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20930 108th Ave Se, Kent, WA | Directions 9803147.443815 -122.196990
M-F 10am - 1pm & 3pm - 6pm
Sat & Sun - Closed
Excellent Chiropractor – Dr. Dang is very accomodating and an excellent chiropractor
Dr. Mike Dang is great in giving the right treatment to his patient. They are so courteous (Staffs) in that clinic. The massage Therapist is great in giving the therapeutic massage. I would really recommend my friends to this clinic.
Dr. Dang is the Best Chiropractor in Kent Washington – If you are looking for a Chiropractor that takes the time to evaluate your needs and create a plan of action to alleviate the pain you are experiencing, you have to see Dr. Mike Dang. He diagnosed my problem, set up an action plan to relieve my pain and walked me through the whole process. I was a little hesitant at first, but now I count down the days. Best Chiropractor in Kent, Washington in my opinion!
Great Chiropractic – Dr. Dang is fabulous!!! I had some bad experiences with Chiropractors prior to Dr. Dang but now I can say I am a true believer.
Who knew that going in for a foot problem could solve my back problem and sinus problem! WOW! Working with a holistic professional like Dr. Dang is really what you want. Someone who gets to know you and understand you! He feels the trouble spots and knows how to fix them.
I travel from Snoqualmie to Renton just to see him...he is that good!
Thanks Dr. Dang for making me feel great!
Chiropractic care of the highest quality! – What is the definition of top-notch chiropratic care? That's easy - Health Works Chiropractic! Dr. Dang is awesome as well as his staff...consistantly. I always get quality care with every visit. Dr. Dang is well educated, professional and personable. I've been to other places and there's just no comparison. Also, his massage therapist is second to none and his receptionist always greets me with a warm smile and takes the time to ask how my day is going. Honestly, I could go on and on but take my word for it...this is the place to be. As far as I'm concerned, it all begins and ends at Health Works Chiropractic with Dr. Dang and his team.
Dr Dang Best of the Best!!!!!! – I can't express myself with words to describe how happy and pleased I'm with Dr.Dang work.... I had neck and shoulder pain for years until by incident I came to his office. My other major concern was my neck , Dr Dang was very understanding and helpful. I really got the idea that he cares about each and every of his patients!!!Thanks to Dr Dang and Judy she gave me a best massage i ever got in anywhere else.
I would highly recommend this clinic to anyone seeking a great Chiropractic experience!! THANKS Dr Dang.
Best Chiropractor Renton can offer – Dr. Dang: Is a firecracker and very charismatic. Not your average chiropractor. He thoroughly discusses your health history to ensure you're receiving the proper care/treatment. I'm a chiropractic snob and have been seeing DC's for sports/equestrian injuries for most of my adult life.
Dr. Dang's Office: Great location, although hidden from the street with the exception of a small sandwich board sign. The office is painted in warm hues and feels much more welcoming than most DC offices.
It's nice to visit a doctor that is in better shape than his patients. I find it hard taking healthcare advice from anyone who doesn't even take care of themselves! If you need a good doctor who cares about your health and well being be sure to visit Dr. Dang. He spends time with each patient discussing their care and makes each visit count.
Health Works Chiropractic is awesome!!! – As soon as you walk in you're the going to notice the decor, very modern and trendy. What's also cool is that the staff is very friendly. Dr. Dang definitely cares for his patients. I always leave that place feeling great. I would highly recommend it.
Editorial Review – Licensed chiropractor helps alleviate lower back pain and discomfort caused by auto accidents and sports related injuries.
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Strapless Long Chiffon Dress with Flower Detail Style VCM51121
This item is available in stores and online.*
You'll be the one to watch in this ultra feminine chiffon long dress!
A popular neckline for brides seeking a stylish and versatile look (offering unlimited jewelry and accessory options).
A sheer, flowing fabric that drapes well on the body.
A sheer, flowing fabric that drapes well on the body.
Strapless Long Chiffon Dress with Flower Detail Style VCM51121 1 1
Nice Dress The dress is pretty, the flowers are a little bigger then they seem in the photo above. The dress comes with spaghetti straps that you can sew in! You will most likely need to have the dress shorten because it is very long. It is a brighter pink then what my computer screen shows. June 2, 2012
1-1 of 1
*Color & Style representation may vary by monitor. Not responsible for typographical or pictorial errors. Product availability varies by store and online. Some in-store purchases require special order and markdown styles cannot be special ordered. Contact your local store for details.

subset: commoncrawl


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Anthony Weiner Admits to Lewd Photos, Labels Actions a "Personal Failing"by Hilton Hater at .
In the face of mounting evidence - including an investigation of his Twitter platform and the discovery of another inappropriate photo - New York Congressman Anthony Weiner held a press conference today and admitted:
I lied. I did send lewd photos to multiple women online.
The scandal first erupted at the end of May, as a picture of Weiner's covered crotch was found online, purported to be Tweeted to a 21-year old follower. Weiner immediately hired a lawyer, but also gave interviews in which he blamed the incident on a "prank."But that defense became more untenable in the following days, resulting in today's admission.
During the press conference, Weiner said:
- He never met any of the women in question. He's exchanged sexually explicit photos with "at least six women."
- He dodged a question about whether or not he had "phone sex" with them and simply said they were adults and all actions were "consensual."
- He told his wife the truth this morning and she was "very disappointed." She also said she loved him and wanted the couple to "pull through."
- He never asked anyone to lie or orchestrated any kind of cover-up. His staff was unaware of his actions.
- He labeled his actions "a personal failure" and said "I did a regrettable thing and for that I apologize."
- He will not resign.
You can watch the press conference below:
We'll have more on this story as news breaks. For now, you tell us: Should Weiner resign?
From Around the Web
More From The Hollywood Gossip
Sydney Leathers Crashes Anthony Weiner Election Night PartyAnthony Weiner's ill-fated mayoral campaign ended with a visit from none other than Sydney Leathers.
Anthony Weiner Gives Reporter Middle Finger on Election Night, Ends Campaign in StyleAnthony Weiner's campaign for mayor ended exactly as it should have, with a resounding defeat and a profane gesture at a reporter.
Bill de Blasio Leads NYC Democratic Mayoral Primary, Anthony Weiner Mercifully EliminatedBill de Blasio claimed a towering victory in New York's Democratic primary race for mayor, while Anthony Weiner finished a distant fifth.
Anthony Weiner: OWNED By NYC Voter in Jewish Deli Argument!Anthony Weiner got into an argument with a voter in a Jewish deli this morning, proving once and for all why he will never be mayor of New York City.
9 Comments New Comment Subscribe
one more thing he need to admitt is he is not prefect. and just because you think you are so powerful and have plenty of money you are not god, and what happen in the dark or oline with come to the LIGHT SOON OR LATER.just ask ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER,TIGER,the IMF CHEIF,JESSE JAMES,and he said he is a BAD A'' and the BIGGEST LOSER OF THEM ALL WAS THE BIG BAD OSAMA BIN LADEN now if he got caught everyone out there need to come out with the true.because soon or sooner its coming out okay.
Normally I say that a person has the right to take whatever pictures of their own bodies that they please, regardless of their careers. After all, everybody has the right to express and explore their sexuality.
But when you're married, it's wrong to send pictures of your privates to other people and willingly receive pictures of other peoples' privates. That's just my opinion.
All men a scum-like piggles-wiggles. Being a politician does NOT change this. They are also very dumb, which is why women are taking over this world, slowly but surely. Now that it's recognized they are more clear headed and smarter...they are uprising and soon enough, us men will only be good for reproduction. Ah, yup.


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How To Make Biscuits from Scratch
Learn how to make biscuits to start a weekend morning tradition with your family. You can get them into the oven in about 25 minutes, and will only need 5 on-hand ingredients. For the tastiest, most tender buttermilk biscuits, use real butter and soft-wheat flour such as Martha White or White Lily. Serve with more butter, honey, your favorite preserves, or ham for an impressive treat.
Step 1: Use a pastry blender to quickly cut ice-cold butter into flour. As the biscuits bake, the butter melts, creating pockets of steam and lots of tender, flaky layers.
- Recipe: Classic Buttermilk Biscuits


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With some brands' cartridges, you can flip them 180-degrees to fix backwards supply lines. Do not know if yours is one of them. Apparantly, the one you took out was. It is also possible that your valve is installed upside down. Some are designed for a tub and when using it for a shower, you still use the bottom outlet, or move the plug to the other side.
I've read that this tends to happen with back-to-back installations...one of them will be backwards unless you do so fancy cross-overs with the supply piping.
You may need to swap things around.


