Behavioral psychology was a dominant influence on education for many years (Druin & Solomon, 1996; Tullavantana, 2002). According to the behaviorist viewpoint, teachers are the disseminators of information and students are passive recipients of the knowledge that teachers impart (Hay & Barab, 2001; Tullavantana, 2002). During the 1970s, the prominence of behavioral psychology declined giving way to the rapid increase of cognitive psychology (Gosling & Craik, 1999). Cognitivism emphasizes the learning processes in the minds of students. One cognitive learning theory, constructivism (proposed by Jean Piaget), argues that knowledge is not transmitted from teachers to students, but constructed by students themselves when they interact with their environment (Bjorklund, 1995: Guzdial, 1997; Stager, 2001). Constructionism, another cognitive learning theory, was invented by Seymour Papert, professor of learning research at the Media Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Guzdial, 1997). Constructionism goes a step further than constructivism (Druin & Solomon, 1996; Petcharuksa, 2001; Tullavantana, 2002). It asserts that students are particularly likely to form new ideas and construct knowledge when they engage in building and manipulating objects or making products by themselves (Guzdial, 1997; Hay & Barab, 2001; Papert, 1980, 1984, 1993, 1999; Stager, 2001). Thus, while constructivism defines learning as the building of knowledge inside of one's head, constructionism suggests that the best way to ensure that such intellectual structures form is through the active construction of something outside of one's head--something tangible that others can see, critique, and possibly use (Guzdial, 1997; Stager, 2001). Social skill development is another benefit of learning through constructionism. Papert (1993) indicated that a constructionist learning environment also allows students to show, discuss, examine, and collaboratively reflect on the cognitive artifacts or products that they have created. This is how their content area knowledge, habits of mind, and social skills are developed (Hay & Barab, 2001; Stager, 2001). In Thailand, there have been dramatic changes in education since the enactment of the National Education Act A.D. 1999. This act has introduced a new teaching style, shifting from teacher-centered to student-centered instruction. As a result, many schools have provided a constructionist learning environment for their students (Petcharuksa, 2001; Tullavantana, 2002). Among these schools, Darunsikkhalai School is the only full scale constuctionist school in Thailand that provides a totally project-based learning environment. Darunsikkhalai School is a relatively new school that has used constructionism since its inception. It was established in November 2000, three years alter Seymour Papert came to Thailand to lead a series of workshop on constructionist learning. The school was established by King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi in collaboration with Suksapattana Foundation, Thaicom Foundation, and the Future of Learning Group at the Media Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Darunsikkhalai School, 2004). At the time of the study, the school had 23 students, ages 6-11. Each student was free to choose any project in which he or she was interested. The project time was from 8:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. every weekday for nine weeks. During this period of time, students had to work on the selected projects in separate groups. The students in each group worked closely together in making products, starting from making a working plan, searching information from various sources (e.g., the Internet, books, and knowledgeable people), designing products, and creating the products as planned. They learned from one another and helped solve problems that arose. An example of a student group project was the Natural Product project in which products such as fruit juice, herb ice-cream, and aroma candles were made. …


This document addresses issues concerning true informed choice in service delivery settings as discussed by the Global Working Group (GWG). "Informed choice" describes a dynamic process of individual decision-making in health care. It would define the process by which empowered individuals arrive at informed decisions regarding whether to obtain or decline treatment or services what treatment or services to select whether to seek and follow-up on a referral or to further consider the matter. The informed choice process can occur alone or in consultation with health care providers family or friends; it should ideally be responsive to individual needs. Members of the GWG identified eight priority objectives that are essential to true informed choice in service delivery settings. These are the following: 1) ensure reproductive and sexual rights; 2) overcome power and knowledge imbalances; 3) make informed choice a process that is for and about clients; 4) address the multiple needs of individuals; 5) transform and complement the "medical model"; 6) adapt to low-resource settings; 7) ensure method choice; and 8) build broadened alliances. To achieve these overarching goals the GWG also developed specific and cross-cutting strategic approaches in four main areas: research and evaluation advocacy service delivery and training.


LASIK procedure in patients with high myopia is related with a long period and increasing depth of ablation. These featuresmay cause postoperative complications such as epithelial ingrowth under the flap, aseptic inflammation,flap dystrophy syndrome, thereby reducing patient satisfaction and lengthening the period of rehabilitation after surgery, as well as the development of dry eye disease. 1 month after surgery average score of lacrimal functional complex assessment in the study group was 3.1± 0.7. In 8 patients (33 %) state of lacrimal functional complex was in the normal range (0 points), 16 (64 %) borderline (1 to 10 points). Average score in comparison group was higher than in the study (5.2 ± 1.3, p LASIK in a limited surgical field, prevents the flap shrinkage, thus contributing the full adaptation of the flap edges to avoid postoperative complications and to achieve maximum optical effects, as well as reduce the risk of dry eye in patients with high myopia.


Abstract : This report provides technical data and brief observations generated for a controlled series of tests on circuit breakers removed from an aging Boeing 727-232 and a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft. The test program is divided into two groups (Process 1 and Process 2). Sixty circuit breakers in Process 1 were tested for 200% and 500% current overloads. Two hundred forty circuit breakers in Process 2 were tested for voltage drop at rated current, minimum and maximum limits of ultimate trip, 150% and 200% low current overload, and 400% to 500% high current overload. The low voltage contact resistance and temperature rise were continuously monitored. This report also contains a summary of results generated by the FAA Airworthiness Assurance Nondestructive Inspection Validation Center located at Sandia National Laboratories on circuit breakers removed from three aged aircraft. The results of the tests protocols indicated that circuit breakers installed in aircraft with extended service life will continue to protect the electrical wire provided the maintenance procedures recommended in the report are performed annually. The report also recommends proposed changes to SAE Aero-Space Standards to improve circuit protection on future aircraft. This report also contains technical data generated by the FAA Airworthiness Assurance Nondestructive Inspection Validation Center on circuit breakers removed from three retired aircraft. The most significant result of this study is a 39% failure rate in the 114% to 138% current overload ranges. The value and impact of this study still needs to be determined.


The bidimensionnal character of thin magnetic films deposited on single-crystal substrates, together with the occurrence of singular crystallographic structures, often confer on these systems electronic properties that cannot be found in bulk solids. For example, thin Ni layers deposited on Cu(001) present a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in a very wide thickness range. We will show that this can be explained by a distorted structure of Ni, originating from the strain induced by the epitaxy on the Cu substrate. In this field of 2D magnetism, nanostructures are now investigated. Thin Fe layers on MgO(001) were cut into stripes by the "atomic saw" method: a compression of the substrate induces a dislocation slipping which saws both the substrate and the Fe film in regular and separated ribbons. The observed perpendicular to the stripes magnetization easy axis will be explained by a structural relaxation occurring during the structuration process. In these two studies, a precise structural characterization and simple magnetoelastic models allow one to describe the magnetic behaviors of these systems.


A dynamic model describing crater formation on the cathode of a metal vapor arc is solved numerically. The model takes into account phase changes, Joule and ionic heating, electron emission, and mass loss due to evaporation and ejection of molten metal. The calculation yields crater radius, crater formation time, erosion rate, and mean spot velocity; the values agree well with available experimental data. The vacuum arc phenomena "minimal arc current" and "spot-splitting current" are explained theoretically. The mean current density in the spot is about 1012 A/m2. The relative importance of ionic heating with regard to Joule heating depends on the cathode material and current density. The increase of crater radius with temperature is not because of reduced heat conduction into the solid.


Advanced non-small-cell lung cancers are diseases of late diagnosis with bad prognosis. Conventional chemotherapies are not very efficient. Over the last years, many research works have been performed in this way to improve prognosis. Targeted therapies seem promising. They were notably developed against epithelial growth factor receptors and tumoral angiogenesis. We report here the clinical history of a patient with an advanced non-small-cell lung cancer presenting an exceptional response to small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.


This study has investigated gap winds to the west of the Soya Strait during the summer months. Low‐level cool air associated with the developed Okhotsk high is dammed on the east sides of Sakhalin and Hokkaido, and enhances sea level pressure (SLP) gradient along the Soya Strait on a regional scale. The Soya Strait works as a conduit for the cool air from the Okhotsk Sea to the Japan Sea, and the outflowing air accelerates because of the along‐strait SLP gradient. The intensity and duration time of the easterly gap winds depend on the activity of the Okhotsk high. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society


The invention relates to a light source module with light emitting diodes and application thereof. The light source module of the light emitting diode at least comprises a circuit board which is provided with opposite first and second surfaces, wherein the circuit board at least comprises a plurality of signal driving input terminals which are arranged on the second surface; and a plurality of light emitting diodes which are arranged on the first surface of the circuit board and are at least connected with the signal driving input terminals partially and electrically.


Design is an aspect that can potentially enhance a nations brand, Swedish design is highly regarded in the rest of the world and that is something that the Swedish government happy highlights. Desp ...


In this paper, the computational formulae on thetension of the elastic ropes linked with balloons in the air aregiven and analysed; the length of the ropes and the height ofthe balloons are estimated. Since the wind force is rupposed,the results in this paper improve those in reference [1].


Computer human models are used for many years to carry out numerical simulations that describe the various types of phenomena and events. However, their use is often associated with certain limitations such as inability to simulate human behavior resulting from muscle tension. This paper presents the developed model of the upper extremity moving by simulated muscles controlled using a PID controller. Model of the limb moves in two degrees of freedom allowing the flexion and extension of the forearm and its supination and pronation. The model was developed using MADYMO software, which is used to conduct numerical simulations, and then implemented to the the pedestrian model available in the MADYMO database.


