text:
Take a big gulp, New York: Hizzoner is about to give you a pop.
Nanny Bloomberg unleashes his ban on large sodas on March 12 and there are some nasty surprises lurking for hardworking families.
Say goodbye to that 2-liter bottle of Coke with your pizza delivery, pitchers of soft drinks at your kids birthday party and some bottle-service mixers at your favorite nightclub.
Theyd violate Mayor Bloombergs new rules, which prohibit eateries from serving or selling sugary drinks in containers larger than 16 ounces.
Bloombergs soda smackdown follows his attacks on salt, sugar, trans fat, smoking and even baby formula.
Read More of Moonbat Mayors gone wild>http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/s...vo3PoNZEBOdZ2L


text:
Saturday, April 21, 2012
Figure skating's two-time world champion Patrick Chan says the resignation of his coach Christy Krall will allow him to focus more on the artistic side of the sport.
Sunday, April 1, 2012
Robin Szolkowy proved his 32-year-old legs were still capable of out-performing his younger rivals as he and Aliona Savchenko captured their fourth world championship pairs title by the narrowest of margins on Friday.
Sunday, March 11, 2012
Michael Phelps posted the second fastest 200m freestyle time in the world this year Friday, signaling that his preparations for the London Olympics are on track.
Canada's Patrick Chan shrugged off the distractions and an uncharacteristic fall into the boards to win the short program Friday night in the ISU Grand Prix Final.
Sunday, November 27, 2011
Mao Asada skated a clean short program Friday at the Rostelecom Cup to lead Alena Leonova of Russia by less than half a point in the last of the season's six Grand Prix competitions.
Sunday, November 20, 2011
World champion Patrick Chan overcame a tumble at the start of his short program to take the early lead from Song Nan of China at the Trophee Bompard on Friday.
Sunday, October 23, 2011
Michal Brezina's decision to play it safe paid off on Friday as he seized the lead at Skate America, the first stop in the ISU figure skating Grand Prix.
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Bayern Munich sailed into the Champions League group stages with a 1-0 win at FC Zurich on Tuesday while two goals from Giuseppe Rossi rescued Villarreal in their playoff against Odense.
Thursday, August 18, 2011
Local fans attacked South Korea skating administrators Wednesday after star speed skater Ahn Hyun-Soo — a national sporting hero and triple Olympic champion — switched his citizenship to compete for Russia.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
StartUpHire is the place to find Pre Sales Consultant - Poland jobs. Review the list of Pre Sales Consultant - Poland career opportunities to the left. These Pre Sales Consultant - Poland jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
You can refine your job search for Pre Sales Consultant - Poland career opportunities by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options.
Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Pre Sales Consultant - Poland jobs, or sign up for an email alert (link below) to receive periodic updates on new Pre Sales Consultant - Poland jobs.
Job Description: An opportunity now exists within sales for a savvy, results-focused Technical Pre-Sales Consultant. The Technical Pre-Sales Consultant will use their expertise to provide technical and process assistance to sales and marketing efforts using knowledge of HighJump2/22/2014 Cranberry Township, PA Save This Job
Job Number:000231 Job Title:Solutions Consultant (Pre-Sales) Number of Openings:1 Job Type (Employment Type):Direct Hire Country:United States City:USA Salary Interval:Per Year Job Schedule:Full Time Job Category:S&OP Career Level:Senior(non-manager) Level of3/1/2014 Pleasanton, CA Save This Job
About Us: We are working on market-leading Pricing & Profitability Management solutions for the Banking & Financial Services industry. Our suite of Enterprise products combines cutting edge Behavioral Science with the ?easy button?, all delivered via the cloud. And we are3/21/2014 San Bruno, CA Save This Job
re-Sales Solutions Consultant / Sales Engineer Pre-Sales United States The role: Pre-Sales Solutions Consultant Do you have a passion for data analytics and big data? Are you a highly successful pre-sales engineer looking for your next big opportunity? As a Pre-Sales3/4/2014 Menlo Park, CA Save This Job
The Sr. Sales Consultant will act as a pre-sales consulting, technical architecture, and business process solution resource for the Western Region. He / she will act as a key go-to resource for the account managers and the VP-Western Region when pre-sales consulting and3/3/2014 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
The Innotas Solution Consultant is responsible for establishing and executing the technical pre-sales strategy for Innotas. This includes providing technical pre-sales support to the Account Executives and the sales enablement of new hires. Ultimately, the Solution Consultant3/16/2014 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Sunrun is the leading player in the home solar market. We help homeowners replace electricity they would otherwise purchase from the utility company with clean, attractively priced energy produced by a solar system that Sunrun owns and operates. Customers love our offering. In3/19/2014 Philadelphia, PA Save This Job
Sunrun is looking for highly motivated A+ sales pro's to join our rapidly-growing direct sales team as a solar sales consultant. The successful candidate will join the countries most successful solar service integration company and make a significant contribution to the companies3/19/2014 Sacramento, CA Save This Job
This position is based in United States, near a major airport, with 20%-35% travel in the field. 247 is seeking a senior business and technical professional with a passion for customer advocacy and initiative to drive innovation in our digital enterprise solutions team. We are3/3/2014 Campbell, CA Save This Job
Sunrun is the leading player in the home solar market. We help homeowners replace electricity they would otherwise purchase from the utility company with clean, attractively priced energy produced by a solar system that Sunrun owns and operates. Customers love our offering. In2/17/2014 Hawaii, HI Save This Job
Sunrun is looking for a motivated individual to join our rapidly-growing sales team as a solar sales consultant. The successful candidate will be excited about joining a thriving solar service company and will value a team culture that encourages innovation and professional2/17/2014 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Company Overview TOA Technologies is the leading provider of cloud-based mobile workforce management and customer appointment management applications for both midsize and large enterprises. TOA?s patented platform and processes dramatically improve customer service while2/24/2014 Los Angeles, CA Save This Job
Do you have a passion for data analytics and a visionary for big data insights? As a Pre-Sales Solutions Consultant at Ayasdi, you will be helping customers fundamentally change the way they analyze complex, high dimensional data and recognize the business value of Ayasdi?s new4/3/2014 Menlo Park, CA Save This Job
Description: Stonebranch is currently looking for a pre-sales Workload Automation Specialist. You will be responsible for resolving complex customer problems via the phone and email. The support focuses on our toolset and their interaction with various operating systems. A3/21/2014 Alpharetta, GA Save This Job
About Lattice Lattice is an early innovator in one of the hottest areas of the marketing technology market: predictive applications. We bring every relevant buying signal into the industry?s most comprehensive cloud-based suite of business applications that help companies market4/17/2014 San Mateo, CA Save This Job
Human Capital Management Solution Consultant3/17/2014 Pleasanton, CA Save This Job
Xactly Corporation Xactly Corporation delivers on-demand sales compensation applications that enable companies to incent right and sell more. In today?s spreadsheet paradigm, companies tend to simplify or unnecessarily complicate their incentive programs. These programs,3/19/2014 San Jose, CA Save This Job
New Relic Sales Engineer San Francisco Are you ready to be part of a fast-growing software company - pre-IPO, SaaS model, cloud-related, and led by entrepreneurs who have done it all before? New Relic is in a great space, is on the move - AND could use your unique talents.4/3/2014 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
The Solutions Consultant's primary responsibilities are to assist customers in deploying Core Security Technologies software products and to ensure proof-of-concepts or customer projects are delivered on-time and on-budget. The Solutions Consultant will participate in technical2/19/2014 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
You take pride in solving information security problems through compliance. PCI, HIPPA, NERC, SOX are all part of your vernacular. You realize that there's a significant future in compliance. We do, too. This role is responsible for assisting3/6/2014 Waltham, MA Save This Job


text:
Lounging in the Library
Enjoy these quick glimpses of Merrimack life. Or, maybe you want to submit a photo of your own? Mobile users can email photos to firstname.lastname@example.com or add #macksnap to your social media uploads!
August 12, 2013
Group 11 from Orientation session 1 tests out the famous bean bag chairs in McQuade Library with Orientation Leaders Jared Peterson and Lauren Foster.


text:
Recommended Just For You
Here's What Our Customers Are Saying
Very cute design
Birthday Fun Birthday Invitation Cards I was so excited when I finally got these in the mail to see the final product. They were absolutely adorable. It was very easy making the changes to the template and adding the photos. When I had questions they were very quick to respond. I would definitely recommend magnetDtreet.


text:
Compaq MIDIfoCXÝ·MPU-401 Free Driver Download
Other Devices, MEDIA, Net
See details of driver package which includes support for this device.
Device Name
5.12.01.1136 (2001-07-25)
Supported Operating Systems
Windows 98SE, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003, Windows Vista
Uploader Notes
Alright folks, in case you lost your restore CD or if you have a bunk DVD drive on your unit like our customer did, you will need these files for your sysstem. I included the Modem, which is a conexant mini pci 56k, the sound which is an ESS Allegro WDM 1898 (I think), and the ethernet card which he had with it which was a linksys 10/100. All in one little zip package, the vid which I uploaded seperately is an ATi Rage Mobility/ Church mobility M1 if you are looking for it. If you searched for thsi Presario model, you will most likely come across it as I have a similar search title there. if you can't find it, try this link
Good luck and rock on.
Uploaded By
ReCompute (DG Member) on 12/6/2002
Driver Package
Presario1700SoundModemNIC.zip (6.3 MB)
Related Drivers
Reviews Summary
Already tried it? Give your review
Embed a link to this page


text:
Moderators: Cartographers, Global Moderators
DiM wrote:
2. to make us all realize how really big is world 2.1 and how other maps should be allowed to be bigger.
natty_dread wrote:I was wrong
Cartography Assistant
If people want to play this map they should be contributing ideas to help qwert work with the foundry and the guidelines, not against them.
If all people want to do is complain about the guidelines, do it in an appropriate place like the The Final Say on Map Size Announcement.
Zookeeper & Foundry Foreman
Joined: 04 Mar 2006
Posts: 4599
Location: A Banana Palm in Zihuatanejo
Posted: 18 Aug 2007 23:47 Post subject:
For now we are firm standing on our guidelines. Maybe in the future they will change, and we will come back and look at the arguments for and against. Hence the reason this will stay open, so we don't clutter other important threads with the discussion.
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests


