Amorphous structures or metastable crystalline phases are produced in sputter-deposited Beryllium-Niobium (Be-Nb) alloys (5-15 at. % Nb) depending on the substrate temperature. The metastable phases transform to the stable Be{sub 12}Nb, Be{sub 17}Nb{sub 2}Nb phases on annealing at temperatures >800{degree}C. No Be{sub 5}Nb phase was found and the Be{sub 17}Nb{sub 2} phase is stable to low temperature. The Be{sub 12}Nb phase appeared to have a stoichiometric range of about 5.5 to 7.7 at. % Nb. The formation of the metastable phases is consistent with current models and theories. 17 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.


Nonequilibrium thermodynamic state variables are derived for a stochastic limit-cycle oscillator model that has been used in motor control research to describe human rhythmic limb movements. The nonequilibrium thermodynamic state variables are regarded as counterparts to the thermodynamic state variables entropy, internal energy, and free energy of equilibrium systems. The derivation of the state variables is based on maximum entropy distributions of the Hamiltonian energy of the stochastic limit-cycle oscillators. The limit-cycle oscillator model belongs to the class of canonical-dissipative systems, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, can be cast into the form of an augmented Langevin equation. Both concepts are known as physical models for open systems. Experimental data from paced and self-paced pendulum swinging experiments are presented and estimates for the nonequilibrium thermodynamic state variables are given. Entropy and internal energy increased with increasing oscillation frequency both for the paced and self-paced conditions. Interestingly, the nonequilibrium free energy decayed when oscillation frequency was increased, which is akin to the decay of the Landau free energy when the control parameter is scaled further away from its critical value.


Rainfall forecasting is very important to avoid many natural calamities like floods. Flooding is a dangerous natural calamity and it affects various geographic and economic sectors. It is one of the three major natural disasters in India, the other being drought and cyclone. As the world is getting intelligent, new techniques are being adopted for accurate prediction and prevention of these disasters. Flooding occurs mainly due to improper water management and sudden and unexpected rainfall. Rainfall is affected by many statistically varying parameters which are not finite. Here a non-parametric Bayesian technique, Gaussian process regression is adopted to predict the rainfall pattern.


THE PRACTICALITY of utilizing technetium ( 99m Tc) pertechnetate as an agent for routine scanning was established by Harper in 1964. 1 It has a short physical half-life (six hours) and is obtained by pouring sterile saline through a generator containing the longer half-life (67 hours) molybdenum-99 "parent." The short half-life of the 99m Tc makes possible the administration of large millicurie doses of the radionuclide but, at the same time, causes only minimal radiation dose to the patient. The high count rates associated with large doses make rapid scanning possible. Further, its 140-kev gamma emission is easily collimated for good resolution. Sodium pertechnetate ( 99m Tc) is handled by the body in the same fashion as the iodide ion. As with iodide, pertechnetate is actively accumulated by the thyroid gland, stomach, and salivary glands. 2 Both Lugol's solution and potassium perchlorate have been used to block this active concentration and thus


Four iron-based catalysts supported on niobium oxide (Nb2O5) were prepared by impregnation and characterized by TPR, FRX, DRX and textural analysis. The catalysts were tested in a fixed bed continuous flow unit to convert a mixture of CO2 and H2 to hydrocarbons at atmospheric pressure. All catalysts were active in the range of 623 to 723 K. The selectivity to hydrocarbons and light olefins increases with the use of alkali metal promoters (K or Cs). At 673 K, the Fe-Cr-K/Nb2O5 showed 26% selectivity to light olefins, representing 5% yield with 20% CO2 conversion. The niobium oxide-supported catalysts were more active and selective than the same catalyst formulation supported on SiO2.


As the renewable energy scale increases rapidly, evaluation of intermittent energy capacity credit (IECC) is becoming one of the hottest issues in power system planning. Ignoring IECC will lead to serious waste; however, high expectations of IECC will bring risk to the reliability of power system. In order to evaluate IECC accurately, firstly, uncertainly factors on IECC are analyzed from multiple angles, and the main assessment process of IECC is presented. Based on the various IECC calculation methods of single intermittent energy, the adaptive methods of wide-scale multiple intermittent energy are put forward. Finally, improvement measures of capacity credit are advanced from aspects of multiple energy output correlation, power grid side, demand side, and energy storage. The research hotspots and developing directions are discussed.


Enterprises can get a radical technological innovation through the form of alliance.It is particularly important to choose the right partner to finish the radical technological innovation project.This paper deals with the partner selection and evaluation of radical technological innovation.Based on the precious investigation,the character of radical technological innovation and the principles of selections,this paper establishes the partner selection index system of the radical technological innovation.The index system contains three important elements between partners:"complementary","compatibility"and"commitment".Focus on the index system,this paper establishes the gray fuzzy evaluation model with the weight of every evaluation index by using AHP and entropy method for analyzing the partner of the radical technological innovation.In the end,the method raised above proves to be scientific and practical by apractical denotation.


SILAGES are mixtures of dry matter, water, and air in widely varying proportions. The proportions are highly significant in the storage and fermentation characteristics of the product. In view of these facts, the following experiments were performed to obtain data relating to the density of the dry matter and of the chopped green material. The volume of intercellular gas and of gas per cubic foot of silage of various densities was measured, and was related to the ease of movement of gas within the silages of different densities and percentages of dry matter.


Up to 1990s,the traditional production management type of the Japanese big enterprises haven't been able to regulate the managerial strategy to fit in with the great changes of external environment without delay.Because of this reason,Japan happens new crisis.Whether Japan can adjust herself to the circumstances according to the change of external environment,will determine the future fortune of Japanese enterprise or even the whole economy of Japan.


Abstract This study assessed the relative efficiency of the use of rainfall amount and rainy days in the determination of rainfall onset and retreat dates in Nigeria between 1961 and 2000. Daily rainfall data were sourced from the archives of the Nigerian Meteorological Services, Oshodi Lagos. The specific locations where data were collected include: Ibadan, Ilorin, Kaduna and Kano. The method of percentage cumulative mean rainfall values was employed in the determination of the rainfall onset and retreat dates.The results obtained clearly showed that both the use of rainfall amount and rainy days are equally effective in the determination of the mean rainfall onset and retreat dates in Nigeria. With regards to the rainfall onset and retreat dates of the individual years however, the method based on the rainy days is more efficient than that based on the rainfall amount, as the formal yielded a much more realistic dates than the latter. It is thus recommended that studies investigating rainfall onset and retreat dates series of the individual years should be based on rainy days rather than rainfall amount.


Plasma cell dyscrasias, including Multiple Myeloma (MM), are frequently associated with alterations in hemostasis tests and to a lesser extent with the presence of coagulopathy. Acquired factor X deficiency is usually associated with the presence of amyloidosis (AL) and very rarely appears in patients with MM without AL. Aims: Aims: The aim of this work is to report the presence of acquired coagulopathy at the debut of Multiple Myeloma, specifically the presence of an acquired factor X deficiency. Methods: Methods: Description of a clinical case diagnosed in our haematology service about the acquired FX deficiency at diagnosis of a patient with MM without AL A 77-year-old patient was diagnosed with MM IgG Lambda. Initial laboratory studies revealed an alteration in the hemostasis tests, not previously present, evidencing an acquired origin. She presented with prolonged PT and aPTT measurements, which corrected after incubation with normal plasma. Thrombin Time (TT) did not show alterations. FX was 19%. Given the frequent association between this deficit and AL, abdominal fat pad biopsy was performed, which was negative for Congo red staining. Treatment was started correcting the coagulopathy during this period. In 2021, she suffered an episode of epistaxis and she needed hospital admission. A relapse of his underlying disease and secondary worsening of the coagulopathy were observed, with a FX level of 8%. Furthermore, the TT was prolonged, the Clauss fibrinogen decreased, and there was a mild multifactorial deficit. Treatment with Vitamin K, CCP and fibrinogen was started with temporary improvement in factor deficits. It was decided to perform BMO: 5% of pathological PCs.


Apparatus for increasing the efficiency of a starter battery for a starter motor of an internal combustion engine in a battery pack arrangement with one or more lithium based cells. The invention includes a solid state switching configuration for high powered battery systems for protecting against over-charging, over- discharging and short circuiting of batteries, especially starter batteries for internal combustion engines.


The technology of mobile computing can assist considerably the educational process in general, since both students and instructors may have access to educational software applications form anywhere at anytime through handheld devices or mobile phones. However, there may be drawbacks as well, such as difficulty of use. In this paper we examine the degree of usefulness of mobile facilities for students who wish to read parts of the entire theory of a particular lesson and give tests by using their mobile device as an alternative way of interaction. In addition we investigate usability issues. The approach that we have taken for this investigation is through a study that involves students from different university departments who were asked to use both the mobile and standard desktop facilities of an educational system, so that we could compare usability issues among the two modes. As a result most students approved the ''new'' way of interaction with excitement and found mobile facilities useful and easy to use. Students with previous computing experience would prefer to combine mobile facilities with standard desktop computing rather than depend on them exclusively. On the other hand, students with no computing experience were rather computer phobic but quite happy to use their mobile phones


In this paper, I ask whether family firms provide stability to their stakeholders at the expense of economic growth. I build a model where current owners of dynastic firms derive private benefits from keeping the control of the firm within the family over the generations. Because these preferences limit the recourse to external finance, they induce family-minded entrepreneurs to invest in smaller and less risky projects. Predictions of the model are tested using a newly constructed firm-level panel dataset covering both private and listed French firms for the period stretching from 1994 to 2006. The main finding is that family firms are on average 30% smaller than regular firms in terms of sales. However, these firms also choose significantly less volatile sales and employment growth paths. The empirical pattern of financial management in family firms is consistent with the model : family firms incur less debt and hold more cash than their regular counterparts, and these dierences are statistically and


A method for studying isochronous oscillations in some systems of ODE reducible to the equation is described. It is applied to obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for isochronicity of a cubic two-dimensional autonomous system depending on six parameters. For all isochronous systems in this family the Urabe function is explicitly constructed.


