A previously healthy 7-year-old boy without medical problems presented to an outlying institution with a 3-day history of increasing photophobia, headache, double vision, and low-grade fevers (up to 38.5°C). He and his family lived in rural Kentucky, and there was no significant travel history or known infectious exposures. All immunizations were administered according to AAP recommendations, and no prior hospitalizations were reported. Family medical history was noncontributory. At an outlying hospital, a diagnostic lumbar puncture revealed a total cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white count of 1800 cells/μL without red cell contamination. There, the white cell differential was interpreted as 3% neutrophils, 89% lymphocytes, and 8% monocytes. The total CSF protein was 62 mg/dL, glucose was 62 mg/dL, and the Gram stain was noted to be positive for rare Gram-negative rods on 1 high-powered field. A broth culture from the CSF showed scant growth of pansensitive Escherichia coli bacteria. Thus, the boy was diagnosed with infectious meningitis caused by E coli, and intravenous ceftriaxone therapy was started. However the boy's symptoms of headache and intense photophobia worsened over the next several days, and on the third day, the child was transferred to our institution for further management. On arrival, he demonstrated exquisite photophobia, diplopia, and headache. Though alert and oriented, he maintained a cloth over his eyes, insisted that the lights in the examination room be kept off for comfort, and opened only 1 eye at a time when looking at objects because of double vision. Weight and height were appropriate (50th percentile for Leukemia remains the most common malignancy of childhood, with about 20% of cases being myeloid in origin. The clinical presentation of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is usually related to replacement of the bone marrow by disease, with a concurrent collapse in normal hematopoiesis causing symptoms of anemia (lethargy, pallor), thrombocytopenia (increased bleeding/bruising), and/or loss of immune function (fevers/ infection). In addition, there may be bone pain, lymphadenopathy, organomegaly, or clinically evident myeloid tumor masses (chloromas) in the skin or other sites. We describe a case of pediatric AML in a previously healthy 7-year-old boy whose clinical presentation was more typical of infectious meningitis than of AML. Overt myeloid leukemic meningitis is highly extraordinary at presentation; therefore, we describe our patient's case to emphasize that occult malignancy should be considered in patients whose meningeal symptoms are accompanied by cranial nerve dysfunction and/or who do not show clinical improvement with conventional antimicrobial therapy.


. External knowledge bases, both generic and domain specific, available on the Web of Data have the potential of enriching the content of text documents with structured information. We present the Kanopy system that makes explicit use of this potential. Besides the common task of semantic annotation of documents, Kanopy analyses the semantic network that resides in DBpedia around extracted concepts. The system's main novelty lies in the translation of social network analysis measures to semantic networks in order to find suitable topic labels. Moreover, Kanopy extracts advanced knolwedge in the form of subgraphs that cap-ture the relationships between the concepts.


Chapter 1 List of Figures, Maps and Tables Chapter 2 Foreword by Joseph O. Vogel Chapter 3 Preface Chapter 4 Chapter 1: Monuments of the Past Chapter 5 Chapter 2: Human Landscapes Chapter 6 Chapter 3: Humans, Tool Makers Chapter 7 Chapter 4: Hunters, Gatherers, and a Social Universe Chapter 8 Chapter 5: The Emergence of the Hunter-Gatherer Chapter 9 Chapter 6: Microlithic Episodes Chapter 10 Chapter 7: Preludes to the Neolithic Chapter 11 Chapter 8: Twilight of the Hunterers-Gatherers Chapter 12 Appendix: Nelson Bay Cave, Lukenya Hill, and Kisio Rockshelter Chapter 13 Bibliography Chapter 14 Author Index Chapter 15 Subject Index Chapter 16 About the Author


Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are vital components of almost all terrestrial ecosystems, forming mutualistic symbioses with the roots of around 80% of all vascular plants. The main physiological basis for this mutualism is bi-directional nutrient transfer. Plants supply the AM fungi with sugars, and the fungi enhance the ability of the plants to scavenge for scarce and immobile nutrients, particularly P. In those plants that form mycorrhizal associations, there are two potential pathways of P uptake: P can bypass the mycorrhizae and be absorbed directly at the soil-root interface through root epidermis and root hairs, or P can enter through the 'mycorrhizal' pathway via external AM hyphae. In those cases where there is no response to symbiosis in terms of P uptake or plant growth, it has commonly been assumed that the mycorrhizal uptake pathway is not functioning and that all the plant P is being absorbed directly through P transporters in the root epidermis and root hairs. Contrary to these assumptions, Smith et al. (pp. 16–20) present evidence that AM fungi can provide the dominant route for plant P supply, even in those cases where the overall growth or P uptake remain unaffected by the development of mycorrhizal associations. Their results clearly indicate a loss of function of the direct uptake pathway in roots colonized by AM fungi; in some cases, this loss of function is complete.


This research aims to study the relationship between air quality and open burning behavior of local people in Chiang Rai Province. In the analyzing process, concentrations of Particle Matter or PM10 levels data documented by Pollution Control Department and the results from a field survey in 2012 were used as key parts. In addition, hotspot data obtained from MODIS Satellite System was used to represent fire occurrence. Satellite images from Landsat 5 TM 2007 was also brought in to be compared with the satellite images of the year 2010, the most critical year, in order to discover burned areas. Statistics of monthly average of PM10 and average number of hotspot occurrences from January - April in 2008 – 2012 were employed to compare the relationship between them. As a consequence, their pattern relationship was found to have a relatively similar trend. Moreover, by using supervised classification, the satellite images showed that in 2007 and 2010 the burned areas in Chiang Rai were 4,340 km2 or 37.46% and 4,386 km2 or 37.86% of the total provincial area respectively. From the field survey, it was found that most of these areas were repeated burning sites, mainly located in the forest where agricultural burning was normally conducted. Therefore, changing land use to minimize open burning is most likely another possible option to solve the smoke haze problem in Chiang Rai.


Abstract: As known from the very past experiences, elevated water tanks were collapsed or heavily damaged during earth quakes all over the world. These unusual events showed that the supporting system of the elevated tanks has more critical importance than the other structural types of tanks. The main aim of this project is to understand the seismic behavior of the elevated water tank and comparison of various seismic analysis parameters of the elevated reinforced concrete water tank with consideration and modeling of impulsive and convective water masses inside the container in Two Mass Model as per IS: 1893(part 2)-2002. The behavior of elevated water tanks with frame staging pattern is analyzed using from the codes IS 1893 (part 1): 2002 and IS 1893 (part 2): 2002. It can be observed from the analysis that elevated water tank with frame type of staging can perform better by following IS: 1893 (part 2): 2002 because, IS 1893 (part 1): 2002 is only for buildings and is not suitable for liquid retaining structures. The Base Shear and Overturning moments obtained from the code IS 1893 (part 1):2002 are greater than the values obtained from the code IS 1893 (part 2): 2002, this is due to the consideration of single degree of freedom in earlier code. Then finally concluded that in the earlier code the reinforcement is heavy, this will leads to uneconomical and it is considered as one of the disadvantage. From the recent code the base shear and overturning moment is less from that the reinforcement is reduced. It is very necessary to design and analyze the water tank as economical as possible. Finally the results have been presented in the form of graphs and tables.


A comparison of micropore size distributions in the range below 100 A has been made for a silica gel sample, using the results of exact and approximate Barrett, Joyner & Halenda computations and of the recently proposed method of Dollimore & Heal. A number of discrepancies were noted between the results of the computations; in particular, while total surface areas obtained from the determinations of Barrett, Joyner & Halenda were within 2% of the BET surface area, the value from the Dollimore & Heal computation was about 20% smaller.

The various methods which have been proposed for pore size distribution are essentially the same in theory; discrepancies such as those noted in this work are attributed to the differing values of adsorbed multilayer thickness used in the calculations. Although there is little agreement among the published correlations of multilayer thickness for nitrogen adsorption, the Halsey eqauation which is employed by Dollimore & Heal, lies well above other correlations and must be regarded as of questionable value in distribution computations. A satisfactory multilayer thickness correlation should provide a means of accounting for the effects of pore structure and non-ideal adsorption; the approach suggested by Mingle & Smith may be promising in this direction.


Disclosed is a method for producing a coating solution to increase the transmission rate by a coating on glass used in the manufacture of solar cell modules, it relates to a coating solution composition prepared by the above method. To A conventional, or by alternately laminating high refractive index layers and low refractive index layer in order to increase the transmission of light, or the antireflection photocatalytic coating, or a porous structure of the alkoxysilane utilized it was or, if precise lamination is difficult, costly, or storage stability of the coating liquid is difficult to use if there is disadvantages such as limited. The present invention has been derived in order to overcome such drawbacks, but to have hundreds nano inorganic particles are arranged in the filling shape porous structure similar sequences from several tens, porous while keeping an increase in the characteristics of the transmittance with sex structure, so as to improve the hardness as mechanical properties of the packing. .FIELD 1


The present disclosure relates to age verification system and method for solving the age confirmation request. Processing unit for processing the age confirmation request does not solve the age confirmation request, when issuing instructions to a customer in the supplier system, age verification request is unavailable for processing the display unit and other display units. Instruction from the display unit to the supplier system is a customer terminal, configured to generate a message to the customer associated with the customer image or document images. Age confirmation request, the instructions from the supplier system is received, again available for solving the display unit.