text:
Is God the Creator?
Does BioLogos believe that God is the creator? Yes, all Christians believe this; the question is, how did God create?
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
Does BioLogos believe that God is the creator? Yes, all Christians believe this; the question is, how did God create?
Does BioLogos believe that God is the creator? Yes, all Christians believe this; the question is, how did God create?
In this series, Ryan Pettey offers several clips from his powerful documentary "From the Dust". This feature-length film is divided up into various sections, each of which wrestles with the difficult problems that arise when reconciling Scripture with the theory of evolution. A light of hope dawns on the science-faith conversation, however, as scientists and theologians engage in honest dialogue about tough issues such as the interpretation of Genesis, the nature of the Fall, and the idea of random design. Their profound insights are sure to enlighten all minds, raise deeper questions, and provoke new thought.
This entry was originally posted on February 11, 2010. In this brief video, Professor Schloss addresses what he sees as the two primary reasons that evangelical Christians oppose evolutionary theory.
We're excited to announce that the documentary From the Dust can now be purchased and rented through the iTunes Store!
It should be noted that indeterminacy does not imply that God does not have foreknowledge of future events. Christians ought not to be uncomfortable with the idea of God interacting with his creation through chance.
In this video Conversation, Denis Alexander asserts that contemporary Christians are not taking the early chapters of Genesis seriously enough.
In this talk, originally delivered at the BioLogos President's Circle meeting in October 2012, Dr. John Walton discusses the origin stories of Genesis 1-3, and why their focus on function and archetypes mean there is no Biblical narrative of material origins.
In this talk, Professor Plantinga addresses the fact that many contemporary thinkers—including many theologians—believe that God cannot perform miracles, providentially guide history, or interact in the lives of people, as these activities would be contrary to science. Plantinga, on the other hand, makes the case that this popular view is mistaken; excluding divine action in the world is not a central feature of natural science itself, but a philosophical or theological preference that has been added on to science (and can just as readily be removed). Plantinga concludes that it is completely logical to accept the miracles of the Bible and support contemporary science.
This BioLogos videocast addresses the age of recently discovered hominid fossils and how scientists are able to obtain those dates.
This BioLogos videocast addresses the idea of randomness as a part of natural selection, and whether it challenges the possibility of God using the evolutionary process as a means of creation.
In today's video, Oxford physicist Ard Louis discusses the famous debate between renowned evolutionary biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Simon Conway Morris over the idea of evolutionary convergence.
In this video, Aaron Daly offers his thoughts on theistic evolution, creation, and how Christians should handle disagreements over these issues. Most of all, Aaron highlights the need for love in our discussions with one another, especially when we disagree.
For many, the importance of apparent randomness in evolution can be a major stumbling block when considering whether God could have created through an evolutionary process.
Brian Godawa looks at several aspects of ancient cosmography (descriptions of the universe) that also appear in the Bible, and what these aspects of the text mean for our understanding of Scripture.
Who is this that obscures my plans with words without knowledge? Brace yourself like a man; I will question you, and you shall answer me. "Where were you when I laid the earth's foundation? Tell me, if you understand.
Philosopher Robert Bishop explores the Biblical doctrine of creation, which he describes as "perhaps one of the most helpful pieces of theology for thinking about science", and describes why the doctrine needs to be recovered from narrower, contemporary interpretations of creation.
In this paper, theologian John Wesley Wright reviews Connor Cunningham's book Darwin's Pious Idea, a work that deeply explores the integration of Darwinian evolutionary theory and Christian faith.
Geologist Keith Miller examines the "Cambrian Explosion", a period of rapid evolutionary diversification approximately 575 million years ago, and whether it poses a challenge to evolutionary theory.
In this week's video, biblical historian John Dickson speaks about how to read the text of Genesis 1.


text:
"I was genuinely surprised when I walked in this shop. There is a tiger in the entrance! After the kids spent 10 minutes looking at that they found a..."
Call us now: 01752 2214431 Review
Plymouth Herald has all the Shops in Plymouth listed, many with reviews and star ratings; here you'll find all shops including carpet shops, furniture shops, florists, jewellers, fancy dress shops and garden centres - be sure to return to Plymouth Herald and leave a review.
Why not list your Plymouth Shop on Plymouth Herald?


text:
September – December 2013
Fairview United Methodist Church, Bowling Green, Ky. will host a Free Clothing Give Away Saturday, September 14th from 7:00 am to 12:00 pm. There will be clothing and shoes for men,women, and children. For more information please call: Anne at 270-320-7743
Owensboro Christian Church, Owensboro, Ky. is having a Trunk or Treat on Friday, November 1st from 5:30 pm to 8:30 pm. There will be decorated trunks filled with candy, and pumpkins available to decorate and face painting . The church will provide free hot dogs and chips for supper for everyone. For more information please call: Martha at 270-683-2706
Crossland Community Church, Bowling Green, Ky. Singles Ministry invites you to their Kick-off dinner and first singles study series entitled "Love, sex and Dating" by Andy Stanley, this is a 4 week study. On Sunday, November 3rd. starting with Dinner at 5:00 pm and study at 6:30 pm. Everyone is encouraged to come and bring their single friends. Childcare is available. For more information please call: Gini Lin at 270-791-4042.
Endure for a Cure 5K Run/Walk and Kids Fun Run will be at Halltown General Baptist Church, Portland, Tn, on Saturday, November 16th at 7:30 am. $20 for 5K and $15 for kids run. You can register early at www.halltown.org. All proceeds will go to local individuals with caner. There will prizes and trophies for top finishers. For more information please call: 1-615-496-6271
The 22nd Annual Coats for Kids will be having their distribution days on Saturday, November 16th and Saturday, December 7th from 8:00 am to 12:00 pm at the Bowling Green Hot Rods stadium. Please bring children with you to insure proper fit. Limit one per person. For more information please call: Cayla at 270-350-0350
The Bowling Green Gallery Hop will be Friday, December 6th from 5:00 pm to 8:00 pm. You can visit 14 venues including galleries, museums, and studios around Bowling Green. Meet local artist, browse for art gifts. Enjoy refreshments courtesy of area restaurants. Maps will be available at participant locations or for more information go to www.BGGalleryHop.com
Rich Pond Baptist Church, Bowling Green, Ky. invites you to their Christmas production "The Christmas Post" a Broadway-style musical for the whole family, filled with music, fast-paced drama and comedy, with the consistent message that anything can happen if you just keep the faith. Performances will Saturday, December 7th starting at 7:00 pm and Sunday, December 8th at 6:00 pm. Free to everyone. For more information please call: 270-842-2593


text:
Despite a heavy police presence and high alert, opponents of the Gaza pullout crippled rush hour traffic around the country yesterday evening. An estimated 3,000 protesters burned tires and blocked roads at key intersections, in the biggest such protest yet. They chanted, "Jews do not expel Jews!" Police dragged protesters away and more than 300 were detained. Organizers say it's just the opening shot in a civil disobedience campaign that will intensify as the August 15th target date for beginning the pullout approaches. The aim is to spread police so thin that they will not be able to implement the withdrawal. And the protesters showed that they are able to tie up the police force and wreak havoc.
Want more news from Israel?
Click Here to sign up for our FREE daily email updates
Keep up with events in Israel with our FREE daily email newsletter and special offers.


text:
Judas Devlin
Real Name
Austin Mattelson
Date of Birth
October 3, 1985
Place of Birth
Rumors coming out of backstage are stating that Vince McMahon made the decision to end the Undertaker winning streak at Wrestlemania 30 because he felt that his legendary star was aging really badly. Since McMahon felt that Undertaker was wrestling what was possibly his last match for WWE, he decided a couple of days before the pay per view to pull the trigger on Brock Lesnar being given the honors.
April 24, 2014
While they both have now established themselves as singles stars, there are talks backstage in TNA of doing a Beer Money reunion. The hope would be that James Storm and Bobby Roode can remain relevant while carrying the tag team division once again. It would help fill the void that is being left by the potential departures of Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian.
April 24, 2014
A lot of fans are quick to point out the similarities between Eric Young winning the heavyweight championship and Daniel Bryan winning the heavyweight championship. However, people backstage in TNA are denying that there is a correlation. Company officials are standing by their stance that the move was done in order to surprise the fans.
April 24, 2014
A fan on Twitter recently asked about the possibility of Jim Ross interviewing Vince McMahon on his podcast since the long time WWE commentator has been doing so with some of the biggest names in the professional wrestling industry. However, Ross stated that it was highly unlikely that it would ever happen, adding further fuel to the speculations that there is some lingering backstage heat between the two.
April 24, 2014
It appears that the backstage heat between Kevin Nash and Roddy Piper, which erupted one night on Twitter, is over for the time being. The former WCW stars talked over the phone and hashed out their issues. While neither side is accepting full blame, they both have come to the conclusion that it is best to just move on from this.
April 23, 2014
A familiar face made an appearance backstage at the Smackdown taping this week. Steve Blackman, who has been rumored for a brand new show on WWE Network, was visiting with friends in Pennsylvania, where he lives. The belief is that he spent some time talking briefly with management about hosting his own show, which is rumored to focus around Blackman as a bounty hunter.
April 23, 2014
Since his popularity has been growing by the day, there are actually talks backstage in WWE of doing a face turn with Bray Wyatt. Rumors have it that some in the company believe that he can reach his full main event potential by being a fan favorite. The belief is that WWE will not be pulling the trigger on this character change until they decide to turn Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins back into heels.
April 23, 2014
Over the weekend, wrestling fans were witness to the long standing backstage heat between Kevin Nash and Roddy Piper, as Nash took to his Twitter account to unleash some harsh words towards Piper. It appears that Sean Waltman, whose friendship with Nash is widely known, is staying impartial and wants to keep the peace between the two guys.
April 22, 2014
"If you never want to have a family or a wife or time to yourself, and you like being verbally and mentally abused, then you should [get into wrestling]. I say go for it. [That abuse comes more from] the locker room. Definitely the locker room. TNA is very different than WWE. WWE was very political. I wasn't in there yet. They were like, 'You're a Von Erich. You better be amazing at wrestling,' and things like that. And I wasn't. I'm more of an actress than I am a wrestler. I'd rather play a character than get hurt on the mat. That's what I'm better at. I'm better at acting. That's what I wanted to do. Vince called me. He's the one that got me into this. He's the one asked me, 'Do you want to be a wrestler? Try to be a Diva?' He brought me out and and I signed the contract that night and went into training. I wasn't expecting it to come as much. It really blew up and they expected so much of me, but then TNA called and they really embraced me as like a family member." - Lacey Von Erich talking about backstage politics in WWE
April 22, 2014
While it has been quite some time since he was taken off the road as an active in ring performer, Alex Riley, who has transitioned to a broadcasting career with WWE since then, is contemplating a return to the ring. There are rumors that it might actually take place in WWE, too. One of the ideas being tossed around backstage is for him to replace Antonio Cesaro in the Real Americans stable with Zeb Colter and Jack Swagger.
April 22, 2014
One of the frequently discussed items backstage in WWE is the status of Sting. The former world heavyweight champion was handed a contract, but he has not signed it and returned it to management yet. The belief is that Sting is simply going through the contract with his lawyers to make sure that all of his demands are met before he makes it official.
April 21, 2014
While the majority of the pay per view has already been announced, there are rumors backstage that an eight match could be added. Davey Richards and Eddie Edward are expected to be given a spot on the show, and their opponents could be Zema Ion, Robbie E and Jessie Godderz. There are also talks that MVP could be added if TNA doesn't want to do a handicap tag team match.
April 21, 2014
Since he has been lining up as many professional wrestling personalities as possible for his popular new podcast show, Jim Ross has come to an agreement with Tony Schiavone, his former commentating partner in the NWA, for an interview. Expect the two of them to discuss quite a bit of the backstage happenings from their WCW days.
April 20, 2014
In a rather shocking bit of news, Rikishi did not show up at his son's wedding. On Total Divas, the wedding of Jimmy Uso and Naomi Knight was the focal point of the episode this week. The two of them reached out to Rikishi backstage when he made a return on Monday Night Raw. The former WWE star agreed to attend, but decided to skip the event later.
April 20, 2014
"Roddy Piper is a deranged old fool. He got bitch slapped to the floor. Hulk Hogan, Sean Waltman, Scott Hall and Eric Bischoff were in the room. Let it go, Rod. Pod cast invite?" - Kevin Nash telling a backstage story about Roddy Piper and mockingly asks for an invitation to do a podcast interview
April 20, 2014
Rumors have it that people backstage in WWE are amused by the fact that TNA put their world heavyweight championship around the waist of Eric Young. It is not so much a shot at Young, as many in the industry feel that he is a good worker and a nice person. The ridicule is more about how TNA went about with the story line of crowning him as champion.
April 19, 2014
"Hey, let's stop pretending to be offended by what some shitty old lady said about wrestling on a fake news show." - Trent Baretta discusses the backstage heat that professional wrestlers have towards Nancy Grace
April 19, 2014
Since his son Bray Wyatt is rapidly rising up the ladder in WWE towards stardom, a lot of people have been asking about Mike Rotunda as of late. The man formerly known as Irwin R Schyster is still working for WWE, where he is a producer backstage at Monday Night Raw and Smackdown. Rotunda's job is to script out the matches and segments for the wrestlers.
April 18, 2014
A picture of Curtis Axel and NFL star Ben Roethlisberger backstage at Royal Rumble 2014. Many have noted the physical resemblance between the WWE star and the Pittsburgh Steelers starting quarterback.
April 18, 2014
Rumors have it that another reason why TNA gave the world heavyweight championship to Eric Young was to keep him from joining Jeff Jarrett in Global Force Wrestling. Young and Jarrett have a long history together, and they remain on very good terms. Since he is a very good worker and well liked backstage, TNA would much rather he stay with them long term.
April 18, 2014
WWE has quietly released Judas Devlin, a developmental wrestler who was supposed to have been called up to the main roster to join Bray Wyatt, Luke Harper and Erick Rowan in the Wyatt Family stable. He has been removed from the official roster page for WWE NXT.
January 26, 2014
There were some serious speculations recently that Judas Devlin was going to be brought up by WWE from developmental to join the Wyatt Family, but a serious injury, one that might end his career, has forced a change of plans.
December 19, 2013