The influence of the layout on early warning detectors in BCD technologies for metallization failure under cyclic thermo-mechanical stress was investigated. Different LDMOS transistors, with narrow or wide metal fingers and with or without embedded detectors, were used. The test structures were repeatedly stressed by pronounced self-heating until failure (a short circuit) was detected. The results show that the layout of the on-chip metallization has a large impact on the lifetime. A significant influence of the detectors on the lifetime was also observed, in our case causing a reduction of more than a factor of two, but only for the test structure with narrow metal fingers. The experimental results are explained by an efficient numerical thermo-mechanical simulation approach, giving detailed insights into the strain distribution in the metal system. These results are important for aging detector design and, morever, for LDMOS on-chip metal layout in general.


The utility model relates to the field of conveying chains, in particular to a suspension-accumulation conveying chain device. The suspension-accumulation conveying chain device has the advantages that the connection and the disconnection between a driving trolley and a driving chain can be automatically finished without the assistance of external force, so that the operation is simplified and the working efficiency is improved. The suspension-accumulation conveying chain device comprises a trolley guide rail and a driving chain guide rail, wherein a conveying trolley is arranged on the trolley guide rail. The suspension-accumulation conveying chain device is characterized in that the conveying trolley is provided with a moving pin shaft; one end of the pin shaft penetrates through a conveying trolley body, and the top part of the other end of the pin shaft is an arc surface; a fixed baffle is arranged on the pin shaft positioned at the upper end of the conveying trolley body; a spring is sheathed on the pin shaft between the fixed baffle and the conveying trolley body; corresponding to the conveying trolley, the driving chain guide rail is arranged at the upper end of the trolley rail, and is internally provided with a driving chain; the driving chain comprises a chain rolling wheel and a chain roller; and the arc surface of the pin shaft is corresponding to the chain roller.


ABSTRACT The leptogastrine Leptogaster? cerestensis sp. nov., new fossil representative of this genus, is described from the Lower Oligocene of Céreste (Southern France). This fossil shows some characters of the extant genus Mesoleptogaster but differs from it in its relatively short hind legs, a putative plesiomorphic character state, rendering its attribution to this genus uncertain.


The invention discloses a blade for a wind driven generator, comprising a main blade section and an additional blade section, wherein the additional blade section is detachably connected to a first blade root part of the main blade section. The blade for the wind driven generator, provided by the invention, can be suitable for high-speed wind fields and low-speed wind fields, so that the range of the blade use wind area is enlarged; the blade root of the additional blade section can be a punching blade root or a pre-embedded blade root; the number of connecting bolts is also not restricted; and the adaptability between the blade root and the whole machine is better. Besides, when the overall length of the blade is necessary to change, as long as a mould for producing the additional blade section is redesigned and manufactured, and the mould of the main blade section can be the present one, so that the production cost is saved. Moreover, the manufacture and transportation of the main blade section and the additional blade section are independent, so that the main blade section and the additional blade section can be manufactured and transported independently, an excessive area cannot be occupied even if the main blade section and the additional blade section are transported simultaneously, and too much labor force cannot be consumed in the transporting engineering of loading and unloading vehicles.


We describe and analyze a class of positive recurrent reflected Brownian motions (RBMs) in $\mathbb{R}^d_+$ for which local statistics converge to equilibrium at a rate independent of the dimension $d$. Under suitable assumptions on the reflection matrix, drift and diffusivity coefficients, dimension-independent stretched exponential convergence rates are obtained by estimating contractions in an underlying weighted distance between synchronously coupled RBMs. We also study the Symmetric Atlas model as a first step in obtaining dimension-independent convergence rates for RBMs not satisfying the above assumptions. By analyzing a pathwise derivative process and connecting it to a random walk in a random environment, we obtain polynomial convergence rates for the gap process of the Symmetric Atlas model started from appropriate perturbations of stationarity.


The aims of this research are to develop measurement to competency assessment and competence assessment in practice of production staffs. The sample focus on Saraburi province is selected by purposive sampling to sampling the staffs in sanitary ceramic production. They must be experienced at least two years and work in day shift with the number of 33 applicants. The tools assessed such as a knowledge test by the objective test (four choices), the practice test, the oral examination, and assessment of behavior. The statistical method used for mean, percent, standard deviation, index of item-objective congruence and content validity index.
The findings reveal that the develop assessment tools at appropriate the highest level by getting the index of item-objective congruence is higher than the standard. In the knowledge, side found the applicants passed the criteria of the competency assessment at 93.33 percent and who not passed the criteria of the competency assessment at 6.06 percent.


Introduction: In 1999 we calculated the production of spinel-bearing silicate liquid droplets from the condensing fireball produced in the Chicxulub Cretaceous/Tertiary impact [1], based on predicted plume compositions for 4 vertical impacts [2]. Recent calculations for oblique impacts [3], following only the first 5 post-impact seconds, predict the contributions of impactor [4], continental crust, and sediments [5] to the initial vapor plume. Technique: Condensation calculations were performed as in [1, 6, 7], with elements H, C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, and a spinel model for (Mg,Fe)(Fe,Ti,Cr,Al), so we do not address the mean ~3 wt% Ni of the K/T spinels [8]. The projectile is taken as CV chondrite [9], and crust as granite [G2 of 10], and averaged measured sections yield sediment volume fractions 0.568 calcite, 0.270 dolomite, 0.112 anhydrite, 0.036 sand, and 0.013 shale, significantly less sulfate than in [2]. The P-T path [Melosh, pers. comm.] is for an expanding vaporized dunite sphere. For 90, 60, 45 and 30° impacts, vaporized target [5] and projectile [4] volumes are compared with previous work [1] in the figure inset. Increasing obliquity of impact increases the sediment component, resulting in a more oxidizing plume. For calculations illustrated here, it was assumed that vaporized material is homogeneously distributed in the plume, but maybe dynamic processes at scales not explored by the hydrodynamics codes [3] create very compositionally heterogeneous portions of the vapor plume. Relaxing the homogeneity assumption, we're investigating condensation of vapors compositions throughout the inset ternary, and with different sediment compositions. K/T boundary spinel compositions (Kyte, pers. comm.), differ from Atlantic (low Mg, Al), to an Indian Ocean, to Pacific sites (high Mg, Al), perhaps reflecting spatial and temporal evolution of plume chemistry as the plume spread across the upper atmosphere, cooled, and precipitated spinel-bearing spherules. Calculated spinel composition trends (plotted) are relatively insensitive to obliquity. None is a "best fit" to the entire observed field. As T falls in the calculation, spinels become richer in ferric iron (Fe'''), so their compositions do not extend to the Fe'''-poor, Al-rich region. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1


A general framework for the probabilistic prediction of load associated fatigue distress mode is presented. Using this framework, a prediction model is developed for fatigue life treating traffic, material properties, and environmental effects as stochastic variables. The main steps in developing the model are (1) solution for structural response (using chev5l program) in terms of tensile strain at the bottom fibers of base, (2) prediction of fatigue life from structural response using an empirical relationship proposed by hwang and witczak (1979); (3) development of regression model relating fatigue life to such field variables as load, ambient air temperature, subgrade support value, and pavement geometry, (4) prediction of cumulative fatigue damage employing miner's rule, and (5) development of design equation specifying reliabilty. By virtue of the fact that the parameters affecting fatigue distress mode are random variables, cumulative distress delta is a random variable. The critical damage at failure, denoted as d, is not always close to one, as implied in miner's law, but in fact assumes a wide distribution; therefore, d is a random variable also. As both delta and d are random variables, fatigue life can be estimated with only a certain reliability (confidence level). Reliability, r, is the probability that serviceability will be maintained at adequate levels, from a user's point of view, throughout the design life of the facility. An expression relating mean value and coefficient of variation of delta and r is proposed, which, by virtue of its deterministic format, can be used in design. Pavement design using the above expression will require distribution functions (or frequency distributions) for wheel load, ambient air temperature and subgrade support value of the region under consideration; typical distributions of these random variables are presented. Respectively, load, air temperature, and subgrade support value conform to shifted exponential, weibull, and lognormal distributions. To assess the reasonableness of the proposed procedure, structural number selected for a specific traffic loading, environmental, and subgrade conditions has been compared with that of the conventional AASHOo interim guide design procedure and also with that of the zero-maintenance design procedure.(a) for the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 815640.


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cotton fiber initiation is a complex biological process including fiber cell protrusion from ovule surface and early expansion, while the regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. Here we obtained 30,154 uniESTs by sequencing a 0 to 10 days post anthesis (DPA) cotton fiber cDNA library. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes by microarray showed that 2980 genes were up-regulated during fiber initiation period and 255 of them are closely related with ovule expansion. Significant expression increase in genes encoding putative transcription factors such as MYB, WRKY, bZIP, bHLH, YABBY,ERF and genes encoding predicted protein kinases including receptor-like kinase, casein kinase, MAP kinase kinase, CTR1-like and protein phosphotase 2C reveal the great importance of both transcriptional and post-translational regulation in fiber cell initiation. KOBAS analysis identified 19 metabolic pathways highly up-regulated in fiber initiation such as ion channels activity, protein and ATP synthesis and carbon fixation, while 18 pathways highly induced in fl ovule expansion more concern about cell cycle signaling and lipids metabolism.


