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The Peninsula High School speech and debate team had three of its four teams reach the semifinals last month during the Whitman College Invitational.
Coach Sheri Ahlheim shared the news with me in an email. Her team joined the Gig Harbor High team Nov. 7-9 at Whitman College, which hosted more than 500 students from 38 schools and three states, plus British Columbia, Ahlheim said.
"We took four public forum debate teams to Whitman, and three of the four made it to semifinals," Ahlheim wrote. "One team won first! We also had a sixth-place finish in expository speaking and earned top 10 speaker honors. The PHS kids really made me proud."
The team has members from all four high school grade levels.
"Whitman was an amazing experience," freshman Anna Christina Marshall said. " ... to not only bond with our teammates but with people from other schools all across the state ... to debate with these talented kids who might be sworn enemies in a round was awesome. Out of the rounds, we (got to know) so many brilliant kids."
Laurel Schley said going to the event as a freshman was an "amazing opportunity."
"I not only improved but got to know people on our team," Schley said. "Being at a tournament for three days could have been painful, but everyone is so much fun to be around. I left with so much more experience — and a few inside jokes."
Katie Poplin said it was an eye-opening moment.
"Our team really got a chance to bond and show what we're made of," she said. "I was very impressed with everyone's performance and couldn't be more proud of our newcomers. Everyone tried their best, and that's what really counted."
Dylan Jensen said their performance "really showed how awesome we are."
"I got to know my peers more, which was fun and scary at the same time," Jensen said. "The tournament was extraordinary! We met and debated people from all over the Northwest and bonded with our friends. I feel very privileged to have been able to attend such a professional event. I hope future kids will continue to be in speech and debate; it is such an amazing club."
Gig Harbor placed first in the Sweepstakes category after several students placed well in individual events. I plan to follow up with the Gig Harbor High team in the next few weeks.
Audrey Gainey and Katie Poplin of the Peninsula High School public forum team earned an excellence award for their 4-2 record during the Gig Harbor High School Invitational on Oct. 25-26.
At the Whitman Invitational, public forum debaters Dylan Jensen and Alec Dionne took first place (JV); Poplin, Gainey, Schley and Anna Marshall tied for third (novice). Dionne also earned a third Speaker Award (JV), Jensen an eighth Speaker (JV), Schley a seventh Speaker (novice) and Poplin an eighth Speaker (novice). Colton Chavez placed sixth in expository speaking.
During the University of Washington-Tacoma Invitational on Nov. 15-16, Schley and Marshall went undefeated and earned a superior award. Poplin and Gainey went 4-1 and also won a superior award.
In endividual events, JC Romero placed second and earned a superior award for his dramatic interpretation; Gainey placed third and won a superior award in impromptu speaking, and Schley placed third and earned an excellence award, also in impromptu speaking.
At the Tahoma High School Golden Bear Classic on Nov. 22-23, Jensen and Dionne placed third and won a semifinal award, and Schley and Marshall earned a quarterfinal award for their eighth-place finish. JC Romero placed sixth for his dramatic interpretation, and Marshall placed third in impromptu speaking.
Three tournaments will be held this month at Puyallup, Auburn and Gig Harbor. Three more will be held in January at the University of Puget Sound, Federal Way and UW-Tacoma. National Forensic League competitions are expected in March.
"With the season just beginning, we are looking forward to more victories, more trophies!" Ahlheim said.
Go for it! You make us proud!Hugh McMillan is a longtime freelance writer for The Peninsula Gateway. He can be reached at 253-884-3319 or by email at hmcmnp1000@ centurytel.net.