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Moderators: Suggestions Team, Global Moderators
qwert wrote:"Do you lose points for losing? If so, how many?"
hmm,i think that point table give you answer. Ofcourse you losing points.
Like i say if you are fieldmarshal and you win against cook, you will get 2 mvp point, and cook will lost 2 mvp point. But if you in any way lost against cook,then you will lost 16 mvp point and cook will get 16 mvp point.
Ah, now I see. I was right all along.
It does benefit you to be a low rank. The lower rank you are at the start of the month, the better chance you have to be MVP.
This will cause some people to dump points in order to get a better chance of being MVP.
But the real problem is that it is unfair for high rankers; they will have very little chance of being MVP.
Thank you for your time, Qwert... I'll probably be voting "No," unless we can come up with something different.
Of course, the flip side is, if we make everyone equal, it will lead to point farming... we cannot make it so that you win 20 points no matter who you play.
It may be that there is no right answer, Qwert.
But the right answer cannot be the one you have put forth, because you will end up with a winner who probably started at Sergeant or lower at the start of each month.
Which, of course, is extremely flawed... high ranks should at least have a chance of being MVP
qwert wrote:Huh,i dont know what words to use to understand each other.
First-in page 1 you have several diferent option for calculate mvp points-one of these its to calculate same like main scoreboard,only get points for one month.
Second have hes own calculation, like 3rd sugestion,and also 4th sugestion (last) have totaly diferent calculation for mvp points,and its look that you put all sugestion in on box,because now we get confused.
Just go in page 1 and look each sugestion separate,and not together, because they are not same.
Yes, but a lower rank has a better chance of being MVP when they play high ranked players. The lower rank will lose less points when they lose.qwert wrote:Look-You are high ranked player,right, and option 4 give you chance to be mvp, just need to defeat high ranked players.
If a Colonel point dumps and becomes a sergeant, and then loses to a Colonel, he only loses 8 points. If he were still a Colonel, he would lose 12 points.qwert wrote:option for have nothing with point dumping, because if you drop to be sergeant and you play with colonel, then you will get same points like colonel vs colonel.
qwert wrote:If you want to be mvp,you need to play with high ranked, not with low ranked player.
qwert wrote:I give you examle-major vs major vs colonel-and colonel win get 24 mvp points.
Assume that colonel belive if he drop points in regular board,and belive that he will get more mvp point if he become sergeant-totaly wrong
major vs major vs sergeant-sergeant win get 24 point.
qwert wrote:Now these prevent point dumping,because you dont need to be sergeant to get these number of points.
qwert wrote:That why i call quality ranking- If you are good and play with best,you will have big chance to be mvp,but if you try in easy way(playing with low ranked) then your chances to be mvp its low,even if you beat almsot all low ranked players,you will get less points. These second prevent farming.
qwert wrote:With Formula 4-playing big number with high ranked player give you bect chance to be mvp.
qwert wrote:i must say,that i first time heard that high ranked players are in big disatvantage.
qwert wrote:These is suggestion,its not any kind of order to be implemented.
I realy want to eliminate point dumping,and also i want to prevent point farming, because if i put to all be equal,then high ranked player,will play as much he can with low ranked,because win its secured,and i want to prevent that low ranked players be pigeons in plate.
qwert wrote:Also if you start like sergeant, these not meant that you will end month like sergeant, because in half month you can become colonel,and situation its change, then you will not lost 8,you will lost more points.
qwert wrote:Now we can disscuse over and over again,but if you have some ideas,please present, so that we can explore more.
Return to Implemented Suggestions
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Make custom sample packs in Live - tutorials from King Britt and Mad Zach
In two new videos, Live users King Britt and Mad Zach both present on their methods for collecting, processing and preparing sample packs in Live.
Last time we heard from berkleemusic.com instructor Loudon Stearns, he introduced a new video series on Ableton Live with a look at the nuts and bolts of sidechain compression. In Part 2 of Loudon's Tracks Interact series, he demonstrates how to add some timbral variation to sounds in Live with the Auto Filter effect:


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Customer Reviews
Country Life Coenzyme B-Complex
11 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1373824 From Great Britain on Jul 17, 2009
Purchased at iHerb
These are good B vitamins; even one capsule in the morning is enough to give a nice little boost to energy and alertness. Unfortunately the soy lecithin made me break out. I stopped taking these and my skin started to clear up again. My fault for not reading the label properly. I've still given these five stars though, because they're a quality product and would be great for anyone who doesn't react badly to soy. Having the vitamins in coenzyme form is very beneficial to the body. And a great price, for such a product. CL
Country Life Coenzyme B-Complex 120vcaps
6 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2325953 From California on Mar 17, 2010
Purchased at iHerb
B vitamins work synergistically and must be balanced together in the proper ratio requiring them to be purchased as a complex. Coenzyme B-Complex from Country Life is great because they don't skimp on the expensive stuff, namely the B12, and include many co-factors like Pantothenic Acid, PABA and Lecithin, all at a reasonable price. Great for anyone with epilepsy or recovering from a hangover.
Excellent product!!
9 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1829770 From Kentucky on Mar 28, 2009
Purchased at iHerb
This is the best B-Complex product that I have tried. I noticed a difference in my energylevel within a couple of days. I would recommend this product to anyone.
Very pleased
8 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2047791 From Oregon on May 24, 2009
Purchased at iHerb
I have used Country Life products for many years and I find this formula of B complex to be very easily assimilated. The end result with consistent usage is increased energy and a calmer nervous system. I would recommend this formula or Source Naturals sublingual Co-enzymated B-Complex as an alternative if a tablet is preferred.
good brand
5 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2149023 From Oregon on Aug 03, 2009
Purchased at iHerb
I like this brand, I think I get energy and it dose not up set my tummy.


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Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Biological Sciences
Dr. Julio Morales-Medina selected to attend the "European Pain School at the University of Siena"
Dr. Julio Morales-Medina, a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Heather Caldwell's laboratory in the Biological Sciences Department, was selected to attend the "European Pain School at the University of Siena" as a Scholar.
- Posted Apr. 10, 2014
In an Age of Obesity, Why Do Some Remain Thin?
The tale of two rats, in short, is the story of why some rats (and people) do not gain weight while others do. It suggests a "chicken and egg" question of which comes first – obesity or inactivity.
- Posted Mar. 24, 2014
Kent State Student and Professor Find Effective Alternatives to Current Antibiotic Therapy of Skin Infection
Kent State University undergraduate student Jean Wilson Mutambuze and Jean Engohang-Ndong, Ph.D., assistant professor of biological sciences at Kent State University at Tuscarawas, are conducting a research project that has found a promising new alternative to manage a skin disease called Buruli Ulcer.
- Posted Mar. 17, 2014
BSCI Graduate Student selected to participate in the 64th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting
BSCI Graduate Student, Jennifer Remus from Dr. John Johnson's laboratory, was among a large pool of graduate student's nominated from all over the world.
- Posted Mar. 9, 2014
Kent State Students Explore Insect Diversity at the Stark Campus Biopond
Future, current and past Kent State University students are collaborating for the first insect diversity study at the biopond at Kent State University at Stark.
- Posted Feb. 25, 2014


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Our undergraduate degrees have been designed to support a strong business curriculum while providing for generous transfer credit and prior learning experience opportunities. The faculty are committed to an educational model that focuses on the best blend of professional practice and theory. In addition to the business core, the bachelor's degree programs include a comprehensive General Education program that will focus on writing and communication skills, critical thinking, quantitative skills, and the breadth of a liberal arts education with a business viewpoint.
Learn more about GGU's Undergraduate Academic Programs and Faculty.


