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Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Mainstream materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.
Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source.1 In 2013, its fast-growing capacity increased by 36% to a running total of 136 GW, worldwide. This is sufficient to generate 160 TWh/year or about 0.85% of the electricity demand on the planet. China and Japan are now the fastest growing markets, while Germany remains the world's largest producer, contributing almost 6% to its national electricity demands.23
Solar photovoltaics is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated photovoltaics or simply rooftop).
Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured,4 and the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries.5 With current technology, photovoltaics recoup the energy needed to manufacture them in 1.5 (in Southern Europe) to 2.5 years (in Northern Europe).6
- 1 Solar cells
- 2 Current developments
- 3 Economics
- 4 Applications
- 5 Advantages
- 6 Disadvantages
- 7 See also
- 8 References
Solar cells
Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. The photovoltaic effect was first observed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839.78 The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode.
Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid power for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines.
Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide.9 Copper solar cables connect modules (module cable), arrays (array cable), and sub-fields. Because of the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years.101112
Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can deliver, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power plant the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays.
Photovoltaic power capacity is measured as maximum power output under standardized test conditions (STC) in "Wp" (Watts peak).13 The actual power output at a particular point in time may be less than or greater than this standardized, or "rated," value, depending on geographical location, time of day, weather conditions, and other factors.14 Solar photovoltaic array capacity factors are typically under 25%, which is lower than many other industrial sources of electricity.15
A significant market has emerged in off-grid locations for solar-power-charged storage-battery based solutions. These often provide the only electricity available.16 The first commercial installation of this kind was in 1966 on Ogami Island in Japan to transition Ogami Lighthouse from gas torch to fully self-sufficient electrical power.
Current developments
|Photovoltaic power
worldwide GWp2
|Year end capacities
For best performance, terrestrial PV systems aim to maximize the time they face the sun. Solar trackers achieve this by moving PV panels to follow the sun. The increase can be by as much as 20% in winter and by as much as 50% in summer. Static mounted systems can be optimized by analysis of the sun path. Panels are often set to latitude tilt, an angle equal to the latitude, but performance can be improved by adjusting the angle for summer or winter. Generally, as with other semiconductor devices, temperatures above room temperature reduce the performance of photovoltaics.18
A number of solar panels may also be mounted vertically above each other in a tower, if the zenith distance of the Sun is greater than zero, and the tower can be turned horizontally as a whole and each panels additionally around a horizontal axis. In such a tower the panels can follow the Sun exactly. Such a device may be described as a ladder mounted on a turnable disk. Each step of that ladder is the middle axis of a rectangular solar panel. In case the zenith distance of the Sun reaches zero, the "ladder" may be rotated to the north or the south to avoid a solar panel producing a shadow on a lower solar panel. Instead of an exactly vertical tower one can choose a tower with an axis directed to the polar star, meaning that it is parallel to the rotation axis of the Earth. In this case the angle between the axis and the Sun is always larger than 66 degrees. During a day it is only necessary to turn the panels around this axis to follow the Sun.
Solar photovoltaics is growing rapidly, albeit from a small base, to a total global capacity of 136 Gigawatts (GW) at the end of 2013. The total power output of the world's PV capacity in a calendar year is equal to some 160 billion kWh of electricity.219 This is sufficient to cover the annual power supply needs of 40 million households in the world, and represents 0.85% of worldwide electricity demand. More than 100 countries use solar PV.320 World solar PV capacity (grid-connected) was 7.6 GW in 2007, 16 GW in 2008, 23 GW in 2009, and 40 GW in 2010.202122 Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing)23 or built into the roof or walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaics). Photovoltaics is now, after hydro and wind power, the third most important renewable energy source in terms of globally installed capacity.24
The 2011 European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) report predicted that, "[In 2011] Europe once again was the global leader in PV market growth, with 75% of all newly connected capacity and about 75% of global installed capacity. But non-European markets are showing signs that they may soon shift this balance in their favour".2425 With proper policy support, balanced market development, and continued industry innovation, photovoltaic (PV) can continue its remarkable growth rate over the short-, medium- and long-term, and even beyond.2426
The EPIA/Greenpeace Solar Generation Paradigm Shift Scenario (formerly called Advanced Scenario) from 2010 shows that by the year 2030, 1,845 GW of PV systems could be generating approximately 2,646 TWh/year of electricity around the world. Combined with energy use efficiency improvements, this would represent the electricity needs of more than 9% of the world's population. By 2050, over 20% of all electricity could be provided by photovoltaics.27
However, the EPIA prediction may be pessimistic since official agencies keep underestimating the growth rate of renewables.28 A report based on the 2012 BP Statistical Review shows an exponential growth in global solar generation from 2001 to end 2011, with an approximate doubling of generation every two years. This raises the possibility that solar power could reach 10% of total global power generation by the end of this decade. To accomplish this gain in primary energy share, solar will need to advance from the 55.7 TWh generated in 2011 to approximately 2200 TWh. At current exponential growth rates, those levels could be achieved as early as 2018 rather than around 2030 as suggested by the EPIA.29 Solar would provide 100 percent of the current world energy needs by 2027 if the biannual doubling of generation continues.30
The San Jose-based company Sunpower produces cells that have an energy conversion ratio of 19.5%, well above the market average of 12–18%.31 The most efficient solar cell so far is a multi-junction concentrator solar cell with an efficiency of 43.5%32 produced by Solar Junction in April 2011. The highest efficiencies achieved without concentration include Sharp Corporation at 35.8% using a proprietary triple-junction manufacturing technology in 2009,33 and Boeing Spectrolab (40.7% also using a triple-layer design). A March 2010 experimental demonstration of a design by a Caltech group led by Harry Atwater which has an absorption efficiency of 85% in sunlight and 95% at certain wavelengths is claimed to have near perfect quantum efficiency.34 However, absorption efficiency should not be confused with the sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency.
Several companies have begun embedding power optimizers into PV modules called "smart modules". These modules perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each module individually, measure performance data for monitoring, and provide additional safety. Such modules can also compensate for shading effects, wherein a shadow falling across a section of a module causes the electrical output of one or more strings of cells in the module to fall to zero, but not having the output of the entire module fall to zero.35
At the end of September 2013, IKEA announced that solar panel packages for houses will be sold at 17 United Kingdom IKEA stores by the end of July 2014. The decision followed a successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store, whereby one photovoltaic (PV) system was sold almost every day. The panels are manufactured by a Chinese company named Hanergy Holding Group Ltd.36
Source: Apricus37
Financial incentives for photovoltaics, such as feed-in tariffs, have often been offered to electricity consumers to install and operate solar-electric generating systems. Government has sometimes also offered incentives in order to encourage the PV industry to achieve the economies of scale needed to compete where the cost of PV-generated electricity is above the cost from the existing grid. Such policies are implemented to promote national or territorial energy independence, high tech job creation and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions which cause global warming. Due to economies of scale solar panels get less costly as people use and buy more—as manufacturers increase production to meet demand, the cost and price is expected to drop in the years to come.