text:
Knightley recycles wedding dress? (From Congleton Guardian)
National Entertainment News RSS Feed
Knightley recycles wedding dress?
11:13am Wednesday 4th December 2013 in National Entertainment News © Press Association 2014
Keira Knightley has attended a gala with husband James Righton - in what appears to have once been her wedding dress.
The 28-year-old Atonement star wore a Rodarte tulle gown when she tied the knot in May to Klaxons keyboardist James in a low-key do in the south of France.
Now, MailOnline reports that Keira added a new twist to the dress by adding sheer sleeves and an embellished neckline for the 2013 SeriousFun Gala at London's Roundhouse.
It is thought to be the third time the British actress has donned the pale pink gown for an event.
Other guests attending the fundraising gala for the children's charity included Boris Becker and James Blunt, while Roger Daltrey and Kate Nash performed at the event, the London Evening Standard reported.


text:
The Job You Selected Has Expired...
Our patented CareerBuilder.com matching technology takes the information in the job you selected and uses it to find other similar jobs for you.
Jobs like IT HR Consultant/ Generalist-Organization Strategy (Transformati at (Expired)
We're sorry, but we cannot recommend any similar jobs. Please select a different job or try again later.


text:
Robin Hood
Robin Hood (spelled Robyn Hode in older manuscripts) is a heroic outlaw in English folklore, and, according to legend, was also a highly skilled archer and swordsman. Although such behaviour was not part of his original character, since the beginning of the 19th century[1] he has become known for "robbing from the rich and giving to the poor",[2] assisted by a group of fellow outlaws known as his "Merry Men".[3] Traditionally, Robin Hood and his men are depicted wearing Lincoln green clothes.[4] The origin of the legend is asserted by some to have been actual outlaws, or ballads or tales of outlaws.[5]
Robin Hood became a popular folk figure in the medieval period, continuing through to modern literature, films and television. In the earliest sources, Robin Hood is a yeoman, but he was often later portrayed as an aristocrat wrongfully dispossessed of his lands and made into an outlaw by an unscrupulous sheriff.[6]
- 1 History
- 2 Early references
- 3 References to Robin as Earl of Huntington
- 4 Sources
- 5 Ballads and tales
- 5.1 Ballads
- 5.2 May Day and fairs
- 5.3 Robin Hood and King Richard the Lionheart
- 5.4 Robin Hood, the high-minded Saxon yeoman
- 5.5 Robin Hood in Ivanhoe
- 5.6 New characters and new attributes for Robin
- 5.7 New concepts from the 18th century onwards
- 5.8 Other literary references
- 5.9 The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood
- 5.10 20th century onwards
- 5.11 Movies, animations, new concepts and other adaptations
- 6 Connections to existing locations
- 7 List of traditional ballads
- 8 Popular culture
- 9 Main characters of the folklore
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 Bibliography
- 13 External links
In popular culture, Robin Hood and his band of "merry men" are usually portrayed as living in Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire, where much of the action in the early ballads takes place.[7] So does the very first recorded Robin Hood song, four lines from the early 15th century, beginning: "Robyn hode in scherewode stod."[8] However, the overall picture from the surviving early ballads and other early references[8] suggest that Robin Hood may have been based in the Barnsdale area of what is now South Yorkshire (which borders Nottinghamshire).
Other people point to a variety of locations as Robin's "true" home both inside Yorkshire and elsewhere, with the abundance of places named for Robin causing further confusion.[9][10] A tradition dating back at least to the end of the 16th century gives his birthplace as Loxley, Sheffield, in South Yorkshire, while the site of Robin Hood's Well in Skellow, South Yorkshire, has been associated with Robin Hood since at least 1422. Records show a man named Robin Hood lived in Wakefield, Yorkshire, in the 13th and 14th centuries.[11] His grave has been claimed to be at Kirklees Priory in Clifton, West Yorkshire, as implied by the 18th-century version of Robin Hood's Death, and there is a headstone of dubious authenticity.[12]
The first clear reference to "rhymes of Robin Hood" is from Line 5396 of the late-14th-century poem Piers Plowman, but the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the 15th century, or the first decade of the 16th century. In these early accounts, Robin Hood's partisanship of the lower classes, his Marianism and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer, his anti-clericalism, and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear.[13] Little John, Much the Miller's Son and Will Scarlet (as Will "Scarlok" or "Scathelocke") all appear, although not yet Maid Marian or Friar Tuck. It is not certain what should be made of these latter two absences as it is known that Friar Tuck, for one, has been part of the legend since at least the later 15th century.[14]
In popular culture, Robin Hood is typically seen as a contemporary and supporter of the late-12th-century king Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to outlawry during the misrule of Richard's brother John while Richard was away at the Third Crusade. This view first gained currency in the 16th century.[15] It is not supported by the earliest ballads. The early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode, names the king as "Edward"; and while it does show Robin Hood accepting the King's pardon, he later repudiates it and returns to the greenwood.
The oldest surviving ballad, Robin Hood and the Monk, gives even less support to the picture of Robin Hood as a partisan of the true king. The setting of the early ballads is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th century or the 14th, although it is recognised they are not necessarily historically consistent.[16]
The early ballads are also quite clear on Robin Hood's social status: he is a yeoman. While the precise meaning of this term changed over time, including free retainers of an aristocrat and small landholders, it always referred to commoners. The essence of it in the present context was "neither a knight nor a peasant or 'husbonde' but something in between".[17] Artisans (such as millers) were among those regarded as "yeomen" in the 14th century.[18] From the 16th century on, there were attempts to elevate Robin Hood to the nobility and in two extremely influential plays Anthony Munday presented him at the very end of the 16th century as the Earl of Huntingdon, as he is still commonly presented in modern times.[19]
As well as ballads, the legend was also transmitted by "Robin Hood games" or plays that were an important part of the late medieval and early modern May Day festivities. The first record of a Robin Hood game was in 1426 in Exeter, but the reference does not indicate how old or widespread this custom was at the time. The Robin Hood games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and 16th centuries.[20] It is commonly stated as fact that Maid Marian and a jolly friar (at least partly identifiable with Friar Tuck) entered the legend through the May Games.[21]
The early ballads link Robin Hood to identifiable real places and many are convinced that he was a real person, more or less accurately portrayed. A number of theories as to the identity of "the real Robin Hood" have their supporters. Some of these theories posit that "Robin Hood" or "Robert Hood" or the like was his actual name; others suggest that this may have been merely a nickname disguising a medieval bandit perhaps known to history under another name.[22] One historian claims Robin Hood was a pseudonym by which the ancient Lords of Wellow, Nottinghamshire, were once known.[23] It is interesting that the village has such a strong connection with maypole celebrations, considering Robin Hood's links with the same thing.
At the same time it is possible that Robin Hood has always been a fictional character; the folklorist Francis James Child declared "Robin Hood is absolutely a creation of the ballad-muse" and this view has been neither proven or disproven.[24] Another view is that Robin Hood's origins must be sought in folklore or mythology;[25] Despite the frequent Christian references in the early ballads, Robin Hood has been claimed for the pagan witch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in medieval Europe.[26]
Early references
The oldest references to Robin Hood are not historical records, or even ballads recounting his exploits, but hints and allusions found in various works. From 1228 onward, the names 'Robinhood', 'Robehod' or 'Robbehod' occur in the rolls of several English Justices. The majority of these references date from the late 13th century. Between 1261 and 1300, there are at least eight references to 'Rabunhod' in various regions across England, from Berkshire in the south to York in the north.[27]
In a petition presented to Parliament in 1439, the name is used to describe an itinerant felon. The petition cites one Piers Venables of Aston, Derbyshire, "who having no liflode, ne sufficeante of goodes, gadered and assembled unto him many misdoers, beynge of his clothynge, and, in manere of insurrection, wente into the wodes in that countrie, like as it hadde be Robyn Hude and his meyne."[28] The name was still used to describe sedition and treachery in 1605, when Guy Fawkes and his associates were branded "Robin Hoods" by Robert Cecil.
The first allusion to a literary tradition of Robin Hood tales occurs in William Langland's Piers Plowman (c. 1362–c. 1386) in which Sloth, the lazy priest, confesses: "I kan [know] not parfitly [perfectly] my Paternoster as the preest it singeth,/ But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre."[29]
The first mention of a quasi-historical Robin Hood is given in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle, written in about 1420. The following lines occur with little contextualisation under the year 1283:
- Lytil Jhon and Robyne Hude
- Wayth-men ware commendyd gude
- In Yngil-wode and Barnysdale
- Thai oysyd all this tyme thare trawale.
The next notice is a statement in the Scotichronicon, composed by John of Fordun between 1377 and 1384, and revised by Walter Bower in about 1440. Among Bower's many interpolations is a passage that directly refers to Robin. It is inserted after Fordun's account of the defeat of Simon de Montfort and the punishment of his adherents. Robin is represented as a fighter for de Montfort's cause.[30] This was in fact true of the historical outlaw of Sherwood Forest Roger Godberd, whose points of similarity to the Robin Hood of the ballads have often been noted.[31][32]
Bower writes:
- Then [c. 1266] arose the famous murderer, Robert Hood, as well as Little John, together with their accomplices from among the disinherited, whom the foolish populace are so inordinately fond of celebrating both in tragedies and comedies, and about whom they are delighted to hear the jesters and minstrels sing above all other ballads.
The word translated here as "murderer" is the Latin siccarius, from the Latin for "knife". Bower goes on to tell a story about Robin Hood in which he refuses to flee from his enemies while hearing Mass in the greenwood, and then gains a surprise victory over them, apparently as a reward for his piety.[33]
Another reference, discovered by Julian Luxford in 2009, appears in the margin of the "Polychronicon" in the Eton College library. Written around the year 1460 by a monk in Latin, it says:
- Around this time, according to popular opinion, a certain outlaw named Robin Hood, with his accomplices, infested Sherwood and other law-abiding areas of England with continuous robberies.[34]
William Shakespeare makes reference to Robin Hood in his late-16th-century play The Two Gentlemen of Verona, one of his earliest. In it, the character Valentine is banished from Milan and driven out through the forest where he is approached by outlaws who, upon meeting him, desire him as their leader. They comment, "By the bare scalp of Robin Hood's fat friar, This fellow were a king for our wild faction!"[35] Robin Hood is also mentioned in As You Like It. When asked about the exiled Duke Senior, the character of Charles says that he is "already in the forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England."
References to Robin as Earl of Huntington
Another reference is provided by Thomas Gale, Dean of York (c. 1635–1702),[36] but this comes nearly four hundred years after the events it describes:
- [Robin Hood's] death is stated by Ritson to have taken place on 18 November 1247, about the 87th year of his age; but according to the following inscription found among the papers of the Dean of York...the death occurred a month later. In this inscription, which bears evidence of high antiquity, Robin Hood is described as Earl of Huntington – his claim to which title has been as hotly contested as any disputed peerage upon record.
- Hear undernead dis laitl stean
- Lais Robert Earl of Huntingun