Various Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices and their compelling applications have witnessed exponential growth over the past few years. Compared to the consumer internet, the industrial IoT often faces tough communication latency boundaries and low packet loss. Recently, time-sensitive networks (TSN) technique has been considered the most promising solution to tackle these issues, providing deterministic communication guarantees for time-sensitive applications. In TSN, to achieve bounded low latency, it introduces the Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding (CQF) mechanism to shape and regulate the transmission selection to provide the protected transmission window for time-triggered (TT) flows. Currently, a considerable amount of literature has explored traffic scheduling with the CQF mechanism in TSN. However, these methods ignore the impact of routing policy on scheduling optimization. In this paper, we design two algorithms to tackle the problem of joint routing and scheduling optimization with the CQF mechanism for TSN. We propose a TT flow sorting algorithm (JDPS) to measure the scheduling priority weight of each TT flow, which uses the normalization method to calculate the weight based on the flow's deadline, period, and size. Then, we propose a joint routing and scheduling optimization with load balance algorithm (JRS-LB) to improve the scheduling success radio and the network resource utilization, which jointly considers the injection time slot offset, scheduling, and routing of TT traffic. The evaluation results mainly focus on the scheduling success ratio, execution time, and resource utilization for the proposed algorithm compared to the Tabu and Naive algorithms. Extensive simulations indicate that the proposed JDPS and JRS-LB algorithms can improve the scheduling success radio compared with the other algorithms.


The effects of changing in temperature and precipitation on the photosynthesis or related physiological parameters of straw-yellow gentian(Gentiana straminea Maxim.) were analyzed by changing precipitation and adjusting temperature with LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system.The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate,stomata conductance,intercellular CO2 concentration,transpiration rate of straw-yellow gentian were the highest under increasing precipitation treatments,while water use efficiency(WUE) of straw-yellow gentian were the lowest under increasing precipitation treatments,and they were highest under decreasing precipitation treatments,and there were no significant differences between 25℃ and 15℃.Additionally,the results also showed that the net photosynthetic rate of straw-yellow gentian increased with increasing the photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) when the PAR ranged from 0~800 μmol·m-2·s-1,and it reached maximum when the PAR ranged from 800~1200μmol·m-2·s-1,while it did not change when the PAR ranged from 1200~3000μmol·m-2·s-1.The stomata conductance or transpiration rate of straw-yellow gentian increased with increasing the PAR.The intercellular CO2 concentration of straw-yellow gentian decreased with increasing PAR when the PAR ranged from 0~800μmol·m-2·s-1,while it did not change when the PAR ranged from 800~3000μmol·m-2·s-1.The WUE of straw-yellow gentian increased with increasing the PAR when the PAR ranged from 0~800μmol·m-2·s-1,while it did not change when the PAR ranged from 800~3000μmol·m-2·s-1.The results indicated that decreasing precipitation would low the net photosynthesis rate and related physiological parameters of straw-yellow gentian.


This paper contains a preliminary analysis on the possibility of changing the orbit of an asteroid by means of what is here defined as an "Electrostatic Tractor". The Electrostatic Tractor is a spacecraft that controls a mutual electrostatic interaction with an asteroid and uses it to slowly accelerate the asteroid towards or away from the hovering spacecraft. This concept shares a number of features with the Gravity Tractor but the electrostatic interaction adds a further degree of freedom adding flexibility and controllability. Particular attention is here paid to the correct evaluation of the magnitudes of the forces involved. The turning point method is used to model the response of the plasma environment. The issues related to the possibility of maintaining a suitable voltage level on the asteroid are discussed briefly. We conclude that the Electrostatic Tractor can be an attractive option to change the orbit of small asteroids in the 100m diameter range should voltage levels of 20kV be maintained continuously in both the asteroid and the spacecraft.


The current status and understanding of various degradation phenomena in III-V optoelectronic devices are discussed, with special consideration given to semiconductor lasers and light emitting diodes fabricated from GaAlAs/GaAs, InGaAsP/InP, and InGaAsP/InGaP/GaAd double-heterostructure materials. Three major degradation phenomena are discussed: rapid degradation, gradual degradation, and catastrophic failure. For each type of these degradation phenomena, methods for eliminating degradation are proposed.


Loch et al. (1995) examined the recovery of the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence snow crab fishery after its nearly collapsed situation in 1988–1989 by highlighting industry involvement, better management practices, and a new survey method. This review did not elucidate underlying biological events but rather emphasized the relationship established among science, management, and industry, which resulted in a unique partnership between the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and industry. Nevertheless, some readers have the impression that the recovery of the snow crab stock was because of the good fishery management and not underlying biological events (Sainte-Marie 1997). In addition, there are some unclear statements that may mislead the reader about the general consensus of Canadian snow crab biologists on snow crab stock dynamics and management approach. Therefore, this response deals with further clarification of Loch et al. (1995) by including the most up to date accounts of developments in snow crab biology and stock assessment in eastern Canada.


Much current discourse in the area of Arctic security has begun to coalesce around two specific aspects, namely the various connections between environmental changes and regional security, and the question of the 'return' of hard security concerns among the two Arctic great powers, Russia and the United States. An initial question involves not only the physical transformation in the Arctic, including the thawing of the northern ice cap, but also the associated regional aftershocks in the areas of development, energy, health, Indigenous affairs, law, and social anthropology, with many of these included in the broader international relations studies approach of "human security."1 A further question emerges from the reconsideration of the Arctic as an area of strategic concern, reflecting the emerging global perception of the region as an area of economic value, in the form of resources and shipping routes, as well as a geostrategic vantage point adjacent to the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,2 two regions which have become geo-strategic hotspots over the past two decades.


The excurrent ducts of the reproductive system of male salamanders show great variation among species of several families, with those of two species of Eurycea being the simplest yet described. Each testis of E. longicauda and E. lucifuga is drained by 5-6 equally spaced transverse tubules passing directly from the central testicular duct to the vas deferens. There is no longitudinal collecting duct between the testis and vas deferens, and no histological regionalization of the transverse tubules nor vasa deferentia. Renal corpuscles, present in at least a reduced condition in the epididymal nephrons of other species, are not present in either species of Eurycea. Histological and histochemical features of the ducts of both species reflect seasonal activity. THE sperm transport system of sala- manders consists of a series of excurrent ducts carrying spermatozoa from the tes- tis, through the epididymal portion of the kidney, to the cloaca. These ducts also store spermatozoa prior to mating. During a preliminary investigation of the male re- productive system of the cave salaman-


A thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a Doctorate Degree in Climate Change and Land Use, 2016


Completing a jigsaw puzzle can be a fun activity, but it can also be a learning experience. Here an exercise is presented that involves student teams completing a simple puzzle while at least one of the members is blindfolded. The blindfolded member is the only member allowed to touch the puzzle pieces, and the other team members have to communicate how to put the puzzle together to the blindfolded member. The activity has often been used to introduce a broad spectrum of management topics on the first day of class. It may also be used to highlight specific topics such as teamwork, communication, problem solving, and creativity. The activity requires little set-up and preparation for the instructor and students participating. Debriefing questions are included.


This paper provides a framework to study how lobby-government interactions affect environmental R&D programs, government' green policies, firms' profitability, and environmental quality when a Northern country and a Southern country are engaged in trade. In our model, the motivation for an incumbent government to use environmental policy arises from its selfish desire to maximize its political support.


Femtocells applied in many existing systems, such as HSPA, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, and etc, which cover a short range and offer an economically viable way to improve cellular system capacity, have caught world-wide researching interest nowadays. An interference coordination scheme is proposed for LTE downlink in this paper, which is split into three steps named as interference graph creation, orthogonal frequency distribution (OFD) algorithm and adaptive frequency reallocation (AFR) algorithm, respectively. The interference graph is created on the basis of the interference detection mechanism named as femtocell user measure-and-report (UMR). The OFD algorithm is used to allocate the orthogonal sub-bands with the goal of eliminating the inter-cell interference caused by neighbor femtocells. The AFR algorithm executes to improve the system capacity and imposes a limitation on the interference level. By extensive simulations, it has been proved that the proposed scheme can effectively mitigate the inter-cell interference and attain superior performance in terms of cell-edge and femtocell throughput compared to the reference schemes in the paper.


This paper establishes superiority of seismic retrofit method using Pお ly Urethane mixed Fly Ash (PUFA). Firstly, cyclic loading test of steel pipe column filled with PUFA was performed to grasp its elasto-plastic response characteristic. The results of the steel pipe column filled with PUFA were compared with those of the steel pipe column without PUFA and those of the steel pipe column filled with concrete. Nextly, earthquake resistance of an existing steel arch bridge built in 1955 was evaluated by nonliner dynamic analysis and steel arch ribs were retrofitted by PUFA. We clarified stiffening effect comparing behaviors of the bridge retrofitted by PUFA and concrete. Through these two studies, we confirmed effect of new seismic retrofit method for steel structures using PUFA.


