percent of the state's population was reported as younger than 5 years old, 25.5 percent younger than 18, and 13.5 percent was 65 or older. Females were approximately 51.4 percent of the population. 81.3 percent of Missouri residents were high school graduates (more than the national average), and 21.6 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher. 3.4 percent of Missourians were foreign-born, and 5.1 percent reported speaking a language other than English at home.
In 2010, there were 2,349,955 households in Missouri, with 2.45 people per household. The home ownership rate was 70.0 percent, and the median value of an owner-occupied housing unit was $137,700. The median household income for 2010 was $46,262, or $24,724 per capita. There were 14.0 percent (1,018,118) Missourians living below the poverty line in 2010.
The mean commute time to work was 23.8 minutes.
The vast majority of people in Missouri speak English. Approximately 5.1% of the population reported speaking a language other than English at home. The Spanish language is spoken in small Latino communities in the St. Louis and Kansas City Metro areas.citation needed
Missouri is home to an endangered dialect of the French language known as Missouri French. Speakers of the dialect, who call themselves Créoles, are descendants of the French pioneers who settled the area then known as the Illinois Country beginning in the late 17th century. It developed in isolation from French speakers in Canada and Louisiana, becoming quite distinct from the varieties of Canadian French and Louisiana Creole French. Once widely spoken throughout the area, Missouri French is now nearly extinct, with only a few elderly speakers able to use it.4445
Of those Missourians who identify with a religion, three out of five are Protestants of various denominations. The largest denomination of Christians in the state are Southern Baptists at 22%. The second largest, at 19%, are Roman Catholics with populations located in Jefferson City, St. Louis and stretches west and south of St. Louis.46 The third ranked group in the state is the number of nones at 15%.
The religious affiliations of the people of Missouri according to the American Religious Identification Survey:47
- Christian – 77%
- Protestant – 45% (Combined)
- Other Protestant – 12%
- Roman Catholic – 19%
- Latter Day-Saint – 1%
- Other or unspecified Christian – 8%
- Other religions – 2%
- Not religious – 15%
- No answer – 5%
The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 749,685; the Roman Catholic Church with 724,315; and the United Methodist Church with 226,409.48
Among the other denominations there are approximately 93,000 Mormons in 253 congregations, 25,000 Jewish adherents in 21 temples, 12,000 Muslims in 39 masjids, 7,000 Buddhists in 34 temples, 7,000 Hindus in 17 temples, 2,500 Unitarians in 9 congregations, 2,000 Baha'i in 17 temples, 5 Sikh temples, a Zorastrian temple, a Jain temple and an uncounted number of neopagans.49
Several religious organizations have headquarters in Missouri, including the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, which has its headquarters in Kirkwood, as well as the United Pentecostal Church International in Hazelwood, both outside St. Louis.
Independence, near Kansas City, is the headquarters for the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) and the group Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. This area and other parts of Missouri are also of significant religious and historical importance to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), which maintains several sites and visitors centers.
Springfield is the headquarters of the Assemblies of God USA and the Baptist Bible Fellowship International. The General Association of General Baptists has its headquarters in Poplar Bluff. The Unity Church is headquartered in Unity Village.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Missouri's total state product in 2006 was $225.9 billion. Per capita personal income in 2006 was $32,705,21 ranking 26th in the nation. Major industries include aerospace, transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, printing/publishing, electrical equipment, light manufacturing, and beer.
The agriculture products of the state are beef, soybeans, pork, dairy products, hay, corn, poultry, sorghum, cotton, rice, and eggs. Missouri is ranked 6th in the nation for the production of hogs and 7th for cattle. Missouri is ranked in the top five states in the nation for production of soy beans, and it is ranked fourth in the nation for the production of rice. As of 2001, there were 108,000 farms, the second-largest number in any state after Texas. Missouri actively promotes its rapidly growing wine industry.
Missouri has vast quantities of limestone. Other resources mined are lead, coal, and crushed stone. Missouri produces the most lead of all of the states. Most of the lead mines are in the central eastern portion of the state. Missouri also ranks first or near first in the production of lime, a key ingredient in Portland cement.
Missouri also has a growing science and biotechnology field. Monsanto, one of the largest gene companies in America is based in St. Louis.
Tourism, services and wholesale/retail trade follow manufacturing in importance.
Missouri is the only state in the Union to have two Federal Reserve Banks: one in Kansas City (serving western Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Colorado, northern New Mexico, and Wyoming) and one in St. Louis (serving eastern Missouri, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and all of Arkansas).50
As of October 2013, the state's unemployment rate is 6.5%, while the nation overall is 7.3%.51
Personal income is taxed in ten different earning brackets, ranging from 1.5% to 6.0%. Missouri's sales tax rate for most items is 4.225% with some additional local levies. More than 2,500 Missouri local governments rely on property taxes levied on real property (real estate) and personal property.
Most personal property is exempt, except for motorized vehicles. Exempt real estate includes property owned by governments and property used as nonprofit cemeteries, exclusively for religious worship, for schools and colleges and for purely charitable purposes. There is no inheritance tax and limited Missouri estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.
In 2011, 82% of Missouri's electricity was generated by coal.52 10% was generated from the state's only nuclear power plant,52 the Callaway Plant in Callaway County, northeast of Jefferson City. 5% was generated by natural gas.52 1% was generated by hydroelectric sources,52 such as the dams for Truman Lake and Lake of the Ozarks.
Oil wells in Missouri produced 120,000 barrels of crude oil in fiscal 2012.53 There are no oil refineries in Missouri.54
Missouri has the potential to generate 689,519 GWh/year from 274,000 MW of wind power, and 5,382,000 GWh/year from solar power using 3,188,000 MW of photovoltaics (PV), including 13,081 MW of rooftop photovoltaics.55
Missouri has two major airport hubs: Lambert–St. Louis International Airport and Kansas City International Airport.