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Read our full match report on Slovakia 0-2 Paraguay here
A very impressive performance from Paraguay. Slovakia have every reason to be disappointed with their two games at this World Cup.
Paraguay only need a point against New Zealand to qualify, whilst Slovakia need to beat Italy and hope results go their way to stand any chance of progression.
FULL TIME A comfortable 2-0 victory for Paraguay!
Slovakia save their best moment till the end. A neat turn and thunderous shot from Vittek is turned over by Villar. Slovakia's first shot on targe in the 92nd minute.
Vladimir Weiss hits a shot which seemed to be born out of pure anger at his team's performance. Needless to say it didn't trouble Villar's goal.
Slovakia must be fearing the worst now. After this performance they won't be holding out much hope of beating Italy in their final game.
A great performance from Vera. As poor as Slovakia have been, you can only beat what's in front of you and Paraguay have done that comfortably.
Edgar Barreto on for Enrique Vera
GOAL! Cristian Riveros puts this one to bed with a cracking drive. A free kick is played into the box. It is eventually worked back to Riveros who hits an excellent left-foot shot.
Vladimir Weiss gets his name taken for arguing the award of a free kick to Paraguay.
Slovakia showing some intent, an attacker on for a defender.
Miroslav Stoch on for Kornel Salata
Not a bad substitute to have is it? Cardozo was prolific for Benfica last season and will fancy his chances here.
Oscar Cardozo on for Lucas Barrios
Slovakia still seem to be sitting back. They need to push forward and take risks or their campaign is as good as over.
Torres hits a piledriver from 25 yards, however it's always rising and clears the crossbar.
Vera again coming forward. This time Barrios' through doesn't quite find his way to him. He has looked good all afternoon and deserves his goal.
A nervy moment for Mucha! He struggles to control a back pass, his eventual clearance cannons off Vera and, luckily for Slovakia, goes out for a throw in.
A wonderful move from Paraguay. Santa Cruz is played in down the left and he clips in for Vera to head just wide. Paraguay will be eager to put this one to bed.
Sestak has had no impact on this one, he'll be disappointed with how his World Cup has unfolded.
Stanislav Sestak off for Filip Holosko
An impressive performance from Valdez, his pace and energy tested Slovakia.
Nelson Haedo Valdez off for Aureliano Torres
Fortunately Santa Cruz is fine to continue as Valdez shows great desire to keep the ball in the Slovakia half.
Santa Cruz is down and looking hurt after a wreckless Skrtel challenge. Not good from the Liverpool man.
This is too comfortable for Paraguay. Slovakia need to show more urgency.
Kozak's corner is a good one, just too high and evades everyone. The ball is eventually worked all the way back to the Slovakian goalkeeper and the chance is gone.
Corner to Slovakia. A strong run from Durica results in Bonet blocking his low cross. A real chance.
Vittek does well to control a clearance up field, he turns to run at Alcaraz, who deals with him with ease. Impressive defending.
First glimpse of Barrios in the second half. His clipped ball through to Valdez looked perfect until a last gasp intervention.
First spell of sustained pressure from Slovakia but their still struggling to create chances.
Slovakia are starting to pass the ball a lot better. Having said that, it's all in front of the Paraguay defence and is being easily dealt with.
Vladimir Weiss Snr. must be thinking about making changes. At the moment they don't look like getting back into this.
Weiss is showing some lovely touches. He's key to Slovakia's hopes of getting back into this.
Weiss again sparks Slovakia into life. He feeds the ball down the line to Sestak, who aims a cross at Vittek who is inches away from connecting with the ball.
Slovakia try and come forward through Weiss, who can only find a Paraguay defender with his through ball. Paraguay look very comfortable.
Valdez doing excellent defensive working. Peter Pekarik was ready to pull the trigger 20 yards out, but Valdez slid in to block.
The throw comes to nothing and Slovakia come forward.
Morel's ball in was decent one, the ball is cleared to Alcaraz who earns a throw for Paraguay.
Stanislav Sestak goes in the book for a late lunge on Riveros. Dangerous free kick for Paraguay.
SECOND HALF Paraguay restart the game.
Paraguay have been impressive. Valdez and especially Barrios have looked very lively in attack.
Can Slovakia get back into this one? On the evidence of the first half you'd doubt it, but stranger things have happened at this World Cup...
Enrique Vera (right) celebrates.
Stat Attack: Seven of Paraguay's last nine wins have been by a 1-0 scoreline.
HALF TIME Paraguay lead at the break. Their only regret may be that they haven't converted their dominance into a second goal.
ONE ADDED MINUTE Into injury time at the end of the first half.
Enrique Vera goes into the book for a challenge on Jan Durica.
Sestak was almost in. A long ball punted up field is just too long and runs through to the greatful Justo Villar.
The free kick only results in a Slovakia free kick after jostling in the penalty area.
Jan Durica goes in the book for going through the back of Riveros.
Lucas Barrios is playing really well. He bustles his way down the right, but his cross is over hit and goes out for a goal kick.
Santa Cruz should've scored! Kozak with a terrible back pass, the Manchester City man is in and his low effort across goal is saved by the feet of Mucha.
Vladimir Weiss is by far Slovakia's brightest player. He draws three players to him before eventually being tackled.
Stat Attack: Lucas Barrios has scored 3 goals and delivered 2 assists in his first 5 games for Paraguay.
Salata should've done better! Good delivery from the corner, the centre back finds himself free six yards out, but directs his header over the crossbar.
Corner to Slovakia, a much better contest since the goal.
Santa Cruz gets in behind Slovakia, but the through ball to him is over hit. At the other end, Hamsik escapes to get into a crossing position, but he over hits his ball to Sestak.
Alcaraz with a vital interception. The ball is played up towards Sestak, who would've been away if it wasn't for an excellent Alcaraz intervention.
Vittek close to getting on the end of decent ball into the box. Slovakia are trying to up the tempo here.
Better from Slovakia. Sestak and Vittek combine well. Sestak's cross is too long for Weiss at the far price.
This defeat could effectively seal Slovakia's fate. On this form you wouldn't expect them to get anthing out of the Italy game.
Slovakia need to get Weiss in the game. He's looked bright and is always eager to push forward.
What have Slovakia got in reply? Paraguay look too good for them here.
GOAL A lovely goal by Vera. The impressive Lucas Barrios feeds the ball through to Vera, who finishes smartly with the outside of his right foot. More than deserved for Paraguay.
Slovakia seem content to play for a point here. A dangerous tactic with World Champions Italy to play in their final game.
Paraguay look to want this more. Valdez turns smartly before hitting his low drive wide.
Lovely link-up play from Paraguay. Barrios back heels for Vera, who returns the ball to Barrios who fires his effort just over.
Chance for Slovakia to build an attack with a throw in the Paraguay half.
Paraguay are showing real intent here. They haven't created a clear cut chance yet, but if it carries on like this it's a matter of time until they take the lead.
Carlos Bonet falls after a challenge.
Vicious drive from Riveros! Valdez brings the ball forward before laying off to Riveros to hit a rasping 20 yard drive. Unfortunately for him it was straight at Mucha.
Da Silva gets in front of Vittek and nearly gets on the end of a great ball in. Goal kick.
Paraguay have another free kick, the ball is whipped in but play is brought back and the kick is to be retaken.
First hint of an attack from Slovakia. Vladimir Weiss does excellently down the right, he feeds Sestak who is tackled. Much better from them though.
Paraguay keeping the ball and Slovakia are having to work really hard to stay with them at the moment.
Slovakia need to maintain possession and find a rhythm in this game.
Third free kick for Paraguay, this time for a foul on Santa Cruz.
Valdez and Hamsik take it turns to give away possession. Both teams are struggling to hold onto the ball at the moment.
Morel's free kick is again easily cleared by Slovakia.
Another free kick for Paraguay after another Skrtel foul. Paraguay have started well.
Poor from Durica. Hamsik bursts forward, finds Durica in space and with Sestak and Vittek in the middle he can only find the stands.
The free kick cones to nothing and Skrtel can boot the ball down field.
Chance for Paraguay to get the ball in the box. Skrtel going through the back of Valdez, free kick given.
Sestak is down after a clash of heads with Bonet. To add insult to injury the free kick is given Paraguay's way.
Slovakia under a little bit of pressure here as Barrios brings it forward down the left and Durica is forced to concede a throw.
Paraguay put together the first real passing move of the match. Enrique Vera finds space and plays and neat ball into Santa Cruz. He turns and shoots but scuffs it wide.
Santa Cruz hits a wicked drive off Skrtel, Mucha does well to turn it behind. The corner is dealt with and cleared for a Paraguay throw in.
Paraguay get into the Slovakia half for the first time. Barrios whips in a dangerous ball, but fortunately for Slovakia no one is there to get on the end of it.
First action, good move from Slovakia, but the final ball finds Sestak in an offside position.
It has to be said that the attendance at the Free State stadium is disappointing.
KICK OFF Slovakia get us under way.
The teams are out in Bloemfontein, almost time to get going in this one.
For Paraguay, the big news is that Roque Santa Cruz starts, while Slovakia will be looking to Marek Hamsik to open up the Paraguay defence.
We're at the Free State stadium today, with Paraguay and Slovakia both looking for their first win of the tournament.
Join us at 11.30 GMT to see if Slovakia or Paraguay can go top of the group.

subset: commoncrawl


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Cotton Bloom "Butterflies"
Create these delightful butterflies using Die Cuts with a View's® Cotton Bloom Stack. These quick projects can be used to decorate cards, scrap projects or gifts.
Designed by Kathy Dobson for Die Cuts with a View®
Material List
- The Cotton Bloom Stack
- Die Cut Butterfly shape
- Die Cut Machine
- Glue
Project Instructions
Using die cut machine and butterfly shape, cut four butterflies from two different prints (2 of each).
Glue the two different prints of butterflies back-to-back. Fold each butterfly in half.
Adhere butterflies by adhering centers together.


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More reviews by ridemebigsheIdon
This stuff feels really nice on my hair. I like the smell of it for bedtime too -- it's soothing and kind of tropical-vanilla-like. Texture is creamy and feels as though it is hydrating my hair nicely. I feel as though it's almost too emollient though, and makes me feel as though I need to wash my hair that next day since it's so rich. I have pretty damaged hair so this surprises me, but with that in mind I don't think I'll purchase it again. I try to only wash my hair 2-3x per week and this product throws off my hair washing cycle a bit.
I really like this product. I love that my hair instantly feels soft and supple when I put this on. I try my best to put this on dry hair, but mostly I use it when it's slightly damp because I am a night shower type gal. I love the smell, its like a vanilla-coconut-herbaly smell and I think its great, not overwhelming at all. I haven't seen any long term results, and the softness does go away when I wake up in the morning, probably because I toss and turn and I usually sleep with my hair wild. But I think the idea of an overnight treatment for your hair is pretty cool and reminds me of like overnight masks and stuff, if you do those why not do it for your hair? Anyways, the pump packaging is good, I divide my hair into 2 sections and use 1 pump for each. No oily mess, no residue, it seems to sink in really well like your hair is drinking it up. I will repurchase this as long as they keep on making it!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This really didn't do anything for me, good or bad. I just didn't notice any difference when using it, I would put it in my hair at night and the next day (after washing) I just didn't notice any affect. :(
This stuff is great. My hair feels so healthy when using it and it indeed soaks in right away. You can even use it on damp hair even though it's technically for dry.
Very recommended.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
Oh, wow....this stuff is so amazing and was from the first use! My hair is very long, very curly but fine in texture and I have a lot of it. Being that my hair is long, even though I don't heat style, I am prone to split ends and some breakage. I used to use the Neutrogena Split End repair serum but now I can't really find it. I was looking for something else, and since I use the Ever products for shampoo/conditioner and styling, I figured I'd get this, especially after reading the great reviews. They don't lie! I use this at night and it does soak in as they state, makes my hair super soft but not weighed down and actually creates more body for my days when I don't wash my hair (I only wash it about 2-3 times per week). It also seems to reduce frizz, although it isn't specifically for that, and definitely smoothes my fuzzy ends. I also use it as a leave-in after washing my hair. This stuff is really great and RiteAid frequently puts the line on sale and there are coupons frequently in the sunday papers. Ladies with long hair, please try this!
4 out of 4 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This product I use regularly and love. I have relaxed hair that is prone to dryness and breakage, especially during winter or following travel aboard airplanes. If I apply several pumps of this on dry hair, put on a 'do rag, then go to bed, I wake up with much softer, shinier hair with breakage basically eliminated. It also extends the time between washing and has a pleasant scent (at least to me)! I may also try it as a leave-in as others have described. Overall, extremely pleased with this product and highly recommend!
Oh my lordy, I am so happy I found this at Wal Mart. I absolutely love it!
For the longest time, I didn't have horrible split ends like I did this passed year. I've had my hair cut a couple of times but each time I still found some. The worst part of it all was that I could feel how dead my ends were. :(
But then I found this lovely product and decided to give it a try. Now I barely find any split ends, and my hair feels so good! What I did, was for a week straight, I put rubbed it in my hair (mostly on my ends) and went to bed. But from now on, I plan on using it once a week. Oh and warning: Don't use it if you have more than one other product in your hair. When I did that, I smelt burnt hair. But that could've been just me.
Trust me when I say, give it a try. If it doesn't work for you, return it. Last thing, the smell doesn't bother me one bit, so I will definitely be repurchasing.
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes No
This smells like a fusion of mint, vanilla and coconut. I hate it. It's so sickeningly sweet my head aches when I use it and I cauterized my nose so my sense of smell is already shit. It's really sucks too because it works so well! Honestly it's amazing my hair feels sooo soft after I use this. I tried a couple other leave in conditioners and this is the best. I suggest this product for anyone with fried hair or who dyes it a lot like me, cause it works wonders but if you don't like sweet scents run away
I play with my split ends, I know that's bad but it's a habit, really. I saw this in the store on sale and I had a coupon so I thought that there would be no damage done. I left it in my hair overnight and in the morning it was soft, smooth, and shiny but also that day while I was going to play with my split ends, I couldn't fing any! They were all sealed up! I was amazed. I never had a product do that before.
This is a great product for those who style thier hair a lot and tend to get split ends. :)
I have been using this product for a few months now.
And what did I notice? Split ends.Talk about counter productive.
This stuff is junk and the texture is too thick even for my thick wavy hair.
I do not like the smell.It reminds me of another hair product line that was once sold and Long's Drugs. I forget the name but it came in a blue container and was a leave in conditioner.
I have tried the whole line of L'Oreal Everstrong and I did not like any of it.
I dont see why people are loving this product so much.
It has received good reviews in magazines.


