Changes in parasite virulence are commonly expected to lead to trade-offs in other life history traits that can affect fitness. Understanding these trade-offs is particularly important if we want to manipulate the virulence of microbial biological control agents. Theoretically, selection across different spatial scales, i.e. between- and within-hosts, shapes these trade- offs. However, trade-offs are also dependent on parasite biology. Despite their applied importance the evolution of virulence in fungal parasites is poorly understood: virulence can be unstable in culture and commonly fails to increase in simple passage experiments. We hypothesized that manipulating selection intensity at different scales would reveal virulence trade-offs in a fungal pathogen of aphids, Akanthomyces muscarius. Starting with a genetically diverse stock we selected for infectivity, parasite yield or speed of kill by manipulating competition within and between hosts and between groups of hosts over 7 rounds of infection. We characterized ancestral and evolved lineages by whole genome sequencing and by measuring virulence, growth rate, sporulation and fitness. While several lineages showed increases in virulence, we saw none of the trade-offs commonly found in obligately-killing parasites. Phenotypically similar lineages within treatments often shared multiple single-nucleotide variants, indicating strong convergent evolution. The most dramatic phenotypic changes were in timing of sporulation and spore production in vitro. We found that early sporulation led to reduced competitive fitness but could increase yield of spores on media, a trade-off characteristic of social conflict. Notably, the selection regime with strongest between-group competition and lowest genetic diversity produced the most consistent shift to early sporulation, as predicted by social evolution theory. Mutli-level selection therefore revealed social interactions novel to fungi and showed that these biocontrol agents have the genomic flexibility to improve multiple traits -virulence and spore production - that are often in conflict in other parasites. Author summary Understanding the ecological forces that shape virulence is a key challenge in evolutionary biology. Here we investigated how competition at different levels of selection (within-hosts, between-hosts, between populations) could alter investment in virulence in a fungal entomopathogen. We predicted that cooperative investment in virulence would increase at higher scales of competition and aimed to further our understanding of potential trade-offs shaping life-history of a fungal insect pathogens. We found moderate increases in virulence in different selection regimes but importantly, none of the commonly expected trade-offs, such as that between spore production and virulence or a relationship between virulence and growth rate, which is consistent with cooperation. However, we found convergent genetic changes and significant differences in timing and production of spores, dependent how we manipulated scales of selection. Our data suggests that this is driven by social conflict regarding the timing of sporulation. This carries fundamental importance for understanding how varying selection pressure at different scales shape pathogen life history. In addition, these results also have applied importance for understanding how to improve and select for beneficial traits in biocontrol agents.


A renormalisation group method is presented to analyse the multifractal structure of the current distribution in random linear resistor networks just above the percolation threshold. The recursion relation for the current distribution is given under the renormalisation transformation. The distribution function of the current is derived with the use of the recursion relation. The fragmentation of the current is described as a random multiplicative process. An infinite set of exponents is calculated to scale each of the moments of the current distribution. The alpha -f spectrum is derived from the Legendre transform of these exponents. The authors' exponents, obtained by the relatively small-cell renormalisation, are very close to the previous simulation data.


Finding the whirling speed of the shaft of the ship propeller is presented on this paper. Power generated from the engine is transmitted to the propeller directly/indirectly using gearbox. This is important to find the natural frequencies of the shafting system in order to prevent resonance. So, multi-DOF (degree of freedom) is considered on this study including engine, gearbox and propeller, flywheel and etc. connecting by the shaft. Whiling speeds of the shaft are determined at various conditions as well as the effect of the shaft torsional stiffness and shaft diameter are presented and discussed.


The basic seismic intensity in dam site of Hadashan water project is eight degree.The scheme of reinforcement with cover-weight and vibroflotation pile is adopted.By the use of 3-D nonlinear finite element method,the FEM model of dam and its foundation is built.According to the seismic acceleration curve provided,the seismic response behavior is researched by dynamic time-history method.The analysis shows that,the acceleration response,the displacement response and the stress response are small under design earthquake action.The earthquake induced permanent deformation is small,and its value is about 0.10% of the maximum dam height(including foundation overburden).The global stability of dam satisfies the requirement.The design proposal is technically feasible.


A prospective study was conducted ID obtain the basic data of intravenous infusion-related nosocomial infections at the Pediatric Department Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta during the period of March - May 1998. Subjects were patients with a single intravenous infusion without any other invasive measures. All patients were admitted at the intermediate and ordinary ward that was classify to the First and Second Class, Third Class according to room rate and number of beds. From 62 patients with intravenous infusion, 21 were infected (33. 9% with 95%CI; 0.226; 0.471). Complications of intravenous infusions were skin infdtrations (17 /62), phlebitis (8/62), bacteremia (4/62), and septicemia (1/62). The most frequently found microorganism were Staphyloroccus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Acinobacter calroaceticus, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the senstivity tests of those microorganisms proved that all bacteriac, Gram positive as well as Gram negative were sensitive to the following antibiotics (in decreasing order): cypronoxacine, amikacin, gentamicin, cefphyrome and ceftriaxon. Gram positive bacteriae were also sensitive to vancomycin and cephalotin.


The fry of milk fish Chanos chanos (Forskal), measuring 11-15 mm (13.5 mm mean length) obtained
from the creeks and canals of Puthuvype area in the Vypeen Island have been used to study the electivity
and food rations under laboratory conditions using rotifers, copepods, copepodites, copepod
nauplii and Artemia nauplii as feed. The observations at 24 hour intervals lasted for 7 days in one
set and 14 days in another set of experiments in different containers with 10 %, salinity. The survival
rate was 100% during the period of observation.


Thermal properties of cryo-ground coriander powder (var. RCR-41) such as specific heat, bulk thermal conductivity and bulk thermal diffusivity were investigated. It was observed that the specific heat increased from 347.63 to 3700.31 J kg-1K-1 with increase in temperature from -150 °C to 100°C and moisture content from 3.5% to 17.7% (db) and it showed a second order polynomial relationship with moisture content and temperature. The thermal conductivity increased nonlinearly from 0.0884 to 0.1340 Wm-1K-1 with increase in moisture content from 3.5% to 17.7% (db) at 30°C. Thermal diffusivity varied non-linearly from 12.63 × 10-6 to 19.89 × 10-6 m2s-1 with increase in moisture content from 3.5% to 17.7% (db) at 30°C. Both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity showed quadratic relationships with moisture content. The specific heat was affected significantly with moisture content and temperature (P≤0.01) and both thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity were affected significantly by moisture content.


The present invention monitors the condition of the goods on display from the captured image on the shelf, to provide information notification program, and an information processing apparatus for extracting a reference state for judging whether or not it is necessary to items organized. A information processing apparatus 1, the clerk from the captured image by the camera 13 and determining whether the clerk behavior determining means 103 and the product organizing shelves, the clerk behavior determining means 103 has determined that the items organized If, as a reference state extracting unit 104 for extracting the state of the shelf as a reference the state information 112, a rack change detecting means 106 for detecting a change in the shelves based on the reference status information 112, rack change detecting means 106 detects a change If, and a notification unit 107 for notifying the change. .FIELD 2


Aluminum films 1pm in thickness are deposited by sputtering and by partially ionized beam (PIB) deposition. In the as-deposited condition, the sputtered film has a weak texture while the PIB film has a very strong {111} fiber texture. Annealing at temperature between 250°C and 400°C for 0.5 hr induces grain growth accompanied by texture evolution. These aluminum films are characterized by an {111} texture superimposed on a random grain distribution. When the {111} component dominates as in the PIB condition, little texture evolution accompanies grain growth at successively higher temperatures. When the {111} component is weak, the random component decreases at the expense of a strengthening {111}. Grain growth kinetics are similar for both cases.