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On November 12, 2012 the University of Miami's Veterans Day Tribute included the UM Veteran Students Organization. (From left to right) Carla Garcia, Alexandra Otero Mahjouri, Victoria Brennan, Cleiton Juffo, Tanner Campbell, Mitchell Phillips, UM President Donna E. Shalala, Vice Admiral Joseph D. Kernan, Military Deputy Commander of US South Comm, Matthew Vautrain, Alex Dorsey, Samuel Warn, Kevin Peterson, Eric Golnick. Photo courtesy of University of Miami.
By Alexandra Bassil
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Show how much you love CHKD by purchasing CHKD branded speciality items. The prices are great and proceeds support the special programs and services CHKD provides to the children of our community. With more than 40 fabulous items to choose from, click on a category below to get started.
For questions please contact Randi Burling at Mac Mannes, Inc., 757-215-4572
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APBS is a software package for the numerical solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE), one of the most popular continuum models for describing electrostatic interactions between molecular solutes in salty, aqueous media. Continuum electrostatics plays an important role in several areas of biomolecular simulation, including simulation of diffusional processes to determine ligand-protein and protein-protein binding kinetics, implicit solvent molecular dynamics of biomolecules, solvation and binding energy calculations to determine ligand-protein and protein-protein equilibrium binding constants and aid in rational drug design, and biomolecular titration studies.
The ATLAS (Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software) project is an ongoing research effort focusing on applying empirical techniques in order to provide portable performance. It provides C and Fortran77 interfaces to a portably efficient BLAS implementation, as well as a few routines from LAPACK.
The CFD General Notation System (CGNS) provides a general, portable, and extensible standard for the storage and retrieval of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis data. CGNS is designed to facilitate the exchange of data between sites and applications, and to help stabilize the archiving of aerodynamic data.
CFITSIO is a library of C and Fortran subroutines for reading and writing data files in the FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) data format. It simplifies the task of writing software that deals with FITS files by providing an easy to use set of high-level routines that insulate the programmer from the internal complexities of the FITS file format.
Cactus is a general, modular, parallel environment for solving systems of partial differential equations. The code has been developed over many years by a large international collaboration of numerical relativity and computational science research groups and can be used to provide a portable platform for solving any system of partial differential equations.
ChemApp is a programming tool from the area of computational thermochemistry. It is a library consisting of a rich set of subroutines, based on the thermodynamic phase equilibrium calculation module of ChemSage. It permits the calculation of complex, multicomponent, multiphase chemical equilibria and their associated energy balances. ChemApp is available as object code for a wide range of platforms and as a shared library/DLL. ChemApp "light" is the free version of ChemApp, and although it is restricted in two ways compared to the regular version, it gives you almost the same functionality.
The National Space Science Data Center's (NSSDC) Common Data Format (CDF) is a self-describing data abstraction for the storage and manipulation of multidimensional data in a platform- and discipline-independent fashion. It consists of a scientific data management package (known as the "CDF Library") that allows programmers and application developers to manage and manipulate scalar, vector, and multi-dimensional data arrays.
DISLIN is a high-level, easy-to-use plotting library for displaying data as curves, bar graphs, pie charts, 3D-colour plots, surfaces, contours, and maps. Several output formats are supported, such as X11, VGA, PostScript, PDF, CGM, HPGL, TIFF, and PNG. Plotting extensions for the interpreter-based languages Perl, Python, and Java are also supported for most operating systems.
Electron Gamma Shower (EGS) is a general purpose package for the Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled transport of electrons and photons in an arbitrary geometry for particles with energies from a few keV up to several TeV. Simulations can be performed in arbitrarily complex physical geometries, and a wide range of physical processes are modeled.
A tool that handles the basic administration of MySQL over the Web.
A cluster operating system.


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SmartCalm Ultra Paste is a comprehensive, herb-free formula that supports proper nervous system function, helping to manage stress and anxiety in skittish horses. This convenient paste is ideal for providing extra support in new situations and during times of stress.
This formula may be administered in addition to a daily serving of SmartCalm Pellets or SmartCalm Ultra Pellets.
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SmartPak customers are some of the most conscientious animal owners around. We encourage you to share your experience with the products we sell to help fellow customers to make informed choices for their animals. We do not edit these reviews in any way - they are direct customer-to-customer communication. We do monitor reviews for positive and negative feedback, and use this feedback to improve our selection as well as sharing feedback with product manufacturers to help them improve their products. Please note that we recommend consulting your vet with serious health issues.


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text: KDick Vitale Weighs In On The Death Of Al Qaeda's No. 2 19,569g11 OBarry PetcheskyProfileFollowUnfollow O Barry PetcheskyFiled to: Dick Vitale twitter College Basketball National Security Al Qaeda News 6/05/12 4:00pm 6/05/12 4:00pm eEditaDeleteiInviteBPromoteXDismissXUndismissbBlock for DeadspinbHideEShare to KinjajShare to FacebookiShare to TwitterrGo to permalinkSDipsy-doo drone-a-roo, baybee! [Twitter] 11 27Reply 27Discuss


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DoomYoshi wrote:agentcom wrote:alstergren wrote:I like the ideas with more medals (and I am obviously not the only one...) since it allows people to set different personal goals.
A general thought having read through this and voted: think that no medal should be unatainable. For example, win percentage. That would be unatainable for people who enjoy playing 8-player games. They can be really good at it, but it destroys the win percentage. And that goes for a couple of other medals as well depending on how the rules for them are set. Don't think a particular medal should be out of reach for anyone.
Yes. That seems like a pretty bad idea for a medal.
And once again I'll note that I hate this thread.
Seems to be the first note of this...
This thread is the place where good medal suggestions go to die.


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Our new jewellery range is launched!
This has been our super secret exciting surprise all week!!!
Our dear friend over at Something Xtra Special is a wonderful silversmith, and she has now started to make affordable and exquisite costume jewellery using beautiful art by talented artists – and I am delighted to have my art work included in the range.
You can click the banner above to go straight to her Etsy shop!
There is a wonderful range of affordable jewellery on sale – all perfect for Christmas gifts!
There are rings – both round and square, priced at only £11.61 GBP (+p&p)
And beautiful pendants for £11.54 and antique style pendants for £9.03 (+p&p)
And even cufflinks for only £17.09 (+p&p)
I've been bursting all week to share this with you all – there have been some sneaky shots for Facebook followers – but this is the first 'launch' and I am so excited!
You can click on any of the banners above and head over to our A3 Art website to see the full range of items – or you can click the banner below to go straight to the SxtraS Etsy shop where you can purchase items.


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QUARTERBACK: A- After a slow start, Jay Cutler made the most of a supporting role, taking advantage of golden opportunities to finish 16-for-29 for 229 yards, 3 TDs, 0 INTs for a 138.1 passer rating.
RUNNING BACKS: A Like Cutler, Matt Forte was productive in a limited role, with 12 carries for 103 yards and a TD and 2 receptions for 45 yards. He had gains of 47, 46, 16 and 15 yards. But his 8-yard TD run was the most impressive.
RECEIVERS: A Brandon Marshall is all they needed. Marshall led the way with 9 catches for 122 yards and TD catches of 39, 13 and 5 yards. Earl Bennett had 4 catches for 22 yards. Devin Hester had 2 catches for 19 yards.
OFFENSIVE LINE: A- Overall the blocking was improved, with key blocks springing Forte for big runs. Cutler was sacked thrice, but TEs contributed to much of that. J'Marcus Webb had a penalty that gave the Titans a safety.
DEFENSIVE LINE: A- Israel Idonije and Stephen Paea shared a sack that led to a punt that led to Hester's punt return that led to Forte's TD. Idonije and Henry Melton were injured, but are expected to be OK.
LINEBACKERS: A Brian Urlacher keeps getting better the more he plays. Urlacher had a 46-yard INT return for a TD, forced a fumble and recovered a fumble. Nick Roach had a big third-and-1 stop to force a punt.
DEFENSIVE BACKS: A After being named the Player of the Month for October, Charles Tillman was even better Sunday, with 4 forced fumbles to spark the rout. Chris Conte had 3 pass breakups and a fumble recovery.
SPECIAL TEAMS: A Sherrick McManis started everything with a blocked punt that led to Corey Wootton's TD in the first quarter. Hester broke through with a 44-yard punt return that set up Forte's 8-yard TD.
COACHING: A So much for a "trap" game — Bears were up 28-2 after one quarter. They're so dialed-in as an attacking defense, they are creating turnovers almost at will against opponents that know what's coming.
CLICK HERE to see how Mark Potash graded the Bears in their 51-20 victory over the Titans. … Read More