Two of the nation's three busiest rail centers are located in Missouri. Kansas City is a major railroad hub for BNSF Railway, Norfolk Southern Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad. Kansas City is the second largest freight rail center in the US (but is first in the amount of tonnage handled). Like Kansas City, St. Louis is a major destination for train freight. Springfield remains an operational hub for BNSF Railway.
Amtrak passenger trains serve Kansas City, La Plata, Jefferson City, St. Louis, Lee's Summit, Independence, Warrensburg, Hermann, Washington, Kirkwood, Sedalia, and Poplar Bluff. A proposed high-speed rail route in Missouri as part of the Chicago Hub Network has received $31 million in funding.61
The only urban light rail/subway system operating in Missouri is MetroLink, which connects the city of St. Louis with suburbs in Illinois and St. Louis County. It is one of the largest systems (by track mileage) in the United States. A streetcar line in downtown Kansas City is scheduled to open in 2015.62
The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center in St. Louis is the largest active multi-use transportation center in the state. It is located in downtown St. Louis, next to the historic Union Station complex. It serves as a hub center/station for MetroLink, the MetroBus regional bus system, Greyhound, Amtrak, and taxi services.
Many cities have regular fixed-route systems, and many rural counties have rural public transit services. Greyhound, Trailways, and Megabus all provide inter-city bus service in Missouri.
The Mississippi River and Missouri River are commercially navigable over their entire lengths in Missouri. The Missouri was channelized through dredging and jettys and the Mississippi was given a series of locks and dams to avoid rocks and deepen the river. St. Louis is a major destination for barge traffic on the Mississippi.
- Main article List of Missouri highways
Several highways, detailed below, traverse the state.
Following the passage of Amendment 3 in late 2004, the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) began its Smoother, Safer, Sooner road-building program with a goal of bringing 2,200 miles (3,500 km) of highways up to good condition by December 2007. From 2006–2010 traffic deaths have decreased annually from 1,257 in 2005, to 1,096 in 2006, to 992 for 2007, to 960 for 2008, to 878 in 2009, to 821 in 2010.63
Interstate freeways
- Interstate 29, Interstate 229
- Interstate 35, Interstate 435 (Perimeter around Kansas City), Interstate 635
- Interstate 44
- Interstate 49 64
- Interstate 55, Interstate 155, Interstate 255 (the perimeter around the Illinois side of St. Louis)
- Interstate 57
- Interstate 64
- Interstate 70, Interstate 170, Interstate 270 (the perimeter around the Missouri side of St. Louis), Interstate 470, Interstate 670
- Interstate 72
- Interstate 66 (Proposed)
The only section of freeway in Missouri to have High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane (HOV) is Interstate 55 from Ste. Genevieve, Missouri to Interstate 270-255 Interchange in St. Louis County. They were striped, registered, and opened on February 10, 2013. HOV Lanes are also being striped on Interstate 70 in St. Charles County through Interstate 270 in Saint Louis County, and on the North-South corridor of Interstate 270 in central St. Louis County.
United States Routes
|North-south routes
|East-west routes
Law and government
|Missouri Government
|Governor of Missouri
|Jay Nixon (D)
|Lieutenant Governor of Missouri:
|Peter Kinder (R)
|Missouri Attorney General:
|Chris Koster (D)
|Missouri Secretary of State:
|Jason Kander (D)
|Missouri State Auditor:
|Tom Schweich (R)
|Missouri State Treasurer:
|Clint Zweifel (D)
|Senior United States Senator:
|Claire McCaskill (D)
|Junior United States Senator:
|Roy Blunt (R)
The current Constitution of Missouri, the fourth constitution for the state, was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch consists of two bodies: the House of Representatives and the Senate. These bodies comprise the Missouri General Assembly.
The House of Representatives has 163 members who are apportioned based on the last decennial census. The Senate consists of 34 members from districts of approximately equal populations. The judicial department comprises the Supreme Court of Missouri, which has seven judges, the Missouri Court of Appeals (an intermediate appellate court divided into three districts), sitting in Kansas City, St. Louis, and Springfield, and 45 Circuit Courts which function as local trial courts. The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri and includes five other statewide elected offices. Following the election of 2012, all but two of Missouri's statewide elected offices are held by Democrats.
Harry S Truman (1884–1972), the 33rd President of the United States (Democrat, 1945–1953), was born in Lamar. He was a judge in Jackson County and then represented the state in the United States Senate for ten years, before being elected Vice-President in 1944. He lived in Independence after retiring.
Status as a political bellwether
Missouri is widely regarded as a bellwether in American politics, often making it a swing state. The state had a longer stretch of supporting the winning presidential candidate than any other state, having voted with the nation in every election since 1904 with three exceptions: in 1956 it voted for Democratic Governor Adlai Stevenson of neighboring Illinois over the winner, incumbent Republican President Dwight Eisenhower of neighboring Kansas, and in 2008 it voted for Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona over national winner Senator Barack Obama of neighboring Illinois. Missouri was still the closest state in the nation in both of these races, which were decided by extremely narrow margins of fewer than 4,000 votes each. However, in 2012, Missouri swung strongly Republican when it voted for former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts over the winner, incumbent President Barack Obama, by a nearly 10-point margin. There are 4,190,936 registered voters (as of Oct 24, 2012).65 At the state level, both Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill and Democratic Governor Jay Nixon were re-elected.
