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And this year, with two exceptions, most championships were determined by just one point. The "runaway" contest was in the IMCA Modified ranks.
"I was hoping they'd throw a green, white, checkered as there was nothing but wrecks, wrecks, wrecks," Shawn Natenstedt said after Sunday's feature. "The car wasn't great at all, we tried some stuff for Vegas but it's just not going to work here as it's too tight corners. It was so slick the car reacted better if you were easy on the throttle so I just pedaled it real slow and it worked."
Then he gave thanks to his sponsors that have supported him during this season, Silverado Casino, Silver Strike Casino and Competition Carburation.
The action began as the cars took the green flag. Contact put the racer of Adam Walters into the mud on edge of the front straight while the offending car spun and collected five others.
From that point, it was a start-and-stop affair with Natenstedt using his lead position to scoot out of harm's way every time the green waved.
Behind him there was everything from single car incidents with spins to pile-ups of several cars that kept the tow trucks and officials very busy; not to mention the flagman, who got a lot of exercise waving the yellow flag.
Toward the end of the race, Zach Thorp crashed into the wall but was able to get back to his pits. What no one knew was that he was injured and after sitting in his car, someone finally checked on him.
The medics were summoned and they gently lifted him out of his car and sent Thorp to the local hospital to be checked out. His condition was unknown at this time.
When the points were totaled, Natenstedt won the championship by nine over Dave Duste, who was tied with third-place Jeff Macedo.
Ken Gotchal was the other "runaway" winner as, despite sweeping all his events in Pro Stock, his margin of victory over Gary Nevers was only four points. Nevers and Al Goss, two competitors from the old track in Carson City, had a race-long duel with Goss, who ended up third in the championship totals, taking second in the final dash from Turn 4 to the checkered on Sunday.
Sunday's Hobby Stock feature was a case of winning the battle but losing the war. Due to an opening lap spin, followed by more problems, it took three attempts to get the race going.
Finally, when the field took off, Rick Miller led the charge with Pete Olsen right on his back bumper. Two more cautions slowed the pace, and in one of them Miller headed for the pits after having contact with the wall.
The race probably had more caution laps than green flag laps by the time it ended.
The longest delay came when the low sun was blinding drivers as they headed into Turn 4. For safety reasons, the officials halted it for about 15 minutes until it was safe to race again.
Two more cautions and Olsen was on point, while Chris Neal first moved forward and then slipped backwards in the field. Behind the leader, Carl Barlow had been moving through traffic and eventually claimed second.
One more caution for debris and the field was able to race all the way to the checkered. Up front, Olsen was in command as Barlow wasn't able to close the gap.
Behind them, Neal found fifth place a comfortable place to run and just stuck there. In the end, his keeping fifth gave Neal a scant one-point lead over Olsen in the final points total.
Back in the pits Neal said, "I was just playing it easy, didn't want to mess it up and be out of it all together. So I just drove easy and tried not to let too many people pass me. I didn't know how many points I could give to Olsen but I just drove and we did good."
Another close finish was in the Gen-X division, a class where compact cars make up most of the field. All weekend the race was between Al Bishop, driving a Neon and Shawn "Mr. Rabbit" Hartzell, who pilots a VW Rabbit truck.
The feature itself came to an abrupt halt right after the green when the cars driven by Ed Stidham and Jimmy Edwards had contact. Both cars were too damaged to continue and were towed back to their respective pits.
On the green Shawn Burton briefly held the point until Bishop and Hartzell swept past him. Only one caution slowed the race and when the green waved again Bishop and Hartzell took off leaving everyone in their dust.
With only a few laps to go, Hartzell was able to take the inside line and made the winning pass as he and Bishop tore down the front straight. This victory gave Hartzell the one point more he needed to top Bishop for the weekend championship.
"I had to work for that one and all I can say is to thank Rattlesnake Raceway for having the greatest track ever," Hartzell said later. "I stood on Al's tail until he did make a little, tiny mistake, and it was tiny, then I took full advantage of it."
The Rat Mod division was another close call for the winner and that field had a very special guest driver racing a car normally piloted by Duncan Lee.
For the second year in a row, Maurie Williams, from Nanango, Queensland, Australia, was in the field. He piloted the car normally driven by Duncan Lee, who was driving a car he won the division championship with two years ago.
On Saturday, Williams was in the catbird's seat sweeping his heat and feature although Duncan's rider was too badly damaged in a wreck to continue.
Things didn't turn out so well on Sunday when contact with Scott Hammond's car put Williams into the back stretch wall and both of them out of the race.
This left Lee Ketten, who had problems of his own on Saturday, on pole and he made the most of it running away with the victory. Despite having to sit out the feature, Williams still had enough points to end up second while Ketten's one point advantage gave him the championship.
Savoring his narrow victory, Ketten said, "It was pretty good, that's what I was hoping for that some bad would befall them and it worked out in my favor. On Saturday we had fuel pump problems and ended up with a third place last night so we needed something to work our way and it did."
While the cars raced on the big track those younger drivers that compete in the Amsoil Northern Nevada Outlaw Kart series used their own short track, located on the infield. Not to be outdone by their elders these younger drivers put on an exciting show of their own that included close racing as well as spins and rollovers.
The wildest finish came in the 250 main where both leaders tangled heading for the checkered and Trey Walters was able to zip around them to claim the win and weekend championship.
Other winners and champions were McKenna Krshul in Beginners, Caleb "Little Rocket" Gonzalez in Intermediate and Jacob Dias in the Box Stock division.
These youngsters are the next generation that will take to the big track in the coming years. One of them, Lee Ketten Jr., now races in both the 250cc division as well as driving a Gen-X in his rookie year with the cars.
Judging how hard they race their elders had better watch out when they move up onto the big track.
The weekend also saw the return of "Black Flag," Bob Vaden to the flag stand where he ran the races with a firm but fair hand. It's unknown if he'll return to the stand next year or once again climb into a racecar but his contribution for the weekend was appreciated by the officials.
Next up for the track is the annual charity event, the Kris Kringle race on Oct. 27, then Rattlesnake goes dark until next spring when once again the roar of engines will awaken this bullring.
•The only racing event in this region is the SMRA motocross in Hawthorne on Sunday. As usual the action should begin around 10 a.m. after morning practice sessions.
•The Busch brothers raced at Charlotte this weekend and in Friday night's Nationwide event Kyle started sixth and finished fourth. In Saturday night's Sprint Cup event Kyle ended up fifth, after starting eighth, while older brother Kurt started and ended up 21st.
Rattlesnake Raceway - 2012 Dirt Track Championships
•Sun., Oct. 14
IMCA Modifieds:
Heat Winners - #1 Dave Duste, #2 Adam Walters, #3 Jeff Elerick Jr.
Main - 1. Shawn Natenstedt, 2. Robert Mull, 3. Paris Archie, 4. Jeff Macedo, 5. Jim Turner
Pro Stocks:
Heat Winners - #1 Ken Gotchal, #2 Al Goss
Main - 1. Ken Gotchal, 2. Al Goss, 3. Gary Nevers, 4. B.J. Pearson, 5. unlisted
Hobby Stocks:
Heat Winners - #1 Rick Miller, #2 Pete Olsen, #3 Robby Carey
Main - 1. Pete Olsen, 2. Carl Barlow, 3. Robby Carey, 4. Ricky Stephens, 5. Chris Neal
Rat Mods:
Heat Winners - #1 Scott Hammond, #2 Maurie Williams
Main - 1. Lee Ketten, 2. Gordon Hughes, 3. unlisted, 4. Loren Bianchi, 5. unlisted
Heat Winners - #1 Shawn Burton, #2 Al Bishop
Main - 1. Shawn Hartzell, 2. Al Bishop, 3. Shawn Burton, 4. Kyle Babb, 5. Dillon Sanford
Mod Mini:
Heat Winner - Steve Singley
Main - 1. Steve Singley, 2. Jesse James
Outlaw Karts Feature:
Beginners - 1. McKenna Krshul, 2. Haley Scarberry, 3. Sarah Anderson
Intermediate - 1. Caleb "Little Rocket," Gonzalez, 2. Katie Robertson, 3. Lacey Richardson
Box Stock - 1. Jacob Dias, 2. Lee Ketten Jr.
250cc - 1. Trey Walters, 2. Eric Taylor, 3. Zachary Cail
Outlaw Kart Dirt Track Champions
Beginner - McKenna Krshul
Box Stock - Jacob Dias
Intermediate - Caleb "Little Rocket," Gonzalez
250cc - Trey Walters
•Sat., Oct. 13
IMCA Modifieds:
Heat Winners - #1 73, #2 Shawn Natenstedt, #3 68
Pro Stocks:
Heat Winners - #1 Ken Gotchal, #2 Gary Nevers
Main - 1. Ken Gotchal, 2. Gary Nevers, #3 unlisted, 4. Al Goss, 5. unlisted
Hobby Stocks:
Heat Winners - #1 Chris Neal, #2 Ricky Stephens, #3 Carl Barlow
Main - 1. Chris Neal, 2. Pete Baglin, 3. Robby Carey, 4. Rick Miller
Rat Mods:
Heat Winners - #1 Duncan Lee, #2 Maurie Williams
Main - 1. Maurie Williams, #2 unlisted, #3 Lee Ketten, #4 Gordon Hughes, 5. Loren Bianchi
Heat Winners - #1 Al Bishop, #2 Shawn Hartzell
Main - 1. Shawn Hartzell, #2 Al Bishop, 3. Shawn Burton, 4. Kyle Babb, 5. Dillon Sanford
Mod Minis:
Heat Winner - Steve Singley
Main - Jesse James


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Built to last, with a solid ash hockey stick handle. And an ultra-tough polymer strainer scoop that's tough enough to chop light ice. Scoop is quart size, handle is ruled to measure ice depth and to slot fish. It floats, too. 20" long.