Solar cell efficiencies vary from 6% for amorphous silicon-based solar cells to 44.0% with multiple-junction concentrated photovoltaics.38 Solar cell energy conversion efficiencies for commercially available photovoltaics are around 14–22%.3940 Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) may reduce cost by concentrating up to 1,000 suns (through magnifying lens) onto a smaller sized photovoltaic cell. However, such concentrated solar power requires sophisticated heat sink designs, otherwise the photovoltaic cell overheats, which reduces its efficiency and life. To further exacerbate the concentrated cooling design, the heat sink must be passive, otherwise the power required for active cooling would reduce the overall efficiency and economy.
Crystalline silicon solar cell prices have fallen from $76.67/Watt in 1977 to an estimated $0.74/Watt in 2013.41 This is seen as evidence supporting Swanson's law, an observation similar to the famous Moore's Law that states that solar cell prices fall 20% for every doubling of industry capacity.41
As of 2011, the price of PV modules per MW has fallen by 60% since the summer of 2008, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance estimates, putting solar power for the first time on a competitive footing with the retail price of electricity in a number of sunny countries; an alternative and consistent price decline figure of 75% from 2007 to 2012 has also been published,42 though it is unclear whether these figures are specific to the United States or generally global. The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions,43 particularly when the time of generation is included, as electricity is worth more during the day than at night.44 There has been fierce competition in the supply chain, and further improvements in the levelised cost of energy for solar lie ahead, posing a growing threat to the dominance of fossil fuel generation sources in the next few years.45 As time progresses, renewable energy technologies generally get cheaper,4647 while fossil fuels generally get more expensive:
The less solar power costs, the more favorably it compares to conventional power, and the more attractive it becomes to utilities and energy users around the globe. Utility-scale solar power can now be delivered in California at prices well below $100/MWh ($0.10/kWh) less than most other peak generators, even those running on low-cost natural gas. Lower solar module costs also stimulate demand from consumer markets where the cost of solar compares very favorably to retail electric rates.48
As of 2011, the cost of PV has fallen well below that of nuclear power and is set to fall further. The average retail price of solar cells as monitored by the Solarbuzz group fell from $3.50/watt to $2.43/watt over the course of 2011.49
For large-scale installations, prices below $1.00/watt were achieved. A module price of 0.60 Euro/watt ($0.78/watt) was published for a large scale 5-year deal in April 2012.50
By the end of 2012, the "best in class" module price had dropped to $0.50/watt, and was expected to drop to $0.36/watt by 2017.51
In many locations, PV has reached grid parity, which is usually defined as PV production costs at or below retail electricity prices (though often still above the power station prices for coal or gas-fired generation without their distribution and other costs). However, in many countries there is still a need for more access to capital to develop PV projects. To solve this problem securitization has been proposed and used to accelerate development of solar photovoltaic projects.5253 For example, SolarCity offered, the first U.S. asset backed security in the solar industry in 2013.54
Photovoltaic power is also generated during a time of day that is close to peak demand (precedes it) in electricity systems with high use of air conditioning. More generally, it is now evident that, given a carbon price of $50/ton, which would raise the price of coal-fired power by 5c/kWh, solar PV will be cost-competitive in most locations. The declining price of PV has been reflected in rapidly growing installations, totaling about 23 GW in 2011. Although some consolidation is likely in 2012, due to support cuts in the large markets of Germany and Italy, strong growth seems likely to continue for the rest of the decade. Already, by one estimate, total investment in renewables for 2011 exceeded investment in carbon-based electricity generation.49
In the case of self consumption payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not brought from the grid. Additionally, using PV solar power to charge DC batteries, as used in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Electric Vehicles, leads to greater efficiencies. Traditionally, DC generated electricity from solar PV must be converted to AC for buildings, at an average 10% loss during the conversion. An additional efficiency loss occurs in the transition back to DC for battery driven devices and vehicles, and using various interest rates and energy price changes were calculated to find present values that range from $2,057.13 to $8,213.64 (analysis from 2009).55
For example in Germany with electricity prices of 0.25 euro/KWh and Insolation of 900 KWh/KW one KWp will save 225 euro per year and with installation cost of 1700 euro/KWp means that the system will pay back in less than 7 years.56
Power stations
Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe.57 As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Ukraine 100 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Germany 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Germany 84.7 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Eggebek Solar Park (Germany 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Germany 82 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Ukraine, 80 MW), Lopburi Solar Farm (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 72 MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW).57
There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar.58 The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley.59 The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013.60 The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation.61 Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.62
Many of these plants are integrated with agriculture and some use innovative tracking systems that follow the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during operation of the power stations.
In buildings
Photovoltaic arrays are often associated with buildings: either integrated into them, mounted on them or mounted nearby on the ground.
Arrays are most often retrofitted into existing buildings, usually mounted on top of the existing roof structure or on the existing walls. Alternatively, an array can be located separately from the building but connected by cable to supply power for the building. In 2010, more than four-fifths of the 9,000 MW of solar PV operating in Germany were installed on rooftops.63 Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are increasingly incorporated into new domestic and industrial buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power.64 Typically, an array is incorporated into the roof or walls of a building. Roof tiles with integrated PV cells are also common. A 2011 study using thermal imaging has shown that solar panels, provided there is an open gap in which air can circulate between them and the roof, provide a passive cooling effect on buildings during the day and also keep accumulated heat in at night.65
The power output of photovoltaic systems for installation in buildings is usually described in kilowatt-peak units (kWp).
In transport
PV has traditionally been used for electric power in space. PV is rarely used to provide motive power in transport applications, but is being used increasingly to provide auxiliary power in boats and cars. Some automobiles are fitted with solar-powered air conditioning to limit interior temperatures on hot days.66 A self-contained solar vehicle would have limited power and utility, but a solar-charged electric vehicle allows use of solar power for transportation. Solar-powered cars, boats67 and airplanes68 have been demonstrated, with the most practical and likely of these being solar cars.69
Standalone devices
Until a decade or so ago, PV was used frequently to power calculators and novelty devices. Improvements in integrated circuits and low power liquid crystal displays make it possible to power such devices for several years between battery changes, making PV use less common. In contrast, solar powered remote fixed devices have seen increasing use recently in locations where significant connection cost makes grid power prohibitively expensive. Such applications include solar lamps, water pumps,70 parking meters,7172 emergency telephones, trash compactors,73 temporary traffic signs, charging stations,7475 and remote guard posts and signals.
Rural electrification
Unlike the past decade, which saw solar solutions purchased mainly by international donors, it is now the locals who are increasingly opening their wallets to make the switch from their traditional energy means. That is because solar products prices in recent years have declined to become cheaper than kerosene and batteries.