|Third Parties
|53.88% 1,478,959
|44.26% 1,215,030
|1.86% 50,943
|49.39% 1,445,814
|49.25% 1,441,911
|1.36% 39,889
|53.30% 1,455,713
|46.10% 1,259,171
|0.60% 16,480
|50.42% 1,189,924
|47.08% 1,111,138
|2.50% 58,830
|41.24% 890,016
|47.54% 1,025,935
|11.22% 242,114
|33.92% 811,159
|44.07% 1,053,873
|22.00% 526,238
|51.83% 1,084,953
|47.85% 1,001,619
|0.32% 6,656
|60.02% 1,274,188
|39.98% 848,583
|0.00% None
|51.16% 1,074,181
|44.35% 931,182
|4.49% 94,461
|47.47% 927,443
|51.10% 998,387
|1.42% 27,770
|62.29% 1,154,058
|37.71% 698,531
|0.00% None
|44.87% 811,932
|43.74% 791,444
|11.39% 206,126
|35.95% 653,535
|64.05% 1,164,344
|0.00% None
|49.74% 962,221
|50.26% 972,201
|0.00% None
|49.89% 914,289
|50.11% 918,273
|0.00% None
|50.71% 959,429
|49.14% 929,830
|0.15% 2,803
|41.49% 655,039
|58.11% 917,315
|0.39% 6,274
|48.43% 761,524
|51.37% 807,804
|0.20% 3,146
|47.50% 871,009
|52.27% 958,476
|0.23% 4,244
|38.16% 697,891
|60.76% 1,111,043
|1.08% 19,701
|35.08% 564,713
|63.69% 1,025,406
|1.22% 19,775
|55.58% 834,080
|44.15% 662,562
|0.27% 4,079
|49.58% 648,486
|43.79% 572,753
|6.63% 86,719
|54.56% 727,162
|43.13% 574,799
|2.32% 30,839
|46.94% 369,339
|50.59% 398,032
|2.46% 19,398
|29.75% 207,821
|47.35% 330,746
|22.89% 159,999
|48.50% 347,203
|48.41% 346,574
|3.08% 22,150
|49.93% 321,449
|46.02% 296,312
|4.05% 26,100
|45.94% 314,092
|51.48% 351,922
|2.58% 17,642
Laissez-faire alcohol and tobacco laws
Missouri has been known for its population's generally "stalwart, conservative, noncredulous" attitude toward regulatory regimes, which is one of the origins of the state's unofficial nickname, the "Show-Me State."66 As a result, and combined with the fact that Missouri is one of America's leading alcohol and tobacco-producing states, regulation of alcohol and tobacco in Missouri is among the most laissez-faire in America. For 2013, the annual "Freedom in the 50 States" study prepared by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University ranked Missouri as #3 in America for alcohol freedom and #1 for tobacco freedom (#7 for freedom overall).67 The study notes that Missouri's "alcohol regime is one of the least restrictive in the United States, with no blue laws and taxes well below average," and that "Missouri ranks best in the nation on tobacco freedom."67
Missouri law makes it "an improper employment practice" for an employer to refuse to hire, to fire, or otherwise to disadvantage any person because that person lawfully uses alcohol and/or tobacco products when he or she is not at work.68
With a large German immigrant population and the development of a brewing industry, Missouri always has had among the most permissive alcohol laws in the United States. It never enacted statewide prohibition. Missouri voters rejected prohibition in three separate referenda in 1910, 1912, and 1918. Alcohol regulation did not begin in Missouri until 1934.
Today, alcohol laws are controlled by the state government, and local jurisdictions are prohibited from going beyond those state laws. Missouri has no statewide open container law or prohibition on drinking in public, no alcohol-related blue laws, no local option, no precise locations for selling liquor by the package (allowing even drug stores and gas stations to sell any kind of liquor), and no differentiation of laws based on alcohol percentage. Missouri has no laws prohibiting "consumption" of alcohol by minors (as opposed to possession), and state law protects persons from arrest or criminal penalty for public intoxication.69
Missouri law expressly prohibits any jurisdiction from going dry.70 Missouri law also expressly allows parents and guardians to serve alcohol to their children.71 The Power & Light District in Kansas City is one of the few places in the United States where a state law explicitly allows persons over the age of 21 to possess and consume open containers of alcohol in the street (as long as the beverage is in a plastic cup).72
As for tobacco (as of November 2012), Missouri has the lowest cigarette excise taxes in the United States, at 17 cents per pack,73 and the state electorate voted in 2002, 2006, and 2012 to keep it that way.7475 In 2007, Forbes named Missouri's largest metropolitan area, St. Louis, America's "best city for smokers."76
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2008 Missouri had the fourth highest percentage of adult smokers among U.S states, at 24.5%.77 Although Missouri's minimum age for purchase and distribution of tobacco products is 18, tobacco products can be distributed to persons under 18 by family members on private property.78
No statewide smoking ban ever has been seriously entertained before the Missouri General Assembly, and in October 2008, a statewide survey by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found that only 27.5% of Missourians support a statewide ban on smoking in all bars and restaurants.79 Missouri state law permits restaurants seating less than 50 people, bars, bowling alleys, and billiard parlors to decide their own smoking policies, without limitation.80
Missouri has 114 counties and one independent city (St. Louis).
The largest county by size is Texas County (1,179 sq. miles) and Shannon County is second (1,004 sq. miles). Worth County is the smallest (266 sq. miles). The independent city of St. Louis has only 62 square miles (160 km2) of area. St. Louis City is the most densely populated area (5,140.1 per sq. mi.) in Missouri.
The largest county by population (2012 estimate) is St. Louis County (1,000,438 residents), with Jackson County second (677,377 residents), St. Charles third (368,666), and St. Louis fourth (318,172). Worth County is the least populous with 2,171 (2010 census) residents.