FrankD, BeauchampG, Palestrini C. 2010. Systematic review of the use of pheromones for treatment of undesirable behavior in cats and dogs. J AmVetMed Assoc 236: 1308–1316. Grosser BI, Monti-Bloch L, Jennings-White C, et al. 2000. Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of androstadienone, a human pheromone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 25: 289–299. Liebowitz MR, Salman E, Nicolini H, et al. 2014. Effect of an Acute intranasal aerosol dose of PH94B on social and performance anxiety in women with social anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 171: 675–682. Monti-Bloch L, Jennings-White C, Berliner DL 1998. The human vomeronasal system. A review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 855: 373–389. Sobel N, Prabhakaran V, Hartley CA, et al. 1999. Blind smell: brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical. Brain 122: 209–217. KATHY LIU AND R. J. HOWARD Maudsley Hospital, London, UK Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London Old Age Psychiatry London, UK *E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging of ocean surface features is studied. The simulation of the turbulent and vortical features generated by a moving ship and SAR imaging of these wakes is carried out. The turbulent wake damping the ocean surface capillary waves may be partially responsible for the suppression of surface waves near the ship track. The vortex pair generating a change in the lateral flow field behind the ship may be partially responsible for an enhancement of the waves near the edges of the smooth area. These hydrodynamic phenomena as well as the changes of radar backscatter generated by turbulence and vortex are simulated.An SAR imaging model is then used on such ocean surface features to provide SAR images.Comparison of two ships' simulated SAR images shows that the wake features are different for various ship parameters.


It is hard to avoid the epithet "monumental" when dealing with Richard Taruskin's book. The scope of research and the volume of writing would not be unprecedented for a detailed biography of a prominent cultural or historical figure; what makes it unusual is the fact that, for all its extensively documented narrative garnished with thousands of photographs, musical examples, quotations, and notes, this book, true to its paradoxical subtitle (A Biography of the Works), does not fit at all into the conventional mold of biographical writings. First of all, Taruskin's eighteen hundred pages cover a relatively small portion of Igor Stravinsky's life: from his apprenticeship years as a minor (and not all too promising) member of Nikolai Rimskii-Korsakov's circle in the 1900s, to the mid-1920s when the composer, finalized in his status as an expatriate by the Bolshevik revolution, unveiled to the Parisian public (with mixed success) his last openly "Russian" works. Even more important, Taruskin's study is anything but a quiet account of its protagonist's "life and oeuvre." It is fiercely conceptual, charged with polemical tension, replete with passionate renunciations of conventional wisdom and brilliant paradoxes. All its formidable weight is being thrust toward a sharply focused intellectual goal. This goal, as Taruskin himself formulates it at the very beginning, is to show that Stravinsky's principal achievement was a synthesis of the authentic native-soil musical tradition, grounded in genuine folklore sources and the aesthetic premises of modernism that spread simultaneously in Russia and the west in the years preceding World War I; that this synthesis had become a compelling paragon followed by much of the musical world throughout the twentieth century, with the sole exception of Stravinsky's homeland; that, as the result of this development, what has emerged as the fundamental features of western music of this century and distinguish it from its past can be largely attributed to the adaptation (however unwitting) of the "Russian way" of musical thinking; and that, for all of this, Stravinsky, regardless of the cosmopolitan veneer of his later oeuvre and his own disclaimers about his Russian musical roots, "was the most completely Russian composer of art music that ever was and, if present trends continue, that ever will be" (18). Taruskin pursues this vision on a truly epic scale. His book grows like a tree of wisdom, its branches spreading in all directions, all over the cultural universe at the turn of the century. The picture of the young Stravinsky "walled" within the academically sterile environment of the "Beliaevtsy"-the St. Petersburg circle of Rimskii-Korsakov's pupils and epigones backed by Mitrofan Beliaev's sponsorship-is accompanied by a detailed description of this musical milieu, comprising several decades of its history and featuring "legions" of its proponents "from [Akhilles]


A member of the Cornaceae family, Cornus officinalis S. et Z. is a China native tree, which is deciduous and sub tall tree. It can grow to a height of 7m and up to 40m wide. Ecologically, this shrub grows well in hillside thickets. This research investigates quantitative morphological characteristics of flower among the C. officinalis in South Korea and then considers its relationship on the basis of raw data among the 10 selected populations. This study will give us invaluable information about growing condition, reasonable management and breeding by selection of C. officinalis in South Korea. The main results obtained from this study are summarized as follows; Suwon and Gunwi populations were larger in flower characteristics compared with other populations and Namwon population was smallest among populations. According to cluster analysis based on the flower morphological characteristics, the natural C. officinalis populations were classified into two groups such as the first group of Gurye, Suncheon, Jinju, Namwon, Hwasun population, the second group of Gunwi, Suwon, Chuncheon, Chungju, Icheon. Selection effects with 5% selection level was estimated at 130.3% in number of inflorescence per fructify lateral branch, 125.2% in number of flower per inflorescence and 121.9% in width of calyx.


True test of civilization is not the infrastructural grandeur, technological wonders, or the enormous wealth generation but the quality of man it produces. The goal of all civilizations must be to research about the unchanging Supreme Truth, since all perishable goals chase by all human beings come to a naught at death. Modern civilization is a civilization that has brought about mind-boggling progress of science and technology, thus enriching the world and our lives. But the modern civilization is also a civilization that has made the 20th century the bloodiest century in human history. In the present day modern civilization, there is a great need for introducing the science of the Supreme Intelligence governing the universe, on a scientific basis in academic institutions around the world. Science must study the imperishable one, which is the eternal spirit soul. Human society including academicians and scientists cannot neglect this ancient spiritual science because it is directly or indirectly responsible in making the people to have balanced, meaningful, peaceful, cheerful and happy lives in the present day modern society.


The article analyses the features of the structure of the budgeting system in conditions of the process-oriented normative method of cost management. The authors set out the peculiarities of budget development in the construction industry, consider the stages of implementation of process-oriented budgeting in conditions of application the process-oriented normative method of cost management in construction industry. Using this model can be very useful for construction industry companies and help them set their goals to achieve performance indicators. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n24p56


In order to evaluate the gains of China's integration into the East Asian production networks,this paper calculates China's net value-added created by imported intermediates from East Asia in 20 industrial sectors and its share in total exports during 1992-2007.The results show that:net value-added of imported intermediates from East Asia has increased rapidly,while the share of net value-added in China's total industrial exports remains low and the growth rate of the share is limited.Even though higher percentages of net value-added are found in technology and capital intensive sectors,most industrial sectors show no significant increases in the share of net value-added.Therefore,we should further deepen vertical specialization between China and East Asia and enhance the absorptive capacity and self-innovation ability of local enterprises to upgrade China's position in East Asian production networks so as to get more trade gains.


In this paper, R-continuous functions and R-compactness are introduced in ideal topological spaces and analyzed the relationships with continuous functions and compactness in general topological spaces.


If it is well known that there is a physiological decrease in olfactory function with increasing age, it has been shown over the last twenty years, that there is a close relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have been widely investigated. Even more interestingly, it has been demonstrated that olfactory dysfunction may precede the onset of neurological symptoms. However, several pathologies may affect olfaction and a precise anamnesis and clinical work-up procedure is mandatory in the evaluation of patients suffering from olfactory disorder to find out the cause of olfactory disorder. In this presentation, we will first review the literature about olfaction and neurodegenerative disorders. Then, we will emphasize on the signs that should evoke a possible neurodegenerative process and deserve further investigations.


The unscented information filter (UIF) has been introduced recently for nonlinear system estimation and sensor fusion. In the UIF framework, a number of sigma points are sampled from the probability distribution of the prior state by the unscented transform and then propagated through the nonlinear dynamic function and measurement function. The new state is estimated from the propagated sigma points. In this way, the UIF can achieve higher estimation accuracies and faster convergence rates than the extended information filter (EIF), which uses a Taylor series to linearize the nonlinear function. This paper extends the framework of the UIF: first, a central difference information filter (CDIF) is derived by employing Stirling's interpolation to generate the sigma points. This leads to fewer predefined parameters and lower computational cost as compared to the original UIF. Second, we introduce the squareroot forms of the CDIF and UIF to increase the numerical stability and guarantee positive semi-definiteness of the state covariances. The proposed algorithms are finally evaluated on two nonlinear problems: the classical space-vehicle tracking problem and the bearing-only tracking problem.


Abstract The crystal structure of β-CsIO4, the room-temperature modification of cesium periodate, was determined as orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with a = 5.8644(5), b = 6.0326(4), c = 14.379(1) A and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R1= 0.0309, wR2 = 0.0701 for 425 absorption-corrected reflections. β-CsIO4 is isostructural with β-CsReO4. The structure comprises isolated IO4 tetrahedra, linked together by Cs ions. The average I-O distance was found to be 1.747 Å .


The tenuous atmospheres of the Galilean satellites are sourced from their surfaces and produced by a combination of plasma-surface interactions and thermal processes. Even though they are thin, these atmospheres can be studied via their auroral emissions, and most work to date has focused on their aurorae at UV wavelengths. Here we present the first detections of the optical aurorae of Ganymede and Callisto, as well as detections of new optical auroral lines at Europa, based on observations of the targets over 10 Jupiter eclipses from 1998 to 2021 with Keck/HIRES. We present measurements of O i emission at 6300/6364, 5577, 7774, and 8446 Å and place upper limits on hydrogen at 6563 Å. These constitute the first detections of emissions at 7774 and 8446 Å at a planetary body other than Earth. The simultaneous measurement of multiple emission lines provides robust constraints on atmospheric composition. We find that the eclipse atmospheres of Europa and Ganymede are composed predominantly of O2, with average column densities of (4.1 ± 0.1) × 1014 cm−2 and (4.7 ± 0.1) × 1014 cm−2, respectively. We find weak evidence for H2O in Europa's bulk atmosphere at an H2O/O2 ratio of ∼0.25, and place only an upper limit on H2O in Ganymede's bulk atmosphere, corresponding to H2O/O2 < 0.6. The column density of O2 derived for Callisto is (4.0 ± 0.9) × 1015 cm−2 for an assumed electron density of 0.15 cm−3, but electron properties at Callisto's orbit are very poorly constrained.