Get yours at The Sportsman's Guide, headquartered in the North Star State! Order ONLINE Now!
The Little Dipper Ice Scoop
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subset: commoncrawl


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If you have questions about compliance in your community, contact the Legal Aid Society-Employment Law Center's Fair Play for Girls in Sports project.
This Fact Sheet is intended to provide accurate, general information regarding legal rights relating to employment in California. Yet because laws and legal procedures are subject to frequent change and differing interpretations, the Legal Aid Society–Employment Law Center cannot ensure the information in this Fact Sheet is current nor be responsible for any use to which it is put. Do not rely on this information without consulting an attorney or the appropriate agency about your rights in your particular situation.


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Also in this section…?
Free entry! Open daily 10am-5pm
Closed from 2pm on 24 December, all day 25 and 26 December and 1 January.
Please note: A number of paintings have been removed from display due to refurbishment. Please call the gallery if there is a specific painting you want to see, to check it is on display.
|Getting here |
|Room guide|
|Family visits|
|School and group visits|
|Access |
|Facilities |
|Shop and café|
© Copyright 2014


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Lol! Baron is right, once again.
I need to get my creative juices flowing.
I can't finish these canvases to save my life.
Sometimes I hate mixing business and pleasure.
Lol! Baron is right, once again.
I need to get my creative juices flowing.
I can't finish these canvases to save my life.
Sometimes I hate mixing business and pleasure.
It's cheesefest and you're not here.
Just think of what could have been..
I could have won you a goldfish
We could dranken beers and smoked blunts in the park
and made out on the ferris wheel
Aw haha. I wish I could be at a festival dedicated to cheese. That sounds wonderful.
Unfortunately, I am working....and fish don't survive under my care.
I don't make out, either....germs! hahaha. just kidding.
I kind of have a love interest these days..kind of...key word interest. We'll see.
Last edited by Loki X Sho; 06-05-2010 at 10:07 AM.
The day you get a new boyfriend is the day my heart dies once again.
I've been trying to get with a little cutie.
I got good vibes from her, hung out a couple times, and went on a nice burn cruise, but apparently she's too busy to be interested and go out with me.
I'm still holding out, trying not to make an ass of myself or get titled a creeper for bothering her.
Well, it's been a day since my girlfriend of 3 years broke up with me. Seriously, I feel like such shit, it's ridiculous.
Although a certain MC Hammer concert made my day yesterday. Say what you want, but that was one of the funnest shows of all time.
I could really go for a girlfriend here soon. *Sigh*
Fuck You
Sorry for your loss, fury.
Did she rip your heart out like my ex did?
Same here, pie. I don't like being attractedto every girl I see. I like focusing on one special lady. It sucks not being with someone who makes your heart melt.
man the last thing i've been looking for is a girl...but idk chilling with that chick last night just felt right. she's mad chill, mad cute, and sweet as hell. definitely the type of girl i been waiting for.
on a side note. i think i'm quitting cigarettes today. we'll see if i cave or not after i get a few shots in me. i'm already itching for a stoge tho.
My girlfriend of 5 years spent a whole summer cheating on me, the same girl I held as we watched her father succumb to cancer.
I spent months on my couch.
But I eventually got over it and so will you.
Last edited by Vagrant; 06-05-2010 at 02:24 PM.
I'm gonna baww now...
Fuck You
Blah. I just broke my own heart.
I decided no on the love interest.
how did you break your own heart?
I would say text me, but I lost my phone the other day, and I have to reactivate it after work.
Fuck You
Id also say text me but Im too jew to buy a phone
cash money
I'm at my buddy's place and he just went to his gf's house and I'm hangin around... His parents just came into his room and they're talking to me and it's weird. O.o
Only when the last sprayer has been locked up, will we realize that art cannot be forbidden.


text:
Homebrewers who attended the 1999 Dixie Cup — The Fred Files — know that "The beer is out there." Don Sadja relates how he came up with his stupid idea. "I thought: Why not use a great imperial stout recipe as a base and do something stupid like add raspberry flavoring to it." Apparently not so stupid, as it produced a very drinkable beer!
"This beer is more along the style of a sweet stout. There's no milk sugar, but we use one pound of fresh raspberries per gallon!"
— Magic Hat head brewer Matt Cohen
Beer brewed by BYO's Dave Green, which were tasted live by Brad Ring on National Public Radio's daily show "On Point" on Friday, October 1, 2010.
Not your typical American Pale Ale. This one comes with cherries.
Homebrew Pro Shoppe, Inc., Olathe, Kansas
Although "bigger" than BJCP guidelines would suggest, this hefe's extra kick is eased by crystal hops and Weihenstephan yeast.
This is a light, crisp and wonderfully delicious beer Ben Knoerdel made for his wife who doesn't like hoppy beer.
A Light Fruit Pale Ale with chocolate added.
One of the winners of Boston Brewing Company's LongShot contest.
An American Pale Ale, with a touch of lemon.
A basic Brown Ale with cherries.
Lindemans was founded in 1869 and has a solid reputation as a blender and brewer of traditional, authentic lambics. The brewery produces four fruit lambics: kriek (cherry), cassis (black current), peche (peach) and framboise (raspberry). This same basic recipe also can be used to emulate other fruit lambics, from fraise (strawberry) to druiven (muscat grape).
-- Brouwerij Lindemans, Vlezenbeek
Some folks think fruit beer is for beginners, but that's not the case. Just like getting a tan on vacation — you need to start with a good base.
A basic Lager, with honey, peaches, and fresh ginger.
This recipe is very flexible. You can add fruit extracts to make fruit beers or add coriander and orange peel to make a Belgian white beer. (Change the yeast also to be true to style!)


text:
"I used this card as a joint christmas card and birth announcement and it was perfect! I included birth announcement on the front of the card and than a christmas greeting on the back. The card is beautiful and exactly what I was looking for."
"Loved this product but, as with all printing jobs for contrasty black and white images, i wish i would have lightened the image up a bit, the printing came out a bit darker than i would have liked but I should have known better."
"This card is so beautiful! I didn't realize, at first, how the shading at te top was part of the card and not the photo that was imported, it made my picture evening amazing :) I recorded sooooo many compliments on it."
"I wanted a simple, beautiful announcement and that is just what I got. I am so pleased. Really love that you can choose from a variety of formats for the back of the card and adjust the font size and style to fit what you are writing. The weight of the paper is nice. The design process was very easy. Just mailed the cards out two days ago and have already received compliments."
"I am so happy with my baby girl announcement card it came out so beautiful. i used the Pearl white simmer (awesome paper) and the rounded trim (nice detail). The costumer service is excellent. I used the designer review and they called me (which i was not expecting) to make sure i was going to received the designer preview. I was also surprised with the shipment, it came so fast! You have a very happy happy happy costumer."


text:
个人资料 | Kompletely Krazy Val
- Kompletely Krazy Val
- Xalerie Zenith
- United States
- 7932
- 357
- 92
- World Cosplay ID
- TheGazetteLuv
- 性别
Hellz,thankz for the rating!~ And I do Kompletely Krazy Cosplay,Mostly I
do my own style cosplays,you'll find some name brand cosplays, but mostly I like to create the most! Hope to share my new styles off! Hope to have more soon this coming new year! For now, hope you guys have a blast! See Ya! May God Bless! :D


text:
11th-Ranked Saint Women Trounce Carson-Newman 8-2
JEFFERSON CITY, Tenn. – The 11th-ranked North Georgia College & State University women's soccer team had little trouble Wednesday night with the Carson-Newman College Eagles as the Saints trounced the Eagles 8-2 Wednesday evening.
The nationally-ranked Saints (6-0) raced out to a large lead in the first half, jumping up 6-1 on the Eagles (2-3) before the first horn sounded in the Eagles' home-opener.
Caroline Wallace scored the first goal of the game just over eight and a half minutes into the match, playing a header into the net off a corner kick from Taylor Lee. The Saints would go on to hold an advantage of 8-2 in corner kicks over Carson-Newman by the end of regulation.
Mikayla Gregg tied the score just over 10 minutes later for the Eagles, but the Saints would turn up the heat from there, scoring five more goals off 20 total shots in the half.
Sophia Matonak, Kayla Croom, Cicely Taliaferro, Kelsey Martin and Mackenzie Robbins all scored before the intermission while Lee, Melanie Thompson and Whitley Dover all recorded assists.
The Eagles were able to get one goal back just six minutes into the second half when Blanca Hall scored, but that would be the last time Carson-Newman would find the back of the net.
Martin scored her second goal of the game in the 69th minute off an assist by fellow Peach Belt Conference preseason All-Conference selection Kelly Penston to put the Saints up 7-2 and Leanne South put the icing on the cake in the 76th minute.