Abstract Epstein–Barr virus and vitamin D both have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, especially multiple sclerosis (MS). Vitamin D influences both innate and adaptive immune responses and has been linked to increased susceptibility to other viral infections such as influenza. Here we aimed to examine the association between vitamin D and acute infectious mononucleosis (IM).This study is a case–control study that was conducted on IM patients and a control group of healthy individuals at infectious disease clinics of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Patients were recruited from January to December 2014. The viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM titer and vitamin D levels were measured at the time of acute infection in IM patients. We also measured vitamin D levels in healthy controls recruited during the same period of time. A total number of 60 IM patients with the mean age of 23.26 ± 7.59 and a healthy control group with the mean age of 25.13 ± 6.72 were enrolled. In the IM pati...


1 +t2 B( t) = 2 + t2 E (0( t) is a sum of 2n-th powers of elements in '0(t) for all n. To prove this surprising fact, Becker used his newly developed theory of higher level orderings on fields; the proof was not constructive. He then proposed the following problem: Find an explicit formula giving a representation of B(t) as a sum of 2n-th powers (in '0(t)) for all n. Becker promised a bottle of champagne to the first person to solve this; as a result, the problem became known as the Champagne Problem. The problem still remains unsolved in the form stated by Becker; however, recent work of B. Reznick gives an explicit formula for B(t) as a sum of 2n-th powers of elements in R(t). The theory of higher level orderings on fields, and hence the Champagne Problem, has its genesis in Hilbert's 17th Problem and E. Artin's solution to it. In this paper, we trace the history of these roots of the Champagne Problem and briefly describe Reznick's solution.


A recent study into community capacity building in a remote Australian community used a social capital survey instrument. The results indicate that women, often under-represented in decision-making and unrecognised as influential and powerful, form a major plank of the social capital strength m the community and demonstrate high commitment to environmental sustainabifity. The results for older women are particularly interesting. Findings have implications for community analysis, funding decisions and planning for promotion and development of programs on environmental sustainability. In 2002 a group of volunteers, mostly women, assisted with research into social capital. The women were drawn from the community through their attendance at community roundtable gatherings and community markets where the stall about the research had been set up and brochures placed in sample bags. Most people who expressed interest in being on the research team were women. Some were employed, others were retired or unemployed. The research team was headed by Jenny Onyx from the University of Technology Sydney who with Paul Bullen developed the survey instrument now validated in Australia and being tested overseas to accurately measure social capital (2000). The research team used the Onyx and Bullen survey instrument on social capital in the community of Broken Hill. The volunteers included specific questions about life in the town. One group of questions focused on attitudes towards environmental issues. In another paper (Onyx, Osburn and Bullen 2004) the link between social capital and concern for issues of ecological sustainability has been established. That is, the way people think and act towards other people within the community and the way they think and act towards the environment seem to be connected. This paper reports on the strength of the link we found between the two concepts of social capital and ecological sustainability. Moreover, the survey found that it was women more than men who have not only higher social capital and conununity connectivity but also had stronger commitment to ecological sustainability. These links have particular relevance for women and for those people planning programs to raise environmental awareness or activities to encourage ecological sustainability. The contribution of this paper is not to theory as such, but to how the effective application of an instrument which measures social capital can lead us to uncover where to position our energies in a community. Theresults of this research indicate that in this particular town, efforts and messages to promote ecological sustainability will find fertile ground if directed towards women and women's networks of connectivity . • JennyOnyx is Directorof the Centre forAustralianCommunityOrganisationsManagementat the Universityof TechnologvSy~Y' Paul Bullen is withManagementAlternatives;CraigWood is Social WorkerinFar West AreaHealth Servicein BrokenHill and LynelleOsburn is at Charles SturtUniversity Wagga·WiIgga.


Looking back, we are outraged at the way exceptional children of the past were totally segregated from regular classroom experiences. In view of this practice, few of us would fail to embrace the mainstreaming philosophy. Not only has it received wide acceptance, but its guiding principle-which stipulates that exceptional children should be provided with the least restrictive educational placementhas been promulgated in federal legislation (P. L. 94-142) aimed at upgrading the quality of services to the handicapped. Despite its widespread growth and popularity, mainstreaming in the public schools has evidenced a number of problems, most of which are inherent in the translation of mainstreaming theory into practice. The shortcomings, discussed below, are evident in the way many public schools fail to supply a full range of special placement options, over-rely on consultation and resource programs, and fail to furnish adequate special education instruction in the regular class setting. Mainstream models have proposed various forms of special educational intervention, such as consultation by a specialist with the regular classroom teacher, part-time participation in a resource room with a special education teacher and/ or special instructional materials, half-day special class placement, and full-time special class placement. (1 and 3) Unfortunately, sufficient funds are seldom available to finance a full range of special education options that extend across twelve grades, numerous schools, and several areas of exceptionality, including educable mental retardation, learning disabilities, and emotional disturbance. As a result, the child is provided with whatever program exists, rather than with the kind he needs.


Object of the present invention to provide a freely move in the air and can be displayed in any place of the image display apparatus. Further, the object of the present invention is that the image having a predetermined length to be as natural as possible into the state of human vision. The image display apparatus includes a self-moving airship in the air, and loaded into the ground below the airship (including ground, a floor, a wall) of the image projected by the projector on the airship, for the captured image from the camera is analyzed to the projector display image projection near to the identified people.


A novel kind of crystal order in high-density nanoconfined bilayer ice is proposed from molecular dynamics and density-functional theory simulations. A first-order transition is observed between a low-temperature proton-ordered solid and a high-temperature proton-disordered solid. The latter is shown to possess crystalline order for the oxygen positions, arranged on a close-packed triangular lattice with AA stacking. Uniquely amongst the ice phases, the triangular bilayer is characterized by two levels of disorder (for the bonding network and for the protons) which results in a residual entropy twice that of bulk ice.


THE PRINCIPAL ARGUMENT OF THIS PAPER IS CONTAINED IN THE TITLE, VIZ. that the Supreme Court is now probably the most trusted major institution in India. This appears to be quite a recent circumstance and largely an outcome of two other developments. The first development is the steep decline in the prestige of other institutions, above all politicians but also including the bureaucracy. But secondly, the Supreme Court has been responsible for its own rise in popularity by adopting an overall approach that has increasingly made it seem the only true fount of justice in India. The more the other institutions have declined in prestige and trust, the more the Court has risen. This paper, then, is a short interrogation of aspects of the first half-century of the Supreme Court's existence. Although I will make an effort to place this history into the larger context of Indian public institutions, my main concentration will be on the Court itself. But I will begin with some words about this larger context.


Abstract : This memorandum concerns research of national broadcasts by the People's Repbulic of China about the Soviet Union from March 1, 1976 through April 30, 1977. The purpose was to survey the content of the attacks by China on Russia, and then to compare the frequency of the attacks for the six months immediately preceding the death of Mao Tse-tung and the purge of the Gang of Four one month later, with those for the six-month period immediately thereafter. With the results, the author conjectures what course the future direction of Chinese policy toward the Soviet Union might take. (Author)


A medical device is defined as "any an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent" and "intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals". Objective: The objective of this systematic review was to outline the steps and necessary requirements needed for approval and legislation of new medical devices. Methods:  Two databases; PubMed and Google Scholar were electronically searched for articles published from year 2011 to 2021. The following MeSH (Medical Subjects Headings) terms; "new medical devices", "Regulatory Bodies", "Approval Medical Devices", "Pre-market Post-market Approval" along with Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT were used to search for the articles. Results: It is evident from our study that risks associated with new medical and dental devices are being taken seriously by the governments of different countries and intensive work is done to minimize the risks and maximize the benefits of them. Conclusions: It is safe to say that we are entering a new era of safe medical practice along with new and better devices being available for the public. The reforms being made will help not only the hospitals and patients but will also assist the manufacturers in understanding the mechanisms involved in clearing their products for the approval. It will lead to advancement and reshaping healthcare system to combat many challenges faced by it and promote and protect the public health.


: In this technically knowledgeable world, conclusions and surveys available to us are a standout amongst the most unequivocal and requesting factors in building up our perspectives and affecting the accomplishment of a brand, item or service. With the entry and development of online networking, associates frequently express their feelings on prevalent web-based social networking stages. The likelihood that anyone can leave an audit makes a susceptible door for spammers to compose spam surveys about items, administrations and services. Recognizing the spam substance will be the primary target of the proposed spam recognition system. Once the spam audits are sifted through from the unsupervised informational index, whatever remains of the surveys will shape regulated informational collection which forms the supervised information on to which sentimental analysis approach will be applied and calculations are done, so as to gauge the assumption estimation of each audit based on the opinion value found


Depression is one of the most prevalent pathologies in older adults. Its diagnosis and treatment are complex due to different factors that intervene in its development and progression, including intercurrent organic diseases, perceptual deficits, use of drugs, and psycho-social conditions associated with the aging process. We present the case of a 75-year-old woman (who lives in the community) with a diagnosis of major depression with more than 10 years of history, analyzing her evolution and therapeutic approach.


Human speech recognition has been studied using response to CV speech stimuli. Miller and Nicely (1955) studied such data in the form of confusion matrices to obtain insight into the psychological structure of the phone in noise. Here, the confusion matrices are modeled as phone coordinates in a high dimensional perceptual vector space. The model generalizes to an eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) [Allen (2004)]. This is followed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering of the transformed data, and an automated process is used to identify the main clusters. The resulting EVD clustering is very similar to other Miller–Nicely groupings, based on both production and MDS derived features, but is more model based. It was found that there is a gradual and highly consistent change in the clustering of sounds, independent of cluster size and configuration. By examining the change in similarity between various speech sounds, it is hoped that perceptual features may be uniquely identified.