In Cambodia, for example, villagers can buy a solar lantern at US$25 and use it for years without any extra costs, where their previous spending on kerosene for lighting was about $2.5 per month, or $30 per year. In Kenya a solar kit that provides bright light or powers a radio or cell phone costs under $30 at retail stores. By switching to this kit Kenyans can save $120 per year on kerosene lighting, radio batteries and cell phone recharging fees.76
Developing countries where many villages are often more than five kilometers away from grid power are increasingly using photovoltaics. In remote locations in India a rural lighting program has been providing solar powered LED lighting to replace kerosene lamps. The solar powered lamps were sold at about the cost of a few months' supply of kerosene.7778 Cuba is working to provide solar power for areas that are off grid.79 These are areas where the social costs and benefits offer an excellent case for going solar, though the lack of profitability has relegated such endeavors to humanitarian efforts. However, solar rural electrification projects have been difficult to sustain due to unfavorable economics, lack of technical support, and a legacy of ulterior motives of north-to-south technology transfer.80
Solar roadways
In December 2008, the Oregon Department of Transportation placed in service the nation's first solar photovoltaic system in a U.S. highway right-of-way. The 104-kilowatt (kW) array produces enough electricity to offset approximately one-third of the electricity needed to light the Interstate highway interchange where it is located.81
A 45 mi (72 km) section of roadway in Idaho is being used to test the possibility of installing solar panels into the road surface, as roads are generally unobstructed to the sun and represent about the percentage of land area needed to replace other energy sources with solar power.82
In May 2008, the Far Niente Winery in Oakville, CA pioneered the world's first "floatovoltaic" system by installing 994 photovoltaic solar panels onto 130 pontoons and floating them on the winery's irrigation pond. The floating system generates about 477 kW of peak output and when combined with an array of cells located adjacent to the pond is able to fully offset the winery's electricity consumption.83
The primary benefit of a floatovoltaic system is that it avoids the need to sacrifice valuable land area that could be used for another purpose. In the case of the Far Niente Winery, the floating system saved three-quarters of an acre that would have been required for a land-based system. That land area can instead be used to grow an amount of grapes able to produce $150,000 of bottled wine.84 Another benefit of a floatovoltaic system is that the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion. The floating panels also reduce the amount of water lost through evaporation and inhibit the growth of algae.85
Plug in solar
In 2012, a UL approved solar panel was introduced which is simply plugged into an electrical outlet. It senses mains voltage and waits 5 minutes before activating the inverter, and shuts down immediately if lines voltage is removed, eliminating any shock hazard from touching the plug prongs. Up to five 240 watt panels can be connected to one outlet.86
Dye solar cells
The dye solar cell module is very young photovoltiac technology, The ultimate aim is the successful integration of solar modules into the building facade. Researchers at the Fraunhofer ISE have succeeded in producing the worldwide first dye solar cell module.87
Telecommunication and signalling
Solar PV power is ideally suited for telecommunication applications such as local telephone exchange, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and other forms of electronic communication links. This is because, in most telecommunication application, storage batteries are already in use and the electrical system is basically DC. In hilly and mountainous terrain, radio and TV signals may not reach as they get blocked or reflected back due to undulating terrain. At these locations, low power transmitters (LPT) are installed to receive and retransmit the signal for local population.88
Spacecraft applications
Spacecraft operating in the inner solar system usually rely on the use of photovoltaic solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight.
Photovoltaic solar cells on spacecraft was one of the earliest applications of photovoltaic cells. The first spacecraft to use solar panels was the Vanguard 1 satellite, launched by the US in 1958.89
Solar panels on spacecraft supply power for two principle uses:
- power to run the sensors, active heating and cooling, and telemetry.
- power for spacecraft propulsion—electric propulsion, sometimes called solar-electric propulsion.90 See also energy needed for propulsion methods.
For both uses, the figure of merit of the solar panels is the power generated per unit mass,citation needed as an upper limit of the power the spacecraft has at its disposal per kg. spacecraft (including solar panels).clarification needed To increase the power generated per kg., typical spacecraft solar panels use close-packed solar cell rectangles that cover nearly 100% of the sun-visible area of the solar panels, rather than the solar wafer circles, which, even though close-packed, cover about 90% of the sun-visible area of typical on earth-based solar panels. However, some spacecraft solar panels have solar cells that cover as little as 30% of the sun-visible area.90
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
Main article: Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, sometimes known as hybrid PV/T systems or PVT, are systems that convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy. These systems combine a photovoltaic cell, which converts electromagnetic radiation (photons) into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. The capture of both electricity and heat allow these devices to have higher exergy91 and thus be more overall energy efficient than solar photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal alone.92
The 122 PW of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful—almost 10,000 times more than the 13 TW equivalent of average power consumed in 2005 by humans.93 This abundance leads to the suggestion that it will not be long before solar energy will become the world's primary energy source.94 Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m2) among renewable energies.93
Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development95 and policies are being produced that encourage recycling from producers.96
PV installations can operate for 100 years or even more 97 with little maintenance or intervention after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses in the US were approximately 7.2% in 1995).98
Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in case of concentrating photovoltaic cells99 and efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are rapidly falling.100
In some states of the United States, much of the investment in a home-mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller. The city of Berkeley developed an innovative financing method to remove this limitation, by adding a tax assessment that is transferred with the home to pay for the solar panels.101 Now known as PACE, Property Assessed Clean Energy, 28 U.S. states have duplicated this solution.102
There is evidence, at least in California, that the presence of a home-mounted solar system can actually increase the value of a home. According to a paper published in April 2011 by the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory titled An Analysis of the Effects of Residential Photovoltaic Energy Systems on Home Sales Prices in California:
The research finds strong evidence that homes with PV systems in California have sold for a premium over comparable homes without PV systems. More specifically, estimates for average PV premiums range from approximately $3.9 to $6.4 per installed watt (DC) among a large number of different model specifications, with most models coalescing near $5.5/watt. That value corresponds to a premium of approximately $17,000 for a relatively new 3,100 watt PV system (the average size of PV systems in the study).103
See also
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- ^ "UD-led team sets solar cell record, joins DuPont on $100 million project". UDaily. University of Delaware. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
- ^ Schultz, O.; Mette, A.; Preu, R.; Glunz, S.W. "Silicon Solar Cells with Screen-Printed Front Side Metallization Exceeding 19% Efficiency". The compiled state-of-the-art of PV solar technology and deployment. 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, EU PVSEC 2007. Proceedings of the international conference. CD-ROM : Held in Milan, Italy, 3 – 7 September 2007. pp. 980–983. ISBN 3-936338-22-1.
- ^ Shahan, Zachary. (20 June 2011) Sunpower Panels Awarded Guinness World Record. Reuters.com. Retrieved on 31 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Sunny Uplands: Alternative energy will no longer be alternative". The Economist. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
- ^ Wells, Ken (25 October 2012). "Solar Energy Is Ready. The U.S. Isn't". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ^ Branker, K.; Pathak, M.J.M.; Pearce, J.M. (2011). "A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of Electricity". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (9): 4470. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.104. hdl:1974/6879.
- ^ Utilities' Honest Assessment of Solar in the Electricity Supply. Greentechmedia.com (7 May 2012). Retrieved on 31 May 2013.
- ^ "Renewables Investment Breaks Records". Renewable Energy World. 29 August 2011.
- ^ Renewable energy costs drop in '09 Reuters, 23 November 2009.
- ^ Solar Power 50% Cheaper By Year End – Analysis. Reuters, 24 November 2009.
- ^ Harris, Arno (31 August 2011). "A Silver Lining in Declining Solar Prices". Renewable Energy World.
- ^ a b Quiggin, John (3 January 2012). "The End of the Nuclear Renaissance". National Interest.