North Georgia out-shot Carson-Newman 38-9 over the 90-minute contest that included a 20-5 advantage in shots on goal.
Freshman goalkeeper Mallory Sayre, the PBC Goalkeeper-of-the-Week, made three saves as she played all 90 minutes in the goal for the Saints while Kendra Ivans started the game for Carson-Newman.
The Saints will open their PBC slate at home with a doubleheader against league newcomer Young Harris. The women will first take on the Mountain Lions at 5:00 p.m. before the men hit the pitch at around 7:30 p.m.
The 1972 class of the men's soccer team will be present to celebrate their reunion. Also, any youth soccer players who wear their jerseys to the gamess will be admitted free of charge.


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Thu, Jan 31 | 9:00 PM
Dan McGuinness Pub
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As an artist Dave Pahanish has been traveling and performing his own style of folk rock music for almost 2 decades. Since his move to Nashville in 2007, he has released 2 cds independently and has had over 30 songs recorded by other artists including Toby Keith, Jimmy Wayne, Kieth Urban, Emily West, Tim McGraw, Fisher Stevenson and more. Recognizably... Jimmy Wayne took "Do You Believe Me Now" to the top of the Billboard Charts staying at number 1 for 3 weeks in 2008. Waynes next single "I Will", written by Dave Pahanish and Rory Feek(of Joey and Rory fame) went to number 14 on the Billboard Country Charts. Currently Toby Keith is riding up the charts at record speed with "American Ride" (formerly American Life) debuting at 38 and moving up to number 1 in just 12 weeks making it Tobys fastest rising single to date. DP has been rocking Nashville recently performing acoustically as well as with his band, The Rust Belt, featuring some of Nashvilles finest musicians including ACM Guitarist of the year 2008 Tom Bukovac, Shawn Fichter, John Deaderick, Rachel Loy, and Kristin Lee. He has also been traveling and performing with a local tribe of established writers/ artists/ and musicians that have dubbed themselves the Music City Review. Catch them on the road or most Monday evenings in Nashville at the Music City Bar and Grill near Opryland.
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NEW YORK — Stuart Weitzman is looking to go viral with its Made for Walking fall marketing campaign, which features Kate Moss and kicks off tonight.
The model shot a video this summer — strutting down several central London streets to Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made for Walkin.'" The almost-two-and-a-half-minute film will be shown at the brand's international flagship opening in Milan tonight.
Watch the Short Film Here >>
"What we really wanted to do was end up owning the word 'walk,'" said Susan Duffy, Stuart Weitzman's chief marketing officer. "We are a brand that combines comfort and style; no matter how high the heel, you can walk in it all day and dance all night."
A blogger party in New York will also take place this evening to show the film, and on Friday the #madeforwalking initiative will go live — including a YouTube short and an Instagram contest encouraging followers to make their own videos using the dedicated hashtag. The brand worked with producer and DJ Brendan Fallis and singer and songwriter Andrew Watt to create a music mash-up using Moss' voice from behind-the-scenes interviews.
"Print was the first step [in our marketing strategy], and developing a visual vocabulary that was immediately recognizable was our primary desire. Once we did that, we wanted to layer on and extend our reach," Duffy said of using the hashtag #madeforwalking, which will serve as the brand's social tie-in for the program.
Digital has become an increasingly important push for the company as e-commerce sales on stuartweitzman.com have nearly quadrupled in the past 18 months. Mobile transactions now comprise 35 percent of the company's online business, up 380 percent since early 2012.
The company's primary concentration in the space has been the creation of online content, search engine marketing, search engine optimization, e-mail, text message outreach and blogger programs, Duffy said, adding that the secondary focus is on social media and branded digital media spend.
RELATED STORY: Kate Moss Fronts for Stuart Weitzman Campaign >>
NEW YORK — Stuart Weitzman is looking to go viral with its Made for Walking fall marketing campaign, which features Kate Moss and kicks off tonight.
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Dr. William Hunter and his wife were still reeling over the grisly killings of their 11-year-old son and house cleaner when they met with a team of Omaha police detectives. The four officers pressed them hard: Are there any disgruntled students or co-workers who could have done this?
Several names were discussed during that meeting in March 2008, about 10 days after the killings. But there's one name William Hunter doesn't recall raising: Anthony J. Garcia.
Yes, Hunter had played a significant role in firing Dr. Garcia from his medical residency in pathology at Creighton in 2001. But the resident had also left quietly, with no threats or subsequent personal contact of any kind. And it had all been seven long years ago. Hunter simply didn't consider him a likely suspect.
"Honestly, he wasn't on the radar screen,'' Hunter said in an exclusive interview last week. "I didn't think he had any animosity to me.''
Now Garcia stands charged, not only in the 2008 slayings in the Hunter home, but the May 2013 killings of Creighton pathologist Dr. Roger Brumback and his wife. Authorities say both double homicides were precipitated by Garcia's smoldering grudge over his firing by Hunter and Brumback.
Many are now raising the obvious questions: Why wasn't Garcia a suspect in 2008? Did detectives blow a chance to catch him then? Could the Brumbacks' deaths have been prevented?
The World-Herald in the wake of Garcia's arrest Monday dived into those questions, interviewing Hunter, police officials and others close to the five-year investigation into the slayings of Thomas Hunter and Shirlee Sherman. The narrative that emerged goes a long way toward explaining why Garcia never became a suspect in the case.
� Though the Brumback killings made it obvious there was likely a pathology department link to the slayings in the Hunter home, that was not clear in 2008. The investigation in the end came to largely revolve around the two victims, both of whom had contacts and connections that seemed to police to offer the most promising avenues for investigation.
� Police nonetheless from the start considered whether William Hunter and his wife — also a teaching doctor at Creighton — could have been the intended targets. Both Hunters were pressed for names of people who might hold grudges against them. But Hunter did not see Garcia as a credible threat. In fact, Hunter found it hard to believe anyone associated with Creighton could have committed the crime.
� Hunter recalls Garcia's name did come up soon after the deaths in a meeting he had with Brumback and another pathology department administrator. But their discussion came to focus on another former resident who eventually became the prime Creighton target for investigators, in part because he looked somewhat like the suspect from police sketches.
� Authorities say the apparent trigger for the 2008 killings was a letter Hunter signed off on to a Louisiana medical board indicating Garcia had failed to complete his Creighton residency. But such verification letters were regular and routine in Hunter's job any time a former resident applied for a new position or license. He had no reason to feel this one, so many years after Garcia left Creighton, would mark Hunter as a target.
� It was only after Brumback's slaying that Hunter mentioned Garcia to police as a suspect, given that Brumback and Hunter both had played important roles in Garcia's firing. Even then, Garcia was so remote in Hunter's memory that he had trouble recalling his name.
� It's conceivable a deeper dive by police into the pathology department could have revealed Garcia as a suspect earlier. Not all pathology department faculty members — including at least one who was familiar with the Garcia case — were interviewed in the initial investigation. Investigators also did not pull all the department personnel files until the Brumbacks were killed.
� Due in part to a pension system that encouraged officers to take advantage of early retirement, the Omaha police homicide unit investigating the slayings was inexperienced, with a new lieutenant heading it and two new sergeants. Some suspect that hindered the investigation.
� An FBI criminal profile that suggested the killer could have been a serial-killing drifter did nothing to steer the investigation in the right direction. But it was perhaps prophetic on one point: It said police would not solve the crime until he killed again.
� If the initial police investigation failed to settle on Garcia as the 2008 killer, it was not for lack of effort. Police poured thousands of hours into investigating the slayings, producing a stack of documents and reports reaching 2 feet high. It appears detectives were still actively working on the case earlier this year, possibly right up to the point the Brumbacks were killed.
Members of Sherman's family are among those who have been critical of the police investigation. The family members at one point hired a private investigator to look into aspects of the case they felt merited more attention, including possible Creighton connections. The private investigator did not look into Garcia but did examine another former resident.
Brad Waite, Sherman's brother, said after Garcia's arrest Monday it was unfortunate that police did not get their man until after the Brumbacks were killed.
"We're relieved they got the guy, but we're pretty upset, though, that two more people had to die before they (solved the case),'' he said. "That's tragic.''
Sam Walker, a longtime University of Nebraska at Omaha criminal justice professor, said it's hard to fault Omaha officers if Hunter and others at Creighton did not point to Garcia as having a possible motive. Officers needed to spend their time and resources pursuing the leads that seemed most likely to point to a suspect.
However, once the case went cold, Walker said, detectives probably should have looked into other possibilities at Creighton, conducting wider interviews and digging into the personnel records.
"I would tend to fault them at that point,'' he said. "You start fresh, cast a wider net and look at the other possibilities.''
Alex Hayes, who served as head of the Omaha police criminal investigation bureau and as chief during much of the time of the Hunter investigation, said a wider search within pathology would have had to be considered in the light of what other potential leads the investigators had available to them at the time. He doesn't think anyone should try to second-guess what detectives in the case did. They worked with the information they had and pursued the leads that seemed most promising.
"It's easy in hindsight to nitpick something to death,'' he said. "Detectives aren't any different than any other human being. They're going to make decisions based on what they know and have at that particular time.''