This report presents a technique for encoding motion video using a modified fractal block coding algorithm. The encoding algorithm is used as the main component in a video transmission system. The algorithm performs a reduced search through the domain block pool. To enhance performance, the domain block pool is partitioned and a cache is used, where an 8% improvement is shown. Through these techniques, the transmission process can work at speeds of approximately 4 fps.


Author(s) Title Number of Pages Date Sushan Khadka Evaluation of Radio Anechoic Chamber 44 pages + 3 appendices 27 April 2017 Degree Bachelor of Engineering Degree Programme Electronics Specialisation option Instructor(s) Matti Fischer, Principal Lecturer The main goal of this project was to evaluate the radio anechoic chamber located on 6 floor of the electronics department building of Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences at Albertinkartu 40-42, 00150 Helsinki. From the results obtained, the performance of the anechoic chamber was determined; how well the chamber was absorbing the signals generated inside the chamber; if the antenna measurements that were being carried out inside the chamber were accurate. The chamber was evaluated using APC method and VSWR method which are the two most common type of techniques used for determining the reflectivity of an anechoic chamber. In each method, two identical patch antennas tuned at 735 MHz frequency were used and the measurements were recorded using the network analyzer. The final value of reflectivity calculated from both methods were compared to the commercial standard and thus the evaluation of the chamber was realized. From the calculated results, the reflectivity of the chamber was found to be quite supporting with the tested frequency and the performance of the pyramidal absorber. In addition, the anechoic chamber seems to be complying with the commercial standard for radiated emission test. The main target of the project fulfilled the requirement of the frequency that was used for the measurements. However, an anechoic chamber cannot be evaluated relying on one frequency only. The reflectivity of the chamber can be investigated at various frequencies and proper evaluation of the chamber can be achieved. The reflectivity value of the anechoic chamber calculated during this project can give an individual idea to some extent regarding the performance of the chamber and inconsistency in the measurements that is being carried out inside the chamber.


Teachers want students to be calm, focused, persistent, and to show the ability to work hard for future reward. With these characteristics in place, students are far more likely to respect classroom rules and procedures, respect adult authority, have positive peer interactions, and learn in our classrooms. These students demonstrate self-regulation, the capacity to adjust their emotions, bodies, and behavior to meet the needs of the situation; in this example they have adjusted to the expectations and needs of the classroom.


The paper proposes that raising the teaching quality of TV technical secondary education should strengthen the organizaitonal construction and accomplish the fixed number of staff members responsible for their own jobs. Intensifying student's enrolling management is ensuring the quality of students while strengthening the regular teaching management is raising the teaching quality to ensure the promotion of the overall quality-oriented education. At present, TV technical secondary education needs to input a certain mount of fund,build up teaching materials,stabilize the teaching staff members,set up a system of examination and inspection and carry out the fellow-up survey of graduates.


Abstract The purpose of our work was to produce high quality diesel/biodiesel and to meet the biodegradability requirement by using renewable raw materials. The technological process using heterogeneous catalysts is more environmentally friendly than the conventional approach for the preparation of alkyl esters. The heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation and subsequent calcination and BET, XRD, FT-IR and SEM techniques were employed in order to describe the structural and morphological characteristics. The results indicated that the prepared catalysts possessed high activities and stabilities during the catalysis process. The performance of the obtained esters was evaluated by HFRR and cloud/pour point tests. Research suggested that these synthesized esters have an improved effect on the lubricating property and cold flow performance of diesel fuels.


Young farmers must overcome certain barriers when entering the sector. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the main obstacles in starting a farming business and to assess whether the entry barriers faced by young farmers depend on the size of a farm. We used data from electronic survey conducted among 510 young farmers in the Czech Republic. The average size of a farm was between 0 to 1000 ha (on average 42.4 ha). The farmers were divided into the following categories: those with a holding a from 0 to 5 ha – small, those with a holding a over 5 ha to 50 ha – medium, and those with a holding a over 50 ha – large. Young farmers assessed the difficulties, which they had to overcome when starting up a farm on a scale from 1 (this was certainly a barrier) to 4 (it was not a huge barrier) and 0 (it is not my case). The average score for each category and barrier was calculated. The highest barrier was administrative burden and purchase of agricultural land. Young farmers did not perceive strategic planning and purchase of livestock as a big problem. The test in contingency table revealed that almost all types of barriers statistically significantly depended on the size of the farm. Staring a business is the most difficult problem for small and middle farms, but purchase of an agricultural land and obtaining knowledge and experience is difficult for all farms to a similar axtent.


Literature interpretation, laboratory experimentation, and data analysis was used to infer guidelines to assist in assessing multiple barrel staggered-systems that mimic natural stream behavior to facilitate solids migration, yet still provide the sufficient clear-water hydraulic capacity to meet their transportation infrastructure drainage needs. A database developed from literature data pertaining to solids transport was developed along with a screening tool for estimating solids transport. The laboratory study examined staggered barrel and conventional culverts both in-line with the stream axis and skew to that axis to develop tools to predict culvert performance. Experiments showed culvert open area was correlated with solids transport while culvert shape was not. Staggered systems showed some advantage in skew-settings performing slightly better than anticipated based on in-line studies. Stage-conveyance plots showed that the largest open area systems to have a curve closest to the approach section stage-conveyance until submergence; a finding supportive of matching the approach section conveyance and the culvert system conveyance to maintain solids continuity through the system. Examples illustrating the screening tool on selected experiments are presented, as are suggestions for future study.


Chapter Eight entitled "Security Breakdown and Regional Disintegration" analyses this security disaster and the region's disintegration. The collapse of the state in Libya as well as the development of jihadi groups in North Africa and in the Sahel is eroding the state in North Africa. These countries are being pressured by the European Union to retake control of their borders and stem migration flows. Security policies are draining part of these states' meagre resources to the detriment of economic and social development.


For efficient testing of aeroelastic models in wind tunnels, a programmed variation of the dynamic pressure during a run is desirable. A system which provides variation of dynamic pressure resulting from a variation of stagnation pressure, in either a step-mode or a continuous mode has been designed and integrated with the PRV control systems of the HAL 4-ft trisonic wind tunnel. This report describes the salient features of the system and provides its operating instructions.


The paper discusses two problems concerning the metaphysics of foreknowledge. In the first section I focus on an argument that purports to show that there is no such a thing. In the second one I discuss the relation between the foreknowledge of our own behaviour, or 'autoforeknowledge', and what we may call 'the phenomenology of freedom'. As for the first issue, I employ David Lewis' discussion of the Grandfather Paradox to argue that the argument in question overlooks a key feature of the semantics of 'can'. As for the second issue, I develop some remarks by Paul Horwich to show that, contrary appearances notwithstanding, autoforeknowledge is not necessarily incompatible with the phenomenology of freedom.


The hydrophobic magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a wet method using magnesium sulfate and sodium hydroxide as raw materials in situ aqueous solution,and oleic acid as the modifying agent.The microstructures and morphology of the obtained samples were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),infrared spectra(IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis(DTA-TGA).The measurement of the active ratio indicated that magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles were hydrophobic.It had been found that the as-prepared materials displayed disc morphology with average diameters from 200 to 300 nm and the thicknesses about 10 nm.Moreover,the friction coefficient of the base oil was decreased by the addition of hydrophobic magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles.


tory, theory, and practice of world architecture. In addition, the library includes among its holdings several special collections. These are nonbook, and in most cases nontraditional, library ma terials, such as toys, souvenir models, competition kits, architects' prospectuses, vertical files, and other printed ephemera. Interest in, and consequently the attitude towards, this latter material is changing. Where once such items were seen as minor curiosities within a collection, they are now recognized as legiti mate sources for exhibition and scholarly research. Where once


Local pollen data, diminution of body size of three ungulate species, and decreased mammalian richness and evenness all indicate grass decreased in abundance during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (PHT) in eastern Washington state, USA. This paleoenvironmental history suggests that the abundance of remains of Microtus sp. should decrease as remains of Peromyscus maniculatus increase in abundance during the PHT. These two taxa have well‐known ecologies relative to one another. PHT sediments at the Marmes archeological site in south‐eastern Washington state are sorted into three chronologically sequent, isotaphonomic analytical units. Relative abundances of remains of Microtus sp. and P. maniculatus shift across the analytical units in the predicted manner whether raw abundances or rarified abundances are considered. These results suggest relative abundances of remains of Microtus sp. and P. maniculatus recovered from other sites may be used as relative indicators of paleohabitats. Their abundances at Homestead Cave, Utah, shift as predicted from the Late Pleistocene through the Early Holocene.


