The mechanisms of inflammatory response play a crucial role in the pathology of many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (1) and diseases of atherosclerotic origin (2). Leukocyte infiltration into the intestinal or vascular wall is known to be central to their pathogenesis. Cellular influx into these sites is mediated by a chemical gradient of released chemotactic compounds and an expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial and inflammatory cells (3, 4). The most extensively studied endothelial adhesion molecules include intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), both belonging to immunoglobulins, as well as two selectins: E-selectin and Pselectin. Interactions between endothelial selectins and their ligands located on leukocytes mediate the temporary adhesion and rolling of leukocytes on endothelial cells, while those occurring between ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and their leukocyte ligands play a key role both in the temporary and permanent adhesion of leukocytes, the latter being dependent on leukocyte activation. Upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, particularly ICAM-1, in the gut epithelial and vascular tissue is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (5, 6). Furthermore, an increased expression of endothelial adhesion molecules was also observed in atherosclerotic plaques (7), while the levels of circulating soluble form of VCAM-1 were shown to correlate with cardiovascular disease (8). Most adhesion molecules described above are not present on resting endothelial cells. Their expression is a result of stimulation by specific molecules, such as tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and oxidatively modified LDL (oxyLDL) (4, 9) Stimulation is mediated by NF-κB, a key transcription factor implicated in the regulation of genes during the immune and inflammatory responses (10). It has been suggested that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a nuclear receptor involved in the transcriptional response to fatty acids, exerts its anti-inflammatory action through a negative transcriptional regulation of NF-κB (11). It has been reported that fibric acid derivatives, known to be PPARα activators, inhibit the cytokine-induced expression of VCAM-1 in human endothelial cells (12). Fibre is an important nutritional component of the diet. Dietary fibre is a mixture of non-starch polysaccharides from undigested plant cell wall, which serve as substrates for anaerobic fermentation by bacteria in the colon. The majority of JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009, 60, 2, 123-131 www.jpp.krakow.pl


The photoluminescence (PL)-, electroluminescence (EL)- and conductivity ((sigma) )-detected magnetic resonance of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE), and PPV/CN-PPV LEDs is reviewed and discussed. In the PPV- and PPE-based LEDs the polaron resonance is EL-quenching, but in the PPV/CN-PPV bilayer diodes it contains both EL-quenching and enhancing components. While the (sigma) -detecting polaron resonance is invariably quenching in the PPV devices, in some of the PPE-based LEDs it is (sigma) -enhancing. The PL-enhancing resonance is attributed to nonradiative recombination of trapped polaron pairs, which reduces their population and consequently the rate at which they nonradiatively quench singlet excitons; the EL-enhancing resonance is tentatively assigned to the same mechanism in the CN-PPV layer, but other mechanisms are not ruled out. Interchain coupling, some defects induced by structural disorder, and sites adjacent to dopant molecules (e.g., C60) apparently enhance the generation of these trapped polarons as well as intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet manifold. The EL- and (sigma) - quenching resonances are attributed to the fusion of like-charged free polarons to bipolarons, which is also suspected to be induced by disorder and/or impurities. The LEDs also exhibit half-field EL- and (sigma) -detected triplet exciton resonances. Triplet-triplet fusion to singlets and the role of triplets as quenching sites for singlet excitons are discussed as possible mechanisms leading to the triplet resonances.


A valid measure of social position is important for investigating health inequalities. The registrar general classification is not theoretically based or validated and it is based only on occupation. On the other hand, the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SeC) distinguishes between different social positions in terms of both their typical labour market and work situations. The aim of this study was to validate the NS-SeC in a Greek population.

 A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 in Athens, Greece. Participants were classified in one of the seven social position classes of NS-SeC based on their responses to questions related to their occupation, employment status (employer, self-employed or employee), supervisor or manager and number of employees in the workplace. Participants were also asked to rate their general health over the previous 12 months in one of three categories: "good", "fairly good", or "not good". The multivariable logistic regression model was used to investigate the predictive validity of NS-SeC.

 73 individuals with a mean age 43.2 (sd = 11.5) participated in the study. The 46.6% of the participants belonged to the class "managerial and professional occupations", the 20.5% to the class "intermediate occupations", while the 31.5% belonged to the class "routine and manual occupations". The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for "fairly good" or "not good" general health was five times higher in the "routine and manual occupations" in comparison to the combine group of the other two classes (OR: 5.1; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.4-18.2).

 The Greek version of NS-SeC has an excellent predictive validity and it is considered a valid measure of social position in a Greek population. Therefore, it can be used by public health authorities and public health researchers to investigate health inequalities attributed to socio-economic conditions.

 The Greek National Statistics Socio-economic Classification is a valid measure of socio-economic position. The Greek National Statistics Socio-economic Classification could be used by public health authorities and public health researchers to investigate health inequalities.


Abstract This paper explores how, in countries in the global south where sharp rises in indebtedness have accompanied the financialization of the economy, debt factors into other relationships and meanings in the life of the family and household. Using ethnographic material from South Africa, it explores local concepts of householding, obligation and saving (asking whether relations of commodified debt nullify those of longstanding social commitment), investigates how people convert between cash-based or short-term imperatives and moral or longer-term ones, and shows how barriers are sometimes erected between these separate spheres thus making them incommensurable. The paper challenges some accounts of the 'financialization of daily life' which imply a one-way, top-down intrusion by the market – with state backing – into people's intimate relations, commitments and aspirations, and maintains that we need to explore the complicity of participants' engagement with these processes rather than seeing them as imposed on unwilling victims.


Companies engaged in the creative industry right now are implementing employee empowerment as one step in the organization to participate more effectively and make things work well (Siachou & Gkorezis, 2018). Empowerment teaches how employees make decisions and accept responsibility for the results of what they do. Related to the issue of development and creative economic growth, what are the organization's efforts towards employees in creative industry companies through empowerment employee (McRobbie, 2016)? This study aims to determine employees' perceptions of employee empowerment and the impact of empowerment on creative business. This research is qualitative research with a case study approach. The subject of the research is 18 employees at the company Janur Biru, Surakarta. Data collection was done through interviews, observations, and review of documents. Long-time observation and research take about 6 months. Research data are analyzed by classifying data based on various data available, then connecting with data and information obtained from literature, documents, surveys, interviews, and field observation. Based on the results of research conducted at Janur Biru about employee empowerment, it can be concluded, that overall empowerment for employees is good. The most dominant employee empowerment is accountability. The dimensions of desire are generally good. However, the lack of creative encouragement for employees to think about work strategies is because work strategies are still being made by leaders


Different applications in the network have different sensitivity for the certain QoS parameters. The existing mechanisms cannot modify the packet loss policy exactly according to the needs of QoS parameters. Therefore, the network will not maximize its overall efficiency. This paper proposes a novel cognitive approach for QoS. It classifies the applications by various combinations of the QoS parameters. And it uses a cognitive layer to modify the loss probability of the packet. Simulation results prove that this approach can reduce the account of useless packets sent when the congestion occurs in the network. The overall efficiency of the useful data transmission can be improved as well. The method can be used by Internet of Things to improve its message processing and sensor data fusion to reduce energy consumption.


Glassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC) has medical applications owing to its inertness and biocompatible characteristics. Commercial GPC prosthetics include mitral, aortic and hydrocephalic valves. Surface treatment of GPC increases the adhesion of endothelic tissue on GPC and avoids the occurrence of thrombus in cardiac implant. In this work, ion beam was used to improve the mechanical characteristics of GPC surface. Hardness was measured as a function of depth in precursor and GPC samples heat treated from 300 to 2500 °C before and after bombardment with energetic ions of silicon, carbon, oxygen and gold at energies of 5, 6, 8 and 10 MeV and fluences between 1.0×1013 and 1.0×1016 ions/cm2. Comparison shows that hardness increases of the bombarded samples depend on heat treatment temperature. We verify that ion bombardment promotes carbonization due to an increased linkage between the chains of the polymeric material in lateral groups that are more numerous for samples heat treated to 700 °C.


In the present work, the formation of a nano-scale Si surface layer is studied after high-temperature annealing of Si modified by shallow plasma immersion implantation of nitrogen with fluences of 1016 - 1018 cm−2. The implanted profiles of the atomic (N+) and molecular nitrogen (N2+) are modeled by SRIM for different annealing durations taking into account the diffusion process. The presence of Si-O and Si-N bonds is established by Fourier (FTIR) spectral analysis and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The refractive index value measured at 632.8 nm varies between 1.46 and 1.59, corresponding to a low y/x ratio. The models using VIS and IR ellipsometric data reveal formation of nanostructured SiOxNy layer with Si inclusions.