This thesis analyzes consumers' psychological characteristics through clothing popularity and consumers'behavioral characteristics through the purchasing processes. It suggests that the management and clothing designersshould get some enlightenment from these psychological and behavioral characteristics.


Young‐onset dementia (YOD) denotes persons who have an onset of the disease before the age of 65. Information on the epidemiology of YOD, especially the incidence, is scarce. Insight into the incidence can contribute to further research on the etiology, mechanism and risk factors of YOD. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis collecting all published data on the incidence of YOD worldwide.


The study discusses the ruptures and continuities in the representation of female stereotypes in the American comic book, Miss Fury (1941 - 1952), which featured the first superheroine of female authorship. In the US during World War II, a period of social and cultural transformation, women were encouraged to take jobs in all fields formerly occupied by men, including in the armed forces and in the comic book industry. Contributing to male displacement, comic books functioned as a sort of propaganda depicting the kind of woman the United States needed at that moment.  It is the willingness to accept new roles and take advantage of serendipitous circumstances that the superheroine in Miss Fury represents


A colorful oil-sensitive carbon inverse opal was fabricated by using poly(St–MMA–AA) colloidal crystals as a template. The color shift upon adsorption of oil was reversible, and was easily visible with the naked eye. The peak positions showed a linear relationship with the refractive indices of the oils. In particular, different oils could be distinguished by the color of the carbon inverse opal with a pore size of 240 nm. The response time of the carbon inverse opal was less than 30 s, which is faster than traditional oil sensors. Moreover, the as-prepared carbon inverse opal showed good oil-sensing stability under cyclic adsorption experiments, which suggests that it is a promising and economical alternative to traditional oil-sensing materials, providing a new approach to in situ oil monitoring and detection.


163 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.  Abstract: One of the main current problems facing Global Positioning System (GPS) is to get the positions with high accuracy and low cost, effort and time. Two techniques are used in GPS positioning, which are the relative and point positioning. In common, the first technique provides the higher accuracy, but with higher cost and effort. Another kind of point positioning is the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) which counts on GNSS precise products. It is adequate for many applications that requires the decimeter level accuracy using one receiver, but requires scientific software or online services for data processing. The main challenge here is to raise the accuracy of PPP to add other applications suited to the gained accuracy. The main objective of the current study is to test different mathematical models producing positional corrections to select the best set depending on synchronized data and validate the selected model in synchronized and non-synchronized cases depending on data of two different campaigns. These corrections -produced from permanent stationsare added to the static PPP coordinates of the tested points near the permanent stations to reach the highest possible accuracy depending on GPS single frequency observations using a scientific package. The obtained results offered a synchronized average positional error reaching to 0.074m and RMSE of 0.023m in the first campaign and 0.146m with RMSE of 0.061m in the second campaign. It reaches 0.156m with RMSE of 0.074m in the best non-synchronized case. The user can raise the accuracy of single frequency static PPP when the data of four synchronized permanent stations are available in the same observational time or within 4 days before or after the observational time.


. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a flat plate solar water heater (SWH) theoretically and experimentally. The thermal performance of the SWH was predicted using Fortran 90 programming language. SWH was designed as a square shape with dimensions of 110 cm length, 120 cm width, and 10 cm depth, and tested by integrating with a modified solar distiller to increase the water temperature in the basin at a constant mass flow rate of 1.2 liter/min. The tests were conducted under the weather condition of Ekaterinburg city, Russia, from June to September of 2019, and a typical day was chosen for each month (19 June, 17 July, 22 August, and 15 September). The study revealed that the highest efficiency of the solar water collector obtained at the highest value of the intensity of solar radiation at mid-day. The maximum thermal efficiencies achieved on 17 July of 2019 were about 67% and 66% based on theoretical and experimental analyses, respectively. A simultaneous increase in the water temperature and the intensity of solar radiation have been observed. During the four typical days of the experiment, the highest water temperatures of the solar collector were recorded during midday, i.e., 57.2, 64.4, 52.4, and 49 ℃ at the inlet, and 62.8, 71, 57.4, and 53.2 ℃ ) at the outlet for 19 June, 17 July, 22 August, and 15 September 2019, respectively, while the solar radiation intensities recorded are 957, 1022, 840, and 723 W ⁄ m 2 for the test days.


Tracking small targets, such as missile warheads, from a remote distance is a difficult task since the targets are "points" which are similar to sensor's noise points. As a result, traditional tracking algorithms only use the information contained in point measurement, such as the position information and intensity information, as characteristics to identify targets from noise points. But in fact, as a result of the diffusion of photon, any small target is not a point in the focal plane array and it occupies an area which is larger than one sensor cell. So, if we can take the geometry characteristic into account as a new dimension of information, it will be of helpful in distinguishing targets from noise points. In this paper, we use a novel method named sparse representation (SR) to depict the geometry information of target intensity and define it as the SR information of target. Modeling the intensity spread and solving its SR coefficients, the SR information is represented by establishing its likelihood function. Further, the SR information likelihood is incorporated in the conventional Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) filter algorithm with point measurement. To illustrate the different performances of algorithm with or without the SR information, the detection capability and estimation error have been compared through simulation. Results demonstrate the proposed method has higher estimation accuracy and probability of detecting target than the conventional algorithm without the SR information.


The purpose of this research is to determine the leading sectors of Lamongan Regency byusing Location Quotient and Shift Share analysis. The data used in this research is theGross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB) of Lamongan and East Java Regency for 10years, 2010-2019. The method used is a mixed method, namely quantitative descriptiveand literature study. The results showed that the sector based on LQ> 1 is theagricultural sector; construction; transportation and communication; and the servicessector. Meanwhile, the non-base sector is the mining and quarrying sector; processingindustry; electricity, clean water and gas; real estate sector, corporate services sector;and the financial sector with LQ <1. The result of the shift share value in all sectors ofLamongan Regency with a positive value means that regional growth is experiencingrapid growth. The analysis of the sustainable development economic strategy uses aliterature study where Lamongan Regency has not yet reached sustainable development if it is only seen from the economic aspect and does not see all aspects in the sustainabledevelopment component. Different policy strategies are needed so that in each aspect inthe Lamongan Regency area in an effort to accelerate achievements towards thesustainable development of Lamongan Regency.
Keywords: Economic Development, Leading Sectors, Sustainable Development,Lamongan Regency


This paper reviews investigations about the carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and mainly expounds cytochrome P450,epoxide hydrolase,glutathione S-transferase,PAH-DNA adducts in an attempt to provide ideas for a deep research in the carcinogenic mechanisms of PAHs.


A simple technique which can measuring the chirp of femtosecond laser pulses is described.Modified spectrum autointerferometric correlation(MOSAIC) uses spectral filtering of the interferometric autocorrelation(IAC) to render a waveform that is highly sensitive to chirp.Chirp could be shown visually in close to the width of the transform-limited pulse.Low chirp of femtosecond laser pulses can be determined accurately by using the MOSAIC.


Information about material kinds of artificial reef which effective for marine organism habitat is rare. Based on this fenomena, It is important to conduct a study about bamboo and tire artificial reef. The objective of this study is to find out a catch comparison and species compotition of pot catch on bamboo and tire artificial reef. Alternatif a widely used materials are bamboo and tire with consideration easy to obtain and economis. The result of this study show that the total catch during the study was 170 fishes from 8 species dominated by Siganus javus, Seranidae sp and Carangidae sp. The total catch of the Tire artificial reef was 87 fishes including 48,19 % Siganus sp, 23,53% Seranidae sp and 10,06 % Lethrinidae sp where as Bamboo artificial reef was 83 fishes including 33,34 % Siganus sps,26,3% Seranidae sp and 14,26 % Carangidae sp . The result showed that catch of bamboo artificial reef was significantly difference from the catch of tire artificial reef where the catch of tire artificial reef was higher than that catch of bamboo artificial reef.


Purpose: To assess the prevalence of DSM-IV anorexia nervosa criteria, anorexia nervosa and subthreshold subgroups, and their incidence between the ages of 12 and 17 years using Cole's international thinness cut-offs, and to characterize these anorexic adolescents by parental socioeconomic status and whether or not they reported receiving treatment. Method: In all, a representative sample of 39,542 French adolescents (19,658 girls and 19,884 boys) was recruited in a cross-sectional study in 2008. Anorexia nervosa DSM-IV diagnosis was determined by a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Among females, 0.5% (n = 105) met criteria for anorexia nervosa between the ages of 12 and 17 years, whereas among males, the prevalence was 0.03% (n = 6). In females, the prevalence of sub-threshold anorexia nervosa was found to be between 1.2% (n = 216) and 3.3% (n = 618); more than 75% were of the restrictive subtype. The highest incidence of anorexia nervosa was at 16 years. There was also a greater prevalence of sub-threshold anorexia nervosa subgroups among subjects with high parental socioeconomic status. More than half of the female adolescents who met the anorexia nervosa criteria reported receiving treatment for their disorder, versus 23% to 40% of the adolescents in the sub-threshold subgroups (P sample of adolescents. Using Cole's international thinness cut-off could improve international comparability among studies. Adolescents from the higher socioeconomic categories were more likely to be anorexic.