I became acquainted with Dr. C. W. Stiles when, as a graduate student at the School of Hygiene and Public Health of The Johns Hopkins University, I had the privilege of attending the meetings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. This little group of serious thinkers would alternate monthly meetings between Baltimore and Washington. Doctor Stiles usually came early to the Baltimore meetings and would spend much time talking to Doctor Cort's students. Some of the Washington meetings would be held in Doctor Stiles' laboratory, and others would be of a social nature at his home. Being an articulate speaker and charming conversationalist, Stiles left the listener with many impressions and memories on occasions of every sort, whether they were "Helmsoc" meetings, social gatherings, or laboratory visits. After my student days, I learned of Doctor Stiles' retirement and failing health. Thinking that the important scientific episodes and the other interesting events of his life should be recorded while first-hand material was still available, I asked Doctor Stiles for permission to write a biographical article, and for assistance in the task. The rough, unfinished draft of an autobiographical sketch, begun some years before and intended for his grandchildren, furnished me with much personal material, especially on the earlier part of his life. This was supplemented by considerable correspondence and by biographical data already published. The biographical article1 was published after Doctor Stiles' death, which occurred on January 24, 1941. Son and grandson of stern New England clergymen, Charles Stiles' boyhood training was a bit austere even for the 1870's.


A new homologous series of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(azomethine-ether)s was synthesized by solution polycondensation of various diformyl-alpha,omega-diphenoxyalkanes, I-VIII with 2,5-bis(m-aminobenzylidene)cyclopentanone, XI and 2,6-bis(m-aminobenzylidene)cyclohexanone, XII. The inherent viscosities of the polymers were in the range 0.34-0.75 dI g-1. The mesomorphic properties were studied as a function of the diphenoxyalkane spacer length. Analyses by DSC and optical polarized microscopy demonstrated that the poly(azomethine-ether)s form nematic mesophases over wide temperature ranges. The poly(azomethine-ether)s based on the cyclohexanone moiety had better thermal stabilities than the corresponding poly(azomethine-ether)s based on cyclopentanone.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze the land fund, the human factor and the industrial means used by companies in the sugar industry. Therefore the research will establish the following objectives: analyzing the usage of production factors in the sugar industry taking as an example the sugar beet processing factories in Romania; using the production function in the analysis of the effectiveness of the production factors usage; suggesting an analysis aggregate model for the effectiveness of production factors usage in order to allow the analysis of the production change in accordance with the analyzed factors.


Introduction: To make decisions is central to individuals' welfare, well-being and active citizenship. Self-determination for people with intellectual disability (ID) has been increasingly emphasiz ...


Muscular exercise promotes the production of radicals and other reactive oxygen species in the working muscle. To protect against exercise-induced oxidative injury exogenous dietary antioxidants interact with endogenous antioxidants to form a cooperative network of cellular antioxidants. The traditional dietary antioxidants most commonly investigated to inhibit free radical damage are vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene and selenium. This article examines studies of human subjects that have shown increases in oxidative stress during performance of strenuous exercise and then evaluates studies that examined whether antioxidant supplementation would reduce this stress. These studies offer some evidence as to whether participation in rigorous physical activity may increase the body`s requirement for antioxidants. Supplementation with antioxidants appears to reduce lipid peroxidation but has not been shown to enhance exercise performance. Furthermore, it is currently unclear whether regular vigorous exercise increases the need for dietary intake of antioxidants of individual athletes is needed. Whether athletes should take antioxidant supplements remains controversial. However, it is important that those who exercise regularly or occasionally ingest foods rich in antioxidants.


Exposure to indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke has given rise to different risk factors and adverse health outcomes throughout the world especially in developing counties such as Pakistan. This study aimed to analyze the exposure of people of Lahore to secondhand smoke and indoor air pollutants to determine the risk factors along with the health impacts. An online questionnaire survey with a sample size of 208 was conducted in Lahore. The questionnaire consisted of 60 questions and was divided into five sections dealing with the respondent's profile, exposure to indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke, and health impacts. The results showed that out of 208 individuals, 33.2% of individuals rated their Indoor Air Quality as fine. While 30.8%, 8.2%, and 2.9% of individuals rated IAQ as good, bad, and poor, respectively. The percentage of non-smokers and active smokers was 90.1% and 9.1%. 50% of individuals considered headaches as the symptom of a major health concern due to exposure to IAP. 38% of individuals suffered from headaches while, 22.6%, 21.2%, 16.8%, and 15.9% of individuals suffered from coughing, sneezing, eye irritation, and runny nose because of exposure to IAP, respectively. There is a strong association between health impacts and exposure to indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke. Therefore, public awareness and proper mitigatory measures can play a role to prevent such risk factors and health impacts caused by IAP and tobacco smoke.


A heart assist in providing a proper systolic and diastolic circulatory function, and provides a mechanical device which can be installed in a heart with minimally invasive techniques. Device for assisting the function of A heart can be deployed using minimally invasive procedure. The device, for example, a collapsible to facilitate insertion and deployment in the heart into the chest cavity through specially configured tube. In one embodiment, the device includes a cup-shaped shell having a wall extending from the hole at the apex of the shell includes an outer surface and an inner surface to the rim, the base adjacent along the inner surface of the base and the shell including ports shell rim and a near the distal end a plurality of flexible radial strut includes a proximal end that extends in the arranged cup-like support cage in a cup-shaped shell, joined outer surface, an inner surface, the rim of the cup-shaped shell upper region, tapered seal, a liner comprising resilient central region and a lower region joined to the base near the cup-shaped shell of the support cage, expandable cavity thereby between the outer surface and the shell inner surface of the liner and the liner to form a connected to the apex of the cup-shaped shell, and a first lumen can be connected to the first fitting, it communicates with the inflatable cavity between the outer surface and the shell inner surface of the liner, and the Into the lumen of the and a second fixture connectable. .Field


The results of a complex photometric and spectral investigation of the regular Sb galaxy NGC 615 are presented. The observations were made with the 6 m, 1 m, and 0.6 m telescopes of the Special Astrophysical Observatory RAS (Nizhnij Arkhyz, Russia) and the 1.5 m ESO telescope (La Silla, Chile). The analysis of the radial brightness profiles reveals the existence of at least two decoupled exponential components; the parameters of the outer component are typical for the global disks of Sb galaxies, and the inner component seen in the radius range 9″–30″ (1.0–3.5 kpc) is distinguished by compactness and high surface brightness. A combination of two-dimensional velocity fields for stars and ionized gas in the central part of the galaxy and of the long-slit velocity profiles along the major axis up to the optical border of NGC 615 provides some interesting findings. In the very center, R < 3″ (0.3 kpc), stars and gas rotate together, and the dynamical and photometric major axes are turned with respect to the global line of nodes; we conclude that an inclined circumnuclear disk is detected. In the bulge, R = 3″–6″ (0.35–0.75 kpc), the stellar velocity dispersion is more than 100 km s-1, the stars rotate twice as slowly as the ionized gas, and a counterrotating gaseous component is observed. In the inner exponential component the stars rotate together with the ionized gas, and the stellar velocity dispersion drops to about 50 km s-1. As the photometric major axis of this component is turned with respect to the line of nodes, we call it "an oval inner disk." The mean age of the stellar populations in the nucleus and in the inner disk beyond its H II regions is 5 Gyr, while the bulge is much older. Both the chemically decoupled nucleus of NGC 615 and the inner disk probably formed the bulk of their more luminous stars in a secondary burst of star formation, perhaps provoked by the close passage of another galaxy some gigayears ago.


This paper presents an analysis model on the establishment of international joint ventures. It aims to show how different dimensions of the environment can influences decisions whether establish a partnership, decisions about what kind of partner is chosen, about the structure of the partnership and how the environment influences the evolution of the partnership. It makes necessary using a multi theoretical framework consisted of three theoretical perspectives which allow (as a whole) a better comprehension about the multifaceted nature of this organizational phenomena. The theories that compose the model are: the institutional theory (social-cultural issues); the transaction economic costs (economic and strategic issues) and the resource dependence theory (political issues).


The effects of a compatibilizer, styrene-(epoxidized butadiene) - styrene triblock co-polymer (ESBS) on dynamic properties, curing characteristics and swelling behavior of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 50) blends were studied. Results indicate that the presence of ESBS improved the processability, increase the scorch time, t 2 and reduce the cure time, t 90 of the SBR/ENR 50 blends. The improved interfacial interaction between SBR and ENR 50 in the presence of ESBS also resulted in SBR/ENR 50 blends having better oil resistance than similar blends without a compatibilizer.


Ion‐pair formation from photoexcitation of OCS and CO2 has been studied by negative‐ion mass spectrometry using synchrotron radiation in the 15–35 eV photon energy range. Negative ions S− and O− from OCS and O− from CO2 have been observed. The lowest onset energy in the photodissociation efficiency curve for each ion is in good agreement with the thermochemical threshold for the formation of the negative ion in the ground 2Pu state and its counterpart positive ion in the ground 2Σ+ state. There exist series of peaks with medium intensities in the efficiency curves of S− from OCS and O− from CO2; they are identified as resulting from predissociation of the Rydberg states converging to OCS+(B 2Σ+) and CO+2(C 2Σ+g), respectively. Broad peaks are observed at 18.4 eV (∼675 A) in the efficiency curves for both S− and O− produced from OCS. Predissociation of the excited valence state formed by the intravalence 9σ→10σ transition is considered to mainly contribute to these features. In addition, a broadband feat...


The objective of this study was to investigate the inherent structural‐chemical features of Chinese feed‐type sorghum seed using synchrotron‐radiation Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (SRFTIRM) with two multivariate molecular spectral analysis techniques: Agglomerative Hierarchical cluster (AHCA) and principal component analyses (PCA). The results show that by application of these two multivariate techniques with the infrared spectroscopy of the SRFTIRM, it makes possible to discriminate and classify the inherent molecular structural features among the different layers of sorghum with a great efficiency. With the SRFTIRM, images of the molecular chemistry of sorghum could be generated at an ultra‐spatial resolution. The features of nutrient matrix and nutrient make‐up and interactions could be revealed.