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and found 2 items
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He was busy making those wonderful commercials.
Report: Victor Cruz to sign Giants' restricted free agent tender
Restricted free agent Victor Cruz intends to sign the Giants tender offer of $2.879 million, according to Josina Anderson of ESPN.
Reports had Cruz sitting out the Giants' mandatory minicamp unless he was signed.
He reportedly passed on a more lucrative, longer-term offer of $8 million per year with at least $15 million guaranteed from the Giants.
Victor Cruz told me he's on his way to the Giants facility this am. He intends to sign his 1st-round restricted free agent tender of $2.879M—
Josina Anderson (@JosinaAnderson) June 14, 2013
What does Cruz signing his RFA tender mean? He's showing up for training camp. Long-term talks will continue. He'll earn his biggest payday—
Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) June 14, 2013
And btw, Cruz and the Giants aren't any closer than they've been on a long-term deal.—
Mike Garafolo (@MikeGarafolo) June 14, 2013
Ok hi John4 I wuz asking next Year on 2014 can Victor Cruz Probably sign with da New England Patriots nd play 4them 2 win a super bowl
Giants' fans, I have some good news, and some very bad news. The good news is that Cruz will be there in 2013. (At a fraction of his worth). The bad news: we all know that he will sign a contract elsewhere for 2014. Look at what the Steelers did with Mike Wallace. Tender, then lose him while keeping a lesser WR at a higher cost. The parallels are almost striking. The Giants will keep Nicks, a lesser WR, at a higher salary cost, while losing their best WR. For those of you who don't think that Cruz is their best WR, well, you don't understand the NFL. And, you'll get to compare them when Cruz is playing for somebody else in 2014, probably the Washington Redskins or the Philadelphia Eagles. Of course he could go to the New England Patriots. He will not sign a contract with the Giants, not after being tendered and being forced to play at about 30 to 40 percent of his actual market value.
What a great job at being penny wise and pound foolish, Giants. Your actions will mean that your best WR goes to play for another team, and he will leave while he is in his prime. My predictions for 2013 and 2014 for Cruz and Nicks: Cruz - lots of yards and TDs. Nicks - lots of missed games due to injuries.
LiL Vic is going to listen to the Idiot J,get injured and get no big money deal. Should have taken the Giants offer--his production will be down this year and he will lead the league in Drops.
@PatriotsNation Apparently my comments below were too strong or just plain idiotic. Let me restate. (After the excellent information I received from those far more intelligent than I). If Cruz (who has already earned a huge raise) is forced to play at 30 to 40 percent of his market value in 2013 (for the Giants under the tender offer), I would think it would make him likely to consider his options from the other 31 teams. The Redskins have a need at WR, and have an owner known for his generous FA contracts. To me, it would appear that Cruz would be a good fit there. (Not to spite the Giants if they matched an offer, just that Cruz would be a good fit there). To me, it would seem that Cruz would be a good fit with the Eagles. (New offense, lots of fast play, the possibility of a new QB in 2014 and therefore the additional room to pay players as NONE of their QBs will be expensive in 2014). Note that if Cruz signs with either the Redskins or the Eagles, he theoretically makes them stronger while making the Giants weaker. (Of course, I am thankful for the information from Jojomogir below that states that Cruz is "replaceable". Again, I didn't think so, but Jojomogir told me so, below). Now the Patriots could use a WR as they are a bit thin there, and have NOBODY of Cruz' ability or production at the WR position. (Of course, refer to Jojomogir below for what type of WR they may need, or what type Cruz may be, so I could be wrong AGAIN). The Patriots could use a WR like Cruz, but are unlikely to want to meet his asking price.
Actually you are the one who doesn't understand the NFL. Cruz is a possession receiver who doesn't stretch the defense. He's been pretty good at springing long gains off of short passes, but that is not sustainable. He is a slot guy, and slot guys do not get the big money.
Nicks, on the other hand, like Wallace, is a deep threat. He stretches the defense and prevents opposing teams from putting 8 in the box to stop the run. Cruz, as good as he is, does not do this. This is why Nicks will get more money than Cruz, and why he's more valuable. Whether he's "better" than Cruz is irrelevant. As a slot guy, $8MM is the top of Cruz's value, he won't get more unless a team is stupid. And if he leaves, he's replaceable. It would be much harder to replace Nicks.Bottom line is, Jerry Reese is one of the top 3 GMs in football, and you are not. I'll take Jerry's opinion over yours in a heartbeat.
@John4 If the Giants offer him what he's looking for then he will sign with them. So he will sign with another team out of spite even if the Giants pony up??? I guess you're the one who doesn't understand the NFL.
@Jean Why would his production be down? Why would he lead the league in drops? Who is Lil Vic? Is that a play on words for Lil Wayne? If so, it's idiotic and makes no sense. Come to think of it, your comment is completely lacking in any intelligent thought. Congratulations, you win the prize for idiotic comment of the day. Go back to your video games.
@jojomogir jojomogir - how wrong were you? You were completely wrong. Cruz just signed a contract for $43 Million over 5 years which is an annual average of $8,600,000. Apparently, $8 Million was not the top of Cruz' value. Apparently the Giants did not think he was replaceable. (Maybe the often injured Nicks is replaceable. Since Nicks career YPC is LOWER than Cruz' career YPC). Now we can watch the 2013 season and see how completely wrong you were about that whole "slot guy" nonsense. Do you want to see if Cruz' YPC is higher than Nicks' YPC for 2013? No you don't because you already know it will be, just one more reason that Cruz will stretch defenses more than Nicks and not allow other team to put "8 in the box". Time to learn something, jojomogir, as clearly you know NOTHING. Nice try, loser.
@jojomogir Jojomogir - could you please clarify some things for me? Cruz has 2628 career yards and 168 career receptions. Of those 2628 yards, 932 are YAC, yards after the catch. So (before getting yards after the catch), Cruz has 168 receptions and 1696 yards. (Then add in the 932 YAC and you have the 2628 yards total for his career. BUT, if Cruz has 168 receptions and 1696 yards before adding in the YAC, you get 10.1 yards per catch. (Cruz catches the ball 10.1 yards downfield per catch over the course of his career). Then the 932 YAC (career) over the 168 receptions, (an average of 5.5 YAC per reception) and you get his 15.6 YPC career.
Compare those to Hamkeem Nicks (the "deep threat" according to you)! Nicks has 255 receptions and 3726 yards receiving. He has 1305 YAC for his career. If you take out the YAC yards (and compare them to the "slot guy") above you'll note that he has 2421 yards and 255 receptions which equates to 9.5 yards per catch BEFORE YAC ARE ADDED IN. Add in the 1305 career YAC and you have a career average YPC of 14.6 YPC for Hakeem Nicks. The Giants' "slot guy" catches the ball further downfield than their "deep threat". And for his career, has a HIGHER YPC BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER YAC are calculated. Again, according to you. How is that possible?
So Cruz catches the ball slightly further downfield than Nicks, but Nicks "stretches the defense" according to you, and "prevents" teams from putting 8 in the box?. Due to all of this Nicks has a higher value, despite catching for FEWER YPC BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER YAC ARE CALCULATED. Cruz catches the ball FURTHER DOWNFIELD AND GETS MORE YAC BUT HE IS WORTH LESS? Again, how?
Explain how and why the Giants' "deep threat" catches the ball for fewer yards (YPC) than their "slot guy". Explain why their "slot guy" is worth less.
I eagerly await hearing from you as you are clearly the most intelligent person on this site. (Except for "IHateJohn4". He's a freaking genius). Your move, Jojomogir. Time to defend your ridiculous fallacies and contradictions. I cannot wait.