This paper presents a 2D dynamic model of a ferrite inductor with an RM type core capable of reproducing the nonlinear effects of the core material, such as saturation and power losses, using 2D Finite Element simulations in the time-domain. Thus the computational cost is greately reduced. The effectiveness of the model is explored in the case of an inductor excited by a sinusoidal voltage source at frequencies of 500 Hz and 40 kHz. With this aim, experimental and computed results of voltage and current waveforms, power losses and nonlinear resistance (representing hysteresis and eddy current losses) are presented.


The judicial protection of intellectual property rights contributes to the development of the economy and culture in society. Ensuring citizens' access to justice is one of the most important tasks of any state. Digital technologies, including information and telecommunications networks, are beginning to be used both in Russia and abroad to improve access to justice. Currently, technologies already allow to carry out some procedural actions in the digital environment. However, the digitization of objects, including intellectual property, and the presentation of evidence through information and telecommunications networks may have a certain impact, for example, on the conclusions of experts or specialists, and ultimately on the results of the consideration of cases. The article analyzes Russian and foreign legal acts providing for the use of digital technologies, including in judicial activity. Some problematic issues and approaches of the Russian courts concerning the consideration of cases related to infringement of intellectual property rights used in the digital environment are also outlined.


Love him or hate him, Martin Seligman is arguably the most famous positive psychologist on earth. No other psychologist has ever achieved the kind of dominant presence Seligman has in positive psychology. It is difficult to evaluate the work of such a legendary figure without being affected by the halo effect. I have only two modest objectives in this review: (a) assess the scholarly merits of Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being and (b) critique the role of big money that contributes to Seligman's extraordinary accomplishments. Flourish begins with an introduction of Seligman's new theory of well-being and a summary of a number of exercises and strategies that can be used to boost happiness and well-being. The remainder of the book is Seligman's personal account of the rapid expansion of positive psychology into major domains of human activities in education, business


Abstract A nonlinear spectral transport equation for the narrow band Gaussian random surface wave trains is derived from a fourth order nonlinear evolution equation, which is a good starting point for the study of nonlinear water waves. The effect of randomness on the stability of deep water capillary gravity waves in the presence of air flowing over water is investigated. The stability is then considered for an initial homogenous wave spectrum having a simple normal form to small oblique long wave length perturbations for a range of spectral widths. An expression for the growth rate of instability is obtained; in which a higher order contribution comes from the fourth order term in the evolution equation, which is responsible for wave induced mean flow. This higher order contribution produces a decrease in the growth rate. The growth rate of instability is found to decrease with the increase of spectral width and the instability disappears if the spectral width increases beyond a certain critical value, which is not influenced by the fourth order term in the evolution equation.

https://www.ijame-poland.com/pdf-167161-90322?filename=The Effect Of Randomness.pdf


swift-emulator is a Python toolkit for using Gaussian processes machine learning to emulate scaling relations from cosmological simulations. swift-emulator focusses on implementing a clear, easy to use design and API to remove the barrier to entry for using emulator techniques. swift-emulator provides tools for every step: the design of the parameter sampling, the training of the Gaussian process model, and validating and anaylsing the trained emulators. By making these techniques easier to use, in particular in combination with the SWIFT code (Borrow & Borrisov, 2020; Schaller et al., 2018), it will be possible use fitting methods (like MCMC) to calibrate and better understand theoretical simulation models.


Modulators with high speed and low insertion loss are essential for much of classical and quantum photonic technology. The nonlinear optical electro-optic Kerr effect can produce silicon modulators that work at high speed and can even operate at cryogenic temperatures [1] . Until now, devices have focused on single-mode waveguides to yield modulators with CMOS-compatible modulation voltages [2] . We describe a new approach using wider multimode waveguides, with light propagating predominantly in the intrinsic region of a p-i-n structure and operating at wavelengths near 2.1-microns. By reducing free carrier overlap with the optical mode, (see Fig. 1 c ) and making use of the two-photon Kerr resonance in the mid-IR [3] , this structure can greatly reduce optical loss. However, this is at the cost of longer devices and higher operating voltages. Though the required voltage grows linearly with width, loss decreases exponentially [4] .


Data envelopment analysis (DEA) assumes homogeneity among the decision-making units (DMU) in terms of the nature of the operations they perform, the measures of their efficiency, and the conditions under which they operate. When the DMU are not homogeneous, the efficiency scores may reflect the underlying differences in environments rather than any inefficiencies. One strategy to overcome this is to separate DMU into homogeneous groups. However, one needs large numbers of DMU to do this. Another strategy is to adjust for non-homogeneity. This paper presents three adjustment techniques along with the basic Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) model. We do two simulation experiments where we know the underlying efficiencies of the DMU and the parameters of the non-homogeneities. We also compare the four models using actual data from a DEA evaluation of municipal reverse logistics channels. The results show none of the adjustment mechanisms are clearly superior to the unadjusted CCR model. Consequently, what makes a good adjustment mechanism is open at this time. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other NonIndexed Citations and MEDLINE(R) 1950 to 2008 February Week 3. EMBASE 1980– 2007 Week 8. CINAHL 1982–2007 February Week 3. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) ,1st Quarter 2008.. ACP Journal Club ,1991 to January/February 2008.. Database of Abstract and Reviews of Effects (DARE) ,1st Quarter 2008.. Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT) ,1st Quarter 2007.. (All via the Ovid Interface). Medline: [exp Ketamine/OR ketamine.mp OR ketalar.mp.] AND [exp Atropine/OR atropine.mp] LIMIT to humans and English language. EMBASE: [exp Ketamine/OR ketamine.mp. OR ketalar.mp.] AND [exp Atropine/OR atropine.mp.] LIMIT to humans and English and Child ,all age.. CINAHL: [exp Ketamine/OR ketamine.mp. OR ketalar.mp.] AND [exp Atropine/OR atropine.mp.]. All EBM Reviews (CDSR, ACP Journal Club, DARE, CCRCT): atropine.mp. AND ketamine.mp.


Daniel E. Adkins is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at the University of North Carolina. His research focuses on developing novel methods for exploring interplay between genetic and social environmental factors. His research has recently appeared in Social Forces, Sociological Methods and Research, Social Science Quarterly, and several other sociological and psychiatric journals. He will begin a postdoctoral position in statistical genetics at the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics in the fall of 2009.


A cold-temperature enrichment procedure was used to isolate Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 6 from a clinical stool specimen. The use of conventional laboratory media and enrichment procedures failed to isolate this organism.


Recently, medium access control (MAC) protocols for ad hoc networks using directional antennas are proposed. Directional antennas can electronically control beam direction, and extend transmit range. These potentials have been shown to improve the network capacity in ad hoc networks. However, new problems happen in directional protocols with directional antennas. One of the problems with directional MAC protocols is deafness. It occurs when a transmitter fails to communicate with its intended receiver because the transmitter doesn't know receiver is busy. The deafness problem causes node's retransmissions, which result in wasting the wireless channel capacity. In this paper, we propose DOMAC (Directional Opportunistic MAC) which is an opportunistic protocol using directional antennas to solve the deafness. DOMAC applies an opportunistic protocol to a directional MAC protocol. Simulations results indicate the proposed protocol suppresses the deafness problem and improve the


The following article is devoted to the issues of managing strategic planning of an educational organization development under the modern conditions of market and electronic economy. Nowadays strategic management in the field of education is more and more connected with the market conditions of the widespread digital technologies use, which leads to conflicts in the internal environment and requires fundamental changes aimed at moving from crisis management to strategic management — strategic development planning. The article analyzes the features of strategic planning in Russian and Western educational institutions of higher education. Keywords—strategic planning; educational organization; strategic management; higher education


It is objective need to strengthen personality edu ca tion in major of accounting at college.The personality education of accounting m ajor belongs to moral education concept,it should take self-cultivation for main line,honesty for key point,meanwhile,carry on accounting occupation morality ed ucation"love post and respect occupation, honesty and trust,impersonality and f airness,and retaining principles.


Objectives: The clinical significance of micrometastasis to regional lymph nodes for pancreas cancer is controversial in patients who underwent curative resection. Methods: Nine of 42 patients who underwent macroscopically curative resection of pancreatic head cancer were found to have pN(−) by routine examination. Complete serial section examination of the resected specimens was done to detect micrometastasis in these 9 patients. Results: A total of 16,505 sections were examined by immunohistochemistry or hematoxylin and eosin staining. Micrometastases were identified in 7 (78%) of 9 patients and 17 (3.6%) of 474 lymph nodes. All micrometastases were found in the pancreas head area. However, the frequency of micrometastases around the superior mesenteric artery was 44%. There were no micrometastases to the para-aortic nodes. There was a tendency that the patients with micrometastases showed better survival than those with overt nodal involvement (P = 0.053). Micrometastasis did not provide the poor prognostic factor in patients who underwent optimal regional lymphadenectomy. Conclusions: Even in overtly pN(−) pancreatic cancer, micrometastases occur high frequently (78%) and widely, including the nodes around the superior mesenteric artery. These results provide important pathological information when we consider the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative strategies, even when patients seem to have no nodal involvement by preoperative examinations.