The combined effects of an ageing population structure and shifts in the timing of family formation mean that some kin members will increasingly be providing help to an ageing parent, while also supporting their own children. As a pivotal group in multiple generation families, those in mid-life may well find themselves at the centre of these potentially competing needs. This paper examines the types of help individuals in mid-life provide to an older parent and an adult child living in separate households. Findings show that they channel more support towards an adult child than to a parent, children receiving predominantly financial help, an older parent help with daily tasks. Both generations are given emotional support. Multivariate logistic regression results show that providing help to their own child increases the likelihood that the mid-lifer will also provide support to an ageing parent. From a policy perspective, these results suggest the need to reconsider the relevance of the household and shared residence as defining criteria for identifying "family", and as a basis for assessing need.


The invention relates to the technical field of a cloud game, and particularly relates to a cloud game system and a cloud game method based on unified certification, which is used for the cooperative work of a plurality of platforms such as cloud games. The cloud game system comprises a plurality of user terminals which are certificated at a certification interface; after a plurality of user terminals are certificated, the cloud game is carried out by utilizing a cloud game service cluster, the game development is carried out by utilizing a cloud game development cluster, and the data storage can be carried out by utilizing a cloud storage system; the data generated by the cloud game service cluster and the cloud game development cluster is stored by a cloud storage system. By adopting the system and method of the embodiment, the original independent cloud game service cluster, the cloud game development cluster and the cloud storage system can be integrated, and all cloud platforms can be used by a user by virtue of one-step identity certification.


The invention discloses a food additive for adjusting and reducing blood fat, which is prepared from oat bran, wheat bran, lecithin, a tartary buckwheat extract, a folium ginkgo extract, red beans, perilla seeds, perilla leaves, coix seeds, almonds, jujube kernels, mulberry leaves, chrysanthemum, Chinese wolfberry, pawpaw, rhizoma zingiberis, liquorice, white hyacinth beans, hawthorn, malt, radish seeds, endothelium corneum gigeriae galli, yam, orange peel, tuckahoe, fingered citron, fructus cannabis,lily, fructus momordicae and brush cherry seeds according to the method of: drying and crushing the oat bran to obtain oat fiber after the oat bran is added with water and is subjected to extrusion expansion treatment; drying and crushing the wheat bran to obtain wheat fiber after the wheat bran is subjected to acid treatment to remove starch and is subjected to alkali protease treatment to decompose protein; extracting tartary buckwheat shells and folium ginkgo by ethanol to obtain the tartary buckwheat extract and the folium ginkgo extract; crushing other raw materials; and mixing the obtained materials according to the mixture ratio of raw materials, stirring the mixture, and sieving the mixture to obtain the food additive. The food additive has the unique effect which cannot be substituted by medicaments, has a simple manufacturing method, and has large market potential.


Performance measurement in surgery is required for quality improvement. Most quality measures have focused on processes of care, but outcomes are generally considered the bottom line of health care quality. Colon surgery is a common surgical procedure and is associated with appreciable morbidity and mortality, making it an ideal target for outcomes-based surgical quality improvement efforts. Therefore, The American College of Surgeons sought to develop a colectomy composite outcome measure for mortality or any serious morbidity. This measure, now endorsed by the National Quality Forum, is feasible, is valid, has substantial clinical importance, and is projected to have acceptable reliability for 84% of colon resections performed in the United States.


Abstract
A prerequisite to be able to use semi-natural pastures in an optimal way is knowledge about their conditions and properties. One thing to consider is the amount of herbage mass that can be produced during one season on different types of semi-natural pastures. That knowledge makes it easier to choose which type of animals and how many you are able to have in each paddock to maintain a high biodiversity and achieve the desired production of the animals at the same time.

This study was performed in nine different semi-natural pastures around Uppsala. The paddocks were already mapped with regard to different vegetation types. Exclosure cages were placed on previously fertilized, mesic, dry, shaded and wet vegetation. Primarily, small exclosure cages made of metal wires with the size of 0.5*0.5 m were used, three per vegetation type and paddock. In one paddock, traditional larger exclosure cages of 2*1 m placed in the vicinity of the small cages were also used on mesic, dry and wet vegetation to perform a methodology study, to investigate if small exclosure cages would give approximately the same results as the traditional larger ones. A total of 117 small and 9 large cages were used in the study giving 126 exclosure cages altogether. The grass in all cages was cut with a scissor at a stubble height of 1-2 cm six times during the grazing season between May and September. The samples were dried and the annual yield as well as differences between vegetation types were analyzed statistically using the mixed procedure. A separate analysis was also performed to statistically analyze if there was a difference in the estimation of herbage production between the small and large exclosure cages.

This study showed that previously fertilized and wet vegetation produced most, with an annual yield of approximately 5000 kg DM per ha. Mesic vegetation had an annual production of just over 3000 kg DM per ha while the dry and shaded vegetation produced least, yielding hardly 2000 and 1000 kg DM per ha and year, respectively. The production obtained in the present study was higher than values reported earlier (Pelve, 2010), especially the yield on dry pastures was considerable higher in this study. It is possible that part of the difference between the two studies are due to favourable weather conditions during the season of 2010 compared with the prevailing weather conditions in the earlier study.

Small exclosures gave less accurate results with a bigger variation, especially on wet land which is more uneven and hummocky which complicates the placing of this type of exclosure cages. The lower accuracy is to some extent compensated by the possibility to use much more sample units when using small cages compared to when one works with the larger, traditional cages.


This paper is not intended to give the pros or cons of conventional sampling methods (generators of numbers). Rather, our intent is to emphasize the importance of the credibility and integrity of the generated number, by what ever methodology selected, and point out some problems that can be encountered when numbers are poorly generated or analyzed. As generators of numbers we are responsible for the end-products of data analysis for the decision maker. In response to a 1977 Presidential directive to the Council on Environmental Quality, CEQ, an Interagency Task Force was developed to review present federal environmental monitoring and data collection programs and to recommend effective improvements. The Federal Government depends upon the analyses that result from such programs to direct sound policy and decisions. These directives affect the public health and welfare and result in large annual expenditures of funds by all levels of government and the private sector. During the past few years, several major federal environmental and data collection programs were found to be inadequate. Although concern about the reliability of analytical results has always existed, this concern has come more into focus because of the growing interest and activity in environmental pollution control, with its heavy reliance on analytical results for enforcement, regulation, and litigation. This concern primarily is due to the inherent limitations in the conduct and analysis of observed measurements. Certainly, since there are no absolutes in analytical results, in terms of a particular protocol, some indication of value or reliability of the results is needed. Consistent with environmental pollution control, range management deals with precious resources and cannot be ignored when implementing monitoring and data collection programs. Vegetation data, as do other natural resource data, relate thecondition of a system at a particular place and time. It is not possible to perform verifying remeasurement because of the inherent special and temporal variability of the system. Additionally, if a sample is collected and analyzed, the nature of the sample is often changed in the measurement process (i.e. clipping, water quality dynamics, etc.). Because of the impossibility of verifying past measurements, quality assurance can only rest on documented application ofproven methodology by qualifiedpersonnel following accepted guidelines


The utility model discloses a large-power high-frequency high-voltage rectifier transformer. The large-power high-frequency high-voltage rectifier transformer comprises iron cores, high-voltage windings, rectifier bridges, low-voltage windings and an oil box and further comprises a supporting frame, wherein the iron cores are at least two in number and are sequentially arranged on the supporting frame, a gap is formed between every two adjacent iron cores, the iron cores are wound by the high-voltage windings respectively, and the high-voltage windings are connected with the rectifier bridges matched with the high-voltage windings. The output ends of the rectifier bridges are sequentially connected in series to achieve output, the low-voltage windings penetrate through iron core holes in a wound mode, an insulation layer is arranged between every two high-voltage windings which wound on the adjacent iron cores, another insulation layer is arranged between each high-voltage winding and each low-voltage winding, and supporting frame is arranged in the oil box. The large-power high-frequency high-voltage rectifier transformer can avoid the phenomenon that local temperature rises very high, thereby slowing aging speed of material, and prolonging service life of transformer oil; meanwhile, service life of the transformer is prolonged.


sense of the research context. The cases, therefore, are detailed and descriptive but nevertheless easy to read. The biggest value of this book is its holistic perspectives in linking intangible heritage and museology together. As cultural practice, intangible heritage is transformed into tangible objects associated with new museological perspectives. This approach to preserving intangible heritage contributes to an interpretative ethnographic framework which is different from traditional heritage preservation. This will encourage further debates about authenticity, community participation, and cultural transformation between the museum, culture, and tourism sectors. As this book gives clear explanations and useful evidence, it can be recommended to tourism, museum, heritage, and cultural studies students at either undergraduate or postgraduate levels, but particularly to undergraduate students of anthropology or tourism. Academics, museum managers, and policy-makers exploring intangible heritage preservation may also be interested in this book.


The properties of the q-deformed fermionic oscillator operators are examined. The difference between the deformed oscillators and the ordinary ones is closely related to the multivalueness of the deformation parameter η = ln q.


In this paper we make study on the influence of nonlinear character of factor in evaluation,gave the method of modifying to the factor which have strong nonlinear character. This method is applied to lab evaluation.