- Near arcir der as hie sa geud
- An pipl kauld im Robin Heud
- Sic utlaws as hi an is men
- Vil England nivr si agen.
- Obiit 24 Kal Dekembris 1247
- In Modern English:
- Here underneath this little stone
- Lies Robert Earl of Huntington
- Never archer there as he so good
- And people called him Robin Hood
- Such outlaws as him and his men
- Will England never see again
This inscription also appears on a grave in the grounds of Kirklees Priory near Kirklees Hall (see below).
Robert is largely fictional by this time. The Gale note is inaccurate. The medieval texts do not refer to him directly, but mediate their allusions through a body of accounts and reports: for Langland, Robin exists principally in "rimes", for Bower, "comedies and tragedies", while for Wyntoun he is "commendyd gude". Even in a legal context, where one would expect to find verifiable references to Robert, he is primarily a symbol, a generalised outlaw-figure rather than an individual. Consequently, in the medieval period itself, Robin Hood already belongs more to literature than to history. In fact, in an anonymous song called Woman of c. 1412, he is treated in precisely this manner – as a joke, a figure that the audience will instantly recognise as imaginary:
- He that made this songe full good,
- Came of the northe and the sothern blode,
- And somewhat kyne to Robert Hoad.[37][38]
While J.C. Holt (1989:55) argues for a "historical" Robin Hood placed in the 13th century, other authors have sought the origins of the character in mythology or folklore, from fairies or other mythological origins. The "mythological theory" does go back to at least to 1584, when Reginald Scot identified Robin Hood with the Germanic goblin "Hudgin" or Hodekin and associated him with Robin Goodfellow.[39] Maurice Keen[40] provides a brief summary and useful critique of the view that Robin Hood had mythological origins. A. J. Pollard (2004) stressed the symbolical significance of the "perpetual springtime" of the ballads.[41] Other modern authors reject this line of argument as untenable.[42]
While Robin Hood and his men often show great skill in archery, swordplay and disguise, they are no more exaggerated than those characters in other ballads, such as Kinmont Willie, which were based on historical events.[43] A "Robin and Marion" figured in 13th-century French "pastourelles" (of which Jeu de Robin et Marion c. 1280 is a literary version) and presided over the French May festivities, "this Robin and Marion tended to preside, in the intervals of the attempted seduction of the latter by a series of knights, over a variety of rustic pastimes."[44] In the Jeu de Robin and Marion, Robin and his companions have to rescue Marion from the clutches of a "lustful knight".[45] Dobson and Taylor in their survey of the legend, in which they reject the mythological theory, nevertheless regard it as "highly probable" that this French Robin's name and functions travelled to the English May Games where they fused with the Robin Hood legend.[44]
The origin of the legend is claimed by some to have stemmed from actual outlaws, or from tales of outlaws, such as Hereward the Wake, Eustace the Monk, Fulk FitzWarin[5] and William Wallace.[46] Hereward appears in a ballad much like Robin Hood and the Potter, and as the Hereward ballad is older, it appears to be the source. The ballad Adam Bell, Clym of the Cloughe and Wyllyam of Cloudeslee runs parallel to Robin Hood and the Monk, but it is not clear whether either one is the source for the other, or whether they merely show that such tales were told of outlaws.[47]
Some early Robin Hood stories appear to be unique, such as the story wherein Robin gives a knight, generally called Richard at the Lee, money to pay off his mortgage to an abbot, but this may merely indicate that no parallels have survived.[48]
There are a number of theories that attempt to identify a historical Robin Hood. A difficulty with any such historical search is that "Robert" was in medieval England a very common given name, and "Robin" (or Robyn), especially in the 13th century, was its very common diminutive.[49] The surname "Hood" (or Hude or Hode etc.), referring ultimately to the head-covering, was also fairly common. Unsurprisingly, therefore, there are a number of people called "Robert Hood" or "Robin Hood" to be found in medieval records. Some of them are on record for having fallen afoul of the law, but this is not necessarily significant to the legend.[50]
The early ballads give a number of possible historical clues: notably, the Gest names the reigning king as "Edward", but the ballads cannot be assumed to be reliable in such details.[51] This is of little help as in addition to King Edward I who took the throne in 1272 with an Edward on the throne until the death of Edward III in 1377, you have Edward the Elder (900–924), Edward the Martyr (975–978) and Edward the Confessor (1042–1066)
On the other hand, what appears to be the first known example of "Robin Hood" as stock name for an outlaw dates to 1262 in Berkshire, where the surname "Robehod" was applied to a man apparently because he had been outlawed.[52] This could suggest two main possibilities: either that an early form of the Robin Hood legend was already well established in the mid-13th century; or alternatively that the name "Robin Hood" preceded the outlaw hero that we know; so that the "Robin Hood" of legend was so called because that was seen as an appropriate name for an outlaw.
It has long been suggested, notably by John Maddicott, that "Robin Hood" was a stock alias used by thieves.[53] The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica remarks that 'hood' was a common dialectical form of 'wood'; and that the outlaw's name has been given as "Robin Wood".[25] There are indeed a number of references to Robin Hood as Robin Wood, or Whood, or Whod, from the 16th and 17th centuries. The earliest recorded example, in connection with May games in Somerset, dates from 1518.[54]
One well-known theory of origin was proposed by Joseph Hunter in 1852. Hunter identified the outlaw with a "Robyn Hode" recorded as employed by Edward II in 1323 during the king's progress through Lancashire. This Robyn Hode was identified with (one or more people called) Robert Hood living in Wakefield before and after that time. Comparing the available records with especially the Gest and also other ballads, Hunter developed a fairly detailed theory according to which Robin Hood was an adherent of the rebel Earl of Lancaster, defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322.
According to this theory, Robin Hood was pardoned and employed by the king in 1323. (The Gest does relate that Robin Hood was pardoned by "King Edward" and taken into his service.) The theory supplies Robin Hood with a wife, Matilda, thought to be the origin of Maid Marian, and Hunter also conjectured that the author of the Gest may have been the religious poet Richard Rolle (1290–1349), who lived in the village of Hampole in Barnsdale.[55]
This theory has long been recognised to have serious problems, one of the most serious being that "Robin Hood" and similar names were already used as nicknames for outlaws in the 13th century. Another is that there is no direct evidence that Hunter's Hood had ever been an outlaw or any kind of criminal or rebel at all; the theory is built on conjecture and coincidence of detail.[56] Finally, recent research has shown that Hunter's Robyn Hood had been employed by the king at an earlier stage, thus casting doubt on this Robyn Hood's supposed earlier career as outlaw and rebel.[57]
Another theory identifies him with the historical outlaw Roger Godberd, who was a die-hard supporter of Simon de Montfort, which would place Robin Hood around the 1260s.[22] There are certainly parallels between Godberd's career and that of Robin Hood as he appears in the Gest. John Maddicott has called Godberd "that prototype Robin Hood".[58] Some problems with this theory are that there is no evidence that Godberd was ever known as Robin Hood and no sign in the early Robin Hood ballads of the specific concerns of de Montfort's revolt.[56]
Another well-known theory, first proposed by the historian L. V. D. Owen in 1936 and more recently floated by J.C. Holt and others, is that the original Robin Hood might be identified with an outlawed Robert Hood, or Hod, or Hobbehod, all apparently the same man, referred to in nine successive Yorkshire Pipe Rolls between 1226 and 1234.[59][60] There is no evidence however that this Robert Hood, although an outlaw, was also a bandit.[61]
Ballads and tales
The earliest surviving text of a Robin Hood ballad is "Robin Hood and the Monk".[62] This is preserved in Cambridge University manuscript Ff.5.48. It was written shortly after 1450.[63] It contains many of the elements still associated with the legend, from the Nottingham setting to the bitter enmity between Robin and the local sheriff.
The first printed version is A Gest of Robyn Hode (c. 1475), a collection of separate stories which attempts to unite the episodes into a single continuous narrative.[64] After this comes "Robin Hood and the Potter",[65] contained in a manuscript of c. 1503. "The Potter" is markedly different in tone from "The Monk": whereas the earlier tale is "a thriller"[27] the latter is more comic, its plot involving trickery and cunning rather than straightforward force. The difference between the two texts recalls Bower's claim that Robin-tales may be both 'comedies and tragedies'.
Other early texts are dramatic pieces such as the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham[66] (c. 1472). These are particularly noteworthy as they show Robin's integration into May Day rituals towards the end of the Middle Ages; Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham, among other points of interest, contains the earliest reference to Friar Tuck.
The plots of neither "the Monk" nor "the Potter" are included in the Gest; and neither is the plot of "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne" which is probably at least as old as those two ballads although preserved in a more recent copy. Each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, so it is unclear how much of the medieval legend has survived, and what has survived may not be typical of the medieval legend. It has been argued that the fact that the surviving ballads were preserved in written form in itself makes it unlikely they were typical; in particular stories with an interest for the gentry were by this view more likely to be preserved.[67] The story of Robin's aid to the "poor knight" that takes up much of the Gest may be an example.
The character of Robin in these first texts is rougher edged than in his later incarnations. In "Robin Hood and the Monk", for example, he is shown as quick tempered and violent, assaulting Little John for defeating him in an archery contest; in the same ballad Much the Miller's Son casually kills a "little page" in the course of rescuing Robin Hood from prison.[7] No extant ballad actually shows Robin Hood "giving to the poor", although in a "A Gest of Robyn Hode" Robin does make a large loan to an unfortunate knight which he does not in the end require to be repaid;[68] and later in the same ballad Robin Hood states his intention of giving money to the next traveller to come down the road if he happens to be poor.
- Of my good he shall haue some,
- Yf he be a por man.[69]
As it happens the next traveller is not poor, but it seems in context that Robin Hood is stating a general policy. From the beginning Robin Hood is on the side of the poor; the Gest quotes Robin Hood as instructing his men that when they rob:
- loke ye do no husbonde harme
- That tilleth with his ploughe.
- No more ye shall no gode yeman
- That walketh by gren-wode shawe;
- Ne no knyght ne no squyer
- That wol be a gode felawe.[70]
And in its final lines the Gest sums up:
- he was a good outlawe,
- And dyde pore men moch god.
Within Robin Hood's band medieval forms of courtesy rather than modern ideals of equality are generally in evidence. In the early ballads Robin's men usually kneel before him in strict obedience: in A Gest of Robyn Hode the king even observes that "His men are more at his byddynge/Then my men be at myn." Their social status, as yeomen, is shown by their weapons; they use swords rather than quarterstaffs. The only character to use a quarterstaff in the early ballads is the potter, and Robin Hood does not take to a staff until the 18th century Robin Hood and Little John.[71]
The political and social assumptions underlying the early Robin Hood ballads have long been controversial. It has been influentially argued by J. C. Holt that the Robin Hood legend was cultivated in the households of the gentry, and that it would be mistaken to see in him a figure of peasant revolt. He is not a peasant but a yeoman, and his tales make no mention of the complaints of the peasants, such as oppressive taxes.[72] He appears not so much as a revolt against societal standards as an embodiment of them, being generous, pious, and courteous, opposed to stingy, worldly, and churlish foes.[73] Other scholars have by contrast stressed the subversive aspects of the legend, and see in the medieval Robin Hood ballads a plebeian literature hostile to the feudal order.[74]