Based on the present exploration situation,we consider that the lithologic reservoir should be the next exploration target in the slope area of Qikou sag.According to slope location,formation feature and exhibition feature,the slope area of Qikou sag is divided into basin fringe fault abrupt slope,break gentle slope,fault terrace gentle slope and fault slope.Based on accumulation model of petroleum accumulation in the Qikou depression,we discuss the pattern of sand distribution,dredge system and thermal evolution of source rock,and then concluded the distributed model of lithologic reservoir in the slope area.This model is testified by exploration practice,suggesting that the exploration of lithologic reservoir in the slope area of Qikou sag would be better.


N-Phenylmaleimide/Styrene(NPMI/St) copolymer emulsion was prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization.The influence of monomer composition ratio on the polymerization stability,conversion,latex viscosity,surface tension and latex particle size was investigated.Results show that the conversion of monomers would be decreased,the gel ratio of polymer emulsion would be increased,the polymerization stability would be decreased,and the viscosity of polymer emulsion would be increased with increasing the NPMI ratio in mixed monomers.The particle size of the copolymer emulsion was 70~80nm,it is well-distributed.


Background: Tooth extraction in dentistry is an act of removing the tooth from the socket hole in the alveolar bone, where there is no more treatment that can be done to maintain the tooth. Tooth extraction is one of the recruitment cases to complete dental studies at the Faculty of Dentistry, Andalas University. Purpose: to examine the prevalence of tooth extraction and its distribution based on gender, age, and causal factors after the COVID-19 pandemic at the Dental and Oral Hospital (RSGM) Faculty of Dentistry, Andalas University. Method: This type of research is descriptive research with a retrospective design. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling and the number of samples obtained is 649 samples. Results: The prevalence of tooth extraction was 16.3%. Based on gender, 366 cases (56.4%) of women had their teeth extracted, which was higher than 283 cases of men (43.6%). Most tooth extractions were recorded in the age group 1-10 as many as 253 cases (39%). The most common causal factor of tooth extraction was retained dental root in 195 cases (30%) Conclusion: .The prevalence of tooth extraction in the RSGM, Universitas Andalas still high, so an adequate education and prevention of tooth extraction was highly recommended to the society.


Current national guidelines recommend a target low-density lipoprotein level of <100 mg/dL for patients with established coronary heart disease or


Abstract: Charlotte Salomon's great and strange work Life? or Theater? A Song-Play incorporates word, image and music in ways that challenge aesthetic containment and definition. The Degenerate Art Exhibition of 1937–1938 was an important source for Salomon's innovative mixture of word and image. Where the Degenerate Art Exhibition's text served to label, vilify, condemn and erase, Salomon's use of text emphasizes ambiguity, not fixity. It layers the art rather than effacing it. Most importantly, it rejects the Nazi attack on Jewish German artists and people by reclaiming both art and language. Salomon's creation of a künstlerroman soon after The Nazis' display of repression and purgation defied the Kunst politik of the regime. Her project was all the more perilous because of her family history of mental illness. Salomon's use of expressionist conventions and of image-text became elements of a therapeutic technique, a means of telling the story of her own life.


In the article a new approach to the choice of strategy of the enterprise development, based on the use of neural networks, is offered. The elaborated hybrid algorithm has been evaluated in the process of working out a strategic plan of an industrial enterprise development, with estimation of adequacy. The advantages of the method and its characteristic features are revealed.


The invention discloses a compound base of a precious metal nanometer array and single layer graphene and a preparation method thereof. The invention includes transferring the single layer graphene prepared by a chemical vapor deposition method to the precious metal nanometer array, keeping warm for 30 minutes under the temperature of 50 DEG C, firmly combining the single layer graphene and the precious metal nanometer array to form the compound base of the precious metal nanometer array and the single layer graphene. The preparation method is simple and easy to operate and low in raw material price. The obtained compound base is order in large area. The compound base can be applied to photoelectron devices and the fields of surface enhanced raman chips, thin film solar batteries and the like.


Introduction 1 1 Integrity 15 2 Empathy 41 3 Emotional Intelligence 65 4 Vision 93 5 Judgment 117 6 Courage 147 7 Passion 173 8 A Better Way to Choose Leaders 199 Appendix A: Commonly Used (and Misused) Leadership Terms 225 Appendix B: The DNA of Leadership Competencies 239 Notes 243 Acknowledgments 261 About the Authors 267 Index 269


Although the amount of PV installed in residential buildings is increasing globally, it is largely limited to single-occupancy dwellings and is extremely uneven across jurisdictions. Deployment on apartment buildings remains low, even in Australia with its world-leading residential PV penetration, or in countries subject to specific enabling legislation, such as Austria. We present a comparative study of PV deployment on multi-occupancy residential buildings in these two countries, examining the impact of their distinct climates, financial settings, heating and cooling technologies and regulatory environments. A mixed-integer linear optimisation model is used to compare cost-optimal PV system size and achievable cost savings for a nine-apartment building. We find that Australia's higher insolation and lower investment costs drive higher optimal system size and bill savings, but lower electricity tariffs and regulatory barriers constrain deployment. By contrast, European enabling legislation has not yet achieved success in overcoming Austria's higher investment costs and lower solar exposure, partly due to significant administrative hurdles. Our findings point to possible country-specific policy approaches to increase deployment in this important sector.


The scientific exploration well is the first HTHP exploration well of CNOOC in Bohai bay.This well's 152.4 mm borehole drilled to buried hill strata of Mesozoic,the TD pressure is over 76 MPa and temperature is over 178 ℃.During testing oil in 152.4 mm bare hole,CO2content was 50%~ 53% and H2S content was 18~ 130 mg/Lin the detected gas.The complicated well bore conditions bring heavy challenges for cementing.This paper takes this well's cementing operations as an example and gives a detailed production for solving these cementing challenges form using antisepsis system to balanceable cementing method,etc.This technology guarantees the cementing quality and gets a successful practice of slim hole cementing method under complicated conditions in Bohai bay.


Latvian national road accident statistics shows that for the vulnerable road users' situation is critical, since pedestrians are involved in more than a quarter of road traffic accidents. This paper gives an analysis on pedestrians involved in road traffic accidents based on the road safety accident database in Latvia for the years 2010–2014. The total number of cases does not change significantly, however there has been an increase in pedestrian fatality rates over the period. From the total number of traffic accidents with pedestrians involved 92.4% had injuries, 6.8% were lethal cases and others didn't suffer from injuries. Out of 342 fatalities 37.7% occurred during the winter period, 56.1% in adverse weather (overcast, fog, rain or snow), 69.9% during twilight or darkness and 26.9% on weekends. Out of all accidents 55.3% occurred in the capital city Riga, but fatality rate was higher on main state roads. 8.1% of the total number of pedestrians involved in road traffic accidents was found to have alcohol in their blood right after the road traffic accident. Fatality rate was higher for those with exceeded BAC. Pedestrian injury risk analysis was associated with demographical and traffic-related factors, urbanization, visibility and seasonal patterns.


The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau is interpreted in terms of two alterative dynamic mechanisms: lateral extrusion of coherent lithospheric blocks and viscous lower crustal flow. To contribute to this debate, we conducted a magnetostratigraphic study of the Early Miocene sedimentary strata of the Gengma Basin, in the northern part of the Shan‐Thai Block (STB). The results show that variations in the deposition rate were synchronous with the rate of clockwise rotation during ∼18.05–15.93 Ma, indicating that the crustal clockwise rotation of the northern STB was the driver of the tectonic transformation of the NE‐SW trending strike‐slip system within the STB by at least ∼18.05 Ma. The rapid decrease in the clockwise rotational rate of the Gengma Basin was also synchronous with the sharp decrease in the convergence rate between the Indian Plate (IDP) and Eurasia at ∼17.23 Ma, which is similar to that occurred in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau during the Paleocene and Eocene, demonstrating the fast response of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau to the convergence of the IDP and Eurasia, in the form of the continuous upper crustal ductile deformation of the Tibetan Plateau and its periphery. The lateral flow of the viscous lower crust beneath the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau may be the predominant driver of the tectonic evolution of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau since the Early Miocene.


The effects of Nd:YAG laser surface treatment on 316LS stainless steel and titanium-aluminium-vanadium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V in terms of cell adhesion and cell proliferation was investigated. The surfaces were examined using various microscopic and chemical analysis techniques Cell adhesion and proliferation tests were conducted to determine the effect that laser treatment has on the bio-metals in terms of increasing or decreasing cell adhesion and cell proliferation. It was found that for 316L stainless steel, laser surface modification resulted in a rougher surface, and this in turn led to decreased cell proliferation and adhesion. The results for Ti-6Al-4V alloy were just the opposite, the surface became smoother and enhanced cell activity was observed.The effects of Nd:YAG laser surface treatment on 316LS stainless steel and titanium-aluminium-vanadium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V in terms of cell adhesion and cell proliferation was investigated. The surfaces were examined using various microscopic and chemical analysis techniques Cell adhesion and proliferation tests were conducted to determine the effect that laser treatment has on the bio-metals in terms of increasing or decreasing cell adhesion and cell proliferation. It was found that for 316L stainless steel, laser surface modification resulted in a rougher surface, and this in turn led to decreased cell proliferation and adhesion. The results for Ti-6Al-4V alloy were just the opposite, the surface became smoother and enhanced cell activity was observed.