There have been several studies on two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) color/power Doppler ultrasound assessment of fetal intra-abdominal blood vessels [1–5]. However, the image quality in those studies was poor. Moreover, it was difficult to depict small peripheral vessels in the fetal abdomen. Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) is the latest technology to depict slow blood flow in the fetal peripheral blood vessels and precise placental vascular trees [6–9]. "SMI with Doppler luminance (SMI-DL) is a novel color Doppler, which demonstrates 3D SMI information on a 2D sonographic image by shading based on the amplitude of the color Doppler signal" [10]. The 3D reconstruction using SMI/SMI-DL provides a unique view that can help to clearly understand the precise spatial relationships of small blood vessels [6–10]. The 2D/3D SMI/SMI-DL using an 18-MHz probe generates a high-resolution image of the


There are many traditional classification algorithms used to classify multispectral images, especially those used in remote sensing. But the challenges of using these algorithms for multispectral image classification are that they are slow to implement and have poor classification accuracy. With the development of technologies that mimic nature, many researchers have resorted to using intelligent algorithms instead of traditional algorithms because of their great importance, especially when dealing with large amounts of data. The bat algorithm (BA) is one of the most important of these algorithms. This study aims to verify the possibility of using the BA to classify the multispectral images captured by the Landsat-5 TM satellite image of the study area. The study area represents the Mosul area located in the Nineveh Governorate in northwestern Iraq. The purpose is not only to study the ability of the BA to classify multispectral images but also to obtain a land cover map of this region. The BA showed efficiency in the classification results compared to Maximum Likelihood (ML), where the overall accuracy of classification when using the BA reached (82.136%), while MLreached (79.64%)


Although direct evidence for any take of injected cells is lacking, a gradually developing full clinical and subtotal haematological recovery occurred after the interruption of pregnancy in a 29-year-old patient suffering from chronic idiopathic aplastic pancytopenia for more than 15 months. She was treated with i.v. injection of 2.5 × 105 'yolk sac' and 4.2 × 107 'liver' cells from her own 22 mm crown-rump length female embryo. Before this interruption her disease was transfusion-dependent and did not improve during additional conventional therapy. Neither transfusion nor any other treatment was necessary during her recovery. She became free of complaints and now sustains remission, 19 months after our intervention.


Two factors were investigated to determine their effect on the reproduction and sex ratios in two species of predacious mites, Amblyseius swirskii and A. gossipi, in the laboratory. These factors were starvation during the immature and adult stages as well as fertilization in excess of females. Longevity periods were greatly influenced by food deprivation programmes. A clear difference was recorded in the total number of egg production; severe food deprivation had the leading effect followed by moderate then simple. A male of both species showed a high reproductive ability for more than 17 days and was able to mate more than once in excess of females, with maximum of seven and nine times in A. gossipi and A. swirskii respectively.


The transfer of deuterium spin order in rotating solids has been studied theoretically and experimentally. In the presence of quadrupolar interactions, 2H polarization transfer is enhanced by magic-angle sample spinning (MAS) through a mechanism analogous to the rotational resonance effect in a pair of coupled homonuclear spins-1/2. The master equation that describes the exchange of spin order between two 2H spins interacting with extraneous spins is presented, and its predictions are compared with experimental results. The comparison shows that polarization transfer under MAS can be used to measure the distance between two 2H spins if their dipolar coupling is large compared with the homogeneous linewidth. It is also demonstrated that the relative orientation between 2H quadrupolar coupling tensors can be obtained from a 2D polarization-transfer experiment under MAS.


Rong-Zhen Guo, 2, ∗ Chen Yuan, 2, † and Qing-Guo Huang 2, 3, 4, ‡ CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China (Dated: September 9, 2021)


Obstacle detection has been one of the core issues of research in the field of intelligent vehicle visual navigation system, auto auxiliary driving,etc. This paper proposes a new detection method based on monocular vision, which is used to detect any type of obstacle in the rear of the vehicle when the vehicle in low-speed reversing. First, we use the Forward-Backward error(FB error) on the original image to select the easy tracking and reliable feature points. Second, using these feature points,the feature points belonging to ground are selected in top-view images converted from original images. Based on road assumption of plane, vehicle motion parameters can be estimated and we compensate for the rotation and translation of the vehicle using the estimated parameters. Finally, using the different movement between the obstacle and the road, we exclude noise points and extract obstacle region in the difference image based on motion compensation. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can detect any type of obstacle.


To provide a current limiting circuit breaker capable of achieving downsizing and cost reduction of a device while improving current limiting performance. The current limiting breaker is provided with a first and a second mechanical switch (10, 10) connected in series, a first diode (11), a first snubber circuit (12), and a first current limiting impedance (13) which are mutually connected in parallel between both ends of the first mechanical switch, and a second diode (11), a second snubber circuit (12), and a second current limiting impedance (13) which are mutually connected in parallel between the both ends of the second mechanical switch. The anodes of the first and the second diodes are connected to each other and connected to the connection point of the first and the second mechanical switches.


The invention relates to a computer case locking device which comprises a base, a cover plate arranged on the base and an unlocking structure arranged on the cover plate, wherein the base is provided with a fixing and holding slot and a fixing and holding part; the cover plate is provided with a barb matched with the fixing and holding slot and an elastic fixing arm buckled with the fixing and holding part so as to limit the movements of the cover plate in different directions and fix the cover plate on the base; the unlocking structure is provided with a butting part butted against the elastic fixing arm; and the butting part can be butted against the elastic fixing arm by operating the unlocking structure to ensure that the elastic fixing arm is separated from the fixing and holding part on the base so as to open the cover plate.


Defect formation in copper by the electron irradiation has been studied at room temperature with a 3 MV-class electron microscope. The density of interstitial loops formed during electron irradiation strongly depends on the reflecting condition of the specimen and it decreases with increasing order of reflection. For example, the density at the symmetry position of the 111 systematic reflection is the highest compared with that at each Bragg position of the systematic reflections. The formation rate of primary defects at each position of the 111 systematic reflection has been estimated from the density of interstitial loops. The results show that the formation rate at the symmetry position is about 2.5 and 3 times larger than that at first and second Bragg positions, respectively.


A computer-efficient algorithmd for calculating the transverse propagation delays in GaAs MESFETs is presented. The MESFET has been modeled as two lossy transmission lines coupled to each other by the gate-drain capacitances. The model is valid for MESFETs with submicron gate lengths as well and is suitable for inclusion in computer-aided design (CAD) tools. The algorithm has been used to study the dependences of the transverse propagation delays in GaAs MESFETs on the MESFET dimension and other gate parameters. Results can be used for the optimization of high-speed circuits, and, in particular, picosecond circuits. >


This paper shows that, for a given power budget, a practical phase-locked loop (PLL)-based clock multiplier generates less jitter than a delay-locked loop (DLL) equivalent. This is due to the fact that the delay cells in a PLL ring-oscillator can consume more power per cell than their counterparts in the DLL. We can show that this effect is stronger than the notorious jitter accumulation effect that occurs in the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) of a PLL. First, an analysis of the stochastic-output jitter of the architectures, due to the most important noise sources, is presented. Then, another important source of jitter in a DLL-based clock multiplier is treated, namely the stochastic mismatch in the delay cells which compose the DLL voltage-controlled delay line (VCDL). An analysis is presented that relates the stochastic spread of the delay of the cells to the output jitter of the clock multiplier. A circuit design technique, called impedance level scaling, is then presented which allows the designer to optimize the noise and mismatch behavior of a circuit, independently from other specifications such as speed and linearity. Applying this technique on a delay cell design yields a direct tradeoff between noise induced jitter and power usage, and between stochastic mismatch induced jitter and power usage.


The present paper proposes a geometrical approach for the multiparametric linear programs (mp-LP). The interest for this topic is motivated by the need for explicit formulations in the constrained predictive control (with non-quadratic cost indexes). It is shown how the double description of the feasible domains can offer access to the entire family of optimal mappings from the parameters space to the arguments space. Further the explicit solutions with guarantee of continuity and optimality are studied


BEYOND DOUBT THE HUMANITY HAS ENTERED AN AGE OF DATA DOMINANCE. AS THE NEED FOR SAFETY AND PREDICTABILITY GROWS, IT BECOMES INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT TO BALANCE SECURITY AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS. THE BALANCE BETWEEN SECURITY AND CIVIL LIBERTIES IS NOT CONSTANT AND PERFECT, GIVEN THAT THE EXPANSION OF SECURITY CHALLENGES TENDS TO BE INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL WITH THE BROADENING OF INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS IN CYBERSPACE. INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE IS MUCH GREATER TODAY THAN IT EVER WAS. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, MAINTAINING A PROPER BALANCE BETWEEN CYBER SECURITY AND USERS LIBERTIES MIGHT BE CHALLENGING AND DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE. HENCE IN THIS PAPER I UNDERSCORE THE NEED FOR EXTENDED TRANSPARENCY AND COOPERATION IN CYBER EARLY WARNING IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF CYBERSPACE GOVERNANCE THROUGH PUBLIC PRIVATE POLICIES FOCUSED ON OPEN AND TRANSPARENT INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION.


We examined the elution behavior of isoluminol isothiocyanate (ILITC)-labeled proteins (alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)) in a capillary chromatography system using an untreated fused-silica capillary tube and a water-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate mixture carrier solution. The mixture of ILITC and ILITC-labeled protein (ADH or BSA) was analyzed using this system with a chemiluminescence detector; the ILITC and the labeled protein were separated in this order with an organic solvent-rich carrier solution, while they were eluted in the reverse order with a water-rich carrier solution. In addition, the mixture of ILITC, ILITC-labeled ADH, and ILITC-labeled BSA was added to this system, and the analytes of the mixture were separated and confirmed with the individual peaks on the chromatograms.


