text:
Abraham in Islam
|This article improperly uses one or more religious texts as primary sources without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. (December 2012)
alayhi s-salām ( عليه السلام )
The name Abraham written in Islamic calligraphy followed by Peace be upon him.
|Native name
|Ibrāhīm - إبراهيم
|c. 2510 BH
Ur, Iraq
|c. 2329 BH (aged approximately 175)
Hebron, West Bank
Cause of death
|Old Age
Resting place
|Ibrahimi Mosque
|Hajar, Sarah
|Ismail, Ishaq
Ibrâhîm (Arabic: إبراهيم, translit.: ʾIbrāhīm, pronounced [ʔibraːˈhiːm]), known as Abraham in the Old Testament, is recognized in Islam as a prophet and apostle [1][2] of God (Arabic: الله Allāh) and patriarch of many peoples. In Muslim belief, Abraham fulfilled all the commandments and trials which God tried him with over his lifetime. As a result of his unwavering faith in God, Abraham was promised by God to be a leader to all the nations of the world.[3] Abraham embodies the type of the perfect Muslim and the Quran mentions Abraham as a model for mankind.[4] In this sense, Abraham has been described as representing "primordial man in universal surrender to the Divine Reality before its fragmentation into religions separated from each other by differences in form".[5] The Islamic holy day Eid al-Adha is celebrated in memory of the bravery of Abraham, and Muslims perform the pilgrimage to pay homage at the Kaaba which Abraham had set up and reformed.[6]
Muslims believe that the prophet Abraham became the leader of the righteous in his time and it was through him that the people of both Arabia and Israel came. Abraham, in the belief of Islam, was instrumental in cleansing the world of idolatry at the time. Paganism was cleared out by Abraham in both Arabia and Canaan. He spiritually purified both places as well as physically sanctifying the houses of worship. Abraham and Ismail (Ishmael) further established the rites of pilgrimage,[7] or Hajj, which are still followed by Muslims today. Muslims maintain that Abraham further asked God to bless both the lines of his progeny, of Ismail (Ishmael) and Ishaq (Isaac), and to keep all of his descendants in the protection of God.
- 1 Family
- 2 Miracles
- 3 Personality and wisdom
- 4 Title
- 5 Abraham and the Kaaba
- 6 Scrolls of Abraham
- 7 Burial place
- 8 Narrative in the Quran
- 9 See also
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Abraham - (Ibrāhīm - إبراهيم)
Muslims maintain that Abraham's father was Azar (Arabic: ازر, translit.: Āzar),[8][9] which could be derived from the Syriac Athar,[10] who is known in the Hebrew Bible as Terah. Commentators and scholars believed that Abraham himself had many children, but Ismail (Ishmael) and Ishaq (Isaac) were the only two who became prophets. Abraham's two wives are believed to have been Sarah and Hājar (Hagar), the latter of whom was originally Sarah's handmaiden.[11] Abraham's nephew is said to have been the messenger Lut (Lot), who was one of the other people who migrated with Abraham out of their community. Abraham himself is said to have been of Semitic lineage, being a descendant of Nuh (Noah) through his son Shem.[12]
Abraham encountered several miracles of God during his lifetime. The Quran records a few main miracles, although different interpretations have been attributed to the passages. Some of the miracles recorded in the Quran are:
- Abraham was shown the kingdom of the Heavens and the Earth.[13]
- Abraham and the miracle of the birds.[14]
- Abraham was thrown into a fire, which became "cool" and "peaceful" for him.[15]
The first passage has been interpreted both literally, allegorically and otherwise. Although some commentators feel that this passage referred to a physical miracle, where Abraham was physically shown the entire kingdom of Heaven (Jannah),[16] others have felt that it refers to the spiritual understanding of Abraham; these latter scholars maintain that the Chaldeans were skilled in the observance of the stars, but Abraham, who lived amongst them, saw beyond the physical world and into a higher spiritual realm. The second passage has one mainstream interpretation amongst the Quranic commentators, that Abraham took four birds and cut them up, placing pieces of each on nearby hills; when he called out to them, each piece joined and four birds flew back to Abraham.[17] This miracle, as told by the Quranic passage, was a demonstration by God to show Abraham how God gave life to the dead. As the physical cutting of the birds is not implied in the passage, some commentators have offered alternative interpretations, but all maintain that the miracle was for the same demonstrative purpose to show Abraham the power God has to raise the dead to life.[18] The third passage has also been interpreted both literally and metaphorically, or in some cases both. Commentators state that the 'fire' refers to main aspects. They maintained that, firstly, the fire referred to the physical flame, from which Abraham was saved unharmed. The commentators further stated that, secondly, the fire referred to the 'fire of persecution', from which Abraham was saved, as he left his people after this with his wife Sarah and his nephew Lot.[19]
Personality and wisdom[edit]
Abraham's personality and character is one of the most in-depth in the whole Quran, and Abraham is specifically mentioned as being a kind and compassionate man.[20] Abraham's father is understood by all Muslims to have been a wicked, ignorant and idolatrous man who ignored all of his son's advice. The relationship between Abraham and his father, who in the Quran is named Azar, is central to Abraham's story as Muslims understand it to establish a large part of Abraham's personality. The Quran mentions that Abraham's father threatened to stone his son to death if he did not cease in preaching to the people.[21] Despite this, the Quran states that Abraham in his later years prayed to God to forgive the sins of all his descendants and his parents. Muslims have frequently cited Abraham's character as an example of how kind one must be towards people, and especially one's own parents. A similar example of Abraham's compassionate nature is demonstrated when Abraham began to pray for the people of Sodom and Gomorrah after hearing of God's plan for them. Although God told Abraham that His plan was the final word, and therefore Abraham's prayers would be of no effect, the Quran nonetheless reinforces Abraham's kind nature through this particular event.[22]
The Quran discusses a certain conversation between an unrighteous ruler and Abraham. Although identification for the unnamed king has been recognized as being least important in the narrative, many historical sources suggest that it was Nimrod,[23] the king who had ordered the building of the Tower of Babel. According to the narrative, the king became extremely arrogant due to his wealth and power, to the point that he made the claim that he possessed the power of Creation. Claiming divinity for himself, the king quarreled with Abraham but the Quran describes that he only deepened in confusion. According to the Quran, Abraham told the king that it is God who makes the sun rise and set everyday, which rendered the king confounded. This event has been noted as particularly important because, in the Muslim perspective, it almost foreshadowed the prophetic careers of future prophets, most significantly the career of Moses. Abraham's quarrel with the king has been interpreted by some to be a precursor to Moses's preaching to Pharaoh. Just as the ruler who argued against Abraham claimed divinity for himself, so did the Pharaoh of the Exodus, who refused to hear the call of Moses and perished in the Red Sea. In this particular incident, scholars have further commented on Abraham's wisdom in employing "rational, wise and target-oriented" speech, as opposed to pointless arguments.[24]
Abraham, in the eyes of many Muslims, also symbolized the highest moral values essential to any person. The Quran details the account of the angels coming to Abraham to tell him of the birth of Isaac. It says that, as soon as Abraham saw the messengers, he "hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf."[25] This action has been interpreted by all the scholars as exemplary; many scholars have commentated upon this one action, saying that it symbolizes Abraham's exceedingly high moral level and thus is a model for how men should act in a similar situation. This incident has only further heightened the "compassionate" character of Abraham in Muslim theology.[26]
Abraham is given the title Khalilullah (Arabic: خلیل الله, translit.: Ḵalīlullāḥ, Meaning: Friend of Allah) in Islam.[2][27] The Quran says:
Who can be better in religion than one who submits his whole self to Allah, does good, and follows the way of Abraham the true in Faith? For Allah did take Abraham for a friend.
This particular title of Abraham is so famous in Muslim culture and tradition that, in the areas in and around Mecca, Abraham is often referred to solely as The Friend.[29] This title of Friend of God is not exclusive to Islamic theology. Although the other religious traditions do not stress upon it, Abraham is called a Friend of God in the second Book of Chronicles and the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)[30] as well as in the New Testament.[31]
Abraham and the Kaaba[edit]
One of Abraham's most important features in Islamic theology is his role as the constructor of the Kabba. Although tradition recounts that Adam constructed the original Kabba, which was demolished by the Great Flood at the time of Noah, Abraham is believed to have rebuilt it in its original form. The Quran, in the Muslim perspective, merely confirms or reinforces the laws of pilgrimage. The rites were instituted by Abraham and for all Muslims, as they perform the pilgrimage, the event is a way to return to the perfection of Abraham's faith.[32] Just as Medina is referred to as the "City of the Prophet [Muhammad]" or simply the "City of Muhammad", Mecca is frequently cited as the "City of Abraham", because Abraham's reformation of the purified monotheistic faith took place purely in Mecca.[33]
Scrolls of Abraham[edit]
The Quran refers to certain Scrolls of Abraham, which have alternatively been translated as the Books of Abraham. All Muslim scholars have generally agreed that no scrolls of Abraham survive, and therefore this is a reference to a lost body of scripture.[34] The Scrolls of Abraham are understood by Muslims to refer to certain revelations Abraham received, which he would have then transmitted to writing. The exact contents of the revelation are not described in the Quran.
The 87th chapter of the Quran, sura Al-Ala, concludes saying the subject matter of the sura has been in the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses. It is slightly indicative of what were in the previous scriptures, according to Islam:
Therefore give admonition in case the admonition profits (the hearer).
The admonition will be received by those who fear (Allah):
But it will be avoided by those most unfortunate ones,
Who will enter the Great Fire,
In which they will then neither die nor live.