Important cities and towns
|Leading population centers 2010 Census
Kansas City
St. Louis
Jefferson City
|Kansas City
|Jackson, Clay, Platte, Cass
|St. Louis
|Greene, Christian
|Jackson Clay
|Lee's Summit
|Jackson Cass
|St. Joseph
|St. Charles
|St. Charles
|St. Peters
|St. Charles
|Blue Springs
|St. Louis County
|Jasper, Newton
|St. Louis County
|Jefferson City
|Cole Callaway
|Cape Girardeau
|Cape Girardeau Scott
|St. Louis County
|University City
|St. Louis County
|St. Louis County
|based on 2010 U.S. Census Bureau figures81
Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.
The five largest cities in Missouri are Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield, Independence, and Columbia.82
St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2009, St. Louis was the 18th largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.83 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 15th largest with 2.89 million people. Some of the major cities making up the St. Louis Metro area in Missouri are St. Charles, St. Peters, Florissant, Chesterfield, Creve Coeur, Wildwood, Maryland Heights, O'Fallon, Clayton, Ballwin, and University City.
Kansas City is Missouri's largest city and the principal city of the fifteen-county Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area, including six counties in the state of Kansas. As of 2009, it was the 29th largest metropolitan area in the nation, with 2.068 million people. Some of the other major cities comprising the Kansas City metro area in Missouri include Independence, Lee's Summit, Blue Springs, Raytown, Liberty, and Gladstone.
Branson is a major tourist attraction in the Ozarks of southwestern Missouri.
Missouri State Board of education
The Missouri State Board of Education has general authority over all public education in the state of Missouri. It is made up of eight citizens appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.
Primary and secondary schools
Education is compulsory from ages seven to seventeen, and it is required that any parent, guardian or other person with custody of a child between the ages of seven and seventeen the compulsory attendance age for the district, must ensure that the child is enrolled in and regularly attends public, private, parochial school, home school or a combination of schools for the full term of the school year. Compulsory attendance also ends when children complete sixteen credits in high school.
Children in Missouri between the ages of five and seven are not required to be enrolled in school. However, if they are enrolled in a public school their parent guardian or custodian must ensure that they regularly attend.
Missouri schools are commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. The public schools system includes kindergarten to 12th grade. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. High school athletics and competitions are governed by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA).
Homeschooling is legal in Missouri and is an option to meet the compulsory education requirement. It is neither monitored nor regulated by the state's Department of Elementary and Secondary Education83
A supplemental education program, the Missouri Scholars Academy, provides an extracurricular learning experience for gifted high school students in the state of Missouri. The official MSA website describes the goals of the Academy to be as such: "The academy reflects Missouri's desire to strive for excellence in education at all levels. The program is based on the premise that Missouri's gifted youth must be provided with special opportunities for learning and personal development in order for them to realize their full potential."
Another gifted school is the Missouri Academy of Science, Mathematics and Computing, which is located at the Northwest Missouri State University.
Colleges and universities
The University of Missouri System is Missouri's statewide public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri–Kansas City, University of Missouri–St. Louis, and Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla.
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the state established a series of normal schools in each region of the state, originally named after the geographic districts: Northeast Missouri State University (now Truman State University) (1867), Central Missouri State University (now the University of Central Missouri) (1871), Southeast Missouri State University (1873), Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University) (1905), Northwest Missouri State University (1905), Missouri Western State University (1915), and Missouri Southern State University (1937). Lincoln University and Harris–Stowe State University were established in the mid-nineteenth century and are historically black colleges and universities.
Among private institutions Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University are two top ranked schools in the US.84 There are numerous junior colleges, trade schools, church universities and other private universities in the state. A.T. Still University was the first osteopathic medical school in the world. Hannibal–LaGrange University in Hannibal, Missouri, was one of the first colleges west of the Mississippi (founded 1858 in LaGrange, Missouri, and moved to Hannibal in 192885).
The state funds a $2000, renewable merit-based scholarship, Bright Flight, given to the top three percent of Missouri high school graduates who attend a university in-state.
The 19th century border wars between Missouri and Kansas have continued as a sports rivalry between the University of Missouri and University of Kansas. The rivalry is chiefly expressed through football and basketball games between the two universities. It is the oldest college rivalry west of the Mississippi River and the second oldest in the nation. Each year when the universities meet to play, the game is coined "Border War." An exchange occurs following the game where the winner gets to take a historic Indian War Drum, which has been passed back and forth for decades.
Culture and Entertainment
Many well-known musicians were born or have lived in Missouri. These include guitarist and rock pioneer Chuck Berry, singer and actress Josephine Baker, "Queen of Rock" Tina Turner, pop singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow, Michael McDonald of the Doobie Brothers, and rappers Nelly, Chingy, and Akon, all of whom are either current or former residents of St. Louis.
Country singers from Missouri include New Franklin native Sara Evans, Cantwell native Ferlin Husky, West Plains native Porter Wagoner, Tyler Farr of Garden City, and Mora native Leroy Van Dyke, along with bluegrass musician Rhonda Vincent, a native of Greentop.
Rapper Eminem was born in St. Joseph and also lived in Savannah and Kansas City.
Ragtime composer Scott Joplin lived in St. Louis and Sedalia.
Jazz saxophonist Charlie Parker lived in Kansas City.
Rock and Roll singer Steve Walsh of the group Kansas was born in St. Louis and grew up in St. Joseph.
The Kansas City Symphony and the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra are the state's major orchestras. The latter is the nation's second-oldest symphony orchestra and achieved prominence in recent years under conductor Leonard Slatkin.
Branson is well known for its music theaters, most of which bear the name of a star performer or musical group. These facilities have made Branson one of America's most popular tourist destinations..
Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal.