The effects of annealing on the molecular orientation in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin films evaporated on copper and silicon plates were studied using F K‐edge near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The intensity of the F 1 s → σ*(C‐F) transition in the NEXAFS spectrum from a non‐annealed PTFE thin film on a copper plate at a glancing X‐ray incidence angle was stronger than that at the normal incidence angle. For a thin film annealed at ~250 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere, the σ*(C‐F) peak intensity at the glancing angle was weaker than that at a normal angle. The F K‐edge NEXAFS spectra of a thin film annealed at ~350 °C showed a weakening dependence on the X‐ray incidence angle. This result indicates that the molecules in a PTFE thin film are increasingly oriented normal to the substrate surface with increasing annealing temperature and are oriented randomly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Objective To elucidate the effectiveness of stepwise management of elevated intracranial pressure guided by ICP monitoring for severe traumatic brain injured(TBI) patients. Methods 128 patients with severe TBI, GCS score 3~5 in 55 cases and GCS score 6~8 in 73 cases, admitted at Shanghai Neurosurgical Emergency Center from Nov. 2004 to Jan. 2006 were evaluated prospectively. A ventriculostomy catheter was implanted routinely and intracranial pressure was measured continuously for 4~9 days. A staircase intracranial pressure control algorithm for controlling intracranial pressure and maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure was adopted. Results According to GOS for assessment of outcome, 72 cases (56.3% ) survived with good recovery, 12 cases (9.4% ) with moderate disability, 23 cases (18.0%) with severe disability, 10 cases (7.8%) with vegetative status and 11 cases (8.6%) died. Conclusions Intraventricular ICP monitoring has played an important role in the management of severe traumatic brain injured patients. Stepwise management of elevated intracranial pressure can effectively assist in controlling intracranial pressure, maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure and decreasing the disability rate and mortality.


Objectives: To assess the impact of pay for performance programmes on inequalities in the quality of health care in relation to age, sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Methods: Systematic search and appraisal of experimental or observational studies that assessed quantitatively the impact of a monetary incentive on health care inequalities. We searched published articles in English identified in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases. Results: Twenty-two studies were identified, 20 of which were conducted in the United Kingdom and examined the impact of the Quality and Outcomes Framework. Sixteen studies used practice level data rather than patient level data. Socioeconomic status was the most frequently examined inequality; age, sex and ethnic inequalities were less frequently assessed. There was some weak evidence that the use of financial incentives reduced inequalities in chronic disease management between socioeconomic groups. Inequalities in chronic disease management between age, sex and ethnic groups persisted after the use of such incentives. Conclusions: Inequalities in chronic disease management have largely persisted after the introduction of the Quality and Outcome Framework. Pay for performance programmes should be designed to reduce inequalities as well as improve the overall quality of care.


Ten nutritive elements,S,P,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu,and B in leavs,stems,and roots which were from the flue cured tobacco in the varied growth time in the both field and pot experiments,were determined.Using principal component analysis in chemometrics,a distribution feature of the nutritive elements was discussed. It is showed that there is a higher concentration distribution for S,P,K,Ca and Mg in leaves while a higher concentration distribution for Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu and B in roots.It is taken notice of the difference of the various location of flue cured tobacco in the plant diagnosis of mineral nutrition.And applied chemometrics method to the research of crop nutritive elements would be successful.


The transition of care from pediatric to adult providers has drawn increased national attention to the survival of patients with chronic childhood conditions into adulthood.ttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK11432/ While survival outcomes have improved due to advances in care, many of these patients experience gaps in medical care when they move from pediatric to adult healthcare systems, resulting in age-inappropriate and fragmented care in adulthood.4 Many youth with chronic childhood conditions are not prepared to move into adult healthcare, and this lack of transition preparation is associated with poorer health outcomes, including elevated glycosylated hemoglobin and loss of transplanted organs.5-7 National transition efforts have largely focused on the outpatient setting and there remains a paucity of literature on inpatient transitions of care.8,9 Although transition-age patients represent a small percentage of patients at children's hospitals, they accumulate more hospital days and have higher resource utilization compared to their pediatric cohorts.10 In this issue, Coller et al.11 characterize the current state of pediatric to adult inpatient transitions of care among general pediatric services at US children's hospitals. Over 50% of children's hospitals did not have a specific adult-oriented hospital identified to receive transitioning patients. Fewer than half of hospitals (38%) had an explicit inpatient transition policy. Notably only 2% of hospitals could track patient outcomes through transitions; however, 41% had systems in place to address insurance issues. Institutions with combined internal medicine-pediatric (Med-Peds) providers more frequently had inpatient transition initiatives (P = .04). It is clear from Coller et al.11 that the adoption of transition initiatives has been delayed since its introduction at the US Surgeon's conference in 1989, and much work is needed to bridge this gap.12 Coller et al.11 spearhead establishing standardized transition programs using the multidisciplinary Six Core Elements framework and highlight effective techniques from existing inpatient transition processes.13 While we encourage providers to utilize existing partnerships in the outpatient community to bridge the gap for this at-risk population, shifting to adult care continues to be disorganized in the face of some key barriers including challenges in addressing psychosocial needs, gaps in insurance, and poor care coordination between pediatric and adult healthcare systems.4 We propose several inpatient activities to improve transitions. First, we suggest the development of an inpatient transition or Med-Peds consult service across all hospitals. The Med-Peds consult service would implement the Six Core Elements, including transition readiness, transition planning, and providing insurance and referral resources. A Med-Peds consult service has been well received at our institution as it identifies clear leaders with expertise in transition. Coller et al.11 report only 11% of children's hospitals surveyed had transition policies that referenced inpatient transitions of care. For those institutions without Med-Peds providers, we recommend establishing a hospital-wide transition policy, and identifying hospitalists trained in transitions, with multidisciplinary approaches to staff their transition consult service. Tracking and monitoring youth in the inpatient transition process occurred in only 2% of hospitals surveyed. We urge for automatic consults to the transition service for adult aged patients admitted to children's hospitals. With current electronic health records (EHRs), admission order sets with builtin transition consults for adolescents and young adults would improve the identification and tracking of youths. Assuming care of a pediatric patient with multiple comorbidities can be overwhelming for providers.14 The transition consult service could alleviate some of this anxiety with clear and concise documentation using standardized, readily available transition templates. These templates would summarize the patient's past medical history and outline current medical problems, necessary subspecialty referrals, insurance status, limitations in activities of daily living, ancillary services (including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, transportation services), and current level of readiness and independence. In summary, the transition of care from pediatric to adult providers is a particularly vulnerable time for young adults with chronic medical conditions, and efforts focused on inpatient transitions of medical care have overall been limited. Crucial barriers include addressing psychosocial needs, gaps in insurance, and poor communication between pediatric and adult providers.4 Coller et al.11 have identified several gaps in inpatient transitions of care as well as multiple areas of focus to improve the patient experience. Based on the findings of this study, we urge children's hospitals caring for adult patients to identify transition leaders, partner with an adult hospital to foster effective transitions, and to protocolize inpatient and *Address for correspondence and reprint requests: Alice Kuo, MD, PhD, MBA, Professor and Chief, Medicine-Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Suite 7501, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Telephone: 310-267-9648; Fax: 310-267-3595; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Objective: To observe the epidemiologic feature of the Infant Birth-defect from 2000 to 2005 in Sanming First Hospital.Methods: Statistical analysis was done on the data of infants born live from 2000 to 2005 in Sanming First Hospital.Results: The average incidence rate of infant Birth-defect rate was 17.865‰ between 2000 and 2005.The top 5 infant birth-defects were occlusalf surface five sensory organs system,Skeletal musculature,central nervous system,cardiovascular system and genitourinary system by turns.Birth-defect was correlated with age of pregnant women,The incidence rate of birth-defect was consumedly increasing in pregnant women who more than 35 years or less than 20 years.Conclusion: In order to decrease the infant birth-defect rate,intervention study should be placed on strengthening entire people healthy education, elevating environmental consciousness,making health protection before marriage ,brith health and perinatal stage,developing antepartum screening or antenatal diagnosis.


This paper reports an alternative analytical methodology for the determination of chloride and sulphate impurities in hexafluorosilicic acid, FSA, using capillary zone electrophoresis. The influence of different electrophoretic and matrix variables on electrophoretic response was studied. Samples were injected hydrodynamically onto a fused silica capillary of 63.5 cm × 75 μm id, with an effective length of 55 cm. The capillary temperature was kept constant at 25 ± 1 °C throughout the experiments. A voltage of −25 kV was applied (in anionic mode). The electrophoretic zones were detected with a fixed-wavelength UV detector at 254 nm and a diode array detector at 254 and 370 nm. The final background electrolyte consisted of 20 mM sodium chromate at pH 8.0 containing 6% MeOH and 1.5 μM tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. In these electrophoretic conditions, the separation of chloride and sulphate anions is achieved in less than ten minutes. The introduction of a water gap before the sample injection increases considerably the capillary life. The electrophoretic method developed allows the determination of chloride and sulphate at mg L−1 concentration levels in industrial production FSA samples.


The structure of atmospheric turbulence and its relationship to the refractive index discontinuities responsible for the scattering of radio waves are discussed. Emphasis is placed more on the nature of the intermittent scatterers observed at upper mesospheric/lower thermospheric altitudes than on volume scattering. The preferred model is of transient patches composed of vortex strings. An overview of the methods used to estimate the rate of dissipation of turbulent energy using MF radar data which emphasizes the advantages of imaging Doppler interferometry is presented, together with a review of pertinent laboratory investigations of coherent structures. An attempt is made to remove the contamination by gravity waves from imaging Doppler interferometry fluctuating velocity data. Emphasis is given to the fact that all radar measurements of turbulent intensity to date are upper estimates, not only because of the presence of gravity wave fluctuations contaminating the data, but also because the turbulence itself is not stationary and homogeneous but intermittent in both space and time. The intermittent nature of the turbulence, in which the refractive index discontinuities responsible for the radar backscatter are associated with decaying, homogeneous turbulent coherent structures, is in contrast to the theory of volume scattering, which assumes the radar pulse volume to be partially filled with stationary, homogeneous turbulence.