As one of the important components of world literature, Japanese literature has conceived a large number of classic works around human nature, beauty and evil, love, sex, reflection, and absurdity, forming a distinctive and influential literary system. And its unique and distinctive traditional aesthetics has also had a profound impact on the Japanese nation and even Asian literature. This article first summarizes the origin and development of modern Japanese literature, and then expounds the characteristics of Japanese literature. Finally, it analyzes and introduces the reasons for the formation of aesthetic concepts in Japanese literature.


We combine near-UV spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope GHRS echelle with far-UV spectra obtained with the Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph and Copernicus to study the abundances and physical conditions in the predominantly ionized gas seen at high velocity (-105 km s-1 ≲ v☉ ≲ -65 km s-1) and at intermediate velocity (-60 km s-1 ≲ v☉ ≲ -10 km s-1) along the line of sight to the star ζ Ori. We have high-resolution (FWHM ~ 3.3-4.5 km s-1) and/or high signal-to-noise ratio spectra for at least two significant ions of C, N, Al, Si, S, and Fe—enabling accurate estimates for both the total N(H II) and the elemental depletions. C, N, and S have essentially solar relative abundances; Al, Si, and Fe appear to be depleted by about 0.8, 0.3-0.4, and 0.95 dex, respectively, relative to C, N, and S. While various ion ratios would be consistent with collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) at temperatures of 25,000-80,000 K, the widths of individual high-velocity absorption components indicate that T ~ 9000 ± 2000 K—so the gas is not in CIE. Analysis of the C II fine-structure excitation equilibrium, at that temperature, yields estimates for the densities (ne ~ nH ~ 0.1-0.2 cm-3), thermal pressures (2nHT ~ 2000-4000 cm-3 K), and thicknesses (0.5-2.7 pc) characterizing the individual clouds. We compare the abundances and physical properties derived for these clouds with those found for gas at similar velocities toward 23 Ori and τ CMa and also with several different models for shocked gas. While the shock models can reproduce some features of the observed line profiles and some of the observed ion ratios, there are also significant differences between the models and the data. The measured depletions suggest that roughly 10% of the Al, Si, and Fe originally locked in dust in the preshock medium may have been returned to the gas phase, consistent with recent predictions for the destruction of silicate dust in a 100 km s-1 shock. The observed near-solar gas-phase abundance of carbon, however, appears to be inconsistent with the predicted longer timescales for the destruction of graphite grains.


Native starch has limited use in the food industry due to its properties such as retrogradation, instability in acidic conditions and at high temperatures, and problems related to gelatinization has a limited use in the food industry. For that reason, different modification processes are being conducted to improve the properties of native starch. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of high-voltage electrical discharge (HVED) on potato, corn, wheat and tapioca starch properties: gelatinization, swelling capacity, paste properties, solubility, paste clarity, amylose content, resistant and damaged starch contents, starch color, starch gel strength and particle size, and the synergistic effect of HVED and the chemical modification of starch with sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hydrogen phosphate on the observed properties. For this purpose, the effect of HVED treatment will be monitored before and after chemical modification with sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hydrogen phosphate to determine the effect of the treatment sequence on the properties. The morphology of the starch granules of native and modified starches was also investigated using a scanning electron microscope as well as a FT-IR analysis to detect the presence of new bonds in starch molecules. From the results, it can be concluded that HVED applied in this research causes insignificant changes on the starch granules and that it can be used in starch modification as a stand-alone process, as well as being used in combination with other chemical modifications in which a more significant effect of HVED was noted in combination with sodium-hydrogen-phosphate.


The article is devoted to eliciting the full potential of social project planning with ethnocultural orientation, in students' civil identity formation. The definition of the "ethnoculturally oriented social project planning" is offered. The conclusion about the ethnocultural orientation of social project planning conducing in students the formation of self-conception and civic position and helps gaining the experience of interaction with the world around is made.


A method for manufacturing an optical device (1) comprising a substrate (2) for receiving at least an image pickup element (3) and comprising at least one carrier element (4), wherein it is in the carrier element (4) by a lens holder for receiving a lens (5), wherein the substrate (2) is a printed circuit board, characterized in that the carrier element (4) is soldered on the substrate (2), wherein the support element (4) by means of through hole plating soldering on the substrate (2) is soldered ,


English nowadays is the dominant language in the domain of fashion since English and American companies lead the fashion industry worldwide. As a result, a high number of English fashion loanwords have entered the languages of the world and become part of their vocabulary. A considerable number of Anglicisms regarding fashion is attested in Modern Greek too. This work is a preliminary investigation of fashion Anglicisms in MG through their appearance in Greek online shops and social media pages of fashion stores and magazines. Our investigation shows that fashion Anglicisms in MG are present in the MG vocabulary and are used by MG speakers in their transliterated or non-transliterated forms. In particular, we examine in detail how Anglicisms exist in their non-transliterated form in the MG language system, a fact that is, among others, related to prestige perceptions of English that are dominant in Greek society.


Abstract The major dependent variable in peace science research has appropriately been death from inter-group conflict with war the major focus. However, a tenable hypothesis is that the same or similar motivations result in other risks to life. For example, the number of human deaths each year from preventable nonmilitary sources is approximately 20,000,000. Most major sources that assess the loss of life from military and related conflicts identify, over a long period of time, not more than 2,000,000/year. This dependent variable may also be extended to the non-military category. For example, evidence has emerged that approximately twenty-percent of the active duty female members of the US military are sexually assaulted by other members of the military during their period of service (Dick 2012). Thus, it seems reasonable to address a variety of phenomena that may be represented by a common set of attributes. These variables should include degree of physical injury, size of acting units, and public vs. private agents. Preventable non-military death is similar to the classification for death from war except that the agents are frequently private, such as corporations. This analysis is intended to contribute to a continuing discussion of the boundaries of the peace science domain. One function of the discussion is to foster the examination of a range of behaviors that may derive from a set of basic motives and goals. The discussion section concludes with reference to the problem of understanding a central factor in inter-group conflict – identification with the group.


A depth velocity model determination is one of the most important problems in seismic processing and interpretation. A velocity model, beyond its initial purpose to obtain a seismic stack, is used for depth migration, AVO analysis and inversion, pore pressure prediction and so on. Before a well is drilled, seismic data provides the only information for the velocity. From seismic data we can directly determine only stacking velocities, which give us the best image in time domain. Dix's formula gives us interval velocities in 1-D medium. In many cases the 1D assumption does not work, especially when we have the overburden local velocity anomalies. Not only do they reduce post-stack image quality, but also create big difference in stacking velocity behaviour for deep seismic reflectors with small dips. In this paper, we will see how we can analytically describe the connection between interval velocities, shallow anomaly and stacking velocities. This connection will provide us with clearer understanding of so called "anomalous" behavior of stacking velocities. Introduction In the presence of a shallow velocity anomaly, we can often see an "anomalous" lateral oscillation of stacking velocities, increasing with reflector depth. In the 1D case, the stacking velocity is close to RMS velocity, which can be considered as a kind of average velocity. When we think about average velocity, we usually mean that this velocity is bounded by the minimum and maximum interval velocity above. The "anomalous" lateral behavior of the stacking velocity means that its value is beyond the minimum and maximum interval velocities. We expect the stacking velocity (many processors in everyday conversation even call it RMS velocity) to behave as kind of average velocity. That is, if we have a locally slow velocity in some layer, we expect to see slower stacking velocity and vice versa. The thicker a specific layer is, the greater is its influence on the average value. This is true if the velocity anomaly is in a deep layer, but if the anomaly is shallow then the stacking velocity is "spoiled" – it does not correlate with average velocity at all. If we have a slow shallow velocity anomaly, the stacking velocity response may show slow velocity for shallow horizons (which corresponds to the idea that stacking velocity is kind of average velocity above the reflector), but fast velocity for deep horizons (which completely contradicts this idea). Some main questions about stacking velocity As was described above, we often expect stacking velocity to be directly connected with some kind of average velocity over the reflector: "Because one wants the stacking velocities to approximate real velocities", Blackburn (1980, p. 1466). When we don't see this connection (and we don't see it when in the presence of shallow overburden velocity anomaly) we consider this as error in the stacking velocity. We can see this word "error" in the name of the papers (Blackburn, 1980) or in the papers: "In the presence of velocity anomalies, stacking velocities show systematic errors " Armstrong et al. (2001, p. 81). This "anomalous" behavior even leads to the statements, that "Stacking velocities, as derived from NMO correction of CDP gathers, need have no physical significance to the true velocity distribution below the gather location" Blackburn (1980, p.1466). Fig.1 Problem with stacking velocity Fig. 2 a. Stacking velocity Fig. 2b.Dix's interval velocity