Kansas City-born writer William Least Heat-Moon currently resides in Rocheport. He is best known for Blue Highways, a chronicle of his travels to small towns across America. The book was on the New York Times Bestseller list for nearly a year in 1982-1983.
Famed authors Kate Chopin, T.S. Eliot, and Tennessee Williams were all from St. Louis.
Filmmaker, animator, and businessman Walt Disney spent part of his childhood in the Linn County town of Marceline before moving to Kansas City, Missouri. Disney began his artistic career in Kansas City, where he founded the Laugh-O-Gram Studio.
Several Film versions of Mark Twain's novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have been made.
Meet Me in St. Louis, a musical involving the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, starred Judy Garland.
Part of the 1983 road movie National Lampoon's Vacation was shot on location in Missouri, for the Griswold's trip from Chicago to Los Angeles.
The Thanksgiving holiday film Planes, Trains, and Automobiles was partially shot at Lambert–St. Louis International Airport.
White Palace was filmed in St. Louis.
The award-winning 2010 film Winter's Bone was shot in the Ozarks of Missouri.
Up in the Air starring George Clooney was filmed in St. Louis.
John Carpernter's Escape from New York was filmed in Saint Louis in the early eighties, due to the high number of abandoned buildings in the city.
Part of the 1973 movie, "Paper Moon", which starred Ryan & Tatum O'Neal, was filmed in St. Joseph.
Missouri hosted the 1904 Summer Olympics at St. Louis, the first time the games were hosted in the United States.
Professional sports teams
- Major League Baseball: Kansas City Royals and St. Louis Cardinals
- NFL: Kansas City Chiefs and St. Louis Rams
- NHL: St. Louis Blues
- MLS: Sporting Kansas City
- World Team Tennis: Springfield Lasers
Minor leagues
- Baseball:
- Springfield Cardinals (Class AA, Texas League)
- River City Rascals (O'Fallon) (Independent, Frontier League)
- Chillicothe Mudcats (Independent, M.I.N.K. League)
- Excelsior Springs Cougars (Independent, M.I.N.K. League)
- Farmington Firebirds (Independent, KIT League)
- Joplin Outlaws (Independent, M.I.N.K. League)
- Marysville Magpies (Independent, Jayhawk League)
- Nevada Griffins (Independent, M.I.N.K. League)
- Ozark Generals (Independent, M.I.N.K. League)
- St. Joseph Mustangs (Independent, M.I.N.K. League)
- Sedalia Bombers (Independent, M.I.N.K. League)
- St. Louis Tribe (Independent, MSBL National League)
- Sikeston Bulls (Independent, KIT League)
- Hannibal Cavemen (Prospect League) Kansas City T-bones (Kansas City)
- Ice Hockey:
Former professional sports teams
- National Football League:
- St. Louis Cardinals (moved from Chicago in 1960; moved to Tempe, Arizona in 1988 and are now the Arizona Cardinals)
- St. Louis All Stars (active in 1923 only)
- Kansas City (NFL) (Blues/Cowboys) (active 1924–1926, folded)
- St. Louis Gunners (independent team, joined the NFL for the last three weeks of the 1934 season and folded thereafter)
- Major League Baseball (American League):
- St. Louis Browns (moved from Milwaukee in 1902; moved to Baltimore, Maryland after the 1953 season and are now the Baltimore Orioles)
- Kansas City Athletics (moved from Philadelphia in 1955; moved to Oakland, California after the 1967 season and are now the Oakland Athletics)
- National Basketball Association:
- St. Louis Bombers (charter BAA franchise in 1946, joined the NBA when it formed in 1949; ceased operations in 1950)
- St. Louis Hawks (moved from Milwaukee in 1955; moved to Atlanta in 1968 and are now the Atlanta Hawks)
- Kansas City Kings (moved from Cincinnati in 1972; moved to Sacramento in 1985 and are now the Sacramento Kings; prior to locating in Kansas City, they were known as the Cincinnati Royals)
- American Basketball Association
- Spirits of St. Louis, (franchise played its home games in St. Louis from 1974 through 1976; franchise folded when the ABA merged with the NBA):
- National Hockey League:
- Kansas City Scouts (1974 expansion team, moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies, and would move again to Newark, New Jersey; now called the New Jersey Devils)
- St. Louis Eagles (1934 relocation of the original Ottawa Senators, folded after the 1934–35 season)
- Negro National League:
- Kansas City Monarchs (Charter member of Negro National League, 1920. Played in Kansas City, MO, until being disbanded in 1965 after sending more players to Major League Baseball than any other Negro League team.)
- Women's Professional Soccer:
- Saint Louis Athletica (franchise folded in June 2010)
- Continental Basketball Association:
- Teams in Kansas City and St. Louis
Four US Navy vessels have been named after the state.
- USS Missouri (1841), a sidewheel frigate launched in 1841 and destroyed by fire in 1843
- USS Missouri (BB-11), a Maine-class battleship in service from 1900 to 1922
- USS Missouri (BB-63), an Iowa-class battleship in service from 1944 to 1998; site of the official Japanese surrender of World War II; decommissioned in 1998; now a floating war memorial at Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii
- USS Missouri (SSN-780), a Virginia-class submarine, joined the fleet after a commissioning ceremony July 31, 2010 at the Naval Submarine Base New London.