- ^ Chinese PV producer Phono Solar to supply German system integrator Sybac Solar with 500 MW of PV modules Solarserver.com, April 30, 2012
- ^ Solar PV Module Costs to Fall to 36 Cents per Watt by 2017 Retrieved 28 June 2013
- ^ T. Alafita and J.M. Pearce, "Securitization of residential solar photovoltaic assets: Costs, risks and uncertainty", Energy Policy, 67, pp. 488–498 (2014). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.045 open access
- ^ Lowder, T., & Mendelsohn, M. (2013). The Potential of Securitization in Solar PV Finance.
- ^ "Done Deal: The First Securitization Of Rooftop Solar Assets" Forbes - URL: http://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2013/11/21/done-deal-the-first-securitization-of-rooftop-solar-assets/
- ^ Converting Solar Energy into the PHEV Battery. VerdeL3C.com (May 2009).
- ^ Money saved by producing electricity from PV and Years for payback. Docs.google.com. Retrieved on 31 May 2013.
- ^ a b Lenardic, Denis. Large-scale photovoltaic power plants ranking 1 – 50 PVresources.com.
- ^ "DOE Closes on Four Major Solar Projects". Renewable Energy World. 30 September 2011.
- ^ "NRG Energy Completes Acquisition of 250-Megawatt California Valley Solar Ranch from SunPower". MarketWatch. 30 September 2011.
- ^ "Exelon purchases 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch One from First Solar". Solar Server. 4 October 2011.
- ^ "Sempra Generation contracts with PG&E for 150 mw of solar power". CNN. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ "Mesquite Solar". Sempra Generation. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Gipe, Paul (2 June 2010) Germany To Raise Solar Target for 2010 & Adjust Tariffs | Renewable Energy News. Renewableenergyworld.com. Retrieved on 12 December 2010.
- ^ Building Integrated Photovoltaics, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, accessed: 23 March 2007.
- ^ "Solar panels keep buildings cool". University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
- ^ Next-gen Prius now official, uses solar panels to keep car cool
- ^ World's largest solar-powered boat completes its trip around the world Retrieved 28 June 2013
- ^ Solar-powered plane lands outside Washington D.C. Retrieved 28 June 2013
- ^ SolidWorks Plays Key Role in Cambridge Eco Race Effort. cambridgenetwork.co.uk (4 February 2009).
- ^ "Solar water pumping". builditsolar.com. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ Solar-Powered Parking Meters Installed. 10news.com (18 February 2009). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ "Solar-powered parking meters make downtown debut". Impactnews.com. 22 July 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Philadelphia's Solar-Powered Trash Compactors. MSNBC (24 July 2009). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ AT&T installing solar-powered charging stations around New York Retrieved 28 June 2013
- ^ Chevrolet Dealers Install Green Zone Stations Retrieved 28 June 2013
- ^ Ariel, Yotam (25 August 2011) Delivering Solar to a Distribution-cursed Market. Renewableenergyworld.com. Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ Solar loans light up rural India. BBC News (29 April 2007). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ Off grid solutions for remote poor. ebono.org. (26 February 2008).
- ^ Barclay, Eliza (31 July 2003). Rural Cuba Basks in the Sun. islamonline.net.
- ^ Erickson, Jon D.; Chapman, Duane (1995). "Photovoltaic Technology: Markets, Economics, and Development". World Development 23 (7): 1129–1141.
- ^ "The ODOT Solar Highway". Oregon Dept. of Transportation. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ Solar Roads attract funding. ebono.org. 8 March 2008
- ^ Winery goes solar with 'Floatovoltaics'. SFGate (29 May 2008). Retrieved on 31 May 2013.
- ^ NAPA VALLEY'S FAR NIENTE WINERY INTRODUCES FIRST-EVER "FLOATOVOLTAIC" SOLAR ARRAY. farniente.com
- ^ Napa Winery Pioneers Solar Floatovoltaics. Forbes (18 April 2012). Retrieved on 31 May 2013.
- ^ Got a deck? Solar panels now a plug-in appliance. News.cnet.com (12 May 2012). Retrieved on 31 May 2013.
- ^ [1]
- ^ B.H Khan, 'Non-Conventional Energy Resources', TMH Publications 01-01-2006
- ^ Perlin, John (Pub date unknown). "Late 1950s - Saved by the Space Race". SOLAR EVOLUTION - The History of Solar Energy. The Rahus Institute. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ a b NASA JPL Publication: Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 11. Typical Onboard Systems, Propulsion Subsystems, http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf11-4.html#propulsion
- ^ M.J.M. Pathak, P.G. Sanders, J. M. Pearce, Optimizing limited solar roof access by exergy analysis of solar thermal, photovoltaic, and hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems, Applied Energy, 120, pp. 115-124 (2014). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.041 Open access
- ^ Ahmad Mojiri, Robert A. Taylor, Elizabeth Thomsen, Gary Rosengarten, Spectral beam splitting for efficient conversion of solar energy—A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 28, December 2013, Pages 654–663
- ^ a b Smil, Vaclav (2006) Energy at the Crossroads. oecd.org. Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ Renewable Energy: Is the Future in Nuclear? Prof. Gordon Aubrecht (Ohio State at Marion) TEDxColumbus, The Innovators – 18 October 2012
- ^ Nieuwlaar, Evert and Alsema, Erik. Environmental Aspects of PV Power Systems. IEA PVPS Task 1 Workshop, 25–27 June 1997, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- ^ McDonald, N.C.; Pearce, J.M. (2010). "Producer Responsibility and Recycling Solar Photovoltaic Modules". Energy Policy 38 (11): 7041. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.023.
- ^ Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy. Retrieved on 25 December 2013.
- ^ U.S. Climate Change Technology Program – Transmission and Distribution Technologies. (PDF) . Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ Fraunhofer: 41.1% efficiency multi-junction solar cells. renewableenergyfocus.com (28 January 2009).
- ^ Study Sees Solar Cost-Competitive In Europe By 2015. Solar Cells Info (16 October 2007). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ "Berkeley FIRST Solar Financing – City of Berkeley, CA". cityofberkeley.info.
- ^ DSIRE Solar Portal. Dsireusa.org (4 April 2011). Retrieved on 3 June 2012.
- ^ Hoen, Ben; Wiser, Ryan; Cappers, Peter and Thayer, Mark (April 2011). "An Analysis of the Effects of Residential Photovoltaic Energy Systems on Home Sales Prices in California". Berkeley National Laboratory.
HPTS - Area Progetti - Edu-Soft - JavaEdu - N.Saperi - Ass.Scuola.. - TS BCTV - TS VideoRes - TSODP - TRTWE
TerritorioScuola. Some rights reserved. Informazioni d'uso ☞


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Park Hills
Since 1989, Central Methodist University has partnered with Mineral Area College to bring courses and degree programs, including the Master of Education degree, to the Park Hills region.
CMU-Park Hills offerings may be perfect for students who have already completed a two-year college degree and who wish to complete requirements for a four-year degree. CMU-Park Hills courses may also be appropriate for students interested in personal or professional enrichment or growth but not desiring a four-year degree.
Contact Information:
Jeff Williams
Site Coordinator, Advisor
573-518-2112, firstname.lastname@example.com
Advisor for undergraduate degree programs in Education in the areas of Early Childhood, Elementary, Middle School, Secondary Business, Secondary Math and Special Education, Child Development and Mathematics degree programs and Masters in Education.