Cobalt, a transition metal, is indispensable for mankind in multiple areas. It not only plays a vital role in body functions but also forms compounds of prime importance for usage in lithium-ion batteries and paint industry. Excess cobalt can have detrimental effects on the heart, thyroid gland, and lower pulmonary functions and can also cause hypertension. Its presence in improperly treated industry waste also causes heavy damage to soil and water bodies. Thus, effective detection and quantification of cobalt is a pressing need. This study presents the electrochemical detection of cobalt (II) ions with a gold-treated carbon cloth coated with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). A linear increase in current was observed in the ranges 10 µM – 170 µM with R2 value of 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.67 µM.


We developed microsatellite markers for an important African malaria mosquito Anopheles funestus Giles. The microsatellite-enriched genomic library was constructed and screened with single-strand oligonucleotides [ (CCT) 17 , (AAT) 17 , (CAG) 17 and (GA) 25 ] as probes. Among the 47 pairs of polymerase chain reaction primers screened, 31 produced successful and consistent amplification. Although only a few A. funestus individuals from one geographical location were used to screen microsatellite marker polymorphism, 27 markers were found polymorphic and four markers monomorphic. Most polymorphic markers are trinucleotide markers. Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite markers provide useful tools for A. funestus population genetic studies and genome mapping.


Enzyme IIA and HPr are central regulatory proteins of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase (PTS) system. Three‐dimensional structures of the glucose enzyme IIA domain (IIAglc) and HPr of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli have been studied by both X‐ray crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. Phosphorylation of HPr of B. subtilis and IIAglc of E. coli have also been characterized by NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the binding interfaces of B. subtilis HPr and IIAglc have been identified from backbone chemical shift changes. This paper reviews these recent advances in the understanding of the three‐dimensional structures of HPr and IIAglc and their interaction with each other. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The features of Internet branding as a factor of competitiveness of tourist enterprises  have been explored in this article. It has been revealed that companies in the tourist industry have an interest in obtaining large profits from sales and the desire that clients choose their own firms to meet their needs. Internet branding, which can be seen as an important tool for branding of tourism enterprises, can be an additional advantage in developing a positive image of travel agencies and increasing consumer loyalty, since the Internet provides an opportunity to provide unlimited amount of information. The number of the latter is determined individually by the user. Compared to traditionally used technological means of advertising, Internet branding provides the opportunity to establish a dialogue with consumers and feedback, while, from the investment point of view, it requires less costs. It has been proved that without a powerful and easily recognizable brand it is impossible to guarantee that the consumer of the Internet will have the purpose to go to the website of the travel company, and even less possibility that the user will go to him again. For this reason, tourism companies can only succeed if they have a strong brand. In addition, the brands of tourism companies in the Internet network significantly increase the effectiveness of the interaction, if you raise the trust credit, because this factor is even more important in the virtual platform than in the real world. It has been noted that in today's market environment, under the conditions of wide choice and differentiation of goods, it is practically impossible to compete with enterprises without a strong brand that could ensure the uniqueness, originality and differentiation of the offer. It is necessary to create conditions under which the product of the company can realize the important and valuable for the consumer of quality, so necessary for him, that he, of course, chose this product, symbolically getting all that is special for him. Virtual interaction does not help to determine how serious a site's business can be. In this case, the reputation of a travel company and its popular brand can be of help.


The utility model belongs to the field of the electronic technique, relates to a car audio, and in particular relates to a fixing support for welding power amplifier electronic parts. The support comprises a fixing frame, wherein a limit clamping buckle is arranged at the upper part of the fixing frame, and a buckling position pin is arranged at one side of the lower part of the fixing frame. The power amplifier electronic part is assembled in the fixing frame and is limited by the limit clamping buckle and a assembled assembly is assembled and fixed on a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). The fixing frame has the advantages that the horizontal position and the verticality of a power amplifier can be effectively guaranteed during welding and the welding quality of the power amplifier element is guaranteed.


Abstract Financial scandals in city governments have received increased publicity in recent years. Audit committees have been suggested as a way review and improve standards and procedures for financial accountability. Audit committees assist local government managers in overseeing and monitoring the financial accounting and auditing process. They provide a communication link between elected officials, municipal managers, and independent auditors. This study relies on national survey data to examine the prevalence, role, and composition of audit committees in cities with populations over 65,000 and the conditions affecting their use and effectiveness. Interviews and a brief case study supplement survey data to provide richer detail regarding the performance of audit committees in ensuring improved accountability.


Under the condition on the spectral radius of the linear operator,by using topological method,the existence of positive solutions for the singular boundary value problems of a sytem of second order ordinary differential equations is obtained.


T H E PORTION OF A JOURNAL LEDGER held at the State Archives of Hawai'i that was written by Toketa, a Tahitian teacher to Hawaiian chiefs in the 1820s and 1830s, appeared in the 1979 Hawaiian Journal of History. The remainder of that ledger contains the journal kept by Kahikona, another early Tahitian teacher of Christianity in the entourage of Hawaiian chiefs. It is his fragmentary journal that is presented here. Toketa's journal encompassed only the months of May and June of 1822, while he was in the household of Kuakini, the Governor of Hawai'i island. Kahikona's journal, on the other hand, spanned the years 1826 to 1867, albeit very sketchily. Like Toketa's, Kahikona's journal was translated by Henry P. Kekahuna while employed at the State Archives. The present translation is based upon his work. In the original translation, the entries appear in a numbered sequence set up by the copy typist of both journals. In Toketa's journal, these numbers coincided with a chronological sequence, whereas Kahikona's entry dates


Wireless ad hoc networks are an emerging and popular technology to the world. However, the benefits of them are actually their fragility, too. Owing to mobile node movements, the link break problem always occurs in the network. The problem greatly influences the throughput, delay, jitter, and lots of performance issues of a routing protocol. Many articles provide these performance issues. However, they did not trace the causes. From a different point of view, this article explores the main reason, i.e., link break problem. This article is proposed to evaluate the influence of link break problem on two categories of most popular routing protocols, i.e., table-driven and on-demand routing protocols. This article briefly discusses the main differences, building up mathematical models, setting up simulation environment, running the simulation, and finally presenting the simulation results and analyzing the performance. We found that the update probability of table-driven routing protocols increase exponentially with the number of mobile nodes and linearly with moving speed but not influenced by data traffic. On the contrary, the update probability of on-demand routing protocol increase linearly with the number of mobile nodes, moving speed, and data traffic. We conclude that the effect of link break problem on table-driven routing protocols is much more serious than that of on-demand routing protocols. This will be testified in Sections 4 and 5.


Government units such as counties and cities have long been the basis for economic development, service delivery, and problem solving in rural America, but they are increasingly inappropriate, because many of them are too small to reach the critical mass and because rural issues often transcend arbitrarily set political boundaries. To overcome the resultant adverse effects, many rural communities have been rethinking their development strategies and actively forging regional partnerships. Ad hoc regionalism is a politically feasible and effective way for rural communities to collaborate in these initiatives. The exact issues that spark such collaboration may vary from place to place, but they are all grassroots, voluntary regional governance frameworks or innovations. They allow rural communities to pool their resources and reach the critical mass necessary to tackle a variety of regional issues and take advantage of new economic development opportunities without replacing or threatening existing government units. The two case studies discussed in this article—the western Kansas Rural Economic Development Alliance and the San Juan Forum in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States—show that ad hoc regionalism offers several advantages over rural communities working independently but that challenges in implementing it exist.


In this study, the BZT ferroelectric thin films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate under the RF magnetron sputtering parameters, and their electrical and ferroelectric characteristics were investigated. The MFM structure of Al/Ba(Zr0.1Ti0.9) O3/Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si was proposed in order to be applied as non-volatile ferroelectric random access memory devices applications. Additionally, the coercive field and saturation polarization of BZT films were found to be changed with the different elapsed time and switching cycle. Finally, the switching properties of BZT Films under various retention cycles were also discussed.


To realize the consistency of visual effects and optical effect can produce given virtual processing operation and the work of realistic scenes.The paper adopted the point mapping correspond method to solve the relative problems of the consistency of visual effects.According to the actual scene of the optical effect to set the virtual light source of optical effects and achieve consistency in the virtual reality application platform to create a visual response to realize the virtual reality systems,to meet the reqairements of virtual printing operation and the real scene environment of printing processing.[Ch,2 fig.9 ref.]


This paper investigates solving the imprecise weight coefficients knapsack problem by genetic algorithms. We investigate the possibility of using genetic algorithms solving the fuzzy knapsack problem without defining membership functions for each imprecise weight coefficient. The proposed approach simulates a fuzzy number by distributing it into some partition points. We use genetic algorithms to evolve the values in each partition point so that the final values represent the membership grade of a fuzzy number. The fuzzy concept of the genetic algorithms approach is different, but gives better results than the traditional fuzzy approach.