State nickname
The use of the unofficial nickname the Show-Me State has several possible origins. The phrase "I'm from Missouri" means "I'm skeptical of the matter and not easily convinced."86 This is related to the state's unofficial motto of "Show Me," whose origin is popularly ascribed to an 1899 speech by Congressman Willard Vandiver, who declared that "I come from a country that raises corn and cotton, cockleburs and Democrats, and frothy eloquence neither convinces nor satisfies me. I'm from Missouri, and you have got to show me." However, according to researchers, the phrase was in circulation earlier in the 1890s.87 According to another legend, the phrase was a reference to Missouri miners brought to Leadville, Colorado to take the place of striking miners and being unfamiliar with the mining methods there required frequent instruction.88
Missouri is also known as "The Cave State" with over 6000 recorded caves (second to Tennessee). Perry County has both the largest number of caves and the single longest cave in the state.89
Other nicknames include "The Lead State", "The Bullion State", "The Ozark State", "Mother of the West", "The Iron Mountain State", and "Pennsylvania of the West".90
There is no official state nickname.88 However, the official state motto is "Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto", Latin for "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law."91
Missouri is home to a diversity of both flora and fauna. There is a large amount of fresh water present due to the Mississippi River, Missouri River, and Lake of the Ozarks, with numerous smaller tributary rivers, streams, and lakes. North of the Missouri River, the state is primarily rolling hills of the Great Plains, whereas south of the Missouri River, the state is dominated by the Oak-Hickory Central U.S. hardwood forest.
Some of the native species found in Missouri include:9293
Within historic times, pronghorn, gray wolf, and brown bear were all found in Missouri, but have since been eliminated. Wapiti and American bison were formerly common, but are currently confined to private farms and parks.
Winter residents:
Within historic times, the passenger pigeon, the carolina parakeet, and the ivory-billed woodpecker were all found in Missouri, but they have since been eliminated.95
Reptiles and amphibians
Trees and shrubs
Insect migrations
There has also been a migration of insects from the south to Missouri. One example of this is the wasp Polistes exclamans.98
Famous Missourians
See entire collection at List of people from Missouri.
See also
- Outline of Missouri – organized list of topics about Missouri
- Index of Missouri-related articles
- List of people from Missouri
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ http://www.moga.mo.gov/const/a01034.htm
- ^ "Metropolitan Area Rankings; ranked by population" (Microsoft Excel). Census. US. 2000. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ a b "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013" (CSV). 2013 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ http://www.moga.state.mo.us/statutes/C000-099/0100000095.HTM
- ^ http://www.census.gov/const/regionmap.pdf
- ^ [1]dead link
- ^ "Introduction to Missouri – The Show Me State Capital Jefferson City". Netstate.com. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Pony Express National Historic Trail".
- ^ Centers of Population for the 2010 Census, U.S. Census Bureau
- ^ McCafferty, Michael. 2004. speech/v079/79.1mccafferty.html "Correction: Etymology of Missouri" (restricted access), American Speech, 79.1:32dead link
- ^ "Missouri", American Heritage Dictionary
- ^ a b Wheaton, Sarah (October 13, 2012). "Missouree? Missouruh? To Be Politic, Say Both". The New York Times. pp. A1. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
- ^ Missouri - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-webster.com (August 31, 2012). Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- ^ a b Lance, Donald M. (Fall 2003). "The Pronunciation of Missouri: Variation and Change in American English". American Speech 78 (3): 255–284. doi:10.1215/00031283-78-3-255.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ "Missouri pronunciation". Forvo.com. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ^ "Midwest Region Economy at a Glance". Bls.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "UNC-CH surveys reveal where the 'real' South lies". Unc.edu. June 2, 1999. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ a b Almanac of the 50 States (Missouri). Information Publications (Woodside, CA). 2008. p. 203.
- ^ "Missouri's Karst Wonderland – Missouri State Parks and Historic Sites, DNR". Mostateparks.com. June 6, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
- ^ "Income Inequality in Missouri". Ded.mo.gov. December 21, 2001. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "St. Louis Tornado History, Wikipedia site". Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ "1896 St. Louis-East St. Louis Tornado". Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ "Station Name: MO ST LOUIS LAMBERT INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ "Climatological Information for St. Louis, United States". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
- ^
Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (Lambert–St. Louis Int'l), 1981−2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 77
Average high °F (°C) 39.9
Average low °F (°C) 23.8
Record low °F (°C) −22
Precipitation inches (mm) 2.39
Snowfall inches (cm) 6.0
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.9 8.0 10.3 11.3 11.9 10.0 8.9 8.2 7.4 8.7 9.6 9.4 112.6 Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 4.9 3.4 1.8 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 3.7 14.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 161.2 161.0 198.4 222.0 266.6 291.0 310.0 269.7 237.0 207.7 141.0 130.2 2,595.8 Source: NOAA (extremes 1874−present),26 27 Hong Kong Observatory (Sunshine only, 1961−1990) 28
- ^ Foley (1989), 26.
- ^ Hoffhaus. (1984). Chez Les Canses: Three Centuries at Kawsmouth, Kansas City: Lowell Press. ISBN 0-913504-91-2.
- ^ "''MISSOURI V. IOWA'', 48 U.S. 660 (1849) – US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez". Supreme.justia.com. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Meinig, D.W. (1993). The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05658-3; pg. 437
- ^ Historical Census Browser, 1860 Federal Census, University of Virginia Library. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ "Louisiana: The Levee System of the State", New York Times, 10/8/1874; Retrieved 2007-11-15
- ^ "First interstate project". Fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Resident Population Data". Resident Population Data. Census. 2010. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
- ^ Quick facts, US: Census
- ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer.
- ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States
- ^ Population of Missouri: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts
- ^ 2010 Census Data
- ^ "Population and Population Centers by State". United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ Ammon, Ulrich (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–8. ISBN 0-89925-356-3. Retrieved 2010-09-03.; International Sociological Association.
- ^ Carrière, J-M (1939). "Creole Dialect of Missouri". American Speech (Duke University Press) 12 (6): 502–3. JSTOR 451217.