But those will prosper who purify themselves,
And glorify the name of their Guardian-Lord, and (lift their hearts) in prayer.
Day (behold), ye prefer the life of this world;
But the Hereafter is better and more enduring.
And this is in the Books of the earliest (Revelation),-
The Books of Abraham and Moses.—Quran, sura 87 (Al-Ala), ayah 9-19 [35]
Chapter 53 of the Quran, sura An-Najm, mentions some more subject matters of the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses.
Nay, is he not acquainted with what is in the Books of Moses-
And of Abraham who fulfilled his engagements?-
Namely, that no bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another;
That man can have nothing but what he strives for;
That (the fruit of) his striving will soon come in sight:
Then will he be rewarded with a reward complete;
That to thy Lord is the final Goal;
That it is He Who granteth Laughter and Tears;
That it is He Who granteth Death and Life;
That He did create in pairs,- male and female,
From a seed when lodged (in its place);
That He hath promised a Second Creation (Raising of the Dead);
That it is He Who giveth wealth and satisfaction;
That He is the Lord of Sirius (the Mighty Star);
And that it is He Who destroyed the (powerful) ancient 'Ad (people),
And the Thamud nor gave them a lease of perpetual life.
And before them, the people of Noah, for that they were (all) most unjust and most insolent transgressors,
And He destroyed the Overthrown Cities (of Sodom and Gomorrah).
So that (ruins unknown) have covered them up.
Then which of the gifts of thy Lord, (O man,) wilt thou dispute about?
This is a Warner, of the (series of) Warners of old!
The (Judgment) ever approaching draws nigh:
No (soul) but Allah can lay it bare.
Do ye then wonder at this recital?
And will ye laugh and not weep,-
Wasting your time in vanities?
But fall ye down in prostration to Allah, and adore (Him)!
Yet some scholars[by whom?] suggested it to be a reference to Sefer Yetzirah, as Jewish tradition generally ascribed[citation needed] its authorship to Abraham. Other scholars, however, wrote of a certain Testament of Abraham, which they explained was available at the time of Muhammad.[37] Both of these views are disputed because Sefer Yetzirah is a part of esoteric Jewish mysticism, which originated much later in the 13th century, such scrolls or testaments should not have existed in the time of Muhammad for being referred to. And if those would have existed, according to clear instructions in the Quran and hadith, no verification should take place.
The Quran contains numerous references to Abraham, his life, prayers and traditions and has a dedicated chapter named Ibrahim. Therefore verifying the scrolls of Abraham from other traditions, especially from Judaism has no basis. The advent of Islam was due to the alteration of all previous scriptures. On a relevant note, sura Al-Kahf was revealed as an answer from God to the Jews who inquired of Muhammad about past events. Here God directly instructed Muhammad in sura Al-Kahf, not to consult the Jews for verifying the three stories about which they inquired.
Enter not, therefore, into controversies concerning them, except on a matter that is clear, nor consult any of them about (the affair of) the Sleepers.— Quran, sura 18 (Al-Kahf), ayat 22 [38]
The reason being God declaring He Himself is relating what needs to be verified in another verse of sura Al-Kahf:
We relate to thee their story in truth: they were youths who believed in their Lord, and We advanced them in guidance:—Quran, sura 18, (Al-Kahf), ayat 13[39]
Regarding consultation with the People of the Book, it is also narrated by Abu Hurairah in Hadith literature:
Narrated Abu Huraira: The people of the Scripture (Jews) used to recite the Torah in Hebrew and they used to explain it in Arabic to the Muslims. On that Allah's Apostle said, "Do not believe the people of the Scripture or disbelieve them, but say:-- "We believe in Allah and what is revealed to us."
Therefore relating to any ascription of the Scrolls of Abraham by the people of the book is not required.
Burial place[edit]
Muslims believe that Abraham was buried, along with his wife Sarah, at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron. Known to Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham it is also thought to be the burial site of Isaac, his wife Rebecca and Jacob and his wife Leah.[citation needed]
Narrative in the Quran[edit]
Al-Qurʾān القرآن
References to Abraham in the Quran[edit]
There are numerous references to Abraham in the Quran, including, twice, to the Scrolls of Abraham;[41] in the latter passage, it is mentioned that Abraham "fulfilled his engagements?-",[42] a reference to all the trials that Abraham had succeeded in. In a whole series of chapters, the Quran relates how Abraham preached to his community as a youth and how he specifically told his father, named Azar,[43] to leave idol-worship and come to the worship of God.[44] Some passages of the Quran, meanwhile, deal with the story of how God sent angels to Abraham with the announcement of the punishment to be imposed upon Lot's people in Sodom and Gomorrah.[45] Other verses mention the near-sacrifice of Abraham's son,[46] whose name is not given but is presumed to be Ishmael as the following verses mention the birth of Isaac.[47] The Quran also repeatedly establishes Abraham's role as patriarch and mentions numerous important descendants who came through his lineage, including Isaac,[48] Jacob[49] and Ishmael.[50] In the later chapters of the Quran, Abraham's role becomes yet more prominent. The Quran mentions that Abraham and Ishmael were the reformers who set up the Kabba in Mecca as a center of pilgrimage for monotheism[51] The Quran consistently refers to Islam as "the Religion of Abraham" (millat Ibrahim)[52] and Abraham is given a title as Hanif (The Pure, "true in Faith" or "upright man").[53] The Quran also mentions Abraham as one whom God took as a friend (Khalil),[28] hence Abraham's title in Islam, Khalil-Allah (Friend of God). The term is considered by some to be a derivation of the patriarch's Hebrew title, Kal El (קל-אל), which means "voice of God".[54][55] Other instances in the Quran which are described in a concise manner are the rescue of Abraham from the fire into which he was thrown by his people';[56][57] his pleading for his father;[58] his quarrel with an unrighteous and powerful king[59] and the miracle of the dead birds.[14]
All these events and more have been discussed with more details in Muslim tradition, and especially in the Stories of the Prophets and works of universal Islamic theology.[60] Certain episodes from the life of Abraham have been more heavily detailed in Islamic text, such as the arguments between Abraham and the evil king, Nimrod, the near-sacrifice of his son, and the story of Hagar and Ishmael, which Muslims commemorate when performing pilgrimage in Mecca. An important Islamic religious holiday, Eid al-Adha, commemorates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael as an act of obedience to God, before God intervened to provide him with a sheep to sacrifice instead.[61] In some cases, some believe these legends in Islamic text may have influenced later Jewish tradition.[62]
Verses in the Quran[edit]
- Abraham's attributes: 2:124, 11:75–123, 16:120
- Abraham's religion: 2:130, 4:125, 6:83–84, 6:161, 9:114, 11:74, 12:6, 16:120, 19:41, 19:47, 21:51, 26:83–85, 29:27, 37:84, 37:88, 37:104, 37:109–111, 37:113, 38:45–47, 43:28, 53:37, 57:26, 60:4
- God tried Abraham: 2:124, 37:102
- Abraham's preaching: 2:130–231, 2:135–136, 2:140, 3:67–68, 3:84, 3:95, 4:125, 4:163, 6:74, 6:76–81, 6:83, 6:161, 14:35–37, 14:40, 21:52, 21:54, 21:56–57, 21:67, 22:26, 22:78, 26:69–73, 26:75, 26:78–80, 26:87, 29:16–17, 29:25, 37:83, 37:85–87,37:89, 37:91, 37:92, 37:93, 37:94–96, 43:26–28, 60:4
- Development of the Kaaba: 2:127
- Abraham's pilgrimage: 2:128, 22:27
- Abraham as God's friend: 4:125
- Punishment to Abraham's people: 9:70
- Moving to Syam: 21:71, 29:26
- Abraham, Hagar, and Ismael: 14:37, 37:101
- Dreaming of resurrecting a dead body: 2:260
- Arguing with Nimrod: 2:258
- Abraham and his father
- Abraham preached to his father: 6:74, 19:42–45, 21:52, 26:70, 37:85, 43:26
- His father's idolatry: 6:74, 26:71
- Abraham asked forgiveness for his father: 14:41, 19:47, 60:4
- Arguing with the people: 21:62–63, 21:65–66
- Abraham moved away from the people: 19:48–49, 29:26, 37:99, 43:26, 60:4
- Abraham's warnings for the idols: 21:57–58, 21:60, 37:93
- Thrown into the fire: 21:68, 29:24, 37:97
- Saved from the fire: 21:69–70, 29:24, 37:98
- Good news about Isaac and Jacob: 6:84, 11:69, 11:71–72, 14:39, 15:53, 15:54–55, 21:72, 29:27, 37:112, 51:28–30
- Dreaming of his son's sacrifice: 37:102–103
See also[edit]
- ^ Quran 87:19
- ^ a b Siddiqui, Mona. "Ibrahim – the Muslim view of Abraham". Religions (BBC). Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ Quran 2:124
- ^ Quran 16:120
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, p. 18
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Kaaba
- ^ Quran 2:128
- ^ Prophet, Ibrahim. "Father". Islamicity. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ Ibrahim, Prophet. "Father". Haq Islam. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ Geiger 1898 Judaism and Islam: A Prize Essay.,p. 100
- ^ Lings, Martin. "Muhammad". House of God Chap. I (cf. Index: "Abraham"), Suhail Academy Co.
- ^ "Ibrahim". Encyclopedia of Islam, Online version.
- ^ Quran 6:75
- ^ a b Quran 2:260
- ^ Quran 21:68–70
- ^ The Book of Certainty, M. Lings, S. Academy Publishing
- ^ Stories of the Prophets, Kisa'i/Kathir, Story of Abraham
- ^ Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, note. 285
- ^ Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, note. 2703
- ^ Quran 11:75
- ^ Quran 19:46
- ^ Lives of the Prophets, L. Azzam, Suhail Academy Co.