@jojomogir Jojo - thank you for the insight. Since I clearly do not understand the NFL nearly as well as you (and theoretically Salvaje50, and certainly not as well as "I Hate John4"). I will just stfu, and learn from you. Nicks is the better WR because he stretches defenses and Cruz ("a slot guy" according to you) does not stretch defenses. He "has been pretty good at springing long gains" but that those types of gains (from Cruz) are "not sustainable" I got it. Nicks keeps the defense from being able to put 8 in the box. I got it. To pay more than $8 Million per year to a slot guy would be "stupid" (according to you). I got it. According to you, if Cruz leaves, he's replaceable. I got it. According to you, it would be harder for the Giants to replace Nicks (than Cruz). Jerry Reese is clearly one of the top GMs in the NFL. I am just a fool I got it. Thank you for the clarifications, Jojomogir. You are very intelligent and helpful. I wish I could learn as much from "I Hate John 4" as I did from you. Are you saying the Giants (with their very intelligent GM - one of the top 3 in the NFL) won't pay more than $8 Million per year to Cruz the slot guy? Yes you did. (Unless Reese is "stupid" - again according to you, and how stupid would that make me)? It would make me stupider than stupid, and that's just pitiful. We'll see what happens with the Giants / Cruz saga. Again, thank you for your clarifications.
Salvaje - you have made a very good point. I do not understand the NFL. I need to go panhandle some money for lunch and beer (hold the lunch). Peace.
@John4@JeanJohn4 with all your rambling you failed to mention why Jean is wrong. All you did was ask questions and name call. Congrats, you have the communication skills of a toddler. He would have won the prize but then you came in and stole it. I think we forget that these are all opinions and that's why we are on the bottom of the page and not at the top. Cyber bully.
@jojomogir jojo - good call on the Cruz contract issue. The 5 year $43 Million contract he signed is looking like a bargain. Will Nicks score even half the TDs that Cruz will?
@John4 @jojomogir OMG this idiot is stilllllllll talking.
@IHateJohn4 And STILL RIGHT about the contract situation with Victor Cruz.
@jojomogir Was your question about Steve Smith? It worked out well for the Giants. Because they got Cruz. Are you saying Cruz is similar to Steve Smith? Do you really think Cruz will be as easy to replace as Steve Smith? Why? I have been watching the NFL and college football for at least 35 years. Please tell me how it is possible for the Giants "slot guy" to have a HIGHER YPC than their "deep guy". That was a huge OOPS on your part, huh? You didn't know (or even bother to check) that Cruz has a higher YPC than Nicks. Oh well, maybe you could actually know wtf you're talking about. Have you gone to the "IHateJohn4" school of idiotic posts? It sure seems as if you have. Do YOU watch games? Do you watch the Giants? How could you be so blissfully UNAWARE that Cruz is their best WR? Oh, because he's a "slot guy"? WTF? What question of yours can I answer? The one about the idiotic comparison of Cruz to Welker. No surprise the older WR gets to take a discounted contract. Why should the guy in his prime do the same? How in the world could you intelligently compare the two? You can't as nobody can.
Just tell me this: Why does Cruz have a HIGHER career YPC than Nicks? I would love to know. Have a nice day. Go join the IHateJohn4 fan club. Their founding member is a clueless fool. You'll fit right in.
Still waiting on why Cruz has a higher career YPC than Nicks, the team's "deep threat". Enlighten me with your intelligence. I can hardly wait.
First, you didn't answer my question. No surprise there.
Second, do you actually watch the game, or just spout stats.
Third, have all the calls from NFL teams started pouring in to hire you as GM?
@jojomogir Note that I said nothing about the Steve Smith when the Giants let him go, as the "facility" where I was housed then did not have internet access for the "residents". Note also that Smith had one good year (1220 yards) and had a career avg of 10.8 yards per catch. And 12 career TDs. Cruz has had two good years, a career or 15.6 yards per catch, and already has 19 career TDs. So I guess the Giants replaced Steve Smith with Victor Cruz. (Except for 2010 when Steve Smith had 529 yards with the Giants). Clearly (despite your vast intelligence) your Victor Cruz - Steve Smith comparison is ridiculous. I would have expected better from someone of your caliber. (In fact, the comparison was so bad, I would think it would come from "I Hate John4". But no, it came from you. The comparison of a WR like Cruz, a slot guy to the older Welker was worse. Jojomogir - time to use your intelligence and help me. Your WR comparisons require improvement.
@jojomogir Again, I have already thanked you for your insight and intelligence. I did not realize that Cruz was as old as Welker or that Cruz and the recently retired Steve Smith had similar production, but I don't have to. I just read your comments. And you're certainly right about Welker. The 33 year old Welker got $6 million per year for a two contract. $12 Million contract. Again, I am not contradicting you. Your examples of the 33 year old Welker and the recently retired Steve Smith are certainly commensurate with Cruz. Thank you for your intelligence and insight. You are clearly far more intelligent than I.
@John4 @jojomogir People like you said the same thing about Steve Smith when the Giants let him go. How'd that work out?
BTW, how much did Welker get?
@IHateJohn4 Still what? I don't get it. Goodbye.
@John4 @IHateJohn4 Still...
@IHateJohn4 Oh, I see you added an avatar, (while replying to me all the while). Is that you? A nephew, maybe? Why is he crying? Let me know about the FB request, please. Goodbye.
@IHateJohn4 So, you'll at least think about the "like" request on FB? Please let me know! Thanks. Also, plans for the weekend? Yes or No? Hope you are doing well. Goodbye.
@John4 @IHateJohn4 Still talking...^
@IHateJohn4 Also, I was thinking of changing my screenname to "I Iike I Hate John 4" but it seemed long and cumbersome. What do you think? Take care, Goodbye.
@IHateJohn4 Oh, I forgot to ask - your old screenname? Come on, friend, out with it. Goodbye.
@IHateJohn4 So that's a yes or no on the friendship request? Can I "like" you on FB? Can you please add something to our conversation? "Still talking" doesn't give me much information. Do you have any plans for the weekend? I can bring the beer and steaks if you want to grill them at your house. Please let me know. Hope you are doing well. Goodbye.
@IHateJohn4 You know, we communicate so much, we could be friends, it seems, if not for your hatred of me. That is sad, I could use a good friend. Maybe you change your screen name back to its original name, and we hang out. What do you say? Please let me know. I hope you are well. Goodbye.
@John4 @IHateJohn4 Still talking... ^
@IHateJohn4 I hate John 4 - I hope you have a good day, and enjoy the weekend. Maybe take in a baseball game, a day at the beach? Fun with the family, friends, I hope you have a great great day. As much as I like your new screen name, can you please confirm your previous one? Thank you in advance. Have a good day, Goodbye.
@IHateJohn4 Goodbye. Thank you for your wit and intelligence. You're a breath of fresh air. People like you are awesome. Have a good day. I hope you and your family are doing well. Goodbye.
"Goodbye". Heard that before. Still talking...^
@IHateJohn4 Oh, you're too smart for me! Goodbye. Congratulations on the new screen name, John Pee.
@John4 @IHateJohn4 You're pretty much asking me what I just asked you. Also, I love how you tell me to "move on with my life" and "goodbye" yet you are still talking. Which is exactly what toddlers do. Nice
@IHateJohn4 Actually, I was hoping for some clarification from you.
@John4 @IHateJohn4 Damn, you just love to hear yourself talk (type).
@IHateJohn4 Also, "I Hate John 4" if I have missed something about Jean's comment about Cruz' production and drops (leading the league), maybe I need a clarification. Please help me - after all, I have the communication skills of a toddler - why would Cruz' production be down, and why will he lead the league in drops? Remember, you're the expert, I Hate John 4, I am just the "communicating toddler". Please tell me how ANY of Jean's comment makes sense. Thanking you in advance for your knowldege.
@IHateJohn4 1. I apologize for being a cyber bully. My sincere apologies. 2. As far as your new screen name, I Hate John 4 - that's just sad. Please note that I am little more than an insignificant loser, and not even worthy of your hating me.
I sincerely apologize for my mean comments, and please know that I am not worthy of your hate. Please move on with your life. Goodbye.