- ^ "Valparaiso University". Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ 2001 American Religious Identification Survey, City University of New York
- ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
- ^ Kellie Moore (2013-02-25). "Fox apologizes for comments on Wiccans at University of Missouri". Religious News Service. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
- ^ "FRB: Federal Reserve Districts and Banks". Federalreserve.gov. December 13, 2005. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ a b c d National Association for State Energy Officials and the Kentucky Department for Energy Development and Independence. "Missouri Energy Profile". Retrieved 2013-07-14.
- ^ Missouri Department of Natural Resources. "Geologicaly Survey Program - Oil and Gas in Missouri". Retrieved 2013-07-14.
- ^ United States Energy Information Administration. "Petroleum and Other Liquids - Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries". Retrieved 2013-07-14.
- ^ Renewable Energy Technical Potential
- ^ U.S. Installed Wind Capacity
- ^ EIA (July 27, 2012). "Electric Power Monthly Table 1.17.A.". United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ EIA (July 27, 2012). "Electric Power Monthly Table 1.17.B.". United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ^ Sherwood, Larry (June 2011). "U.S. Solar Market Trends 2010". Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC). Retrieved 2011-06-29.
- ^ Sherwood, Larry (July 2010). "U.S. Solar Market Trends 2009". Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC). Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ "Fact Sheet: High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program: Chicago – St. Louis – Kansas City". Retrieved 2010-01-28.
- ^ "KC Streetcar - About KC Streetcar". Retrieved 2013-10-27.
- ^ "Number of Persons Killed or Injured in Missouri Crashes by Year". Missouri State Highway Patrol. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
- ^ Wade, Lynn A. (August 7, 2010). "Upgrade of U.S. 71 to I-49 coming to Missouri soon". Nevada Daily Mail. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Registered Voters in Missouri 2012". Missouri Secretary of State. October 24, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
- ^ "Missouri Secretary of State – State Archives – Origin of "Show Me" slogan". Sos.mo.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ a b Mercatus Center (March 28, 2013). "Freedom in the 50 States-Missouri". Freedom in the 50 States. George Mason University. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 290.145". Moga.mo.gov. August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 67.305". Moga.mo.gov. August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 311.170". Moga.mo.gov. August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 311.310". Moga.mo.gov. August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 311.086". Moga.mo.gov. August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "State Cigarette Excise Tax Rates" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "A burning issue," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 12, 2006
- ^ Tim O'Neil, "Missouri keeps tobacco tax as the lowest in the nation", St. Louis Post-Dispatch (November 7, 2012)
- ^ ""Best Cities for Smokers," ''Forbes Magazine'', November 1, 2007". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2010-07-31.dead link
- ^ "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System – Adults who are current smokers", September 19, 2008". Apps.nccd.cdc.gov. May 15, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 407.931.3". Moga.mo.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, ''County Level Survey 2007: Secondhand Smoke for Missouri Adults'', October 1, 2008". Dhss.mo.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 191.769". Moga.mo.gov. August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Table 1. The Most Populous Counties and Incorporated Places in 2010 in Missouri: 2000 and 2010 (.xls)
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Missouri". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- ^ Missouri Department Of Elementary And Secondary Education (September 2, 2009). "Home Schooling". Dese.mo.gov. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
- ^ "America's Best Colleges 2008: National Universities: Top Schools." USNews.com: . January 18, 2008.
- ^ Don Colborn, PhD. "HLGU - About HLG". Hlg.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
- ^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/skepticism
- ^ "I'm from Missouri – Show Me", Barry Popik
- ^ a b "Origin of "Show-Me" Slogan". State Archives Missouri History (FAQ). MO: Secretary of State. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
- ^ House, Scott (May 14, 2005). "Fact Sheet on 6000 Caves". The Missouri Speleological Survey. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ^ Introduction to Missouri, Netstate
- ^ The Great Seal of Missouri, MO: Secretary of State
- ^ Guide to North American Wildlife, Reader's Digest, 1982
- ^ Field Guide to the Birds of North America, second edition, National Geographic Society, 1996
- ^ National Geographic Society - Field Guide to the Birds of North America, Second Edition
- ^ "Animals of Conservation Concern". Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ Johnson, Tom R. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri: Missouri Department of Conservation, 1992
- ^ Briggler, Jeffrey T. and Tom R. Johnson, Missouri's Toads and Frogs, MO Department of Conservation, copyright 1982, 2008, Missouri Conservation Commission
- ^ West, Mary Jane (1968). "Range Extension and Solitary nest founding in Polistes Exclamans". Psyche 75 (2): 118–23. doi:10.1155/1968/49846.
External links
|Find more about Missouri at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
|Media from Commons
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Source texts from Wikisource
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Travel guide from Wikivoyage
|Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Missouri Government.
- Missouri Digital Heritage, Missouri Government.
- State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia.
- Missouri's African American History, Missouri Government.
- Missouri State Tourism Office.
- Energy & Environmental Data for Missouri, US: DoE.
- real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Missouri, USGS.
- U.S. Census Bureau
- "Missouri", QuickFacts (geographic and demographic information), US: Census.
- Missouri – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1810 to 1990 (PDF), US: Census, 71.1 kB.
- Missouri State Facts, USDA.
- "http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Main_Page American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable", List of searchable databases produced by Missouri state agencies.
- Missouri at DMOZ
- Missouri History, Geology, Culture, UM system.
- Historic Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Missouri, UM system.
- 1930 Platbooks of Missouri Counties, UM system.
- Geographic data related to Missouri at OpenStreetMap
- "Totals", Population estimates, US: Census, 2011.
- "States metropolitan areas cities", Population (estimates & projections), US: Census.