The effect of concentration of a cationic surfactant (polyoxyethylene diethylenetriamine dialkylamide) on the stability of aqueous titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) dispersion was studied by measuring adsorption and zeta potential. It was found that as the surfactant concentration increases, stability decreases initially and then increases, showing a minimum. As the concentration increases further, stability decreases, showing a maximum. The zeta potential changes from negative to positive as the adsorption increases and reaches a maximum when the adsorption reaches a plateau value. The dispersion flocculated when the absolute value of the zeta potential dropped below 10 mV, indicating that the destabilization by the surfactant in the low surfactant concentration is due to reduction of the electrical repulsion. Destabilization at the higher surfactant concentration is likely caused by the depletion effect since there is no change in adsorption and zeta potential in the surfactant concentration range, and the surfactant molecules are not sufficiently large to form bridges between particles (1).


The financial crisis has hurt almost all the countries in the world, strengthening the role of the international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Given that Romania turned to the IMF to cushion the impact of the crisis, our paper investigates the influence of the IMF programs on the macroeconomic indicators of the Romanian economy in the recent years and the effects on the investment environment represented by the volume of transactions on Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE). The method used to achieve our goal is the analysis of the time series consisting of the monthly moving average of the volume of transactions on BSE, the consumer price index (CPI), the credit interest rate (Lombard) and the Euro/Ron rate of exchange fluctuation in the last 10 years. The contribution of the paper comes from its findings which draw an interesting and useful conclusion on the effects of the interventions of the IMF in Romania that can work as a guideline for further interventions.


Laterite nickel study area in the southern part of the Pakal island is nickel mine owned by PT Antam ( presero ) Tbk , which has been done in mining ore for export .Ultramafic rocks are part of a series of regional ophiolite that formed as a plate collision obduction ocean crust on the island arc in the western Pacific plate. Minerals analysis with XRD and petrography are olivine and pyroxene which partially altered into serpentine as lizardite, chrysotile and talc. Olivine is a mineral that most carriers element Ni to 0.3 %. Ultramafic rocks classification based on mineral composition of olivine and piroksen are dunite and peridotite which is weak-strong serpentinize. Weathering process is strongly influenced by the origin of rock types, minerals and elements stability, mobilization ions, residual concentration and enrichment. Relative concentration of elements Mg and SiO2 which is inversely proportional to the mobile elements that are immobile Fe. Alteration of olivine and pyroxene due to weathering processes starts from the unstable nature altered into smectite in the saprolite and transition zone. Chrysopras is quartz vein that is formed on the associated with nickel saprolite zone between the boulders filled fractures. Serpentine and talc have altered slower and more stable at acidic pH but in alkaline pH more acid was forming secondary minerals such as oxidation minerals (hematite and gibbsite) and hydroxide minerals as goethite. Ni unstable in acidic pH was close to the surface and then tends to bind elements also form a ferro magnesian garnierite.Weathering process of unserpentine rocks was faster than serpentines rocks. The relative concentration of Ni in unserpentine rocks more than weak until strong serpentinize rocks, with a ratio of 3-6 : 2-3 .Enriched Ni > 1.5 % occurred in the saprolite zone and transition zone with Fe < 13 % , 14-21 % Mg , with a range of 0.03% Co. Concentration of nickel study area can be classified as a potential Hydrous silicate Deposits (saprolite zone) and Oxide deposite (zone limonite - transition), the fix system processing nickel laterite ore for study area is a combination of propagators pyrometalurgical and hydrometallurgy.


A dynamic model of the reverse logistics supply chain is built, which based on two types of inventories: the actual product inventory in a manufacturer and a retailer and the virtual inventory used by a customer. Applying the variance fluctuation, the bullwhip effect in the reverse logistics is quantified. To reduce bullwhip effect, an Hinfin control strategy is designed in the worse case of the end customer's demand fluctuation. The simulation experiment shows that the existence of the reverse logistics increases the bullwhip effect and the more the remanufacturing rate and the gratuitous return rate are large, the more the bullwhip effect is large; And the bullwhip effect in the system is reduced assuredly by the Hinfin control strategy


s, F032, http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20149730. Shuey, R. T., 1985, A simplification of the Zoeppritz equations: Geophysics, 50, 609–614, http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1441936. Van Leeuwen, T., and W. A. Mulder, 2010, A correlation-based misfit criterion for wave-equation traveltime tomography: Geophysical Journal International, 182, 1383–1394, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04681.x. © 2017 SEG SEG International Exposition and 87th Annual Meeting Page 1301 D ow nl oa de d 08 /1 7/ 17 to 9 8. 20 0. 21 4. 25 1. R ed is tr ib ut io n su bj ec t t o SE G li ce ns e or c op yr ig ht ; s ee T er m s of U se a t h ttp :// lib ra ry .s eg .o rg /


Small, quantities of sulfuric acid will stabilize iron mordants, used in hematoxylin staining, by preserving these solutions against oxidation. The presence of acetic acid in the mordant improves the specificity of the stain. A stable, high-contrast mordant is obtained when both acids are combined with ferric-ammonium sulfate. This mordant, used in combination with fresh alkaline solutions of hematoxylin, has been found especially effective in the staining of certain nuclear and cytoplasmic components of plant cells.


Good decision-making is founded on good information. Information technology supporting product lifecycle management ought to provide a high degree of information cohesion and traceability – knowledge of the interrelations among data, and basis for belief. Providing cohesion and traceability is made difficult by differences in viewpoint and ontology employed by the various disciplines and organisations involved in the product lifecycle. This paper describes an analysis of cohesion and traceability into its constituents properties. The paper suggests that process-aware integration schema can improve the cohesion and traceability among product data.


Materials science is a growing research area in Uruguay. In order to obtain a brief overview of the research done we collected information about research in this field. As a starting point, we searched in the Scopus database for the keywords: affiliation country: "Uruguay" and subject: "Materials Science" (using the "Timbó" platform). We inspected the records and we analyzed them to construct a timeline. The data show that we are in a steady state regime of number of publications that we expect to increase together with the number of students in the area, with the generation of long term policies (grants, funding opportunities), and, if we get involved in a community that promotes this area of interest.


In this paper an analytic method is developed for solving Cauchy type singular integral equations of the first kind, over a finite interval. Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, $T_n(x)$, second kind, $U_n(x)$, third kind, $V_n(x)$, and fourth kind, $W_n(x)$, corresponding to respective weight functions $W^{(1)}(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}},W^{(2)}(x)=\sqrt{1-x^2},W^{(3)}(x)=\sqrt{\frac{1+x}{1-x}},$ and $~ W^{(3)}(x)=\sqrt{\frac{1-x}{1+x}}, $ have been used to obtain the complete analytical solutions for four different cases.


ABSTRACT: The differentiation of seedling growth and development is the result of the vigor level of the seed lot. Because of this, knowing the seedling growth curve is essential for the evaluation of the seedling length test, to be carried out at the moment when any differences in vigor really manifest, thus being able to reduce the time of evaluation of the test. In this research, the objective was to determine the most efficient time interval to perform the seedling length test in soybean seeds, depending on the vigor levels. The evaluated characteristics were percentage of seed germination, first germination count, emergency, days for emergence, aerial, root and total length (evaluated every 12 hours), aerial, root and total dry mass in completely randomized design. High vigor seeds originated seedlings with higher growth rates (cm. h-1), with vigor being one of the factors that interfere in the seedling length test. After 96 hours of the seedling length test, there was a statistical differentiation between the three vigor levels tested. The soybean seedling length test between lots, with different vigor, can be performed 96 hours after sowing.


The article analyzes the editorials of La Tribuna, El Nacional and La Nacion Argentina between 1868 and 1869 to recognize how they referred to the international war conflict. From the use of linguistic categories their institutional discourses are examined to recognize their particularities and their similarities in relation to the themes and modalities chosen. In addition, it is examined in the discursive forms used by graphic media to refer to their enunciators (positive and negative) and to conform their reading pact with their receiver.


A letter from Michael Kendall to Dr. R. William McCarter with two main concerns. The first being the selection of teachers for the making of demonstration videos, and the second ways in which multicultural studies have been integrated with the Discipline Based Art Education program.