- ^ History of the Prophets and Kings, Tabari, Vol. I: Prophets and Patriarchs
- ^ Book 1: The Prophet Abraham, Harun Yahya, The Unbeliever Advised By Abraham, Online. web.
- ^ Quran 11:69
- ^ Book 1: The Prophet Abraham, Harun Yahya, Angels Who Visited Abraham, Online. web.
- ^ "Title". Answering Islam. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ a b Quran 4:125
- ^ Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings. Archetype Books
- ^ Isaiah 41:8 and 2 Chronicles 20:7
- ^ James 2:23
- ^ Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg. 39, Archetype
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Kaaba, Suhail Academy
- ^ A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, B. M. Wheeler, Abraham
- ^ Quran 87:9–19
- ^ Quran 53:36–62
- ^ Tafsir and Commentary on 87: 18-19 & 53: 36-37, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Muhammad Asad
- ^ Quran 18:22
- ^ Quran 18:13
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 6:60:12
- ^ Quran 87:18–19 and 53:36–37
- ^ Quran 53:37
- ^ Quran 6:74
- ^ Quran 37:83–89, 26:68–89, 19:41–50, 43:26–28, 21:51–73, 29:16–28 and 6:74–84
- ^ Quran 52:24–34, 25:51–60, 11:69–76 and 29:31
- ^ Quran 37:100–111
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Ishmael
- ^ Quran 25:53
- ^ Quran 29:49, 21:72, 29:27, 6:84, 11:71 and 38:45–47
- ^ Quran 2:132–133
- ^ Quran 2:123–141, 3:65–68, 3:95–97, 4:125, 4:26–29 and 22:78
- ^ Quran 2:135
- ^ Quran 3:67
- ^ Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey! (1st ed.). Leviathan Press. ISBN 978-1-881927-32-7
- ^ World Jewish Digest (Aug, 2006; posted online 25 July 2006): "Superman's Other Secret Identity", by Jeff Fleischer
- ^ Quran 37:97 and 21:68–70
- ^ 21:51–73
- ^ Quran 28:47
- ^ Quran 2:58
- ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Ibrahim; Tales of the Prophets, Kisa'i, Ibrahim
- ^ Diversity Calendar: Eid al-Adha University of Kansas Medical Center
- ^ J. Eisenberg, EI, Ibrahim
- Saad Assel, Mary (2010). 25 Icons of Peace in the Qur'an: Lessons of Harmony. iUniverse. p. 244. ISBN 9781440169014.
- Mehar, Iftikhar Ahmed (2003). Al-Islam: Inception to Conclusion. AL-ISLAM. p. 240. ISBN 9781410732729.
- Stories Of The Prophets By Ibn Kathir. Islamic Books.
- Lalljee, compiled by Yousuf N. (1993). Know your Islam (3rd ed. ed.). New York: Taknike Tarsile Quran. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-940368-02-6.
Further reading[edit]
- P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- Cyril Glasse, Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Pgs. 18–19 (Abraham), Suhail Academy
Abraham and the Kaaba[edit]
- Martin Lings, Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, Archetype
- Leila Azzam, Lives of the Prophets, Abraham and the Kaaba, Suhail Academy
Abraham's life[edit]
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. II: Prophets and Patriarchs
- Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, Chapter VI: Story of Abraham
External links[edit]


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Book your room at Hampton Inn Laurel (Fort Meade Area)
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The Secret Entrance
Wattabi told Cuana, Tullweim, and Xacksmith that the entrance to the hidden passage into the Red Citadel was located some distance outside of Bzambei. The description given was that of a shrine to strange leonine gods of the forgotten city atop which the citadel now rested. The Waddai exile then said, 'Your passage to the shrine may be flooded due to the rain and the nearby river. Once inside, you will need to look for the third statue on the right, a lion-headed woman brandishing two sickles. At the feet of the statue is a hole through which is the catch that holds the shrine's door shut.' The guide continued, 'Once the catch is released the statue can be pushed aside, revealing a narrow staircase going down. This passage will lead you directly into the citadel. But you must always move forward. Never deviate, it is a maze down there,' Watabbi asserted. 'You will never be seen again if you choose to explore it.'
The journey to the shrine was not long. About two miles from Bzambei's walls, close to the banks of the river laid the crumbling ruin of which Wattabi spoke. The river had indeed burst its banks, as Wattabi had feared, and 100 feet from the temple the flood waters became more difficult to wade through as they rose above waist level. The exiled Waddai pointed out the entrance, then told the party he would pray the cost they'd pay for finding what they sought would not be too high, and turned to leave. The adventurers had to swim to progress the rest of the way without being knocked over by the current. Inside the shine's walls, the current abated, but the structure was completely flooded and the party plodded around chest deep in the water. The temple itself was 50 feet wide, 60 feet long, and had a partially crumbling ceiling held up by a dozen pillars to the left and right. Three large female statues with leonine heads stood watch on either side of the temple, and the statue opposite the entry had an altar before it which rose from the swirling waters. Tullweim moved towards the statue Wattabi told them of, when a fanged maw burst from the shadowed murk and bit deep into the Aesir's arm. Tullweim shouted an alarm to his companions when Cuana and Xacksmith noticed 3 more dark shapes moving quickly towards them.


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So following up on a request from @Pi Face; and a binge playing my newly-purchased Skyrim, I decided to reboot an old RP of mine; I suppose you could call it a rather straightforward fantasy RP. This is also another foray of mine into serial RPs--this is intended as the first in a series, and so will end up rather short and simplistic as a proof of concept, but also fully capable of standing alone if it flops.
The Creation War:
Long ago, the seven Elemental Dragons came to the world of Aether, having battled and narrowly defeated a primordial entity called the Void. In the wake of their great war, Aether seethed with their unleashed primal energies; the raw force of their elemental power raged through the world, destroying its continents and leaving it a vast, empty ocean. Weakened and exhausted by their great battle, the Dragons, contrite for the destruction they had wreaked inadvertently on Aether, used the last of their life force to bind the wild energy into tamed ambient power known as Mana. With their dying breaths, they sealed their bodies away, and used their souls to recreate the lands obliterated in the war. While the wild magic had ran rampant through Aether, a haze of elemental force darkened the land; after the Dragons worked their miracle, a new day dawned on Aether, and the archipelago they created came to be known as the Kingdoms of the Sun.
But as the embodiments of the elements themselves and the very creators of the tamed Mana of Aether, the Dragons were eternal--their bodies had died, and their souls were drained, but they were not gone. As a physical race, the Dragons had become extinct; as avatars of power and keepers of the natural order, they had not. For centuries, the thirteen Kingdoms rebuilt, and in time, the cataclysm of the war faded from memory. But the power of the Dragons persisted, their souls preserved throughout the Kingdoms within the flow of Mana.
Now, it is rumored that the Dragons have returned, their souls reincarnated into the mortal races of the Kingdoms. Both the Emperor of the Sun and the nascent Rebellion prepare for the coming of these mortals empowered by the Dragons. To wield the power of a Dragon is to wield the elemental force of Creation—whoever commands these individuals, these reincarnated Dragonsouls, will command the fate of the Kingdoms.
The World:
The Kingdoms of the Sun:
A map of the thirteen Kingdoms
The Kingdoms of the Sun are a small archipelago comprised of fourteen islands, and the only known landmasses on the world of Aether. The endless sea that surrounds them is named Cyr. The Kingdoms are arranged in a vague ring, with the island of Solis resting near its center. Surrounding Solis and the center of the ring is a giant, unending wall of storms, variously dubbed the Maelstrom, the Dragonsbane, the Wrath of Hydraex. The Maelstrom prevents any ship from crossing across the center of the ring, forcing ships to cross the greater distance of the ring's circumference.
The Kingdoms can be divided into two groups: the seven elemental islands that are the final resting places of the Dragons, and the six remaining outer kingdoms. The elemental islands are distinguished by the sheer force of Mana surrounding them; the raw power of the Dragons continues to affect their terrain, long after their death. As numbered on the map:
- 0. Solis - the heart of the Kingdoms, and the capital of the Lircon Empire. Protected from the rest of the world by the Maelstrom, it is rumored by inhabitants of the other islands that Solis is a paradise that has never known war and boasts technology far surpassing that of the other Kingdoms. The truth is uncertain; the only beings who leave Solis are the Imperial officials and officers that maintain the Empire.
- 1. Ignis - the resting place of the Dragon of Fire. Its most notable feature is the dormant volcano near the center of the island; the shrine to the Fire Dragon stands within its caldera. Ignis is mostly rural; it has no large cities, and supports mostly farming communities. As such, though it is one of the seven elemental islands, it is considered a backwater, and Imperial influence is very low. It is rumored to be the home of the Moonfall Rebellion.
- 2. Terrae - the resting place of the Dragon of Earth. It is rocky and mountainous, and most of its inhabitants live near the shores of the island. The srhine of the Earth Dragon is located on the peak of Summa, the highest mountain on the island. Though the terrain is difficult, Terrae boasts large reserves of metal ores, and thus is an important port and manufacturing center for the Empire. The Empire's main garrison is thus stationed here.
- 3. Lucis - the resting place of the Dragon of Light. A peaceful, forested isle, Lucis is famous for its unusually dense concentrations of ambient Mana. Many magically-attuned individuals are born here, and it features the Kingdoms' only dedicated magical academy. The shrine of the Light Dragon is located beneath the academy, which was built around and over it.