Laboratory infiltration experiments were carried out to quantify the effects of soil water-repellency on infiltration rate and the wetting front instability. A two-dimensional transparent chamber (41.5 cm wide, 50 cm high and 2.8 cm thick) was constructed for infiltration experiments using three water-repellent Ouddorp sands (The Netherlands) and a wettable silicon sand. The results showed that if the water-ponding depth ( h0) at the soil surface was lower than the water-entry value ( hwe) of repellent sands, infiltration would not start until the water drop penetration time (WDPT) is exceeded; and contrary to infiltration in wettable soils, the infiltration rate increased with time. However, infiltration could immediately start at any time when h0 . hwe: The wetting front was unconditionally unstable for h0 , hwe; resulting in fingered flow. However, the flow was conditionally stable forh0 . hwe if the soil was not layered in a fine-over-coarse or wettable-over-repellent configuration, and if soil air was not compressed during infiltration. The occurrence of stable and unstable flow in repellent soils was consistent with the prediction based on a linear instability analysis. The findings can be used to improve irrigation efficiencies in water repellent soils, e.g. using high-ponding irrigation methods. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation of T lymphocytes by antigen bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of an antigen-presenting cell (APC), together with the interaction of accessory molecules, induces the formation of the immunological synapse (IS), the convergence of secretion vesicles towards the centrosome, and the polarization of the centrosome to the IS. Upon IS formation, an initial increase in cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) at the IS takes place, followed by a decrease in F-actin density at the central region of the IS, which contains the secretory domain. These reversible, cortical actin cytoskeleton reorganization processes that characterize a mature IS occur during lytic granule secretion in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and cytokine-containing vesicle secretion in T-helper (Th) lymphocytes. Besides, IS formation constitutes the basis of a signalling platform that integrates signals and coordinates molecular interactions that are necessary for an appropriate antigen-specific immune response. In this chapter we deal with the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the synaptic interface architecture, as well as the analysis of the localization of different markers at the IS.


With Laplacian eigenmaps the low-dimensional manifold of high-dimensional data points can be uncovered. This nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique is popular due to its well-understood theoretical foundation. This paper outlines a straightforward way to incorporate class label information into the standard (unsupervised) Laplacian eigenmaps formulation. With the example of hyperspectral data samples this supervised reformulation is shown to reinforce within-class clustering and increase between-class distances.


The purpose of a foreign exchange guarantee is not to discourage countries which should devalue from devaluing but to allow monetary authorities to cooperate freely and fully in reducing international monetary instability and to prevent devaluations from taking place which would not take place if adequate cooperative arrangements were available. In this context, it is revealing that the overwhelming majority of agreements concerning international monetary cooperation in the postwar world have contained exchange guarantees.15 Until some radical reforms, are introduced into the international monetary system, the stability of the system will, in large measure, depend on cooperation between the monetary authorities of the leading financial countries. One of the obstacles that has been encountered in this cooperation is the unwillingness of the various monetary authorities to accumulate large amounts of foreign exchange without some sort of exchange guarantee. I do not say the absence of an exchange guarantee is the only obstacle, but it has been, and is, one of the serious obstacles. An exchange guarantee is not a panacea for the world's monetary ills, however, it can make a valuable contribution toward international monetary stability.16


System and method for detecting a match between portions of the video content. Matching module receives an input video fingerprints representing the input video, and a set of reference fingerprint which represents a reference video in the reference database. Matching module compares reference fingerprint and the input fingerprint, and generates a list of candidate segments from the reference video set. Each candidate segment includes temporally localized portion in the reference video that may match the input video. The segment as a match segment or classifier for classifying the mismatch segment is applied to each candidate segment. Then, result of the matching portion of the reference video from the reference video set based on the classified as matched segments identified are output.


1 Recombinant human ETA receptors were expressed in a mouse fibroblast cell line (Ltk−cell) and functional coupling of the receptors with Ca2+ permeable channels at low concentrations of endothelin‐l (ET‐1) was investigated using whole‐cell recordings and monitoring the changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) with a Ca2+ indicator, fluo‐3. A similar type of coupling was investigated in freshly dispersed vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of rabbit thoracic aorta by use of whole‐cell recordings. 2 In Ltk−cells expressing recombinant human ETA receptors, concentrations of ET‐1 (10−8 M, 10−9 M) evoked an initial transient peak and a subsequent sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i whereas a lower concentration of ET‐1 (10−10 M) evoked only a sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i. After removal of extracellular Ca2+, ET‐1 evoked only an initial peak without a sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i. The sustained elevation induced by 10−10 M ET‐1 was blocked by 300 μM mefenamic acid (a cation channel blocker) but not by 10 μM nifedipine (a blocker of voltage‐operated Ca2+ channel). 3 In whole‐cell recordings with Ltk− cells, a brief (3–5 min) application of ET‐1 (10−10 M) induced a sustained inward current at a holding potential of −60 mV. The current‐voltage relationship revealed that the reversal potential of the ET‐1‐induced current was close to 0 mV (1.9 mV) and was not altered by reducing the concentration of C1− in the bath solution, indicating that the current is carried by cations. The current was reversibly blocked by 300 μM mefenamic acid, and it persisted after all cations in the bath solution had been replaced by Ca2+ (5 or 30 mM) and nonpermeant cation N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine, indicating that the ET‐1‐activated channel is permeable to Ca2+. Activation of the current was independent of membrane potential and the current was induced even after addition of a high concentration (10 mM) of a Ca2+ chelator, EGTA, to the pipette solution. 4 In whole‐cell recordings from rabbit aortic VSMCs, ET‐1 (10−10 M) induced a sustained inward current at a holding potential of −60 mV. The reversal potential was −12 mV and was not altered when the concentration of Cl− in the pipette solution was decreased, indicating that the current is carried by cations. Again activation of the current was independent of membrane potential and was observed even after addition of a high concentration (10 mM) of a Ca2+ chelator, EGTA to the pipette solution. The current was reversibly blocked by 300 μM mefenamic acid and was permeable to Ca2+, showing marked similarities to ET‐1‐induced cationic current in Ltk− cells. 5 These results indicate that in Ltk− cells transfected with cDNA for recombinant ETA receptors and VSMCs, ETA receptors can functionally couple with a nonselective cation channel permeable to Ca2+. Thus the present data suggest that the cation channel plays an essential role in the sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i at low concentrations of ET‐1 by causing Ca2+ entry through the channel.


The present study examined the maximum acceptable frequencies (MAFs; motions/min) of upper‐extremity motions in the sagittal plane at different forces. A dumbbell of 9.8 or 39.2 N was rotated by the arm about the shoulder, the forearm about the elbow, and the hand about the wrist; a dynamometer was pressed to 2.45 or 9.8 N by the index finger. Seventeen right‐handed Korean men in their 20s without any history of musculoskeletal disorders received 1 hour of individual training and conducted each upper‐extremity task for 30 minutes a day, assuming they were on an incentive basis. The participants determined their MAFs for 8 hours of work by the self‐adjustment method, and work pulse (change in heart rate; beats per minute [bpm]) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. For a limited set of conditions, the reproducibility of the MAF experimental protocol was found satisfactory (r = 0.97; interclass correlation coefficient > 0.95). The average MAFs of arm, forearm, hand, and index finger motions were 24, 45, 56, and 128 at their low force level and 9, 20, 30, and 66 at their high force level. The average work pulses of arm, forearm, and hand motions were 3.0, 2.1, and 1.5 times that of index finger motion (4.2 bpm at their low force level and 5.7 bpm at their high force level). The maximum average RPEs at the upper‐extremity regions ranged from 2.1 (weak) to 3.1 (moderate) in Borg's CR‐10 scale. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The present invention, despite using inexpensive camera with a relatively low resolution and speed, by analyzing the acquired image, the speed of the ball in motion, the physical property information such as the direction and height angle can be relatively accurately extract, in particular, through the acquired image, relatively accurately calculate the movement trajectory of the golf club, reflected in the golf simulation to estimate the spin of the ball relatively accurately on the basis of it by such that, at a low cost, not only can constitute a virtual golf simulation apparatus having a high accuracy and reliability, it can be made to improve the virtual golf reality, virtual golf it is intended to provide a sensing apparatus and sensing method used in the simulation device. .TECHNICAL


Many industry commentators in New Zealand are predicting a rationalisation in the industry. The New Zealand wine industry consists of 297 wineries, of which, 285 are competing for just 10% of the domestic market. Using a survey derived from a set of interviews with key industry players this research analyses whether small wineries are prepared to meet the challenges facing them in the domestic and world wine markets. The results point to the likelihood of some rationalisation among wineries without a market focus.


Mr. President, Members and Guests of the American Geophysical Union: It is a great privilege to present to you the Committee's nomination for the Seventeenth Award of the William Bowie Medal.

Walter Bucher personifies the unselfish cooperation in research which was so outstanding a characteristic of William Bowie. The lively personality, the broad interest in all cultural and scientific matters, and the remarkable warmth of friendship are traits shared by both of these great men. It was natural that these men respected and admired each other and cooperated on many important projects.