This paper aims to share the use of Tracker—a free open source video analysis and modeling tool—that is increasingly used as a pedagogical tool for the effective learning and teaching of Physics for Grade 9 (Secondary 3) students in Singapore schools to make physics relevant to the real world. We discuss the pedagogical use of Tracker, guided by the Framework for K-12 Science Education by National Research Council, USA to help students to be more like scientists. For a period of 6 to 10 weeks, students use a video analysis coupled with the 8 practices of sciences such as 1. Ask question, 2. Use models, 3. Plan and carry out investigation, 4. Analyse and interpret data, 5. Use mathematical and computational thinking, 6. Construct explanations, 7. Argue from evidence and 8. Communicate information. This paper's focus in on discussing some of the performance task design ideas such as 3.1 flip video, 3.2 starting with simple classroom activities, 3.3 primer science activity, 3.4 integrative dynamics and kinematics lesson flow using Tracker progressing from video analysis to video modeling, 3.5 motivating performance task, 3.6 assessment rubrics and lastly 3.7 close mentorship. Initial research findings using pre- and post- perception survey, triangulated with student interviews suggest an increased level of students' enjoyment such as "I look forward to physics lessons", "I really enjoy physics lessons" and "Physics is one of the most interesting school subjects" etc for the more mathematically inclined students. Most importantly, the artefacts of the students' performance task in terms of the research report and Tracker *.TRZ files, further suggest that the use of the Tracker for performance tasks, guided by the Framework for K-12 Science Education by National Research Council, USA, can be an innovative way to mentor authentic and meaningful learning that empowers students to be more like scientists.


Scenario and svstem architecture The features of the Communication Subsystem of the Semiconductor Inter-Satellite Link Experiment (SILEX) program are described. 1. Whv o~tical soace communications for inter- satellite links?


Submitted for the DFD05 Meeting of The American Physical Society EDQNM spectral theory for turbulent reacting flows1 YANJUN XIA, YANG LIU, T. VAITHIANATHAN, LANCE COLLINS, Cornell University — The eddy damped quasi normal Markovian (EDQNM) spectral theory has been shown to accurately predict energy and scalar spectra under a variety of conditions (e.g., isotropic energy and scalar, anisotropic energy and scalar, homogeneous turbulent shear flow). In this paper, we present an extension of the theory to the case of two initially unmixed scalars undergoing an isothermal bimolecular reaction. Assuming a uniform reaction rate constant, the chemical source term introduces a second-order nonlinearity that can be closed by the EDQNM procedure. If we further assume realizability constraints are satisfied (Ulitsky and Collins; J. Fluid Mech. 412:303, 2000), the model yields spectral distributions for reactants and product fields. Moreover, as molecular diffusion is exact in this representation, the effect of variations in the scalar diffusivities (i.e., differential diffusion) on the mean chemical source term can be calculated. The results show remarkable sensitivity of product-reactant correlations to the molecular diffusivity ratios. We also investigate how these effects scale with the turbulence Reynolds number.


EnglishByzantium maintained the sophisticated Roman plurimetallic monetary system over a millennium, by contrast with the more restrained and simplistic systems of its Western neighbours. It successfully adapted it to change and to difficult contexts and introduced several innovations: systematic marks of value on the bronze small change from the late fifth to the eighth century, annual dating of most of these bronze coins from 537 through the early eighth century. It demonstrated a pioneering mastery of refining and debasement processes of gold coins and invented in the wake of the latter in the eleventh century the curious cup-shape (so-called scyphate) that became typical of the Late Byzantine period francaisByzance herita de Rome un systeme monetaire plurimetallique sophistique qu'elle parvint a maintenir pendant pres d'un millenaire en l'adaptant a un contexte changeant et difficile. Sa hierarchisation contrastait avec la relative simplicite des systemes en vigueur chez ses voisins occidentaux. Plusieurs innovations lui sont attribuables : l'introduction des marques de valeur sur la monnaie de bronze qui dura de 498 au debut du viiie siecle, la datation annuelle systematique du bronze de 537 au debut du viiie siecle, et une maitrise inegalee dans la purification des metaux ainsi que dans la conduite des differents procedes de devaluation. Au cours du xie siecle, Byzance mit en œuvre la production de monnaies bombees dites « scyphates » typiques ensuite de la periode tardive


The existence of planes of circular polarisation of the alternating magnetic field in any waveguide is an important feature in its description. The main purpose is to investigate its existence in a ridge waveguide. While this structure does not support any plane of circular polarisation in its trough regions, it does support it on the symmetry plane revealed by bisecting the waveguide by a suitable H-plane electric wall. An experimental realisation of a new nonreciprocal ferrite isolator in this type of waveguide is included. The nature of the polarisation of the magnetic field at the open faces of a dielectric filler between the ridges is separately investigated using a dedicated finite element solver.


If you want to improve or maintain your fitness levels, then Long Stratton Leisure Centre is the ideal place to go. The centre has a wide range of classes to suit all fitness levels and a gym featuring Life Fitness and Cybex equipment.


Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Knowledge and Institutions (SASKI) is a thematic group that promotes sustainable agricultural production, processing and marketing systems through gender-responsive knowledge institutions within the Rural Development Family of the World Bank. Agriculture is defined to include crop, livestock and aquaculture. iii Contents


THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY PROGRAM IS TO DESIGN A RAILROAD TANK CAR HEAD PROTECTIVE DEVICE WHICH WILL REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF HEAD PUNCTURES IN ACCIDENTS. ACCIDENT DATA WERE REVIEWED IN DEATIL FOR THE YEARS 1965 THROUGH 1970 TO CORRELATE HEAD DAMAGE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF TANK CARS, TO DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF DAMAGE OVER TANK CAR HEAD SURFACES, AND TO ASSESS THE COSTS TO THE RAILROAD SHIPPING INDUSTRY OF HEAD PUNCTURES. FULL SCALE HEAD IMPACT TESTS, PREVIOUSLY RUN WERE ALSO REVIEWED. FROM THESE TWO REVIEWS, DESIGN CRITERIA WERE ESTABLISHED AND USED TO REDUCE AN INITIAL COMPILATION OF 74 CONCEPTS TO A GROUP OF 15, WHICH WHEN APPLIED TO VARIOUS CLASSES OF CARS, COMPRISED A SEMI-FINAL TOTAL OF 42 COMBINATONS, OR SCHEMES, AS REFERRED TO IN THIS REPORT. DESIGNS FOR THESE 42 SCHEMES WERE THEN DETAILED AND COST ESTIMATED. NEXT, A COMPEHENSIVE COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED. THREE SCHEMES APPEAR ATTRACTIVE FOR THE NON-INSULATED PRESSURE CARS OF THE DOT 112A OR 114A TYPE. A RECOMMENDED TEST PROGRAM IS OUTLINED, AND A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF ITS COST IS GIVEN. /AUTHOR/


This article presents the portable Raman spectroscopy as a novel noncontact chemical sensing technique for steel corrosion analysis that can be used in field bridge inspection. To validate its feasibility, the portable system was tested with four steel specimen sets by gradually increasing the complexity of corrosion products in atmospheric corrosion. A software algorithm was developed to process a large set of Raman spectra for automated chemical identification and two-dimensional chemical mapping. The portable Raman spectroscopy has advantages over conventional nondestructive evaluation techniques because (i) absolute chemical identification of corrosion products is possible without involving field calibration, (ii) no surface preparation is necessary, (iii) it allows for field inspection for periodic or in situ corrosion analysis, (iv) and because, being a noncontact portable sensing technique, it can be combined with a drone or robot for automated bridge inspection.


Objective:To investigate the relationship between point mutations of mitochondrial DNA ND1and type2diabetes mellitus(DM)in Han nationality of Tianjin.Methods:Three hundreds patients with type2DM and280people with normal glucose tolerance who did not have DM family history were included.The mutations were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).Results:The point mutation of np3316G→A of mitochondrial DNA ND1was found in8of300diabetics(2.7%),but none in control,and the point mutation of np3394T→C was found in12of300diabetics(4.0%),and2of280controls(0.71%).The incidences of these mutations had significant difference between two groups(P0.05).Conclusion:The point mutations of np3316G→A and np3394T→C of mitochondrial DNA ND1may not be independent factors to cause DM in Han nationality of Tianjin.


AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Unfinished Business1. Done and Undone: Meshes of the Afternoon and Witch's Cradle2. Toward Completion and Control: At Land, A Study in Choreography for Camera, and Ritual in Transfigured Time3. Haiti4. Full CircleConclusion: In Completing a ThoughtNotesIndex


The pioneers of May 4th new literature revolution campaign were almost the followers of scientific doctrine.Being one of the pioneers,Hu Shi put forward a historical theory of evolution in literature which has destroyed the rational existence of traditional culture thoroughly;meanwhile,his view of experimental literature was regarded as a scientific methodology in the construction of new literature.Regardless of being the theory of evolution or experimentalism,has laid a deep brand of natural science.Scientism is the essence of Hu Shi's literatural view.


Modern vehicles with semi-autonomous (driver-assistance systems) and autonomous capabilities require sophisticated on-board and off-board diagnostics for safe operation, and to reduce unnecessary component replacements at the service garage. We present a diagnostic approach that strategically fuses different sources of instrumentation available in a time-triggered automotive network (Flex Ray) for vehicle control, and learns patterns or signatures of different faults. These patterns ease the classification of faults during runtime or in the service garage. We evaluate our approach through fault-injection experiments on an automotive test bench, and demonstrate that by fusing different sources of instrumentation we can diagnose protocol-level and physical faults with over 98% accuracy. We also show that our approach is applicable across different network topologies.


In this study, two severe convective weather processes in late March 2020 are compared and analyzed based on the surface observation data, Doppler weather radar data, satellite black body temperature data and the reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The results show that the two severe convective weather processes both can be divided into two stages, warm advection forcing stage and baroclinic frontogenesis stage. For the second process the warm advection forcing is not significant. In terms of dynamic conditions, in both processes there is low-level convergence, high-level divergence, middle-low-level southwesterly jet, and the intrusion of cold air. The upward motion in the second process is more intense than that in the first process. In both processes, the upward motion in the warm advection forcing stage is weaker than in the baroclinic frontogenesis stage. In the aspect of water vapor conditions, the divergence of water vapor flux at 850 hPa in the second process is larger than that in the first process. The water vapor convergence center rises to the level above 800 hPa and lasts for a long time. Through the comparative analysis in different stages, it is found that the water vapor convergence in the two processes in the baroclinic frontogenesis stage is stronger than that in the warm advection forcing stage. For the thermal conditions, the cold-dry air at high levels is superimposed over the warm-wet air at low levels, presenting a thermal unstable stratification. In the first process, the intensity and vertical extension of the low-level warm advection is larger than that in the second process.  In both processes, the unstable energy is accumulated obviously in the warm advection forcing stage, and is released to a certain extent before the baroclinic frontogenesis stage. In the first process, there are 3 supercells within 100 km from ChangDe radar. In both processes, there are hails from 1900 BJT (Beijing Time) to 2000 BJT in Guanzhuang Town. The radar echoes both present the typical characteristics of hail. In the first process, the maximum reflectivity factor is larger, the intensity and vertical extension of mesocyclone are larger, the increase of vertical integrated liquid is more significant, and the high-level divergence is more intensive. Thus, the diameter of hail in the first process is larger.


An investigation was taken to evaluate the infection conditions of ectoparasitic mite on laboratory animal in Laboratory Animal Center of Xinjiang Military District.Results showed that the infection rate of parasitic mite was 43% in KM mice and 36.7% in Wistar rat.Altogether four species of parasitic mite were detected. Infection rate and species are remarkably lower than the results gained by CHEN Xinru, et al. in 1996(infection rate 85%, parasitic mite 11 species). Improving feeding conditions and strengthing feeding management are important factors to raise the laboratory animal quality.


This paper present product design and development of waste paper plastering mortars machine. This waste paper plastering mortar is manual machine system. The main element to make mortar is cement, sand, water and waste paper. These machines have two separate tanks, which is the first tank is to produce a pulp and second tank is to mix up the entire ingredient. The objectives of this research are to design a Waste paper plastering machine, to develop a functional prototype of Waste Paper Plastering Machine and also to test the machine by compare the best method by with machine and without machine to make plastering mortar. The testing has been done between preparation and procedure how to make plastering mortar with machine and without machine. This machine can be used in every household. This can save environment and reduce pollution.


Ensemble projections of future changes in discharge over Europe show large variation. Several methods for performance-based weighting exist that have the potential to increase the robustness of the change signal. Here we use future projections of an ensemble of three hydrological models forced with climate datasets from the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment - European Domain (EURO-CORDEX). The experiment is set-up for nine river basins spread over Europe that hold different climate and catchment characteristics. We evaluate the ensemble consistency and apply two weighting approaches; the Climate model Weighting by Independence and Performance (ClimWIP) that focuses on meteorological variables and the Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA) in our study applied to discharge statistics per basin. For basins with a strong climate signal, in Southern and Northern Europe, the consistency in the set of projections is large. For rivers in Central Europe the differences between models become more pronounced. Both weighting approaches assign high weights to single General Circulation Models (GCMs). The ClimWIP method results in ensemble mean weighted changes that differ only slightly from the non-weighted mean. The REA method influences the weighted mean more, but the weights highly vary from basin to basin. We see that high weights obtained through past good performance can provide deviating projections for the future. It is not apparent that the GCM signal dominates the overall change signal, i.e., there is no strong intra GCM consistency. However, both weighting methods favored projections from the same GCM.


Recent work on mapping polygonal surface mosaics onto contour defined objects has resulted in minimum flow algorithms which do a good job of mapping a surface between two single contours. This report extends these algorithms to handle contour defined objects which are highly branched and have holes.For branching contours where n contours in section I are connected to m contours in section i+1, the surfaces are mapped by first concatenating the section I contours into a single large contour using a minimum number of minimum distance links, similarly concatenating the section I+1 contours, then performing the one to one mapping between the resulting composite contours.Capping off a single arbitrarily shaped contour may be done by computing the medial axis transform of the contour, constructing the medial axis contour and mapping a surface from the contour to the medial axis contour.Medial axis transforms of the section I+1 contours may also be projected onto section I and concatenated with the section I contours to handle the mapping of convoluted, highly branched objects. These algorithms have applications to three-dimensional CAT scanner data, topographical map data and object representation for knowledge guided vision systems.


A general theory of pneumatically transporting industrial coals through pipework is proposed based on an adaptation of Hinkle's general equation for solids flow in pipework. The theory is suggested as an overall mathematical framework for designing systems for industrial and power station coal-fired plant and possibly for general transportation systems. Results are given for trials on a test rig based on three industrial coals—singles, dry/untreated and wet/washed smalls coal—and their fit with results predicted by the theory. In the design of the system, I propose the concept of dividing the system into three basic sections: (1) the clean-air section; (2) the coal-transportation section; and (3) the ash-transportation section. Equations are given for designing sections (1) and (2) and empirical data for section (3). Curves are given for the coal transportation section showing the effect of the coal concentration in the pipework, the pipework diameter and length and the verticality of the pipework on the ...


We present a pilot study quantifying the targeting performance of several modern game input devices. These included a mouse, a game controller, the PS Move and the Kinect. Our study used a 3D first-person shooting game task, based on the ISO 9241-9 experimental paradigm for evaluating pointing devices. Comparison of performance measures indicated that the mouse was best, with the game controller coming in a close second. Performance of the 3D input devices (Move and Kinect) was much worse.


A review of this subject is presented, in an historical perspective, starting from metal oxides, the most investigated class of materials used for gas detection. Semiconductor properties and the related fabrication technologies for both material and gas sensor device are presented and critically reviewed with respect to sensibility, selectivity and stability the critical device parameters. New, recently sintered materials are also reported and discussed in terms of both their fabrication technologies and of the peculiar sensing properties. Finally new device concepts, such as the artificial nose and pattern recognition techniques are introduced and briefly discussed.