- 4. Aquae - the resting place of the Dragon of Water. Gloomy, wet, and marshy, it is crisscrossed by dozens of streams and rivers and dotted with just as many lakes and ponds. Though many fishing communities line its shores, Aquae would be unimportant, were it not for Emperess Polanna Lircon's influence in declaring the cult of the Water Dragon Hydraex the official religion of the Empire. The shrine to Hydraex is the site of many pilgrimages and floats at the center of the island's largest lake.
- 5. Venti - the resting place of the Dragon of Wind. The island is gentle and open, predominantly flat and hilly, though its southern shore is crowned with imposing mountains. The shrine to the Wind Dragon is located somewhere within those mountains. Because of the ease of settling in Venti, it is the most populous of the elemental islands.
- 6. Umbrae - the resting place of the Dragon of Shadow. It is very similar to Lucis, being thickly forested and boasting unusually dense concentrations of Mana, but it's forests are older, fiercer, more closely grown. Whereas Lucis's forests are bathed in sunlight, the dense canopy of Umbrae's forests means the forest floor sees very little light. Umbrae attracts loners rather than groups, and is mainly unpopulated save for a small port town on the southern shoreline. The shrine to the Shadow Dragon is located in the heart of its forests.
- 7. Fulminis - the resting place of the Dragon of Lightning. Rocky, barren, and constantly obscured by a dense cover of stormclouds, Fulminis is the only island in the thirteen Kingdoms to have no communities; only lone stragglers make their place here. The shrine to the Lightning Dragon is supposedly somewhere on the island, though no records of it exist.
- 8. Hextin - wild and untamed, Hextin is considered the frontier of the Empire. Many strange and exotic monsters roam the island, forcing its few inhabitants to adapt or die.
- 9. Pentron - near rich and prosperous Venti, Pentron is effectively Venti's sister island, nearly as fertile and open as the island of wind. Those dissatisfied with the more populated Venti often make their way here.
- 10. Trimos - large and varied in terrain, Trimos is the crown jewel of the Empire, the most populous island of the thirteen, and boasts several cities. More importantly, it is a key hub of trade, second only to Binthum, and sees many travelers heading to either Lucis or Aquae.
- 11. Tetrum - the southernmost island, Tetrum's only worthwhile feature is its calm and sheltered bay. The quiet beaches lining its bay make Tetrum a resort island of sorts for the rich and powerful.
- 12. Binthum - midway between Lucis and Terrae, Binthum is the heart of the Empire's economy, overseeing both the trade of manufactured goods and magical artifacts. Thus, it is the de facto capital of the Empire, because of Solis's inaccessibility, and houses the Empire's central garrison, naval base and shipyards, and the Imperial Bureaucracy.
- 13. Montrem - the easternmost island and the island most removed from the ring of the Kingdoms. It is mainly a place of exile, and is home to the Imperial Arena, where criminals are executed in gladiatorial combat and other sorts of public spectacle. The Tower of Aurora is located on its easternmost point, but is widely regarded to be an abandoned ruin.
Mana is the ambient magical energy of Aether, tamed and shaped by the Dragons. It is omnipresent throughout the kingdom, and every individual can tap into it to augment their abilities or perform magic. Certain locations, such as the islands of Lucis and Umbrae, naturally attract greater concentrations of Mana, and thus further amplifies the powers of its residents. However, there are legends of certain locations where Mana is virtually unlimited, which could teoretically grant an individual limitless power. These sites are named Manafonts. However, these legends remain unsubstantiated, with not a single one found in the thousand years since the Cataclysm.
The Dragonsouls:
The Dragonsouls are the reincarnations of the Dragons. Yet their identities are unknown, their power obscured by the ambient Mana. While a Dragonsoul is typically no different from an ordinary mortal, they have the power to access to long buried power of the Dragons. Because of this, they have powerful affinities for magic. Moreover, should a Dragonsoul come into contact with an actual draconic relic, such as those at the Dragon shrines, they could unlock unbelievable potential. Because of this power, both the Empire and the Rebellion seek to control the Dragonsouls or eliminate them. Even now, the Empire is rounding up rogue magicians and other individuals of exceptional Mana control and sending them to the Arena at Montrem, to find the Dragonsouls by forcing them into deadly combat.
The Creation War is essentially a freeform fantasy journey RP. Though predominantly fantasy, it also incorporates elements of steampunk, depending on your play style.
The centerpiece of this RP, archetypes are essentially character classes. However, because of the unlimited potential of Mana, anything is possible in the RP. Every player designs their own archetype; while you can stick to classic ideas like fighter, mage, or thief, you have great freedom in designing your character's archetype.
The only limitation is that it cannot be more advanced than steampunk, because this is still a magic-centric fantasy setting. Simple machines and gadgets are one thing; magicking up nukes and other modern weaponry without the requisite base of scientific knowledge is another. Be creative, but don't go overboard. Moreover, keep it balanced. No one is perfect or omnipotent; specializing in one thing often means skimping on another, while generalizing means you're not as effective in a particular skill.
What makes archetypes integral to gameplay as opposed to flavor text is that each archetypes gets three skills: one Primary skill, one Advanced skill, and one Epic skill. These three are ordered in terms of complexity and awesome-ness: Primary skills are meant to be staples and used often, Advanced ones less so, and Epic skills only in the most, well, epic of circumstances. As with archetypes, you design the three skills in your sign-up. NOTE: Skills are meant to be rather special and even unique to your character, even the Primary ones. For basic actions, like say a simple fireball, you don't need to designate a skill; it's a reasonable assumption that any character of your archetype would know it. A typical Primary skill would be something along the lines of say, Exploding Fireball Swarm, or Backflip Decapitation--powerful, impressive, but not insane. In comparison, an Epic skill would be something like Meteor Flare, or Quad-Wielding Blaze Charge. Those are meant to be as over-the-top awesome you want.
In-game, follow the drawbacks of your archetype and the distinction of your skills. Don't go spamming you Epic skills, and don't have your character ace every challenge instantly. It's simply a matter of balanced gameplay.
- Standard RP etiquette. No godmodding, no bunnying, no tennising, etc.
- Be informed. Don't go charging in half-assed; if you need something clarified, or are unsure about the setting or plot or need a recap, ask for it. It's the GM's job to make sure everyone is as involved as possible.
- Keep it Teen. While there can be violence, blood, swearing, and romance, don't go over-the-top with it.
- Read the rules.
History: Optional, but recommended. If you want to withhold it to make a dramatic reveal in-game, that's fine. But knowing the history of your character helps to flesh them out.
Race: Any reasonable fantasy or steampunk race. Elves, dawrves, even automatons are fine; living toasters or aliens are not.
Archetype: Your archetype's name and description, along with strength and drawbacks
Skills: As explained above, one Primary, one Advanced, and one Epic skill. Be sure to include limitations and drawbacks for Advanced and Epic skills.
Dragonsoul? Yes or no. The only advantage to being a Dragonsoul is that your character has natural affinity toward magic, especially elemental magic. NOTE: There are only seven Dragonsoul spots available--first come, first served. Only EARTH, LIGHT, and WATER remain.
Other: Whatever doesn't fit into the above.
- Theon - Red Enchanter - @Renewal;
- Brianna - Emissary; Dragonsoul of Fire - @Renewal;
- Torveste - Archer; Dragonsoul of Wind - @Master Mew;
- Calasanz Grumiaux - Thief/Sorcerer; Dragonsoul of Shadow - @AmeKren;
- Clarissa "Claire" Es'Caelance - Swordmaster Mage - @Yun;
- Mugen Neverro - Scholar; Dragonsoul of Lightning - @Pi Face;
- Jago Trevis - Tinkerer - @Plumbum;
Any questions or clarification needed, just ask Renewal!
I am looking for a GM! PM me if you're interested.
EDIT: Here are my sign-ups, if you feel you need an example for archetypes and skills (though I'm a bit lazy on appearance and personality ):
Name: Theon
Age: 27
Gender: Male
Sexuality: Straight
Appearance: Tall and willowy, pale-skinned, with black, medium-length hair and grey eyes. He typically wears fine yet nondescript clothing. Marking his status as a Red Enchanter, he wears a scarlet cloak and wide-brimmed hat, along with gloves of red leather. He carries both a staff and a shortsword.
Personality: Quiet but jovial, Theon is an adventurer at heart; always on the move, he is happiest when exploring someplace new and meeting new people. While he is very open to new friendships, and always willing to offer a helping hand, his wandering nature tends to make him unreliable and flaky. Still, if the situation is dire and the mood strikes him, he will fight to the very end for his comrades.
History: Withholding this for the plot.
Race: Elven
Archetype: Red Enchanter--that is, an enchanter equally competent in enchanting both minds and artifacts. However, while a Red Enchanter has an unusually broad grasp of both major schools of enchanting, he has no mastery of the higher arts of either school, and is not as proficient at even the lower skills.
Primary: Glamor. A standard mental illusion. Unlike more advanced illusions, which create actual constructs independent of the target, glamors affect the target's mind only; a non-affected person can inform the target that whatever they are experiencing is an illusion. Depending on the complexity (a simple image is fairly easy; a full simulation of an opponent, involving all five of the target's senses, is not) and number of targeted individuals, the glamor can be held from as many as a few hours to no more than a few seconds.
Advanced: Enchanted Rune. A powerful elemental enchantment. Its true strength is in its versatility; depending on the runes inscribed onto the object, the enchantment can vary from something as basic as setting it on fire, such as a flaming sword, to careful and specific applications and uses, such as lancing a specific target with a razor thin bolt of flame. Longer enchantments are more powerful, but are also more limited and require more time to inscribe.