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Healthline Blogs
Medicine for the Outdoors
Dr. Paul Auerbach is the world's leading outdoor health expert. His blog offers tips on outdoor safety and advice on how to handle wilderness emergencies.See all posts »
Thank You to Laika's MedLibLog for Grand Rounds
Thank you to Laika's MedLibLog for mentioning my post about nutrition needs for rescuers and the rescued in this week's Grand Rounds. Grand Rounds is a weekly compilation of health care posts from around the web compiled by a host, who goes to great lengths to make the collection informative and entertaining.
Recent Blog Posts
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Feb 11, 2013
Topical Ivermectin Lotion for Treating Head Lice
Feb 04, 2013
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Deciding on Research
Before getting involved in a research project with a faculty, consider your goals, interests, and time commitments. Ask yourself:
- What do I hope to gain through my research experience?
- What are my interests?
- What do I know about research in my field?
- How much time can I realistically commit to working on a research project?
- Are there particular skills I need to aid me in my research project?
- Are there courses I should take before doing a particular research project?
- What type of learning environment do I prefer?
Whether you are ready for research depends on your willingness to take intellectual risks, your interest level, and persistence, in addition to your background knowledge. If you are intellectually curious about a topic and are willing to work hard to learn and master knowledge and new skills, then you are probably ready for a research experience.
Keep in mind that if you are a beginner with few skills, the type of project you can undertake will be limited; however, projects suitable for beginners exist in many disciplines. Visit the Undergraduate Research Program as soon as possible, no matter what your level of expertise!
To aid students who are deciding on research, the Undergraduate Research Program conducts Information Sessions on undergraduate research every fall and spring semesters. Registration for these sessions is recommended.
Also, if you are a faculty leader who would like the office to conduct an Information Session for your class, e-mail the office with your preferred dates and times.
Some of the greatest benefits of being involved in research is the insight it gives you on:
- How to learn;
- How new knowledge is created; and,
- What you can accomplish when actively engaging your own research questions.


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User Reviews & Ratings - Namenda oral
Read user comments about the side effects, benefits, and effectiveness of Namenda oral.
Overall User Ratings168 Total User Reviews
User Reviews
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User Reviews
Reviewer: dot, 75 or over Female on Treatment for 1 to 6 months (Patient)
Ease of Use
My heart rate declining. No energy. Unsteady on my feet. Legs feel like they don't belong to me. Must hold on to something when walking. Memory seems better but side effects seem bad. I have dr app't tomorrow but think I will stop this and see.
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Reviewer: Grandmama213, 75 or over Female on Treatment for 1 to 6 months (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
My husband was given this medication by his doctor to try to improve his memory. He was put on 5mg I a day. This seemed to work very well. It helped his memory and also made him seem more present. Just increased to 2 a day and seems to be making him loose temper often. Might put him back to 1 a day. Any one else have this problem?
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Reviewer: Razzputinn, Male on Treatment for 2 to less than 5 years (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
Internist #2 (2012) and a geriatric physician (2013) both endorsed Namenda but I must question their decision regarding this 80 year old patient. Internist #1 initially prescribed the drug in 2009 due to the onset of dementia. Although the professionals maintain the drug is supposed to improve "executive function" I observed this individual was failing to change his urine soaked depen ... Show Full Comment
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Reviewer: SteveA, 55-64 Male on Treatment for 1 to 6 months (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
My 84 year old father was put on this with 5mg@day, then the Dr. wanted to increase 1 in the a.m. and 1 in the p.m. Last week his dosage increased to 1 and 2. This past week my Father has called me in a panic that his apartment community wants to throw him out and he became very inconsolable that people are turning against him. Today he called me again and begged me to come get him out of the apar ... Show Full Comment
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Reviewer: namenda, 75 or over Male on Treatment for 1 to less than 2 years (Patient)
Ease of Use
lower back pain
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Happy Birthday, Gwen Stefani! See Her Best Fashion Moments
Gwen Stefani is notorious for her many fashion phases: from the SoCal skater girl crop tops and low-slung trousers of the early No Doubt days, to her ska punk-meets-reggae uniform of 2001, to the Harajuku doll look in 2005, and most recently, haute rocker. However, one thing always remains consistent: she never fails to excite us with her dramatic flair.


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By Rabbi Shimon Finkelman (Author)
List Price: $24.99
Online Discount: 10%
You Pay Only: $22.49Catalog #: CHZH ISBN-10: 0899064965 ISBN-13: 9780899064963Binding: Hardcover / Pages: 271Dimensions: 6 x 9 inches / Weight: 1.30 LBSPublished: by ArtScroll Mesorah PublicationsIn Stock?: YES
The inspiring life-story of Rabbi Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz.
Browse Related Books:Books > Biography > Adult Biographies and MemoirsBooks > Biography
Other Selected Titles by Rabbi Shimon Finkelman:
Chofetz Chaim: A Lesson A DayFor Love Of TorahRav PamSTORY REB YOSEF CHAIMThe Story Of Reb Elchonon
Click here for full list


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Valentine Diners - Illinois
- Business name: Chicago Car Exchange
- Street address: 3555 Grand Avenue
- Open or closed: By appointment only
- History: The Chicago Car Exchange moved this diner from South Dakota to Libertyville, Illinois, and began restoring it for their showroom. By 2007 the company had moved to Gurnee, and was still in the midst of restoration.
Model / serial number: Unknown / Unknown


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© The Eardley Estate
Children and Chalked Wall 3 1962 - 1963
- Scottish Art
The two children depicted in this painting are from the Samson family, who lived near Eardley's studio in the Townhead area of Glasgow. They feature in many of her paintings. The stencilled lettering and fragments of collaged newspaper imitate graffiti; the silver and gold papers are probably sweet wrappers. Eardley has depicted the children in a child-like manner, set against the debris of their everyday life.


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Hey everyone - -another fun week for a link party! First, a couple of deal reminders:
Several Silhouette Sales promotions to choose from - wahoo - pick your own sale! Just use the code "SUGARBEE" when you check out. This ends tomorrow - -you can get vinyl and the machine for $270 or just vinyl for $25 (that's half price!) - click the button below:
--If you're thinking family pictures or holiday parties, I love the custom fit from eShakti dresses, and with the code "MANDYBEYELER" you can get $25 off - wahoo (I show you several of what's on my to-get list HERE)
- Link to a Specific Post, not your whole blog - no more than a couple of posts please
- Please don't link up anything you've already linked before (like something posted on a previous week)
- Try to visit a few other people at the party - everyone loves visits and encouraging comments!