A multispecies 1.5D PIC/MC model developed by our group is applied to plasma surface interaction. The model includes special variance reduction techniques for minority species and a modified null collision Monte Carlo method which gives the exact statistics of collision times also when including self‐consistent fields. The model is applied to two test cases: capacitively coupled radio frequency discharge and plasma injection close to an absorbing wall. We discuss the kinetics of charged particles, the non equilibrium electron energy distribution function (eedf) and vibrational distribution function (vdf), the role of the gas temperature and the difficulties arising from the different time scales involved. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Control theory, including manual control theory, and a review of some previous physiological and neurological applications of control theory and associated engineering concepts are reported. The discussion includes a specially tailored battery of critical control tasks that are being developed to monitor astronaut performance in long term orbital flight. The application of these concepts and tasks to patients with various neurological disorders is considered.


Background: Coronary heart disease is a primary public health concern both in North America and globally. Several studies have demonstrated that persons of South Asian origin (those originating fro...


Abstract: In his book De Civitate Dei (published about 424), Saint Augustine reported thediscovery, on the shore of Utica (now Tunisia), of an enormous tooth, which he attributed to agiant.InEurope,thisfindingreinforcedthemythofthepastexistenceofgiantsonEarth,mentionedin the Bible. In 1630, new relicts of a so-called giant were found at Utica. Thomas d'Arcos, wholived in Tunis, described them and sent a tooth to the French scholar Peiresc, who demonstratedthat it belonged to an elephant instead. Peiresc knew that he was contradicting Saint Augustine,but, while Galileo was under trial in Rome, he remained silent on this matter. Based on a sketch,the tooth can be attributed to an African elephant close to the present species Loxodonta africanaortothePleistoceneL.africanava.Peirescalsoinvestigatedothersimilarfinds,particularlythatoftheso-calledgiantTheutobochus,discoveredin1613atMontrigaudinFrance(inreality,aMioceneDeinotherium giganteum), and that of 'giants' in Sicily and Puglia (Italy). In each case, Peirescattributed the relicts to the 'grave of an elephant' instead of a giant. However, his studies did notdispel the myth of giants, which persisted until the 18th century.


Isaac newton S investigations will always rank among the chief achieve¬ments of our race- It is intended in this sketch to give an outline of his life and what he did. Newton was born prematurely on the morning of Christmas Day, 1642, in the manor house of AYoolsthorpe, a tiny hamlet a few miles south of Grantham. His mother had been married less than a year, and was already a widow; her means were narrow, but when lie was three years old she espoused a neighbouring parson, it being apparently a condition of the contract that Isaac should not accompany her to her new home, but should he given by the bridegroom a field to be added to the Wools-thorpe estate His grandmother, Mrs. Ayscough, then came to live at the manor, and took charge of him : he continued with her till lie was twelve years old, attending the village schools, where lie learnt reading, writing, and arithmetic.


Numerous recent reports have noted the potential uses of contrast imaging in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). In IVUS contrast studies, a particular region-of-interest in the vessel wall or surrounding tissues is monitored over time in order to assess the perfusion of a contrast agent introduced during imaging. However, as this procedure is often carried out in the coronary arteries, the resulting IVUS frame sequences suffer from a wide variety of motion artifacts which confound their analysis. As the majority of these artifacts are due to the activity of the heart, the most common method for reducing their effect is ECG gating. However, this gating method bears several known problems. We introduce an alternative, image-based method which addresses these problems by grouping frames from stationary-catheter IVUS sequences into sets of stabilized ensembles. Each ensemble contains frames captured when the catheter and vessel are similarly oriented. Our method requires only the ability to quantify pairwise differences in frame appearance and requires no secondary signals (e.g., ECG) or segmentation of the images.


Moire effect is an optical phenomenon that occurs in consequence of the coincidence of two periodical structures, gratings.
Nowadays the moire effect is used for contour generation of three-dimensional objects and measurements of deformation: strain
analysis, linear or angular displacements and vibration analysis. Projection moire method is a typical method for
three-dimensional measurements. To find the absolute order of a fringe ( z -coordinate of the object under research) one must
define the difference in depth between two points by the moire patterns. But to present day for extraction of an object´s
three-dimensional information several moire patterns and image processing methods such as Fourier-transform method, temporal
phase shifting technique were needed, since from one moire image it´s impossible to determine whether the object is concave or
convex. It means that it was impossible to work with dynamic objects in real-time operation mode. Here we present colour moire
projection technique that resolves the arising problem of ambiguities in moire patterns by application of only one moire
pattern. This method is based on application of colour rulings to gratings in projection moire technique.


This paper focuses on designing and optimizing satellite orbit parameters for regional all-azimuth observation (AAO) with space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR regional AAO is a special remote sensing geometry allowing accesses to an objective area from arbitrary azimuth aspects, so that it gains potential in detecting hidden targets and achieving holographic 3D reconstruction. The AAO orbit design method proposed in this paper utilizes the intersection of the orbit ground track to obtain multiple views of the objective region from different azimuth aspects in several orbital periods. Besides, the SAR beam coverage ability, periodical access to the region, and AAO interval are concerned during orbit design. With the above constraints, the designed SAR satellite orbit can accomplish regional AAO in several hours, and also repeat the AAO of the same region in 2 days. In the end, a real data processing result is presented to show the performance of AAO observation in 3D feature extraction.


Host–guest complexes are formed in the gas phase by vaporizing cavitand 1 within a mass spectrometer ionsource filled with a mixture of a buffer gas (methane) and one or more candidate guests in known relative concentration. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the inherent mechanism for the process. From experimental data, it was deduced that the complexation is strongly influenced by the geometric and electronic properties of the host as well as on the guest structure and functional groups. The occurrence of this high selectivity, together with the evaluation of reactive species, led us to conclude that the observed supramolecular interactions involve undoubtedly neutral guests, whereas the host might either be a charged or a neutral reactant. To distinguish between these two cases, various experimental observations have been made: (i) the data obtained in the positive- and the negative-ion modes are generally very similar; (ii) the extent to which complexation occurs depends on the residence time of ionic species in the mass spectrometer reaction chamber; (iii) the mass-selected charged host is capable of forming complexes with neutral guests in the octapole collision cell of a tandem mass spectrometer, and their relative abundances are similar to those observed in the experiments conducted in the ion source. It is concluded that the mechanism involving the preliminary ionization of the host and its subsequent interaction with a neutral guest is predominant, but a simultaneous interaction mechanism between neutral species might also occur to some extent. Another conclusion of this study is that CH-π interactions are the dominant interactions between cavitand 1 and aromatic guests.


Low-intensity radioactive sources emitting low-energy photons are used in the clinic for low dose-rate brachytherapy treatments of tumours. The dosimetry of these sources is based on reference air kerma rate measurements. The absorbed dose rate to water at the reference depth d0 = 1 cm, , is then obtained by a conversion procedure with a large relative standard uncertainty of about 5%. This paper describes a primary standard developed at ENEA-INMRI to directly measure due to LDR sources. The standard is based on a large-angle and variable-volume ionization chamber, embedded in a graphite phantom and operating under 'wall-less air chamber' conditions. A set of correction and conversion factors, based on experiments and Monte Carlo simulations, are determined to obtain the value of Dw,1 cm from measurements of increment of ionization current with increasing chamber volume. The relative standard uncertainty on is 2.6%, which is appreciably lower than the current uncertainty. Characteristics of the standard, its associated uncertainty budget, and some experimental results are given for 125I BEBIG I25.S16.C brachytherapy seeds. Finally, results of the experimental determination of the dose-rate constant Λ1 cm, traceable to the Dw,1 cm and the low-energy air kerma ENEA-INMRI standards, are given. The relative standard uncertainty on Λ1 cm is 2.9%, appreciably lower than the typical uncertainty (4.8%) of the values available in the literature.