The pathway towards efficient exploitation of the vast energy available in ocean waves is inherently linked to suitable control technology. In particular, effective commercialisation of wave energy conversion systems (WECs) strongly depends upon the availability of tailored controllers able to maximise energy extraction from the wave resource, while minimising risk of component damage. The control problem for WEC systems naturally lends itself towards optimal control theory, where the control objective is, effectively, optimal energy capture, subject to a set of device-dependent physical limitations. Not only such a control objective can often lead to non-convex solution spaces, but achieving optimality depends upon future knowledge of external uncontrollable inputs, which renders this problem inherently non-causal, further departing from traditional tracking/regulation objectives. This open invited track intends to gather novel state-of-the-art strategies from the field of system dynamics and control, providing innovative and efficient solutions to the WEC control problem, with the potential to greatly contribute in the path towards enabling effective exploitation of the vast wave energy resource available.


Rhodiola had been extracted with water by ultrasonic,the extraction process had been optimized by L16(45) orthogonal test,salidroside in extracts was the indicators of extraction.The results confirm the best programme : Solvent is water in 40 ℃,20-fold water,soaking for 1h,extraction temperature is 60℃,extraction time is 30 min,the number of extraction is 4 times.The extraction rate of Salidroside in R.crenulata H.Ohba is 1.638 percent,in R.kirilowii is 2.401 percent.


miR-375 interacts with five conserved target sites in the CIP2A coding region, whereas the CIP2A 3′ UTR is not conserved across mammalian species. Reexpression of the tumor suppressor miR-375 in cancer cells represses the expression of CIP2A, resulting in a decrease in the MYC protein level and leading to reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.


This analysis of the Argentine military junta's approach to media relations in the two years preceding the 1978 World Cup is based primarily upon newspaper articles, supplemented by selected secondary studies. It is widely acknowledged that the military government sought to use the World Cup, which it hosted, for foreign and domestic aims. Key to this was developing an effective relationship with the press, particularly the print media, in order to present the appropriate image. This article represents only a small part of a larger study of the politicization of the 1978 World Cup.


AbstractSpatial and temporal covariability between the atmospheric transient eddy heat fluxes (i.e., 〈υ′T′〉 and 〈υ′q′〉) in the Northern Hemisphere winter (January–March) and the paths of the Gulf Stream (GS), Kuroshio Extension (KE), and Oyashio Extension (OE) are examined based on an atmospheric reanalyses and ocean observations for 1979–2009.For the climatological winter mean, the northward heat fluxes by the synoptic (2–8 days) transient eddies exhibit canonical storm tracks with their maxima collocated with the GS and KE/OE. The intraseasonal (8 days–3 months) counterpart, while having overall similar amplitude, shows a spatial pattern with more localized maxima near the major orography and blocking regions. Lateral heat flux divergence by transient eddies as the sum of the two frequency bands exhibits very close coupling with the exact locations of the ocean fronts.Linear regression is used to examine the lead–lag relationship between interannual changes in the northward heat fluxes by the transient ...


Concise, divergent total syntheses of five bioactive illudalane sesquiterpenes have been achieved. Our synthesis features an intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition, and a lactone-directed aromatic C-H oxygenation to generate a temporary phenolic hydroxyl group which enables regioselective methylation. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of radulactone was assigned by chemical synthesis.


United States Constitution is arguably the greatest practical achievement of the Enlightenment. Yet most of the elements of the Constitution are borrowed from elsewhere. Its single wholly original component is the separation of church and state. The doctrine of separation has become controversial of late: Numerous ministers and politicians insist that the United States is in truth a "Christian nation" with Christian institutions that has been overtaken by secular humanism; they call for bringing the United States back to its original unity with Christianity. They argue, accordingly, that although toleration of other faiths might be practiced, the explicitly Christian character of the nation and its political institutions should be reasserted in law and policy rather than denied by secularists. Pat Robertson, for example, has maintained that separation of church and state is a "lie of the left."1 This paper's purpose is, first, to reassert the separation of church and state, as it is found in the Constitution, for the sake of putting the "Christian nation" argument to rest. Second, the paper demonstrates that, while importing religious doctrine into political discourse can exhibit a misunderstanding of the difference between political opinions and truths of faith, the expression of religious beliefs in political discussions is protected speech and a legitimate part of political discourse. Treating political opinion as dogmatic religious truth, I argue, endangers our republic because making assertions in a doctrinaire way is factional, a use of politics as a way of gaining religious "dominion" over society as a whole, especially over those who neither share those beliefs nor live a life acceptable to adherents of those beliefs.2 Religion is by no means the only body of thought that holds fundamental principles as unquestionable truths; such principles, held with certainty, can be found in many institutions and intellectual undertakings. In American society, however, religious truths are unique in that our political institutions were formed with an explicit intent to limit religion's role in politics and politics' role in religion, for fear of ambitions such as "dominion" that tempt overreaching by some sects and by some politicians as well. I will first touch upon some of the major reasons why the claim of the United


Depending on the process parameters, the directional solidification (DS) of eutectic alloys leads to a fibrous or lamellar microstructure. A physically motivated creep model which was evaluated for a DS‐eutectic with a fibrous microstructure is applied to a DS‐eutectic with a lamellar microstructure. Creep curves are simulated and compared to experimentally measured ones. It is shown, that the simulation is in good agreement with the experiment. (© 2016 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Abstract: The synthesis of complex natural products from simple and common intermediates has been one of the major goals in synthetic organic chemistry. Toward this objective, if such simple scaffolds are suitably decorated with diverse functional groups they present opportunities not only to synthesize the target compounds but also construct the close analogues to investigate the biological properties. The Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction is an organocatalyzed C-C bond forming reaction that leads to multifunctional products thereby offering viable alternatives for employing them for other complexity generating reactions. This property has been extensively utilized for the synthesis of natural products of microbial, animal, terrestrial, and marine origins. Simultaneously, MBH adducts are precursors to several drug molecules or their intermediates. This comprehensive review assimilates applications of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction for the synthesis of different natural products and drug molecules.


An object of the present invention is to suppress the reaction in the gas phase contacts the selectivity decrease in the desired product, and provide a frictional resistance superior catalyst. The catalyst powder supported catalyst as a coating on an inert carrier, and the inert carrier has a ring-shaped, outer peripheral portion of the catalyst, characterized in that for producing a wet to the assembly and the environment that is curved in the longitudinal direction of the carrier. The catalyst of the present invention to prepare a propylene, isobutylene, tertiary-butyl alcohol or methyl claim producing the unsaturated aldehyde tert to the ether oxide vapor contact corresponding to each, or unsaturated carboxylic acid by the oxidation of the unsaturated aldehyde vapor contact it is useful as a catalyst.


Abstract This work experimentally investigates temperature distributions of RBCs (rotating blade couplings) using circumferentially installed ribbed turbulators in real-time 4WD (four-wheel-drive) vehicles. Three types of circumferential rib turbulators are designed and installed in the RBC's inner rotating cylinder. These add to the area over which heat is transferred and prevent the generation of Taylor vorticity. A test rig is designed to make the key dimensionless parameters closely approximate the operating conditions of a real 4WD vehicle. The local temperature distributions in the axial and circumferential directions of a RBC with circumferentially ribbed turbulators, were measured and compared with those in smooth walls. Under the experimental conditions, the range of the rotational Reynolds numbers is 8.55≤ReΩ≤ 34.20. Results indicate the ribbed design with aspect ratio 2.5 (7.5 mm wide and 3 mm high) yields temperature distributions with the least variation that is the highest heat transfer among the three types of circumferential ribs. This study ultimately aims to find an effective design methodology that improves the temperature distribution of RBCs with circumferentially ribbed turbulators in a real-time 4WD vehicle. Finally, experimental results for circumferentially ribbed turbulators with three aspect ratios were empirically correlated.


Titania nanotube(TNT) was prepared by electrochemical anodization method.The obtained TNT was used for photo-electrocatalytic degradation of methyl orange,and the effect of anodizing voltage and anodizing time on the morphology,photoelectric performance and photo-electrocatalytic activity of TNT was investigated.It confirmed that anodizing voltage and anodizing time had significant effect on TNT morphology,when the anodizing voltage increased from 45 V from 60 V,the pore diameter,tube length and aspect ratio of TNT increased obviously under the same anodizing time,while the wall thickness of TNT was decreased.The TNT fabricated at 45 V for 4 h,fabricated at 60 V for 3 h and fabricated at 60 V for 6 h had perfect morphology,their tube length was 12.41,20.35,25.85 μm and aspect ratio was 110,166,178 respectively.Among the 3 TNTs,the TNT fabricated at 60 V for 6 h exhibited the best photo-electrocatalytic activity,its pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic constant for methyl orange degradation was 2.26×10-3 min-1.Relevant analysis showed that aspect ratio of TNT had an important influence on its photo-electrocatalytic activity.