Context The effectiveness of glycemic control in reducing cardiovascular events among patients with type 2 diabetes is uncertain. Recent analyses of trial data suggest that the benefit of tight control may differ according to a person's age and comorbid conditions. Contribution This observational study of 2613 patients with type 2 diabetes in 205 practices in Italy found that tight control was associated with lower risk for cardiovascular events over 5 years in patients with low to moderate, but not high, comorbidity. Caution Observational data cannot prove a causal association between glycemic control and outcomes. Implication The relationship of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes differs by patients' level of comorbidity. The Editors Major professional organizations recommend that attaining a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value less than 7.0% may be less appropriate for patients with limited life expectancy, advanced complications, and extensive comorbidity (13). Evidence suggests that the benefit of intensive glucose-lowering therapy is not uniform across all patients with type 2 diabetes. Three large randomized, controlled trials that used HbA1c targets of 6.5% or lower (46) each found no association between intensive therapy and an overall reduction in risk for macrovascular complications. However, when data from these and other trials were considered in 2 recent meta-analyses (7, 8), the investigators observed statistically significant relationships between tight glycemic control and reduced cardiovascular events. Post hoc analyses of data from these clinical trials suggest that benefit from aggressive glycemic control may be confined to younger diabetic patients (4) and patients without previous heart disease (4, 5). Data from the 10-year posttrial follow-up (9) to the UKPDS (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study) (10) also showed a reduction in cardiovascular events from intensive glucose-lowering therapy initiated in a young and healthy sample of patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Recent decision analyses based on UKPDS risk models suggest that, independent of age, high levels of comorbidity may diminish the benefits of achieving tight control (11), owing to the complex interplay of multiple conditions, their treatments, and their burden on patient resources (12). Among the comorbid conditions prevalent among diabetic patients, cardiovascular diseases are the most important contributors to mortality and subsequent cardiovascular events. However, additional conditions, such as chronic lung disease, may also bring functional impairment, treatment burden, and risk for adverse events and may diminish a patient's likelihood to benefit from tight control (13, 14). In a 5-year observational study of a community-based sample of older patients with type 2 diabetes, we tested whether attaining glycemic control targets of HbA1c levels of 6.5% or less or 7.0% or less at baseline provided differential benefits for patients with higher versus lower levels of comorbidity. We further compared the unique contribution of comorbid conditions with that of other risk factors (such as age or duration of diabetes) to the differential benefit from glycemic control on future cardiovascular events. Methods Our study, described in detail elsewhere (1517), was a 5-year longitudinal observational study (1999 to 2004) that examined the association of the quality of diabetes care with the incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality. Patients were followed for a median of 4.96 years (interquartile range, 3.35 to 5.00 years). Patients We identified medical practices in all regions of Italy and selected them according to their willingness to participate in the project. Participating practices included 101 of approximately 605 eligible diabetes outpatient clinics and 103 of approximately 1000 eligible community-based general practitioners enrolled in a nationwide network of practitioners interested in facilitating research. We considered all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (fasting venous plasma glucose concentration 7.8 mmol/L [140 mg/dL] on 2 separate occasions or treated with antidiabetic drugs) to be eligible for the project, regardless of age, diabetes duration, or treatment. At the diabetes outpatient clinics, patients were randomly sampled from clinic rosters and stratified by patient age (<65 or 65 years). We asked each diabetes outpatient clinic to recruit at least 30 patients. Community-based general practitioners consecutively enrolled only patients for whom they were primarily responsible for diabetes care, up to a maximum of 10 patients. Clinical Measures The main outcome of the study was incident cardiovascular events, defined as any of the following outcomes: angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, coronary revascularization procedures, lower limb complications (claudication, ulcer, gangrene, amputation, or aorticfemoral revascularization procedures), or cardiovascular mortality. Participating physicians certified the occurrence of any cardiovascular event over the 5-year study period, on the basis of study-wide criteria. In addition, participating physicians reported the death of any study patient from any cause; this information was used to compute total mortality rates. Participating physicians abstracted demographic and clinical data, including age, body mass index, duration of diabetes, HbA1c level, lipid levels, and blood pressure (collected and entered into models as continuous variables), as well as sex, smoking status and the presence of diabetes complications (collected and entered into models as categorical variables) from clinical records and reported these data to the coordinating center at Mario Negri Sud. Because normal ranges for HbA1c varied in the different centers, the percentage change with respect to the upper normal value (actual value vs. upper limit of normal) was estimated and multiplied by 6.0 (16). Total cholesterol was used as a measure of lipid control because low-density lipoprotein levels were not routinely measured in many of the study patients. We used the last blood pressure value in the clinical record before the data collection point. Data were collected at baseline and at 6-month intervals for 5 years. Measure of Comorbidity We requested that all recruited patients complete the Total Illness Burden Index (TIBI) questionnaire (1820). The TIBI, which was specifically developed for office practice populations, uses patient reports to assess the presence and severity of 8 dimensions of comorbid conditions, problems, and diseases (atherosclerotic heart disease, lung disease, congestive heart failure, arthritis, genitourinary disease, vision loss, gastrointestinal conditions, and foot disease) by using items similar to those in the traditional review of systems. We scored these responses to assess the severity of the 8 dimensions and then aggregated the scores by using an algorithm that weighted each dimension according to its predicted effect on functional outcomes. We also performed analyses that used a version of the TIBI score that excluded previous cardiovascular events to examine the effects of the noncardiac components of the TIBI on future events. We refer to this version as the noncardiovascular TIBI score. The TIBI can be completed and scored in office practices for use by physicians at the time of treatment and has been validated as a predictor of 3.5-year mortality (20) and health-related quality of life (18, 19). Statistical Analysis We conducted univariate analyses to describe patient characteristics and reported means and SDs for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. We calculated the probabilities of incident cardiovascular events by using the KaplanMeier method and carried out comparisons by using the log-rank test. We divided patients into 2 prespecified subgroups at a threshold TIBI score of 12, which has been demonstrated to discriminate between persons at greater and lesser risk for death (20). We defined patients with TIBI scores less than 12 as the low-to-moderate comorbidity subgroup and patients with scores of 12 or greater as the high comorbidity subgroup. To account for the hierarchical nature of the data (patients clustered within center), and to control for possible confounding or clustering by center of variables, we used multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models, stratified by center, to investigate whether a dichotomized TIBI score was an independent predictor of clinical outcomes. In all analyses, we expressed outcome risk in terms of hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs in models adjusted for age (as a continuous variable) and sex (as a categorical variable). To demonstrate that the threshold TIBI score of 12 differentiated patients' risk both for cardiovascular events and for total mortality in the current sample, we computed hazard ratios for relative risk for each outcome between participants with TIBI scores of 12 or greater and patients with scores less than 12. To demonstrate that any association observed between comorbidity and outcome risk was not an artifact of the selected TIBI score cut-point, we computed hazard ratios for both cardiovascular event risk and mortality risk by using the TIBI score as a continuous, independent variable. We replicated the analysis by using the noncardiovascular TIBI score to examine its association with future cardiovascular events and mortality. To determine whether the benefit of attaining recommended targets for glycemic control was greater for patients with low-to-moderate or high levels of comorbidity, we tested whether baseline HbA1c levels of 6.5% or less or 7.0% or less were associated with lower incidence of cardiovascular events in each comorbidity subgroup. To examine whether any observed association between attaining glycemic control targets and reduced cardiovascular event risk was sensitive t


Abstract: Researchers from the University of Central Missouri, Virginia Commonwealth University, Northumbria University (United Kingdom) and Linnaeus University (Sweden) joined for a policy oriente ...


The aim of this paper is to analyze the roll of the system of Farm accountancy data networks (FADN) in Serbian agriculture. FADN system is compulsory for all EU Member States which are obliged to establish uniform system and FADN reports in standardized form are submitted annually to the European Commission. FADN reports are used by the EU institutions primarily for the purpose of analysis of agricultural policy measures. FADN system is regulated by the European Union and it is based on annual survey on the structure, production, revenues and expenses of farms, with organizational structure of the FADN system and methodology prescribed by the EU. The Republic of Serbia has started with the introduction of the FADN in 2011. The analysis in this paper shows that the FADN system has importance regarding to fulfillment of the conditions necessary for EU integration. Additionally FADN has importance as instrument of domestic agrarian policy, importance for individual agricultural producers and importance for scientific research in the agricultural sector.


Non‐destructive estimation of leaf water content provides vital information about vegetation productivity. We report here on controlled seven day experiments using greenhouse‐grown maize. Fifty plants were randomly assigned to two equal groups: water stressed and well watered. Spectroscopic, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll concentration measurements were made daily. Because water molecules absorb radiation in near‐ and middle‐infrared, most efforts to sense water deficit remotely utilize infrared wavelengths. In these experiments, we identified a strong, systematic, and repeatable relationship between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) albedo and leaf RWC. We show that visible spectrum reflectance provides a means to detect early stages of plant stress and estimate leaf RWC.


A 27-year-old man with cholestasis presented with 4 weeks of progressive spastic quadriparesis and hypophonia. MRI revealed T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities in the basal ganglia and thalamus (figure 1). He was treated with IV methylprednisolone for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. His condition worsened. MRI 4 weeks later showed larger symmetric hyperintensities in the basal ganglia and thalami (figure 2). Blood manganese was elevated (25.4 µg/L, reference 4.4–15.2). There was no known exposure. He was treated with chelation and levodopa with limited response.