Although the term "Merry Men" belongs to a later period, the ballads do name several of Robin's companions.[75] These include Will Scarlet (or Scathlock), Much the Miller's Son, and Little John – who was called "little" as a joke, as he was quite the opposite.[76] Even though the band is regularly described as being over a hundred men, usually only three or four are specified. Some appear only once or twice in a ballad: Will Stutely in Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly and Robin Hood and Little John; David of Doncaster in Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow; Gilbert with the White Hand in A Gest of Robyn Hode; and Arthur a Bland in Robin Hood and the Tanner.[76]
Printed versions of the Robin Hood ballads, generally based on the Gest, appear in the early 16th century, shortly after the introduction of printing in England. Later that century Robin is promoted to the level of nobleman: he is styled Earl of Huntingdon, Robert of Locksley, or Robert Fitz Ooth. In the early ballads, by contrast, he was a member of the yeoman classes, which included common freeholders possessing a small landed estate.[77]
May Day and fairs
By the early 15th century at the latest, Robin Hood had become associated with May Day celebrations, with revellers dressing as Robin or as members of his band for the festivities. This was not common throughout England, but in some regions the custom lasted until Elizabethan times, and during the reign of Henry VIII, was briefly popular at court.[78] Robin was often allocated the role of a May King, presiding over games and processions, but plays were also performed with the characters in the roles,[79] sometimes performed at church ales, a means by which churches raised funds.[80]
A complaint of 1492, brought to the Star Chamber, accuses men of acting riotously by coming to a fair as Robin Hood and his men; the accused defended themselves on the grounds that the practice was a long-standing custom to raise money for churches, and they had not acted riotously but peaceably.[81]
It is from the association with the May Games that Robin's romantic attachment to Maid Marian (or Marion) apparently stems. The naming of Marian may have come from the French pastoral play of c. 1280, the Jeu de Robin et Marion, although this play is distinct from the English legends.[78] Both Robin and Marian were certainly associated with May Day festivities in England (as was Friar Tuck), but these may have been originally two distinct types of performance – Alexander Barclay in his Ship of Fools, writing in c. 1500, refers to "some merry fytte of Maid Marian or else of Robin Hood" – but the characters were brought together.[75] Marian did not immediately gain the unquestioned role; in Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage, his sweetheart is 'Clorinda the Queen of the Shepherdesses'.[82] Clorinda survives in some later stories as an alias of Marian.[76]
Robin Hood and King Richard the Lionheart
In the 16th century, Robin Hood is given a specific historical setting. Up until this point there was little interest in exactly when Robin's adventures took place. The original ballads refer at various points to "King Edward", without stipulating whether this is Edward I, Edward II, or Edward III.[83] Hood may thus have been active at any point between 1272 and 1377. However, during the 16th century the stories become fixed to the 1190s, the period in which King Richard was absent from the country, fighting in the crusades.[84] This date is first proposed by John Mair in his Historia Majoris Britanniæ (1521), and gains popular acceptance by the end of the century.
Giving Robin an aristocratic title and female love interest (Maid Marian), and placing him in the historical context of the true king's absence, all represent moves to domesticate his legend and reconcile it to ruling powers. In this, his legend is similar to that of King Arthur, which morphed from a dangerous masculine story to a more comfortable, chivalrous romance under the troubadours serving Eleanor of Aquitaine. From the 16th century on, the legend of Robin Hood is often used to promote the hereditary ruling class, romance, and religious piety. The "criminal" element is retained to provide dramatic colour, rather than as a real challenge to convention.[85]
Robin Hood, the high-minded Saxon yeoman
The idea of Robin Hood as a high-minded Saxon fighting Norman lords also originates in the 19th century. The most notable contributions to this idea of Robin are Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry's Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands (1825) and Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819).
Robin Hood in Ivanhoe
Robin Hood, initially under the name of Locksley, is a character along with his "merry men" in Ivanhoe, a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott published in 1820, and set in 12th-century England. The character that Scott gave to Robin Hood in Ivanhoe helped shape the modern notion of this figure as a cheery noble outlaw. In the novel he is a follower of King Richard the Lionheart and helps him and Wilfred Ivanhoe to fight against the Templars. It is in this work, the modern Robin Hood – "King of Outlaws and prince of good fellows!" as Richard the Lionheart calls him – makes his debut.[86]
New characters and new attributes for Robin
In 1598, Anthony Munday wrote a pair of plays on the Robin Hood legend, The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (published 1601). The 17th century introduced the minstrel Alan-a-Dale. He first appeared in a 17th-century broadside ballad, and unlike many of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend.[82] This is also the era in which the character of Robin became fixed as stealing from the rich to give to the poor.[87]
New concepts from the 18th century onwards
In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more farcical vein. From this period there are a number of ballads in which Robin is severely "drubbed" by a succession of professionals including a tanner, a tinker and a ranger.[84] In fact, the only character who does not get the better of Hood is the luckless Sheriff. Yet even in these ballads Robin is more than a mere simpleton: on the contrary, he often acts with great shrewdness. The tinker, setting out to capture Robin, only manages to fight with him after he has been cheated out of his money and the arrest warrant he is carrying. In Robin Hood's Golden Prize, Robin disguises himself as a friar and cheats two priests out of their cash. Even when Robin is defeated, he usually tricks his foe into letting him sound his horn, summoning the Merry Men to his aid. When his enemies do not fall for this ruse, he persuades them to drink with him instead.
Other literary references
The continued popularity of the Robin Hood tales is attested by a number of literary references. In As You Like It, the exiled duke and his men "live like the old Robin Hood of England", while Ben Jonson produced the (incomplete) masque The Sad Shepherd, or a Tale of Robin Hood[88] as a satire on Puritanism. Somewhat later, the Romantic poet John Keats composed Robin Hood. To A Friend[89] and Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote a play The Foresters, or Robin Hood and Maid Marian,[90] which was presented with incidental music by Sir Arthur Sullivan in 1892. Later still, T. H. White featured Robin and his band in The Sword in the Stone – anachronistically, since the novel's chief theme is the childhood of King Arthur.[91]
The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood
The Victorian era[92] generated its own distinct versions of Robin Hood. The traditional tales were often adapted for children, most notably in Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, which influenced accounts of Robin Hood through the 20th century.[2] These versions firmly stamp Robin as a staunch philanthropist, a man who takes from the rich to give to the poor. Nevertheless, the adventures are still more local than national in scope: while King Richard's participation in the Crusades is mentioned in passing, Robin takes no stand against Prince John, and plays no part in raising the ransom to free Richard. These developments are part of the 20th century Robin Hood myth.
The idea of Robin Hood as a high-minded Saxon fighting Norman lords also originates in the 19th century. The most notable contributions to this idea of Robin are Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry's Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands (1825) and Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819). In this last work in particular, the modern Robin Hood – "King of Outlaws and prince of good fellows!" as Richard the Lionheart calls him – makes his debut.[86]
20th century onwards
The 20th century grafted still further details on to the original legends. The 1938 film, The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland, portrayed Robin as a hero on a national scale, leading the oppressed Saxons in revolt against their Norman overlords while Richard the Lionheart fought in the Crusades; this movie established itself so definitively that many studios resorted to movies about his son (invented for that purpose) rather than compete with the image of this one.[93]
Movies, animations, new concepts and other adaptations
Walt Disney's Robin Hood
In the 1973 animated Disney film, Robin Hood, the title character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic fox voiced by Brian Bedford. Years before Robin Hood had even entered production, Disney had considered doing a project on Reynard the Fox. However, due to concerns that Reynard was unsuitable as a hero, animator Ken Anderson lifted many elements from Reynard into Robin Hood, thus making the titular character a fox.[citation needed]
Robin and Marian
The 1976 British-American film Robin and Marian, starring Sean Connery as Robin Hood and Audrey Hepburn as Maid Marian, portrays the figures in later years after Robin has returned from service with Richard the Lionheart in a foreign crusade and Marian has gone into seclusion in a nunnery. This is the first in popular culture to portray King Richard as less than perfect.
A Muslim among the Merry Men
Since the 1980s, it has become commonplace to include a Saracen (Muslim) among the Merry Men, a trend which began with the character Nasir in the 1984 ITV Robin of Sherwood television series. Later versions of the story have followed suit: the 1991 movie Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves and 2006 BBC TV series Robin Hood each contain equivalents of Nasir, in the figures of Azeem and Djaq, respectively.[93] The latest movie version, 2010's Robin Hood, did not include a Saracen character. The character Azeem in the 1991 movie Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves was originally called Nasir, until a crew member who worked on Robin of Sherwood pointed out that the Nasir Character was not part of the original legend and was created for the show Robin of Sherwood. The name was immediately changed to Azeem to avoid any potential copyright issues.
Robin Hood in France
Between 1963 and 1966, French television broadcast a medievalist series entitled Thierry La Fronde (Thierry the Sling). This successful series, which was also shown in Canada, Poland (Thierry Śmiałek), Australia (The King's Outlaw), and the Netherlands (Thierry de Slingeraar), transposes the English Robin Hood narrative into late medieval France during the Hundred Years' War.[94]
Evolution of concepts
The Robin Hood legend has been subject to numerous shifts and mutations throughout its history. Robin himself has evolved from a yeoman bandit to a national hero of epic proportions, who not only supports the poor by taking from the rich, but heroically defends the throne of England itself from unworthy and venal claimants.
Connections to existing locations
In modern versions of the legend, Robin Hood is said to have taken up residence in the verdant Sherwood Forest in the county of Nottinghamshire. For this reason the people of present-day Nottinghamshire have a special affinity with Robin Hood, often claiming him as the symbol of their county. For example, major road signs entering the shire depict Robin Hood with his bow and arrow, welcoming people to 'Robin Hood County'. BBC Radio Nottingham also uses the phrase 'Robin Hood County' on its regular programmes. The Robin Hood Way runs through Nottinghamshire and the county is home to literally thousands of other places, roads, inns and objects bearing Robin's name.[citation needed]
Specific sites linked to Robin Hood include the Major Oak tree, claimed to have been used by him as a hideout,[95] Robin Hood's Well, located near Newstead Abbey (within the boundaries of Sherwood Forest), and the Church of St. Mary in the village of Edwinstowe, where Robin and Maid Marian are historically thought to have wed.[96] To reinforce this belief, the University of Nottingham in 2010 has begun the Nottingham Caves Survey with the goal "to increase the tourist potential of these sites". The project "will use a 3D laser scanner to produce a three dimensional record of more than 450 sandstone caves around Nottingham".[97]