Personalization is undoubtedly present in today's pervasive and ubiquitous environments and tends to be an increasingly popular requirement in every technological aspect of the everyday life. When it comes to live multimedia services, however, there is still a lot to be done to satisfy the demanding user who wishes to view the most important parts of events that take place in parallel. In this paper, a service that allows users to personalize the provision of multimedia streaming services offered through broadcasting networks is described. The service is aimed at offering full personalization capabilities over traditionally broadcast oriented terminals such as TV sets and Set Top Boxes. Complete personalization can be achieved through analog TV or DVB broadcasts with the use of personal devices such as mobile phones by using IP connection for the return channel (RC) (DVBRC). A use case scenario featuring one example related to personalized viewing of two parallel athletic events (such as Champions League soccer matches) is described and used for the evaluation of a prototype implementation of the service.


This paper derives Cournot-Nash equilibrium effort-contribution and resource-extraction strategies of members of a collective resource management group and subjects the results to a series of steadystate comparative static analyses. It is shown that when the history of collective resource management is observable in the state of the resource, and agents follow feedback strategies, user groups with many behavioral variables that are targeted for management will have greater challenges coordinating the activities of their members. This is because for every collective action decision that agents have to make, there is a corresponding interaction term that augments the rate at which agents discount the private marginal future value of their current behavior. The effect of the prevalence of defection on the extraction strategies of a defector is found to be so ambiguous that representing it by a single crossing relationship between defection and cooperation payoff is quite inappropriate. The authors are, respectively, Senior Research Fellow at the Economic Policy Research Centre – Kampala, Uganda, and Anderson-Bascom Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. We have benefited from the helpful comments of Michael R. Carter and Bill Provencher. Financial support was provided under the USAID/World Bank funded Land Access Project that was based at Makerere Institute of Social Research – Kampala, Uganda.


With the application of multi-disciplinary knowledge synthetically, such as the calculation of the multi-body dynamics, the structural mechanics, the impact theory and so on, a visual virtual dynamic prototype model about rolling and pitching simulator of spacecraft docking test table in the docking process is built on ADAMS/Solver platform. An integration of UG-MATLAB-ADAMS-ANSYS simulation environment is realized in the process of building prototype models. By combination of the advantages of all software, it is focused on dynamic analysis, and it is also studied the effect degree of the key parameters such as bearing friction coefficient to the whole system. The simulation results are true by the verification mutually of mathematical simulation and virtual dynamic simulation. The virtual simulation results verify the feasibility of the initial structure design, establish the design key points in the physical prototype, and give further design considerations about optimization design of the rotating simulator. The problems in ADAMS are also solved such as simulating bearing etc.


Multilingual speech recognition pushes to us study the acoustic modeling of target language units using one or more source languages' units. This paper presents a study of manual and data driven association of two possible target units with source language's phonemes. The target units studied are words and phonemes. Algorithms for data-driven association are described. While phoneme-to-phoneme association is more practical, words' transcription provides better results. It has been shown that more precise and rich source models are more suitable to determine those association. Experiments are conducted with French as source language and Arabic as target language.


The achievable sum rate of a wireless-powered multi-cell/multi-user cognitive radio massive multiple-input multiple-output system with underlay spectrum sharing is investigated. The secondary user nodes can harvest energy from the primary user transmissions, and then access and utilize the primary network spectrum for information transmission. The signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and achievable sum rate are derived for two specific antenna configurations: 1) unlimited base-station antenna arrays and 2) limited base-station antenna arrays. Furthermore, the optimal time-switching factor and the energy-rate trade-off are quantified in closed-form. The asymptotic analysis reveals that the secondary system can be operated by using its maximum harvested energy when the number of primary base-station antennas grows without bound without hindering the primary transmission.


To the Editor: While undergoing 2'-deoxycoformycin (DCF) therapy, a patient with typical hairy-cell leukemia (HCL) developed a transient emergence of hairy cells (HCs) with mouse erythrocyte receptor (ME), CD21, CD23, and PCA-1 and large basophilic HCs. We postulated an indirect in vivo action of DCF on the morphological and phenotypic changes of HC, since no such changes could be reproduced by the in vitro study of HCs from this or 2 other HCL cases in the presence of DCF, deoxyadenosine (dADO), and deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP). A 45-year-old Japanese man presented with fever and general malaise. Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, measuring 4 cm and 8 cm below the costal margin, respectively. Studies of the peripheral blood revealed a WBC of 9.61 x 109/1 with 81% hairy lymphocytes, hemoglobin of 75 g/l, and a platelet count of 48 x lo9 1. A needle biopsy of the bone marrow revealed about 60% replacement by small lymphoid cells and intercellular reticulin fibrosis. These lymphocytes 1 J


The present invention discloses a novel use of bakuchioloran extract containing bakuchiol in preventing or treating a woman Suffering osteoporosis. An embodiment of this novel use is a pharmaceutical composition containing bakuchiol or an extract containing bakuchiol, which can be in the dosage forms of topical use, oral administration, injection or Sus tained release. The present invention also discloses a novel use of bakuchiol or an extract containing bakuchiol in pre venting or treating a woman Suffering breast cancer.


Talinum triangulare is a herbaceous perennial tropical leaf. It is a nonconventional crop found in tropical regions of Africa. This study evaluated the phytochemical constituent of Talinum triangulare leaf. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, phenol, terpenoids and steroids were present. The quantitative analysis of Talinum triangulare was carried out on the dry sample and the result revealed that flavonoids has a concentration of 2.88mg/g, alkaloids 1.20 mg/g, steroid 2.04mg/g, saponin .45mg/g, terpenoid 0.82mg/kg, glycoside 1.32mg/kg, phenol 1.03mg/g and tannins 1.44mg/g respectively. Talinum triangulare has been shown to possess significant phytochemicals, hence it is a potential source of highly nutritious feed stuff and phytomedicine. They are of nutritional and clinical relevance considering the diverse pharmacological uses of the plant in different parts of the world.


This paper will discuss how, in hot weather, it is a common practice to cool concrete - particularly for mass concrete applications - to prevent thermal cracking and durability problems. An increasingly popular method of cooling is through direct injection of liquid nitrogen (LN2) into the drums of concrete trucks. During an investigation of the effects of LN2 on concrete properties, it was observed that the practice has unexpected impacts on concrete slump and setting time. While it is known that increasing temperature decreases slump for concrete with given mixture proportions, it is surprising that concrete cooled with LN2 has low slump similar to that of a hot mixture, a phenomenon that is not affected by the time at which the concrete is cooled. The initial setting time, however, is actually longer than predicted when there is a significant delay in LN2 cooling.


Transversely localized double layers evolve randomly in turbulent regions of strongly magnetized plasma carrying current along the magnetic field. Results from numerical simulations and spacecraft observations in the auroral plasma indicate that the parallel electric field in such regions is microscopically intermittent or stochastic. The implications of stochastic double layer fields on electron acceleration will be discussed in terms of a statistical process involving ensemble averages over test particle motion. A Fokker-Planck equation can be derived for the electron phase space density, which depends on the mean and rms amplitudes of the double layers, the mean double layer density, and the initial electron velocity distribution. It is shown that the resulting electron acceleration is very sensitive to the ratio of the initial electron energy to the rms double layer amplitude. When this ratio is large, the acceleration process differs little from that expected in a dc electric field. When it is small, stochastic heating competes with directed acceleration. Evidence for both cases can be found in the auroral ionosphere in association with so-called inverted-V precipitation and collimated edge precipitation.


Burano is a small island in the northern reaches of the Venetian lagoon, a forty-five-minute ride from Venice by vaporetto (water-bus). Its population in 1982, the year Oxford anthropologist (and native Venetian) Lidia Sciama began her fieldwork, was about 5,000, although it is considerably smaller today because of outmigration and a declining birthrate. Buranelli (the natives of Burano) have always been fishermen, but the lagoon and the Adriatic are now polluted and decreasingly productive. For those who had to leave, "what they longed for the most was having a boat near the front door, and their lagoon where they could go fishing and rowing" (p. 17). Thus, the situation in which Burano finds itself today is one familiar to anthropologists and folklorists: a small traditional society threatened by environmental destruction, confronted with the mixed blessings of modernization, tourism, and a changing economy. Buranelli want to improve their living conditions, yet they love their island and want to retain their culture. Indeed, as with all of Venice, it has become a challenge just to remain on the island. Sciama's ethnography is rich in fascinating details, paying a great deal of attention to Burano's folklore. She describes funeral customs and death beliefs, nicknames and naming traditions, proverbs, vernacular housing, fishing techniques, weather and fishing lore, narratives, and more—not for their own sake but always as part of her portrayal and analysis of life in Burano. Sciama's study is also rich in ideas—far too many to summarize in a short review. But for this reader, the theme bringing ideas, folklore, and data together is Burano as "the island of lace." The word "lace" (Italian merletto or pizzo) does not appear in the title, but the photograph on the book's cover shows a middle-aged woman sitting outdoors on a chair by a doorway, bent over, intent on her needlework, creating punto in aria ("stitch in the air"—the Italian term for lacework, which almost existentially describes the creation of complex beauty from nothing but cotton thread and cloth). Such a sight—a woman, or a group of women, sitting outdoors, stitching lace—is still familiar in Burano today. In one of the photograph sections (pp. 186–90), we also can see Burano fishermen repairing nets, bent over in the same posture and with the same intensity as their lacemaking wives, sisters, and daughters. One of the most delicate stitches is called rete, or (fishing) net (p. 179). Sciama is particularly concerned with the lacemaking because it is women's work, because it is an important social and economic barometer, and because it has a history—an excellent way to discover a great deal about women's lives and about Burano. We learn, for instance, that the women of Burano feel a profound ambivalence about lacemaking. It releases their creative artistry and so is fulfilling, but it also has been a major means of controlling them. Lacemaking gave women an economic tool, but it also allowed them to be exploited; contemporary older women, especially, have bitter memories of such exploitation, and Sciama has recorded their testimony. Lacemaking brings in money, albeit not very much, and the cost (in eyesight, for instance) can be great. Lacemakers have traditionally been trained to specialize in one or two stitches, so their creativity is constrained, but, because finished pieces of lacework are the composite creations of informal chains of women who pass merletti from one to another, each adding her specialty stitches in the appropriate places, making lace actually creates a


Diverse LC-MS based strategies are being used for quantitative differential analysis of proteomes, including a variety of isotopic labeling reagents, and label-free approaches. In order to evaluate the performance of different quantitative methods, and their reproducibility across laboratories, we set up a multi-centric study, carried out at 22 laboratories, most of them members of the ProteoRed network.