Epic: Draconic Lance. An ultimate weapon enchantment. This enchantment can turn any object into a spear of unstoppable force, which launches itself at a designated target with dizzying speed. Anything struck by the lance is likely to be obliterated--and a good deal of the surrounding area with it. Moreover, this enchantment is one of the rare few that can layer itself on top of previous enchantments, instead of overwriting them; this means that a Draconic Lance enchanted from an enchanted weapon gains that weapon's enchantments. The drawback is that the enchantment must be prepared on a scroll, a month-long process involving a handful of rare ingredients, as well as incredible expenditure of Mana.
Dragonsoul? No
Other: N/A.
Name: Brianna
Age: 19
Gender: Female
Sexuality: Straight
Appearance: Of middling height and athletic build, Brianna has dark hair and green eyes. As a wandering emissary, her clothing is worn and practical, though well-maintained. She wears a haphazard mix of leather and plate armor, and a plain traveler's cloak. Her only real possessions are her knives and her emissary's saber.
Personality: Reserved and stoic, she has a practical mindset, with an emphasis on fulfilling her duties and obligations as quickly as possible--she hates being beholden or in debt to anyone. As a result, she dislikes interacting with others in anything but a professional setting; personal obligations and the complications of relationships and friendship are burdens she prefers not to deal with, and so frequently comes off as rude and blunt to strangers.
History: As with Theon, withholding this for the sake of the plot (and to de-emphasize my characters).
Race: Human
Archetype: Emissary. Emissaries are a diverse order of summoners who simultaneously train in physical combat. Thus they are capable of summoning various spirits and fighting alongside them in the midst of battle. However, the greatest drawback of becoming an emissary is the terms of their spirit contracts--because their physical training detracts from their education in the summoning arts, they are forced to acquiesce to the demands of their contracted spirits more often, as they lack the experience to forcibly ignore such demands. Most emissaries end up with only one contract with a Major Spirit, compared to a pure summoner who can often hold as many as a dozen. Lastly, though emissaries may gather in convents or monasteries in training, the path of a emissary is a solitary one because of the individual nature of their contracts; each emissary must learn to use their powers through experience, with no teachers or ancient lore available for assistance.
Primary: Spirit Strike. Follow up every strike with an attack from the Spirit World. In practice, the Spirit Strike is invisible to everyone but other spiritually aware individuals. It is extremely effective against spirits, and is capable of draining some Mana.
Advanced: Spirit Armory. Summons spiritual armor and weapons. While very durable and allows Brianna access to a range of weaponry, this spell is one of the few that drains health instead of Mana: summoning and maintaining the equipment drains her life force. Thus, it is best suited for enemies that are capable of dealing more damage than her equipment drains.
Epic: Contract Release. Destroys the blood contract binding her Major Spirit--allowing the Spirit to possess her. While nominally a bad thing, the specific terms of an emissary's contract allows them to willingly drive off possession upon termination of the contract. While possessed, Brianna is essentially invincible, incredibly fast, and capable of unleashing great bursts of magic. However, the costs to her body and psyche could be catastrophic. Moreover, until she writes a new blood contract--a process which involves defeating the Spirit to be contracted--she is devoid of all her spiritual powers.
Dragonsoul? Yes, Dragonsoul of Fire.
Other: N/A.


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|Home > War and Military > The Men of the North West Mounted Police
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ARCHIVED - " Without Fear, Favour or Affection:" The Men of the North West Mounted Police
Further Research
Library and Archives Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Records
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) transfer historical records to the custody of Library and Archives Canada (LAC) on a regular basis. Unfortunately, the earliest records of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) were destroyed by a fire in the West Block in 1897. For the late 1880s and 1890s and the last years of the NWMP, however, the files are abundant. They include correspondence and reports on a vast array of topics, some internal to the administration and operations of the NWMP, as well as crime files, investigations and so on.
Records created in the Commissioner's Office include letterbooks of correspondence with the comptroller in Ottawa from about 1881 on. These include letterbooks for interim Commissioner William Osborne Smith (1873-74) and Commissioners George French (1874-76) and Lawrence Herchmer (1886-1900). The series also includes subject files, and some crime indexes and reports dating from the early 1880s.
Surviving records of the Office of the Comptroller consist of letterbooks from 1883 to 1904, and official correspondence, some dating from the 1870s, although most of the records postdate the mid-1880s. A series of Headquarters central registry files dating from 1883 to well beyond 1904 includes files on administrative and operational matters, including crime reports.
Some NWMP Divisional records are also available for research, including daily journals of patrols, local orders, weekly reports to the Commissioner's Office, letterbooks and related correspondence. These records, most dating from the mid-1880s to the late 1890s, are extant for the following divisions:
Similar records are available for "B" Division (Dawson) and for the Vancouver Office of the NWMP, which was responsible for supplying the Yukon between 1898 and 1901.
General Orders (GOs), issued on a near daily basis by the Commissioner, are available for the NWMP on the prairies and in the Yukon. The GOs record personnel movements, including new recruits, discipline, changes in regulations, and so on.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Quarterly, published since 1933, contains historical articles and news about the Mounted Police, including obituaries of individual members. The Quarterly for many years carried an "Old Timer's Column" and news and stories about members of the NWMP were regularly featured.
Annual Reports of the North West Mounted Police, 1874-1904
The published annual reports of the NWMP contain much information about the administration, policies, and operations of the Mounted Police from the mid-1870s to 1904. The reports include a summary report by the commissioner and individual reports from every division, and from Mounted Police doctors and veterinarians.
Commanding officers of divisions were required to report annually on a number of subjects, including the general state of the district, crops and ranches, roads and bridges. They listed patrols, and crime statistics. They detailed the help given to federal departments (Customs, Indian Affairs), railway companies, settlers and immigrants. They gave information on the men in their command -- recruits, physique, discipline and conduct, training, health, kit and clothing, arms and accoutrements, desertions, barracks, canteens, water supply and so on. They also detailed the division's horses, saddlery and harness, wagons, forage, stables, and equipment.
The reports are comprehensive often exceeding 350 pages in length. They are a testament to the care with which the Mounted Police involved themselves in the communities they served, and to the men and horses that made it possible. While individual members are not always named in the annual reports, they are an important source of information for understanding the work of the NWMP from 1873 to 1904.
The reports also include a list of divisions and the location of each division's detachments. They list the cases tried in the Territories, an excellent summary of the kinds of crime faced by the NWMP in their day-to-day work.
Atkin, Ron. Maintain the Right: The Early History of the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1900. Toronto: Macmillan, 1973.
Baker, William M. Pioneer Policing in Southern Alberta: Deane of the Mounties, 1888-1914. Calgary: Historical Society of Alberta, 1993.
Baker, William M., ed. The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873-1919. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1998.
Beahen, William, and Stan Horrall. Red Coats on the Prairies: The North-West Mounted Police, 1886-1900. Regina: Centax Books, 1998.
Chambers, Ernest J. The Royal North West Mounted Police: A Corps History. Montreal: Mortimer Press, 1906.
Dempsey, Hugh, ed. Men in Scarlet. Calgary: McClelland and Stewart West, 1974.
Macleod, R.C. The North West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873-1905. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976.
Stewart, Robert. Sam Steele: Lion of the Frontier. Regina: Centax Books, 1999.
Turner, John Peter. The North West Mounted Police, 1873-1893. 2 vols. Ottawa: King's Printer, 1950.
Walden Keith. Visions of Order: The Canadian Mounties in Symbol and Myth. Toronto: Butterworth, 1982.
Wallace, Jim. A Double Duty: The Decisive First Decade of the North-West Mounted Police. Winnipeg: Bunker to Bunker Books, 1997.
Published Reminiscences and Memoirs:
Dempsey, Hugh A. William Parker: Mounted Policeman. Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute, 1973.
D'Artigue, Jean. Six Years in the Canadian North-West. Toronto: Hunter, 1882.
Deane, R. Burton. Mounted Police Life in Canada: A Record of Thirty-one Years' Service.
Denny, Cecil. The Law Marches West. Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1972.
Donkin, John C. Trooper and Redskin in the Far North West: recollections of life in the North-West Mounted Police, Canada, 1884-1888. London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1889.
Dwight, Charles P. Life in the North-West Mounted Police and Other Sketches. Toronto: National Publishing Company, 1892.
Fitzpatrick, F.J.E. Sergeant 331: Personal Recollections of a Member of the Canadian Northwest Mounted Police from 1879-1885. New York: the author, 1921.
Haultain, Henrietta D. With the Mounties in the Boot and Saddle Days: An Original Account of Life in the Early West. Fort Macleod: Riders of the Plains Commemorative Association, 2005.
Nevitt, R.B. A Winter at Fort Macleod. Edited by Hugh Dempsey. Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute, 1974.
Steele, Samuel B. Forty Years in Canada: Reminiscences of the Great North-West with Some Account of His Service in South Africa. Winnipeg: R. Lang, 1915.
NWMP in the Rebellion
Brown, Wayne F. Steele's Scouts: Samuel Benfield Steele and the North-West Rebellion. Surrey, B.C.: Heritage House Publishing, 2001.
Stonechild, Blair, and Bill Waiser. Loyal Till Death: Indians and the North-West Rebellion, Calgary: Fifth House, 1997.
Wallace, Jim. A Trying Time: The North-West Mounted Police in the 1885 Rebellion. Winnipeg: Bunker to Bunker Books, 1998.
NWMP in the Yukon
Coates, Ken, and William R. Morrison. Strange Things Done: Murder in Yukon History. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004.
Dobrowolsky, Helene. Law of the Yukon: The Pictorial History of the Mounted Police in the Yukon. Whitehorse: Lost Moose, 1995.