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Coordinates: 38°30′N 92°30′W / 38.5°N 92.5°W
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Delta T11851-SS Brilliance Stainless Dryden Three Function Diverter Valve Trim - Two Independent Positions, One Shared Position
Technical Specs
|Installation Guide
|Specification Sheet
|Parts Breakdown
|Country Of Origin
|Diverter Location
|Wall Mounted
|Handle Material
|Handle Style
|Handles Included
|Made in America
|Number of Functions
|Number Of Handles
|Valve Included
This product has additional required/recommended options. To configure, add to your cart.
Rough In Valve Required
Product Features:
- Made in the U.S.A. (Manufacturing plants: Greensburg, Indiana; Jackson, Tennessee)
- Fully covered under Delta's limited lifetime warranty
- Superior finishing process - trim finish covered under lifetime warranty
- The clean, geometric lines of the Dryden line are reminiscent of the Art Deco period of the 1920's and 30's
- The Dryden collection offers a full complement of coordinating products to create the perfect look
- Controls direction of water from mixing valve to custom shower systems
- Does not control the volume of water - that is done at the mixing valve
- Three function diverter with 2 individual positions, 1 shared position (for example, a shower head and hand shower could be run individually or together)
- Escutcheon (trim plate) diameter: 4-1/2"
- Designed for use with standard U.S. plumbing connections
- ADA Compliant
- Extra secure mounting assembly
- All necessary mounting hardware included
- R11000 rough-in valve sold separately (when adding to cart, valve will be offered)
- T11851: this model
- T11951: six function version of this model
About Delta:
Delta is more than just a brand of kitchen and bathroom faucets. It's a name that represents what's possible in today's plumbing technologies. Every kitchen and bathroom in every home is unique, and with a wide range of pricing and features, Delta faucets and fixtures can meet every need.
Delta is driven by its quest for innovation—and this applies to its kitchen and bathroom faucets and fixtures. From Touch2O technology (which turns the faucet on and off with just a touch) and MagnaTite technology (which eliminates droopy pull-down spray heads), to H2Okinetic showers (for a warmer and more luxurious shower experience), your life is simplified through innovations. And if you're searching for a product to offer an eye-catching focal point, while providing durability and reliability for a lifetime, look no further than Delta.
From extremely affordable and reliable faucets to fully loaded fixtures featuring today's leading technologies, Delta has a faucet for everyone.
Additional Delta Links
Our SKU: T11851
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
Aged Pewter
Brilliance Stainless
Champagne Bronze
Venetian Bronze
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
9 Questions from the Community
Is this available in chrome and what valve do I need to buy with it
i what to install a regular showerhead, a handheld shower and a raincan showerhead.which diverter model do i need. please help
which diverter do i need for a showerhead, handheld sprayer and a raincan.
what diverter do i need for a handheld shower and regular showerhead
I need a diverter and trim kit for a shower and tub spout for the Dryden collection. What model do I need
does this diverter perform the following functions. 1) only single functions at a time. ie: shower or handheld or rain can. 2) two functions at once. ie: Shower and Handheld &/or just handheld or just shower?
Is there a raincan that matches the dryden series? If so what is the part number.
What's the best way to divert for tubspout, handspray, and showerhead?
how large opening does the diverter escutcheon have compared to the opening in the water valve?
Product Reviews
Delta Dryden Collection
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Warranty Info
With Delta® Faucet Company, you can be sure you're getting products of the highest quality.
All parts and finishes of the Delta faucet are warranted to the original consumer purchaser to be free from defects in material and workmanship for as long as the original consumer purchaser owns their home. Delta recommends using a professional plumber for all installation and repair. Delta will replace, FREE OF CHARGE, during the warranty period, any part or finish that proves defective in material and/or workmanship under normal installation, use and service.
This number is for customer use only : Customer Direct Replacement parts may be obtained by calling 1-800-345-DELTA (3358) or by writing:
- Delta Faucet Company Product Services
55 E. 111th Street Indianapolis, IN 46280
Labor charges and/or damage incurred in installation, repair, or replacement, as well as any other kind of loss or damage are excluded.
Proof of purchase (original sales receipt) from the original consumer purchaser must be made available to Delta for all warranty claims.
This is the exclusive warranty by delta faucet company, which does not make any other warranty of any kind, including the implied warranty of merchantability.
This warranty excludes all industrial, commercial and business usage, of faucets whose purchasers are hereby extended a five-year limited warranty from the date of purchase, with all other terms of this warranty applying except the duration of the warranty. This warranty is applicable only to Delta faucets manufactured after January 1, 1995.
Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. Any damages to this faucet as a result of misuse, abuse, or neglect or any use of other than genuine Delta replacement parts WILL VOID THE WARRANTY. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. It applies only to Delta faucets installed in the United States of America, Canada and Mexico.
If you have any questions or concerns regarding our warranty plan, please e-mail us, or call 1-800-345-DELTA (3358).
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Planning to have a baby? Our family-centered support begins as early as conception, continues from pregnancy through birth and the transition to life with a new baby at home. Use these online services to aid your plan:
The Family Birthplace is as warm and inviting as the family and friends that surround you. Our family-centered environment of care is designed to enhance the birth experience. Spacious labor-delivery-recovery suites comfortably accommodate birthing families and include:
Immediate newborn care at your bedside encourages better education and communication, facilitates mother-baby bonding, and reduces interruptions.
The Special Care Nursery provides Level II neonatal care for medically delicate newborns. Dedicated staff members include:
Designated "Baby-Friendly" by the World Health Organization, Texas Health Allen provides a comprehensive approach to breastfeeding of newborns. Support at the bedside begins soon after delivery with skin-to-skin contact to encourage breastfeeding — all part of the lactation support system designed to help babies get a healthy start in life.
Take a virtual hospital tour
For an in-hospital tour or more information about services at The Family Birthplace, call 1-877-THR-WELL (1-877-847-9355).