However, the Nottingham setting is a matter of some contention. While the Sheriff of Nottingham and the town itself appear in early ballads, and Sherwood is specifically mentioned in the early ballad Robin Hood and the Monk, certain of the original ballads (even those with Nottingham references) locate Robin on occasion in Barnsdale (the area between Pontefract and Doncaster), approximately fifty miles north of Nottingham, in the county of Yorkshire; furthermore, it has been suggested that the ballads placed in this area are far more geographically specific and accurate.[98] This is reinforced for some by the alleged similarity of Locksley to the area of Loxley, South Yorkshire, in Sheffield, where in nearby Tideswell, which was the "Kings Larder" in the Royal Forest of the Peak, a record of the appearance of a "Robert de Lockesly" in court is found, dated 1245. As "Robert" and its diminutives were amongst the most common of names at the time, and also since it was usual for men to adopt the name of their hometown ("De Lockesly" means simply, "Of [or from] Lockesly"), the record could just as easily be referring to any man from the area named Robert. Although it cannot be proven whether or not this is the man himself, it is further believed by some that Robin had a brother called Thomas – an assertion with no documentary evidence whatsoever to support it in any of the stories, tales or ballads. If the Robert mentioned above was indeed Robin Hood, and if he did have a brother named Thomas, then consideration of the following reference may lend this theory a modicum of credence:
- 24) No. 389, f0- 78. Ascension Day, 29 H. III., Nic Meverill, with John Kantia, on the one part, and Henry de Leke. Henry released to Nicholas and John 5 m. rent, which he received from Nicolas and John and Robert de Lockesly for his life from the lands of Gellery, in consideration of receiving from each of them 2M (2 marks). only, the said Henry to live at table with one of them and to receive 2M. annually from the other. T., Sampson de Leke, Magister Peter Meverill, Roger de Lockesly, John de Leke, Robert fil Umfred, Rico de Newland, Richard Meverill. (25) No. 402, p. 80 b. Thomas de Lockesly bound himself that he would not sell his lands at Leke, which Nicolas Meveril had rendered to him, under a penalty of L40 (40 pounds).
A pound was 240 silver pence, and a mark was 160 silver pence (i.e., 13 shillings and fourpence).
It is again, however, equally likely that Nicolas, John, Robert and Thomas were simply members of a family which came from the area.
In Barnsdale Forest, Yorkshire, there is a well known as Robin Hood's Well (by the side of the Great North Road), a Little John's Well (near Hampole) and a Robin Hood's stream (in Highfields Wood at Woodlands). There is something of a modern movement amongst Yorkshire residents to attempt to claim the legend of Robin Hood, to the extent that South Yorkshire's new airport, on the site of the redeveloped RAF Finningley airbase near Doncaster, although ironically in the historic county of Nottinghamshire, has been given the name Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield.
In the city centre of Leeds, West Yorkshire, at 71 Vicar Lane, is a retail clothing store operated by Hugo Boss. This was the previous location of a pub/music venue known as The Duchess of York which was previously known as the Robin Hood. During an interior refurbishment, wallpaper was removed to reveal a wall mural depicting Robin Hood and his Merry Men in the small snug of the pub. The Landlord at the time, Robin Dover, was photographed standing next to the mural which was published in The Yorkshire Evening Post.
There have been further claims made that he is from Swannington in Leicestershire[99] or Loxley, Warwickshire.
This debate is hardly surprising of course, given the considerable value that the Robin Hood legend has for local tourism. The Sheriff of Nottingham also had jurisdiction in Derbyshire that was known as the "Shire of the Deer", and this is where the Royal Forest of the Peak is found, which roughly corresponds to today's Peak District National Park. The Royal Forest included Bakewell, Tideswell, Castleton, Ladybower and the Derwent Valley near Loxley. The Sheriff of Nottingham possessed property near Loxley, amongst other places both far and wide including Hazlebadge Hall, Peveril Castle and Haddon Hall. Mercia, to which Nottingham belonged, came to within three miles of Sheffield City Centre. But before the Law of the Normans was the Law of the Danes, The Danelaw had a similar boundary to that of Mercia but had a population of Free Peasantry which were known to have resisted the Norman occupation. Many outlaws could have been created by the refusal to recognise Norman Forest Law.[100] The supposed grave of Little John can be found in Hathersage, also in the Peak District.
Robin Hood himself was once thought to have been buried in the grounds of Kirklees Priory between Brighouse and Mirfield in West Yorkshire, although for the reasons given above this theory has now largely been abandoned. There is an elaborate grave there with the inscription referred to above. The story said that the Prioress was a relative of Robin's. Robin was ill and staying at the Priory where the Prioress was supposedly caring for him. However, she betrayed him, his health worsened, and he eventually died there.
Before he died, he told Little John (or possibly another of his Merry Men) where to bury him. He shot an arrow from the Priory window, and where the arrow landed was to be the site of his grave. The grave with the inscription is within sight of the ruins of the Kirklees Priory, behind the Three Nuns pub in Mirfield, West Yorkshire. The grave can be visited on occasional organised walks, organised by Calderdale Council Tourist Information office.
Further indications of the legend's connection with West Yorkshire (and particularly Calderdale) are noted in the fact that there are pubs called the Robin Hood in both nearby Brighouse and at Cragg Vale; higher up in the Pennines beyond Halifax, where Robin Hood Rocks can also be found. Robin Hood Hill is near Outwood, West Yorkshire, not far from Lofthouse. There is a village in West Yorkshire called Robin Hood, on the A61 between Leeds and Wakefield and close to Rothwell and Lofthouse. Considering these references to Robin Hood, it is not surprising that the people of both South and West Yorkshire lay some claim to Robin Hood, who, if he existed, could easily have roamed between Nottingham, Lincoln, Doncaster and right into West Yorkshire.
There are also modern theories that Robin Hood was in fact Welsh, and was called Rybyn Hod.[citation needed] In fact, the Welsh city of Swansea has in recent years been known as "Hodsville" in reference to the mythical figure. Sites around Swansea that lend credence to this theory include Rybyn Hod's Hatshop, Rybyn Hod's Stoop, Rybyn Hod's Wad (a thicket of trees located off Rifleman's Row) and Rybyn Hod's Fortress, which according to local legend was on the site of the current Morriston Tabernacle.
A British Army Territorial (reserves) battalion formed in Nottingham in 1859 was known as The Robin Hood Battalion through various reorganisations until the "Robin Hood" name finally disappeared in 1992. With the 1881 Childers Reforms that linked regular and reserve units into regimental families, the Robin Hood Battalion became part of The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment).
A Neolithic causewayed enclosure on Salisbury Plain has acquired the name Robin Hood's Ball, although had Robin Hood existed it is doubtful that he would have travelled so far south.
List of traditional ballads
Ballads are the oldest existing form of the Robin Hood legends, although none of them are recorded at the time of the first allusions to him, and many are much later. They share many common features, often opening with praise of the greenwood and relying heavily on disguise as a plot device, but include a wide variation in tone and plot.[101] The ballads below are sorted into three groups, very roughly according to date of first known free-standing copy. Ballads whose first recorded version appears (usually incomplete) in the Percy Folio may appear in later versions[102] and may be much older than the mid-17th century when the Folio was compiled. Any ballad may be older than the oldest copy which happens to survive, or descended from a lost older ballad. For example, the plot of Robin Hood's Death, found in the Percy Folio, is summarised in the 15th-century A Gest of Robyn Hode, and it also appears in an 18th-century version.[103]
Early ballads (i.e., surviving in 15th- or early-16th-century copies)
Ballads appearing in 17th-century Percy Folio
NB. The first two ballads listed here (the "Death" and "Gisborne"), although preserved in 17th century copies, are generally agreed to preserve the substance of late medieval ballads. The third (the "Curtal Friar") and the fourth (the "Butcher"), also probably have late medieval origins.[104]
- Robin Hood's Death
- Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne
- Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar
- Robin Hood and the Butcher
- Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly
- Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires
- The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
- Robin Hood and Queen Katherine
Other ballads
- A True Tale of Robin Hood
- Robin Hood and the Bishop
- Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
- Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
- Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon
- Robin Hood and the Ranger
- Robin Hood and the Scotchman
- Robin Hood and the Tanner
- Robin Hood and the Tinker
- Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
- Robin Hood Newly Revived
- Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage
- Robin Hood's Chase
- Robin Hood's Delight
- Robin Hood's Golden Prize
- Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham
- The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood
- The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood
- The Noble Fisherman
Some ballads, such as Erlinton, feature Robin Hood in some variants, where the folk hero appears to be added to a ballad pre-existing him and in which he does not fit very well.[105] He was added to one variant of Rose Red and the White Lily, apparently on no more connection than that one hero of the other variants is named "Brown Robin."[106] Francis James Child indeed retitled Child ballad 102; though it was titled The Birth of Robin Hood, its clear lack of connection with the Robin Hood cycle (and connection with other, unrelated ballads) led him to title it Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter in his collection.[107]
Popular culture
Main characters of the folklore
- Robin Hood (a.k.a. Robin of Loxley or Locksley)
- The band of "Merry Men"
- Maid Marian
- King Richard the Lionheart
- Prince John
- Sir Guy of Gisbourne
- The Sheriff of Nottingham
See also
- William Tell
- Tadas Blinda
- Eustace Folville
- Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd
- Ivanhoe
- Juraj Jánošík
- Iancu Jianu
- Rummu Jüri
- Ustym Karmaliuk
- Ned Kelly
- Im Kkeokjeong
- Nezumi Kozō
- Redmond O'Hanlon
- Redistribution of wealth
- Robin Hood tax
- Chucho el Roto
- Schinderhannes
- Kobus van der Schlossen
- Trysting Tree
- Verysdale
- William de Wendenal
- Mike the Knight
- ^ J. C. Holt, Robin Hood, Thames and Hudson, 1989, pp. 184–185.
- ^ a b "Robin Hood: Development of a Popular Hero." From The Robin Hood Project at the University of Rochester. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
- ^ "Merry-man" has referred to the follower of an outlaw since at least the late 14th century. See Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ The Child Ballads 117 "A Gest of Robyn Hode" (c 1450) "Whan they were clothed in Lincoln Green "
- ^ a b Holt, p. 62.
- ^ Knight, Robin Hood: a mythic biography pp. 142–143
- ^ a b Robin Hood and the Monk. Records also show that he lived in Wakefield, Yorkshire, in the 13th and 14th centuries. From Child's edition of the ballad, online at Sacred Texts, 119A: Robin Hood and the Monk Stanza 16:
- Then Robyn goes to Notyngham,
- Hym selfe mornyng allone,
- And Litull John to mery Scherwode,
- The pathes he knew ilkone.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, p. 18: "On balance therefore these 15th-century references to the Robin Hood legend seem to suggest that during the later Middle Ages the outlaw hero was more closely related to Barnsdale than Sherwood."
- ^ "Robin Hood – Evidence for Yorkshire". Icons.org.uk. 24 October 2007.
- ^ "Robin Hood – On the move?". BBC.co.uk. 24 October 2007.
- ^ "In the footsteps of Robin Hood". Channel4.com. 24 October 2007.
- ^ Knight, Stephen (2003). Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Ithica, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 84–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-3885-1.