This paper introduces a hybrid system termed cascade ARTMAP that incorporates symbolic knowledge into neural network learning and recognition. Cascade ARTMAP, a generalization of fuzzy ARTMAP, represents rule-based knowledge explicitly and performs multistep inferencing. A rule insertion algorithm translates if-then symbolic rules into cascade ARTMAP architecture. Besides that initializing networks with prior knowledge improves learning efficiency and predictive accuracy, the inserted symbolic knowledge can be refined and enhanced by the cascade ARTMAP learning algorithm. By preserving symbolic rule form during learning, the rules extracted from cascade ARTMAP can be compared directly with the originally inserted rules. A benchmark study on a DNA promoter recognition problem shows that with the added advantages of fast and incremental learning, cascade ARTMAP produces performance superior to that of an alternative hybrid system.


The prevailing historical accounts of the formation of the US aircraft "patent pool" in 1917 assume the US government necessarily intervened to alleviate a patent hold-up among private aircraft manufacturers. We show these accounts to be inconsistent with the historical facts. We show that despite the existence of basic aircraft patents, aircraft manufacturers faced no patent barriers in the market dominated by government demand. We show that the notion of the aircraft patent hold-up is a myth created by government officials and used to persuade the Congress to authorize eminent domain condemnation of basic aircraft patents. Government officials used the threat of condemnation to impose a depressed royalty structure on aircraft patents and induce key patent owners to enter a cross-licensing patent pool. We show that this cross-licensing agreement was not an archetypical private patent pool, but had been structured to suit the preferences of the government as monopsonist; it imposed on private suppliers to the government a nearly costless technology transfer.


Algorithms are at the heart of all computing. In the increasingly information and computation driven world, it is important to have a good grasp of algorithmic techniques for the development of solutions to problems in various domains such as Engineering, Sciences, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Management, Transportation, Urban Planning, Banking and Finance, Retail/Commerce, etc. For numerous problems the 'optimal' solutions are beyond reach of even the most powerful computers and 'good-enough' solutions are sought.


The present study was conducted with an objective of assessing the knowledge gained by trainees about various aspects of scientific pig farming organised by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Lakhimpur. A total of 180 numbers of trainees participated in trainings on scientific pig farming over a period during 2019 and 2020 on random selection. The data were collected on pre and post completion of the training with the help of questionnaire which were distributed to the trainees before training. The questionnaire consisted of 13 different aspects on knowledge on Indian and exotic Pig Breeds, knowledge on selection of piglets, castration age of piglets, attainment of puberty in pigs, oestrus period of a sow, heat detection in gilt, gestation period of sow, care of young piglets, deworming in pigs, marketing age of pigs, feeding of lactating sow, knowledge on Vaccination of pigs and common diseases of pigs.
A score of one and zero score was assigned for each correct and incorrect response, respectively for analysis of knowledge gain. It was found that majority of the trainees were youths (52.22%), followed by Middle aged (32.22%) and Old age (15.55%).Majority of the trainees were from ST category (33.88%) followed by OBC (32.77%), General (21.11%) and SC (12.22%). Among those who attended training 32.22% had education till middle school level followed by primary 22.77, 16.11 % were found illiterate whereas 15% completed secondary, 10.55% higher secondary and 3.33 % completed education upto graduate level.
The overall knowledge of trainees on pre training evaluation was found to be 19.17% which ended up on a high note with 93.15% on post training evaluation, which is indicative of the positive impact of training on knowledge gain.
Evaluation of knowledge gain on various aspects of scientific pig farming showed that maximum knowledge was gained on vaccination in pigs (88.89%, Rank I) and minimum gain was in knowledge of gestation period of sow (54.44%, Rank XIII).


Combined with fluid equilibrium equation model,sound velocity model and gas flow-out model,a decompression wave model was developed.The influence of gas composition,initial temperature and initial pressure were simulated and analyzed by using this model.The results show that decompression wave curve shows a plateau for gas with heavier composition.It is also demonstrated that lower initial temperature and higher initial pressure increase the risk of fracture propagation.And proper equation of state should be chosen for the simulation.


PI/SiO_2 hybrid films are prepared by sol-gel method.This process uses PMDA and ODA as monomer materials,DMF as solvent,TEOS as organic silicon source.The transparent property and thermal insulation property of the hybrid films are tested.The structure,microstructure and thermal stability of films are characterized by FT-IR,SEM,TG-DTA.The results show that the transmittance of hybrid films is more than 85%in the visible range, and in the ultraviolet range the transmittance is less than 10%.Thermal insulation performance shows that the hybrid films have good insulation properties.Structural analysis shows that the polyimide ring and organic-inorganic interpenetrating structure are formed after heat treatment.The thermal stability characteristics of hybrid films show that the temperature of the films at 5wt%loss increases 24℃.


The characterising transformational features of the Russian business information sector are briefly described. One of the more significant trends within this context is the rapid introduction and development of electronic forms of business information distribution. Currently the main emphasis is upon the production of CD-ROM services, online databases and the Internet sources. Representative examples are described and discussed.


history and story are faces of the same coin; the big and the small are part of the (hi)story of everyone.) I am working on a book and documentary ® lm about an 88-year-old woman, pointing out her role in her family (with its twelve sons and three daughters). Her story illustrates important changes over ® ve generations living in the rural area of Zulia, but it also says something about the construction of national identity. The history of Venezuela has usually been told from a a caudillistao point of view, and the role of women has been forgotten. My undergraduate and graduate students (at the University of Zulia, in Maracaibo, and the University of Los Andes, in Merida) provide an interesting response to this work. The female students learned a new way to reinterpret history from a [female] point of view that often becomes, in the course of time, quite feminist. They use the research and the class to rethink their own (hi)stories. My female students tend to be more receptive to the ® lms that present women's personal histories, and make comments that relate to their own everyday lives. The girls use the class discussion to elaborate their own scripts, which turn out to be based speci® cally in women's histories. Only three of the eighteen students in the school of cinema at the University of Los Andes (Merida) this year (2000± 2001) are female. Nonetheless, it is interesting that all three have begun to incorporate gender issues into their documentary projects, including one about a woman selling farm products in a small market and another about the con ̄ icts experienced by a transvestite (who a felto like a woman) living in a conservative city. A third student, having found pictures in a garbage bin of a former Miss Venezuela who had died, is constructing a personal account of the life and death of the beauty queen. The male students rarely realize the signi® cance of this gendered approach. The themes for the male students' documentaries more often are related to impersonal topics, such as religion, music, urban architecture. Alternatively, they deal with people collectively, doing ® lms on groups such as street boys, or prisoners in local jail. So the male students operate in a more public and broader context, and less in the private and intimate sphere. Thus, the way women ® lmmakers learn from women and from women's histories demonstrates more sensitivity to the private histories of the characters, especially female characters in ® lms.


Background: Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies secondary to ovarian cancer. Its incidence has surged swiftly than that of any other malignancy in recent years. Well-differentiated thyroid cancers (WDTC) are relatively common and usually slow-growing tumors with a good prognosis, including three types: Papillary, follicular, and Hürthle cell carcinoma. The first metastatic sites of these types of cancer typically involve lymph nodes, lungs, brain, and bones. Aim: To address the unusual sites of metastasis of well-differentiated thyroid cancer, which were not discussed in the literature before. Methods: The PICOT included adult men and women of 18 years and above, with the primary WDTC metastasized to unusual sites. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, NCBI/PUBMED, Google Scholar were systematically screened for English language citations on human studies from 1990 to 2016. Results: The case reports found in literature were summarized in the form of tables including 8 cases of choroid plexus metastases, 22 cases of retropharyngeal node metastases, 5 cases of ovarian metastases, 22 cases of renal metastases, 6 cases of breast metastases, 8 cases of pancreatic metastases, 21 cases of choroid metastases, 10 cases of pituitary metastases, 54 cases of cardiac metastases, and one case of testicular metastases. Conclusion: Rare metastases of WDTC have been reported on distant sites such as kidneys, ovaries, heart, eyes, pancreas, pituitary, and testes. Major cases of uncommon metastases have been reported after several years of diagnosis of WDTC. Careful clinical diagnosis, along with advanced imaging techniques and immune-histopathological assays, can help to diagnose the type of tumor cells in host organs, which is essential for the development of treatment strategies.


The Greater Portland Maine 2007 Energy Use and Emissions Inventory is the first step in developing a regional energy and climate plan.


In this paper we are concerned with rational solutions, algebraic solutions and associated special polynomials with these solutions for the third Painlevé equation (PIII). These rational and algebraic solutions of PIII are expressible in terms of special polynomials defined by second-order, bilinear differential-difference equations which are equivalent to Toda equations. The structure of the roots of these special polynomials is studied and it is shown that these have an intriguing, highly symmetric and regular structure. Using the Hamiltonian theory for PIII, it is shown that these special polynomials satisfy pure difference equations, fourth-order, bilinear differential equations as well as differential-difference equations. Further, representations of the associated rational solutions in the form of determinants through Schur functions are given.


This paper presents an ongoing project that builds engaging, affectionate and effective pedagogical agents in 3D virtual worlds for learning. Employing the theory of Transformed Social Interaction (TSI), we design pedagogical agents with abilities of self-representation, emotional states reasoning and situational awareness. A prototype of a virtual quiz show, Quizmaster, has been implemented to realize these abilities, and will be used to test for the effectiveness of the approach.