Hilary Gamble
Administrative Assistant
573-518-2112, email@example.com
Manages and submits financial aid documents, coordinates office activity and campus information
Theresa Keown
Human Services Advisor,
Director Clinical Counseling Program
573-518-2301, email@example.com
Advisor for Criminal Justice, Psychology and Sociology undergraduate degree programs and Masters in Clinical Counseling.
Velma Baldwin
573-518-2293, firstname.lastname@example.com
Advises the following programs: Business, Nursing, Accounting, Public Administration, Computer Science
Steve Noble
Curriculum Coordinator and Teacher Education
573-518-2112, firstname.lastname@example.com
Full time faculty member. Teaches numerous courses in the Education major and organizes/supervises the student teaching experience for Park Hills students.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Unedited news and product information from vendors.
Create Digital Driving Force Behind Verizon FiOS-FOX's Prometheus Social Campaign
Sep 27, 2012 (04:09 PM EDT)
Mashable released a blog featuring the campaign's live Twitter chat with lead film writer Damon Lindelof and viral video for the movie entitled "Quiet Eye."
RICHMOND, Va., Sept. 27, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Verizon FiOS approached Richmond-based full-service digital marketing agency, Create Digital, with a digital campaign need: capitalize on their partnership with FOX and summer blockbuster film Prometheus.
"The partnership between Verizon and FOX hit the mark in validating why users would want to engage with these brands via social," Dave Perry, account lead at Create Digital said.
"It allowed two brands, that have a growing social presence, to provide exceptional and exclusive content for their users and fans."
Social media journal, Mashable, touted the partnership on May 15 before exclusive video content was streamed on FiOS' Facebook page.
On May 16, Verizon FiOS released a clip, edited by director Ridley Scott entitled "Quiet Eye," that was posted exclusively for 24 hours on Facebook. Create Digital was instrumental in the execution of a live Twitter chat with Damon Lindelof.
Create Digital strategically planned the FiOS-FOX partnership with the end result in mind, according to Perry.
"We asked ourselves 'when the partnership is over, what do we want to have accomplished – be it increased fans, fan engagement, and so on.' We knew that the partnership made sense from a community perspective and to Verizon's fans."
"Lastly, we identified the metrics for success and began planning from there."
Prometheus' digital campaign generated a 25 percent increase in Verizon FiOS' social fan base.
The campaign was selected as just one of three finalists for the OMMA Awards for OMMA Awards for Online Advertising Creativity for an Integrated Online Campaign in the Entertainment: Movies category.
According to the review on OMMA's website: "This campaign made me want FiOS. Every possible digital asset was used here to seamlessly familiarize the audience with both Prometheus and Verizon FiOS." OMMA will announce this year's winners on October 1, 2012.
Create Digital is a full-service digital marketing agency that helps global brands connect with their customers by building and engaging communities, creating digital campaigns, and measuring results. To learn more visit the company's website.
SOURCE Create Digital


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Philip B. Ryan '65
President (interim)
Philip Ryan '65 is the interim president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, assuming the role in June of 2013. He has been a member of the WPI Board of Trustees since 1999 and had been elected the 21st chairman of the Board earlier this year.
Prior to assuming the presidency of WPI, Ryan served as a senior executive and corporate advisor, mentoring CEOs, executive teams, and corporate boards in team development, corporate strategy, capital restructuring, and divestiture strategies that optimized shareholder value.
Throughout his career, Ryan has led organizations through periods of significant transformation and profitable growth. He has extensive experience serving on public, private, and nonprofit boards, and served for many years as CEO of Merchants Automotive Group, a privately owned diversified transportation company with activities in corporate fleet leasing, fleet management, and real estate investments.
From 1990 to 1997, Ryan was president and CEO of Elliot Health System, which managed a full array of inpatient and outpatient health services. Prior to that, he was an owner and officer of The Bigelow Company, a management consulting and private investment banking firm he co-founded in 1970.
Ryan received a bachelor of science in civil engineering from WPI in 1965. He holds an MBA from Harvard Business School and he has lectured and taught courses at the University of New Hampshire, New Hampshire College, and WPI. He and his wife, Judith, reside in Bedford, N.H.


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Worcester State University provides an enriching educational experience for qualified applicants with a learning disability. The SAT-I may be waived for applicants with a documented learning disability. Applicants with a language-based learning disability may also substitute two college preparatory units in humanities or social sciences for the foreign language requirement established by the Massachusetts Department of Higher Education guidelines.
Applicants are not required to disclose a learning disability, but if they wish to receive additional consideration in the admission process and services after enrollment, they must submit a copy of the complete diagnostic testing with the official high school transcripts. The diagnostic testing which includes both a cognitive and an achievement test should have been completed within the last three years. All diagnostic materials are kept confidential and will be used only within guidelines of the Americans with Disabilities Act as amended.


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Red, White & Blueberry Poke Cake Recipe
How to make candy stars >
- 1 package white cake mix (regular size)
- 1-1/4 cups water
- 2 eggs
- 1/4 cup canola oil
- 1 cup fresh strawberries
- 1/4 cup water
- 2/3 cup sugar
- 2-1/4 teaspoons strawberry gelatin
- 3/4 cup fresh blueberries
- 1/2 cup water
- 4-1/2 teaspoons sugar
- 4-1/2 teaspoons berry blue gelatin
- 2-1/2 cups heavy whipping cream
- 1/3 cup confectioners' sugar
- Line bottoms of two 9-in. round baking pans with parchment or waxed paper; coat paper with cooking spray. In a large bowl, beat the cake mix, water, eggs and oil; beat on low speed for 30 seconds. Beat on medium for 2 minutes.
- Pour into prepared pans. Bake at 350° for 25-30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted near the center comes out clean. Cool completely in pans on wire racks.
- For strawberry gelatin, in a small saucepan, combine the strawberries, water and sugar; bring to a boil. Reduce heat; simmer, uncovered, for 2-3 minutes or until berries are soft. Strain into a small bowl, pressing berries lightly; discard pulp. Add gelatin to syrup, stirring to dissolve completely. Cool to room temperature. Repeat steps to make blueberry gelatin.
- Using a wooden skewer, pierce tops of cakes to within 1 inch of edge; twist skewer gently to make slightly larger holes. Gradually pour cooled strawberry mixture over one cake, being careful to fill each hole. Repeat with blueberry mixture and remaining cake. Refrigerate, covered, overnight.
- In a large bowl, beat cream until it begins to thicken. Add confectioners' sugar; beat until soft peaks form.
- Run a knife around edges of pans to loosen cakes. Remove strawberry cake from pan; remove paper. Place cake on a serving plate. Spread with 1 cup whipped cream.
- Remove blueberry cake from pan; remove paper. Place cake over whipped cream layer. Frost top and sides with remaining cream. Chill for at least 1 hour before serving. Yield: 12 servings.
Sweet White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a sweet white wine such as Moscato or a sweet Riesling.
Reviews for Red, White & Blueberry Poke Cake(37)
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I made this for our 4th of July last year and still remember it 15 mo later... cool and refreshing... really terrific!