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Meet Clayton! He is a fifth grader in Cherokee, Texas (recently relocated from Indianapolis, Indiana). He enjoys science, magic, inventing things and is an all-around creative kid. So, when he first heard about Lemonade Day 3 years ago on Indianapolis' local PBS station, he begged his parents to participate. Clayton was thrilled to have the […]Read Full Story


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Max and Ruby
Rosemary Wells - Author
Board book | $5.99 | add to cart | view cart
ISBN 9780670011681 | 12 pages | 28 May 2009 | Viking Children's | 6.49 x 6.49in | 0 - 2 years
Summary of Shopping Summary of Shopping Reviews for Shopping An Excerpt from Shopping
The popular bunny siblings now appear in a brand-new board book series - but as their baby selves. Baby Max is mischievous as ever while he helps Baby Ruby fill the shopping cart with good things to eat. With lift-the-flaps novelty elements as well as eye-catching accents of foil or glitter, this irresistible board book will introduce the very youngest readers to the beloved bunny pair, who star in their own show on Nick Jr. and Noggin.
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Description: "IN THE GAME" is a raw, urban saga of MONEY, MACK, MAYHEM, AND MURDER.
It is set in KANSAS CITY, and stars "KC", an ex-con fresh out of the joint ready to get busy on the streets.
Every scene in this action-packed tale is filled with raw sexual encounters, violence, and murder.
Watch Episodes 2 & 3 now for Free!!!
@ inthegamemovie.com


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What are the essential Doctrines of Christianity?
The Bible itself reveals those doctrines that are essential to the Christian faith. They are 1) the Deity of Christ, 2) Salvation by Grace, and 3) Resurrection of Christ, 4) the gospel, and 5) monotheism. These are the doctrines the Bible says are necessary. Though there are many other important doctrines, these five are the ones that are declared by Scripture to be essential. A non-regenerate person (i.e., Mormon or Jehovah's Witness, atheist, Muslim), will deny one or more of these essential doctrines. Please note that there are other derivative doctrines of scripture that become necessary also, the Trinity being one.
- The Deity of Christ
- Jesus is God in flesh (John 8:58 with Exodus 3:14). See also John 1:1,14; 10:30-33; 20:28; Col. 2:9; Phil. 2:5-8; Heb. 1:8
- 1 John 4:2-3: "This is how you can recognize the Spirit of God: Every spirit that acknowledges that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, but every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the Antichrist, which you have heard is coming and even now is already in the world."
- The above verse needs to be cross-referenced with John 1:1,14 (also written by John) where he states that the Word was God and the Word became flesh.
- 1 John 4:2-3 is saying that if you deny that Jesus is God in flesh then you are of the spirit of Antichrist.
- John 8:24, "I said, therefore, to you, that you will die in your sins. For if you do not believe that I am, you will die in your sins."
- Jesus said that if you do not believe "that I am" you will die in your sins. In Greek I am is 'ego eimi,' which means 'I am.' These are the same words used in John 8:58 where Jesus says "...before Abraham was, I am." He was claiming the divine title by quoting Exodus 3:14.
- The Greek Septuagint is the Hebrew Old Testament translated into Greek by Jews around 250 B.C. They translated Exodus 3:14 as 'ego eimi' "I AM".)
- 1 John 4:2-3: "This is how you can recognize the Spirit of God: Every spirit that acknowledges that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, but every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the Antichrist, which you have heard is coming and even now is already in the world."
- Jesus is the proper object of faith
- It is simply not enough to have basic faith. Faith is only as valid as the person in whom you place it. You must put your faith in the proper person. Cults have false objects of faith (false gods); therefore, their faith is useless -- no matter how sincere they are.
- If you put your faith in a guru, a philosopher, or a past teacher (and not Jesus) to save you from your sins on Judgment Day, then you will be in a lot of trouble, regardless of the sincerity or strength of your faith. You might have great faith, but so what? Having faith in something false produces the same effect as having no faith at all.
- The Doctrine of the deity of Christ includes:
- The Trinity - There is one God who exists in three persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. They are all coeternal and of the same nature.
- Monotheism - There is only one God in all existence (Isaiah 43:10; 44:6,8; 45:5,14,18,21,22; 46:9; 47:8). Mormons believe that many gods exist though they serve and worship only one. Therefore, they are polytheists which excludes them from the camp of Christianity.
- The Hypostatic Union - That Jesus is both God and man.
- The sufficiency of the sacrifice of Christ - The sacrifice of Christ is completely sufficient to pay for the sins of the world and it is only through Jesus' sacrifice that anyone can be saved.
- As God - Only a perfect sacrifice to God is able to cleans us from our sins. This is why Jesus who is God in flesh, died for us.
- He had to die for the sins of the world (1 John 2:2). Only God could do that.
- As man - Jesus must be man to be able to be a sacrifice for man.
- As a man He can be the mediator between God and man (1 Tim. 2:5).
- Jesus is God in flesh (John 8:58 with Exodus 3:14). See also John 1:1,14; 10:30-33; 20:28; Col. 2:9; Phil. 2:5-8; Heb. 1:8
- Salvation by Grace
- "For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith -- and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God -- not by works, so that no one can boast," (Eph. 2:8-9, NIV).
- "You who are trying to be justified by law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace" (Gal. 5:4).
- This verse and its context plainly teach that if you believe that you are saved by faith and works then you are not saved at all. This is a common error in the cults. Because they have a false Jesus, they have a false doctrine of salvation. (Read Rom. 3-5 and Gal. 3-5).
- You cannot add to the work of God. Gal. 2:21 says, "I do not set aside the grace of God, for if righteousness could be gained through the law, Christ died for nothing!" (NIV)
- "Therefore no one will be declared righteous in his sight by observing the law; rather, through the law we become conscious of sin," (Rom. 3:20).
- "However, to the man who does not work but trusts God who justifies the wicked, his faith is credited as righteousness," (Rom. 4:5).
- "Is the law, therefore, opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that could impart life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law," (Gal. 3:21).
- The Resurrection of Christ
- "And if Christ has not been raised, our preaching is useless and so is your faith," (1 Cor. 15:14). "And if Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile; you are still in your sins," (1 Cor. 15:17).
- To deny the physical resurrection is to deny that Jesus' work was a satisfactory offering to God the Father. It would mean that Jesus was corrupt and needed to stay in the grave. But, he did not stay because his sacrifice was perfect.
- These verses clearly state that if you say that Jesus did not rise from the dead (in the same body in which He died -- John 2:19-21), then your faith is useless.
- The Gospel
- "But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach a gospel other than the one we preached to you, let him be eternally condemned! As we have already said, so now I say again: If anybody is preaching to you a gospel other than what you accepted, let him be eternally condemned!" (Gal. 1:8-9, NIV).
- Verses 8 and 9 here in Galatians are a self-declarative statement that you must believe the gospel. The gospel message in its entirety is that Jesus is God in flesh, who died for sins, rose from the dead, and freely gives the gift of eternal life to those who believe.
- Furthermore, it would not be possible to present the gospel properly without declaring that Jesus is God in flesh per John 1:1,14; 10:30-33; 20:28; Col. 2:9; Phil. 2:5-8; Heb. 1:8.
- 1 Cor. 15:1-4 defines what the gospel is: "Now, brothers, I want to remind you of the gospel I preached to you, which you received and on which you have taken your stand. By this gospel you are saved, if you hold firmly to the word I preached to you. Otherwise, you have believed in vain. For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures," (NIV).
- Within these verses are the essentials: Christ is God in flesh (John 1:1,14; 10:30-33; 20:28; Col. 2:9); Salvation is received by faith (John 1:12; Rom. 10:9-10), therefore it is by grace; and the resurrection is mentioned in verse 4. Therefore, this gospel message automatically includes the essentials.
- "But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach a gospel other than the one we preached to you, let him be eternally condemned! As we have already said, so now I say again: If anybody is preaching to you a gospel other than what you accepted, let him be eternally condemned!" (Gal. 1:8-9, NIV).
- Monotheism
- There is only one God (Exodus 20:3; Isaiah 43:10; 44:6,8).
- "You shall have no other gods before Me. 4 You shall not make for yourself an idol, or any likeness of what is in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the water under the earth. 5 You shall not worship them or serve them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and the fourth generations of those who hate Me, 6 but showing lovingkindness to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments," (Exodus 20:3-6).
- We can see that God will visit iniquity on the descendents of those who do not follow the true and living God.
Secondary Essentials
Secondary essentials are necessary truths, but there is no self-declared penalty for their denial -- yet they are still essential to the Christian faith. Again, by way of example, Jesus says that he is the way, the truth, and the life, and no one comes to the Father but by him, (John 14:6). I call this a secondary essential because there's no penalty associated with its denial. Nevertheless, it is a statement of absolute truth and is an essential Christian teaching that cannot be denied.
- Jesus is the only way to salvation
- "Jesus said to him, 'I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father, but through Me,'" (John 14:6)
- Jesus declared that he was the only access to God the Father. To deny this is to deny what Jesus said.
- "Jesus said to him, 'I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father, but through Me,'" (John 14:6)
- Jesus' virgin birth
- "'Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel,' which translated means, 'God with us,'" (Matt. 1:23).
- Without the virgin birth, we cannot substantiate the doctrine of the incarnation of Jesus being God in flesh. This would put at risk what Jesus said above in John 8:24, where he said, "I said, therefore, to you, that you will die in your sins. For if you do not believe that I am, you will die in your sins."
- "'Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel,' which translated means, 'God with us,'" (Matt. 1:23).
- Doctrine of the Trinity
- Matt. 28:19, "Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit," (See also, Matt. 3:16-17; 1 Cor. 12:4-6; 2 Cor. 13:14; Eph. 4:4-6.)
- This doctrine is not represented by a single verse per se, though there are hints about it. The doctrine of the Trinity is arrived at systematically by looking at the totality of Scripture. It is, nevertheless, the proper representation of scriptural revelation concerning the nature of God.
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The Bad Plus visits the Bay Area on a regular basis, and we are grateful for this. As drummer Dave King told us in a recent conversation, that feeling is mutual. "San Francisco is one of the cities we've felt huge support from over the years," he says. As one third of the Bad Plus, King anchors ma ... More >>
Dean SchafferDavid King (right) blows everyone's mind at Dinkelspiel.The Bad Plus August 2, 2011 @Dinkelspiel Auditorium, Stanford University Better than: Throwing a piano, bass, and drum set into the eye of a musically inclined tornado. The Bad Plus is a band that likes to challenge its au ... More >>
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More states are making convicted drunk drivers easier to spot.
Two more states are proposing legislation this year to force people convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol to use brightly colored license plates.
Some compare the DUI plates to the "scarlet letter."
A bill proposed in Maryland will brand vehicles for five years with orange license plates beginning with the letters "DUI".
Supporters say the plates let other drivers and police know who's on the road. But opponents say the fines are punishment enough.
Ohio, Georgia and Minnesota already have such laws in place.