Morrison, William R. Showing the Flag: The Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894-1925. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1985.
Wallace, Jim. Forty Mile to Bonanza: The North-West Mounted Police in the Klondike Gold Rush. Calgary: Bunker to Bunker Publishing, 2000.
NWMP in South Africa
Miller, Carman. Painting the Map Red: Canada and the South African War, 1899-1902. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993.
Wallace, Jim. No Colours, No Drums: Canadians in the South African Constabulary. Calgary: Bunker to Bunker Publishing, 2003.
Uniforms, Arms and Accoutrements
Boulton, James J. Head-Dress of the Canadian Mounted Police, 1873-2000. Calgary: Bunker to Bunker Publishing, 2000.
Boulton, James J. Uniforms of the Canadian Mounted Police. North Battleford: Turner-Warwick Publications, 1990.
Phillips, R., and Donald J. Klancher. Arms & Accoutrements of the Mounted Police, 1873-1973. Bloomfield: Museum Restoration Service, 1982.
Kelly, William and Nora. The Horses of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police: A Pictorial History. Toronto: Doubleday, 1984.


text:
Olympus E-600 DSLR debuts31 August 2009
Olympus E-450 DSLR announced31 March 2009
Olympus E-620 digital camera25 February 2009
Olympus announces E-620 DSLR24 February 2009
Reviews & hands-on
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E-620 DSLR camera review
The E-620 is the latest addition to Olympus' E-series of DSLRs and sits above the (bulkier) E-520 and below the recent E-30, with which it shares many features, including the 12.3MP Live-MOS sensor. In fact it's hard to put your finger on exactly...
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E-30 DSLR camera review
Olympus' first and newest pro-consumer DSLR, the E-30, sits beneath the E-3, sat at the top of the Olympus FourThirds System range and above the E-520 and more effectively bridges a gap for Olympus aficionados between the keen snappers and enthusiasts....
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E-3 DSLR camera review
Olympus' E-3 is the company's flagship DSLR and provides a professional level of build and specification at a semi-professional price point. The first thing about the camera you notice however is its bulk. The magnesium alloy body weighs in at 810g...
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E-520 DSLR camera review
The E-520 arrives packed full of clever kit the likes of which would make any enthusiast snapper salivate and some pros a little envious. Like the E-510 before it, the E-520 has a 10-megapixel resolution, Live MOS sensor equipped with Olympus' excellent...
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E-510 DSLR camera review
The recent announcement of the new professional E-System Olympus E3 should not be allowed to overshadow the latest in Olympus enthusiast digital SLRs, the E-510. However, the new camera has a tough act to follow in the shape of the popular and extremely...
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E410 Digital SLR camera review
Barely 6 months on from the launch of the E400, Olympus announced an updated version of that camera which, while almost identical, has a couple of important differences. Overall, its design, build, and shooting options remain unchanged (also read my Olympus...
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E400 DSLR digital camera review
On its announcement in July 2006, the E400 entered the world of digital photography as the Worlds smallest and lightest DSLR; Nikon has introduced the also svelte D40 since then but it is light four million pixels compared to the E400. Other key kit includes...
Cameras 4.5 out of 5
Olympus E-500 DSLR digital camera review
Olympus gave four features top priority when developing the E-500, maximum image quality, a sensor cleaning system that ousts dust from the CCD without the need to tinker under the bonnet (or taking the camera back to get it serviced), ease of use and...


text:
District of Michigan Torts - Property Cases
Other Fraud Cases, Dockets and Filings
Cases filed
Cases 1 - 10 of 339
Foster v. Public Storage Inc. et al
as 4:2014cv11396
Plaintiff: Arzel L Foster
Defendant: Public Storage Inc., Sharon Cisek, Nick Nakkani and others
Coolahan v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
as 4:2014cv11179
Defendant: JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Plaintiff: Jennifer Coolahan
Cause Of Action: Truth in Lending
William Beaumont Hospital v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. et al
as 2:2014cv10533
Plaintiff: William Beaumont Hospital
Defendant: Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., Morgan Stanley & Co., LLC
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Breach of Fiduciary Duty
William Beaumont Hospital System v. Morgan Stanley & Co., LLC et al
as 2:2014cv10404
Defendant: Morgan Stanley & Co., LLC, Goldman, Sachs & Co.
Plaintiff: William Beaumont Hospital System
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Breach of Fiduciary Duty
Trevino v. Sara R. Welch Living Trust
as 1:2014cv00095
Defendant: Sara R. Welch Living Trust
Plaintiff: Bruce Trevino
Cause Of Action: Other Civil Rights
Court: Sixth Circuit > Michigan > Michigan Western District Court
Cook v. Sinai Grace Hospital
as 2:2013cv14951
Defendant: Sinai Grace Hospital
Plaintiff: Mary Lenise Cook
Lowe v. Jamison Wholesale Automotives, LLC et al
as 2:2013cv14499
Defendant: Rite Touch Auto Sales LLC, Jamison Wholesale Automotives, LLC, A&A Automotive Center LLC
Plaintiff: Jessica Lowe
Cause Of Action: Civil Miscellaneous Case
McNicholas v. J.P.Morgan Chase National Corporate Services et al
as 2:2013cv14448
Defendant: Hilton Worldwide, Inc. , J.P.Morgan Chase National Corporate Services
Plaintiff: Melanie McNicholas
Cause Of Action: Fed. Question
Jackson v. Snyder
as 4:2013cv14219
Plaintiff: Richard Jackson
Defendant: Rick Snyder
James v. CEO of DLJ Mortgage et al
as 2:2013cv13936
Defendant: Maiya O Yang, Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., WMC Mortgage Corp. and others
Plaintiff: Caesarea James
© 2007-2013 Justia :: Company :: Terms of Service :: Privacy Policy :: Contact Us


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Back to Document
There are many conditions that affect the neck, which require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview.
Neck Pain and Problems
Torticollis (Wryneck)
Whiplash Injury
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Our wait times are updated every 15 minutes. The wait time provided displays the amount of time (in minutes) that it takes for a patient to see a qualified medical professional from the time of their arrival at the Emergency Room or Physicians Care Express location. The wait time displayed represents a rolling-average of the previous 120-minutes for all patients who are currently visiting our Emergency Room or Physicians Care Express locations.


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"My daughter was born in January and I thought the hearts tied in nicely with Valentine's Day (around when the cards were received). We have the announcement framed in our living room and I still look at it and love it almost every day. I put my daughter's name in pink and mixed-and-matched fonts.."
"When I ordered my birth announcements I was a little worried about the quality of the photo since I was uploading it from my iPad. When I received the cards, which arrived on the exact day they estimated, I was amazed at how beautiful the cards were. personalizing the cards was very easy and straight forward. Uploading the picture was also very easy. This is something I would definitely do again. These birth announcements turned out perfectly. I recommend this service to everyone!"
"The announcement came out absolutely beautiful. We rounded the corners and used the pearlized paper. We also took advantage of adding 3 more photos to the back of the card since we had so many great newborn session photos. We felt that this card was truly a reflection of our precious angel and we couldnt be happier with the elegance, quality and final product."
"Really lovely card from the studio basics range. Lovely design and looked great when delivered. Much better than expected and envelopes of a very good quality. Would recommend."
"This card is perfect...simple, elegant with rounded corners, and the perfect amount of info without overshadowing the pictures. I loved how it turned out, and so did my family and friends!"


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Lynn Schusterman on DOMA Victory
July 1, 2013 by Paul Guequierre
Lynn Schusterman has once again used her leadership status in the Jewish community to advance LGBT equality. Lynn penned an op-ed in the Huffington Post on last week's victory over DOMA.Continue Reading ►
Joy Ladin on the Torah and Transgender Jews
November 1, 2012 by Sharon Groves
A while back Sharon Groves had the distinct privilege of hearing Joy Ladin talk about the power the Torah held for her as a transgender Jew. Joy Ladin is a trusted advisory member for HRC's soon to be released Jewish Organization Equality Index (JOEI) and a good friend to HRC's Religion and Faith program as well.Continue Reading ►
Last Known Openly Gay Jewish Holocaust Survivor Dies
June 29, 2012 by HRC staff
Gerhard "Gad" Beck, the last surviving openly gay Jewish man to survive the Holocaust died this week in Berlin at the age of 88.Continue Reading ►
LGBT Groups March in the Celebrate Israel Parade
June 4, 2012 by HRC staff
The 64th annual Celebrate Israel Parade was held this past Sunday in New York City. The theme of the event was "Israel Branching Out."Continue Reading ►
Important and Historic Vote for Same Sex Marriage by Conservative Judaism
June 1, 2012 by HRC staff
HRC's Frank November responds to yesterday's historic decision by the Jewish Theological Seminary.Continue Reading ►
Top Posts
NCAA Division II Basketball Player Comes Out
October 8, 2013
The Story Behind the Home Depot Wedding Proposal
September 27, 2013
Five Pasta Brands That Support LGBT Equality
September 26, 2013
Grandfather Takes Daughter to Task Over Disowning Her Gay Son
October 2, 2013


text:
SUPERSEDED (see Active link, below)
Active (view current version of standard)
1. Scope
1.1 This standard is a compilation of definitions of terms related to steel, stainless steel, related alloys, and ferroalloys.
1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which Committee A01 is responsible, it is included herein only when judged, after review by Subcommittee A01.92, to be a generally usable term.
1.3 Some definitions include a discussion section, which is a mandatory part of the definition and contains additional information that is relevant to the meaning of the defined term.