A new algorithm was developed through replacing the crossover operation in NSGA-Ⅱ with the mode of position updating in multi-objective particle swarm optimizer(MOPSO).In order to seamlessly combine NSGA-Ⅱand the greatly different MOPSO,the special concepts(particle and its velocity,Pbest and leader)for MOPSO were dealt with within the scope of NSGA-Ⅱ:1)particle in MOPSO was considered to be equivalent to offspring individual in NSGA-Ⅱ;2)the concept of velocity fell into disuse;3)the concept of Pbest also came into disuse.Instead of that,for each dimension of a particle,the nearest one among its nondominated individuals in parent population was used;4)the leader of a particle was the individual with largest sparse degree among parent population or selected from parent population by binary tournament selection method,which of them taking effect lies on the predefined probability.In addition,a new concept,i.e.,sparse degree,was introduced to evaluate the distribution of particles in objective function space.Experiments on six benchmark problems indicate that the new algorithm is an effective and stable one when compared with NSGA-Ⅱ and two of the latest MOPSOs(CLMOPSO and EM-MOPSO).


Dilute ferric chloride solution has long been used as a color reagent for the identification of santonin. The present work makes use of this reagent for its quantitative determination. Factors which may affect the color intensity have been studied and a procedure is proposed as follows: A definite volume of alcoholic extract containing less than 0.25mg.of santonin in a test-tube is evaporated to dryness in a sand bath at about 100℃.After cooling, 3ml.of H_2SO_4 (1:1) and 0.1 ml.of 0.8% FeCl_3 solution are added.Heat the test- tube in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes,cool with tap water and add 3 ml.of 95% alcohol.Mix well and transfer to an absorption cell fitted with a stopper. Read the transmission in an electrophotometer within 35 minutes and calculate the result from a standard curve.Beer's law is obeyed within the range of 0.025- 0.25mg.The accuracy is ±4%. The above procedure has been used to analyza 5 samples of Artemisia incana Keller and two samples of tablets of santonin and santonin and calomel. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by classical methods. The method is simple and rapid,the analysis of a crude sample or santonin tablets being completed within 1 day.


This paper examines the role of mobile communication, mobile tools and work practices in the context of organizations, especially knowledge-based organizations. Today, organizations are highly complex and diverse. Not surprisingly, various solutions to incorporating mobile tools and mobile communication in organizations have been devised. Challenges to technological development and research on mobile communication are presented.


My opera Taverner projects onto the life and mind of the sixteenth century English composer John Taverner certain perennial preoccupations of my own, notably with the nature of betrayal at the deepest levels. The 'action' is within Taverner's mind; and so, despite constant references to sixteenth century sources (mostly English), neither time nor place are treated realistically. While time becomes non-sequential and functions in a formal and quasi-musical sense as a means of presenting event and anti- or shadow-event, place is as particular or as general as the text demands, and needs no definition by conventional 'scenery'.


Mulberry have much nutrition and much function about medical care. The article gave a introduction of the mulberry, reviewed the mulberry wine's production process. Advice for production of mulberry wine in China was proposed.


Cases of bullying among elementary school students are high, therefore need to get attention. This study reveals an indication of physical bullying that occurs in elementary students and its implications for moral education according to the guidance of Religion. The method used is survey and literature study with qualitative approach. Participants involved a number of 55 elementary school teachers in the Cirebon region, including districts and cities. The results showed that 1) almost half of the physical bullying indication occurred in primary school with the highest percentage is in punching and pinching behavior, while the smallest percentage of the strangling behavior, 2) moral education can be a therapy to change the bad behavior of physical bullying and can be used as an effort to prevent.


Treatment of unilateral or bilateral maxillary lateral incisor agenesis is challenging, time-consuming, expensive, and requires careful treatment planning, predictability, and esthetics. This review aimed to identify differences in esthetic perception among orthodontists, general dentists, differentiated dentists, and laypersons, which may interfere with treatment options. EBSCO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library databases, and Google Scholar were searched using keyword pairing and a Boolean expression, "(congenitally missing OR agenesis OR hypodontia) AND (maxillary lateral incisors) AND (esthetic perception OR smile) AND (laypersons OR dental professional OR general dentist OR orthodontists)." Reviews and case studies were excluded. A total of 13 studies were selected for qualitative analysis (adapted ROBINS-I) and 11 were selected for meta-analysis (p < 0.05) after being sub-grouped into "Opening vs. Closure" and "No remodeling vs. Dental remodeling vs. Dental and gingival remodeling" groups. A meta-analysis evaluated the magnitude of the difference between groups based on differences in means and effect sizes (α = 0.05; 95% CI; Z-value 1.96), revealing that the esthetic perception of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis treatment remains controversial even among professionals. Gingival remodeling was not valued compared to isolated dental remodeling. Studies lack rigorously comparable methodologies. Discussion with the patient is pertinent in doubtful situations, as the best treatment option remains unclear, and overtreatment should be avoided.


ulty appointments, but they do not raise the issue in a ''live and let live'' organizational environment. When the equilibrium is disrupted—perhaps when a budget cut is pending—then the charges of low quality may emerge in the interest of academic principle. One of the advantages of anarchic complexity is that faculty are protected from internal frictions with one another. I believe Labaree gives too little attention to the fact that the United States does indeed have a national minister of education, except that the role is termed Secretary of Education. While the U.S. Department of Education does not have the same authority as the ministries of education in France or China, its provision of student financial aid and loans and its broad enforcement powers (Title IX, Title IV, ADA, etc.) have potentially great influence. Such a high fraction of the student population makes use of federal loans and Pell grants as to give the federal government great leverage through its control of accreditation, its regulations, and its enforcement actions. Departmental pressure applied nationally could potentially alter many of the characteristics of the system that Labaree identifies.


Irreducible components determining the dependence of the van der Waals coefficient C 6 ( nlJM ) on the angle θ between the interatomic and the quantisation axes of two Rb atoms in their identical Rydberg states ∣ nlJM 〉 are evaluated with account of the most contributing terms of the spectral resolution for the bi-atomic Green's function. Asymptotic polynomials in powers of the Rydberg-state principal quantum number n are derived for the C6 irreducible components. Numerical values of the polynomial coefficients are determined for Rb atoms in their n 2 S 1 / 2 , n 2 P 1 / 2,3 / 2 , n 2 D 3 / 2,5 / 2 and n 2 F 5 / 2,7 / 2 Rydberg states of arbitrary high n. The transformation of the van-der-Waals interaction law − C 6 / R 6 into the dipole–dipole law C 3 / R 3 in the case of close two-atomic states (the Förster resonance) is considered. Numerical values, the dependences on the magnetic quantum numbers M and on the angle θ of the constant C3 are determined together with the ranges of interatomic distances R, where the interaction law R − 6 transforms into the law of R − 3 .


We recently demonstrated the value of reconstructing SPECT data with fully 3D Monte Carlo reconstruction (F3DMC), in terms of spatial resolution and quantification. This was shown on a small cubic phantom (64 projections 10/spl times/10) in some idealistic configurations. The goals of the present study were to assess the effect of noise and modeling errors on the reliability of F3DMC, to propose and evaluate strategies for reducing the noise in the projector, and to demonstrate the feasibility of F3DMC for a dataset with realistic dimensions. A small cubic phantom and a realistic Jaszczak phantom dataset were considered. Projections and projectors for both phantoms were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation code GATE. Projectors with different statistics were considered and two methods for reducing noise in the projector were investigated: one based on principal component analysis (PCA) and the other consisting in setting small probability values to zero. Energy and spatial shifts in projection sampling with respect to projector sampling were also introduced to test F3DMC in realistic conditions. Experiments with the cubic phantom showed the importance of using simulations with high statistics for calculating the projector, and the value of filtering the projector using a PCA approach. F3DMC was shown to be robust with respect to energy shift and small spatial sampling offset between the projector and the projections. Images of the Jaszczak phantom were successfully reconstructed and also showed promising results in terms of spatial resolution recovery and quantitative accuracy in small structures. It is concluded that the promising results of F3DMC hold on realistic data sets.