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COLORADO SPRINGS - Two goals from senior forward Kaitlin Bast (Centennial, Colo.) and an organized performance in the back, gave the University of Denver women's soccer team a 2-1 win over Northern Colorado on Sunday afternoon at Stewart Field on the campus of Colorado College.
"We gave up that first goal in the first half off a shot/cross that kind of trickled in there. We didn't get pressure on the ball," head coach Jeff Hooker said. "I thought in the second half we did a really good job. The times where they had the ball in the box with a chance to face the goal and get shots off, we did a really good job of being patient and double teaming in the proper way."
Northern Colorado (0-2) opened the scoring in the 16th minute on a ball from sophomore forward Juliana Grover that was played over senior goalkeeper Lara Campbell's (Anchorage Alaska) head, off the inside of the far post and into the back of the net.
The Pioneers (1-1) equalized in the 29th minute on Bast's first of two goals. Junior defender Cassidy Larson (Eldorado Springs, Colo.) found space down the left side and got to the endline before cutting it back 12 yards out in the middle of the box for freshman midfielder Francesca Garzelloni (Parker, Colo.). Garzelloni slid a ball on the ground for Bast, who played it across the face of goal and inside the far post to tie the game at one.
Denver grabbed the lead in the 35th minute when junior midfielder Nicholette DiGiacomo (Golden, Colo.) played a ball over the Bears' backline. Bast was able to beat the offside trap and get behind the defense before touching the ball past the keeper and tapping it into the back of the net.
The goals were the 30th and 31st of Bast's career, and moved her in-front of Jenni Harris for eighth on Denver's all-time points list. Bast now has 76 career points.
"We couldn't take her off the field," Hooker said of Bast's first-half performance. "We went very deep into our bench, but you're going to have times in the beginning of the season where she might get a little bit tired, but her value today was just great. She showed up everywhere."
The Crimson and Gold saw the game out in the second half, creating a few chances, but limiting the Bears' opportunities to find an equalizer of their own.
Denver held an 11-4 advantage in shots, including 9-1 on goal.
Denver will stay in Colorado for a pair of matches next weekend as the Pioneers play in the Omni Hotels Colorado Women's Soccer Classic in Boulder, Colo. The Pioneers will open with Wright State on Friday at 1:30 p.m. MT, before wrapping up the tournament against LIU Brooklyn on Sunday at 11 a.m. MT.
Season and individual tickets are on sale now for the 2012 season. Season tickets for 11 Denver Men's Soccer games and eight Denver Women's Soccer games are $57. By purchasing season tickets, fans will enjoy the same centerfield seat, including a comfortable seatback for all 19 games at CIBER Field at the University of Denver Soccer Stadium. Season tickets are available at DenverPioneers.com or by calling/e-mailing Season Ticket and Premium Seating Manager Eric Vasquez at 303.871.7460.
Individual game tickets during the 2012 season are $10 for a reserved seatback and $5 for general admission, and may be purchased by phone at 303-871-2336, online at DenverPioneers.com or in person at the Ritchie Center Box Office. DU students are free with a Pioneer Card. For group ticket discounts of 20 or more, please call/e-mail Adam Sizemore at 303-871-2389.
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Sense & Sensibility
Readiness means peace of mindMay 8, 2012
By Kathleen Felong
With a heavily-stocked handbag—and the right insurance—anyone can be ready to deal.
I am a bag lady through and through. I grew up watching "Let's Make a Deal," the 1970s TV game show hosted by the plaid-jacketed, quick-talking Monty Hall. "You can have what's behind Curtain Number 1 or $500. What do you want to do?"
At the end of the show, Monty would jaunt through the audience and offer women hard cash if they could pull from their purse just about anything Monty could dream up--a rubber band, a pocket calendar (remember those?), a hard-boiled egg even. Every time a poor woman would come up from her pocketbook empty, I'd make a mental note. (Keep eggs handy. Check.)
Like all good childhood lessons, that one manifested itself into a habit worth any good therapist's time. Today, you will find me forever schlepping a bag or two of items I consider essential to readiness.
My current tote is toting a spritzer of perfume, some mints, an extra pair of shoes, a full makeup arsenal, a journal (remember those?), two pairs of reading glasses (different strengths), a phone, a wallet, an extra phone battery, a baggie full of assorted pens and Post-its,¨ a headband, a checkbook and a rosary. (Also: assorted coins, vitamins, cough drops and earrings in a jangly bottom feeder mix.)
Perhaps it's why I ended up in insurance (I'll let the therapist take that one). The truth is, though, my penchant for being prepared is something I hope for all of our Customers. Because preparedness is about more than the bag of sand in your car trunk or the extra guitar pick in your pocket. It's also about being covered on the big things--your house, your car, your business, your life. That's what insurance policies are for. It's the what-you-have-just-in-case because sometimes just-in-case happens.
It happens every day. At least once every few months, I'll go to glop on a little lip gloss at work only to discover I've left my make-up toolkit on the bathroom sink at home. The realization sends me into hive-mode. But I'm more concerned that I'll lose my mother's wedding set or back into my daughter's car in the driveway some blizzardy morning. Being without the right financial coverage for the things that matter is a lot worse.
We make it a point to keep our Agent on speed dial. Life evolves. Grown kids move out — and move back in. Cars change hands. Kitchens get a facelift. Whether it's part of an annual coverage review or because of a call we made, our Agent helps make sure we have the right insurance to protect us.
Knowing that means I get to carry something else with me at all times: peace of mind.
Kathleen Felong is a communications director at Erie Insurance in Erie, Pa., and is never a light traveler. Whether she's heading across town or cross-country, she's always fully loaded.