- ^ A Gest of Robin Hood stanzas 10–15, stanza 292 (archery) 117A: The Gest of Robyn Hode. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 203. Friar Tuck is mentioned in the play fragment Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham dated to c. 1475.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 5, 16.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 14–16.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 34.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 33, 44, 220–223.
- ^ Singmam, 1998, Robin Hood; The Shaping of the Legend p. 62.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 41. "It was here [the May Games] that he encountered and assimilated into his own legend the jolly friar and Maid Marian, almost invariably among the performers in the 16th century morris dance." Dobson and Taylor have suggested that theories on the origin of Friar Tuck often founder on a failure to recognise that "he was the product of the fusion between two very different friars", a "bellicose outlaw", and the May Games figure.
- ^ a b See BBC website, accessed 19 August 2008 on the Godberd theory. The real Robin Hood.
- ^ Molyneux-Smith, Tony. 1998. Robin Hood and the Lords of Wellow. Nottingham: Nottingham County Council Leisure Services Department
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. ix
- ^ a b A number of such theories are mentioned at 1911 Britannica article on "Robin Hood" at LoveToKnow Robin Hood.
- ^ Robert Graves English and Scottish Ballads. London: William Heinemann, 1957; New York: Macmillan, 1957. See, in particular, Graves' notes to his reconstruction of Robin Hood's Death.
- ^ a b Holt
- ^ Rot. Parl. v. 16.
- ^ "V.396 in Schmidt's ed". Hti.umich.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 5
- ^ J. R. Maddicott, "Sir Edward the First and the Lessons of Baronial Reform" in Coss and Loyd ed, Thirteenth century England:1 Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1985, Boydell and Brewer, p. 2
- ^ Maurice Hugh Keen The Outlaws of Medieval England, 1987, Routledge
- ^ Passage quoted and commented on in Stephen Knights, Robin Hood; A Mythic Biography, Cornell University Press, 2003, p. 5
- ^ Luxford, Julian M. (2009). "An English chronicle entry on Robin Hood". Journal of Medieval History 35 (1): 70–76. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2009.01.002.
- ^ Act IV, Scene 1, line 36–7
- ^ The Annotated Edition of the English Poets – Early ballads (London, 1856, p. 70)
- ^ Wright, p. 104
- ^ Women from The Wright's Chaste Wife, by Adam of Cobsam at Project Gutenberg
- ^ Reginald Scot "Discourse upon divels and spirits" Chapter 21, quoted in Charles P. G. Scott "The Devil and His Imps: An Etymological Investigation" page 129 Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869–1896) Vol. 26, (1895), pp. 79–146 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press jstor.org
- ^ The Outlaws of Medieval England Appendix 1, 1987, Routledge, ISBN 0-7102-1203-8.
- ^ 2004, Imagining Robin Hood: The Late-Medieval Stories in Historical Context, Routledge ISBN 0-415-22308-3.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 63, also quoting Francis Child to the same effect
- ^ Holt, p. 57.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, p. 42.
- ^ Maurice Keen The Outlaws of Medieval England Appendix 1, 1987, Routledge, ISBN 0-7102-1203-8.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 33.
- ^ Holt, p. 73.
- ^ Holt, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of Christian Names, EG Withycombe, 1950.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, introduction pages 11–12.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, introduction page 13, criticising Joseph Hunter's "quite remarkable belief in the historical accuracy of the Gest."
- ^ D. Crook English Historical Review XCIX (1984) pp. 530–34; discussed in Dobson & Taylor, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 12, 39n, and chapter on place-names.
- ^ Joseph Hunter, The Great Hero of the Ancient Minstrelsy of England: Robin Hood, his period, real character etc, Investigated and perhaps Ascertained, JR Smith, 1852. Quoted in the Gentlemans Magazine "The Discovery of the Veritable Robin Hood" 1854 p. 160f. Online at Google digitized books.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, introduction.
- ^ Holt, pp. 75–76, summarised in Dobson & Taylor, p. xvii.
- ^ J. R. Maddicott, "Edward the First and the Lessons of Baronial Reform" in Coss and Loyd ed, Thirteenth century England:1 Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1985, Boydell and Brewer, p. 2.
- ^ Crook, David "The Sheriff of Nottingham and Robin Hood: The Genesis of the Legend?" In Peter R. Coss, S. D. Lloyd, ed Thirteenth Century England University of Newcastle – 1999.
- ^ E372/70, rot. 1d, 12 lines from bottom.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. xvii.
- ^ "Robin Hood and the Monk". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ Introduction accompanying Knight and Ohlgren's 1997 ed.
- ^ Ohlgren, Thomas, Robin Hood: The Early Poems, 1465–1560, (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2007), From Script to Print: Robin Hood and the Early Printers, pp. 97–134
- ^ "Robin Hood and the Potter". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ "Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ Singman, Jeffrey L. Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend Published 1998, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 51 ISBN 0-313-30101-8
- ^ Holt, p. 11
- ^ Child Ballads 117A:210, ie A Gest of Robyn Hode stanza 210
- ^ 117A: The Gest of Robyn Hode stanzas 13–14 A Gest of Robyn Hode
- ^ Holt, p. 36
- ^ Holt, pp. 37–38
- ^ Holt, p. 10
- ^ Singman, Jeffrey L Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend, 1998, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 46, and first chapter as a whole. ISBN 0-313-30101-8
- ^ a b Jeffrey Richards, Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York, p. 190, Routledge & Kegan Paul, Lond, Henly and Boston, 1988
- ^ a b c Allen W. Wright, "A Beginner's Guide to Robin Hood"
- ^ Holt, p. 159
- ^ a b Hutton, 1997, pp. 270–1
- ^ Hutton, 1996, p. 32
- ^ Hutton, 1996, p. 31
- ^ Holt, pp. 148–9
- ^ a b Holt, p. 165
- ^ Holt, p. 37
- ^ a b Holt, p. 170
- ^ The Times (London), 11 July 1999
- ^ a b Allen W. Wright, "Wolfshead through the Ages Revolutions and Romanticism"
- ^ Holt, p. 184
- ^ "Johnson's "The Sad Shepherd"". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ "Keats' "Robin Hood. To a friend"". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ "Tennyson's "The Foresters"". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ W.R. Irwin, The Game of the Impossible, p. 151, University of Illinois Press, Urbana Chicago London, 1976
- ^ Egan, Pierce the Younger (1846). Robin Hood and Little John or The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest. Pub. George Peirce. London.
- ^ a b Allen W. Wright, "Wolfshead through the Ages Films and Fantasy"
- ^ See Richard Utz, "Robin Hood, Frenched," in: Medieval Afterlives in Popular Culture, ed. by Gail Ashton and Daniel T. Kline (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012): 145–58.
- ^ Nottinghamshire County Council. "Major Oak". Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ Edwinstowe Parish Council. "Edwinstowe". Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ "Laser to scan Robin Hood's prison under Nottingham city". BBC News. 20 April 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ Holt, p. 83
- ^ "Big It Up Bulletin-May issue". .le.ac.uk. 29 April 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ^ "According to Ancient Custom: Research on the possible Origins and Purpose of Thynghowe Sherwood Forest". Issuu.com. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ Holt, pp. 34–35
- ^ Dobson and Taylor, Appendix 1
- ^ Dobson and Taylor, p. 133
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, see introduction to each individual ballad.
- ^ Child, v. 1, p. 178
- ^ Child, v. 2, p. 416
- ^ Child, v. 2, p. 412
- Baldwin, David (2010). Robin Hood: The English Outlaw Unmasked. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-378-5.
- Barry, Edward (1832). Sur les vicissitudes et les transformations du cycle populaire de Robin Hood. Rignoux.
- Blamires, David (1998). Robin Hood: A Hero for All Times. J. Rylands Univ. Lib. of Manchester. ISBN 0-86373-136-8.
- Child, Francis James (1997). The English and Scottish Popular Ballads 1–5. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43150-5.
- Coghlan, Ronan (2003). The Robin Hood Companion. Xiphos Books. ISBN 0-9544936-0-5.
- Deitweiler, Laurie, Coleman, Diane (2004). Robin Hood Comprehension Guide. Veritas Pr Inc. ISBN 1-930710-77-1.
- Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (2006). The Robin Hood Handbook. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3977-X.
- Dobson, R. B.; Taylor, John (1977). The Rymes of Robin Hood: An Introduction to the English Outlaw. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1661-3.
- Doel, Fran, Doel, Geoff (2000). Robin Hood: Outlaw and Greenwood Myth. Tempus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-1479-8.
- Green, Barbara (2001). Secrets of the Grave. Palmyra Press. ISBN 0-9540164-0-8.
- Hahn, Thomas (2000). Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression and Justice. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-564-6.
- Harris, P. V. (1978). Truth About Robin Hood. Linney. ISBN 0-900525-16-9.
- Hilton, R.H., The Origins of Robin Hood, Past and Present, No. 14. (Nov. 1958), pp. 30–44. Available online at JSTOR.
- Holt, J. C. (1982). Robin Hood. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27541-6.
- Holt, J.C. (1989). "Robin Hood," Perspectives on culture and society, vol. 2, 127–144
- Hutton, Ronald (1997). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-288045-4.
- Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285327-9.
- Knight, Stephen Thomas (1994). Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the English Outlaw. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19486-X.
- Knight, Stephen Thomas (2003). Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3885-3.
- Phillips, Helen (2005). Robin Hood: Medieval and Post-medieval. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-931-8.
- Pollard, A. J. (2004). Imagining Robin Hood: The Late Medieval Stories in Historical Context. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. ISBN 0-415-22308-3.
- Potter, Lewis (1998). Playing Robin Hood: The Legend as Performance in Five Centuries. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-663-6.
- Pringle, Patrick (1991). Stand and Deliver: Highway Men from Robin Hood to Dick Turpin. Dorset Press. ISBN 0-88029-698-4.
- Ritson, Joseph (1832). Robin Hood: A Collection of All the Ancient Poems, Songs, and Ballads, Now Extant Relative to That Celebrated English Outlaw: To Which are Prefixed Historical Anecdotes of His Life. William Pickering. ISBN 1-4212-6209-6.
- Rutherford-Moore, Richard (1999). The Legend of Robin Hood. Capall Bann Publishing. ISBN 1-86163-069-7.
- Rutherford-Moore, Richard (2002). Robin Hood: On the Outlaw Trail. Capall Bann Publishing. ISBN 1-86163-177-4.
- Vahimagi, Tise (1994). British Television: An Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-818336-4.
- Wright, Thomas (1847). Songs and Carols, now first imprinted. Percy Society.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robin Hood.
- Robin Hood on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Robin Hood the Facts and the Fiction, has a lot of information on Robin Hood, ballads, medieval records, place names, analysis on the legend etc.
- BBC History: Robin Hood and his Historical Context
- Home of the World Wide Robin Hood Society in Sherwood, Nottingham, England
- Archaeology and History of Medieval Sherwood Forest
- Robin Hood, Friend of Liberty – Ludwig von Mises Institute
- Robin Hood: Bold Outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood, contains ballads, information on the development of the legend, and interviews with scholars and authors.
- Ben Turner's Robin Hood site one of the first on the web
- The Robin Hood Project at the University of Rochester – Houses a large collection of Robin Hood text and art
- "Robin Hood – the greatest of English myths" on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time featuring Stephen Knight, Thomas Hahn and Dr Juliette Wood
- Robin Hood – from Internet Archive, Project Gutenberg and Google Books (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
- Nottingham Caves Survey
- "Robin Hood". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Robin Hood". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- Disney's Robin Hood characters
- Film characters
- English folklore
- English heroic legends
- English legendary characters
- Fictional earls
- Medieval legends
- Merry Men
- Nottingham
- Robin Hood
- Robin Hood characters
- People whose existence is disputed
- Nottinghamshire folklore
- Fictional archers
- Fictional criminals
- Fictional foxes
- Fictional gentleman thieves
- Fictional swordsmen
- Fictional vigilantes