The novel "Tracings of Absence" deals with the complex patterns of initiative and restraint that characterise the relationships between parents and children and the ghosts and shadows that haunt them as they negotiate this fraught terrain. Deidra, a professional Australian woman in her late forties, is searching for her daughter, Jacqui, who went missing in Argentina three years earlier. Through her local contacts she strikes up a friendship with an English Catholic priest, Stephen. Both Deirdra and Stephen are grappling with histories of guilt and loss. Both are stuck in limbo, trying to find ways to move forward that don't involve amputating their deepest feelings and desires. As Deirdra searches through the crowded, vibrant and sometimes threatening landscape of Buenos Aires, she is also compelled to search through her own personal history, sifting memories surrounding her relationship with her daughter for potential clues about her daughter's sudden disappearance. Throughout this search, she struggles with notions of motherhood and daughterhood, uncertainties surrounding identity and relationship and questions of faith and belief. The novel addresses themes of yearning and absence and the ways in which we attempt to connect with each other across the chasms of our conflicting desires and faltering miscommunications. It also explores the human ties that lift us up and give us hope and the acts of merciful kindness that lead us to compassion for our own experience and for each other and to a renewed sense of human agency and responsiveness. In the exegetical essay, "Negotiating Non-Violent Subjectivity: Narrative Explorations of Women's Struggles against Self-Sacrifice", I trace the ways in which the major themes of my novel emerged during the writing process, focusing on women's struggles against self-condemnation and various forms of self-sacrifice. The essay explores critical theory relating to identity construction and patterns of social interaction, giving particular attention to the mimetic theory of René Girard. I cross-reference Girard's work with the work of other philosophers, theologians, sociologists and feminist critics to both test and challenge some of his central assertions and to explore what began as unconscious artistic resistances to elements of his theory,


The first photographs of the tracks of nuclear particles in a cloud chamber were obtained by C.T.R. Wilson (1) in 1911. A year later (2) Wilson pub lished photographs of tracks of a-particles, j3-particles, and the electrons produced by a beam of x-rays passing through his chamber. In these pictures, Wilson set a standard of quality for cloud-chamber photographs that has not often been excelled and described techniques of measurement that are still of great importance. The development of cloud chambers has made possible many discoveries in nuclear physics and has provided visual proof of the existence of various types of nuclear particles. A collection of some of the most important and beautiful cloud chamber pictures has been made by Gentner, Maier-Leibnitz & Bothe (3) and by Rochester & J. G. Wilson (4) in which they trace the growth of knowledge of nuclear physics through the years since 1911, demonstrating clearly the importance of the cloud chamber technique. Cloud chambers, when operated under suitable conditions, can provide information on the charge, momentum, velocity, lifetime, direction of motion, and interaction properties of nuclear particles, as well as the t otal number of such particles existing at a given time within the useful volume of the chamber. Cloud chambers have been operated at low, atmospheric, and high pressure, in balloons 100,000 ft. above the earth, in mines hundreds of feet below the surface of the earth, on mountain tops for cosmic ray re search, and in the beams of particles created by accelerators. They are versatile and adaptable, but inevitably have their limitations. The invention in 1952 of the bubble chamber by Glaser makes available stilI another in strument for the detection of nuclear particles. Bubble chambers have im portant applications in connection with high-energy accelerators. They can be operated on a cycle of a few seconds, can be made with various liquids, in cluding liquid hydrogen, and have many detection properties in common with cloud chambers. This article will review the developments in cloud-chamber and bubble chamber technique that have been made since 1951. The excellent book by J. G. Wilson (5) and the article by Das Gupta & Ghosh (6) describe the classi cal work on expansion cloud chambers in some detail. Snowden has written a review article (7) on diffusion cloud chambers that contains much valuable material , and Glaser has published several articles on bubble chambers that will be referred to in the latter part of this paper.


Submitted for the DPP05 Meeting of The American Physical Society Three-dimensional observation of the pellet ablation in LHD RYUICHI SAKAMOTO, HIROSHI YAMADA, National Institute for Fusion Science, MITSUYASU HOSHINO, Nagoya University, LHD EXPERIMENTAL GROUP TEAM — Three-dimensional pellet ablation observation, which uses a stereo-scope vision, has been available with fast camera in Large Helical Device (LHD). A pair of the stereo images, which are taken from different location, has been focused onto a single fast camera through a bifurcated imaging fiber to ensure the simultaneity of the both images. It has been confirmed by three-dimensional observations that the pellets penetrate into hot plasmas with maintaining an initial velocity during ablation. At the same time, intermittent breakaway of the pellet ablatant, which surrounds the pellet substance, has been observed. The breakaway plasmoid has the velocity component opposite to the injection direction. It suggests that a part of the pellet mass is lost before it deposits in the target plasma. Ryuichi Sakamoto National Institute for Fusion Science Date submitted: 19 Jul 2005 Electronic form version 1.4


Two separate functional defects of the alternate pathway of complement (defective yeast opsonisation and defective rabbit erythrocyte lysis) are very frequent (of the order of 55% for the former and 35% for the latter) among atopic children and their unaffected relatives. The defects are independent of each other and of sex, age, season of sampling, type of atopic syndrome and IgE level. The alternative pathway initiation mechanism is probably involved in both defects.


We have observed five quasars (0827+243, 0923+392, 1222+216, 1317+520, and 2209+080) with Chandra at 0.2–8 keV and with the VLA at 5 and 15 GHz. The X-ray emission is detected from all the radio jets except for 0923+392, whose double radio jet only extends out to the edge of the X-ray PSF. We model the spectral energy distribution of the jet features assuming that the X-ray emission originates via inverse Compton scattering off the cosmic microwave background by relativistic electrons. For two sources (0827+243 and 1222+216) proper motion on parsec scales is consistent with the Doppler factors derived from the model, which implies that no deceleration occurs between parsec and kiloparsec jets. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


A fuzzy switching supervisor PID control approach is developed and applied to a distributed collector field of a solar power plant. To deal with the effects of fast and unexpected deviations on the solar radiation and on the inlet oil temperature the introduction of a feedforward compensator is also investigated. Simulation and experimental results, obtained at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (Spain), are presented showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


ISMAH ATIKA SALMAH. Endoparasites in Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Dolphin's Conservation Agency. Supervised by RISA TIURIA and AGUS SETIYONO. Parasitic diseases can affect dolphin's health that are kept in captivity. Information related to the type of parasite that infects dolphin in conservation is still very limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the parasite of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) in dolphin's conservation agency, Indonesia. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum using a rubber catheter. Fecal samples were examined by flotation, McMaster, filtration and sedimentation, and Baermann method. Blood samples were collected from the tail fluke vein. Blood samples were examined for blood parasites and Toxoplasma gondii antibody test with Asan Easy Test kit. The results of fecal samples examination showed one in three Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins infected Anisakid. Rapid test result showed that two of the three dolphins infected with Toxoplasma gondii are characterized by detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Type of IgG indicates chronic infection of Toxoplasma gondii. The source of Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive dolphins may occur through water contamination in dolphin pond by cat feces containing oocysts. Piroplasmosis is found in blood samples; Anaplasma sp. and Babesia spp. on all dolphin. These result indicate the need for parasite control in dolphin's conservation.


RECALL distinctly how, 'way back when I was a pupil in the Illinois School for the Blind, I envied the advantage possessed by a certain musical chap who played a valve trombone in our band. At rehearsals he occupied a chair just behind me and my squalling clarinet. When the rest of us forgot or fell down on our parts, with a dismal frazzling out of the would-be ensemble, he would continue to toot his notes precisely until stopped by the blind director. The latter wellmeaning gentleman would then chide us for not knowing our music so well as Fred, the trombonist. The assignment to be memorized from our Braille score was usually not overly taxing. At first we didn't understand the chuckle which came from the trombone so close behind me. One day, however, we discovered that Fred, with his instrument perched on his knee, fingered the valves with one hand and read his notes with the other. By being able to "sight read," this rascal, without sight, literally stole marches on his blind companions. It happens that I am now in charge of the Braille library of music in the same school. Now and then a pupil comes to me for, say, a nocturne whose key or composer he has for the moment forgotten. I draw several nocturnes from the shelves and occasionally the pupil, "glancing" over them with his fingers will say, "This is the one my teacher played over for me." Not long ago I sat as a visitor in the chapel of L'Institution des Jeunes Aveugles, Paris, and observed the training of a choir by the distinguished blind musician, M. Marty. Each of the singers read from a Braille score, and I shall never forget with what precision the class responded to the master's direction. I remember my beginning to doubt that they were actually reading-they sang so beautifully-when suddenly I was convinced by the quick turning of all the Braille pages. The miraculous thing was happening; the blind were sight singing. In the same school, as in several others, the organist candidates for church positions are trained to read the chant melodies with one hand, and play the simple accompaniments with the other hand and the pedals. The world over, teachers of music who art without sight are able, through the use of embossed music, to follow their pupils as they play their assignments.


The invention provides a photovoltaic assembly junction box with electrical connection protection, which comprises a solar panel input end, a junction box output end and a first electrical connection protector and/or a second electrical connection protector, wherein the first electrical connection protector is connected in parallel with bypass diodes of the solar battery input end; the second electrical connection protector is connected in series with the junction box output end; the electrical connection protectors are made of bimetallic strips different in thermal expansion coefficients; the first electrical connection protector is normally open; and the second electrical connection protector is normally closed. According to the photovoltaic assembly junction box with the electrical connection protection, due to the characteristics of the high-temperature sensibility of metal, a temperature of the inside and/or the outside of a junction box is monitored, and a trend of internal current of the junction box and an externally outputted turn-off function are achieved, so that a purpose of the electrical connection protection is achieved.


For most veterinary nurses, encountering a hyperthyroid cat is an almost daily occurrence. However, this does not make them any easier to handle- their condition can make them challenging patients, in the surgery or at home. Sarah Caney reviews the assessment of hyperthyroid cats and some important factors in their management


A novel single-fed, wideband, circularly polarized slot antenna is proposed and fabricated. Wideband circular polarization is obtained by introducing an antipodal Y-strip to a square slot antenna. The feedline is a U-shaped microstrip line that provides a wide impedance bandwidth. The overall size of the antenna is only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{28}\, \times \text{28}\, \text{mm}^{2}\, (\text{0.3}\; \lambda _{o} \times \text{0.3}\; \lambda _{o})$</tex-math></inline-formula>. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and tested. The measured bandwidths for the axial ratio <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(\text{AR} < \text{3}\, \text{dB})$</tex-math></inline-formula> and relative impedance <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(| {S_{11}} | < - \text{10}\, \text{dB})$</tex-math></inline-formula> are 41.3% (from 4.4 to 6.67 GHz) and 84% (from 3.25 to 8 GHz), respectively, and the antenna has a stable radiation pattern and a gain of greater than 3 dBi over the entire circular polarization frequency band.