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IN MAY 1994 THE international scientific community lost one of its most distinguished experimentalists. Alfred Nier, regents professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota, used mass spectrometers of his own design and construction in a manner that can only be likened in breadth and importance to Albert Michelson's use of interferometers to answer scientific questions in numerous and widely diverse fields of inquiry. These questions included how old is the earth; which isotope of uranium is responsible for slow neutron fission; how is the atmosphere of Mars composed; what are the details of nuclide stability in the table of isotopes; what nuclides of great rarity remained to be discovered in nature; how effective are various schemes of isotope separation; and how can mass spectrometry be applied in practical ways to chemical analysis and to leak detection in vacuum systems.
Alfred Nier ("Al" to all who knew him) was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 28, 1911. His parents were German immigrants who came to the United States as youngsters. His father eventually owned and operated a small dry cleaning business. Al had one sister, eleven years his senior, and no brothers. His parents had limited education but did have a deep respect for learning; with him they decided early that he would pursue education beyond high school level. The nearness of St. Paul to the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis enabled him to attend despite limited financial resources. There ensued a remarkable relationship between him and that institution; except for two years (1936-38) as a National Research Council fellow at Harvard and two years on the Manhattan Project (1943-45) in New York City, his entire scientific career was spent there. The university in 1966 recognized his great contributions by naming him regents professor of physics, one of the first five faculty members to receive that honor. They further awarded him an honorary doctorate of science in 1980. At a memorial convocation to honor his life, President Nils Hasselmo quoted another regents professor, who said, "Al Nier was the best thing that ever happened to this place."
Al showed an early aptitude for mathematics and science. Courses in shop work and mechanical drawing also attracted him and left him with an aptitude for constructing apparatus with his own hands, which served him well in later years. He and boyhood friends with interests in radio, an emerging technology at the time, followed the latest developments in receiver construction, experimenting with new circuits as they were published. Enrollment in electrical engineering at the university followed naturally from these interests and would have fixed his career in that field had it not been for the lack of engineering jobs upon graduation in 1931. He was encouraged to enter physics by physics professor Henry A. Erikson, who recognized Al's talent early on, as did another mentor, Professor Henry Hartig of electrical engineering.
Professor John T. Tate became Al's advisor when Al switched to graduate study in physics. Tate, well known among physicists partly because of his editorship for many years of the Physical Review, had worked with James Franck in Berlin when energy levels for electrons in atoms was an emerging subject, leading Tate at Minnesota into the field of electron impact phenomena. Many of Tate's students studied ionization potentials of atoms and molecules and cross sections for ionization of molecules subjected to electron impact. The required analysis of the resulting fragment ions led naturally to the development of mass spectrometers in Tate's laboratory. Around 1930 three of Tate's students, Walker Bleakney, Philip T. Smith, and Wallace W. Lozier, made notable contributions to this type of research. The focus on nuclear physics in those times motivated Al to select as a thesis topic the use of mass spectrometry to obtain a more precise knowledge of the isotopic composition of the elements. He developed a new instrument having higher resolution than previously available for such studies and undertook the determination of accurate isotopic abundances for five elements, namely argon, potassium, zinc, rubidium, and cadmium. In this work he discovered a rare isotope of potassium, 40K, which later became important in the measurement of geological ages, a topic that reappears later in this memoir.
Al's thesis work attracted the attention of Professor K. T. Bainbridge of Harvard, who with E. B. Jordan had designed and constructed a mass spectrograph for precise determination of atomic masses. Bainbridge felt that Al's work on isotopic abundances would complement his own work. The award to Al in those frugal times of one of the coveted National Research Council fellowships and a $5,000 grant from Harvard's Milton Funda huge sum for a young researcher during the Depressionstimulated him to accept Bainbridge's invitation to come to Harvard, where he constructed a mass spectrometer superior to any he had used before, and to spend two memorable years there. During his Harvard fellowship Al studied the isotopic composition of nineteen elements and discovered four new isotopes. Of greater importance, however, were his studies of the isotopes of uranium and lead, heavy elements that his improved mass spectrometer could for the first time analyze readily. The work greatly advanced the infant subject of geochronology. His accurate measurements of the isotopic ratio 235U/238U bore on the uranium-lead method of dating of minerals where the ratio was of direct importance and indirectly so because it afforded better values of the uranium decay constants. While at Harvard Al began measuring the isotopic composition of various lead oresso-called common lead as opposed to the isotopically very abnormal leads extracted from uranium and thorium mineralswhich had become available to him chiefly from Professor G. P. Baxter of the Harvard chemistry department. These measurements, published in 1938, were used in landmark papers written in the mid-forties by F. G. Houtermans in Switzerland and Arthur Holmes in Great Britain to derive the first conceptually valid if not yet accurate values for the age of the earth. In his final weeks at Cambridge, Al made some of the first carbon isotope measurements, establishing that the ratio 13C/12C varies in naturethe basis for an entire field in modern isotopic geochemistry.
Loyalty to his Minnesota mentors and concern for his aging parents led him to return to Minnesota and to join the physics faculty in 1938. "My sister died when I was young and my parents were old enough to be my grandparents," Al once said. "They were alone here." The return to Minneapolis in no way lessened Al's scientific productivity. The years 1938 to 1942, when he was free to pursue basic science, were described by his close friend and colleague Edward P. Ney as a "whirlwind of activity wherein he brought Minnesota to the forefront of isotope research." In this brief span of time a list of his results includes further development of the uranium-lead and thorium-lead methods for dating rocks and minerals; building a thermal diffusion column for the separation of carbon isotopes, thereby establishing collaborations with scientists who could, with him, use 13C tracers to investigate a host of biochemical processes; further studies in neon and methane of thermal diffusion; and demonstration by the instruments constructed in his laboratory that sector magnets could replace, without loss of resolution, the 180-degree magnetic configurations he had used earlier. The resulting practical simplifications of sector-field instruments had much to do with the explosive replication of Nier-type mass spectrometers throughout science and industry worldwide.
Perhaps his most important discovery in those times (certainly the most spectacular, to use his own words) was the isolation of 235U in 1940 and the proof that it was the uranium isotope that underwent fission for neutrons of all energies, including thermal neutrons. A classic paper by Bohr and Wheeler anticipated the result, but Enrico Fermi wanted experimental proof. Fermi and Al met at a meeting of the American Physical Society in 1938. Fermi later wrote a famous "Dear Nier" letter encouraging him to separate a small sample of pure 235U for study of its fission properties. Within a very short time, considering the difficulty of this unprecedented task, Al made the first uranium isotope separation in history, using one of his mass spectrometers. He sent the submicrogram quantities of separated isotopes, fastened by their aluminum backings with Scotch tape in a covering letter, to John Dunning at Columbia. Dunning, Eugene Booth, and Aristid von Grosse repaired to the Columbia cyclotron that very evening and were able to show in a few hours that the 235 sample, and not the hundredfold more abundant 238 sample, was the source of the slow neutron fission in uranium. The certainty of this result undergirded the remarkable history of the Manhattan Project and the development of nuclear energy. Some might have belittled this experiment because of its simplicity and how quickly it was carried out, but it is doubtful that anyone else in the world could have done the job in anything like his swift and faultless manner. All of Al's talents came together to advance the work. The short account of the work, which appeared in 1940 in the Physical Review, essentially brought down the curtain on open publications about nuclear fission until the Smyth report appeared after World War II.
During the war years, Al's talents were diverted to applied research of great importance to the national effort. In the early development of large-scale separation of uranium isotopes, his laboratory was uniquely able to measure uranium isotopes, and he and a few students like Mark Inghram and Edward Ney were impressed into the task. Eight of the Nier instruments were later dispatched to other sites. Inghram took two instruments to Columbia; Ney took two instruments to the University of Virginia. Later on, for the vast isotope separation effort at Oak Ridge to succeed and to be safe, literally thousands of precise isotopic analyses of uranium samples were required. Al directed the required instrument development for the Kellex Corporation in New York City from 1943 to 1945. A prototype instrument of Nier design was sent to the General Electric Company, where hundreds of them were replicated and sold to the Manhattan Project. Along with the analytical instruments, Al designed a practical and portable helium leak detector of crucial importance in the gaseous diffusion plant.
At war's end, Al returned to Minneapolis and to a program of basic research, which flourished without interruption until the last two weeks of his life, when he was tragically hospitalized in almost total paralysis after losing control of his automobile and hitting a tree. He found or made time to chair the Physics Department at Minnesota for twelve years (1953-65), was a stimulating classroom teacher, and served his profession on numerous boards and committees, but his true love was working with research students in his laboratory. At this point in our account, rather than proceed chronologically, we look at some of the main chapters of his research.
He never lost interest in the subject of geochronology to which he had contributed so importantly during his years at Harvard and immediately thereafter. An increasing understanding of the processes by which the heavier elements formed suggested to C. v. Weizsächer and others that there was a causal relationship between the underabundance of 40K (the rare isotope of potassium discovered by Al in 1935) and the overabundance of 40Ar in the atmosphere. In 1948 with L. T. Aldrich, Al examined the isotopic composition of argon extracted from potassium minerals and discovered an excess there of 40Ar, proving that 40K was weakly radioactive and decaying, at least in part, to 40Ar. With the basis for the potassium-argon dating method thereby conceptually established, its development ensued rapidly in laboratories throughout the world, including Al's, where H. Baadsgard and S. S. Goldich participated in the studies. Around 1950 Aldrich moved to the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution and established there a geochronology laboratory, which played a prominent role in the development of the rubidium-strontium dating method. Aldrich's colleagues in turn left Washington to establish other sites for geochronological work. In like manner Mark Inghram, whose interactions with Al was mentioned earlier, settled after the war in Chicago and supported work on geochronology, among other research topics. From that laboratory, students Clair Patterson, George Tilton, John Reynolds, Gerald Wasserburg (later a Crawfoord Prize awardee), and George Wetherill moved on to establish their own "shops." In this way one can categorize a large part of the worldwide geochronological effort as a pyramid of workers with Al at its apex. The Nier pyramid would be all encompassing with respect to geochronologists, if using magnetic sector instruments were the defining category, which is much the case.
Al and Aldrich also turned their attention to the scarce 3He isotope. Their first paper on the subject investigated the difference in the 3He/4He ratio between the atmosphere and samples of well helium where 3He is relatively rare because of pure 4He production by alpha-decay of uranium and thorium and their radioactive decay chains. Helium studies of this kind have become another important subfield of isotopic geochemistry. It was discovered by others in 1969 that excess 3He tags material derived preferentially from the earth's mantle so that isotopic studies in helium have since done much to elucidate mantle-crustal processes. Other helium papers by Al and Aldrich describe methods for enrichment of 3He by thermal diffusion and by cryogenic techniques involving liquid helium. The cryogenic papers resulted from a collaboration between Minnesota and J. G. Daunt, Henry A. Fairbank, and others at Yale. A totally different helium investigation arose in Al's laboratory from the discovery elsewhere that iron meteorites contain highly isotopically anomalous helium as the result of spallation reactions induced in the iron by cosmic ray particles and that, because of shielding, depth effects occur. With John Hoffman, and later with Peter Signer, Al developed a program of investigation of helium and other noble gases produced by cosmic rays in meteorites, studies that contributed a valuable chapter in meteoritics. One can surmise that these were the researches that stimulated Al's interest in space physics, to which he made strong contributions later on, and in the Meteoritical Society, whose meetings became the favorite forum for his experimental studies after "retirement."