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text:
Officer sues over crash that ends career
A former Coeur d'Alene police detective has sued a police captain who crashed his vehicle into the detective's vehicle while both officers were off duty, resulting in injuries that ended the detective's law enforcement career.
The Coeur d'Alene Press reported Wednesday that Tracy L. Martin retired from the police department on Dec. 5 due to medical complications from the Feb. 1, 2011, accident.
According to the lawsuit, police Capt. Mike S. Calderwood rear-ended Martin as the two were leaving the police station after work. The complaint said Martin was at a stop waiting for traffic when Calderwood, who was distracted by his cell phone, hit the back end of Martin's car.
The complaint, filed in First District Court, seeks judgment in an amount to be proven at trial.
© 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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It's Tray Talk week, help spread the word about healthy school meals. Whether you choose to do something big or small, this is your opportunity to show off your program's unique accomplishments and engage parents to get the facts about your school meals program.
To help you promote your program, SNA has a number of updated tools available for you at www.schoolnutrition.org/traytalk (member login required)
Included in the updated tools and flyers are:
Also and most important, don't forget to visit www.TrayTalk.org to submit your school nutrition success story.
Contact Us Advertise on SNA Site Map Media Center Privacy Policy
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Many sirens of all forms (ambulance, fire, police) heard and seen in large cluster Southwest Cedar Rapids. Large flames/explosion seen, flames were put out. Flames seen roughly at 1220am 3/16/2012. Emergency vehicle flashing lights still on scene with a bright work light.
Fire in Cedar Rapids
By: springloveSubscribe Channel: News Location: Cedar Rapids, IA
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Out of the Piper of the Sportfluggruppe Nordholz/Cuxhaven e.V.
The unmistakable IAE V2500 on this A320
(Built 2001) parked outside the CareFlight hangar at Westmead Hospital between flights. Ex B-7771 and currently registered as VH-ZCF.
(Del 1/09) rolling on Rwy 16R as EK412 across the Tasman Sea to Auckland just after the airline commenced A380 operations to Australia/New Zealand.
The LCA / Tejas in the Display at Aeroindia 2009 KH2011 being unique reg in the JP database
The SU30 MKI painted in the Indian Flag colours comes in to land after a fantastic display at Aeroindia 2009
This was showcased as NAL's home built composite material aircraft but basically a kit plane single seater. First of the N15NS in JP Database
Business Jet on display at Aeroindia 2009


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While most Steel-types are stuck in OU to help check the overpowering Dragon-types there, Dragon-types in UU can often run through teams with their virtually unresisted Dragon-type STAB. Fraxure is a great offensive Dragon Dance user with base 117 Attack, just enough Speed to outspeed key threats such as Azelf and Weavile after a boost, and decent bulk with an Eviolite. Despite the greater versatility and coverage of other Dragon-types, such as Kingdra and Altaria, the sheer power of Fraxure's Outrage makes up for its lesser movepool.
Dragon Dance is a great set up move for Fraxure, boosting its above average Attack to huge levels in an attempt at a sweep. Outrage is the main and only move Fraxure will commonly need to sweep, being a 120 Base Power STAB attack with practically perfect neutral coverage. Dragon Claw is a secondary STAB option that does not lock Fraxure into the move and will not cause confusion. Taunt is usable in the last slot, allowing Fraxure to set up on certain walls, but Swords Dance is also viable, as it gives Fraxure the ability to smash through almost any Pokemon, and whole teams if it can grab both boosts.Team Options & Additional Comments >>>
Other Options
Fraxure has a few other options, but all have very situational usage, making them generally useless. Substitute can be used over Taunt to ease prediction while also protecting against status, while Dual Chop may be used over Dragon Claw to break Substitutes from Pokemon like Mismagius. Reversal can be used to hit Steel-types for super effective damage, but it is very weak unless Fraxure is low on health. Aerial Ace is usable to ensure an OHKO on Choice Scarf Heracross that come in to revenge, while X-Scissor can get a super effective hit on Weavile without locking yourself into Outrage. Dig, although it takes two turns, hits Steel-type Pokemon hard, and with Mold Breaker, levitating Pokemon such as Mismagius are not immune to the move.
Checks and Counters
Steel-type Pokemon are the greatest counters to Fraxure, being able to sponge its STAB attacks with ease. Registeel, Empoleon, Durant, Cobalion, and Escavalier can all easily take an Outrage, and either status, phaze, set up on, or outright kill Fraxure respectively. Outside of Steel-types, physically bulky Pokemon such as Slowbro and Tangrowth can avoid the 2HKO from +1 Eviolite Outrage and status Fraxure in return, rendering it useless. Hail is a massive threat to Fraxure, limiting its ability to switch in while Pokemon spam perfectly accurate Blizzards. Weavile is a great threat to Fraxure as well, with its STAB priority Ice Shard, although it will fail to OHKO a full health Fraxure even with a Choice Band.