In this paper, we study the bootstrap with random resample size which is not independent of the original sample. We find sufficient conditions on the random resample size for the central limit theorem to hold for the bootstrap sample mean. Efron (5) discusses a "bootstrap" method for setting confidence intervals and estimating significance levels. This method consists of approximating the dis- tribution of a function of the observations and the underlying distribution, such as a pivot, by what Efron calls the bootstrap distribution of this quantity. This distribution is obtained by replacing the unknown distribution by the empirical distribution of the data in the definition of the statistical function, and then resampling the data to obtain a Monte Carlo distribution for the resulting ran- dom variable. Efron gives a series of examples in which this principle works, and establishes the validity of the approach for a general class of statistics when the sample space is finite. The first necessary condition for the bootstrap of the mean for independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) sequences and resampling size equal to the sample size was given in (8) showing that the bootstrap works a.s. if and only if the common distribution of the sequence has finite second moment, while it works


Background & Aims: Improvement of work engagement in the nursing workplace required the identification of the influential factors for their enhancement and modification if necessary. Perceived social support is one of these factors. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between the work engagement of nurses and perceived social support. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study was conducted at the teaching hospitals in Birjand, Iran in 2018. In total, 120 nurses were selected via multistage sampling. Data were collected using Utrecht work engagement questionnaire and Zimet social support. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation-coefficient, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and independent t-test. Results: Positive correlations were observed between vigor, attraction (r=0.20; P=0.02), and total score of work engagement with the family aspect of social support (r=0.20; P=0.02), while the correlations were not considered statistically significant. In addition, a significant association was observed between dedication (P=0.02) and gender, and the female nurses achieved higher scores. Significant correlations were also denoted between vigor (P=0.03), dedication (P=0.02), and the total score of work engagement (P=0.02) with the workplace in the hospital. Conclusion: According to the results, perceived social support from the family and work engagement of the nurses were weakly associated. In addition, the female nurses had higher score in the dedication dimension of work engagement compared to the male nurses. Our findings could be provided to nursing managers and supervisors in order to raise their awareness regarding the work engagement of nurses and its influential factors, so that they could promote motivational work environments to enhance the work engagement of nurses.


The theory of slope break is a new achievement of sequence stratigraphy applied in continental basins.The former research showed that the slope breaks along source area direction are favorable for the generation of stratigraphical lithological traps because of that the lowstand system tracts are easily developed in this area.The research on Chenjia Depression shows that mutual grade slope breaks are developed in the lower third member of Shahejie Formation.The controlling patterns of the slope breaks in different depositional stages are different.Based on the slope breaks identification and the analysis of the relationship between the slope breaks and the favorable target traps,the controlling effect of the slope breaks opposing source area direction on sandstone distribution is proposed,especially in the middle and small faulted lake basins with rapid filling.


Context. Resistive Ohmic dissipation has been suggested as a mechanism for heating the solar chromosphere, but few studies have established this association.
Aims. We aim to determine how Ohmic dissipation by electric currents can heat the solar chromosphere.
Methods. We combine high-resolution spectroscopic Ca II data from the Dunn Solar Telescope and vector magnetic field observations from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) to investigate thermal enhancements in a sunspot light bridge. The photospheric magnetic field from HMI was extrapolated to the corona using a non-force-free field technique that provided the three-dimensional distribution of electric currents, while an inversion of the chromospheric Ca II line with a local thermodynamic equilibrium and a nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium spectral archive delivered the temperature stratifications from the photosphere to the chromosphere.
Results. We find that the light bridge is a site of strong electric currents, of about 0.3 A m−2 at the bottom boundary, which extend to about 0.7 Mm while decreasing monotonically with height. These currents produce a chromospheric temperature excess of about 600−800 K relative to the umbra. Only the light bridge, where relatively weak and highly inclined magnetic fields emerge over a duration of 13 h, shows a spatial coincidence of thermal enhancements and electric currents. The temperature enhancements and the Cowling heating are primarily confined to a height range of 0.4−0.7 Mm above the light bridge. The corresponding increase in internal energy of 200 J m−3 can be supplied by the heating in about 10 min.
Conclusions. Our results provide direct evidence for currents heating the lower solar chromosphere through Ohmic dissipation.


In the context of international migration, social security coordination is a technique used primarily by states in order to build bridges between their social security systems for securing the rights of migrants. Migrants who have careers in multiple countries risk losing their acquired rights when moving from one country to another. Currently, the key instruments in EU social security coordination are Regulations 883/2004, 987/2009 and 1231/2010. Contrary to this uniform system, the social security coordination rules applicable to persons moving from a third country to an EU Member State (or vice-versa) can be found in several instruments. This book aims to identify the different instruments of the external dimension of EU social security coordination and proposes two policy options for improving the current patchy solution while developing a common EU approach: the inclusion of social security coordination clauses in agreements with third counties and the draft of a model agreement for future use in bilateral agreement negotiations regarding social security.


The current paper presents theoretical and experimental evidence to justify the need for paying attention to the investment horizon. Therefore, a criterion called the 'Safest Investment Horizon' (SIH) is utilized to select the appropriate investment horizon. To compute this quantity, a ratio called the 'Safest Investment Ratio' (SIR) is calculated, and the relationship between these criteria and arbitrage opportunities, along with methods for making an arbitrage profit through selecting an appropriate time horizon are discussed. Afterward, by applying this method for real-life data, the presence of arbitrage opportunities at different time horizons is confirmed. Furthermore, the effects of the time horizon on optimal portfolio composition are described. Finally, it is shown that these criteria outperform some of the conventional variables in CAPM, the 3-factor, and the 5-factor models for explaining stock returns and using SIH or SIR as a new variable increases the explanatory power of these models.


Objective:To study manifestations in different stages of AIDS complicating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP).Methods:To perform the retrospective analysis on the clinical and radiological data in 22 cases of AIDS complicating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,including chest CT scans in different pathological stages and CT follow up after treatment.Results:The early changes were less and undetectable,accounting for 5%;the middle stage had more changes with typical CT images demonstrated by symmetrical exudative ground glass appearance,with better prognosis,which accounting for 82%;the manifestations in the advanced stage were complicated,except lung parenchyma changes,showing main parenchyma changes demonstrated by gridding shadow,diffuse nodule or reticulonodular shadows,subpleural"moon bow sign",swollen lymph nodes in hilus of lung and/or mediastinum,pleural effusion and small pieces of consolidation,with poor prognosis.Conclusion:The chest CT in AIDS patients complicated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia not only fully displays the pathological images of PCP,but also cognizes the CT manifestation in different pathological stages to achieve early diagnosis and early treatment for avoiding ARDS and even death happening.


The objective of the study is to know if there is a difference in in vitro bioavailability (also known as in vitro digestibility) of organically and conventionally cultivated vegetables with respect to antioxidant capacity. A method that simulates human digestive system was used to study the in vitro bioavailability of antioxidants present in organically grown and conventionally grown vegetables. Four commonly consumed vegetables namely spinach, tomato, beetroot and carrot were selected for the study. Institute of Marketlogy Organic Certification (I.M.O) certified organic vegetables and conventional vegetables grown in the same soil and agro climatic condition were selected for the study. The vegetables were freeze dried using Lyodryer and stored at 4°C±2 in dark. Four different solvents were used for extraction to identify the best solvent for each vegetable. Total antioxidant capacity was estimated by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method as described by Benzie and Strain (1996). In vitro bioavailability was determined according to a method described by Luten et al (1996). The percent recovery was studied based on the difference between antioxidant capacity of vegetables before and after in vitro digestion. The results indicate that among the vegetables studied, antioxidants in conventional beetroot had the highest recovery after digestion. The recovery of antioxidant capacity after digestion is slightly better for conventional vegetables compared to organic vegetables in case of spinach, beetroot and tomato whereas there was no significant difference in the in vitro bioavailability of organic and conventional carrot. Control experiments without the sample or TPTZ were carried out to exclude the effect of the added test compounds. Higher absorbance indicates higher ferric reducing power. The results are expressed as Trolox equivalent reducing power. This is an initial in vitro study used for estimation of total antioxidant capacity. An extensive in vitro bioavailability studies are required to know if there is a positive correlation between in vitro digestibility and in vivo absorption studies in case of total antioxidant capacity to draw any conclusion.