Summary A generalized height – diameter ( h - d ) model was developed in order to predict the total height of individual trees in uneven-aged stands in the region of El Salto, Durango (Mexico). Seven generalized h-d equations were evaluated and the equation proposed by Sharma and Parton, which includes the diameter at breast height of the tree and the quadratic mean diameter and the dominant height of the stand as independent variables, was selected as the best model. In order to address the among-plot variability, a non-linear mixed-effects modelling approach was used to fi t the selected model for all the species or groups of species. The mixed model included a random parameter that affected the model asymptote. Calibration of the obtained h-d model for a particular species or group of species in a plot of interest was carried out with only a single randomly selected tree from the species or group of species within the plot. The stochastic component added to the mixed-effects model enabled the observed natural variability in heights within diameter classes for the same stand to be mimicked, thereby providing more realistic predictions. The equation developed represents a new tool for evaluation and management of uneven-aged stands in the region.


: During the COVID-19 epidemic, college students, as the most active part of Internet users, often learn about the COVID-19 through online media. This paper conducts an empirical study on the influence of the duration and nature of exposure to COVID-19 media information on the psychological anxiety of college students, and provides suggestions for the psychological protection of college students in emergencies. In this study, literature research method, questionnaire survey method, combined with the general situation questionnaire, generalized anxiety scale, self-designed questionnaire, students in a medical college in Shanghai as the survey objects, and the data were analyzed. The results show that the duration of media information exposure and negative media exposure are positively correlated with the degree of anxiety of college students. Positive media exposure is negatively correlated with the degree of psychological anxiety of college students. Based on the analysis results, suggestions are put forward to alleviate the psychological anxiety caused by media information exposure to college students from the perspective of society and college students.


The information on the economic value of industrial water use is widely demanded in policy analysis area as well as academic research area. Therefore, this study attempts to obtain more accurate economic value of industrial water use using the economic theory. To this end, we conducted a survey of 1,017 manufacturing firms and estimated the economic value of industrial water use based on the concept of value of marginal product (VMP). Moreover, this study tried to estimate the VMP of three industrial water types, river water, precipitated water, and purified water. The results show that the VMPs of river water, precipitated water and purified water are estimated to be 769.24 won/, 896.76 won/ and 1,861.95 won/, respectively. The value for the precipitated water found in this study is not significantly different from that (885.1 won/) used in the pre-feasibility test implemented by Korea Development Institute (KDI). These imply that the latter is appropriate for evaluating the economic benefit of supplying industrial water, though it is based on 2003 Industry Survey.


Purpose: This study was designed to compare physical symptoms and fatigue of hemodialysis patients on dialysis day and non-dialysis day. Methods: Data were collected from 63 outpatients undergoing hemodialysis at a hospital in A university hospital in August and September, 2008 using structured ques...


Standard text books support the concept of routine splenic flexure mobilisation for anterior resection performed for sigmoid and rectal cancer. But dogma is not necessarily evidence-based, and Kennedy and Jenkins argue convincingly that selective splenic flexure mobilisation with preservation of the left colic artery is necessary in only a minority of selected cases where tension is a problem. There are two issues-oncological and the impact on anastomotic dehiscence.

It is generally accepted that preservation of the left colic artery (splenic flexure not mobilised) does not compromise oncological outcome. Prognosis is unaffected by the level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation.

Vascularity after inferior mesenteric artery division, with or without left colic artery preservation, and the level of colon used for anastomosis is contentious. Dehiscence is the end-point. Finan believes that routine mobilisation of the splenic flexure for all anterior resections for cancer should be the norm, to avoid anastomosing thickened sigmoid colon and especially to achieve a safe ultra-low anastomosis without tension. He implies that any compromise, using the sigmoid to anastomose, with preservation of the left colic artery, increases the risk of dehiscence, on the grounds that the limiting factor for length, and therefore anastomotic tension, is the inverted left colic artery. There is reasonable evidence that division of the inferior mesenteric artery results in partial sigmoid ischaemia, but preservation of the left colic artery may overcome this; the literature remains unclear. Low leak rates are certainly possible after high anterior resection with preservation of the left colic artery. More contentious is whether low leak rates can be achieved after TME and colopouch-anal anastomosis, especially with the extra length of colon needed to construct a colopouch.


In order to facilitate numerical simulations of plasma phenomena where kinetic processes are important, we have studied the technique of Fourier transforming the Vlasov equation analytically in velocity space, and solving the resulting equation numerically. Particular attention has been paid to the boundary conditions of the Fourier transformed system. By using outgoing wave boundary conditions in the Fourier transformed space, small-scale information in velocity space is carried outside the computational domain and is removed, representing a dissipative loss mechainsm Thereby the so-called recurrence phenomenon is reduced. In the present article, a previously developed method in one spatial and one velocity dimension plus time is generalised to two spatial and two velocity dimensions plus time. Different high-order methods are used for computing derivatives as well as for the time stepping.


The extant literature shows that third-person perceptions depend on subjective knowledge: The more people think they know, the greater are the perceived communication effects on others than on themselves. This study extends previous research on third-person perceptions by (1) investigating persuasion knowledge's influence on third-person perceptions and related behavior in an advertising context, and by (2) analyzing whether the regulatory competence of the government moderates this effect. The results of two studies, an experiment and a survey, show that subjective knowledge about persuasion attempts in advertising increases third-person perceptions that, in turn, reduce consumers' willingness to recommend a product. This effect is moderated by perceived regulatory competence of the government: the influence of persuasion knowledge on third-person perceptions becomes stronger the weaker the regulatory competence is perceived to be. Furthermore, the influence of persuasion knowledge on third-person perceptions is due to overestimated influences on others. The findings provide implications for advertisers and public policy makers.


We consider the problem of inverse kinematics (IK), where one wants to find the parameters of a given kinematic skeleton that best explain a set of observed 3D joint locations. The kinematic skeleton has a tree structure, where each node is a joint that has an associated geometric transformation that is propagated to all its child nodes. The IK problem has various applications in vision and graphics, for example for tracking or reconstructing articulated objects, such as human hands or bodies. Most commonly, the IK problem is tackled using local optimisation methods. A major downside of these approaches is that, due to the non-convex nature of the problem, such methods are prone to converge to unwanted local optima and therefore require a good initialisation. In this paper we propose a convex optimisation approach for the IK problem based on semidefinite programming, which admits a polynomial-time algorithm that globally solves (a relaxation of) the IK problem. Experimentally, we demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms local optimisation methods using different real-world skeletons.


Benzotriazole is an organic compound with many industrial applications such as being a main corrosion-inhibiting component of cupric metal. Kinetic investigation of diazotization reaction, which has been performed for the first time in this work, is a key reagent for the industrial scale production of this compound. Benzotriazole is produced through the diazotization of orthophenylenediamine (OPDA) in an aqueous media containing acetic acid and sodium nitrate. Conventional procedures used for the kinetic investigation of the diazotization reactions include biamperometry, amperometry, polarography, spectroscopy in UV area and colorimetry, which cannot be used in the case of the present invention and hence a new a new electrochemical method called the Dead-Stop-End-Point method was devised. New rate equations based on postulated mechanisms were tested using the experimental data under different temperature, pH and concentration values. The results indicated that the rate equation are first order with respect to orthophenylenediamine and nitroze acid and that the rate constant is a function of the temperature and acetic acid concentration.


With the growing shift from lecture-style teaching methods to interactive and experiential group exercises, instructors need to know more about their students, such as their desired impressions, to adequately engage and support students' social interactions. This study addresses this need by providing an overall understanding of the types of images that are important for students to project when interacting with others in a classroom. After a concise review of impression management literature and grounding our reasoning in cybernetic theory (Bozeman & Kacmar, 1997) this study offers an insight of the positive impressions students desire to project in front of their peers and professors and the negative impressions students aim to avoid. With a two-part survey based on 269 responses, we measured students' ranking of specific images and the effort level they exerted towards achieving or avoiding them. We offer suggestions of how these findings can be integrated into teaching for improved student learning and experiences.


One year after a 49‐year‐old woman underwent ultrasound‐guided core biopsy of a fibroadenoma with marker placement, her postbi‐ opsy mammogram demonstrated a metallic marker in the left breast with no residual mass (Figure 1A). Follow‐up mammography 2 years after the biopsy showed a new 5 × 2 mm group of coarse hetero‐ geneous and fine pleomorphic calcifications in a distinct curvilinear and worm‐like tubular distribution associated with the metallic marker (Figure 1B). Targeted ultrasound demonstrated an echogenic tubular density measuring 5 × 2 × 1 mm with posterior shadowing (Figure 2A,B), corresponding to the mammographic finding. On further investigation, it was discovered that the postbiopsy maker was manufactured with an imbedded tubular plug to increase


Objective: To test whether exposure to community‐based continuous cell phone based peer support (CPS) or monthly peer‐led support groups (PSG) increases adoption and duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), as compared to current standard of facility‐based support (Control).


The chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Cordyceps militaris are similar to those of Cordyceps sinensis, with the former undergoing greater development and utilization. Strain degeneration is a common phenomenon that occurs with high frequency during the subculturing of C. militaris, however, and the mechanism underlying strain degeneration remains unclear. In this study, we used touch‐down PCR to compare the ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2, 18S, 28S and mating‐type (MAT) regions sequence of wild‐type and degenerated strains of C. militaris. We also used quantitative real‐time PCR to analyze expression levels of the CmMAT gene. Sequence analysis showed that the ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 and 28S regions of degenerated and wild‐type strains were completely identical, the 18S region of the degenerated strain contained seven single‐base mutations, including six base substitutions and one single‐base insertion. Compared with the wild‐type strain, the degenerated strain contained a deletion of the MAT1–2‐1 region, three base substitutions in the MAT1–1‐1 region, and a base substitution in the MAT1–1‐2 region that causes a glycine‐to‐valine amino acid substitution. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis detected no CmMAT1–2‐1 gene expression in the degenerated strain, confirming the deletion of the CmMAT1–2‐1 gene. Expression levels of the CmMAT1–1‐1 and CmMAT1–1‐2 genes were significantly down‐regulated to only 7.5 % and 4.4 %, respectively, that of the wild‐type strain. These results indicate that 18S and MAT region mutations, as well as down‐regulated of CmMAT gene expression levels, may play important roles in C. militaris degeneration. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of C. militaris degeneration.


Future magnetic fusion energy devices, will have both very high Z (tungsten) and low Z (beryllium) plasma facing components, are setting the agenda for current atomic data needs. Data for the light species are in good shape but the heavy species present some challenges. We outline an approach for systematic heavy element data production for fusion applications in addition to techniques for handling the large amount of data in modeling codes efficiently.


In this work, feature extraction algorithms are proposed to extract the tissue characterization parameters from liver images. Then the resulting parameter set is further processed to obtain the minimum number of parameters representing the most discriminating pattern space for classification. This preprocessing step was applied to over 120 pathology-investigated cases to obtain the learning data for designing the classifier. The extracted features are divided into independent training and test sets and are used to construct both statistical and neural classifiers. The optimal criteria for these classifiers are set to have minimum error, ease of implementation and learning, and the flexibility for future modifications. Various algorithms for implementing various classification techniques are presented and tested on the data. The best performance was obtained using a single layer tensor model functional link network. Also, the voting k-nearest neighbor classifier provided comparably good diagnostic rates.


IT was shown by DAWSON and RICHTER in 1950 that the uptake of m]-orthophosphate into brain phospholipids in vivo was depressed in insulin h y p o g l y d ANSELL and Do(1957) measured the depression in individual phospholipids, and showed that the depression covered phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (and presumably the ethanolamine-containhg plasmalogen), and diphosphoinositide. In an attempt to locate the point of action in the phospholipid synthetic chain the effect of insulin on the uptake of into phosphorylethanold and phosphoryicholine has been measured.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to experimentally and numerically scrutinize the heat transfer enhancement in pool boiling and condensation by changing the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity properties of the working fluid, i.e. by use of nanofluid solution.

Design/methodology/approach
For specifying the effects of nanoparticle concentration on heat transfer properties, two different nanofluid solutions (h-BN/DCM and SiO2/DCM) at three different volumetric concentrations were prepared and tested under different heat flux conditions. Boiling curves, alterations in pressure with heat flux and heat transfer coefficients for both boiling and condensation processes were obtained and viscosity measurements were performed for dichloromethane (DCM) and each working fluid was prepared. In addition, a series of numerical simulations, via computational fluid dynamics approach, was performed for specifying the evaporation–condensation phenomena and temperature and velocity distributions.

Findings
Nanoparticle addition inside the base fluid increased the thermal characteristics of the base fluid significantly. For the experimental results of h-BN/DCM nanofluid, the increment rate in heat transfer coefficient for saturation boiling, after-saturation boiling and condensation processes was found as 27.59%, 14.44% and 15%, respectively.

Originality/value
The novelty of this comparison study is that there is no such experimental and numerical comparison study in literature for DCM fluid, which concentrates on thermal performance enhancement and compares the effect of different kinds of nanoparticles on heat transfer characteristics for boiling–condensation processes.


In this chapter we provide a selective survey of experiments to investigate the potential of social motivations in explaining labour market phenomena. We argue that laboratory experiments are a useful instrument to explore issues in labour market theory and personnel economics. Our starting point is the observation that employment relations are frequently governed by incomplete contracts. We show that the norm of reciprocity that leads to gift exchanges is an effective contract enforcement device under conditions of contractual incompleteness. We then present evidence that gift exchange can explain various labour market phenomena that are puzzles from the viewpoint of standard economic theory. Further issues in the related field of personnel economics that have by now been subjected to an experimental scrutiny concern characteristics of the employment relation and the issues of motivation and incentives systems. We conclude by pointing out the complementary nature of experiments to more conventional methods of data gathering.


avoid restaurants that cheat or otherwise mistreat their employees, and "support workers all along the food chain" so that labor standards can also be raised for "farmworkers, meat-and poultry processing workers, food retail and distribution workers, and supermarket workers" (p. 174). Collective bargaining is strangely missing from the author's "recipes for change" (p. 157). Yet that self-help mechanism is employed by hundreds of thousands of "food chain" workers, including those who cook and serve meals in unionized hotels and casinos, airport restaurants and stadium concession stands, and campus, corporate, and government cafeterias. Along with unionization, the author slights UNITE HERE—the main food service workers union—which helped her set up the first ROC; it's never mentioned by name anywhere in the text or footnoting of Behind the Kitchen Door. Nor does the book acknowledge the existence of other groups like Young Workers United in San Francisco, which challenged the Cheesecake Factory around ROC-type issues and won a string of local victories. This organizational self-centeredness is an unfortunate shortcoming of Jayaraman's otherwise impressively packaged volume. Potential non-labor allies in the sustainable food movement need to know not just about the great work of ROC. They also need to be educated about the value of workers' gaining a union contract, rather than simply relying on wage-and-hour law enforcement, new protective legislation, and workers' center litigation leading to settlement agreements covering a few thousand workers at restaurants that remain non-union. The labor movement as a whole has finally—and officially—become more welcoming of workers' centers. In return, it might behoove the talented architect of ROC to describe more accurately a broader industry context in which organized labor and her own labor advocacy group play different but complementary roles.


BACKGROUND
In selected patients with ulcerative colitis and pelvic pouch failure redo pouch is an option. However, it is unknown if selected patients with Crohn's disease should be offered a chance to avoid permanent diversion after failure of ileal pouch anal anastomosis.

OBJECTIVE
The objective was to compare the outcomes of redo pouch for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

SETTING
The setting was the Cleveland Clinic.

DESIGN
retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained pouch database (1983-2017).

PATIENTS
This study included patients who underwent redo pouch with a primary surgical specimen diagnosis of ulcerative or Crohn's colitis at the time of initial pouch were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Pouch failure was defined as either pouch excision or indefinite pouch diversion. Patient characteristics, perioperative and functional outcomes, pouch survival and quality of life were compared according to the diagnosis.

RESULTS
Out of 422 patients, 392 had ulcerative colitis and 30 had Crohn's disease. Age and gender were comparable. The most common indications for redo pouch included anastomotic separation and fistulas [220 (56.1%) in ulcerative colitis and 21 (70%) in Crohn's disease]. The majority of redo pouches required mucosectomy with handsewn anastomosis [310 (79%) in ulcerative colitis and 30 (100%) in Crohn's disease, p=0.23]. A new pouch was constructed in 160 (41%) patients with ulcerative colitis and repair of old pouch in 231 (59%) patients, compared to 25 (83%) in Crohn's disease, who had creation of new pouch, and only in 5 (17%) the old pouch was re-anastomosed. Stool frequency, seepage and fecal urgency were comparable between groups. Cumulative 5-year pouch survival was longer in ulcerative colitis vs. Crohn's disease (88% vs. 55%, p=0.008). Major causes of redo failure in Crohn's disease were pouch fistulas and/or strictures occurring after ileostomy closure. These were more common in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis (p<0.001).

LIMITATIONS
This was a retrospective design.

CONCLUSION
Redo pouch can be offered to selected patients with colonic Crohn's disease diagnosed at the time of their primary pouch. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B206.


This paper introduced a user interface based on virtual shadow derived by projector for spatial augmented reality (SAR) environment. Shadow is a daily phenomenon in our daily life and may contribute to build an effective and intuitive connection between physical and digital world. Taking advantage of spatial and optical characteristics of shadow, user can realize remote interaction for ubiquitous interface. The prototype system is implemented and adaptive image processing algorithms for shadow are proposed. The authors has demonstrated in this paper that shadow has possibility to realize simple but effective interface between human and computer systems, which may yield to many useful applications without massive device resources


Innovative ability is an important aspect of students'personnel training.Universities should regard creative ability as the focus of the students' quality education.The paper puts forward some methods for improving the innovative ability of college students through changing concepts,emphasizing practical activities and constructing practice platforms.


Endo T is a deglycosylating enzyme secreted by the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). The active Endo T protein is both deglycosylated and C-terminal processed. Since the intact protein was never observed in the T. reesei culture medium, a construct of the intact Endo T was expressed in P. pastoris. Here, the glycosylated, intact and inactive protein was found in the medium but this form is slowly converted to the deglycosylated and proteolytic cleaved form. The structure of the active Endo T was already solved in previous work. We tried to solve the structure of the intact inactive Endo T to compare it with the active structure. Several structures of Endo T were solved, but none of them were structures of the intact Endo T. Different pH and T parameters were screened to find a condition where the C-terminal peptide was stable and the enzyme kept intact. A protease inhibitor cocktail was also added to limit the proteolytic process. We were able to control the proteolysis with the help of the protease inhibitor cocktail at pH 5 and higher, but we were not able to limit the proteolysis at pH 3, nor in any of the crystallization samples.