A closer look at the lives of the four victims
Thomas Hunter, 11
� Sixth-grader at King Science Center
� Killed March 13, 2008, at his Dundee home
� Thomas was described by teachers as an exceptional student who was well-liked by students and teachers. He played YMCA basketball and video games and was a "junk food junkie," according to his father. He liked science and social studies. Survivors include three brothers and his parents, Drs. William and Claire Hunter.
Shirlee Sherman, 57
� House cleaner
� Killed March 13, 2008, at a Dundee home where she was working
� Shirlee Sherman was an Omaha native and a 1969 Central High graduate. According to her obituary, she was a gardener with a large and loving family. She had a son and a daughter and four grandchildren. She was described as having a contagious smile and being devoted to her grandchildren.
Dr. Roger Brumback, 65
� Former chairman of Creighton University's pathology department
� Found dead May 14, 2013, in his west Omaha home
� Roger Brumback was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up near Pittsburgh. He graduated from Penn State University with a medical degree in 1971 and became board-certified in pediatrics and neurology. In 1986, he moved to the University of Oklahoma Medical Center, where he helped build an Alzheimer's research center. He was chairman of Creighton's department of pathology from 2001 to 2010. During his career, he started two medical journals.
Mary Brumback, 65
� Retired
� Found dead May 14, 2013, in her west Omaha home
� Mary Brumback was born in Richland, Wash., and grew up mostly in Arlington, Va. She earned a degree in pharmacology from the University of Pittsburgh and practiced pharmacy in Maryland for some years. Later she earned a law degree from the University of Oklahoma and practiced family law in Norman, Okla. In 1989, she co-authored a book with her husband, Roger, on dietary fiber and weight control. She had three children with her husband, Roger.
Dr. William Hunter was in shock and not completely coherent the first time he sat down with Omaha police detectives, on March 13, 2008. Just before, he had come home to a horrific scene, finding his son and Sherman fatally stabbed in his family's stately Dundee home.
Taken downtown to Omaha Police Headquarters, he was pushed by detectives searching for suspects and motives. Did he have gambling debts? Was he or anyone else in the family involved in drugs? Did anyone at work have a grudge against him?
It was the first of many conversations he would have with officers who were looking for answers in a case that presented no obvious suspects. And it was the start of a futile quest that would frustrate officers and the families of the victims for years.
Several people familiar with the Omaha police investigation into the 2008 deaths say it largely focused on those associated with the two people killed. Hayes says that was the natural place to start. "You start with victimology,'' he said.
And both victims offered several avenues that needed to be pursued. Sherman had taken out a protection order against her daughter's ex-boyfriend. She also knew someone who was associated with drugs. The young Hunter liked to play online computer games and interacted in that way with people all over the globe. Some of the interactions concerned police.
The detectives spent countless hours chasing leads related to Thomas Hunter's online interactions, contacting websites and tracking down computer addresses. They called in a forensic computer expert to make sure they weren't missing anything. That online predator theory was prominent when Omaha police cooperated in a feature on the slayings that aired on the TV show "America's Most Wanted.''
Over time, police exhausted all of those leads. All suspects had alibis that ruled them out.
UNO's Walker said it's become almost gospel among people he's spoken with that investigators spent all their time on those angles and ignored any associated with Creighton. But Hunter and police officials say that's simply not true. There were essentially three detective teams on the case from the start: one looking into Sherman's connections, one looking into Thomas Hunter's connections and the third looking into the connections of the Hunter couple.
Hunter said he was repeatedly pressed on the topic from day one. He and his wife, Claire, both had dealt with hundreds of former patients, students, residents and co-workers. After Claire Hunter returned from Hawaii, where she was away on business at the time of the killings, police asked the two of them to sit down and make a list of people who might have beefs against them.
It was a short list, William Hunter recalls. They came up with about three names. One was a resident Claire Hunter had worked with. Two were students that William Hunter had flunked in classes, one of whom had made a vague threat against the school in a Facebook posting.
A day or so later, Garcia's name came up in a meeting Hunter held with Brumback, who was the chairman of the pathology department, and a senior department administrator. The three had a list of past residents going back into the 1990s and went over it name by name, pondering each as a potential suspect.
Garcia had been kicked out of his residency after 11 months in 2001 for allegedly trying to sabotage another resident who was taking a critical exam. There was actually another resident also booted out over the same incident, though Garcia was seen as the instigator.
Hunter, as director of the pathology residency program, was deeply involved in documenting the case for Garcia's dismissal. Then in Brumback's office, Hunter read Garcia the dismissal letter and asked him to sign an acknowledgment he'd received it. Both Hunter and Brumback also spoke during a hearing on Garcia's appeal, which a university panel denied.
Now, seven years later, the three Creighton officials discussed both of the dismissed residents. But Hunter says they did not dwell on Garcia, whom they didn't find suspicious. He had left without an angry word toward anyone.
There was much more discussion that day over another resident who had more recently left the program disgruntled. The native of Russia had had conflicts with another faculty member and a resident, and some saw him as intimidating. Before leaving the program, he had filed a legal action against the university.
As with Garcia, Hunter had difficulty seeing the Russian as a suspect. He would have no reason to hold a grudge against Hunter, who had helped him land on his feet in another job after he left Creighton.
But the discussion of the Russian heated up even more that day when, as it happened, police detectives arrived during the meeting of the three administrators with the first sketch of the potential suspect. Some thought the image looked much like the Russian.
About a week later, four police detectives came to the Hunter home and again pressed both doctors for names of possible suspects. They discussed the three people the Hunters had earlier named. They also discussed the Russian, whom Hunter could tell detectives were becoming interested in. They came at Hunter with many questions about him. And they continued to press for other possible Creighton suspects.
"I had a hard time thinking it could be anyone from Creighton,'' Hunter said. "But the police kept pressing.''
One thing that remains unclear in looking back at the 2008 investigation is whether Garcia's name was completely unknown to police. Police officials last week declined to make detectives available to discuss whether Garcia's name came up then, saying the officers were too busy wrapping up their investigation of Garcia.
Hunter believes both Brumback and the senior administrator were interviewed by police, and said it's possible they mentioned him. But based on Hunter's own discussion with the two about Garcia, he said it's not likely they would have promoted him as a likely suspect.
Police spokeswoman Lt. Darci Tierney did not rule out that Garcia's name could have been mentioned by someone at Creighton. But if anyone did, they certainly did not portray him as a strong suspect. If they had, police — as they had with myriad other tips in the wide-ranging investigation — would have jumped on it, she said.
"I don't think you'll find anyone who says 'I told the police it was him,' '' Tierney said.
If police had tracked Garcia's name, it doesn't appear it would have taken a lot of digging to raise his profile as a suspect. For example, tracking his vehicle registration would have shown he drove a silver Honda CRV, the same color and make of the vehicle witnesses saw driven by the man who went to the Hunter home the day of the slayings. Garcia also has olive skin, as did the suspect.
It also seems possible a deeper investigation into the pathology department might have revealed Garcia as a suspect. While it's unclear how many interviews detectives conducted within the department, The World-Herald talked to at least one faculty member who was in the department at the time who was familiar with Garcia. Dr. Richard Baltaro was a close associate of Brumback and had joined the department just after Garcia was fired, becoming familiar with all the stories.
Baltaro said he might have mentioned Garcia if questioned by police, but he figured police were already covering all the bases. He also acknowledged Garcia wasn't No. 1 on anyone's list at Creighton. That was the Russian.
And indeed, the police ultimately would spend countless hours investigating that suspect, tracking him to Pittsburgh, where he worked at the time of the 2008 killings, and then interviewing him in 2009 in Canada.
But as with every other suspect, police could not connect him to the killings.
The case went cold. It soon became one of the primary crimes worked by a new cold case unit Hayes formed in the Police Department, one intended to keep just such cases alive.
Earlier this year, Hunter said cold-case detectives were still working the case. They re-interviewed many of Thomas' friends. They continued to probe his online connections. They seemed to William Hunter bound and determined to solve the crime.
Everything changed on May 14 when the Brumbacks were found dead in their west Omaha home. That night, in an interview with police, Hunter for the first time mentioned Garcia and the other man booted out of Creighton with him. Officers had been pressing Hunter for names of people with ties to both he and Brumback.
But by then, 12 years later, his memory of Garcia was so remote he initially gave the name as "Anthony Gonzalez.'' He soon after provided police both the right name and a picture of Garcia.
Even then, Hunter's suspicion of Garcia was not high. He still found it hard to fathom any of his residents or students he'd worked with was capable of killing four people in cold blood.
Once the police task force formed by Chief Todd Schmaderer had Garcia's name, it still took thousands of hours of police work to tie Garcia to the crimes. In two months, the pile of paperwork in the case would exceed that from the initial Hunter investigation.
By early June, the task force had interviewed all the residents and faculty in the department and pulled all department records going back more than a decade.
Then in mid-June, the task force called Hunter downtown for a three-hour interview. They went through all the paperwork related to Garcia's dismissal and the subsequent letters Hunter had sent in response to professional inquiries about him.
Then on Monday, about an hour before Schmaderer's big press conference, a detective called Hunter and said they'd made an arrest: Anthony Garcia.
Hunter was shocked — not that it could have been Garcia, but that after five years the nightmarish pursuit was finally at an end. The officer told Hunter the case against Garcia was a strong one. In hindsight, Hunter could see he was wrong in not viewing Garcia as a credible threat.