I made this for our 4th of July barbeque. It was a huge hit. Several people said it was the best cake they had ever had. It was delicious!
I made this for a 4th of July BBQ and it pleased a couple of hard to please children. It tasted great and the syrups are well worth the effort. I made it with the heavy cream and had no issues with the cake falling down or sliding. Just gotta make sure to beat the cream and sugar enough :)
This cake is super yummy! I read some of the other reviews and here's my opinion on this recipe. First, if you beat your whip cream 'til it's good and stiff, then your layers won't slide. (Be careful not to go too long or you'll have butter.) The fruit syrups are well worth the effort. They give it a REAL fruit flavor, so it doesn't taste artificial from the jello. It all depends on what you like. If you like cool whip & jello, then there are easier recipes to make... but, if you like the real, homemade flavors of fruit & cream then this is the cake to make! It's wonderful. Also, if the whipped cream isn't sweet enough for you then just add some sugar. I ended up adding about a tablespoon more. I also added a tablespoon of vanilla to mine... yum!
I forgot to say that I don't put the added sugar in the Jello mixture. It is really good with sugar free Jello too and sugar free whipped topping.
Similar Recipes
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- Blueberry Desserts >
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- Cake Recipes >
- Cakes >
- Desserts >
- Father's Day Recipes >
- Gelatin Poke Cake >
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Foot Cushion Jane Low Wedge Sandals
- Price
- £20.00
- In Stock
5 reviews
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Foot Cushion Low Wedge Sandals
Chic, comfy with an ever so little lift, these low wedge sandals by Foot Cushion keep you comfortable all day without compromising on style.
Featuring super impact foam layers between the in-sock and insole, these sandals are ultra comfortable and will be every time you wear them. Available in three colours these open toe sandals are fresh in white, classic in black and a little different in pewter. The knotted straps add detail, while the low wedge adds the right amount of height for your daytime wear.
Pair these wedge sandals with linen trousers, a printed top and your favourite sunglasses for a cool, casual holiday style.
Useful info:
- Low wedge sandals by Foot Cushion
- Super impact foam layers for comfort
- Knotted strap detail to the front
Foot Cushion Florie Flower Mid Wedge Sandals
- Price
- £28.00
- In Stock
4 reviews
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Foot Cushion Mid Wedge Sandals with Leather Flower Detail
These mid wedge sandals by Foot Cushion are incredibly comfortable without compromising on style offering you all day chic comfort.
The leather straps and flower detail add feminine charm to your everyday outfits, while the range of colours adds personality. The mid wedge heel lifts your look just a little for day-to-evening style. Foam layers inbetween the in-sock and insole provide sumptuous cushioning under foot for all day comfortable wear.
Wear these sandals with a printed summer dress, matching accessories and sunglasses for a gorgeous garden party look.
Useful info:
- Mid wedge sandals by Foot Cushion
- Leather flower detail to leather straps
- Super impact foam layers for comfort
- Available in a range of colours
Foot Cushion Suzie Mid Wedge Sandals
- Price
- £35.00
- In Stock
6 reviews
- Delivery
- Next day delivery available
Foot Cushion Sandals with Mid Wedge
Designed with superior comfort in mind, these wedge sandals by Foot Cushion are perfect for days spent on your feet - friend's garden parties, sightseeing in Paris, at the office - whatever it might be.
Available in a range of colours, these sandals are the perfect pick for summer - livening up your wardrobe with their hues. A mid wedge adds a little height to your looks, while the chunky straps add a little retro twist. Finished with a buckle fastening these wedges are the ultimate in cushioned comfort.
Wear these wedges with a summer dress and stacked bangles for a beautiful daytime style. Raise your casual look in a pair of jeans and printed top.
Useful info:
- Wedge sandals by Foot Cushion
- Mid wedge detail
- Chunky straps
- Cork effect wedge
- Buckle fastening


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Glad it turned out for you. If I had a dollar for everytime I have to go hunting for something only not to find where it's supposed to be I would be rich LOL. We once had to go through all the garbage from Christmas because somebody threw away their present with the wrapping paper!
My niece had a party last summer to celebrate her son's graduation from high school. It was a great party with lots of adults and kids. However, when she cleaned up she couldn't find the Cutco paring knife I had given her a couple of years ago. She went through her trash, and everywhere else she could think of looking. Finally, she gave up and decided someone ran off with her knife, and of course it was her favorite knife. I heard the story and decided that I needed to take care of this. I called my Cutco dealer and ordered her a new one. I mailed it to her, and received a call thanking me for sending the knife to her. She said I was the best Aunt anyone could have.( I have my doubts about that, but I was happy I could make her day) She was planning another party, but said that this time she was hiding her knife!!!!
Unless noted to the contrary, all trademarks and other intellectual property on this site are owned by Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vevey, Switzerland or used with permission.
As a Very Best Baker, you can print coupons, chat in the Forums, plus rate, review and save recipes!
Remember me on this computer
Become a Very Best Baker to print coupons, share recipes and chat in the Forums.


text:
While playing guard, Russaw not only took command of the leadership role in her final season for the Thunder, but almost moved in silence — leading by example more than anything.
"Courtney was the type of leader that you always want," JCA coach Tommy Miller said. "She said very little, but she was a leader. Her play was always 100 percent. She never gave anything less."
Russaw finished the year averaging 16.9 points and 13.6 rebounds a game, despite standing at 5-foot-3. She added a 2.7 average a game in assists and steals while shooting 66 percent from the foul line.
As a result, she is The Anniston Star's Class 1A-2A girls basketball player of the year.
"That's the way she played," Miller said. "She played very quickly and smart.
"She's not very tall, but she blocked out extremely well. Her fundamentals were top-notch."
Averaging the double-double, Russaw's numbers certainly raised eyebrows, especially after she spent her junior season as a player who preferred defense. The transition to becoming more of an offensive player came over the summer, when her all-around game came together.
The same case could be made for Jacksonville Christian, which saw its season come together down the stretch.
"At first it was kind of hard because we were young and still trying to figure out what we were doing," Russaw said. "Then toward the end we got better and started playing better."
In a critical postseason game, Jacksonville Christian ran through Donoho in the first round of the Class 1A, Area 12 tournament 40-29. The moment highlighted Russaw's season.
"It was my senior year, so I wanted to play harder and do the best I could," she said. "I never thought I'd play like I am now when I started. I was just used to watching people play well."
Despite falling to regular-season area champion Ragland in the next round, Russaw still took her over in her last season on the court for the Thunder.
"She had been a starter for several years, and when Katy (Miller) graduated two years ago and was a leader and Courtney was a starter back then, Courtney began to develop into the leadership role last year," Jacksonville Christian coach Tommy Miller said. "But at the start of this year she really took it on her shoulders."
Brandon Miller covers prep sports for The Star. He can be reached at 256-235-3575 or follow him on Twitter @bmiller_star


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|Alabama Maps
Help for Alabama history projects from the University of Alabama -- the Alabama Maps site is a great resource for current and historical maps.
To find a blank state map with counties outlined, click "Contemporary Map Index", then "Alabama", then "Basemaps." To find maps of individual counties, click on "Counties"
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DIY vs. Buy
Fun projects for making cocktail ingredients at home.