A new di-mannitol adipate ester-based zinc metal alkoxide (DMAE-Zn) was synthesized as a bi-functional PVC thermal stabilizer for the first time. The materials were characterized with Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Characterization results confirmed the formation of Zn-O bonds in DMAE-Zn; and that DMAE-Zn had a high decomposition temperature and a low melting point. The thermal stability of DMAE-Zn on PVC also was tested by conductivity test, thermal aging test, and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) test. PVC stabilized by DMAE-Zn had a good initial color and excellent long-term stability. UV-VIS also showed that the conjugated structure in PVC stabilized by DMAE-Zn was almost all of the triene, suggesting that the addition of DMAE-Zn would suppress the formation of conjugated structures above tetraene. Dynamic processing performance of PVC samples tested by torque rheometer indicated that, having a good compatibility with PVC chains in the amorphous regions, DMAE-Zn contributed good plasticizing effect to PVC. DMAE-Zn thus effectively demonstrates bi-functional roles, e.g., thermal stabilizers and plasticizers to PVC. Furthermore, FT-IR, HCl absorption capacity test, and complex ZnCl2 test were also used to verify the thermal stability mechanism of DMAE-Zn for PVC.


Copper metallization has the potential to introduce into solar cell front side contact instead of screen printing. However, copper can react with silicon to form copper silicide quickly. A diffusion barrier needs to be introduced to avoid copper diffusion into the silicon substrate. Nickel silicide has been as the diffusion barrier in solar cells. The nickel silicide barrier layer also increases the adhesion strength of plated Ni/Cu. In this work, the nickel silicide barrier layer formed by electroless nickel plating method. And the degradation of the nickel silicide barrier layer in structure Cu/NiSi x /Si will be investigated. The structures of Cu/NiSi x /Si characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the failure of Cu/NiSi x /Si can be attributed to copper react with nickel silicide to form Cu-Ni-Si alloy first. Then the copper penetration through the thin nickel silicide layer and the formation of copper silicide.


The metallic grounding material such as copper, steel and alloys plating used in power system nowadays are facing lots of problems such as corrosion, high maintenance cost and so on. To solve these problems, a new type of grounding material-the flexible graphite-copper composited grounding material (FGCG) was proposed and produced .The raw materials include high purity graphite, copper, organic and inorganic fibres, adhesive and so on. The framework consists of copper and fibres, supported and held by graphite and adhesive. Finally, a new grounding material is made with hierarchical stranded structure, namely FGCG. The skin effect of steel, copper and FGCG can be investigated by electromagnetic analysis using finite element method (FEM) in high frequency and low frequency situation respectively. On this basis of heat source obtained by electromagnetic analysis, the comparison of dynamic thermal stability between traditional metallic material and FGCG is calculated by coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis. The result indicates that the short circle current withstand capacity of FGCG is much higher than traditional metallic material because of smaller skin effect and high thermal capacity of graphite.


The title is carefully worded. After stifling a yawn on picking up 'a manual', I was quickly engaged by the attention to semantics from Leona Bachrach and co-author Gordon H. Clark in the first chapter. Their historical overview of the first 30 years of community mental health begins with a definition of community psychiatry: 'the application of the theory and practice of psychiatry in non institutional and creatively non traditional settings', frequently practised in service settings that are fully or partially funded with public monies. This follows the definition used by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry in 1983. Community mental health, by contrast, is described as being understood to have a broader scope as a 'population-based, prevention-orientated, primarily publicly funded mental health system'. The authors suggest that in the United States at least these movements, which initially began as close to one another, have diverged, confused everybody and come together again. From this flows a critique of the diminishing psychiatric presence and more general de-professionalisation of community mental health services in the earlier years. The vital place of psychiatrists and other professionals in publicly funded community psychiatric services is becoming better recognised. The need to recruit and retain psychiatrists and to involve them in service development remains a critical professional and service issue. Alongside this is the recognition in the United States and elsewhere that psychiatrists and other professionals have changing needs for specialised training in community psychiatry. A group of prominent psychiatrists in the United States has defined the value of training sites, and the potential for recruiting and retaining community psychiatrists in affiliating community-based service sites with established medical schools. Of further relevance to us in Australia is a discussion of the relationship between community mental health centres and general hospital psychiatric units, which is seen as a unifying influence in professional and service development. Recent books on community psychiatry include notable contributions from the United Kingdom. This volume, by contrast, is decidedly North American in focus. There is a wide coverage of relevant population groups and special topics, with emphasis on mu]tidisciplinary team care and continuity of care, the role of consumers, carers and self-help groups, the training needs for professionals in community psychiatry, and the needs of patients with substance abuse, HIV infection or homelessness, violent patients and victims of violence, and the community treatment of older adults and children and adolescents. Many of these chapters, and those concerned with the various treatment settings, are brief and practical, and suitable as practice and training prompts as befits a manual. The coverage of other major issues, such as the community care of adults with develop mental disabilities and mental illness, is relatively perfunctory. The value is emphasised of working with advocacy, support and self-help groups, and with families and other professionals and of State and University collaboration. In keeping with the American setting, however, there is little reference to the working relationships so important here with community health and general medical practitioners. This book will encourage some because of its coverage and practical bent. It will worry others because of the continuing sense of separation of psychiatric practice. On reflection, I found it particularly strong in its overall suggestion that there is much better use to be made of available resources in community psychiatry than is the case currently. Cooperation, innovation, training and good administration can promote a greater and appropriate diversity of practice and linkage with other practice areas. In Australia, with the National Mental Health Plan, there is a growing framework and stability for practising psychiatry in the community in integrated healthcare settings, and a different health and welfare setting. Nonetheless, the manual will be useful to registrars and mental health practitioners, and those planning services and training. John A. Talbott is quoted on the dust jacket: 'The editors have put together the first good book on community psychiatry in America in twenty years; it has all the top people, covers the waterfront, and is not afraid of complexity'. This is high praise from one of the eminent figures in the field, and if you are curious about how 27 chapters and 44 authors can be marshalled effectively to reflect on this topic, I recommend that you read on.


A deep ocean robotic platform capable of in situ microbial identification and quantification at depths to 4000 m has been developed. The platform is a free benthic lander, containing a low pressure microbial instrument and deep ocean sampling systems that can monitor and collect raw seawater from multiple sources, then decompress the raw seawater for processing by the detection instrument. This has enabled the autonomous collection, processing, and archiving of microbes from multiple sites. This allows for direct, time correlated comparison of different microbial populations along with the seawater physical and chemical composition.


An efficient sample rate conversion (SRC) method for software radio (SWR) systems is proposed. The proposed method modifies conventional single- or multistage SRC processes such that the computation of the output of a particular stage is performed in a hierarchical fashion. This SRC method consumes fewer computations than traditional SRC methods over a range of SRC factors and is especially suitable for SWR base station transmitters. The computational requirements of the proposed SRC method and conventional SRC methods are compared and simulation results of the proposed method are discussed.


Jonathan Markovitz, RACIAL SPECTACLES: EXPLORATIONS IN MEDIA, RACE AND JUSTICE, New York and London: Routledge, 2011, 227 pp., £24.99 (pbk) This serious, elegantly written and convincing book argue...


Constrained groove pressing (CGP), as a new severe plastic deformation technique, can be used for fabricat ing high performance sheet materials. Because of its potential for largescale industrial production, CGP is prospective for application in aviation, aerospace, transportation and many other fields. In this work, Cu-Zr and titanium (CP-Ti) sheets were processed by CGP. Microstructures of these two kinds of sheets before and after CGP were analyzed and the grain sizes were moderately refined after two-pass CGP processing. Mechanical testing results show that Vickers hardness, yield stress and ultimate strength of Cu-Zr alloy after two-pass CGP increased by 70%, 273% and 64% respectively, while those of CP-Ti increased by 26%, 66% and 48% respectively comparing with the unprocessed material. These two kinds of materials exhibit pronounced positive st rain rate sensitivity (SRS) and the SRS of Cu-Zr alloy increases with increasing pass number of CGP, while the SRS of CP-Ti is not so sensitive. The strengthening mechanism analysis indicates that the stress elevation after CGP is mainly due to dislocation accumulation and interaction, while grain boundary strengthening is not significant. The grain refinement efficiency of CGP is comparatively studied with respect to other SPD methods.


there is provided a load measuring device, in particular for measuring physical parameters of a sample at a mechanical force acting on the sample, comprising a sample chamber for receiving the sample, wherein the sample chamber along a first axis is movable, and a rod, which along a second axis relative to the sample chamber is movable, wherein the second axis is substantially perpendicular to the first axis, said rod is mounted rotatably about its steering axis, and wherein at the end facing the sample chamber end of the rod, a loading body is arranged. also provides a process for measuring physical parameters of a sample at a mechanical force acting on the sample with a load measuring device according to the invention is provided.