. Ultramodular binary copulas are discussed, i.e., copulas of a random vector whose components are mutually stochastically decreasing with respect to each other. The additive generators of Archimedean ultramodular binary copulas are fully characterized. Finally, a new construction method for binary copulas based on n -ary ultramodular aggregation functions is proposed.


When addressing the National Standards for Music Education, string teachers often overlook the first content standard, "singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music," assuming that they and their students are exempt from any type of singing activity.1 They mistakenly consider singing as a teaching technique intended solely for their colleagues who direct choral ensembles or teach general music classes, or assume that they must search for a piece of orchestral literature that includes choral accompaniment. Instead of using singing as an aid to teach musical skills and knowledge related to string performance, emphasis is directed exclusively toward the development of technique and association of fingerings with notation.2 The purpose of this article is to consider published teaching strategies and research studies related to singing in instrumental music education and to suggest ways in which these resources may be used to enhance beginning and advancing levels of orchestra instruction. Beginning string classes can offer particularly fertile ground for using singing as a teaching aid. Many students come to first-year orchestra rehearsals with substantial singing experience but are never required to vocalize by teachers who advocate a "fingerboardpushing" pedagogy. Authors of teaching strategies related to the National Standards recommend that singing be used to promote proper phrasing, dynamics, and musical expression among beginning instrumentalists.3 Furthermore, researchers have found that singing activities, particularly when related to tonal understanding, may improve beginning instrumentalists' melodic abilities. Charles Elliott investigated the effects of vocalization on the sense of pitch of beginning instrumental students.4 Following a full school year of daily instruction, he found that students who sang method book exercises on a neutral syllable prior to instrumental performance demonstrated significantly greater gains in sense of pitch than students who did not. Specifically, students who sang were better able to discriminate between two aural pitches, memorize short tonal melodies, convert aurally perceived sounds into musical notation, and convert musical notation into aural sounds. Carol MacKnight investigated the effects of solfège and tonal pattern training on the sight-reading achievement and aural-visual discrimination of beginning instrumentalists.5 She found that introducing pitches using tonal patterns, as presented in a researcherdesigned method book, was more effective than "finger-symbol" associations, as presented in a traditional method book. In a similar study, Patricia Grutzmacher examined the effects of solfège and tonal pattern training on the sight reading achievement and aural recognition of beginning instrumentalists.6 She discovered that using aural and printed tonal patterns with harmonization and singing was more effective than instruction based exclusively on traditional method book notation. These two studies suggest that traditional method book instruction may not be sufficient to successfully develop the aural-visual musicianship of young instrumentalists. Nevertheless, even when using a standard method book without tonal patterns, aural activities related to singing and solfège can foster ear playing and sight reading skills that are so crucial to the development of independent musicianship.7 Using a familiar method book melody, such as "Merrily We Roll Along,"8 sing the tune to students on a neutral syllable and ask them to repeat before viewing the related notation. After students are comfortable singing the three-pitch melody, introduce the concept of resting tone and add movable Do solfège syllables. Allowing students to experience sounds prior to notation will afford them an opportunity to develop correct intonation and tone quality, as well as instrumental technique. Students should also have opportunities to experiment aurally with the three pitches by improvising and composing original works. While this aural process should occur first, introduction of notation should not be delayed considerably. By teaching sight-reading as a natural extension of familiar aural melodies, students will resist the temptation to rely on notation and associated instrumental fingerings as an alternative to correct aural development. Singing


The frame and comb teeth are the main bearing components of the residual plastic film picker. In order to study the vibration characteristics of the frame, ANSYS Workbench was used to perform modal analysis on the frame. The results showed that the great difference between the inherent frequency and the external frequency of the frame could effectively avoid the occurrence of resonance. In order to design the structural parameters of the comb, based on EDEM, the stress and strain was analyzed by the orthogonal experiment. Moreover, the surface response analysis was performed to the comb based on Design Expert. The results indicated that the greater the forward speed of the comb moved, the deeper it stuck into soil, the smaller the angle of penetration drilled and the bigger soil resistance. The stress cloud map and total deformation of the comb teeth were analyzed by means of coupling analysis. The cusp of the comb teeth supported the maximum force and the maximum deformation. The maximum equivalent stress was 183.4 MPa and the maximum deformation was 20.949 mm. In terms of all experimental data, the design of the comb was reasonable. The field test result for the prototype pick-up rate was more than 85%, which met the pick-up requirements.


Foreword Preface Summary for policymakers Technical summary 1. Renewable energy and climate change 2. Bioenergy 3. Direct solar energy 4. Geothermal energy 5. Hydropower 6. Ocean energy 7. Wind energy 8. Integration of renewable energy into present and future energy systems 9. Renewable energy in the context of sustainable development 10. Mitigation potential and costs 11. Policy, financing and implementation Annex I. Glossary and acronyms Annex II. Methodology Annex III. Recent renewable energy cost and performance parameters Annex IV. Contributors to the IPCC Special Report Annex V. Reviewers of the IPCC Special Report Annex VI. Permissions to publish.


The present study examined the effect that success (win) or failure (loss) during competitive small-sided games (SSG) has on physical and physiological demands. Twenty six outfield hurling players were monitored with GPS (4-Hz, VX Sport, New Zealand) and heart rate monitors (Polar Electro, Oy, Kempele, Finland). Total distance (m), high-speed distance (≥ 17 km·h-1; m), sprint distance (≥ 22 km·h-1; m) and peak velocities (km·h-1) during SSG were analysed. Time spent in different HR zones, maximum heart rate (HRmax), average HR and percentage of HRmax were also considered. Results showed significant effects for team success (win) on all collected variables, with successful teams showing significantly higher total distances (p = 0.013; d = 3.50 ± 0.30; very large) when compared to losing teams. Team success during SSG impacted high-speed performance with winning teams covering more distance (p = 0.002; d = 4.53 ± 0.46; very large). Similar trends were documented for physiological variables with significant effects reported for winning teams spending more time at higher percentages (≥95%) of HRmax when compared to losing teams (p = 0.013; d = 2.64 ± 0.34, very large). The current study has shown that success (win) or failure (loss) within SSG plays an important role for SSG design.


We discuss the accuracy of a mechanism, called Oracle, to assess position and transmission ranges in VANET. We prove that, in the best case, the assessments of the oracle are exact. Moreover, we prove that the average case of the Oracle coincides with its best case. Therefore the Oracle is optimal. The errors that afflict the assessments of both the positions and the transmission ranges depend on the relative speeds between the vehicles. We prove that the distribution of those relative speeds is an unimodal distribution peaked in zero. We show and briefly discuss the results of several experiments we made, that fully confirmed our theoretical results.


Effective and efficient governance is integral to any country's well being. Governance is the exercise of power or authority; political, economic, administrative or otherwise to manage a country's resources and affairs. It comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences. The main strategy of having effective and efficient governance is to relate to the functioning of the public sector focused on accountability and scrutiny. The second part relates to the performance of the public sector on the connection between policy and implementation. It provides a concept that allows the public to discuss the role of government in coping with public issues and the contribution that other players may make. It opens one's mind to the possibility that groups in society other than government (for example, 'communities' or the 'voluntary sector') may have to play a stronger role in addressing problems.


A multicast scheme, the Transition Multicast Scheme (TMS), was developed, which is suitable for network multicast services during the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. TMS has extended network address transition and protocol transition (NATPT) implemented in the edge router, which cooperates with the rendezvous point (RP) of the IPv6 domain for multicast communications between IPv4 and IPv6. In the communications process, the NATPT router acts as a joint to transfer multicast messages between the IPv6 network layer members and the IPv4 application layer members. Simulations based on GT-ITM and measurements show that TMS effectively reduces the delay penalty and the link stresses while providing asmooth transition for IPv6 multicast deployment.


Somatoform disorders, or medically unexplained symptoms, present a significant challenge to the clinician, who needs to establish and reassure the patient that the complaint is not serious, while at the same time try to avoid the symptoms being iatrogenically maintained. Here, Dr Hadler and Dr Poole suggest a practical approach to the management of such disorders. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd


Objective To investigate the prevalence of anorectal pain in chronic constipation (CO patients. Methods With multi-centered stratified questionnaires investigation,the face to face questionnaires investigation was carried out on the symptoms of constipation and intensity,frequency and duration of anorectal pain in CC patients. CC and anorectal pain was diagnosed according to Rome Ⅲ criteria. Results Total 921 CC patients were investigated,and 909 questionnaires were valid. Of those,there were 258 male cases and 651 female cases,the mean age was(48. 9±18. 7)years. About 15. 1%(137/909)CC patients reported anorectal pain in last six months;of those 26 cases(2. 9%)with chronic proctalgia(CP),111 cases(12. 2%)with proctalgia fugax(PF). The percentage of pain occurred frequently or regularly in CP and PF patients was 88. 5%(23/26)and 73. 9%(82/111)respectively. The pain of PF patients was milder than that of CP patients. The detection rate of CP was higher in tertiary hospitals than in primary cares(3. 6% vs 0. 6%,P= 0. 04). There was no significant difference of PF detection rate between different hospitals(P= 0. 09). The occurrence of pain was associated with anorectal symptoms,sleeping and psychosocial condition. Conclusions CC patients are frequently with anorectal pain and more common in female,which should cause extensive concern by physicians.If necessary,the prevalence of anorectal pain in general population as well as the mechanism of the symptom need further investigation.

Key words:
Constipation; Anal canal; Rectal diseases; Pain; Spasm; Muhicenter study