If you're into mixing up cocktails at home, why not personalize your drinks even further with homemade ingredients, tweaked to your personal preferences? Make your own versions of hard-to-find liqueurs and make better-tasting versions of what's on the liquor store shelf.


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19422 Saddleback Ranch Rd, Portola Hills, CA 92679
The motto at Portola Hills Elementary School is "Exploring New Horizons, Discovering Ourselves." This school…More in the eastern hills of Orange County is one of the highest performing elementary schools in the district, receiving an API score of 925 in 2010. Its PTA and private foundation support a rich array of educational enhancements, including arts and music programs and a technology lab that all students visit weekly.
23391 Dune Mear Rd, Lake Forest, CA 92630
The motto for students at Olivewood Elementary School is "Where Everybody is Somebody." Principal Dr. Karen Schibler…More says she believes in setting high expectations and accountability for all, and putting children first. Olivewood is supported by an active PTA. About 55% of Olivewood's students are categorized as "English Learners" and 50% of its students qualify for free or reduced-price meal subsidies. In 2009-2010, Olivewood received an API score of 789 from the state of California. This was an increase of 1 point over the previous year.
25350 Serrano Rd, Lake Forest, CA 92630
The motto at La Madera Elementary School, a pretty campus dotted with eucalyptus trees, is "Believe! Achieve!…More Succeed!" Most of the 615 students who attend here reside in the immediate neighborhood, providing a strong sense of community among students, staff and parents.
Known for strong academics, La Madera received an API score of 895 in 2010, an increase of 13 points from the prior year. About 13 percent of its students are classified as "English Learners," while 11 percent receive free or reduced-price lunches.
1 Torino, Foothill Ranch, CA 92610
Foothill Ranch Elementary School is one of the highest performing elementary schools in the district. In 2010, it…More received an API score of 911, an increase of 8 points from the prior year.
Principal Ed MacNevin is focusing on using technology to improve student learning, such as SMART boards (interactive whiteboards) in each classroom and computer labs funded by the school's PTA and the school's private foundation.
At the "Home of the Bobcats," about 6 percent of students are classified as "English Learners," while 4 percent receive free or reduced-price lunches.
21801 Pittsford, Lake Forest, CA 92630
The motto of this neighborhood school is "Excellence through education." Lake Forest Elementary School pursues this…More goal by emphasizing science and technology to help prepare students for the future. Science is integrated into all subjects throughout the curriculum, and students also have access to a computer lab with 35 PCs.
Lake Forest Elementary's solid academic focus is reflected in its strong rankings from the state. In 2010, it received an API score of 901, an increase of 11 points over the prior year.
Seventeen-percent of students at the Home of the Dolphins are classified as "English learners," while 17 percent also qualify for free or reduced-price lunches.
24642 Jeronimo Rd, Lake Forest, CA 92630
Serrano Intermediate School – the only intermediate school in the city of Lake Forest – offers a range…More of opportunities for students to be involved in creative, academic or social outlets. The school boasts arts programs including drama, orchestra, band, jazz band and chorus, Spanish and French classes, and career-minded electives like web design, wood shop and multimedia. As principal Bob Presby notes, "Serrano has something for everyone."
Thanks to Measure B funds, the "Home of the Soaring Seahawks" was recently modernized, meaning all of its classrooms, food service area, gymnasium and performance stage are now state of the art.
In 2010, Serrano Intermediate received an API (Academic Performance Index) score of 869, an increase of 25 points over the prior year. Nine percent of Serrano's students are classified as "English Learners," and 18 percent receive free or reduced-price lunches.
25255 Toledo Way, Lake Forest, CA 92630
The only high school in the city of Lake Forest, El Toro High School boasts a wide range of offerings for students,…More from strong academics including Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate programs as well extracurricular activities like its award-winning drama department, show choirs, newspaper, yearbook and instrumental music program. The "Home of the Chargers" is also host to strong athletic programs which has won multiple CIF championships, including boys' water polo and soccer in 2009.
In 2010, 704 seniors graduated and many landed at prestigious universities such as Stanford, UC Berkeley, USC, UCLA, Duke, Georgetown and West Point. Those seniors amassed $4.6 million in scholarships.
El Toro earned an Academic Performance Index (API) score of 830 in 2010. Eight percent of its students are classified as "English Learners" and 14% receive free or reduced-price lunches.


text:
sort results by
Vacancy posted: Monday, 29 Oct 2012
Foster Carers Can be based anywhere Earn up to £29,000 p.a., plus allowances - self employed
Please note: This vacancy is no longer advertised.
You might find these similar jobs of interest:
- Action for Children Foster Carer, Action For Children, Can be based anywhere
- Young Persons Rapid Response Coordinator Part Time, Alternatives, Alexandria
- Young Persons Rapid Response Coordinator Full Time, Alternatives, Alexandria
- Support Worker, Key Community Supports, Helensburgh
- Care Home Manager (Lanarkshire) RGN RMN, Randstad Care, Lanarkshire South
FOSTER CARERS - throughout Scotland.
Care Visions is one of Scotland's independent providers of foster care and we are looking to expand our dedicated team of foster carers in 2012.
As a foster carer with Care Visions you can be sure that we will be with you every step of the way, to advise, support and sustain you through the highs and lows, the anticipated and the unexpected. Our team of experienced Social Workers and Support Workers will ensure that all aspects of children's needs are addressed and you are supported to provide the best care possible.
We are currently recruiting experienced carers as well as people with a genuine interest in caring for children and we can guarantee your application will be processed quickly and safely.
If you are one of those special and caring families, couples or single people we can arrange an initial consultation and kick-start the most rewarding work you will ever do!!
If you have a genuine passion for the care of children and can provide a safe and secure home for those who have experienced trauma join Care Visions Fostering and be part of a network of Foster Carers throughout Scotland.
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Earn up to £29,000 plus allowance
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Make a difference to a young person's life.


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Retailers, like We Keep You Cycling, are legally allowed to set their own selling prices. However, some manufacturers set 'Minimum Advertised Pricing' or 'MAP' policies which restrict how we can display pricing for their products. Typically this means that we cannot show you our price for the item until you take further action, such as placing the item in your shopping cart. Placing the item in the Shopping Cart will allow you to see our price, but does not mean you have to purchase the item. The item can be easily removed from the cart if you do not want it.
While inconvenient, this is the legal method of complying with MAP policies while retaining our retailers' legal right to sell at a price of our choosing.


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May Is National Nurses Month: Time to Say 'Thank You!'
Some jobs are so emblematic of how we all perceive ourselves (or rather, they're emblematic of how we hope others might perceive us) that, paradoxically, it's sometimes easy to overlook them. Firefighters, teachers and astronauts, for example, at their very best embody those characteristics that we've collectively come to regard as admirable, even noble. Courage, compassion, imagination, tenacity, the ability to perform under pressure: Most of us are happy to legitimately claim even one of those traits as our own. To rightfully claim most of them — or all of them — is an honor reserved for a rare (although thankfully not too rare) few.