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There are several scenarios that culminated last Sunday to determine the fate of the NFC West. If the St. Louis Rams were able to defeat the Seattle Seahawks and the Niners were fortunate enough to beat the Arizona Cardinals, then SF would be the West Champion. That would mean that Candlestick would be the site of future playoff games. On the other hand, if Seattle won, they would be the champion of the West and the 49ers would be relegated to wild card status.
Whatever the outcome, the Niners seem to be poised to play their best during the upcoming playoffs.
As to the last Monday Night game of a week ago, it was a fitting climax to the storied park. In addition to a nail-biting finish to the actual game, there were many old memories recreated with the appearance of former stars such as Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Willie Mays and Willy McCovey. Also, it marked the perfect birthday present for Coach Jim Harbaugh.
Noticeably absent from the proceedings was possibly the most electrifying athlete ever to compete at the 'Stick. That, of course would have been incomparable quarterback, Joe Montana. At least the other half of the famous "Catch" was there in the form of Dwight Clark.
As with many northern Nevadans, I have fond memories of attending 49er games. Starting with their long-ago appearances at Kezar Stadium against such teams as the Dallas Cowboys, with their diminutive quarterback, Eddie LeBaron, who later became a Reno resident and Squash opponent, there were many exciting contests which the Niners usually lost.
During those years, I had the opportunity to see a procession of quarterbacks such as Frankie Albert, Y.A. Tittle, John Brodie, Steve Spurrier, as well as Montana and Young.
During those early years the late Max Dodge and I would charter a United Airlines plane and take some 40 fans to the season opener of both the 49ers and the SF Giants. Notable attendees on those trips included Hughes Porter, Jack Streeter and Harold Smith, Jr.
During the 60s, I was usually the guest of San Francisco ad man Ken Macker, who had been instrumental in getting authorization for the creation of the 1960 International Olympic Press Club at the Mapes Hotel. At that time, Macker was a good friend of an Olympics Press Agent, who happened to be named Pete Rozelle, the same Pete Rozelle who later became commissioner of the NFL. Because of that friendship, Macker was able to obtain a skybox near the 50-yard line next to the skybox of the owner of the visiting team. Macker would leave me a pair of duckets for each of the 49er home games. At one Monday night game, I had the chance to stroll down to the broadcast box where I said hello to my good friend Dandy Don Meredith, who was paired with Howard Cosell and Frank Gifford.
On another Monday night, I was accompanied by my son Zach in his Pop Warner jersey, who wanted to run a lap around the field after the game.
Harry Spencer is a long-time northern Nevada resident.