Al embarked on this journey in typical Nier fashion by designing a new instrument, namely a double focussing mass spectrometer as opposed to the double focussing mass spectrographs, which came earlier. (The term double focussing refers to the fact that a combination of electric and magnetic analyzers can be arranged so that both the angular and velocity spreads of ions emerging from a source can be brought simultaneously to focus at the final detector. Only double focussing can provide the very high resolution required if precise mass measurements are to be made. The difference between a mass spectrometer and a mass spectrograph refers to the mode of ion detection employedphotographic plates in the case of the spectrograph versus electrical detection in the spectrometer.) In either case the mass of the "unknown" ion is determined from its separation in a doublet occurring at the same mass number with a standard ion, usually a hydrocarbon fragment. Nier's instrument could display these doublets continuously by electrical means, whereas in the spectrographs a "blind" exposure would have to be made and be followed by removal of a photographic plate from the vacuum system for development and measurement. The Nier instrument was highly sophisticated, employing a second, single-focussing spectrometer tube as a means of regulating and, by ingenious circuitry, sweeping the relevant mass region to record the doublet. The final measurement of DM/M was reduced to resistance measurements of DR/R for a wire-wound potentiometer. Al developed and used this instrument with T. L. Collins, Walter H. Johnson, Jr., Tom Scolman, Karl Quisenberry, Clayton Giese, and others. Typical of Al's ideas about design, the first double-focussing instrument used a 6-in.-radius magnetic sector similar to those employed in his successful isotope mass spectrometers. The success of the first instrument led to other improved designs and finally to an instrument about 2.5 times larger than the original. With a magnetic radius of 16 in. and an ion path of about 10 feet, this was Al's largest instrument construction. Over the period from 1956 to 1979, this instrument was employed to measure the masses of almost all of the stable nuclides in the periodic table.
It is a remarkable fact that the accepted values for the masses of the stable nuclides (and thus their binding energies) now in the tables of nuclear data are predominately those determined by Al, despite the field having been highly competitive in its heyday. An explanation of this has to do with Nier's dislike and avoidance of extremely large construction projects. His taste ran to tabletop apparatus, where the construction resulted from interaction of the researcher with a few artisans from the departmental shops. In principle the resolving power of a mass spectrometer depends almost wholly on the inverse ratio of a slit width to a characteristic radius of the ion orbits in the machine. Most of Nier's competitors chose then to design and construct instruments of very large radius. The problem was that in the large instruments various effects, which had been of negligible disturbance in the table-top apparatus, proved troublesome as the dimensions were scaled up. So, instead of "surfing" through the isotope tables and defining the energy surface for nuclides with new precision, Al's competitors were struggling to build very large pieces of equipment and to solve the new problems that came with their size. Like all generalizations this explanation for Al's success in the field is an oversimplification, but no one can question his good judgement in choosing experimental approaches.
The community of mass measurers, although competitive, was a friendly one. H. E. Duckworth, one such competitor, spoke at Al's memorial colloquium in 1994 and commented on the friendly cooperation he had enjoyed with Al while they served together on the Commission on Atomic Masses of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Duckworth also mentioned that it was Al and A. Ölander from Sweden who independently suggested to J. Mattauch in 1956 that the chemical atomic weight scale based on O = 16 and the physical atomic weight scale based on 16O = 16 be brought together in a unified scale with 12C as the standard, a change that disturbed the chemical atomic weights very little but solved a myriad of problems that followed from the less appropriate (and different) oxygen standards. The international unions for both physics and chemistry adopted this unified standard in 1960.
Al entered space physics with a bang in 1964. His former student J. H. Hoffman had moved on to the E. O. Hurlburt Center for Space Research at the Naval Research Laboratory and their joint interest in applying their skills in mass spectrometry to problems in upper atmospheric physics led to a collaboration between the two laboratories. The first papers from this partnership appeared from 1964 to 1966. By 1985, as part of the growing involvement of the Minnesota department in space physics (e.g., by the work there of Robert Pepin, Jeff Hayden, and Konrad Mauersberger), more than fifty papers in space physics had appeared with Nier as an author.
Reading the first of these papers and knowing Al's enthusiasm for new research topics, one can easily sense his excitement. He was still using familiar instruments of his own construction, but now he had the novelty of hunching down in a bunker "where the clocks ran backwards and all that," while his mass spectrometers went blasting off into new territory. The first successful flight incorporated two mass spectrometers, one of which burned out a filament and simply went along for the ride, but the other worked perfectly. Reading about it, one shares his delight in how the mass spectrum of the neutral species in the upper atmosphere were modulated by the rolling of the rocket, leading to big signals when the motion of the rocket was "toward the air" and small signals when "away from it." With collaborators he was able to analyze this effect in detail and among other things deduce the temperature of the atmosphere as a function of altitude between 120 and 200 kilometers where the data were recorded.
Al directed much of his efforts in space physics to overcoming the problem that chemically active species, such as atomic oxygen and nitrogen, although present in the upper atmospheres of planets in concentrations that are important to know, interact quickly with surfaces of the instruments for their detection. He made the valuable discovery that in his open-source mass spectrometer, where the Nier ion source is exposed directly to the atmospheric particles that stream into the moving spacecraft, minor changes in the voltages applied to the electrodes enabled the instrument to discriminate strongly in favor of particles that had not impacted with surfaces of the instrument before entering the ionizing region. Thus, again his familiar spectrometers could play an important role in studying the neutral particles in planetary atmospheres. As early as 1973 he was reporting results from flying his mass spectrometers in satellites.
Major participation in the Viking missions to Mars provided the capstone of Nier's work with mass spectrometers in space. From the beginning, with Harvard's M. McElroy, he had responsibility for planning and executing the elemental and isotopic measurements of the Martian atmosphere during the descent of the spacecraft. Some of the most important discoveries of the Mars missions came from this work. Most notable was the discovery that nitrogen in the Martian atmosphere is strongly fractionated, such that the rare heavy isotope 15N is enhanced by 62% with respect to the 15N/14N ratio in the earth's atmosphere. Two important lines of research stem from this discovery. In the first place, it is a pivotal fact in understanding the history of the Martian atmosphere that the fractionation almost certainly arose from preferential escape of the light isotope 14N and the datum provides an important boundary condition. Second, the anomalous nitrogen Al found on Mars has been a crucial and clinching piece of evidence that a small subset of meteorites in our collections originated on the Martian surface. D. D. Bogard and P. Johnson at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Johnson Space Center first saw the possible connection through comparing elemental and isotopic abundances of the noble gases in one such meteorite with values found by Nier in the Martian atmosphere. Later analysis of nitrogen and other gases from the putative Martian meteorites by R. O. Pepin, R. H. Becker, and R. C. Wiens in Nier's own department at Minnesota, together with experiments on shock implantation of ambient gases in suitable materials by Bogard and F. Hörz, and by Wiens, proved the hypothesis of Martian origin.
At the request of high-level management at NASA, Al was a late addition to another of the Viking experimental teams, namely the one responsible for the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer on the Viking landers. This highly complex instrument, which included mass spectrometer detection, could analyze volatile products from heating of Martian soil samples, important in the search for organic substances on the planet. It could also build up measurable samples of inert constituents of the atmosphere by processing multiple "gulps" of the predominant CO2 there. Al's involvement came about because inspectors recognized serious problems with the instrumentation when little time remained for their correction. Al, who was much experienced in miniaturizing instruments for flight, enlisted A. E. Cameron from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a coworker and between these "old hands" at mass spectrometry things were fixed. Al with characteristic modesty downplayed their role. Those close to the matter, however, saw their participation as crucial for the program's final success. The most important science from the lander came from the revised instrument. Al went on from his Viking triumphs to participate in measurements of the atmosphere of Venus.
Retirement from research was never an option with Al. Retired only in other respects, he created the perfect program for his last years in the laboratory. His work in space physics had led him to delight in the construction of miniaturized mass spectrometers with high performance. In his space physics years he would come to NASA meetings carrying what looked like an ordinary attaché case. Ordinary it was not; when opened it proved to be a functional mass spectrometer, which he would turn on and proceed to analyze the room air. How better could he convince NASA officials that his instruments should fly on missions to deep space? A refined laboratory version of this spectrometer was the perfect vehicle for Al's late work with a gifted technician, D. J. Schlutter. Needing only modest levels of financial support, they undertook studies of the noble gases in individual interplanetary dust particles, sometimes called Brownlee particles after Don Brownlee, who pioneered in capturing these stratospheric particles and showing which ones were extraterrestrial. His contributions to this new field of study of extraterrestrial material were so important that a major concern at his death was whether others would continue the research. Fortunately, R. Pepin has continued the work with Schlutter and, in tribute to Al's good judgement in choosing research topics, has seen it explode in scope as various other microsamples, such as small lunar and meteoritic mineral grains, come under scrutiny.
A frequent description of Al is, "the most refreshing scientist I have ever met." He had not an ounce of pomposity in his makeup. His curiosity and enthusiasm for scientific work were boundless and unmatched. He was competitive but only in the sense that, once setting himself a scientific goal, he applied his characteristic energy and self-confidence to reach that goal as quickly as possible. Once there, he never overstated his results. His measurements invariably stood up within their quoted uncertainties. He freely described and published how he did things. He considered "instrument papers" just as important as those giving results. He had full respect for the talents of the artisans with whom he worked in developing new tools for research. His joint publications with R. B. Thorness, a master machinist with whom he frequently collaborated, are a case in point. The relationship between Al and "Buddy" Thorness was very fruitful and very deep. The respect and consideration that Al had for the "shop" and the skilled and dedicated individuals who worked there was a symbol of the fruitful old system in which experimental physics was greatly advanced by dedicated staff and universities provided facilities as a matter of course.
Al was an enthusiastic traveler. He developed to a fine art the techniques for traveling "light" to a distant meeting and presenting his results. He usually knew about quick-dry clothing and compact slides and cameras (he was never without one) before the rest of us. His picture taking was a good key to his personality. He was usually the most distinguished scientist in a group, one who might fittingly stand aside for others to "shoot." But it was he who carried the camera, organized the group photo, and passed his camera on to others at the end so that the rest of us would be in a picture with him. One travel trick comes to mind. He would carry a set of preaddressed labels with him for the postcards he intended to send. "You can tell by how many stickers are left," he explained, "whether or not you are doing your job." Enjoyment of travel was not a singular appetite. He enjoyed all aspects of his busy life. Travel was just one of the things he relished, which we necessarily witnessed if we went to the same meeting.
Al was married twice and must have felt pain when he and Ruth, the mother of his children, parted company. He was fortunate in that Ardis shared with him his last twenty-five years of exceptional happiness and contentment. Al was very proud of his children, Janet Marx of Springfield, Virginia, and Keith Nier of Madison, New Jersey, and four grandchildren. Ardis has continued a close relationship with them.
Al was awarded many honors for his work. He received the Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America, William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union, Victor Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemistry Society, and the Field and Franklin Award of the American Chemical Society. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, and American Academy of Arts and Sciences. His foreign honors included election as foreign scientific member of the Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry in Germany and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science. He was honored by the Atomic Energy Commission and by NASA for contributions to government science programs. We mentioned earlier his honorary doctorate of science from the University of Minnesota. An honor, which he enjoyed repeatedly (and his friends frequently apprised him of), was to have the clue "American physicist" appear in the New York Times crossword puzzle. He modestly dismissed this evidence of fame by pointing out that four-letter words with two vowels are much needed in such puzzles.
In addition to honors awarded to him directly, there are many honors that were given to his scientific "descendents," awardees who frequently acknowledged their debt to the facilities Nier invented and the example he set in their use. The respect and affection of those in the Nier pyramid are his most significant and lasting honors.
the author wishes to thank reviewers W. H. Johnson, Jr., K. Mauersberger, R. O. Pepin, and G. J. Wasserburg for critical attention to the manuscript and valuable suggestions.
Alfred Otto Carl Nier, American physicist. In Modern Scientists and Engineers, pp. 361-63. McGrawHill, 1980.
Autobiographical sketches in the files of the National Academy of Sciences written in June 1950 and November 1990.
Duckworth, H. E. and G. J. Wasserburg. Remarks at Nier Memorial Colloquium, Nov. 2, 1994.
Moore, M. P. 1991. Alfred O. C. Nier: Physicist-gadgeteer extraordinaire. Univ. Minn. Res. Rev. April.
Ney, E. P. Unfinished Nier memoir, 1995-96.
Obituary. Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 17, 1994.
Obituary. St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 17, 1994.
Pepin, R. and P. Signer. 1994. Memorial: Alfred O. C. Nier (1911-1994). Meteoritics 29:747-48.
Rokop, D. R. Dedication. In Proceedings of the Alfred O. Nier Symposium on Inorganic Mass Spectrometry, May, 1991, Durango, Colorado. Los Alamos National Laboratory Conference Report LA-12522C (UC-401 and UC-410) May 1993.