Despite the task force's success, there will remain critics who feel police should have been able to catch up to the killer sooner. But Hunter feels strongly that it's unfair to fault police.
He said he suspects investigating a crime is much like trying to diagnose a health problem. In medicine, symptoms can be confusing and conflicting. Therapies can be tried and fail to offer a cure.
Then a new symptom emerges or a lab test comes back, and suddenly everything is clear. All the doctors sit around and slap their foreheads and say it was so obvious. Why didn't we see this sooner? There's even a medical term for it: "retro�spectoscope.''
"I think that happened here,'' Hunter said. "Unfortunately, it took two additional deaths to make the connection.''


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South San district elects youngest board member
Joseph Savage now youngest elected public official in SA
There's a new face on the South San school board and while he was just elected Tuesday, he's already making history.
Joseph "JoeJo" Savage, 22, is now the youngest elected public official in San Antonio.
"It's a lot to live up to," Savage said. "But I'm trying to take it in stride."
Savage said he knows he has got his work cut out for him and as the newest and youngest board member to be elected in the district's history, he'll have a lot more responsibility than most 22-year-olds.
"Knowing that I'm in charge of 10,000 children, people's tax dollars, any decisions I make could affect the lives of thousands of people," he said.
And aside from being the youngest to be elected to the South San board, Savage is also the first African American to be elected to the board.
However, for this 22-year-old trustee, who attended school in the South San district and who has a mother who has worked for South San for 33 years and a father who has also worked for the district, winning the election was like coming home.
"I grew up here," he said. "My parents met here 25 years ago. So it feels like coming back home."
And now that he is home, Savage said he just wants to do what's right for his district.
"Having someone of his age to come and represent his district is great for South San," said South San ISD Superintendent Rebecca Robinson. "It's an incredible opportunity for him. It's an incredible opportunity for us to work with him."
Savage's first official day on the job is next Wednesday. He'll be sworn in at 6 p.m. and will participate in his first board meeting following the ceremony.
Copyright 2012 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Protect the investment you've made in your generator all year long! This generator cover is a quick way to protect and store your generator on the job. Medium size has elastic hem and cord and fits generators up to 24"L x 18"W x 18"L. Storage bag included.
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Mugshot Hall of Shame: December 2012
Published On: Dec 04 2012 12:33:43 PM CST Updated On: Jan 03 2013 02:29:22 PM CST
Some people don't like taking a picture. Others don't have a choice. Check out these people who wound up on the wrong end of the law and a jail camera in December.


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Lazaro for John Varvatos sterling silver necklace with removable ancient coin. Please note this charm is interchangeable and can be paired with additional charms within our collection.
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Comprehensive visual modeling capabilities for developing a range of applications
IBM® Rational Rose® Enterprise provides a set of model-driven capabilities for developing many software applications including Ada, ANSI C++, C++, CORBA, Java®, Java EE, Visual C++ and Visual Basic. The software allows you to accelerate development of these applications with code generated from visual models using the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
Rational Rose Enterprise offers a common modeling tool and language to simplify the work environment and enable faster creation of quality software.
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Model the most common applications
- Supports analysis, ANSI C++, Rose J and Visual C++ patterns, Enterprise JavaBean 2.0, and forward and reverse engineering for some of the most common Java 1.5 constructs.
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Develop applications for the web
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- Allows one language to be used for the analysis and development lifecycle.
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Specifications are for IBM Rational Rose products v7.0
|Operating System
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• Windows 2000 Professional, Service Pack 4
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SUPPORTED IDEs:
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• Rational ClearCase v7.0
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Term of Enrollment 2010-2011 Academic Year Coverage
All traditional Undergraduate Students who are registered for at least 12 credit hours are automatically enrolled in the Student Injury and Sickness Insurance Plan. The insurance fee will automatically be placed on the student's tuition bill. Claim forms are available online or at the Student Health Center. For ICS claims (athletic injury), please see the athletic trainers.
You may opt to WAIVE OUT of the Malone Injury & Sickness plan by providing proof of comparable coverage. This can ONLY be done online. No paper waivers will be accepted.
For Athletes, the ICS coverage (see cost section below) is mandatory, even if the Injury & Sickness plan is waived.
Waiver acceptance deadline for 2010-2011 ends 08/27/2010. Waiver deadline for the fee to not appear on the official fall bill is 07/06/2010.
$195 Annual Injury & Sickness (08/30/2010* - 08/29/2011)
*08/31/2010 for students continuously insured from the previous policy year.
$150 Spring & Summer Enrollment* (01/11/2011 - 08/29/2011) *Students new to Malone.
$125 Mandatory Intercollegiate Sports Coverage (ICS) for Athletes (Later of 08/01/2010 or sport eligibility date - 07/31/2011*) *Coverage for intercollegiate sports injuries only.
$320 Combined Annual Injury & Sickness plus ICS (Later of 08/01/2010 or sport eligibility date - 07/31/2011*)


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Regarding the cardio.....
I think there is a lot to that concept of staying in the fat-burning heart rate range as opposed to going higher into the cardio range, especially when you are talking about longer periods of time...say, an hour on the treadmill. The 20 min solution in BFL is designed to keep you hitting the high range but then "actively recovering" at a lower heartrate, so although you are at a high intensity, you recover at a lower intensity. Supposedly you get more bang for your buck in this manner, the benefits lasting you long after your workout.
You may know about this website already.....www.hussmanfitness.org/.../TPBodyforLife.html - It's great for explaining why BFL works. Sometimes I think when you tell trainers that you are doing only 20 mins of cardio, they give you the advice that it's not enough, etc. but they aren't familiar with the principles of the program and the reason why the cardio is so limited (preserving the muscle that you are working so hard to build on the lifting days, while still achieving the fat-burning benefits in a short time period).
Here is an excerpt that talks about "tweaking" for more cardio. I'm going to try that this time, too, as my fat loss has not really ever gotten to where it needs to be.....
per John Hussman:
"In studying the programs of previous Champions, I'm increasingly convinced that extra aerobic activity has been helpful to many of them. The weight training is also a must. You have to understand that a great deal of aerobics may reduce your muscle gains somewhat, but as long as you're doing the weight training, and following the nutritional aspect of the program, you won't lose muscle mass. So in the short term, more aerobics will lead to greater fat loss, since the extra calories you burn will probably exceed what the new muscle would have burned anyway. In the long term, muscle gains are essential, because that will keep you burning calories even when you're not working out. As Bill Phillips writes, "building muscle is a long-term solution to being overly fat." I completely agree.
If you do add more aerobics, my own recommendation is to use the high intensity 20 minute pattern no more than three times a week. You can do more aerobics at lower intensity, but too much of the high intensity cardio will bonk your energy and compromise your recovery. A mild tweak would be to do the 20-minutes at high intensity, and to add up to 10 minutes of moderate level 6-7 activity to the end of each. A more significant tweak would add yet a fourth 30-40 minute moderate session (no high points) on your free day. And the maximum tweak would be to do three 20-minute sessions at high intensity, adding up to 20 moderate minutes to the end (40 minutes total), and then add an additional 30-40 minute session on the free day at moderate intensity throughout. And get plenty of rest. That maximum tweak will trade off muscle gains for fat loss, so it's not something you want to do over the long-term. "
I've enjoyed reading everyone's posts. I've been eating and exercising on target. Just wierd days. I've been in court for the last two days, testifying on behalf one of my clients (it's the first time I've every had to do that).
Hopefully it will be done tomorrow, and then I'll respond more. Just wanted you to know I was here.
Hello Shoshie and all.
I kind of started this whole thing on 4-11, but officially on 4-18. it took me a week to put together excercise program and daily meals. I am new to the BFL website but i am really looking to stick to this for the next 12 weeks and see what happens. Good luck everyone!
Sean 4-20-11 (today's weight 237.5)
Day 3 went well. Stayed on target eating and working out, and am finally out of court!!!
@SeanC640 Welcome!! We are glad to have you. :)
@CC Thank you for your input. :) I was doing BFL cardio by the book and I barely lost any fat. Here's what the guy who did my metabolic testing said regarding my body's response to HIIT training in the current state it's in. Basically I'm very anabolically fit due to the first BFL challenge I did. This new training will get me to the point where my body burns fat at a higher threshold then it does right now. I'll be training aerobically and hopefully get my fat burning to catch up with me at higher heart rates. I definitely think BFL works. I just think what I need right now is a bit different. ;)
" You mentioned possible carbohydrate sensitivity and perhaps reducing the % of your diet that comes from carbs. I like that strategy because your current metabolism is highly anaerobic (carbohydrate-burning), and if you reduce carbohydrate intake while engaging in a predominately aerobic exercise program (where most of your time is spent below AT), current research indicates that stimulates a metabolic shift to increased fat-burning. However, reduced carbohydrate consumption coupled with a high-intensity exercise program (where most of your time is spent above AT, as you were previously doing) does not work the same way. At high intensities in the absence of adequate carbohydrates, it is far more likely that your body will break down muscle tissue for energy (specifically, BCAAs) because the hormones released during high intensity exercise actually inhibit fat metabolism. That's not to say high intensity exercise is bad, as we saw from your VO2/fitness comparison results, so one day a week is a good idea, but the majority of your exercise should be low-to-moderate intensity."
Quit World of Warcraft, Quit Diet Coke, Quit Processed foods, Started Body For Life and got healthy."DING!"
Hi I'm still here, actually started on 17 and had Monday as my first free day. I ate pretty clean being new to this vegan diet. What do vegan's eat on a free day? Waking up at about 3 - 3:30 am getting WO in and feel great. Will chat later back to work.
Had a fun Wednesday, had nasty storms go thru and it was a wee bit dark to exercise by at 530 am with no electricity.. No biggie though, got some natural exercise with cleaning up and as busy as we were at work. Missed the lbwo for yesterday, again no sweat, I just stick to the plan and move on. Learned that from first challenge. So did cardio this AM and had a really good one.
I'll fill in a little more on my background. I hate veggies. Have never ate them. So this challenge, I'm opening up my horizons and one of my big goals will be to try different foods, specially veggies! So had cooked carrots the other night, and was surprised how nice they tasted, so that was a positive! Last night the wife made some lima beans. Tried them, and well, maybe I'll try them again with something else or prepared a bit differently lol.
Think tonight will be mexican night. We either use ground turkey, or extra lean beef. Plus some homemade spicy sauce and whole wheat tortillas.
I love thunderstorms. We get them sometimes in North Idaho so I am hoping in May/June we'll get some.
I am scale addicted. I step on every morning. I gained 2lbs, ugggh! I know its wrong. I am going to ask my wife to hids the scale somewhere so that I can look for other signs of success.
If i remember when i was younger and working out that it took about 3 weeks for a change in eating and excercise to kick in.
I am eating and excercising on plan. Take care everyone/
Thunderstorms can be cool, but tornadoes aren't for fun!! Tons of huge old tress uprooted.. Not a lot of building damage but still some..
@ Sean - I am with you I am totally addicted to the scale. To think about not stepping on the scale for 12 weeks is a horrifying lol! Although like I said before the last time I did a challenge (10 years ago) the scale almost did me in because it wasn't moving in 12 weeks but I did see a difference in other ways. Last time was about getting fit not so much losing weight anyway. This time is about both losing weight and getting fit!
I know the first few weeks are hard to get in a routine. I keep dredding my workouts but when I am finished I feel great. I have to keep reminding myself how great I feel after! So far I am right on track but looking forward to Easter. Thankfully it's my free day so I am going to enjoy the chocolate!!!
Hey guys!
I can definitely relate to the scale watching. I found a handy tool to help keep me from going crazy when I was scale watching. It's by a guy who created the Hacker's diet. It's not really a diet at all. It's more just a webtool to help configure smoothing averages (math ack!) so you can see real gains and losses instead of the jagged ups and downs of the daily scale watching.
Keep in mind the scale doesn't care if it's measure bone, fat, muscle, or undigested food so it's really not a very accurate measurement tool. Especially while working out.
Here's the link to the hacker's diet tool if you want to try to use it. It will help keep you from going crazy if you just can't give up the scale haha!
Hi All i to started on 4/18/11 this is the second time i will be doing a challenge the first time it didnt go so well i seen results in just two weeks and then because it was the holidays i just got to busy and couldnt continue (so i made escuses why i had to eat more and not excercise) lol
well i seen you guys are very active on posting your progress for the day I love that can i join your group?
hopefully i will be accepted into your guys sucess here on BFL
Of course! Welcome!
Hello to All the 4/18 BFL'ers,
I started Monday, as did y'all, and just now took the time to log in here. It's great to see a small group of us starting together, let's work hard and stick together and see this to day 84.
A little about me: I'm a SAHM of 4 kids, youngest is 19months, oldest is 9. Husband is a Marine, just returned safely from Afg. I will be 40 in about 3 weeks. *gasp* My husband and I very successfully completed our first challenge in 2008 (after baby #3). About 6 months later, I was expecting #4. Oh my!
So, now is the time to get this done again. At the end of my last challenge I was down just 9# but my body fat was 17%. My goals are almost the same as last time and with a few changes to my plan I hope to do just a tad bit better this time around.
C1 was done at home with an old bowflex, a bench and some dumbbells. This time I need childcare so we joined the local YMCA. Week 1 went well but have to HIIT it tonight before I go to bed. Easter activities and birthday parties consumed our day...but that's not stopping me from missing a w/o.
I hope everyone has a fantastic Easter Sunday and a relaxing free day.
Happy Easter Everybody... many thanks for so many postings letting me see what others are doing and trying... it really helps. So my first week...
The Good... I exercised every day. for the aerobic I am just going running straight from my house. This is really amazing me because I am loving it. I look forward to it, push myself really hard and the buzz afterwards is amazing. My family have been totally supportive, especially my wife. I started the week at 100kg, which is 220lbs and stepped on the scale this morning and I was 97kg which is 214 lbs. Overall very pleased..
The Bad... I didn't always stick to the eating plan... normal excuses including children (I see many of you have children, I have six, although the oldest two are away from home now...), friends coming round etc... so next week more discipline with the eating. The weights exercises... I am doing them but.. first day I really overdid it and couldn't use my arms properly for three days! (even holding a computer mouse my arm was shaking...) so the next two weights sessions I probably didnt push hard enough so this is about balance...
The Ugly... still a long way to go which wont be easy. But I am well organised and motivated now... I promised myself no alcoholic drinks other than once a week as I had developed a habit of a glass of wine with dinner every night and a Scotch before bed almost every night. Other than having loads of calories this is just bad for me. During last week I drank on three nights (again normal excuses freinds round to watch soccer on TV, they were all drinking etc... ) Next week and forever just once per week!
I cant pretend I understand all your TLA's and FLA's (Three and four letter acronyms) but Google is helping me and I am learning... I have tried to work out how to create a profile for myself but this is beyond me!
Have a great day off and wonderful second week everybody...
© Abbott Laboratories,2013


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Honors & Awards
Bonnie L. Bassler
(609) 258-2857
Lewis Thomas Lab, 329
Lab (609) 258-2864
Faculty Assistant
Jennifer Munko
(609) 258-5659
Research Focus
Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria
The research in my laboratory focuses on the molecular mechanisms that bacteria use for intercellular communication. Our goal is to understand how bacteria detect multiple environmental cues, and how the integration and processing of this information results in the precise regulation of gene expression.
The bacterial communication phenomenon that we study is called quorum sensing, which is a process that allows bacteria to communicate using secreted chemical signaling molecules called autoinducers. This process enables a population of bacteria to collectively regulate gene expression and, therefore, behavior. In quorum sensing, bacteria assess their population density by detecting the concentration of a particular autoinducer, which is correlated with cell density. This "census-taking" enables the group to express specific genes only at particular population densities. Quorum sensing is widespread; it occurs in numerous Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In general, processes controlled by quorum sensing are ones that are unproductive when undertaken by an individual bacterium but become effective when undertaken by the group. For example, quorum sensing controls bioluminescence, secretion of virulence factors, sporulation, and conjugation. Thus, quorum sensing is a mechanism that allows bacteria to function as multi-cellular organisms.
We have shown that the model luminous bacterium Vibrio harveyi and the related pathogen Vibrio cholerae each produce two different autoinducers, called AI-1 and AI-2, each of which is detected by its own sensor protein. Both sensors transduce information to a shared integrator protein to control the output, light emission in V. harveyi and virulence in V. cholerae. We have cloned the genes for signal production, detection and response in both species and have shown that the mechanism of signal relay is a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cascade. Our recent studies combining genetics and bioinformatics (in collaboration with the Wingreen lab) show that the small RNA chaperone protein Hfq, together with multiple small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), act at the center of these quorum sensing cascades. They function as an ultrasensitive regulatory switch that controls the critical transition into and out of quorum sensing mode.
V. harveyi and V. cholerae use the AI-1 quorum sensing circuit for intra-species communication and the AI-2 quorum sensing circuit for inter-species communication. To investigate the mechanism of AI-2 signaling, we constructed mutants and cloned the gene responsible for AI-2 production from several bacteria. The gene we identified in each case is highly homologous, and we named it luxS. We found that luxS homologues and AI-2 production are widespread in the bacterial world, suggesting that communication via an AI-2 signal response system could be a common mechanism that bacteria employ for inter-species interaction in natural environments. We determined the biosynthetic pathway for AI-2 production as well as the AI-2 identity by solving the crystal structures of the V. harveyi and S. typhimurium sensor proteins in complex with their cognate AI-2 signals. The structural work was performed in collaboration with the Hughson lab. The V. harveyi AI-2 is a furanosylborate diester. Finding boron in the active molecule was surprising because boron, while widely available in nature has almost no known role in biology. The S. typhimurium crystal showed that its receptor binds a chemically distinct AI-2 that lacks borate. Importantly, the active signal molecules spontaneously inter-convert upon release from their respective receptors, revealing a surprising level of sophistication in the chemical lexicon used by bacteria for inter-species cell-cell communication.
Finally, we are focused on developing molecules that are structurally related to AI-2. Such molecules have potential use as anti-microbial drugs aimed at bacteria that use AI-2 quorum sensing to control virulence. Similarly, the biosynthetic enzymes involoved in AI-2 production and the AI-2 detection apparatuses are viewed as potential targets for novel anti-microbial drug design.
Selected Publications
Perez LJ, Karagounis TK, Hurley A, Bassler BL, Semmelhack MF. (2014) Highly otent, chemically stable quorum sensing agonists for Vibrio cholerae. Chem Sci. 5: 151-155. Pubmed
Ke X, Miller LC, Ng WL, Bassler BL. (2013) CqsA-CqsS quorum-sensing signal-receptor specificity in Photobacterium angustum. Mol Microbiol. [Epub ahead of print]
Drescher K, Nadell CD, Stone HA, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL. (2013) Solutions to the public goods dilemma in bacterial biofilms. Curr Biol. 24: 50-5. Pubmed
O'Loughlin CT, Miller LC, Siryaporn A, Drescher K, Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL. (2013) A quorum-sensing inhibitor blocks Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and biofilm formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 110: 17981-6. Pubmed
van Kessel JC, Ulrich LE, Zhulin IB, Bassler BL. (2013) Analysis of activator and repressor functions reveals the requirements for transcriptional control by LuxR, the master regulator of quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi. MBio. 4. pii: e00378-13. Pubmed
Shao Y, Feng L, Rutherford ST, Papenfort K, Bassler BL. (2013) Functional determinants of the quorum-sensing non-coding RNAs and their roles in target regulation. EMBO J. 32: 2158-71. Pubmed
van Kessel JC, Rutherford ST, Shao Y, Utria AF, Bassler BL.(2013) Individual and combined roles of the master regulators AphA and LuxR in control of the Vibrio harveyi quorum-sensing regulon. J Bacteriol. 195: 436-43. Pubmed
Drescher K, Shen Y, Bassler BL, Stone HA. (2013) Biofilm streamers cause catastrophic disruption of flow with consequences for environmental and medical systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 110: 4345-50. Pubmed
Nadell CD, Bucci V, Drescher K, Levin SA, Bassler BL, Xavier JB. (2013) Cutting through the complexity of cell collectives. Proc Biol Sci. 280: 20122770. Pubmed
van Kessel JC, Rutherford ST, Shao Y, Utria AF, Bassler BL. (2012) The master regulators AphA and LuxR control the Vibrio harveyi quorum-sensing regulon: analysis of their individual and combined effects. J Bacteriol. 195: 436-43. Pubmed
Rutherford ST, Bassler BL. (2012) Bacterial quorum sensing: its role in virulence and possibilities for its control. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2 pii: a012427. Pubmed
Perez LJ, Ng WL, Marano P, Brook K, Bassler BL, Semmelhack MF. (2012) Role of the CAI-1 Fatty Acid Tail in the Vibrio cholerae Quorum Sensing Response. J Med Chem. 55: 9669-9681. Pubmed
Ng WL, Perez L, Cong J, Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL. (2012) Broad spectrum pro-quorum-sensing molecules as inhibitors of virulence in vibrios. PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002767. Pubmed
Shao Y, Bassler BL. (2012) Quorum-sensing non-coding small RNAs use unique pairing regions to differentially control mRNA targets. Mol Microbiol. 83: 599-611. PubMed
Wei Y, Ng WL, Cong J, Bassler BL. (2012) Ligand and antagonist driven regulation of the Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing receptor CqsS. Mol Microbiol. 83: 1095-1108. PubMed
Chen G, Swem LR, Swem DL, Stauff DL, O'Loughlin CT, Jeffrey PD, Bassler BL, Hughson FM. (2011) A strategy for antagonizing quorum sensing. Mol Cell. 42: 199-209. PubMed
Rutherford ST, van Kessel JC, Shao Y, Bassler BL. (2011) AphA and LuxR/HapR reciprocally control quorum sensing in vibrios. Genes Dev. 25: 397-408. PubMed
Wei Y, Perez LJ, Ng WL, Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL. (2011) Mechanism of Vibrio cholerae autoinducer-1 Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol. 6: 356-365. PubMed
Ng WL, Perez LJ, Wei Y, Kraml C, Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL. (2011) Signal production and detection specificity in Vibrio CqsA/CqsS quorum-sensing systems. Mol Microbiol. 79: 1407-1417. PubMed
Bassler BL. (2010) Small cells--big future. Mol Biol Cell. 21: 3786-3787. PubMed
Waters CM, Wu JT, Ramsey ME, Harris RC, Bassler BL. (2010) Quorum sensing controls type three secretion in Vibrio harveyi through repression of ExsA. Appl Environ Microbiol. 76: 4996-5004. PubMed
Teng SW, Wang Y, Tu KC, Long T, Mehta P, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL, Ong NP. (2010) Measurement of the copy number of the master quorum-sensing regulator of a bacterial cell. Biophys J. 98: 2024-2031. PubMed
Ng WL, Wei Y, Perez LJ, Cong J, Long T, Koch M, Semmelhack MF, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL. (2010) Probing bacterial transmembrane histidine kinase receptor-ligand interactions with natural and synthetic molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 107: 5575-5580. PubMed
Tu KC, Long T, Svenningsen SL, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL. (2010) Negative feedback loops involving small regulatory RNAs precisely control the Vibrio harveyi quorum-sensing response. Mol Cell. 37: 567-579. PubMed
Mehta P, Goyal S, Long T, Bassler BL, Wingreen NS. (2009) Information processing and signal integration in bacterial quorum sensing. Mol Syst Biol. 5: 325. PubMed
Kelly RC, Bolitho ME, Higgins DA, Lu W, Ng WL, Jeffrey PD, Rabinowitz JD, Semmelhack MF, Hughson FM, Bassler BL. (2009) The Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing autoinducer CAI-1: analysis of the biosynthetic enzyme CqsA. Nat Chem Biol. 5: 891-895. PubMed
Ng WL, Bassler BL. (2009) Bacterial quorum-sensing network architectures. Annu Rev Genet. 43: 197-222. PubMed
Swem LR, Swem DL, O'Loughlin CT, Gatmaitan R, Zhao B, Ulrich SM, Bassler BL. (2009) A quorum-sensing antagonist targets both membrane-bound and cytoplasmic receptors and controls bacterial pathogenicity. Mol Cell. 35: 143-153. PubMed
Long T, Tu KC, Wang Y, Mehta P, Ong NP, Bassler BL, Wingreen NS. (2009) Quantifying the integration of quorum-sensing signals with single-cell resolution. PLoS Biol. 7: e68 PubMed
Svenningsen SL, Tu KC, Bassler BL. (2009) Gene dosage compensation calibrates four regulatory RNAs to control Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing. EMBO J. 28: 429-439. PubMed
Hammer BK, Bassler BL. (2008) Distinct sensory pathways in Vibrio cholerae El Tor and Classical biotypes modulate c-di-GMP levels to control biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 191: 169-177. PubMed
Nadell CD, Bassler BL, Levin SA. (2008) Observing bacteria through the lens of social evolution. J Biol. 7: 27. PubMed
Tu KC, Waters CM, Svenningsen SL, Bassler BL. (2008) A small-RNA-mediated negative feedback loop controls quorum-sensing dynamics in Vibrio harveyi. Mol Microbiol. 70: 896-907. PubMed
Pompeani AJ, Irgon JJ, Berger MF, Bulyk ML, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL. (208) The Vibrio harveyi master quorum-sensing regulator, LuxR, a TetR-type protein is both an activator and a repressor: DNA recognition and binding specificity at target promoters. Mol Microbiol. 70: 76-88. PubMed
Swem LR, Swem DL, Wingreen NS, Bassler BL. (2008) Deducing receptor signaling parameters from in vivo analysis: LuxN/AI-1 quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi. Cell 134: 461-473. PubMed
Waters CM, Lu W, Rabinowitz JD, Bassler BL. (2008) Quorum sensing controls biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae through modulation of cyclic di-GMP levels and repression of vpsT. J Bacteriol. 190: 2527-2536. PubMed
Svenningsen SL, Waters CM, Bassler BL. (2008) A negative feedback loop involving small RNAs accelerates Vibrio cholerae's transition out of quorum-sensing mode. Genes Dev. 22: 226-238. PubMed
Rader BA, Campagna SR, Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL, Guillemin K.. (2007) The quorum sensing molecule AI-2 regulates motility and flagellar morphogenesis in Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 189: 6109-6117. PubMed
Hammer BK and Bassler BL. (2007) Regulatory small RNAs circumvent the conventional quorum sensing pathway in pandemic Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 11145-11149 PubMed
Bassler BL. (2007) Playing the game with nature. Biotechniques. 42: 123. PubMed
Xavier KB, Miller ST, Lu W, Kim JH, Rabinowitz J, Pelczer I, Semmelhack MF, Bassler BL. (2007) Phosphorylation and processing of the quorum-sensing molecule autoinducer-2 in enteric bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2: 128-136. PubMed
Tu KC, Bassler BL. (2007) Multiple small RNAs act additively to integrate sensory information and control quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi. Genes Dev 21: 221-233. PubMed
Lenz DH, Bassler BL. (2007) The small nucleoid protein Fis is involved in Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing. Mol Microbiol 63: 859-871. [PubMed]
Waters CM and Bassler BL. (2006) The Vibrio harveyi quorum-sensing system uses shared regulatory components to discriminate between multiple autoinducers. Genes Dev 20: 2754-2767. PubMed