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Celtic languages
|Formerly widespread in Europe; today British Isles, Brittany, Patagonia and Nova Scotia
|Linguistic classification:
|50= (phylozone)
The distribution of the modern Celtic languages.
|Part of a series on
|Indo-European topics
Peoples and societies
Religion and mythology
The Celtic languages (usually pronounced /ˈkɛltɪk/ but sometimes /ˈsɛltɪk/)[2] are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic"; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family. The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707.[3]
Modern Celtic languages are mostly spoken on the north-western edge of Europe, notably in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, and the Isle of Man, and can be found spoken on Cape Breton Island. There are also a substantial number of Welsh speakers in the Patagonia area of Argentina. Some people speak Celtic languages in the other Celtic diaspora areas of the United States,[4] Canada, Australia,[5] and New Zealand.[6] In all these areas, the Celtic languages are now only spoken by minorities though there are continuing efforts at revitalization. Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as "endangered" by UNESCO.
During the 1st millennium BC, they were spoken across much of Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula, from the Atlantic and North Sea coastlines, up to the Rhine valley and down the Danube valley to the Black Sea, the northern Balkan Peninsula and in central Asia Minor. The spread to Cape Breton and Patagonia occurred in modern times. Celtic languages, particularly Irish, were spoken in Australia before federation in 1901 and are still used there to some extent.[7]
Living languages[edit]
SIL Ethnologue lists six "living" Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are the Goidelic Irish (Gaeilge) and Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) descended from Old Irish, and the Brythonic Welsh and Breton descended from the British language.
The other two, Cornish and Manx, were spoken into modern times but later died as spoken community languages.[8][9][10] For both these languages, however, revitalization movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and children and produced some native speakers.[11][12]
Taken together, there were roughly one million native speakers of Celtic languages as of the 2000s.[13] In 2010, there were more than 1.4 million speakers of Celtic languages.[14]
|Native name
|Number of native speakers
|Number of people who have one or more skills in the language
|Main area(s) in which the language is spoken
|Regulated by/language body
|431,000 (14.6% of the population of Wales) considers themselves to be fluent in Welsh (2011)[15]
|Around 721,700 (2011) total speakers
— Wales: 562,000 speakers, 19.0% of the population of Wales,[15]
— England: 150,000[16]
— Chubut Province, Argentina: 5,000[17]
— United States: 2,500[18]
— Canada: 2,200[19]
Y Wladfa, Chubut
|— Welsh Language Commissioner (Meri Huws)
— The Welsh Government
(previously the Welsh Language Board Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg)
In the Republic of Ireland, 94,000 people use Irish daily outside the education system.[24]
Republic of Ireland:
United Kingdom:
United States:
|Foras na Gaeilge
|Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg
|Scottish Gaelic
|58,552 as of 2001[26] as well as an estimated 400–1000 native speakers on Cape Breton Island[27][28]
|Bòrd na Gàidhlig
|Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek
|100+,[11][32] including a small number of children who are new native speakers[33]
|Isle of Man
|Coonceil ny Gaelgey
Mixed languages[edit]
- Shelta, based largely on Irish with influence from an undocumented source (some 86,000 speakers in 2009).[35]
- Some forms of Welsh-Romani or Kååle also combined Romany itself with Welsh language and English language forms (extinct).[36]
- Beurla-reagaird, Highland travellers language
Proto-Celtic divided into four sub-families:
- Gaulish and its close relatives Galatian, Lepontic, and Noric. Lepontic, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC), is treated as a primary branch by some researchers, including Schumacher, perhaps even the first language to diverge from Proto-Celtic.[37] These languages were once spoken in a wide arc from France to Turkey and from Belgium to northern Italy. They are now all extinct.
- Hispano-Celtic; also extinct:[38][39]
- Celtiberian, anciently spoken in the Iberian peninsula,[40] in parts of modern Aragón, Old Castile, and New Castile in Spain.
- Gallaecian, anciently spoken in north-western Iberia (north-west Spain and northern Portugal).[41][42]
- possibly Lusitanian and Ligurian, from central interior Portugal and western Spain and from Northwest Italy and Southern France respectively; while the precise classifications are unclear (they have been referred to as "para-Celtic" by some[43]) the Indo-European affinity of neither language is in doubt.
- Brittonic, including the living languages Breton, Cornish, and Welsh, and the extinct languages Cumbric and Pictish though Pictish may be a sister language rather than a daughter of Common Brittonic.[44] Before the arrival of Scotti on the Isle of Man in the 9th century, there may have been a Brittonic language in the Isle of Man.
- Goidelic, including the living languages Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic.
Scholarly handling of the Celtic languages has been rather argumentative owing to scarceness of primary source data. Some scholars (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) distinguish Continental Celtic and Insular Celtic, arguing that the differences between the Goidelic and Brittonic languages arose after these split off from the Continental Celtic languages. Other scholars (such as Schmidt 1988) distinguish between P-Celtic and Q-Celtic, putting most of the Gaulish and Brittonic languages in the former group and the Goidelic and Celtiberian languages in the latter. The P-Celtic languages (also called Gallo-Brittonic) are sometimes seen (for example by Koch 1992) as a central innovating area as opposed to the more conservative peripheral Q-Celtic languages.
The Breton language is Brittonic, not Gaulish, though there may be some input from the latter,[45] having been introduced from Southwestern regions of Britain in the post-Roman era and having evolved into Breton – still partially intelligible by modern Welsh and Cornish speakers.
In the P/Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto-Celtic was Gaelic. It has characteristics that some scholars see as archaic, but others see as also being in the Brittonic languages (see Schmidt). In the Insular/Continental classification schema, the split of the former into Gaelic and Brittonic is seen as being late.
The distinction of Celtic into these four sub-families most likely occurred about 900 BC according to Gray and Atkinson[46][47] but, because of estimation uncertainty, it could be any time between 1200 and 800 BC. However, they only considered Gaelic and Brythonic. The controversial paper by Forster and Toth[48] included Gaulish and put the break-up much earlier at 3200 BC ± 1500 years. They support the Insular Celtic hypothesis. The early Celts were commonly associated with the archaeological Urnfield culture, the Hallstatt culture, and the La Tène culture, though the earlier assumption of association between language and culture is now considered to be less strong.[49][50]
There are two main competing schemata of categorization. The older schema, argued for by Schmidt (1988) among others, links Gaulish with Brittonic in a P-Celtic node, originally leaving just Goidelic as Q-Celtic. The difference between P and Q languages is the treatment of Proto-Celtic *kʷ, which became *p in the P-Celtic languages but *k in Goidelic. An example is the Proto-Celtic verb root *kʷrin- "to buy", which became pryn- in Welsh but cren- in Old Irish. However, a classification based on a single feature is seen as risky by its critics, particularly as the sound change occurs in other language groups (especially the Osco-Umbrian and Greek).
The other schema, defended for example by McCone (1996), links Goidelic and Brittonic together as an Insular Celtic branch, while Gaulish and Celtiberian are referred to as Continental Celtic. According to this theory, the "P-Celtic" sound change of [kʷ] to [p] occurred independently or areally. The proponents of the Insular Celtic hypothesis point to other shared innovations among Insular Celtic languages, including inflected prepositions, VSO word order, and the lenition of intervocalic [m] to [β̃], a nasalised voiced bilabial fricative (an extremely rare sound[citation needed]). There is, however, no assumption that the Continental Celtic languages descend from a common "Proto-Continental Celtic" ancestor. Rather, in the Insular/Continental schema, Celtiberian is usually considered to be the first branch to split from Proto-Celtic, and the remaining group would later have split into Gaulish and Insular Celtic.
There are legitimate scholarly arguments in favour of both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness of the other's categories. However, since the 1970s the division into Insular and Continental Celtic has become the more widely held view (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995), but in the middle of the 1980s, the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic hypothesis found new supporters (Lambert 1994), because of the inscription on the Larzac piece of lead (1983), the analysis of which reveals another common phonetical innovation -nm- > -nu (Gaelic ainm / Gaulish anuana, Old Welsh enuein "names"), that is less accidental than only one. The discovery of a third common innovation, would allow the specialists to come to the conclusion of a Gallo-Brittonic dialect (Schmidt 1986; Fleuriot 1986).
The interpretation of this and further evidence is still quite contested, and the main argument in favour of Insular Celtic is connected with the development of the verbal morphology and the syntax in Irish and British Celtic, which Schumacher regards as convincing, while he considers the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic division unimportant and treats Gallo-Brittonic as an outdated hypothesis.[37] Stifter affirms that the Gallo-Brittonic view is "out of favour" in the scholarly community as of 2008 and the Insular Celtic hypothesis "widely accepted".[51]
When referring only to the modern Celtic languages, since no Continental Celtic language has living descendants, "Q-Celtic" is equivalent to "Goidelic" and "P-Celtic" is equivalent to "Brittonic".
Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in a common Italo-Celtic subfamily, a hypothesis that is now largely discarded, in favour of the assumption of language contact between pre-Celtic and pre-Italic communities.
How the family tree of the Celtic languages is ordered depends on which hypothesis is used:
Insular/Continental hypothesis
P-Celtic/Q-Celtic hypothesis
Characteristics of Celtic languages[edit]
|This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (March 2008)
Although there are many differences between the individual Celtic languages, they do show many family resemblances. While none of these characteristics are necessarily unique to the Celtic languages, there are few if any other languages which possess them all. They include:
- consonant mutations (Insular Celtic only)
- inflected prepositions (Insular Celtic only)
- two grammatical genders (modern Insular Celtic only; Old Irish and the Continental languages had three genders)[citation needed]
- a vigesimal number system (counting by twenties)
- e.g. Cornish whetek ha dew ugens "fifty-six" (literally "sixteen and two twenty")
- verb–subject–object (VSO) word order (probably Insular Celtic only)
- an interplay between the subjunctive, future, imperfect, and habitual, to the point that some tenses and moods have ousted others
- an impersonal or autonomous verb form serving as a passive or intransitive
- Welsh dysgaf "I teach" vs. dysgir "is taught, one teaches", Irish "déanaim" "I do/make" vs. "déantar" "is done"
- no infinitives, replaced by a quasi-nominal verb form called the verbal noun or verbnoun
- frequent use of vowel mutation as a morphological device, e.g. formation of plurals, verbal stems, etc.
- use of preverbal particles to signal either subordination or illocutionary force of the following clause
- infixed pronouns positioned between particles and verbs
- lack of simple verb for the imperfective "have" process, with possession conveyed by a composite structure, usually BE + preposition
- Cornish yma kath dhymm "I have a cat", literally "there is a cat to me"
- use of periphrastic phrases to express verbal tense, voice, or aspectual distinctions
- distinction by function of the two versions of BE verbs traditionally labelled substantive (or existential) and copula
- bifurcated demonstrative structure
- suffixed pronominal supplements, called confirming or supplementary pronouns
- use of singulars and/or special forms of counted nouns, and use of a singulative suffix to make singular forms from plurals, where older singulars have disappeared