Nowadays the size and quality of potato yields is very important aspect in agriculture, due to the continuous climate change. Plants exposed to abiotic stress need new protection tools such as plant biostimulant. The new definition of this product include plant extracts as novel biostimulants. The aim of the study was to assess whether the extracts from Artemisia vulgaris L. would act as classic biostimulants, by affecting metabolic pathways. Since these are pilot studies, the content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline and polyphenols was chosen as indicators of changes in plants. The experiment was carried out under controlled environmental conditions on a very early cultivar Irys. The obtained results showed that foliar treatment of plants with extracts from Artemisia vulgaris L. had a positive effect on the increase of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content and its total concentration in potato leaves. The highest increase in the total chlorophyll content, amounting to 26.27% on average, was observed in plants sprayed with macerate at the dose of 0.6 mL·plant-1. Additionally, an increase in the carotenoids content was observed in plants sprayed with macerate. The study demonstrated that the polyphenols level was largely dependent on the method of extracts production and the dose of the tested extracts. Macerate and infusion applied in a higher dose induced in plants the changes in the concentration of polyphenols. The overall evaluation of the effectiveness of the tested preparations showed higher effectiveness of the macerate for all the analyzed traits.


The progress of biological data acquisition technologies permit access to more massive, diverse, reliable, and less expensive data. The advent of these new technologies should provide to biologists, answers more accurate and more comprehensive. However, even if there are several work that revolve around regrouping and providing biological data for the biologists, there are still some issues to be studied; one of them is the integration of this biological information in databases and knowledge bases, in order to provide to biologists important knowledge allowing the characterization of the different causes of diseases. In this paper, we propose a modeling of a multi-agent system for the protein synthesis. Such a system will aim to synthesize, in an automatic way the proteins by exploiting the existing DNA sources, taking into account the dynamic behavior and the interactions that characterize the protein synthesis process. These proteins will be integrated automatically in a database, which will be enriched continuously as long as the sources of DNA exist. Such a database will be used by the biologists for several studies (medical, pharmaceutical, pathological, etc.).


Aim To explore the application of Laparoscope to treatment of barrenness.Methods Clinical data of forty-seven cases were analyzed retrospectively.Changes in plevis of those patients were observed and lesions were treated with laparoscope,Meanwhile,hydrotubation was performed.Results All of the 47 cases were operated with laparoscope,among which chronic pelvic inflammation accounting for 46.8%,mulleriosis 25.2%,polycystic ovary syndrome 17.0% and benign ovarian tumor 14.8%.After the operation,the rate of pregnancy reaches 51.0%.Conclusion This method leads to clear giagnosis,less damage and quick recovery.Therefore,it has clinical value.


Ancient traditions have stressed the intervention of the gods and contemporary moralists picture God as being on their side in international conflicts. Pharisaism, Manichaeism and the morality of progress are other distortions of political ethics. The first step in a more profound understanding of the ethical dimension of diplomacy is a clear-eyed view of the good and evil in human nature informed by philosophy and history. However, differences exist among political realists and international lawyers who have examined human nature in these terms. Some emphasize the relevance of ethics for international politics while others question it. Democratic foreign policy poses special problems for those who discuss international morality. Such issues are resolved at least partly within the tradition of practical morality which the article considers in conclusion.


Objectives: To compare between percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in renal stone management and persistent bacteria clearance rate after the complete extraction of these stones. Methods: The medical files of (340) patients who underwent PCNL or ESWL for kidney stone between February 2016 and July 2017 were reviewed retrospectively, Patients with positive urine culture, stone size at 10-45mm, age 23-66 year of both genders, and a normal creatinine were included. Patient with uncontrolled hypertension, pregnant ladies, patients with ureteric obstruction or suspicious renal mass, age younger than 23 years, patients with single or transplanted kidney were excluded. In all, 340 patients were included with a mean (SD, range) age of 40.08 (±10.087, 23-66) years, and followed up from the first day post each procedure till (3 – 8 months). The clearance rate of stone and bacteria, stone size, fever post procedure, duration of antibiotics administration, type of hydronephrosis were compared between both groups. Results: 178 patients were treated by PCNL and 162 by ESWL. The stone bacteria clearance rate and residual stone and persistent bacteriuria rate for PCNL were (80.3% vs.19.6%, respectively, P=0.009), while for ESWL were (53% vs.47%, respectively, p=0.152), so the result showed that the clearance rate of stone and bacteriuria was significantly higher within the PCNL group Conclusion: PCNL is superior to ESWL regarding stone and bacteria clearance rate.


BThe present study aimed at sequential optimization of culture conditions for the enhanced production of xylanase from indigenously isolated Acinetobacter sp. by solid state fermentation. Among various agro-industrial residues utilized wheat bran was found to be the best. Various fermentation parameters for xylanase production were optimized using one factor at a time method. At the end of 72 hours, maximum enzyme activity (7.52 U/gds) was obtained using wheat bran with 75 % moisture content. Xylanase titres were further improved to 27.68U/gds using L 9 (3 4 ) orthogonal array method. Thus, approximately a four-fold increase in xylanase activity was achieved suggesting that newly isolated strain is an efficient xylanase producer.


"Grounded Theory" has been employed quite widely in studies of information systems (IS) phenomena. A survey of IS literature reveals conflict in the understanding and use of "grounded theory". The term "grounded theory" is often used as a catch phrase to denote usage of a grounded theory approach to conducting research. A variety of grounded theory approaches have been employed in IS research. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the alternative approaches employed, and the extent to which each was used. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive review of IS studies that employed "grounded theory" was carried out. Articles from the commonly ranked top 50 IS-centric journals were used as the frame of reference. These journals most closely represent the status quo in IS research. Articles for the period 1985 to 2007 were examined. The analysis revealed four main grounded theory approaches in IS research. These can be classified as the "Glaserian" grounded theory approach, the "Straussian" grounded theory approach, the use of "grounded theory" as part of a mixed methodology, and the simple application of grounded theory techniques, typically for data analysis purposes. The latter has been the most common application of "grounded theory" in IS research. The "Glaserian" approach was the least often employed, with many studies opting for the "Straussian" approach. These and other findings are discussed and implications drawn.


In order to analyze the soil ecological adaptability of poplar in volcanic hilly land in north Jingsu,the experimental sites were set up in poplar plantation with different age in Xuyi volcanic hilly land.The results showed that the contents of soil total K and available K,as well as soil total Ca,Fe,Mg maintained at the normal levels,but soil total N,P contents were obviously lower than the normal levels comparing with other forest soils.Soil available P continually declined as the poplar plantation age increasing in contrast to the soil microbial biomass;the individual survival rate of the poplar plantation were more than 85%,but the growth speed of which was generally slower comparing with other poplar plantations.Our findings indicated that poplar plantation had a good ecological adaptability to soil conditions in volcanic hilly land in the north of Jiangsu province,but its growth potential was still limited by the deficiency of N,P in the soil.


The photobromination of C-H bonds by using molecular bromine was reinvestigated under microfluidic conditions. The continuous-flow method suppressed the production of dibrominated compounds and effectively produced the desired monobrominated products with high selectivity. Rapid bromination of benzylic substrates containing a photoaffinity azide group was achieved without any decomposition.


Objective To investigate the ability of PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein transducting into rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),and its protective effects on MSCs under hypoxia and serum deprivation condition.Methods MSCs were cultured and characterized,the purified PEP-SOD1 and SOD1 was added in the third generation MSCs.The localization of PEP-1-SOD1 in MSCs was detected by immunofluorescecnce method,the PEP-1-SOD1 levels in MSCs were detected by semi-quantity Western blot.The activity of PEP-1-SOD1 in MSCs was detected by xanthine oxidase method.MSCs were pre-treated with 2.5μmol/L PEP-1-SOD1 for 45 minutes,and the cells were cultured under hypoxia and serum deprivation condition.The apoptosis of cells pretreated or untreated with PEP-1-SOD1 were analyzed by flow cytometry with annexin V FITC/PI double staining after 24 hours.Results PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein could be transduced into MSCs in time and dose dependentand manner,distributed in cytoplasm and nuclei.The PEP-1-SOD1 preconditioning could significantly decreased the apoptosis inducing by hypoxia and serum deprivation(P0.05).Conclusion PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein could be efficiently transduced into MSCs,and protect the MSCs apoptosis from hypoxia and serum deprivation condition.


Holiday tourism has,to a certain extent,contributed to expanding domestic demand and adjusted consumptive structure of this country.This paper gives a deep analysis of all levels of holiday tourism consumption and points out that holiday tourism consumption has a limited stimulation to consumption,and that social and economic cost rises sharply after the long holidays,the income reduced because of the development of our economy.The paper holds that we should treat rationally economic increase brought by the long holidays and attach much importance to non-economic aspect of the long holidays,and seek actively effective approaches of change.