text:
Peace and tranquility are yours when nature welcomes you just 30 minutes from Seattle! Located in a beautiful forest beside the Raging River, TreeHouse Point offers myriad possibilities for your use and enjoyment! TreeHouse Point offers overnight lodging, accommodations for meetings, weddings and elopement packages, and a special concert series. Turn off the technology, escape from everyday stress, and come enjoy the rejuvenating powers of the Pacific Northwest.
From engagements to weddings, anniversaries to renewing vows, TreeHouse Point is a romantic spot for your celebration! Choose a spot on the river, reserve The Lodge or the Pond Room, or stay the night for your special event. TreeHouse Point also offers an on-staff officiant as well as private yoga and massages. Whether your goal is a quiet getaway for two or a life celebration with friends and family, Pete and Judy Nelson and the whole staff welcomes you!
Looking to build a treehouse? Our property is also home to Nelson Treehouse & Supply, a treehouse building and design team. Visit their website for more details!
In order to protect the privacy of our guests and ensure that our many scheduled events are uninterrupted, visits to the property must be scheduled in advance. Tours of TreeHouse Point are available by appointment only. To purchase tickets for a guided tour of the treehouses, click HERE.


text:
Narrow your search
On the slopes of Sochi, Olympic organizers have more than 400 snow-making machines on stand by. Technology is making it easier and more efficient to make snow, even from a mobile phone. CNET's Sumi Das visits Lake Tahoe to find out what it takes to create a winter wonderland when nature isn't cooperating.
One of the great artistic achievements of the SyFy Channel is returning for another bite. And the artwork announcing it is beauty beyond conception.
The captain hits warble speed with a spirited rendition of "Let it Snow" crafted from video clips of "Star Trek" dialogue.
Net noise about season two of the Neflix hit show pile up like snow in a blizzard Thursday as people try to redefine "video on demand."
A UK Lego genius builds an elaborate version of London landmarks inside a massive snow globe that snows on demand.
Shortly after the French aircraft maker finishes high-elevation tests in Bolivia on one version of the energy-efficient jet, it begins cold-weather testing on Baffin Island.
Intel Mac users will like Snow Leopard's smartly designed interface enhancements, and its Exchange support is a must-have (especially with Outlook for Mac on the way). With a ton of technological improvements, Snow Leopard is worth the $29 upgrade fee.
The Nokia Lumia 920, iPhone 5, and Kindle Fire go skiing for spring break! Can they handle the snow (and snowmobiles)? Plus, we unbox the newest BlackBerry and visit Google Fiber.
In the freezing parts of America, some are entertaining themselves with a snow-making scientific experiment. Oh, they're burning themselves too.
Users of OS X 10.6 will find that Apple has unexpectedly updated Safari 5.


text:
Main Page
Complete Guide to Waze (Under Development)
Waze is a free turn-by-turn GPS navigation application with verbal instructions, free map updates and real-time traffic updates. Social networking and gaming elements are optional features.
Getting Started
If you have problems, try and find your own solution or ask the community for help:
If all else fails, you can email Waze with your problem
Languages and Countries
You can use your language skills to help make Waze better
How You Can Help Make Waze Better You can make Waze better for yourself and everyone else
Problems, bugs and limitations Waze is a fun and sophisticated navigation app. In the many areas where wazers have worked on the maps for just a couple of months, it is already far superior to commercial GPS navigation aids. Waze is the best and keeps getting better.
But it is not perfect. None of these problems stop Waze from working and being useful. But they are listed here for your information, and so you know they are being worked on.
Development plans and priorities Waze is growing fast in features and popularity. This is not a complete list of development areas, but should reassure you that Waze is aware of your concerns and is working to make things better.
Current development focus includes:
Recently completed: