text:
Khmer Empire
|Khmer Empire
Kambujadesa Kingdom
Red: Khmer Empire
Light Green: Haripunjaya
Yellow: Champa
|Old Khmer
Mahayana Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
|Absolute Monarchy
|Jayavarman II
|Suryavarman II
|Jayavarman VII
|Ponhea Yat
|Historical era
|Middle Ages
|Succession from Chenla
|Succession to Longvek
|1,200,000 km² (463,323 sq mi)
|1150 est.
|Today part of
|Part of a series on the
|History of Cambodia
|Early history
|Dark ages
|Colonial period
|Contemporary era
|Cambodia portal
The Khmer Empire, now known as Cambodia, was the powerful Khmer Hindu-Buddhist empire in Southeast Asia. The empire, which grew out of the former Kingdom of Funan and Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalized most of mainland Southeast Asia, parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, and southern Vietnam.[1]
Its greatest legacy is Angkor, in present-day Cambodia, which was the site of the capital city during the empire's zenith. The majestic monuments of Angkor — such as Angkor Wat and Bayon — bears testimony to the Khmer empire's immense power and wealth, impressive art and culture, architectural technique and aesthetics achievements, as well as the variety of belief systems that it patronised over time. Recently satellite imaging has revealed Angkor to be the largest pre-industrial urban center in the world.[2]
The beginning of the era of the Khmer Empire is conventionally dated to 802 AD. In this year, king Jayavarman II had himself declared chakravartin ("king of the world", or "king of kings") on Phnom Kulen. The empire ended with the fall of Angkor in the 15th century.
- 1 Historiography
- 2 History
- 3 Culture and society
- 4 Relations with regional powers
- 5 Gallery of temples
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Bibliography
The history of Angkor as the central area of settlement of the historical kingdom of Kambujadesa is also the history of the Khmer kingdom from the 9th to the 13th centuries.[3]
From Kambuja itself — and so also from the Angkor region — no written records have survived other than stone inscriptions. Therefore the current knowledge of the historical Khmer civilization is derived primarily from:
- Archaeological excavation, reconstruction and investigation
- Stone inscriptions (most important are foundation steles of temples), which report on the political and religious deeds of the kings
- Reliefs in a series of temple walls with depictions of military marches, life in the palace, market scenes and also the everyday lives of the population
- Reports and chronicles of Chinese diplomats, traders and travellers.
Formation and growth[edit]
Jayavarman II — the founder of Angkor[edit]
Jayavarman II (r. 790-850) is widely regarded as a king who set the foundations of the Angkor period in Cambodian history, beginning with a grandiose consecration ritual that he conducted in 802 on the sacred Mount Mahendraparvata, now known as Phnom Kulen, to celebrate the independence of Kambuja from Javanese dominion.[4] At that ceremony Prince Jayavarman II was proclaimed a universal monarch (Kamraten jagad ta Raja in Cambodian) or God King (Deva Raja in Sanskrit). According to some sources, Jayavarman II had resided for some time in Java during the reign of Sailendras, or "The Lords of Mountains", hence the concept of Deva Raja or God King was ostensibly imported from Java. At that time, Sailendras allegedly ruled over Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and parts of Cambodia.[5] Which is near South Vietnam.
The first pieces of information on Jayavarman II came from K.235 stone inscription on a stele in Sdok Kok Thom temple, Isan region, dating 1053. it recounts two and a half centuries of service that members of the temple's founding family provided for the Khmer court, mainly as chief chaplains of the Shaivite Hindu religion.[6]
According to an older established interpretation, Jayavarman II was supposed to be a prince who lived at the court of Sailendra in Java (today's Indonesia) and brought back to his home the art and culture of the Javanese Sailendran court to Cambodia.[7] This classical theory was revisited by modern scholars, such as Claude Jacques[8] and Michael Vickery, who noted that Khmer called chvea the Chams, their close neighbours.[9] Moreover Jayavarman's political career began at Vyadhapura (probably Banteay Prei Nokor) in eastern Cambodia, which make more probable long time contacts with them (even skirmishes, as the inscription suggests) than a long stay in distant Java.[10] Finally, many early temples on Phnom Kulen shows both Cham (e.g. Prasat Damrei Krap) and Javanese influences (e.g. the primitive "temple-mountain" of Aram Rong Cen and Prasat Thmar Dap), even if their asymmetric distribution seems typically khmer.[11]
After he eventually returned to his home, the former kingdom of Chenla, he quickly built up his influence, conquered a series of competing kings, and in 790 became king of a kingdom called "Kambuja" by the Khmer. In the following years he extended his territory and eventually established his new capital of Hariharalaya near the modern Cambodian town of Roluos. He thereby laid the foundation of Angkor, which was to arise some 15 km to the northwest. In 802 he declared himself Chakravartin, in a ritual taken from the Indian-Hindu tradition. Thereby he not only became the divinely appointed and therefore uncontested ruler, but also simultaneously declared the independence of his kingdom from Java. Jayavarman II died in the year 834 and he was succeeded by his son Jayavarman III.[12] Jayavarman III died in 877 and was succeeded by Indravarman I.
Yasodharapura — the first city of Angkor[edit]
The successors of Jayavarman II continually extended the territory of Kambuja. Indravarman I (reigned 877 – 889) managed to expand the kingdom without wars, and he began extensive building projects, thanks to the wealth gained through trade and agriculture. Foremost were the temple of Preah Ko and irrigation works. He was followed by his son Yasovarman I (reigned 889 – 915), who established a new capital, Yasodharapura – the first city of Angkor. The city's central temple was built on Phnom Bakheng, a hill which rises around 60 m above the plain on which Angkor sits. Under Yasovarman I the East Baray was also created, a massive water reservoir of 7.5 by 1.8 km.
At the beginning of the 10th century the kingdom split. Jayavarman IV established a new capital at Koh Ker, some 100 km northeast of Angkor. Only with Rajendravarman II (reigned 944 – 968) was the royal palace returned to Yasodharapura. He took up again the extensive building schemes of the earlier kings and established a series of temples in the Angkor area, not the least being the East Mebon, on an island in the middle of the East Baray, and several Buddhist temples and monasteries. In 950, the first war took place between Kambuja and the kingdom of Champa to the east (in the modern central Vietnam).
The son of Rajendravarman II, Jayavarman V, reigned from 968 to 1001. After he had established himself as the new king over the other princes, his rule was a largely peaceful period, marked by prosperity and a cultural flowering. He established a new capital slightly west of his father's and named it Jayendranagari; its state temple, Ta Keo, was to the south. At the court of Jayavarman V lived philosophers, scholars, and artists. New temples were also established: the most important of these are Banteay Srei, considered one of the most beautiful and artistic of Angkor, and Ta Keo, the first temple of Angkor built completely of sandstone.
A decade of conflict followed the death of Jayavarman V. Kings reigned for only for a few years and were replaced violently by their successors until Suryavarman I (reigned 1010 – 1050) gained the throne. Suryavarman I established diplomatic relations with the Chola dynasty of south India. Suryavarman I sent a chariot as a present to the Chola Emperor Rajaraja Chola I.[13] His rule was marked by repeated attempts by his opponents to overthrow him and by military conquests. Suryavarman was successful in taking control of the Khmer capital city of Angkor Wat.[14] At the same time, Angkor Wat came into conflict with the Tambralinga kingdom of the Malay peninsula.[14][15] In other words, there was a three-way conflict in mainland Southeast Asia. After surviving several invasions from his enemies, Suryavarman requested aid from the powerful Chola Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty against the Tambralinga kingdom.[14][16] After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king Sangrama Vijayatungavarman.[14][15] This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with the Srivijiya Empire. The war ended with a victory for the Chola dynasty and Angkor Wat of the Khmer Empire, and major losses for the Sri Vijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom.[14][15]This alliance somewhat also has religious nuance, since both Chola and Khmer empire are Hindu Shivaist, while Tambralinga and Srivijaya are Mahayana Buddhist. There is some indication that after these incidents Suryavarman I sent a gift to Rajendra Chola I the Emperor of the Chola Empire to possibly facilitate trade.[17] At Angkor, construction of the West Baray began under Suryavarman I, the second and even larger (8 by 2.2 km) water reservoir after the Eastern Baray. No one knows if he had children or wives.
Golden age[edit]
Suryavarman II — Angkor Wat[edit]
The 11th century was a time of conflict and brutal power struggles. Only with Suryavarman II (reigned 1113–1150) was the kingdom united internally and extended externally.[citation needed] Under his rule, the largest temple of Angkor was built in a period of 37 years: Angkor Wat, dedicated to God Vishnu. Suryavarman II conquered the Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya to the west (in today's central Thailand), and the area further west to the border with the kingdom of Bagan (modern Burma), in the south further parts of the Malay peninsula down to the kingdom of Grahi (corresponding roughly to the modern Thai province of Nakhon Si Thammarat), in the east several provinces of Champa, and the countries in the north as far as the southern border of modern Laos. Suryavarman II sent a mission to the Chola dynasty of south India and presented a precious stone to the Chola Emperor Kulothunga Chola I in 1114.[18] Suryavarman II's end is unclear. The last inscription mentioning his name, in connection with a planned invasion of Vietnam, is from the year 1145. He died during a failed military expedition in Đại Việt territory sometime between 1145 and 1150.
There followed another period in which kings reigned briefly and were violently overthrown by their successors. Finally in 1177 Kambuja was defeated in a naval battle on the Tonlé Sap lake by the army of the Chams and was incorporated as a province of Champa.
Jayavarman VII — Angkor Thom[edit]
The future king Jayavarman VII (reigned 1181–1219) was already a military leader as prince under previous kings. After the Cham had conquered Angkor, he gathered an army and regained the capital, he attacked his father thinking it was his destiny to be king, he ascended the throne and continued the war against the neighbouring eastern kingdom for a further 22 years, until the Khmer defeated Champa in 1203 and conquered large parts of its territory.
Jayavarman VII stands as the last of the great kings of Angkor, not only because of the successful war against the Cham, but also because he was no tyrannical ruler in the manner of his immediate predecessors, because he unified the empire, and above all because of the building projects carried out under his rule. The new capital now called Angkor Thom (literally: "Great City") was built. In the centre, the king (himself a follower of Mahayana Buddhism) had constructed as the state temple the Bayon, with its towers bearing faces of the boddhisattva Avalokiteshvara, each several metres high, carved out of stone. Further important temples built under Jayavarman VII were Ta Prohm, Banteay Kdei and Neak Pean, as well as the reservoir of Srah Srang. Alongside, an extensive network of streets was laid down, which connected every town of the empire. Beside these streets 121 rest-houses were built for traders, officials and travellers. Not least of all, he established 102 hospitals.
Jayavarman VIII — the last blooming[edit]
After the death of Jayavarman VII, his son Indravarman II (reigned 1219–1243) ascended the throne. Like his father, he was a Buddhist, and completed a series of temples begun under his father's rule. As a warrior he was less successful. In the year 1220, under mounting pressure from increasingly powerful Đại Việt, and its Cham alliance, the Khmer withdrew from many of the provinces previously conquered from Champa. In the west, his Thai subjects rebelled, established the first Thai kingdom at Sukhothai and pushed back the Khmer. In the following 200 years, the Thais would become the chief rivals of Kambuja. Indravarman II was succeeded by Jayavarman VIII (reigned 1243–1295). In contrast to his predecessors, he was a devotee of the Hindu deity Shiva, and an aggressive opponent of Buddhism[citation needed]. He destroyed most of the Buddha statues in the empire (archaeologists estimate the number at over 10,000, of which few traces remain) and converted Buddhist temples to Hindu temples.[citation needed] From the outside, the empire was threatened in 1283 by the Mongols under Kublai Khan's general Sogetu (sometimes known as Sagatu or Sodu) who was the governor of Guangzhou, China.[19] It was small detachment from the main campaign against Champa and Dai Viet. The king avoided war with his powerful opponent, who at this time ruled over all China, by paying annual tribute to him.[19] Jayavarman VIII's rule ended in 1295 when he was deposed by his son-in-law Srindravarman (reigned 1295–1309). The new king was a follower of Theravada Buddhism, a school of Buddhism which had arrived in southeast Asia from Sri Lanka and subsequently spread through most of the region.
In August 1296, the Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan arrived at Angkor, and remained at the court of king Srindravarman until July 1297. He was neither the first nor the last Chinese representative to visit Kambuja. However, his stay is notable because Zhou Daguan later wrote a detailed report on life in Angkor. His portrayal is today one of the most important sources of understanding of historical Angkor. Alongside descriptions of several great temples (the Bayon, the Baphuon, Angkor Wat, for which we have him to thank for the knowledge that the towers of the Bayon were once covered in gold), the text also offers valuable information on the everyday life and the habits of the inhabitants of Angkor.
From the year 1327 on, no further large temples were established. Historians suspect a connection with the kings' adoption of Theravada Buddhism: they were therefore no longer considered "devarajas", and there was no need to erect huge temples to them, or rather to the gods under whose protection they stood. The retreat from the concept of the devaraja may also have led to a loss of royal authority and thereby to a lack of workers. The water-management apparatus also degenerated, meaning that harvests were reduced by floods or drought. While previously three rice harvests per years were possible — a substantial contribution to the prosperity and power of Kambuja — the declining harvests further weakened the empire.
Its western neighbour, the first Thai kingdom of Sukhothai, after repelling Angkorian hegemony, was conquered by another stronger Thai kingdom in the lower Chao Phraya Basin, Ayutthaya, in 1350. From the fourteenth century, Ayutthaya became Angkor's rival. According to its accounts, Ayutthaya launched several attacks. Eventually it was said, Angkor was subjugated. Siamese army drew back, leaving Angkor ruled by local nobles, loyal to Ayutthaya. The story of Angkor faded from historical accounts from then on.
There is evidence that the "Black Death" had affected the situation described above, as the plague first appeared in China around 1330 and reached Europe around 1345. Most seaports along the line of travel from China to Europe felt the impact of the disease, which had a severe impact on life throughout South East Asia.
The new centre of the Khmer kingdom was in the southwest, at Oudong in the region of today's Phnom Penh. However, there are indications that Angkor was not completely abandoned. One line of Khmer kings could have remained there, while a second moved to Phnom Penh to establish a parallel kingdom. The final fall of Angkor would then be due to the transfer of economic — and therewith political — significance, as Phnom Penh became an important trade centre on the Mekong. Costly construction projects and conflicts over power between the royal family sealed the end of the Khmer empire.
Ecological failure and infrastructural breakdown is a new alternative answer to the end of the Khmer Empire. Scientists working on the Greater Angkor Project believe that the Khmers had an elaborate system of reservoirs and canals used for trade, travel and irrigation. The canals were used for the harvesting of rice. As the population grew there was more strain on the water system. Failures include water shortage and flooding. To adapt to the growing population, trees were cut down from the Kulen hills and cleared out for more rice fields. That created rain runoff carrying sediment to the canal network. Any damage to the water system would have enormous consequences.[20]
In any event, there is evidence for a further period of use for Angkor. Under the rule of king Barom Reachea I (reigned 1566–1576), who temporarily succeeded in driving back the Thai, the royal court was briefly returned to Angkor. From the 17th century there are inscriptions which testify to Japanese settlements alongside those of the remaining Khmer. The best-known tells of Ukondafu Kazufusa, who celebrated the Khmer New Year there in 1632.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khmer architecture.
Culture and society[edit]
Much of what is known of the ancient Khmer society comes from the many bas-reliefs and also first hand Chinese accounts from Zhou Daguan. They offer first hand accounts of the 13th century Cambodia and earlier. The bas-reliefs of Angkor temples, such as those in Bayon describes everyday life of ancient Khmer kingdom, including scenes of palace, naval battles on the river or lakes, and common scene of the marketplace.
Economy and agriculture[edit]
The ancient Khmers are traditional agricultural community, relied heavily on rice growing. The farmers — which formed the majority of kingdom's population — planted rice near the banks of the lake or river, in the irrigated plains surrounding their villages, or in the hills when it was flooded. The rice paddies were irrigated by the massive and complex hydraulics system, which includes networks of canals and Barays, or giant water reservoirs. This system enabled the formation of large-scale rice farming communities surrounding Khmer cities. Sugar palm trees, fruit trees and vegetables were grown in the orchards by the villages, provides other sources of agricultural produces; such as palm sugar, palm wine, coconut, various tropical fruits and vegetables.
Located by the massive Tonlé Sap lake, also near numerous rivers and ponds, many Khmer people also rely on fresh water fisheries for their living. Fishing gave the population their main source of protein, which was turned into Prahok — dried or roasted or steamed fish paste wrapped in banana leaves. Rice was the main staple along with fish. Other source of protein includes pigs, cattle and poultry, which were kept under the farmers' houses as they were on stilts to keep away from flooding.
Social and politics[edit]
The Khmer empire was formed upon extensive networks of agricultural rice farming society. The king and his officials were in charge of irrigation management and water distribution,which consisted of an intricate series of hydraulics infrastructures, such as canals, moats and massive reservoirs called barays. Societies were arranged in a social hierarchy which reflected that of the Hindu caste system, where the commoners — rice farmers and fishermen — formed the large majority of the population. The kshatriyas — royalties, nobles, warlords, soldiers and warriors — formed a governing elite and authorities. Other social classes included brahmins (priests), artisans such as carpenters and stonemasons, potters, metalworkers, goldsmiths and textile weavers, traders and slaves.
The extensive irrigation projects provided rice surplusses that could support large numbers of population, mainly clustered within rice-farming communities around Khmer cities. The empire's state religion was the cult of Devaraja, elevating the Khmer kings as possessing the divine quality of a living god on earth, attributed to the incarnation of Vishnu or Shiva.[21] In politics, it is viewed as the divine justification of a king's rule. The cult enabled the Khmer kings to embark on massive architectural projects — to construct majestic monuments such as Angkor Wat and Bayon — to celebrate the king's divine rule on earth.
Khmer kings often involved in series of war and conquest. The large population of Angkor enabled the kingdom to support large numbers of free standing armies, which sometimes were deployed to conquer neighboring princedoms or kingdoms. Series of conquests were led to expand kingdom's influence over areas surrounding Angkor and Tonle Sap, Mekong valley and delta, and surrounding lands. Some of Khmer kings embarked on military conquests and war against neighboring Champa, Dai Viet and Thai warlords. Khmer kings and royal families also often involved in incessant power struggle over successions or rivalries over principalities.
The main religion was Hinduism, followed by Buddhism in popularity. Initially the kingdom revered Hinduism as their main state religion. Vishnu and Shiva were the most revered deities, worshipped in Khmer Hindu temples. Temples such as Angkor Wat are actually known as Preah Pisnulok (Vara Vishnuloka in Sanskrit) or the realm of Vishnu, to honor the posthumous king Suryavarman II as Vishnu.
Hindu ceremonies and rituals performed by brahmins Hindu priests, usually only held among ruling elites of king's family, nobles and the ruling class. The empire's official religions included Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism, until Theravada Buddhism prevailed, even among the lower classes, after its introduction from Sri Lanka in the 13th century.[22]
Art and architecture[edit]
Khmer empire produced large numbers of temples and majestic monuments to celebrate the divine authority of Khmer kings. The Khmer temple architecture reflects the Hindu beliefs that the temple was built to recreate the abode of Hindu gods; Mount Meru with its five peaks and surrounded by seas represented by ponds and moats. The early Khmer temples built in Angkor region; the Bakong temple in Hariharalaya (Roluos) created in stepped pyramid structure to represent the sacred temple-mountain.
The Khmer art and architecture reached their aesthetic and technical peak through the construction of the majestic temple Angkor Wat. Other temples are also constructed in Angkor region, such as Ta Phrom and Bayon. The temple's construction demonstrate the Khmer empire's artistic and technical achievements through their architecture mastery on stone masonry.
Culture and way of life[edit]
Houses of farmers were situated near the rice paddies on the edge of the cities. The walls were of woven bamboo, thatched roofs and they were on stilts. A house was divided into three by woven bamboo walls. One was the parents' bedroom, another was the daughters' bedroom, and the largest was the living area. The sons slept wherever they could find space. The kitchen was at the back or a separate room. Nobles and kings lived in the palace and much larger houses in the city. They were made of the same materials as the farmers' houses, but the roofs were wooden shingles and had elaborate designs as well as more rooms.
The common people wore a sampot where the front end was drawn between the legs and secured at the back by a belt. Nobles and kings wore finer and richer fabrics. Women wore a strip of cloth to cover the chest while noble women had a lengthened one that went over the shoulder. Men and women wore a Krama. Other than depicting battle and king's military conquest, the bas-reliefs of Bayon depicting the mundane everyday life of common Khmer people, which include the scene of marketplace, fishermen, butcher, people playing chess-like game, and gambling during cockfighting.
Relations with regional powers[edit]
During the formation of the empire, the Khmer had close cultural, political and trade relations with Java,[5] and later with the Srivijaya empire that lay beyond Khmer's southern seas. The Khmer rulers established relations with Chola dynasty of south India[23] and also China. The empire also was involved in series of wars and rivalries with the neighboring kingdom of Champa, Đại Việt, Sukhothai and Ayutthaya.
Arab writers of the 9th and 10th century hardly mention Europe for anything other than its backwardness but they consider the king of Al-Hind (India and Southeast Asia) as one of the 4 great kings in the world.[24] The ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty is described as the greatest king of Al-Hind but moreover even the lesser kings of Al-Hind including the kings of Java, Pagan Burma and the Khmer kings of Cambodia are invariably depicted by the Arabs as extremely powerful and as being equipped with vast armies of men, horses and often tens of thousands of elephants. They were also known to have been in possession of vast treasures of gold and silver.[25]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khmer Empire.
Gallery of temples[edit]
- Angkorian Temples in Cambodia
- Angkorian Temples in Thailand
- Angkorian Temples in Laos
See also[edit]
- Dark ages of Cambodia
- List of kings of Cambodia — Chronological listing with reign, title and posthumous title(s), where known
- ^ infopleace
- ^ Damian Evans; et al. (2009-04-09). "A comprehensive archaeological map of the world's largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia". PNAS 104 (36): 14277–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702525104. PMC 1964867. PMID 17717084. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
- ^ Thai websites web page
- ^ Albanese, Marilia (2006). The Treasures of Angkor. Italy: White Star. p. 24. ISBN 88-544-0117-X.
- ^ a b Widyono, Benny (2008). Dancing in shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations in Cambodia. Rowman & Littlefield Publisher. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- ^ David Chandler, A History of Cambodia (Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, 2008) p. 39.
- ^ Coedès, George (1986). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- ^ Jacques, Claude (1972). "La carrière de Jayavarman II". BEFEO (in French) 59: 205–220. ISSN 0336-1519.
- ^ Vickery, 1998
- ^ Higham, 2001, pp.53–59
- ^ Jacques Dumarçay; et al. (2001). Cambodian Architecture, Eight to Thirteenth Century. Brill. ISBN 90-04-11346-0. pp.44–47
- ^ David Chandler, A History of Cambodia, p. 42.
- ^ Indian History by Reddy: p.64
- ^ a b c d e Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers
- ^ a b c R. C. Majumdar (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers
- ^ Early kingdoms of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula byPaul Michel Munoz p.158
- ^ Economic Development, Integration, and Morality in Asia and the Americas by Donald C. Wood p.176
- ^ A History of India Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund: p.125
- ^ a b Cœdès 1966, p. 127
- ^ Miranda Leitsinger (June 13, 2004). "Scientists dig and fly over Angkor in search of answers to golden city's fall". Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
- ^ Sengupta, Arputha Rani (Ed.) (2005). "God and King : The Devaraja Cult in South Asian Art & Architecture". ISBN 8189233262. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ Keyes, 1995, pp.78–82
- ^ India: A History by John Keay p.223
- ^ India and Indonesia During the Ancien Regime: Essays by P. J. Marshall, Robert Van Niel
- ^ India and Indonesia During the Ancien Regime: Essays by P. J. Marshall, Robert Van Niel: p.41
- Cœdès, George (1966). The making of South East Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05061-4
- Freeman, Michael; Jacques, Claude (2006). Ancient Angkor. River Books. ISBN 974-8225-27-5.
- Higham, Charles (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-84212-584-7.
- Vittorio Roveda: Khmer Mythology, River Books, ISBN 974-8225-37-2
- Bruno Dagens (engl: Ruth Sharman): Angkor — Heart of an Asian Empire, Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0-500-30054-2
- Keyes, Charles F. (1995). The Golden Peninsula. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1696-4.
- Rooney, Dawn F. (2005). Angkor: Cambodia's wondrous khmer temples (5th ed.). Odissey. ISBN 978-962-217-727-7.
- David P. Chandler: A History of Cambodia, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-3511-6
- Zhou Daguan: The Customs of Cambodia, The Siam Society, ISBN 974-8359-68-9
- Henri Mouhot: Travels in Siam, Cambodia, Laos, and Annam, White Lotus Co, Ltd., ISBN 974-8434-03-6
- Vickery, Michael (1998). Society, economics, and politics in pre-Angkor Cambodia: the 7th–8th centuries. Toyo Bunko. ISBN 978-4-89656-110-4.
- Benjamin Walker, Angkor Empire: A History of the Khmer of Cambodia, Signet Press, Calcutta, 1995.
- I.G. Edmonds, The Khmers of Cambodia:the story of a mysterious people
Coordinates: 13°26′N 103°50′E / 13.433°N 103.833°E


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Listen: State of Belief Radio
In January, leaders of faith and moral courage — folks Auburn believes are likely to drive the multifaith movement for justice in 2014 — offered their wisdom for the coming year on State of Belief Radio. The "A Prophetic Vision for a New Year"-series of four weekly programs was supported by the May and Samuel Rudin Family Foundation. Tune in!
Celebrate leaders of faith and moral courage!
Read about New York City's most inspiring Breakfast — our Lives of Commitment Ceremony!
Report back: Learn more about a training program by Groundswell!
After a long winter program incubation, Auburn staff traveled to Buffalo, NY to pilot a new training program aimed at helping faith-rooted organizers organize more effectively in a digital age.


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Crew blog - comments[Go back to crew blog]
Farewell to Adam Yauchposted by Tage Widsell 2012-05-04 at 23:19
I'm sad to hear of Adam Yauch's passing after a long struggle with cancer. Calling Adam a friend or even acquaintance would be a long stretch, but he was the first person in the Beastie Boys camp we were in contact with.
I remember how he first got in touch with us. Many years ago, he needed help with some weird installation problem and emailed us. Using a cluster of names and aliases for ordering, registering and contacting us, my fraudar went off and I sent him a barrage of questions about what I believed was a credit card fraud attempt.
I remember the reply from him: "Ok, sorry for the confusion. I'm Adam Yauch of the Beastie Boys". It turned out that he, for obvious reasons, rarely used his own name online. All was well.
He stayed in touch every now and then for a few years, usually with some odd tech problem like when the custom ProTools keyboard he used for his studio machine didn't have the needed CD eject key that would let you switch between the three needed CDs during installation of Reason 3. Or it could be a more rock star-style problem: "Install discs in Miami, license in New York, recording in LA - what do I do?". He was always friendly, always cool and with no sense for time zone differences at all which made for some interesting night time conversations.
Well Adam, It's time to pass the mic.
.plan comments
|Comments (3)
Comment posted by: rlubeck - 2012-05-05 00:55
Just read about his passing on imdb, sad to hear. Beasties Legendary.
Comment posted by: dub08 - 2012-05-08 17:10
It makes PERFECT sense that the Beastie Boys liked Reason :)
Peace & Love to Adam's family & the other Beasties.
those guys were one of my earliest inspirations.
Comment posted by: EricBom - 2012-05-11 22:34
I'm still feeling a little bit sad about his passing.
Strange but true.
I've grew up with their music and probably will go out with it.
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Florida coach Will Muschamp says LB Dee Finley considering transferringby Jason Lieser
The brief Florida career of Dee Finley might be finished.
Gators coach Will Muschamp said this morning that Finley, a back-up linebacker, is thinking about leaving the program. Since arriving in 2009, Finley has appeared in 19 games, including five this year. He had a total of 12 tackles.
Muschamp said he spoke with Finley this week and advised him to take a little more time to consider his options.
"Dee and I talked the other night," Muschamp said. "We're going to meet again. I told him he needed to take a little time to think about what he wanted to do and where he was in his mind. He and I plan on probably trying to meet today and we'll address that as we go."
Finley came to Florida as a safety after playing at Auburn (Ala.) High School and Milford Academy. He moved to linebacker last year.
Finley often has been sidelined by injury and other issues. Former coach Urban Meyer benched him for the second game of last season for undisclosed reasons, then he missed the last seven games of the year with a broken collarbone.
Finley also missed Florida's game against Tennessee because he had been arrested on campus earlier in the week for driving a scooter on a suspended license and resisting arrest.
Tags: Dee Finley, Football, Urban Meyer, Will Muschamp


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- Vibram® Trail Ecostep® outsole with 30% recycled rubber provides excellent traction
- Last characteristics: medium width, full toe box, medium arch/instep
- 442 g (15.6 oz), per shoe
- Made in China.


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Code requires it. To verify the t&p valve is not frozen shut, you need to open it. It might fail to reseal, and require replacement if you do test.
I had a licensed plumber (checked with the state to make sure) come out and check the expansion tank to make sure it was still working. He said it was fine. He also said that since there was usually always someone home (and using water) that we really didn't need it. (We do have a pressure regulating valve--one with bypass). I asked about checking the TP valve on the water heater and he said he tells people to leave it alone even though the WH manual says to check it once a year. Now I'm really confused. Our old plumber (found out not licensed) always released the TP valve when he worked on the water heater and said we needed the exp tank. How does the average person know who to listen to and what is right when there are 2 different opinions?
Code requires it. To verify the t&p valve is not frozen shut, you need to open it. It might fail to reseal, and require replacement if you do test.
Jim DeBruycker
Important note - I'm not a pro
Retired Defense Industry Engineer; Schluter 2.5-day Workshop Completed 2013, 2014
As I understand it, if the PRV has a bypass, the expansion tank is not needed. However, some newer water meters have a check valve in them which would make the expansion tank necessary. I'd test the T/P. If it doesn't close, they are inexpensive and easy to DIY replace. Almost as easy as changing a light bulb except you need a wrench.
The bypass can only open IF it exceeds the source. So, to keep the pressure constant, use the tank.
Jim DeBruycker
Important note - I'm not a pro
Retired Defense Industry Engineer; Schluter 2.5-day Workshop Completed 2013, 2014
I really don't get the 150 psi rating on the T&P valves. By that time, the old toilet supply hose blew and ruined your wood floor.
I like Watts pressure relief valve made just for water heaters, as backup to the stupid t&p's and exp. tanks that blow silently and plug your fixtures with gunk.
Last edited by ballvalve; 01-17-2011 at 12:30 AM.
Well you have made your point on multiple posts how you feel about expansion tanks and T&P's. The fact is that many places are now requiring expansion tanks and those valves you keep recommending are not ideal for this application and in some case's not allowed (I won't go into this further as we have discussed this in other posts). I don't think you should be giving advice like this to people just because you don't get it!I really don't get the 150 psi rating on the T&P valves.
YOU don't get it. Watts and Apollo valve company get it just fine.
1] Explain to me why the set point is 150PSI
2] Detail your objection to a perfectly engineered valve to back-up the failings of a device with the wrong PSI rating, and a bag in a can that is bound to fail.
Now I know how valveman feels trying to sell his CSV - cycle stop valve- to the narrow minded "do it like gramps" bunch.
Keep your insurance paid up, because your sink and washer supplies will blow long before 149 PSI
Last edited by ballvalve; 01-17-2011 at 02:11 AM.
The T&P valve is a safety device that, hopefully, is never needed. Just like the stability control on a vehicle, or a governor, or the anti-lock brakes...it is there if you exceed the normal operational parameters. You should put in your primary device, and maintain it, just like you should with your car's devices, and if you do, you don't have a problem. If you install a PRV and an expansion tank, until something fails, you'll never see any pressure spikes. If you do your due dilligence, you'd notice something failed, and the T&P would save things in the interim. If you want to install a relief valve that is lower, fine. The T&P valve is designed to keep the WH from splitting. ANything else you do is up to you to protect the rest of the system - the T&P valve is NOT designed to protect anything except the WH, although it might. Installing a PRV and expansion tank is one way to protect the whole system, that is both required (in many places) and proven. ANything extra you do is up to you.
Jim DeBruycker
Important note - I'm not a pro
Retired Defense Industry Engineer; Schluter 2.5-day Workshop Completed 2013, 2014
Ballvalve, that part is a Pressure relief valve. All water heaters have a pressure and a temperature relief valve.
And like you mention, they only release at 150 PSI.
It's much better to have an expansion tank to take up excess pressure long before it reaches that point. If pressure is allowed to ramp up to 150 PSI, the flex on the inner tube of the gas water heater is taking a real beating. After a while the flexing back and forth starts to break the welds in the tank, causing premature failure.
And this is why, for all the non-plumbers out there, that an expansion tank would be "required".
Even if some of you "don't get it" we do.
The plumbing code isn't written by Dummies for Dummies. Gee..........I'm feeling pretty smart right about now. But then, I am a plumber!
Shut off with "pressure" relief. These have a small spring that will release for Relief Valve Pressure Settings: 75, 80, 100 or 125psi http://media.wattswater.com/es-BRV.pdf
But again, they release water if the pressure gets too high. An expansion tank prevents that from happening in the first place. It gives room for expansion, not letting the system reach that high a pressure.
Last edited by Terry; 01-17-2011 at 02:02 PM.
Thanks for the photo. Most plumbers probably did not know these existed, including myself until a bit of research. Most seem not to care, so let me try and explain my point. [The "YOU don't get it" was directed to a DIY'r not the plumbing industry]
As you mentioned, a expansion tank will be stressed at its max at 149PSI, and very likely an older one will break the bladder.
Then the last resort is the T&P valve, which as we all have seen on videos, the failure thereof cause a missile launch, unless your supply lines hopefully and likely broke first. More than a few homeowners have fixed a leaky T&P with a pipe plug....
Since maximum pressure safety and water line breaks have been such a subject of threads here, it seems adding a mid level pressure release is a very cost effective move.
If you have a expansion tank, adding a simple 8$ adjustable relief valve [not the combo shown in your photo] and setting it at 100 PSI, means that the tank takes pressure increases from say 50 to 100 without opening any valves.
Then if you get to 100, a few tablespoons of water out the valve prevents over stretching the bladder. When that valve fails, the last line of defense is the T&P and your old toilet supply line. If they hold, you might make the evening news.
Since I have given up on complaining about expansion tanks, I simply propose that a mid-level relief valve preserves their integrity, and makes the 150PSI T&P a true last resort.
And I do have a few older T&P valves set at 125PSI, a much more reasonable number.
The safety Guru over in Electrical would love my third level of protection!
Last edited by ballvalve; 01-18-2011 at 10:32 AM.
Actually with a PRV set at 75 and an expansion tank installed you won't even see the pressure hit 80 psi...
The T&P valves are 150 psi because that is 1/2 the design test pressure.
As for the rest of the plumbing failing before 150 psi is reached if that is your experience you should hire an plumber to do the work in your home. I routinely see plumbing systems with T&P valves discharging under pressure without other failures.
A lot of plumbers will give all sorts of arguments for not using an expansion tank. The most common is that the system is "open" and the other is that it's a private well system with a well tank that will handle the expansion. The code however makes absolutely no distinction. It plainly says that all fired or indirect pressure vessels have to have an expansion tank.
Why test those old washer hoses, and that old toilet valve at 150PSI? If you trust your system at 150 PSI, do you bump up the bldg. depts. test pressure of 50 psi to 150?As for the rest of the plumbing failing before 150 psi is reached if that is your experience you should hire an plumber to do the work in your home. I routinely see plumbing systems with T&P valves discharging under pressure without other failures
I think plumbers would sweat bullets if that was the law. And as I recall, the tanks are rated for 150PSI max anyway.
Aquapex 1/2 " of which I have about 3000 feet of in my house, has a pressure rating of 130 PSI at 120' Fahrenheit.
You want to run that up to 150? And at perhaps boiling point?
Sure sounds like that 8$ relief valve is a critical item.
Last edited by ballvalve; 01-22-2011 at 11:02 AM.
Here is what Bradford White has to say on the subject...
My Plumbing Works...Service Bulletins
Discharging Relief Valves
Model(s) Affected: All Residential & Commercial Units (#105)
More and more housing developments are being constructed in areas where the local water utility is supplying these projects with extremely high water main distribution pressure. Contractors are installing water pressure reducing valves in the service. These reducing valves are available with or without a back flow check. In the case where the reducing valve does not permit back flow, we have found by tests that for every degree rise in the temperature there is a build up of pressure from 4 to 6 pounds per square inch in the water heater tank. Under these conditions the tank would be subject to a minimum of 240 PSI with a 60 degree rise in water temperature (4 x 60 = 240) and minimum 400 PSI with a 100 degree rise in water temperature (4 x 100 = 400) and since the tank is designed to withstand a test pressure of 300 PSI, it can be easily understood that the tank may very well rupture unless a temperature and pressure relief valve is installed in the water heater.
Where a temperature and pressure relief valve is used on a water heater installation, as described above, every time the water heater cycles on the relief valve will discharge or drip.
To correct this problem:
Replace the water inlet pressure reducing valve with a valve that has a back flow by-pass built into it. This will permit the water to expand back into the main supply when heated.
Or, if codes require a back flow prevention device a properly sized thermal expansion tank should be installed in the supply side piping of the water heater.
The above does not only apply to areas with extremely high main distribution water pressure, but will also occur in areas where the utility will require a check valve in front of the water meter, or where codes require backflow prevention devices installed in the water service.
That is because I follow the Plumbing Code and the Manufacturers Installation Instructions and the advice contained in their Service Bulletins....
While you the engineer cannot even read the manufacturers instructions...
http://media.wattswater.com/1915307.pdfImportant: This is a control device that limits system pressure in the event of thermal expansion. It does not take the place of any safety relief devices that are required by code. If the incoming water pressure exceeds 65psi (448 kPa), a pressure reducing valve must be installed at the service entrance. If the system already contains a pressure reducing valve, be sure it is set no higher than 70psi (483 kPa) under a no-flow condition.


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From skin changes to weight loss to unusual bleeding, here are 15 cancer warning signs that women tend to ignore.
Julia Aharonov, DO, reveals the quickest way to beat drug withdrawal.
It's more than just the "baby blues." Learn to recognize the signs of postpartum depression – and how to treat it.
Is a gluten-free diet right for you?
Is coffee a magic bean or poison pill? Here's what the research says.
Are you heart disease-savvy? Put your heart smarts to the test!


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Personalized Circle Monogram Table Runner Style 1013CI
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Final sale. This item cannot be exchanged or returned.
This item is available online only. *
Designed to dazzle at every wedding day celebration, our Circle Monogram Table Runner is fashioned in crisp white polyester and accented with two initials and a color of your choosing.
Facts and Features:
*Color & Style representation may vary by monitor. Not responsible for typographical or pictorial errors. Product availability varies by store and online. Some in-store purchases require special order and markdown styles cannot be special ordered. Contact your local store for details.


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Here's Sean's interview with Imagine Dragons from May 1st, 2012:
Thanks, Anthony Magallanes (X96 Promotion Director)
I had the opportunity to chat with Imagine Dragons. They even have ties to our great state. Listen to the interview below where they talk about what success brings, influences and fast food. And down their EP here or by click on the cover below. The good news is they will be back and X96 has tickets for another sold out show. Make sure to listen to find out how you can win.
|First Page
|Previous Page


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The moment medical technology leads to something very human: patients smile again.
This is the moment we work for.
Video player failed to load.
Setting standards in one of the world's most challenging markets: ZEISS is on display at the WOC in Tokyo with innovations for ophthalmic surgery
Three times first: With the new surgical microscope with integrated intra-operative OCT ZEISS provides surgeons unprecedented views of transparent ocular structures
Carl Zeiss Meditec AG: cautious start to the new financial year ...
ZEISS broadens portfolio of Intraocular Lenses
New breast cancer study results published
Carl Zeiss Meditec AG is the parent company of the Carl Zeiss Meditec Group which also includes other subsidiaries. The Group is the focus for most of the medical technology business group's activity within the ZEISS organisation. The company is listed on TecDAX of the German stock exchange.
Find out more on our coporate website.
Diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, including implants and consumables.
Diagnostic microscopes and solutions for digital visualization for gynecological applications.


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Djokovic joined Brazilian champion Gustavo Kuerten for the inauguration of the public court in the Rocinha slum, one of Latin America's largest. He will also face the former three-time French Open champion in an exhibition match Saturday at the Maracanazinho Stadium.
Coming off the ATP Finals title, Djokovic will play a soccer friendly before a Brazilian league match on Sunday, when he will join Serbian countryman Dejan Petkovic, who starred for several Brazilian clubs in the last decade.
Romario, Cafu, Bebeto and Zico were among the former Brazil players expected to participate.


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Honorary Fellows
Honorary Fellowships are awarded by Cardiff University to those who have achieved international distinction in their field. Personalities from the spheres of academia, medicine, optometry, engineering, media, business and law are amongst those honoured by the University in recognition of their achievements.
Professor Sir Leszek Borysiewicz (Honorary Fellow 2006) exemplified the role of our Honorary Fellows when he said: "Fellowship must be active; it is about involvement and support of an institution and ensuring that the perception of Cardiff University always remains accurate".


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10 Alternative Engagement Rings
- Check out the Kate Young for Target look book. The collection of clothing, shoes, and accessories will be available on April 14th at most Target stores, as well as on target.com.
- Net-a-Porter is launching beauty, look out for the edit! [WWD]
- H&M will be kicking off an "agressive" US expansion. [WWD]
- Watch Kate Moss read "50 Shades of Grey." It's in a word, amazing. [Telegraph]
- Ever wonder what happens to It bags when they lose their buzzy luster? Get your answers. [Man Repeller]


text: There will be no Commuter Service, Local Route S, or the Sierra College Evening Shuttle on Monday, January 20 due to the Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday. All other Local and Dial-A-Ride services will operate normally. The Alternative Transportation office (401 Vernon St.) will be closed. Call (916) or (530) 745-7560 for assistance or questions about Roseville Transit service.


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Hi, I hate for my first post to be for help, but I'd really like to know how to fix this. Sorry.
So, I've looked around and I can't seem to find how to add a wireless card or OSX doesn't recognize is anyway. It says I can access through LAN (and I can) but has no option for WLAN. I have zero idea how to fix this. It's an Atheros AR5BMB5, as I had said.
Also, my USB ports don't seem to work. I jacked in two different USB wireless. . . uh, things and one 2GB memory stick. There was no reaction from the computer but the light on the USB memory stick did turn on. Not sure what specifications I can give to help you figure out why this is happening, but if there is anything, let me know.
Thanks for any help. I hope to try to become a more productive member of this community in the future. Sorry again for the leech first post.


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Roundup of recent achievements.
In recognition of their excellent academic records at Randolph College, Sam Henderson '10 and Megan Barrett '10 were inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.
A senior project by Katt Janson '10 won the College's Best Senior Paper Prize. The original play in Greek Old Comedy style was called "The Jurymen."
Rhiannon Knol '11 was awarded the English department's John P. Kirby Award for Explication.


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they are good pictures, stop hating
|Previous news story Next news story
Photographer explains controversial Team USA Olympic Portraits
Photographer Joe Klamar's portraits of US Olympic atheletes have caused a lot of controversy this week, especially in the USA. Reaction to the shots, taken for French photo agency AFP, has been varied, with many commentors dismissing his images as unprofessional at best, and at worst unpatriotic. Others have defended Klamar, arguing that his apparently unpolished images represent a deliberate attempt to challenge the conventions of portrait photography. The truth, it turns out, is more mundane. It seems Klamar was simply caught unprepared.
According to Klamar, 'I was under the impression that I was going to be photographing athletes on a stage or during press conference where I would take their headshots for our archives [and] I really had no idea that there would be a possibility for setting up a studio'.
|Trey Hardee of Team USA, photograph by Joe Klamar for AFP
Responding to the negative reaction of some commentors to his work, Klamar has insisted that 'my only goal was to show [the athletes] as interesting, as special people who deserve their fame because they are the best [at] what they do. And for the little time we had together, they were willing to work with my concepts'.
Klamar certainly isn't the first photographer to turn up to a job only to find it wasn't the kind of job he thought it was, so what do you think - did he make the best of a difficult situation, or did he just mess up? What would you have done?
Read more of Klamar's comments in a blog post by AFP editor Marlowe Hood here
via Petapixel.com
Aug 10, 2012
Aug 4, 2012
Aug 1, 2012
Aug 1, 2012
Are they good because Joe Klamar shot them? Would you feel the same way if some random Joe Schmoe shot them?
The photos were awful. They're not 'ironically good' or 'challenging conventions' or 'good considering the situation.' One strobe? Bounce it! FIND a way to get better light out of it. He thinks they're special people? He should have posed them accordingly! They are down. right. terrible. for the calibre of people he's shooting and considering the fact that he is a 'professional.' Absolutely no excuse.
Not finding the conditions he expected in the photo shoot doesn't explain the pics he took with weird poses and/or facial expressions. Also, many photos betray a lack of knowledge of the basic concepts of lighting a subject.
Any average Joe can take better photos than the majority of these.
Considering his situation, I'd say he did a great job. Each of the shots shows the personality of the athlete being photographed. Considering it looks like he had one strobe, an improvised reflector, a paper background and some scrounged gels, Mr. Klamar may well be the MacGuyver of photography.
Bravo for a brilliant improvisation and a truly original take on this subject!
That's a lot of pretentious assumption you have going there! You say "each of the shots shows the personality of the athlete being photographed"...so I assume you actually *know* all these athletes, and that's how you know that their pictures reflect their personality?!?
I think a lot of us who have also found ourselves shooting in unexpected and unfavorable conditions would say that "considering his situation"...he did a bad job, or at least a very uneven, hit-or-miss job where some of the photos are some redeeming value, while others are just downright awful, and would have been immediate *deletes* for most of us as soon as we saw them.
No, I do not know any of the athletes personally. I also have more emotional range than a teaspoon, so I can see some personality coming through the images captured. Whether that accurately reflects the personality of the athlete is another matter.
I have run into situations where the customer has demanded all of the photos taken at the shoot (having been there to watch you shooting) regardless of the image quality. Who knows, his contract may have required that (see the discussion about concert photographers).
The one he took of Hardee, looks like a career train wreck for the photographer. Doesn't he know you are supposed to toss out the portraits with weird faces or blinking eyes?
I would have loved if he had asked all the athletes to make funny faces.
Photography has no place for funny faces. Or eccentric poses, odd lighting, imperfect backgrounds. Makes me glad I'm a painter. No one judges a painting by its histogram or says a painting is invalid because the canvas is too coarse. Photography has room for diverse images. I don't especially like some of these but accept that he made credible aesthetic choices, if not ones I would have made. I doubt the athletes feel used as they weren't coerced into these poses. I bet some of them even made suggestions. They all have dozens to thousands of conventional pictures of themselves to put above the fireplace and in the scrapbook. The comments claiming he's an amateur who doesn't know the basics of photograph are foolish. He's had a long, distinguished career in photojournalism. He knows how to use a camera and these images reflect choices he made. Some look rushed, but he admits to being unprepared. I doubt that was his fault. Someone at AFP failed to understand the nature of the event and sent the wrong photographer. That's the simplest explanation.
And Here's the Most Expensive Photograph in the World
This landscape shot of the Rhine River just fetched $4.3 million at auction.
Read more: http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/11/11/and-heres-the-most-expensive-photograph-in-the-world/#ixzz1zttl0MZF
If some here think these are good photos, I'd hate to see what they think are bad ones.
Haha! Well said! Maybe if you showed them even worse photos, they would laud them as being even better photos!
I'm guessing some of these supporters are just doing it to stoke the fire. They're probably the same kind of people who would argue Hitler was misunderstood.
This looks like the same photographer that did the photos for American Apparel.
Bad publicity is still publicity, so the shots worked at some level. I guess anything to stand out from what looked like a mundane event, cookie cutter athlete portraits.
i like the photos.
"That last assertion, at least, is demonstrably false. Joe's photos were picked up by dozens of AFP's major media clients, including CBS.com, where 27 or the 34 pictures in a montage of US Olympic athletes were taken by Joe. Obviously they thought he was doing something right.
As did his own editors. "Joe was sent to this assignment to do exactly this kind of pictures," explained Mladen Antonov, AFP's photo director for North America. "We chose him because of his ability to see the world through different eyes, unconventional and more original. We wanted something different and we got it!"
Easy to say after the fact, but I suspect they didn't fully understand the nature of the event. If they wanted a photojournalistic view of a staged event, they would have told him what to expect. I suppose it's possible they decided to not tell him to see what he'd come up with if forced to improvise, but that would have been unprofessional and inconsiderate to the organizers. I think they just goofed and sent the wrong guy, "It's just routine pictures of jocks. Anyone can do that."
Some of the pictures are quite good and professional, and truly capture something. Others in this set are píss poor--the one of Anna Tunicliffe stands out as particularly bad.
They bad ones don't "challenge perceptions" --they're just so technically bad that they are ineffective at conveying much of anything.
One mans trash is another mans treasure, I for one think they are absolutely outstanding and show 'true life' circumstances that people....including athletes and photographers find themselves in. Sometimes the result will please the purists but actually never be discussed or ever receive any attention or publicity and sometimes, like in this case....the photography world stops to discuss what the hell just happened.
May we all be so lucky.......
Fracking genius!
whom is the client and/or intended viewing audience for the images?
will the images likely meet with satisfaction/approval with client and/or intended viewing audiences?
are these not general questions/guidelines a professional portrait photographer has in mind when "at work"?
does and/or should a photographer always have the right to be as artsy/outside of the box as he/she wishes at any moment in any/all given situations?
should a photographer not use any sense of judgment when considering to exercise that right to any extreme?
was shooting US Olympic athletes the appropriate time/situation to "think out side the box" if you want to call "it" that?
Yes, the images in question are "picked up"/ "published" "everywhere" so I guess they certainly must be good solid work and the photog surely worked his plan admirably.
The photos are unprofessional any way you look at it. It happens. He had a bad day. The problem is he is playing in the big leagues where it is very visible.
Problem 1: Just because he had a studio available, did not mean he needed to try to do something he was not prepared for. I have been in those situations. You simplify. You can't be everything. If studio work is not your expertise, don't do it on the fly.
Problem 2: the photos have no connecting visual theme. This is as much the fault of the photo editor as the photographer. Lighting, pose, position is different from shot to shots. Sometimes editing is what makes a shoot successful.
Problem 3: There is no concept. His concept obviously changed because the situation changed, but I don't see a concept at work here. Some commenters say it shows "regular" people. I don't see that concept playing strong enough.
Personally, I think Klamer froze. I feel sorry for him. I also think the client embarrassed him by releasing them.
I also can't help but point out that everyone else knew what was up
When photographs, especially photographs that have been trashed by just about every photographer around, need volumes of explanations, they do not pass the "smell test". They are awful pix.
Klamar has just stated he was just not prepared for the event no matter how "artistc" or "fresh" you think the photos were. By the way, I still enjoy his work. I have visited his web site and dig his photography work.
I looked at all his photos and couldn't find any that were "unpatriotic" or poorly done. I really liked them. He provided a fresh way to capture these athletes being themselves, and not in standard poses.
This might be what separates a good photographer from someone who is just a good technician.
I don't think these athletes 'being themselves' under the situation of the so-called media day.
I would like to see pictures of any athlete only in competition.
He's a professional being paid to take promotional shots that are supposed to promote and appeal to the target audience. It was unprofessional to be unprepared, and unprofessional to take shots that didn't guarantee mass appeal. Business is business...he can artsy on his own time.
that is correct. except i am sympathetic to the client changing the assignment at the last minute. I certainly only bring lights and backgrounds when it is called for
Your opinion. Why do I need to read it?
Wow, being able to be a part in representing one of the world's most covered and watch events. The venue where one has a chance to demonstrate their ability against the best from each nation. Whether you are competing or covering the events, you bring your "A" game. Instead, someone without the common sense to recognize the importance to "step up to the challenge" provides the world a view of a nation's best athletes not even worthy of a P&S handled by a 5th grader.
Three major errors here: ONE, someone who thinks he a photographer and attempts to pull off such trash; TWO, the group that hired him, and THREE; the publishing entity who actually allowed the inferior attempt to go out.
For those in the mindset that this was a "fresh approach", the question for you and our misguided photographer here is: Where is your moral fiber? You do NOT experiment when it comes to the Olympics.
why did he do this cheesy lighting and bad paper background that got destroyed. He tried to do to much when he had to little. He could of made nice shots its clear he atleast had some speed lights and the capability to use them off camera. To a resourceful person that knows the limit of what they can do to a professional standard in a situation like that. that is all you need to do some nice polished photos.
frankly his story is no excuse for torn up backgrounds and highschool photoclass lighting
His shots are truly unique and truly great, each and every one of them. They present the subjects as real people, who just happen to excel in their chosen sport.
Sometimes being forced by circumstances to work extra fast, under less than ideal conditions, brings out the best in all artists. When I taught art, I used an insanely fast "on the clock" life-drawing exercise, where the students had to sketch a model in progessively shorter time frames, with the final drawing done in under ten seconds.
This resulted in the students being forced to put themselves "in the zone" and drawing more automatically, rather than relying on tricks taught to them. It also resulted in some truly good art.
"Sometimes being forced by circumstances to work extra fast..."
He found time get a shotgun for the photo!
Five bucks sez that each Olympian brought his or her own equipment.
Chuck, You are totally mixing apples and oranges.
If he came prepared for one situation and then was presented for something he was not prepared for then he should have declined to do the shoot or taken them outside for some natural background and light. This paper background he was using was destroyed through half of his portraits of photos not posted here and he did have enough to put more up.(Paper spool was empty) Yes it would have been a missed opportunity to take the photos but it's better to do something right or don't do it at all. Reputation is critical in the photo industry. He is getting a lot of press over this though.
The Olympics are kind of important and this looks as though it was done in an RV.
You don't "explain" a photograph. It defeats its purpose.
Hey, a guy took some pictures. He is not forcing anyone to do anything with them. Looks like he is a bit more casual than most, so what?
Time will tell if his style remains professional...so what if it goes either way.
When I shout out negative feelings it is usually because I am jealous of something...
By that logic, if you shout out against abusing women, does that mean you secretly wished you were a misogynist?
Honestly, Klamar's photos of these athletes are pretty fascinating. So what if he didn't light by numbers and portray them as masters of the universe?
At some point, photographing athletes has to move beyond copying Leni Riefenstahl. Good on ya, Klamar – now stop making excuses for this work.
Coming up with excuses or trying to rationalize away failure is not what an honorable man does. A real man would own up to his failure, take responsibility, and see to it that it never happened again. Anyone can ride high on a success, but how one deals with failure is far more telling and indicative of one's own character.
On the contrary I think the photos came out far better than if he (or anyone else) had "succeeded"
Personally, I don't like the photos but I learned something from it.
"I really had no idea that there would be a possibility for setting up a studio."
"I was under the impression that I was going to be photographing athletes on a stage or during press conference where I would take their headshots for our archives,"
Joe Klamar
Bring a paper cutter to a gun fight. That's one of many photogs worst nightmare when we are not getting the essential information of the event. So who is responsible to find it out? Us, the photographer, unfortunately.
If in doubts, it won't hurt to haul the entire army of all your gears to the event. better be safe than sorry.
"Joe had come armed with two cameras and three lenses (17-35, 70-200 and 300), plus one flash and a 12-inch laptop."
Skipping a standard zoom is also a big no-no in my book. For any event, any gig.
The bottom line is, if I were in his shoe, I wold focus on what I can do best with what I have.
"The bottom line is, if I were in his shoe, I wold focus on what I can do best with what I have."
amen those photos were the work of someone who didnt want to admit he didnt have what he needed. he should have simplified way down to an approach that he could have brought up to a professional standard.
"Bring a paper cutter to a gun fight. That's one of many photogs worst nightmare when we are not getting the essential information of the event."
He brought a shotgun.
"He brought a shotgun"
The shoot was in Texas, I don't think finding a shotgun at short notice would have been hard.
A good photographer having a bad day.
Most photographers at some stage in their career have turned up to a job only to discover what is happening is not what they prepared for. It might be a poor brief, language barriers or just the weather throwing its hand. The real test of test of the photographer in these situations is to adapt and move on.
If I was an US team member I would be disappointed in these photos. Given that Klamar was shooting for a French agency, my guess is that could also be part of a personal send-up or private joke. Knowing that many parts of the US are struggling economically, maybe he thinks these athletes should be captured in a more honest situation.
Personally, I think you can share that message while still employing the fundamentals of good photography, namely good lighting, design and emotion.
At least there were other photographers at this event who were also making photos of the same athletes.... it would be good to see their photos sometime soon.
If the "client" changed the terms or anything regarding the photo shoot, Klamar should have walked away with his rep. unharmed.
But he did take the shots and look where his rep. is now.
I honestly don't see what the big deal is... his photos reflect who the athletes are. They're interesting. And it sounds like he was under intense pressure. I say, job well done!
I agree. On one side, I've never heard of him before, now I did. Good or bad pictures, they are different, I'm sincerely tired of the mug shots from TV coming from looking down, they are just fake and cliche, and try to imitate CGI animations. At least these look natural.
the photos look like they were lit by a first grader
I kind of doubt he really knew "who the athletes are" based on the few minutes he had to work with them, and so it's unlikely that these images really "reflect who the athletes are." Sounds like you're applyinh certain attributes to these images that probably don't really exist.
It reminds me of people who are given a cheap $7 wine and are told that it's actually an expensive $70 wine. Suddenly, people start giving all these wonderful, glorious, fawning attributes to the cheap wine, saying it's one of the best wines they've ever tasted!
He ended up being controversial, so he did good.
Amen. Who wants some boring head shots that nobody cares about?
@SDPharm-- um...the athletes? I love how you just treat the athletes as pawns to be used and discarded in the name of ginning up controversy and publicity for the photographer! That's classy!
being controversial for attention's sake is hardly the equivalent of being good.
no, i haven't heard of him until now, but it doesn't matter because i'll forget who he is within the week. the attention to me is neither good or bad, just a job that went wrong due to miscommunication. if his photos were good enough for me to want to look up who the photographer is, then maybe i would remember him
even if he had a false impression, i don't like the way he took the photos. awkward, unflattering poses, ripped backdrop- these are things a professional should know how to do correctly even without studio-prep in mind. Maybe the ripped backdrop was a result of not being able to prepare, but he could have at least slipped a piece of computer paper underneath to make it less obvious or something
I wonder if the lack of knowledge of a studio setup was the company's fault for giving false impression, or his own for not seeking the information
yes, the pics served well enough, but for a pro...
To clarify- I'm not saying it's a huge deal. The photos show the athletes, the job was finished, it was fine. But I feel he should be held to a higher standard if he is going to take the job professionally.
intended or not, most of the shots as valid street shots, they make an excellent comment on the times, situation and the athletes themselves -
gymnast2 - a lovely young thing who's almost not there - - - Phelps - no doubt serious talent, but past the sweet bloom of youth - - - take a look at Hornton's toes, lovely - - - but the shot that says it all for me is the Camarena Williams - intense indeed - - -
so dear Joe - i love your street shots, well done!!
I have nothing critical to say of him since I don't know what he had to work with. But if I were in his shoes and had at least some time and resources, I would have set up one, plain backdrop (gray or white), two or three strobes for standard portrait lighting plus keylight, and then would have taken closeup portraits, hoping to get a sense of the athlete from expression or demeanor. Once you've got the setup, you can just bring in each athlete one by one and take the shot. At least they'd be technically proficient that way.
He was being honest, that's a positive.
I believe he messed up (just an opinion), but for an interesting effect. It is a great challenge to the conventional portrait photography and it's a very creative thing to do, just not for the right circumstance. I've seen worse mug shots taken for the Olympic team, btw, and those shots follow conventional portrait style. They're just UGLY. Worse, I wouldn't able to recognize the athlete based on his/her portrait (isn't that what those photos are suppose to do?). This shot on the other hand is very funny and shows exactly what Klamer's goal was: interesting and shows individuality. Verdict. portfolio-worthy photo, but unsuitable for the purpose.
He should've just shot headshots as planned instead of instead of trying to force shots that he didn't have the equipment for.
I believe that's what he was doing.... The name is just for the work flow (so it's easier to identify the person).
Lots of "pros" are very unprepared for their jobs, so it's nothing new....
Personally, I don't mind them. Just ordinary shots of otherwise ordinary people.
There's going to be plenty of hi-tech, super composed, airbrushed and photoshopped pieces that will make these athletes into modern gods. They'll forever have their image made out to be something much much more than what they feel they are.
I applaud his courage to do something different.
The very fact that the photos provoke controversy and strong opinions is proof that they are art. Perhaps in a specific, somewhat narrow sense, or perhaps not. But they are clearly art.
When a body of work produces nothing but fawning, shallow admiration, or universal boredom, then it's probably worthless. Obviously, neither is true, here.
Personally, I find them intriguing, occasionally bordering on brilliant, but not the best specimens of this genre that I've ever seen.
Looks like the photographer is more interested in making a name for himself through controversy, than in his subjects best interest.
What else to expect from an activity where the barrier to entry is the ability to press a button and the output is totally subjective?
Just badly, or shall I say helplessly executed. Not opposed to the idea of doing things differently but this is just off and just don'ts hit it. Actually the image quality and the 'doing things differently' are unrelated, he could have done things differently but with more mastery.
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RENO - The Nevada Wolf Pack men's basketball team has said all season long that it can't afford another loss at home.
On Saturday afternoon the Pack finally meant what it said.
The Wolf Pack, losers of three of its last four games at home, outscored the Air Force Falcons 15-3 in the final two minutes to earn a hard-fought 74-69 Mountain West victory in front of a crowd of 6,673 at Lawlor Events Center.
"It's hard to get a win in this league," said Nevada coach David Carter, whose Wolf Pack improved to 12-11 overall and 3-6 in the …


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Microsoft News Center
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This edition of Weekend Reading is chock full of major news nuggets, including the launch of the new Bing, the availability of Windows 8 Release Preview, an E3 teaser and the debut of a beautiful new camera app for Windows Phone called Photosynth.
New Bing, available today, takes you from searching to doing. Do you ever feel like you're spending too much time searching and not enough time doing? If so, you're not alone. According to a recent survey conducted by Bing and Impulse Research, nearly 75 percent of people spend more time than they would like searching for information online. Time wasted searching is a thing of the past with the new Bing design, which brings together information from the Web, experts and enthusiasts, and your friends to help you do more — available today at http://www.bing.com. You can find out more about the new Bing over on the Microsoft News Center. Also, don't miss this Bing Search Blog post about Bing's new Snapshot feature, and be sure to watch the video below with Online Services Division President Qi Lu. Finally, check out today's blog post on the Bing Summer of Doing.
In this edition of The Midweek Download, we've got stories on some interesting uses of Kinect for Windows and Surface, Windows Server 2012 Release Candidate and Microsoft Research.
Kinect head tracking with a transparent display. Next at Microsoft Editor Steve Clayton recently stumbled across the work of Second Story, a creative agency based out of Portland, Ore. that builds interactive experiences. What led him to them is their outstanding work using two Microsoft technologies in particular – Kinect and Surface 2.0. Read this Tuesday post on Next at Microsoft for the full story and don't forget to check out the video below. Also, be sure not to miss this May 30 post on Next about a French duo that captures the world in 3D with Kinect for Windows.
Twenty years ago at Microsoft's first annual TechEd conference, we gathered to talk about the industry transformation from mainframe to minis to client/server computing. The vehicle for that transformation was the Windows operating system. Today at TechEd, we're again talking about the industry transformation: the transformation to the cloud. Once again, the Windows operating system is the vehicle for this transformation.
Let me step back. At the most basic level, any operating system has two "jobs": it needs to manage the underlying hardware, and it needs to provide a platform for applications. The fundamental role of an operating system has not changed, but the scale at which servers are deployed and the type of applications now available or in development are changing massively. On the hardware front, the "unit" of hardware abstraction that a server OS manages has now reached the "datacenter" level. And by that I mean a datacenter ranging from the smallest cluster of a few servers to the very massive footprint of one of Microsoft's global installations with thousands of servers across multiple geographically distributed datacenters.
It only comes once a year, but here is your Weekend Reading: The E3 Edition – bringing you all the highlights from the Los Angeles entertainment expo. We've also got stories on the limited edition Nokia Lumia 900 "Batphone", the FAA choosing Office 365 for e-mail and collaboration in the cloud and much more.
A look back at E3 2012. Earlier this week, the Xbox 360 console charged into its seventh Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) buoyed by a bundle of blockbuster game releases led by Halo 4 and a set of new entertainment experiences that will push Xbox farther into the living room, and onto PCs, tablets and phones. Microsoft also revealed a set of new Xbox content, partners and apps – including bringing Internet Explorer to the console for the first time. The company also introduced a new music service and Xbox SmartGlass, a new app that brings an immersive entertainment experience to all devices. You can read more about it over on the Microsoft News Center and in this letter on Xbox LIVE's Major Nelson from Marc Whitten, corporate vice president of Xbox LIVE. Below is a screenshot of Halo 4:
In this edition of The Midweek Download, we've got stories on Alex Kipman, general manager of hardware incubation in the Interactive Entertainment Business; the latest news from Tech North America; Windows 8 and Internet Explorer 10.
A career of thriving on 'Impossible Projects' – including Kinect for Xbox 360. Alex Kipman, 32, has now led three major innovations at Microsoft and recently received the company's highest technical honor, the Technical Recognition Award for Outstanding Technical Leadership. The award citation called out not just his technical chops but the determination he brought to the Kinect project that many saw as a seemingly impossible challenge. To read more about Alex, check out this feature story on the Microsoft News Center. Below, Alex (third from left) takes a break on the Microsoft campus with teammates (from left) Jeffrey Margolis, Ben Sugden and Katie Stone Perez.
In 2008, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN, the non-profit corporation charged with coordinating the Internet's naming system and ensuring the stability and security of the Internet), approved a plan to launch new generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs) that will complement the current structure of Internet addresses based on ".com," ".net," ".org" and others.
Yesterday in London, ICANN published a list of more than 2,000 applications for new gTLDs from businesses and organizations around the world.
Xbox 360 sold more units in May in the U.S. than any other console or handheld gaming device, maintaining its position as the best-selling console in the U.S. for the past 17 months.
May highlights from The NPD Group include:
· Xbox 360 sold 160,000 units, representing a 45 percent share of current-generation console sales in the U.S. This marks the 15th consecutive month that Xbox 360 has held more than a 40 percent share of current-generation console sales in the U.S.
In this edition of Weekend Reading, we've got stories on Bing teaming up with Yelp, a Skype advertising update and a great slideshow to help last-minute shoppers pick the right gift for Father's Day.
Bing and Yelp help you do more with local search. As one of the Web's leading local listing services, Yelp is a great resource that helps connect you with local businesses and restaurants. Scanning reviews from real people can often make the difference between the perfect night out and wishing you had stayed in. At Bing, we're dedicated to helping you do more, so we are pleased to roll out increased Yelp coverage in Bing search results. Read this Thursday post on the Bing Search Blog for the whole story. And don't miss this Tuesday post about Qwiki arriving on Bing.
Well, it's been a bit of a busy week here at Microsoft, and it's only Wednesday! This edition of The Midweek Download has stories on the newly revealed family of Surface tablets, Windows 8 Metro app news for developers and a few customer wins for Office 365 (the Danish Red Cross) and Microsoft Dynamics AX (Aston Martin.)
Introducing Surface - a new family of Windows PCs. On Monday at an event in Hollywood, Microsoft unveiled Surface: PCs built to be the ultimate stage for Windows. Company executives showed two Windows tablets and accessories that feature significant advances in industrial design and attention to detail. Surface is designed to seamlessly transition between consumption and creation, without compromise. It delivers the power of amazing software with Windows and the feel of premium hardware in one exciting experience. Head on over to the Microsoft News Center for all the details. VentureBeat and Slate, among others, covered the news. Below is a screenshot of a Surface tablet.
Well, we had quite a week here at Microsoft, as you may have heard. And here's the latest edition of Weekend Reading to catch up everyone who might have missed the news. Check it out!
Announcing Windows Phone 8. It's time to start telling you about the next exciting chapter of our story: Windows Phone 8. Officially announced this morning in San Francisco, it's the most advanced mobile OS Microsoft has ever made and will arrive on new phones later this year. This Wednesday post on The Windows Phone Blog from Joe Belfiore gives a high-level sneak peek at the Windows Phone 8 platform and tell you just some of what it's going to make possible. This isn't a full disclosure of everything in Windows Phone 8—look for a more complete tour of new features later. However, some of the new features include multi-core processor support, bigger and sharper screens, NFC wireless sharing and Wallet (which keeps debit and credit cards, coupons, boarding passes, and other important info right at your fingertips.) Below is a screenshot of the new Windows Phone 8 start screen:
Last October, I posted a concept video showing Microsoft's view on the future of productivity. The video envisions how mobile devices, social computing, interactive content, cloud computing and natural user interfaces will change the way we get things done at home, at work and at school.
In our personal lives, it's obvious that social computing has made a huge impact in how we connect with information and each other. Businesses are just starting to take advantage of the benefits of social computing, and I believe it will redefine how we'll work together in the years ahead.
Today, I am excited to announce that we have entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Yammer, the world's fastest-growing enterprise social networking service.
The IT industry is undergoing a major transformation as cloud computing grows in popularity, and it's not just in the U.S., it's worldwide. On the heels of TechEd North America, thousands of IT professionals and developers are gathering in Amsterdam this week – at Microsoft's full capacity TechEd Europe event - to hear first-hand what the new era of the cloud operating system (OS) is all about. From my keynote to the hundreds of deep technical sessions, attendees will learn about the transformative changes brought about with the cloud and how it can bring new and more efficient opportunities for their business.
The news just keeps on coming! This edition of The Midweek Download has stories on Microsoft acquiring Yammer, TechEd Europe and Windows Phone 8.
Microsoft acquires Yammer. Microsoft and Yammer announced Monday that they have entered into a definitive agreement under which Microsoft will acquire Yammer, a leading provider of enterprise social networks, for $1.2 billion in cash. Yammer will join the Microsoft Office Division, led by division President Kurt DelBene, and the team will continue to report to current CEO David Sacks. Head on over to the Microsoft News Center and read this post by Kurt on The Official Microsoft Blog for the whole story.
Technology professionals gather at TechEd Europe to celebrate the era of the Cloud OS. The IT industry is undergoing a major transformation as cloud computing grows in popularity, and it's not just in the U.S., it's worldwide.
In this edition of Weekend Reading, we've got stories on the one-year anniversary of the launch of Office 365, a sneak peek at the Windows Phone 7.8 Start Screen and details on Xbox 360's presence at the 42nd annual Comic-Con in San Diego.
Microsoft Office 365: A big year in review. One year ago in New York City, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer unveiled Office 365. Ballmer predicted that Office 365 would give businesses an edge, and that has been true for companies all over the globe. "Office 365 is a hit with big and small companies alike," said Kirk Koenigsbauer, corporate vice president of the Microsoft Office Division. "I'm delighted to welcome Lowe's, Burger King, Japan Airlines and others that have chosen Office 365." To read more about the one-year anniversary of Office 365, check out this feature story and this press release over on the Microsoft News Center.


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