Glucose homeostasis is very tightly controlled to allow constant availability of fuel to cells in fed, fasted and exercise states. The control of glucose requires a co-ordinated effort over several organs. For example, maintenance of glucose homeostasis relies on neuronal and hormonal control of the liver to switch between glucose uptake and glucose release. Major hormonal control of the liver comes from the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the pancreas. However it is now known that other hormones in the entero-insular axis, which includes the pancreas and the gastrointestinal (GI), also contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. The importance of glycaemic control becomes apparent when glucose homeostasis is disrupted leading to metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Currently, the major aim for diabetic patients is to maintain adequate control of glycaemia to lower the risk of complications associated with glucose fluctuations including kidney disease, cardiovascular complications and blindness. New understanding of the roles of other hormones has led to a multi-hormonal view of glucose homeostasis and as such, increased the potential for therapeutic targets to be developed. Three peptides were investigated in this thesis for their potential as glucoregulatory hormones. Preptin is a 34 amino acid peptide isolated from the granules of ??TC6-F7 cells, an islet ??-cell line and corresponds to the E domain of proIGF-2. Although isolated from a ??-cell line, preliminary studies indicated preptin-like immunoreactivity (PLIM) is confined to the ??-cell in the pancreas and as yet unidentified cells in the mucosa of the stomach of rats. In addition, preptin has been shown to be co-secreted with insulin in ??TC6-F7 cells and to increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in the rat pancreas. This thesis investigated the location of preptin in the stomach. However PLIM was not able to be confirmed due to lack of a suitable antibody. Furthermore, two alternative methods, MALDI-TOF and LC-MS/MS did not detect preptin in the rat pancreas. Therefore the presence of preptin in rat islets is inconclusive. Preptin effects on liver function were also investigated in an isolated perfused rat liver model. While preptin decreased glucose output, its effects were insubstantial and inconsistent compared to the well-characterised glucoregulatory hormone, insulin. However, the presence of other PLIM products in disease indicate that proIGF-2 may have a physiological role and further investigation is warranted to elucidate proIGF-2 products in the pathology of metabolic diseases. Two peptides were also investigated as glucoregulatory peptides. GRPP was purified from the porcine pancreas and studies using MALDI-TOF also suggested its presence in rat and mouse islets. Glicentin-related pancreatic polypeptide-like peptide (GRPP-LP) was discovered in rat islets using MALDI-TOF and LC-MS/MS techniques. This thesis studied the effect of rat GRPP and rat GRPP-LP in the isolated perfused rat liver, however no…


The financial support of the Jaber Ibn Hayan Research Laboratories, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute and Mr. Hasan Sedighi helps and the university of Imam Khomeini (IKIU) is gratefully acknowledged.


Measurements of charged dihadron angular correlations are presented in proton-proton (pp) and Lead-Lead (PbPb) collisions, over a broad range of pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle, using the CMS detector at the LHC. In very high multiplicity pp events at center-of-mass energy of 7TeV, a striking "ridge"-like structure emerges. The long-range dihadron correlations are studied in PbPb collision at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76TeV, as a function of transverse momentum and collision centrality, in the context of higher order flow coefficients.


Following a year of severe overcapacity, weak downstream demand and downward pricing pressure in 2014, the first three quarters of 2015 have provided further challenges for graphite producers, despite declining Chinese flake graphite output in key supply regions.

Natural flake graphite is the feedstock used to produce spherical graphite for lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery anodes. But consumption in this segment has yet to lift overall demand volumes for natural flake graphite and the mineral faces strong competition from synthetic graphite, which accounts for 60% of the total graphite consumed in battery anodes.

Moving into the northern hemisphere winter is likely to see seasonal closures in some of China's major graphite-producing provinces such as Heilongjiang - China's largest flake graphite-producing province - where extreme weather conditions prohibit both mining and processing.


Aim: Highlight childhood Osteosarcoma as uncommon in a pre-adolescent female's scapula.
Presentation of Case: 9-year-old female with left scapular outgrowth, weight loss, paleness  cachexia and axillary lymphadenopathy. Mass measured 27 by 53 cm, hard, tender with smooth, shiny unattached skin. Shoulder and Chest CT showed huge, well demarcated, heterogenous 14.6cm by 13.4cm by 14.4cm soft tissue mass with lobulated margins on the left scapular with its lytic destruction. Multiple nodules were seen on ipsi-lateral lung involving adjacent pleura. Malignant mesenchymal moderately pleomorphic cells with large pleomorphic hyperchromatic occasionally mitotic nuclei in a fibrous background with neoplastic lacy bone trabeculae, alternating hyper-cellular and hypo-cellular areas, dilated congested vessels were visualized on histology. Metastatic Osteosarcoma was diagnosed. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was given. Surgical tumor debulking awaited.
Discussion: The peak age for childhood Osteosarcoma is reported as 10–14years for females and 15–19 years in males which coincides with the adolescent growth spurt in both sexes (Tanner stage 3 or Sexual Maturation Rating (SMR) 3 in girls). Our pre-adolescent patient is noteworthy hence our documentation. In children Osteosarcoma occur primarily in the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones with 42% in the femur, 19% tibia and 10% humerus. Rarely in skull, pelvis or scapular (8%). The inflammatory features seen in osteosarcoma mimic osteomyelitis, cellulitis, trauma and benign bone tumors as strong differentials. Our patient's late presentation features rather mimic our diagnosis. Our patient's histology support Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma with high grade histology. A variant previously reported in sacrum, iliac crest and pubis. Late presentation seen has been cited as a major factor affecting surgical method as it will in this case. Otherwise limb salvage surgery with chemotherapy remains the management with best outcome.
Conclusion: Scapular Osteosarcoma in a pre-adolescent female is an uncommon presentation, hence this report.


Luther's Reformation began with a debate over proper repentance, a fact that tends to get overlooked in most accounts of its history. By focusing on a close reading of the first five of Luther's "95 Theses," the following article examines that debate in its context, seeks to understand Luther's theological insights and places them in conversation with contemporary thoughts and practices of repentance.


How might attention intersect with normative issues and the psychology surrounding them? This survey connects three phenomena discussed in ethics and epistemology: salience, vigilance (attunement) and attentional character. I connect these phenomena drawing on an empirical understanding of attention and bias in the biology of human agents that enriches the relevant psychology. Section 1 establishes a common ground conception of attention that is no more controversial than the established empirical paradigms for attention. This allows for an explication of bias needed to explain action and attention, an explication that is both biological and philosophical. With this in place, I emphasize historical biases associated with learning and experience. Section 2 presents an analysis of automaticity and control, concepts needed for an adequate characterization of skill. Historical biases are revealed as automatic, so not controlled through intention. The automatization of attention is central to acquiring skills and excellence in light of normative standards. Section 3 argues that salience involves the deployment of attention, while section 4 characterizes vigilance not merely as a disposition but as an active orientation to attend. Vigilance is one type of attunement, and the set of attunements constitute the agent's varied orientations to deploy attention. This informs the idea of attentional character as the goal of a normatively sensitive upbringing where appropriate attention is automatized through learning. Section 6 draws on these lessons to assess one common form of epistemic bias in academia and attempts to debias to establish virtuous attentional character.


In this study, we decomposed the broad practice of deciphering multiple solution strategies. We conducted interviews with 11 preservice elementary teachers, in which we asked teachers to decipher students' standard and nonstandard strategies to multiplication and division problems. We examined what teachers said and did—what we refer to as "subpractices"—as they engaged in the broad practice of deciphering multiple strategies. Inductive analysis revealed the presence of 10 subpractices. The subpractice of comparing and contrasting nonstandard methods was associated with success in deciphering students' strategies, whereas two other subpractices—identifying number decompositions and relating nonstandard methods to the standard algorithm—were at times associated with success but at other times with a lack thereof. This study adds to a growing body of work seeking to support preservice teachers in learning the complex practices of reform-oriented mathematics teaching by decomposing these practices into their component parts.


The issue of verbal complementation patterns in the Arabic vernaculars isone which is relatively under-researched: this paper aims to make a small con-tribution in this area, focussing on essentially two issues (i) the syntax of so-called experiencer-object psychological predicates (EOPVs) (that is, predicates in the frighten or please classes) and (ii) the syntax of aspectual or phasal pred-icates (that is, verbs such as begin and continue). We argue that the latter classof verbs are in fact raising verbs and go on to show that in some dialects the interaction of EOPV and aspectual predicates permits a pattern reminiscent of Copy Raising.


A VECTOR, according to Webster's unabridged dictionary, is "an organism, usually an insect, which carries and transmits disease-causing micro-organisms." This is the classic definition of a vector. Since living languages are constantly changing in vocabulary and in word definitions, it is probably only a matter of time before dictionaries will begin to include broader and supplementary usages of the term "vector," consistent with current usage of the word. It is our purpose to define what "vector control" means today and to review the justification for modern vector control as carried on in this country. Less than 30 years ago, as many as a million cases of malaria annually were estimated to have occurred in the United States, principally in the southern States. As many as a hundred thousand cases annually were attributed to each of several States. While malaria was undoubt-


This paper uses a time-domain approach to study the effect of fast sampling on the stability of a class of nonlinear sampled-data systems which have the property that their underlying continuous systems are stable on a certain domain. In this, the second part of the paper, a relationship between sampling rate and an estimated domain of attraction of the system is obtained by extending the analysis in Part 1(1). This relationship indicates that a faster sampling rate can increase the estimated domain of attraction of the sampled-data system, a phenomenon well known in practice. Hence this study is a magnificent step towards understanding the effect of sampling on the behaviour of a sampled-data system. It may also help in designing a sampled-data system in the best interests of economic instrumentation and system performance.