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular standard will appear in that standard and will supersede any definitions of identical terms in this standard.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
ASTM Standards
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
ICS Code
ICS Number Code 01.040.77 (Metallurgy (Vocabularies)); 77.100 (Ferroalloys); 77.140.01 (Iron and steel products in general)
UNSPSC Code
UNSPSC Code 11101704(Steel); 11171600(Stainless steel alloys)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.


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The New York Researcher is a colorful quarterly that is a benefit of membership in the NYG&B. Covered subjects include informative articles on New York genealogy, news, book reviews, announcements, queries submitted by members, and the programs of the New York Family History School.
Reading The New York Researcher
A searchable, complete run of The New York Researcher and its predecessor publication the NYG&B Newsletter, which was first published in 1990, is available in the eLibrary of this website to NYG&B members.
Feature Articles
The feature articles of The New York Researcher have made it a particularly useful research tool for New York genealogists. These articles cover topics such as
- Descriptions of sources for New York genealogy, such as probate, church, and census records.
- Descriptions of holdings of other New York State libraries and record repositories.
- "How to" articles on New York genealogical research, both statewide and for particular counties or cities, religious or ethnic groups, or time periods.
- Lists of accounts of New York families "hidden" in multi-family works, manuscript collections, and periodicals.
- Articles on New York families published in other periodicals, past and present
Genealogical Exchange in The New York Researcher
NYG&B members may submit a genealogical query not exceeding 100 words to each issue of The New York Researcher; queries submitted for printing in The New York Researcher are also automatically posted online. (Note also that you may post queries online yourself, independently of the printed version. Click here to post online.) For queries to be printed in the magazine, send an email to email@example.com [1] or mail to the NYG&B offices: 36 West 44th Street, New York, NY 10036.
Submitting Material to The New York Researcher
If you have a story idea for The New York Researcher, or would like to write an article, note, or book review, or have a book to submit for a book review in The New York Researcher, please contact the editor [1].


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LED Jester Hat
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Hats off to COOL GLOW
Jun, fun and more fun Our annual holiday party -we had a photo hooth everybody wore one at least once. At the end of the night I had only one left-will buy again next year!
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Student Grievance Procedure for the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse:
- The administration and the Board of Regents recognize the importance of providing a prompt and efficient procedure for fair and equitable resolution of student complaints or grievances alleging discrimination on the basis of the student's race, color, creed, religion, sex, national origin, disability, ancestry, age, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, pregnancy, marital status or parental status. Accordingly, students are encouraged to use the grievance appeal procedure without fear of prejudice or reprisal for initiating a grievance or participating in its settlement.
- Initiation and treatment of a complaint
- Any student registered at the University may use the student grievance procedures.
- A student who wishes to lodge an allegation of
discrimination may inform the Affirmative Action Officer
either in writing or orally. In instances of alleged
racial discrimination the grievance may be taken directly to
the Affirmative Action Officer or the Minority Affairs
Committee. In these instances:
- Grievances brought to the Multicultural Student Services Office will be referred by the Director of Multicultural Student Services to the Affirmative Action Officer.
- Grievances brought to a member of the Minority Affairs Committee will be referred to the Affirmative Action Officer.
- The Affirmative Action Officer will respect the wishes of the person making the complaint regarding further investigation and will not carry forward a specific allegation without the person's written permission and directive. At the time of the initial interview, the Affirmative Action Officer will provide a form which the grievant may use and will provide assistance in completing it if necessary. The grievant will be given a copy of the form at the end of the initial interview.
- Complaints may be filed with the Affirmative
Action Officer:
- At the Affirmative Action Office or
- At a mutually agreed upon meeting place.
- A log of written grievances will be maintained listing the grievant's name (this information will be coded if confidentiality is requested), the name of the office or unit in which the alleged discrimination occurred, and a short notation of the grievance. (This log shall be available for periodic review. In instances of alleged racial discrimination by the Director of Multicultural Student Services a student member of the Student Concerns Committee shall be designated.)
- A record of grievances shall be maintained in accordance with legal requirements.
- A valid grievance against a member or members of administration, faculty, academic staff, classified staff, or fellow students must be brought within 300 days of the last occurrence. A record of valid grievances shall be maintained for at least one year.
- The Affirmative Action Officer shall make an
initial information investigation while maintaining
confidentiality and report back to the grievant within ten (10)
class days.
- The Affirmative Action Officer may determine at this point that a solution can be effected simply by contacting the source of grievance while maintaining the confidentiality of the grievant.
- The Affirmative Action Officer shall discuss observation
with the grievant and recommend alternatives regarding
further action. At that point:
- Grievant may drop the grievance.
- Grievant may request further action be delayed ending additional observation and information.
- Grievant may request immediate action
- Depending on the action to be taken at this point, grievant may relinquish right to confidentiality.
- If #3, the Affirmative Action officer shall proceed, as agreed, to contact the subject of grievance, make any further investigation necessary, and discuss his/her recommendation with both parties, within ten (10) class days.
- If further action is requested by either part to the
grievance, the Affirmative Action Officer shall request an ad
hoc Grievance Review Panel to informally review the facts and
report its findings, with or without recommendations, to the
Chancellor and/or Affirmative Action Officer as soon as
practical, but within twenty (20) class days, unless there are
extenuating circumstances.
- The panel shall be named from a previously approved pool in accordance with procedures adopted by the University. The membership shall be nondiscriminatorily representative of the student, plaintiff, and Affirmative Action Council. The presiding officer will be selected by members of the review panel.
- During the review process, the panel on its own initiative may seek, through mediation with the parties, mutually satisfactory disposition of the grievance, or may informally urge withdrawal or modification of the complaint by the grievant.
- The Grievance Review Panel's informal review of the facts shall not constitute a formal hearing and a formal record of the discussions shall not be made by electronic taping, stenographic notes, or otherwise. This does not preclude maintaining an informal record of proceedings.
- In its report of findings to the Chancellor and/or the Affirmative Action Officer, the panel may indicate whether it believes there are apparent grounds to support the grievance upon which relief may be granted, or whether the complaint is frivolous or too minor to warrant further consideration.
- The Chancellor and/or the Affirmative Action Officer shall render a written decision to the grievant no later than ten (10) class days after receiving the Grievance Review Panel's report.
- If the matter has not been satisfactorily settled
at Step V, the grievant may file with the Chancellor a written
request for a review of the matter no later than ten (10) class
days after receipt of the university's response at Step V.
- Within ten (10) class days, the Chancellor shall designate a hearing officer to serve the Chancellor in an advisory capacity by conducting a hearing on the merits of the complaint after which he or she will make a finding of fact and recommendations to the Chancellor for disposition of the charge of discrimination.
- The hearing officer shall conduct a hearing and shall present the finding of fact and recommendations to the Chancellor within fifteen (15) class days unless there are extenuating circumstances.
- The hearing officer shall establish the procedure for the evidentiary hearing which shall include the right of all parties to call witnesses and cross-examine witnesses. The hearing officer also will have the right to rule on objection and procedural questions raised by counsel.
- All oral and documentary evidence and all arguments shall be presented in closed hearings.
- The Chancellor shall render written decision to the grievant no later than ten (10) class days after receiving the hearing officer's report. The Chancellor's decision shall be final and binding on all parties.
- Records documenting the nature of the complaint, attempts made to resolve it (meetings and hearings), and resolution will be kept on file in the Affirmative Action Office.
The intention of the following procedures is to maintain a safe and non-threatening environment for students, staff, and faculty at UW-L. Ideally, the mission of a university is to be a community in which the members enhance each other's development, and do not become obstacles to it. In actual practice, this goal is not easy to achieve, and problems occur. The important thing is to treat problems as opportunities and learn how best to address and resolve them. As is clear in the elaboration of steps and processes in this document, problems can be solved by a) facilitating communication between individuals concerned; b) formal appeals to appropriate academic and/or administrative units; c) taking actions on the basis of thorough investigation, discussion, reflection and compassion. In exploring options and courses of action, emphasis must be on the ethical responsibility of each to the other, as well as on the protection of due process rights and individual rights of everyone involved.
The Student Academic Non-grade Appeals process is designed to enable students to initiate and resolve complaints regarding faculty and instructional academic staff behavior. Complaints may be initiated within 90 days of the most recent incident of unprofessional behavior by university faculty and instructional academic staff that impairs students' ability to learn.
Such behavior may include but is not limited to the following situations:
- habitually not meeting classes,
- habitually being unprepared for classes,
- physically or verbally abusing students,
- being under the influence of alcohol or other drugs while conducting classes or other university activities (see Staff Handbook for specific policy on alcohol use on university premises),
- refusal to accommodate students with special needs.
Note: If the
complaint involves sexual harassment, please follow the
procedures given in the Eagle Eye Student Handbook.
Informal Procedures
Any student or group of students who has a complaint about faculty or instructional academic staff behavior is encouraged to resolve the complaint informally. Informal attempts may include but are not limited to:
- meeting directly with the faculty member and/or instructional academic staff,
- meeting with the student's advisor,
- meeting with other faculty members and/or instructional academic staff,
- meeting with a departmental complaints committee,
- meeting with the department chair,
- meeting with any combination of such people.
The intention of such meetings is to clarify misunderstandings or miscommunications that may be the source of the complaint. If for any reason these meetings do not resolve the complaint or if the student chooses not to resolve the complaint using the informal procedures, the student(s) may pursue the formal procedures described below.
Formal Procedures
- Initiating a
If informal procedures are unsuccessful (or within 90 days of the last incident), a student or group of students who wishes to pursue a complaint should inform the Student Life Office, either orally or in writing.