Which brings us to nurses. May is National Nurses Month in the U.S., and with all due respect to astronauts, teachers, firefighters and the rest, it's right and fitting that we single out this ancient profession and its practitioners for praise. Depending on what their patients require, nurses care, comfort, humor, cajole, gently (and sometimes maybe not so gently) badger and, in the end, they save lives. They're on the front lines, literally and figuratively, of a ceaseless war against suffering. We owe them a lot.
Here, better late than never, on the very last day of National Nurses Month, LIFE.com pays tribute to nurses everywhere through the lens of one quiet, stirring photograph made by LIFE's Eliot Elisofon somewhere over North Africa in the spring of 1943. The picture features a "flying nurse" and Army Second Lieutenant named Julia Corinne Riley, one of a number of such nurses who flew with wounded Allied troops in C-47 cargo planes as the injured were being transported from the front to safety and treatment behind the lines.
As LIFE put it to its readers, in language that feels both patronizing and celebratory, in an April 1943 issue:
Typical of the flying nurses who are aiding the U.S. Army Medical Corps in this work is pretty Second Lieut. Julia Corinne Riley. Lieut. Riley, a native of Kahoka, Mo., graduated from the Washington Boulevard Hospital in Chicago and was inducted into the Army on April 6, 1942. She is 23 years old … and attached to the Air Evacuation Transport medical Squadron. In these pictures she is wearing a regulation light-blue shirt and black neck-tie, with non-regulation navy-blue slacks. The nurses usually wear regulation brown leather flying jackets.
So, here's to nurses — flying, sailing, orbiting and earthbound. We'd be in trouble without you. We're always safer with you. And if we don't say it often enough, we'll say it now. Thanks.
— Ben Cosgrove is the Editor of LIFE.com


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No Easy Day: The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden
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- Brief Synopsis:
- For the first time anywhere, the first-person account of the planning and execution of the Bin Laden raid from a Navy Seal who confronted the terrorist mastermind and witnessed his final moments.
- Long Synopsis:
- For the first time anywhere, the first-person account of the planning and execution of the Bin Laden raid from a Navy Seal who confronted the terrorist mastermind and witnessed his final moment. From the streets of Iraq to the rescue of Captain Richard Phillips in the Indian Ocean, and from the mountaintops of Afghanistan to the third floor of Osama Bin Laden's compound, operator Mark Owen of the U. S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group -- commonly known as SEAL Team Six -- has been a part of some of the most memorable special operations in history, as well as countless missions that never made headlines. No Easy Day puts readers alongside Owen and the other handpicked members of the twenty-four-man team as they train for the biggest mission of their lives. The blow-by-blow narrative of the assault, beginning with the helicopter crash that could have ended Owen's life straight through to the radio call confirming Bin Laden's death, is an essential piece of modern history. In No Easy Day, Owen also takes readers onto the field of battle in America's ongoing War on Terror and details the selection and training process for one of the most elite units in the military. Owen's story draws on his youth in Alaska and describes the SEALs' quest to challenge themselves at the highest levels of physical and mental endurance. With boots-on-the-ground detail, Owen describes numerous previously unreported missions that illustrate the life and work of a SEAL and the evolution of the team after the events of September 11. In telling the true story of the SEALs whose talents, skills, experiences, and exceptional sacrifices led to one of the greatest victories in the War on Terror, Mark Owen honors the men who risk everything for our country, and he leaves readers with a deep understanding of the warriors who keep America safe.
- Book Quality:
- Excellent
- Book Size:
- 318 Pages
- 9780525953722
- Publisher:
- Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated
- Date of Addition:
- 09/15/12
- Copyright Date:
- 2012
- Copyrighted By:
- Mark Owen
- Adult content:
- No
- Language:
- English
- Categories:
- History, Military, Nonfiction, Biographies and Memoirs
- Submitted By:
- Dave Russell
- Proofread By:
- Dave Russell
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MATra Starter Set 5: Test Set for Magnet Assisted siRNA Transfection
IBA BioTAGnology
Test set for comparison of Magnet Assisted Transfection versus Magnet Assisted Lipofection. Including a one-month-rent of a universal magnet plate. Optimized for siRNA transfections. Magnet Assist...read more
Receive your quote directly from IBA BioTAGnology for MATra Starter Set 5: Test Set for Magnet Assisted siRNA Transfection
Test set for comparison of Magnet Assisted Transfection versus Magnet Assisted Lipofection. Including a one-month-rent of a universal magnet plate. Optimized for siRNA transfections.
Magnet Assisted Transfection (MATra) is a new, easy-to-handle, very fast and highly efficient technology to transfect cells in culture. Data from a variety of species using cell lines or primary tissue culture have accumulated including human, monkey, mouse, rat, xenopus, pig, cat or fish. Applications range from Neurosciences via Oncology to Hepatology and many more. Using this new technique, nucleic acids are in a first step associated with specific magnetic nanoparticles (MagTag). Exploiting magnetic force the full nucleic acid dose is then drawn towards and delivered into the target cells leading to efficient transfection without disturbing the membrane architecture, without causing chromosomal damage or leaving a hole in the cell membrane like other transfection technologies.
This set includes the reagent MATra-si which is optimized for Magnet Assisted Transfection of siRNA, as well as the MA Lipofection Enhancer. The latter is used for the so-called Magnet Assisted Lipofection. In this case, the MA Lipofection Enhancer is combined with IBA's high-efficiency lipofection reagent IBAfect, or, alternatively, with any other lipofection reagent available in the lab to achieve optimal transfection results. MA Lipofection Enhancer can also be used to enhance viral transfections.
Both technologies can be used with adherent cells as well as with suspension cells. (Suspension cells have to be localized at the bottom of the wells of cell culture plates to take advantage of the magnetic field in an optimal way: use MATra-S Immobilizer or modified culture vessels.) MATra can also be adapted to high-throughput transfection assays using robotic stations and adapted protocols.
If the magnet plate is purchased after a rental phase a certain fee is deducted from the purchase price; please inquire for more details.
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Chuck Davis Named Week 4 Eurocup MVP
Chuck Davis of Banvit BK Bandirma has been named Eurocup Week 4 MVP.
Davis had a performance index ranking of 36, scoring 22 points with nine rebounds and five assists.
The increase could make signing Carmelo Anthony far more viable for the Rockets and Bulls. Read More.
A 10-year season-by-season Win Rank snapshot for an NBA franchise creates an insightful visual narrative. Read More.
Written by Christopher Reina on Apr 18, 2014
The increase could make signing Carmelo Anthony far more viable for the Rockets and Bulls. Read More.
Erik Spoelstra said Dwyane Wade will not have a minutes restriction entering the NBA playoffs. Read More.
Marcus Lee was named to the Midwest Regional All-Tournament team in his freshman season. Read More.
James Young averaged 14.3 points, 4.3 rebounds and 1.7 assists per game in his lone season with the Wildcats. Read More.
The Warriors recalled Ognjen Kuzmic and Nemanja Nedovic from the Santa Cruz Warriors. Read More.
Ricky Hickman had the highest index rating of Game 1. Read More.
Joakim Noah sat out the 2012 Olympics due to plantar fasciitis. Read More.
Myles Turner has grown a full inch since October. Read More.
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