Atmospheric rivers (AR), tropical storms (TS) and mesoscale convective systems (MCS) are important weather phenomena which often threaten society through heavy precipitation and strong winds. Despite their potentially vital role in global and regional hydrological cycles, their contributions to long-term mean and extreme precipitation have not been systematically explored at the global scale. Using observational and reanalysis data, and NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's new high-resolution global climate model, we quantify that despite their occasional (13%) occurrence globally, AR, TS, and MCS days together account for ~55% of global mean precipitation and ~75% of extreme precipitation with daily rates exceeding its local 99th percentile. The model reproduces well the observed percentage of mean and extreme precipitation associated with AR, TS and MCS days. In an idealized global warming simulation with a homogeneous 4K SST increase, the modeled changes in global mean and regional distribution of precipitation correspond well with changes in AR/TS/MCS precipitation. Globally, the frequency of AR days increases and migrates towards higher latitudes while the frequency of TS days increases over the central Pacific and part of the South Indian Ocean with a decrease elsewhere. The frequency of MCS days tends to increase over parts of the equatorial western and eastern Pacific warm pools and high latitudes and decreases over most part of the tropics and subtropics. The AR/TS/MCS mean precipitation intensity increases by ~5%/K due primarily to precipitation increases in the top 25% of AR/TS/MCS days with the heaviest precipitation, which are dominated by the thermodynamic component with the dynamic and microphysical components playing a secondary role.


Styrene/butyl acrylate copolymers with layer morphology were synthesized using an emulsion copolymerization process, The kinetic parameters studied include monomers composition, initiator and transfer agent content, feeding time, and monomer addition sequence. The final product consists of a homopolymer nucleus surrounded by concentric shells of copolymers with different composition; the initial composition is quite rich in the monomer that forms the nucleus while the process ends with an enriched layer of the second homopolymer. Since the middle copolymer layer tends to increase the compatibility among the original homopolyers, we expected to have a set of core-shell products with completely different properties. However, the experimental results showed that this was not the case. The composition effect on the viscoelastic properties shows, on one hand, that an increase in the butyl acrylate content lowers the elastic response of the final product, and on the other hand, that the elasticity increases with copolymer content. As the initiator content in the reaction media increases, the viscosity of the coreshell products decreases because of the existence of a media flooded with free radicals. If the butyl acrylate is first added, a graft polymerization is favored because of the polar nature of this homopolymer and, therefore, the molecular weight level increases.


Body smell can convey the message and it is an essential vehicle for nonverbal communication.Based on the research into the verbal representation of body smell,it can be concluded that body smell is a subconscious language represented by adjusting moods and attracting the opposite sex,a signal language by diagnosing and curing diseases,and a communicative language by maintaining and improving interpersonal relationship.The effect that "silence is better than verbal language" can be achieved by employing body smell language properly.


Bronchial asthma (BA) remains one of the most pressing problems in modern pediatrics. The incidence of this pathology is increasing annually and, according to WHO, about 300 million people in the world suffer from asthma. Despite the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, complete control over the course of asthma has failed. The objective of the workwas to evaluate the effect of immunomodulatory therapy on nonspecific and humoral immunity in children with BA by including interferon inducer (cycloferon) in a standard base therapy. There were 120 children with bronchial asthma aged 5 to 14 years, with an average age of (11.6 ± 1.5) years. To determine the diagnosis and effectiveness of therapy used the international classification of diseases of the 10th examination, protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of bronchial asthma in children (order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine № 767 from 27.12.2005), GINA 2011. The main group (n = 60) included children, who, in addition to basic therapy, received in addition interferon inducer (cycloferon) according to the scheme: 150 mg on 1-, 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-th day of therapy (No. 5) and then 150 mg after 72 hours. (No. 5) (1500 mg total). The comparison group included children (n = 60) who received only basic therapy, depending on the severity of the disease. The control group consisted of 25 healthy children. The level of serum interferon, virus-induced production of interferon-a (IFN-a), mitogen-stimulated production of interferon-g (IFN-g), the level of total serum IgE were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils (NG) was evaluated. The circulating immune complexes (CECs), immunoglobulins (Ig) A, M and G in serum were determined by the immunodiffusion reaction method. It was found that the additional use of cycloferon had a corrective effect on phagocytes, which led to an increase in the synthesis of IFN-a and IFN-g, a decrease in the severity of the allergic component due to the decrease in IgE and circulating immune complexes and a normalization of the synthesis of IgA, IgM, IgG with further development of long-term clinical remission of the disease.


Recently, metal oxides with nanostructures have attracted extensive attention for their fundamental size-dependent properties and important technological applications. TiO2 is one of the most-studied oxides due to its widespread application in solar-energy conversion, photocatalysis, ultrathin capacitors, sensors, and so on. TiO2 exists in nature in three distinct crystal phases: anatase, rutile, and brookite. Each phase exhibits different physicochemical properties, and anatase is the most important for its extraordinarily high photochemical activity. Much effort has been focused on the synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with high purity and controlled particle size. Sol-gel processing and microemulsions prove to be successful methods and have been extensively studied. However, with a few exceptions, 14] both methods typically either produce amorphous titanium dioxide or result in the presence of chemical impurities. To obtain pure anatase with high crystallinity, a subsequent calcination or annealing process is usually necessary, which leads to grain growth and agglomeration. Hydrothermal or solvothermal processing, carried out at relatively high temperatures, can directly provide crystalline anatase TiO2, but the agglomeration of the obtained anatase particles is also unavoidable. 22] Organic shells in the synthesis system can attach to the surface of the particles, and a bulky component within the molecule can provide spatial isolation of the nanoparticles from the environment and prevent the agglomeration caused by van der Waals interparticle attractions. Welldispersed anatase nanoparticles can be obtained by wetchemistry methods involving the functional groups of various organic shells, so-called surfactants or capping ligands. However, the synthesis processes are usually quite complicated, and the organic shells used are not easily available or even toxic, for example, trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). CDs (cyclodextrins) are cyclic oligosaccharides that consist of covalently linked glucose units (6 units=a-CD, 7 units=b-CD, 8 units=g-CD), which are characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic interior. The identities of encapsulating organic molecules and self-assembly have led to the intensive studies of CDs and their inclusion complexes. Many nanostructured organic compounds and composites have been constructed by the self-assemblies of CDs. Although the hydroxy group was also known to mediate compatibility with an inorganic-oxide matrix through Abstract: We report a novel, green hydrothermal-synthesis route to well-dispersed anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with particle sizes of 9–16 nm in the presence of b-CD (b-cyclodextrin). During the synthesis process, the CD-containing synthesis mixture assembled in both longitudinal and latitudinal directions. Driven by the interaction between molecules, the b-CDs assembled in the longitudinal direction to form long-chain compounds, whereas in the latitudinal direction, they tended to form regular aggregates through coordination with the Ti species from the hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate. In view of the effect of the coordination and the steric hindrance of b-CDs as a supramolecular shell, homogeneous nuclei and slow growth of TiO2 crystals during the synthesis process was observed, which was responsible for the formation of uniform TiO2 nanoparticles. The low b-CD dosage and the high product yield (>90%) demonstrated well the potential of this synthesis route in the large-scale industrial production of anatase nanoparticles.


Because it is unclear how a nonconscious stimulus is cognitively processed, there is uncertainty concerning variables that modulate the processing. In this context recent findings of a set of neuroimaging experiments are important. These findings suggest that conscious and nonconscious stimuli activate same areas of the brain during performance of a similar task. Further, different areas are activated when a task is performed with or without awareness of processing. It appears that the neural network involved in cognitive processing depends on the awareness of processing rather than awareness of perception. Since conscious and nonconscious cognitive processing use separate neural networks, each processing is modulated by different variables. Attention modulates most conscious cognitive processing and most, but not all, nonconscious processing is attention dependent. Noncon-scious tasks that require attentional resources, with or without conscious awareness, are processed using the attention dependent system. Further, because attention dependent and attention independent tasks are processed by separate neural networks, the cognitive processing and modulating variables can be understood better if cognitive tasks are defined as attention dependent or attention independent, rather than conscious or nonconscious. Most investigators believe that the stimuli perceived without conscious awareness elicit cognitive processing. It is however , unclear how these stimuli are processed and how the processing is modulated. These issues are important to understand significance of the finding of attention independent processing of subliminal priming of faces, reported by Harry, Davis, and Kim (2012). Investigators have used a variety of techniques to demonstrate that subliminal stimuli elicit cognitive and behavioral mod-It is however not clear whether these stimuli are perceived with or without conscious awareness. Since awareness is subjective and perception is incremental, it is unclear at what level of perception we become consciously aware of a stimulus. As the exposure time of a visual stimulus increases the level of perception changes from detection, to objective identification, and then to subjectively identification (Holender & Duscherer, 2004). Most investigators (including Harry et al.) use a volunteer's account of subjective identification as the measure of conscious awareness in subliminal experiments. But a volunteer's account may not be the real threshold of awareness because it requires explicit expression of awareness, and the expression is processed separately and has its own threshold (Sperry, 1961). Thus, a 1053-8100/$-see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.