The Student Life Office shall:
- provide a statement regarding academic freedom and pertinent sections of the "Statement to Improve Undergraduate Education";
- advise the student(s) about the Formal Procedures for Student Academic Non-grade Appeals;
- maintain current information on procedures and bodies handling complaints in all academic departments;
- instruct the student to initiate the complaint by meeting with the chair of the department to which the faculty or instructional academic staff member is assigned or, if appropriate, with a departmental complaint committee. In the case that the complaint is lodged against the department chair and there is no appropriate committee or group within the department to bring the complaint to, the instructions shall be to meet with the dean of the college in which the department chair is assigned;
- assist the student(s) in scheduling the meeting with the department chair or the departmental complaint committee, if one is available, or dean if the complaint is lodged against the department chair and there is no group within the department to receive the complaint; and
- serve as an advisor to the student(s), as necessary, throughout the complaint process, keeping a confidential, written record of interactions with the student(s).
- Discovery Stage of the Complaint
In the meeting, the chair or departmental complaint committee (or dean, in the case when the complaint is against a department chair and there is no departmental committee) shall collect information from the student(s) making the complaint and explain all the appropriate procedures and options to complainant. If a complaint is to be pursued, the chair or committee (or dean) who has received a complaint will inform the accused party of the nature of the complaint lodged, concealing the identity of the complainant (if that is desired) and seek approaches to mediation and resolution. Any attempt to penalize or in any way retaliate against a person bringing a complaint is prohibited and will be treated as a separate incident to be reviewed in its own right.
The goal of the discovery state is to clarify misunderstandings and miscommunications and establish what actions (if any) may be legitimate sources of complaint.. The wishes of the student(s) making the complaint shall be respected regarding further investigation. A specific complaint shall not be carried forward without the complainant(s)'s explicit written permission and instruction.
If a complaint is resolved at the Discovery stage, no formal record will be retained in the faculty or instructional academic staff personnel file.
- Mediation Stage of the Complaint
This stage will involve:
- separate confidential meetings(s) of the department chair or committee (or dean), with the complainant and the person against whom the complaint is filed, or
- joint confidential meeting(s) with the complainant and the person against whom the complaint is filed and the department chair or committee (or dean).
The goal of the Mediation Stage is conciliation. When these meetings are completed, the complainant will be asked to decide whether s/he is satisfied with the results or wishes to move to the Hearing stage of the complaint.
If a complaint is resolved at the Mediation stage, no formal record will be retained in the faculty or instructional academic staff personnel file.
- Hearing Stage of the Complaint
If the Mediation Stage does not result in a satisfactory resolution of the problem, then the complainant will be referred to the Executive Director of Human Resources who will assist the complainant in filing a complaint with the Complaints, Grievances, Appeals and Academic Freedom Committee (CGAAF Committee). If the person lodging the allegation wishes to postpone such a confrontation, the CGAAF Committee will set a time-limit which appears reasonable, depending upon the circumstances and reasons given. The formal hearing proceeding may be terminated by mutual agreement of the complainant and the person against whom the complaint is filed at any step. Either party may seek the help of legal counsel at any stage of the hearing.
- Complaint
The complainant must file a written complaint using the petition form available in each dean's office and in the Student Life Office.
- The Petition
The petition, once completed by the complainant, shall provide:
- the complainant's name;
- the respondent's name;
- a brief statement of the problem and a detailed list of alleged actions or behaviors that are the basis of the complaint;
- additional information such as statements by witnesses and other documentation that supports the complainant's allegations;
- a summary of the outcomes of the informal procedures (if pursued) and the formal procedures prior to this point; and
- (optionally) a statement of the desired outcome(s) of the hearing.
- Receipt of Petition and Duties of the Executive Director for Human Resources
The completed petition shall be submitted to the Executive Director for Human Resources. The Executive Director shall review the contents of the petition with the complainant(s). This information shall be forwarded to the chairperson of the CGAAF Committee, who is responsible for scheduling the hearing.
- The Petition
- Time Lines
The CGAAF Committee shall proceed with the petition using its operating rules for processing and hearing complaints. The rules are available from the Faculty Senate Office, 323 Graff Main Hall and at http://www.uwlax.edu/FacultySenate/committees/CGAAF/Complaints.htm
- Complaint
All departments must establish policies and procedures which enable students to appeal final grades. These policies and procedures must outline the progression of a formal appeal and specify who, if anyone, is empowered to change a final grade. All appeals for a final grade change must be initiated in writing through the department in question during the semester immediately following the semester in which the grade was earned. A copy of each department's policies and procedures must be filed in the office of the appropriate dean.
We, the Organizations Committee of UW-L, hereby assert unequivocally our opposition to hazing and pre-initiation activities which do not contribute to the positive development and welfare of organization members. With this regard in mind, we define hazing as any action taken or situation created intentionally, whether on or off our university premises, with or without consent, to produce excessive physical fatigue, embarrassment, or public ridicule or possibly cause mental or physical harm or injury. Such activities and situations include: paddling in any form; physical and psychological shocks; publicly wearing apparel which is not normally in good taste; engaging in public stunts or other activities which may be harmful to the image of the university and the club; morally degrading or humiliating activities, including eating and swallowing of any food or beverage or any activity that might violate any local, state, or federal law; late work sessions which interfere with scholastic activities; and any other activities which are not consistent with the organization's by-laws, ritual, or policy or the regulations and policies of the university.
Violations of this policy will be dealt with judiciously by the respective governing bodies or the Student Activities Committee when no other governing body exists. (adopted 9-17-68, revised 4-14-82).


text:
Sorry, but I know now who & what he IS.
I have far too often seen his blank stare, repeatedly heard his too many lies & deception (its in his character), & know what a sociopath he can be.
If it walks like a duck, quacks like a duck...stuffs.
It would be an utter WASTE in my personal sitch.
And, I have already gotten past this long enough to *realize* it.
I will never again believe a word he says.
I will only believe hard cold black/white EVIDENCE.
Did your WH try to make all of you think that you were crazy, too???
((Gullible))--hugs to you. I know how hard this is.
My H has never come out and told me, "You're crazy," but he may as well be saying just that, since he's telling me that what I know to be true is not. The craziest thing is that it works--if you allow it. You begin to doubt your own senses. That's the whole point of gaslighting.
Keep your feet on the ground and stand firm: you *know* what you know, which is that his story doesn't make sense. The fact that he keeps repeating it doesn't make it true.
If I had it to do over again, I wouldn't have confronted my H before I had solid evidence. As difficult as it is, I think you should let him think you buy his story and totally drop the subject. If he's cheating, he'll let his guard down and, hopefully, you'll be able to get the evidence you need.
You're NOT crazy!!
Do you think you'll be able to stop confronting him until you have undeniable proof? For example: the cell phone. I did the same thing as you, and--once he knew I was checking--he stopped using it.
All by way of saying, I hope you'll learn from my mistakes (and I made plenty). If I'd refrained from confronting him about everything I found at the time, I would have been able to get the truth. Now? Highly unlikely. The A is long-since over, and my H has had ample time and opportunity to cover his tracks. I *so* wish I hadn't tipped my hand too early, and I *so* wish I hadn't revealed my sources of information.
As hard as it is not to confront when you find stuff, I can't recommend strongly enough that you should *say nothing* until you have proof that he can't explain away. If your H is anything like mine, that means you'll need something like a video from a PI. (Although sometimes I wonder if my H wouldn't try to deny *that* too!).
Jitterbug ... RAT?!?
People: Read up on the 180!
Oh, and I'm boycotting Nike forever ;)
there is a remarkable lack of anxiety or depression for situations in which these emotions are usually expected.
Oh yeah. They can sleep through anything. People always say a clear conscience lets you sleep well... well, it turns out that an absolute lack of conscience is even better for that!
Response to therapy is usually very poor
Gullible, you asked some time ago how crazy is it that THEY are trying to convince US we're the ones with the problem. Yes, it is, and to answer another question, yes, he has tried for years to make me think I'm crazy. I am amazed, looking back, at the hell he had me living in, constantly telling me I'd heard wrong, that I'd misunderstood, that I hadn't actually seen what I'd seen, that none of it meant what it would if anyone else in the human race had done or said it.
I can't stress enough what Jitterbug Rag said-- you know what you know. And don't say a word to him until you have undeniable proof. But be warned that 'undeniable' proof is very different for the sort of people we're dealing with. I've found two secret e-mail accounts, ten years worth of Christmas AND birthday cards from her (one sexually suggestive), a dozen different lies and stories about who she is, denials that they're EVEN as much as friends, insistence that actually he's talked about her ALL the time (never mentioned her) and I knew all about her, romantic Asian porn hidden on the computer, him shifting her to his work account and lying to me about that, later saying he did it to 'protect her' from me, refusal to ever say a bad word about her (and you should hear some of the doozies he's said about ME!), refusal to tell me what was said between them, 'too upset to remember' what he said when he sent the nc, the list goes on... and somehow with all of that proof, most of which even he now admits happened, he still insists it was absolutely NOTHING, just a strictly platonic friend who meant really next to nothing to him, and I'm crazy for thinking anything else. Yeah... crazy, I tell you.
I will warn you, too, that one of the members here literally caught her WH in the act, and he tried to convince her she was seeing things. I know if I had pictures, mine would insist that someone photoshopped his face in, and he'd say it with such wide-open, innocent eyes, that I would almost believe him.
So... be careful about what you think is undeniable proof. Collect enough evidence to be sure in your own mind.
On the days I begin to doubt my own senses again, I remind myself that people who have nothing to hide, hide nothing. And that I've never in my life had a problem with so many 'coincidences' making me look like something I'm not. No one I know has that problem.
As you slide down the banister of life, may the splinters never point in the wrong direction.