(Irish) Ná bac le mac an bhacaigh is ní bhacfaidh mac an bhacaigh leat.
(Literal translation) Don't bother with son the beggar's and not will-bother son the beggar's with-you.
- bhacaigh is the genitive of bacach. The igh the result of affection; the bh is the lenited form of b.
- leat is the second person singular inflected form of the preposition le.
- The order is verb–subject–object (VSO) in the second half. Compare this to English or French (and possibly Continental Celtic) which are normally subject–verb–object in word order.
(Welsh) pedwar ar bymtheg a phedwar ugain
(literally) four on fifteen and four twenties
- bymtheg is a mutated form of pymtheg, which is pump ("five") plus deg ("ten"). Likewise, phedwar is a mutated form of pedwar.
- The multiples of ten are deg, ugain, deg ar hugain, deugain, hanner cant, trigain, deg a thrigain, pedwar ugain, deg a phedwar ugain, cant.
Comparison table[edit]
|Scottish Gaelic
|seillean, beach
|cathair, seidhir
|estuary, mouth of a river
|teach, tigh
|liopa, beol
|bile, lip
|lip (anatomical)
|mona, arhans
|moneiz, arc'hant
|silver, money
|rhif, nifer
|tu fas, tu allan
|gellygen, peren
|coireall, cuaraidh
|(to) fall
|mogediñ, butuniñ
|tobac a chaitheamh
|(to) smoke
|(to) whistle
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- Irish: Saolaítear na daoine uile saor agus comhionann ina ndínit agus ina gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus dlíd iad féin d'iompar de mheon bráithreachas i leith a chéile.
- Manx: Ta dagh ooilley pheiagh ruggit seyr as corrym ayns ard-cheim as kiartyn. Ren Jee feoiltaghey resoon as cooinsheanse orroo as by chair daue ymmyrkey ry cheilley myr braaraghyn.
- Scottish Gaelic: Tha gach uile dhuine air a bhreth saor agus co-ionnan ann an urram 's ann an còirichean. Tha iad air am breth le reusan is le cogais agus mar sin bu chòir dhaibh a bhith beò nam measg fhein ann an spiorad bràthaireil.
- Breton: Dieub ha par en o dellezegezh hag o gwirioù eo ganet an holl dud. Poell ha skiant zo dezho ha dleout a reont bevañ an eil gant egile en ur spered a genvreudeuriezh.
- Cornish: Pub den oll yw genys frank ha kehaval yn dynita ha gwiryow. Yth yns i enduys gans reson ha cowses hag y tal dhedhans gwul dhe udn orth y gila yn spyrys a vredereth.
- Welsh: Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Celtic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ "American Heritage Dictionary. Celtic: kel-tik, sel". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ Cunliffe, Barry W. 2003. The Celts: a very short introduction. pg.48
- ^ "Language by State – Scottish Gaelic" on Modern Language Association website. Retrieved 27 December 2007
- ^ "Languages Spoken At Home" from Australian Government Office of Multicultural Interests website. Retrieved 27 December 2007
- ^ Languages Spoken:Total Responses from Statistics New Zealand website. Retrieved 5 August 2008
- ^ G. Leitner, Australia's Many Voices: Australian English--The National Language, 2004, pg. 74
- ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 34, 365–366, 529, 973, 1053. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "A brief history of the Cornish language". Maga Kernow.
- ^ Beresford Ellis, Peter (1990, 1998, 2005). The Story of the Cornish Language. Tor Mark Press. pp. 20–22. ISBN 0-85025-371-3.
- ^ a b Staff. "Fockle ny ghaa: schoolchildren take charge". Iomtoday.co.im. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "'South West:TeachingEnglish:British Council:BBC". BBC/British Council website (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ^ "Celtic Languages". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ Crystal, David (2010). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73650-3.
- ^ a b Office for National Statistics 2011 http://ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Proficiency-in-Welsh
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – UK: Welsh". UNHCR. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Wales and Argentina". Wales.com website. Welsh Assembly Government. 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006-2008 Release Date: April 2010" (xls). United States Census Bureau. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
- ^ "2006 Census of Canada: Topic based tabulations: Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 7 December 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
- ^ "Irish Examiner". Archives.tcm.ie. 24 November 2004. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ Christina Bratt Paulston. Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for Language Policies. J. Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 81. ISBN 1-55619-347-5.
- ^ Pierce, David (2000). Irish Writing in the Twentieth Century. Cork University Press. p. 1140. ISBN 1-85918-208-9.
- ^ Ó hÉallaithe, Donncha (1999). Cuisle.
- ^ a b www.cso.ie Central Statistics Office, Census 2011 - This is Ireland - see table 33a
- ^ (French) Données clés sur breton, Ofis ar Brezhoneg
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 2010". Unesco.org. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "CHIN/RCIP – Festivities". Virtualmuseum.ca. 19 April 1999. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "de beste bron van informatie over highlandclearances. Deze website is te koop!". highlandclearances.info. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "Mixed report on Gaelic language". BBC News. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ some 600 children brought up as bilingual native speakers (2003 estimate, SIL Ethnologue).
- ^ Around 2,000 fluent speakers. "'South West:TeachingEnglish:British Council:BBC". BBC/British Council website (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ^ "Anyone here speak Jersey?". Independent.co.uk. 11 April 2002. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ^ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: glv". Sil.org. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "2006 Official Census, Isle of Man". Gov.im. 23 April 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "Shelta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
- ^ "ROMLEX: Romani dialects". Romani.uni-graz.at. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ a b Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta; aan de Wiel, Caroline (2004). Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (in German). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 84–87. ISBN 3-85124-692-6.
- ^ Cólera, Carlos Jordán (16 March 2007). "The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian". e-Keltoi 6: 749–750. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 481.
- ^ "Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 B.C.)". Arkeotavira.com. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ Prósper, B.M. (2002). Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 422–27. ISBN 84-7800-818-7.
- ^ Villar F., B. M. Prósper. (2005). Vascos, Celtas e Indoeuropeos: genes y lenguas. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pgs. 333–350. ISBN # 84-7800-530-7.
- ^ Sengoidelc: Old Irish for Beginners, David Stifter (2006)
- ^ Kenneth H. Jackson suggested that there were two Pictish languages, a pre-Indo-European one and a Pritenic Celtic one. This has been challenged by some scholars. See Katherine Forsyth's "Language in Pictland: the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish'" Etext PDF (27.8 MB). See also the introduction by James & Taylor to the "Index of Celtic and Other Elements in W. J. Watson's 'The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland'" Etext PDF (172 KB[dead link]). Compare also the treatment of Pictish in Price's The Languages of Britain (1984) with his Languages in Britain & Ireland (2000).
- ^ Barbour and Carmichael, Stephen and Cathie (2000). Language and nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-823671-9.
- ^ Gray and Atkinson, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin". Nature 426 (6965): 435–439. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..435G. doi:10.1038/nature02029. PMID 14647380.
- ^ Rexova, K.; Frynta, D and Zrzavy, J. (2003). "Cladistic analysis of languages: Indo-European classification based on lexicostatistical data". Cladistics 19 (2): 120–127. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00299.x.
- ^ Forster, Peter; Toth, Alfred (2003). Toward a phylogenetic chronology of ancient Gaulish, Celtic, and Indo-European. The National Academy of Sciences.
- ^ Renfrew, Colin (1987). Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0224024957.
- ^ James, Simon (1999). The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention?. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 0714121657.
- ^ Stifter, David (2008). Old Celtic Languages. p. 11.
- ^ a b Koch, John T (2010). Celtic from the West Chapter 9: Paradigm Shift? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 187–295. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4.
- ^ a b Koch, John T (2011). Tartessian 2: The Inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the Verbal Complex. Preliminaries to Historical Phonology. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 1–198. ISBN 978-1-907029-07-3.
- ^ Koch and Minard (eds.), John T. and Antone (2012). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-59884-964-6.
- ^ Villar, Prósper, Jordán, Pilar Fernández Álvarez, F., B. Ma., C., Ma. (2011). Lenguas, genes y culturas en la prehistoria de Europa y Asia suroccidental. ediciones Universidad de Salamanca,Salamanca. p. 100. ISBN 978-84-7800-135-4.
- ^ Yocum, Dr Christopher Guy. "Aspect in Old Irish: the Case of 'ro-'". Edinburgh University. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
See also[edit]
- A Swadesh list of the modern Celtic languages
- Celtic Congress
- Celtic League (political organisation)
- Continental Celtic languages
- Italo-Celtic
- Language families and languages
- Ball, Martin J. & James Fife (ed.) (1993). The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01035-7.
- Borsley, Robert D. & Ian Roberts (ed.) (1996). The Syntax of the Celtic Languages: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521481600.
- Cowgill, Warren (1975). "The origins of the Insular Celtic conjunct and absolute verbal endings". In H. Rix. Flexion und Wortbildung: Akten der V. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Regensburg, 9.–14. September 1973. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 40–70. ISBN 3-920153-40-5.
- Celtic Linguistics, 1700–1850 (2000). London; New York: Routledge. 8 vols comprising 15 texts originally published between 1706 and 1844.
- Forster, Peter; Toth, Alfred (July 2003). "Toward a phylogenetic chronology of ancient Gaulish, Celtic, and Indo-European". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (15): 9079–84. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.9079F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1331158100. PMC 166441. PMID 12837934.
- Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quintin D. (November 2003). "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin". Nature 426 (6965): 435–39. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..435G. doi:10.1038/nature02029. PMID 14647380.
- Hindley, Reg (1990). The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04339-5.
- Lewis, Henry & Holger Pedersen (1989). A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-26102-0.
- McCone, Kim (1991). "The PIE stops and syllabic nasals in Celtic". Studia Celtica Japonica 4: 37–69.
- McCone, Kim (1992). "Relative Chronologie: Keltisch". In R. Beekes, A. Lubotsky, and J. Weitenberg (eds.). Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie: Akten Der VIII. Fachtagung Der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31 August – 4 September 1987. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. pp. 12–39. ISBN 3-85124-613-6.
- McCone, K. (1996). Towards a Relative Chronology of Ancient and Medieval Celtic Sound Change. Maynooth: Department of Old and Middle Irish, St. Patrick's College. ISBN 0-901519-40-5.
- Russell, Paul (1995). An Introduction to the Celtic Languages. Longman. ISBN 0582100828.
- Schmidt, K.H. (1988). "On the reconstruction of Proto-Celtic". In G. W. MacLennan. Proceedings of the First North American Congress of Celtic Studies, Ottawa 1986. Ottawa: Chair of Celtic Studies. pp. 231–48. ISBN 0-09-693260-0.
- Schrijver, Peter (1995). Studies in British Celtic historical phonology. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-820-4.
- Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta; aan de Wiel, Caroline (2004). Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (in German). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Kulturen der Universität Innsbruck. ISBN 3-85124-692-6.
External links[edit]
|Wikisource has original works on the topic: Celtic languages
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Celtic languages.
- Aberdeen University Celtic Department
- "Labara: An Introduction to the Celtic Languages", by Meredith Richard
- Celts and Celtic Languages
- What is necessary to decide if Lusitanian is a Celtic language?