Neiditch MB, Federle MJ, Pompeani AJ, Kelly RC, Swem DL, Jeffrey PD, Bassler BL, Hughson FM. (2006) Ligand-induced asymmetry in histidine sensor kinase complex regulates quorum sensing. Cell 126: 1095-1108. PubMed
Bassler BL. (2006) Cell-to-cell communication in bacteria: a chemical discourse. Harvey Lect. 2004-2005 100: 123-142. PubMed
Bassler BL, Losick R. (2006) Bacterially speaking. Cell 125: 237-246. PubMed
Camilli A, Bassler BL. (2006) Bacterial small-molecule signaling pathways. Science 311: 1113-1116. PubMed
Xavier KB, Bassler BL. (2005) Regulation of uptake and processing of the quorum-sensing autoinducer AI-2 in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 187: 238-248. PubMed
Xavier KB, Bassler BL. (2005) Interference with AI-2-mediated bacterial cell-cell communication. Nature 437: 750-753. PubMed
Waters CM, Bassler BL. (2005) Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 21: 319-346. PubMed
Ulrich DL, Kojetin D, Bassler BL, Cavanagh J, Loria JP. (2005) Solution structure and dynamics of LuxU from Vibrio harveyi, a phosphotransferase protein involved in bacterial quorum sensing. J Mol Biol 347: 297-307. PubMed
Semmelhack MF, Campagna SR, Federle MJ and Bassler BL (2005). An expeditious synthesis of DPD and boron binding studies. Org Lett 7: 569-572. PubMed
Neiditch MB, Federle MJ, Miller ST, Bassler BL and Hughson FM (2005). Regulation of LuxPQ receptor activity by the quorum-sensing signal autoinducer-2. Mol Cell 18: 507-518. PubMed
Lenz DH, Miller MB, Zhu J, Kulkarni RV and Bassler BL (2005). CsrA and three redundant small RNAs regulate quorum sensing in Vibrio cholerae. Mol Microbiol 58: 1186-1202. PubMed
Ulrich DL, Thompson R, Bassler B, Cavanagh J and Loria JP (2004). 1H, 15N, and 13C chemical shift assignments of the Vibrio harveyi histidine phosphotransferase protein LuxU. J Biomol NMR 29: 551-552. PubMed
Semmelhack MF, Campagna SR, Hwa C, Federle MJ and Bassler BL (2004). Boron binding with the quorum sensing signal AI-2 and analogues. Org Lett 6: 2635-2637. PubMed
Miller ST, Xavier KB, Campagna SR, Taga ME, Semmelhack MF, et al. (2004). Salmonella typhimurium recognizes a chemically distinct form of the bacterial quorum-sensing signal AI-2. Mol Cell 15: 677-687. PubMed
Lenz DH, Mok KC, Lilley BN, Kulkarni RV, Wingreen NS, et al. (2004). The small RNA chaperone Hfq and multiple small RNAs control quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio cholerae. Cell 118: 69-82. PubMed
Henke JM and Bassler BL (2004). Quorum sensing regulates type III secretion in Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Bacteriol 186: 3794-3805. PubMed
Henke JM and Bassler BL (2004). Three parallel quorum-sensing systems regulate gene expression in Vibrio harveyi. J Bacteriol 186: 6902-6914. PubMed
Henke JM and Bassler BL (2004). Bacterial social engagements. Trends Cell Biol 14: 648-656. PubMed
Zhao G, Wan W, Mansouri S, Alfaro JF, Bassler BL, et al. (2003). Chemical synthesis of S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine and activity assay as a LuxS substrate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 13: 3897-3900. PubMed
Xavier KB and Bassler BL (2003). LuxS quorum sensing: more than just a numbers game. Curr Opin Microbiol 6: 191-197. PubMed
Taga ME, Miller ST and Bassler BL (2003). Lsr-mediated transport and processing of AI-2 in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 50: 1411-1427. PubMed
Taga ME and Bassler BL (2003). Chemical communication among bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 Suppl 2: 14549-14554. PubMed
Mok KC, Wingreen NS and Bassler BL (2003). Vibrio harveyi quorum sensing: a coincidence detector for two autoinducers controls gene expression. Embo J 22: 870-881. PubMed
Hammer BK and Bassler BL (2003). Quorum sensing controls biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. Mol Microbiol 50: 101-104. PubMed
Federle MJ and Bassler BL (2003). Interspecies communication in bacteria. J Clin Invest 112: 1291-1299. PubMed
Zhu J, Miller MB, Vance RE, Dziejman M, Bassler BL, et al. (2002). Quorum-sensing regulators control virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 3129-3134. PubMed
Winans SC and Bassler BL (2002). Mob psychology. J Bacteriol 184: 873-883. PubMed
Miller MB, Skorupski K, Lenz DH, Taylor RK and Bassler BL (2002). Parallel quorum sensing systems converge to regulate virulence in Vibrio cholerae. Cell 110: 303-314. PubMed
Chen X, Schauder S, Potier N, Van Dorsselaer A, Pelczer I, et al. (2002). Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. Nature 415: 545-549. PubMed
Bassler BL (2002). Small talk. Cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Cell 109: 421-424. PubMed
Taga ME, Semmelhack JL and Bassler BL (2001). The LuxS-dependent autoinducer AI-2 controls the expression of an ABC transporter that functions in AI-2 uptake in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 42: 777-793. PubMed
Schauder S, Shokat K, Surette MG and Bassler BL (2001). The LuxS family of bacterial autoinducers: biosynthesis of a novel quorum-sensing signal molecule. Mol Microbiol 41: 463-476. PubMed
Schauder S and Bassler BL (2001). The languages of bacteria. Genes Dev 15: 1468-1480. PubMed
Miller MB and Bassler BL (2001). Quorum sensing in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 55: 165-199. PubMed
Lilley BN and Bassler BL (2000). Regulation of quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi by LuxO and sigma-54. Mol Microbiol 36: 940-954. PubMed
Joyce EA, Bassler BL and Wright A (2000). Evidence for a signaling system in Helicobacter pylori: detection of a luxS-encoded autoinducer. J Bacteriol 182: 3638-3643. PubMed
Freeman JA, Lilley BN and Bassler BL (2000). A genetic analysis of the functions of LuxN: a two-component hybrid sensor kinase that regulates quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi. Mol Microbiol 35: 139-149. PubMed
Surette MG, Miller MB and Bassler BL (1999). Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Vibrio harveyi: a new family of genes responsible for autoinducer production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 1639-1644. PubMed
Surette MG and Bassler BL (1999). Regulation of autoinducer production in Salmonella typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 31: 585-595. PubMed
Freeman JA and Bassler BL (1999). Sequence and function of LuxU: a two-component phosphorelay protein that regulates quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi. J Bacteriol 181: 899-906. PubMed
Freeman JA and Bassler BL (1999). A genetic analysis of the function of LuxO, a two-component response regulator involved in quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi. Mol Microbiol 31: 665-677. PubMed
Bassler BL (1999). How bacteria talk to each other: regulation of gene expression by quorum sensing. Curr Opin Microbiol 2: 582-587. PubMed
Surette MG and Bassler BL (1998). Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7046-7050. PubMed
Bassler BL, Greenberg EP and Stevens AM (1997). Cross-species induction of luminescence in the quorum-sensing bacterium Vibrio harveyi. J Bacteriol 179: 4043-4045. PubMed
Bassler BL, Wright M and Silverman MR (1994). Sequence and function of LuxO, a negative regulator of luminescence in Vibrio harveyi. Mol Microbiol 12: 403-412. PubMed
Bassler BL, Wright M and Silverman MR (1994). Multiple signalling systems controlling expression of luminescence in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes encoding a second sensory pathway. Mol Microbiol 13: 273-286. PubMed
Yu C, Bassler BL and Roseman S (1993). Chemotaxis of the marine bacterium Vibrio furnissii to sugars. A potential mechanism for initiating the chitin catabolic cascade. J Biol Chem 268: 9405-9409. PubMed
Bassler BL, Wright M, Showalter RE and Silverman MR (1993). Intercellular signalling in Vibrio harveyi: sequence and function of genes regulating expression of luminescence. Mol Microbiol 9: 773-786. PubMed
Yu C, Lee AM, Bassler BL and Roseman S (1991). Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. A physiological function for bacterial adhesion to immobilized carbohydrates. J Biol Chem 266: 24260-24267. PubMed
Bassler BL, Yu C, Lee YC and Roseman S (1991). Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. Degradation and catabolism of chitin oligosaccharides by Vibrio furnissii. J Biol Chem 266: 24276-24286. PubMed
Bassler BL, Gibbons PJ, Yu C and Roseman S (1991). Chitin utilization by marine bacteria. Chemotaxis to chitin oligosaccharides by Vibrio furnissii. J Biol Chem 266: 24268-24275. PubMed
Bassler B, Gibbons P and Roseman S (1989). Chemotaxis to chitin oligosaccharides by Vibrio furnissii, a chitinivorous marine bacterium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161: 1172-1176. PubMed
Hallenbeck PC, Vimr ER, Yu F, Bassler B and Troy FA (1987). Purification and properties of a bacteriophage-induced endo-N-acetylneuraminidase specific for poly-alpha-2,8-sialosyl carbohydrate units. J Biol Chem 262: 3553-3561. PubMed