A high sensitive long period fiber grating(LPFG) sensor for the detection of nitrite is proposed, which is realized by coating multiple poly(sodium 4-styrensulfonate)(PSS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) layers on the fiber grating surface. The sensitivity of this LPFG sensor is maximum when the number of assembled layers is 70. Under this condition, a nitrite concentration of 3×10-3 mol/L, which is lower than the National Food Additive Standard, 4.2×10-3 mol/L, can be distinguished. The sensitivity is further increased by 30% when nitrite was determined in the sucrose solution with a concentration of 65%, which provides a new solution for the best refraction index approaching matched index of the fiber cladding. Compared with chemical methods, this nitrite detection technology offers some advantages, such as high accuracy, non toxicity, high speed, low cost, without chemical reagent, and is suitable for foodstuff security detection.


Seventeen Gulf Coast utilities, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and EPRI's Mexican counterpart have developed an innovative program for measuring hurricanes and determining wind velocities that power transmission systems must withstand in the event of a hurricane. Wind velocities govern coastal utility designs, but the information can be applied anywhere. Forecasting storm directions in the past has been limited by scanty information from widely dispersed ground weather stations and extrapolations from offshore aircraft. Accurate field data requires that historical data be given a critical assessment and that measurements take account of ground-surface characteristics and distances. The cooperating coastal utilities are identifying transmission lines on which to attach portable microprocessor-based instruments with self-powering and recording capability. The instruments will sample meteorological characteristics and measure the swing angle of the suspended insulator and the strain on tower legs. (DCK)


Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) study of \textit{Ln}MnSbO (\textit{Ln }$=$ La or Ce) reveals differences between the magnetic ground state of the two compounds due to the strong Ce-Mn coupling compared to La-Mn. The two compounds adopt the \textit{P4/nmm} space group down to 2 K and whereas magnetization measurements do not show obvious anomaly at high temperatures, NPD reveals a C-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) order below $T_{\mathrm{N}} = 255 $ K for LaMnSbO and 240 K for CeMnSbO. While the magnetic structure of LaMnSbO is preserved to base temperature, a sharp transition at $T_{\mathrm{SR}} = 4.5 $K is observed in CeMnSbO due to a spin-reorientation (SR) transition of the Mn$^{\mathrm{2+}}$ magnetic moments from pointing along the $c$-axis to the \textit{ab}-plane. The SR transition in CeMnSbO is accompanied by a simultaneous long-range AFM ordering of the Ce moments which indicates that the Mn SR transition is driven by the Ce-Mn coupling. The ordered moments are found to be somewhat smaller than those expected for Mn$^{\mathrm{2+}}$ ($S = 5/2$) in insulators, but large enough to suggest that these compounds belong to the class of local-moment antiferromagnets. The lower $T_{\mathrm{N\thinspace }}$ found in these two compounds compared to the As-based counterparts ($T_{\mathrm{N}} = 317$ for LaMnAsO, $T_{\mathrm{N}} = 347$ K for CeMnAsO) indicates that the Mn-$Pn$ ($Pn=$ As or Sb) hybridization that mediates the superexchange Mn-$Pn$-Mn coupling is weaker for the Sb-based compounds.


In the last few years there have been various initiatives aimed at reaching a global consensus on carbon emission limitations. While thisgoal may finally be achieved, the fast evolving ways of data collection, analysis and dissemination pose new challenges to the accuracyand reliability of the way the stipulated limitations are measured. This paper proposes a novel methodological approach to learning rulesfrom data using particulate emissions data from a UK industrial firm which is legally required to meet well-specified standards. The datawere collected by continuously monitoring levels of emission from a coal-fired boiler using a particulate monitoring system over regularintervals and the government-imposed requirements were assessed hourly over each 24 hour period. Parameters in a uniform andmixture of two normal models are used to highlight potential technical loopholes that may cause the firm to either "pass" or "fail" theparticulate emission limitation test. The main idea of the paper is attaining perfection in measurements and predictions by buildingsharable environmental conditions for scientific decision making. Despite being based on ecological data, the findings of the paper cutacross disciplines and hence it makes recommendations for a unified modeling process that would capture not only the envisionedenvironmental goals globally but also other phenomena which may be subjected to parameter-dependent learning algorithms


Abstract : Mechanical impurities can be effectively removed from the lubricant additive AzNII-7 by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm., but this process has insufficient productivity for industrial use. Thus, repeated centrifugation at 100-110C was recommended using the NOGSh-325 continuous centrifuge at 500-1000 rpm. For the purification of the very viscous additive BFK noncontinuous centrifuges were recommended. The use of a sediment filter was tested for the further purification of BFK. The suspension of the filtration material, usually perlite sand or silica gel, in the mixture of 1 vol. BFK with 2 vols. of oil was flowed under pressure through a stainless steel wire sieve. To achieve the formation of a layer with the suitable porosity on the lattice, the filtration material was added to the purified liquid immediately before contact with the sieve. (Author)


The influence of federalist ideas, practical experience and elements of federalism have been present in South-Eastern Europe since the second half of the XIX century, initially in a truncated form of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Federalism twice appeared briefly at the foundation and shortly prior to the demise of the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia." A confederation of regional resistance movements during the Second World War developed later into a "socialist federation," initially imitating the Soviet Union on a reduced scale (DFY, FPRY, SFRY). The collapse of this structure in 1991-1992 was accompanied by bloody armed conflicts and wars. The idea of a still wider Balkan Federation was floated in 1947 but never got off the ground. In addition, a small part of SE Europe (Moldova) had been for decades a republic in the quasi-federal Soviet Union which broke down in 1991. To the string of unsuccessful federalist experiments one should also add the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (1992-2003), which lost its province Kosova/Kosovo in 1999 and was transformed in 2003 into "The State Community of Serbia and Montenegro." This loose confederation might in turn disintegrate in summer 2006. At present peculiar federalist arrangements are present within "Bosnia and Herzegovina" (with two "entities" – the "Federation B & H," the "Serbian Republic" and the separate Brcko District). Moreover there have been proposals to resolve the "frozen conflicts" in Moldova and on Cyprus by creating confederal structures. This paper looks into the present malfunctioning post-Dayton arrangements in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the dilemmas related to badly needed institutional reforms in that country. Finally it examines the reasons for numerous failures and federalist prospects for the future, including the slow expansion into the region of the European Union.


In this note we draw attention to Watson's (1983) perturbation approach to random matrices, by which the asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues and eigenvectors can be derived in a very elegant way. We extend his result to functions of matrices and give some applications in principal component analysis, multivariate analysis, and canonical correlations.


Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients potentially are at risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of NAFLD among T2DM patients, diagnosed by ultrasonography of liver, to study the age & sex incidence of NAFLD and to compare the liver function tests, lipid profile and mean platelet volume (MPV) between individuals with NAFLD and without NAFLD. Methods: Total of 97 type 2 diabetes mellitus ambulatory patients were selected for the study. Among them 62 were males (63.9%) and 35 were females (36%). 78 healthy subjects were selected as controls. Their age ranged between 27 to 75 years. Serum was used for the estimation of FBS, PPBS, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). EDTA blood was used for the estimation of MPV. Fatty liver was diagnosed on ultrasound based on the echogenicity and size of the liver. Results: In this study, liver size & echotexture, liver enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP and GGT, serum cholesterol, TGL and LDLC were found to be statistically significantly increased in T2DM patients when compared to controls. T2DM patients were divided in to two groups; group 1 included patients with NAFLD and group 2 included patients without NAFLD. Liver size, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, Cholesterol and TGL were significantly increased in group 1 patients when compared to group 2 patients (P value<0.05). Elevation of MPV was found to be more in group 1 patients than group 2 patients ranging between 12.1±3.0 and 10.2±0.9 respectively. Conclusions: Early detection and optimum control of diabetes mellitus is important to minimize the effect of diabetes on liver. Hence, assay of serum levels of hepatic enzymes and USG abdomen to detect NAFLD should be done in all patients with T2DM as preliminary diagnostic tests.


In this article, stabilisation of unstable first-order-plus-dead-time (FOPDT) processes with a single zero by fractional-order (FO) controllers is investigated. A Nyquist stability criterion-based approach is adopted to derive the conditions for stability. Sufficient stabilisability conditions by FO [proportional integral] controllers and FO-lead–lag controllers are established. In addition, robust stability of the system with these FO controllers is investigated. To illustrate the results, some examples are provided.


Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases usually receive whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Most of these patients survive for only a few months. A short course of WBRT would be preferable to longer regimens if it could provide similar survival. This retrospective study of NSCLC patients compared longer treatment programs with short‐course WBRT with 5 × 4 Gy given during 5 days.


The Mexican child from the beginning of his life is immersed in a context of cultural diversity that permeates every corner of his life in society, where music with its various genres, forms and expressions, becomes an ever present element and characteristic of the national identity as Mexican, which is socialized in a way related to a complex process of enculturation that begins informally in the family and social context in general and is formalized with greater educational intentionality from the preschool level. In Mexico, preschool is an educational level that seems to be consolidated as a very important educational journey. The education that is socialized there has evolved both nationally and internationally in the framework of a series of social transformations with particular characteristics.


White light-emitting diodes (wLEDs) are currently dominating the lighting and display market because of their high efficiency, long lifetime and environmental friendliness [1]. Narrow band red fluoride phosphors have recently gained interest to further improve the luminous efficacy and color rendering of wLEDs [2]. These fluoride phosphors incorporate Mn4+ as the activator for the luminescence. However, the broad range of possible Mn valence states proves to complicate both synthesis and stability of these materials, especially when they are stressed by heat and humidity. As a result, a mixed oxidation state of Mn4+ and Mn3+ exists in these materials.
A XANES study on the Mn valence state in K2SiF6:Mn4+ [3] was performed. It was found that aqueous environments during the synthesis of the K2MnF6 precursor [4] or the K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor can lead to hydrated, Mn3+-containing impurity compounds such as K2MnF5•H2O or KMnF4•H2O. Hydrolysis and hydration processes cause water to be incorporated in the crystal structure, often replacing fluorine. Hence, the same hygroscopic behavior can be expected when K2MnF6 or K2SiF6:Mn4+ is in contact with air. However, careful elimination of the synthesis impurities drastically improves the chemical stability.


H.264 is the newest video encoding algorithm introduced by ITU, which adopts block matching algorithm (BMA) and supports multiple reference frame. If video sequences only have single moving object and background pictures, using BMA may lead to prediction error and even decreased coding efficiency. And in the object based coding, additional bits for encoding the shape of the objects are required and syntax of H.264 is also needed to improve. In this paper, a compound block algorithm of moving object and background(CBA) is proposed. Firstly each block is regarded as a composition of a background plane and a moving object plane, and the two plane are predicted respectively. Secondly, the boundary separating the two parts is predicted from boundary in the previous decoded frame and the best vector is selected out by a boundary estimation algorithm. Finally, the prediction errors of the two parts are transmitted by transform, quantization and binary coding, and no additional bits are required. The experimental result show that the PSNR is enhanced by 0.2~0.9db.


The application of anti-graffiti products to stones belonging to architectural heritage is a common procedure that is currently complementary to traditional graffiti removal treatments, such as chemical and mechanical cleaning. In this study, two anti-graffiti coatings (a sacrificial product and a permanent one) were tested on four stones (with a different texture, mineralogy, and surface finish) commonly found in the historical city center of Turin (Italy). In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-graffiti products, the removal of two graffiti paints with different compositions was tested. The results of the cleaning procedures performed on the surfaces coated with anti-graffiti products were evaluated, considering both the graffiti remains and the alterations induced on the surface. Chemical cleaning based on the use of a low-toxic ternary solvent mixture was applied on the unprotected stones for a comparison with the results obtained on the surfaces coated with anti-graffiti products. The samples were observed under stereomicroscopy and ultraviolet fluorescence photography and all of the treated surfaces were evaluated by roughness measurements, the contact sponge method, static contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The composition of the anti-graffiti product, the graffiti paint to be cleaned, and the remover recommended by the manufacturer proved to be key factors for the cleaning effectiveness achieved on coated surfaces. Moreover, to a lesser extent, the mineralogy, texture, and surface finish of the stone also influenced the results of the cleaning procedures. The sacrificial anti-graffiti product enhanced the cleaning effectiveness on all stones if compared to uncoated surfaces; however, the permanence of coating remains on the surface after cleaning proved to be critical. Regarding the use of the permanent anti-graffiti products, intense disparate results were achieved, depending on the graffiti paint composition.


OBJECTIVES: understand the implications of preventing mothers from breastfeeding and the reasons they follow recommendations not to breastfeed. METHODS: a qualitative method where social phenomenology was used as a theoretical and methodological reference. The group consisted of 17 mothers in an outpatient pediatrics clinic. Some of the mothers were HIV positive; some had a non determined infectuous status. The content analysis method was used. RESULTS: being prevented to breastfeed made mothers feel unfulfilled and belittled. Avoiding breastfeeding implies changing the mother and baby relationship. Prejudice and discrimination are present. Choosing not to breastfeed is a way to protect babies from HIV contamination avoiding guilt and winning Society's forgiveness. CONCLUSIONS: results indicate that "breastfeeding prohibition"- displayed by breasts in dressing - is considered painful and harsh. It involves the wish of maintaining the baby healthy based more on social, cultural and emotional issues than in biological ones. It seems to indicate that healthcare professionals ignore mothers' feelings when these mothers are faced with the problem of not being able to breastfeed.


In order to extract accurate data,with the combination of the basic characteristics of AutoCAD and MapGIS,We analyze the characteristics of the two graphics data and the problems which should be paid attention to in the graphics data transforming process in the surveying work of covering mineral resources.The paper elaborates the process and methods in the data transforming process between DXF and DWG graphics format and MPJ graphical format,so that the existing geographic information resources can be utilized adequately and the graphics data can be shared.


In this paper, using dispersion rela- tion of discharge plasma, the methods of soliton theory are applied to investigating one of the cen- tral issues of molecular bond energy to explain the reasons for the high of efficiency of transfer of en- ergy within the confines of one polymer macr- omolecule and between molecules. The energy released during a fluctuation of discharge plasma dispersion taking place at the end of a polymer molecular chain will form a soliton, and solitons would be important to seek the cause of the nonlinear breakdown of polymer possessing anomalous energy transfer effect in the aging pro- cess of polymer dielectric, Introduction- The growth of ionization and the breakdown of gas into an operating discharge produces a high concentration of space charge that will modify the field within the discharge plasma channel and increase the rate of ionization within the gas(lf. This will cause the potential to fall appreciably below the starting potential due to the loading of oscillator. In this paper, our theo- retical results show that solitons in polymer may be excited only by local effect, if the discharge plasma excitation does not travel along the mo- lecular system with a velocity less than the velocity of sound then this movement is accompanied by a local deformation of the system in region of the excited molecule, in soliton model, when calcula- ting the energy of collective excitation it is neces- sary to also consider the energy of displacing the polymer molecules from their equilibrium position, the energy released during a fluctuation of discharge plasma dispersion taking place at the end of a polymer molecular chain will form a soliton, and solitons would be important to seek the cause of the nonlinear breakdown of polymer possessing anomalous energy transfer effect in the aging process of polymer dielectric.


Dalbavancin is an intravenous semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide which has demonstrated potent in vitro activity again most clinically significant Gram-positive pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, and some vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. The long half-life of dalbavancin allows for once weekly dosing. In published clinical trials, a dose on day 1 and 8 of treatment provided 14 days of antimicrobial activity. In clinical trials, dalbavancin has demonstrated non-inferiority as measured by safety and efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (Phase II as compared to cefazolin), catheter-related bloodstream infections (Phase II as compared to vancomycin), and complicated skin and skin structure infections (Phase III as compared to linezolid). Due to feedback from the Food and Drug Administration, all marketing has been withdrawn and an additional phase III trial is currently underway; therefore the future for dalbavancin is unclear. An acquisition cost has not yet been projected; consequently pharmacoeconomic analyses are not yet underway.


The present study was conducted based on the records maintained at record room of DCB Division ND.R.I. Karnal to find out whether the TLM Y and 305 DMY on the basis of commonly available parameters i.e.MFDMY and HIDMY of a month. Data were collected on Sahiwal cows having minimul il 100 days lactation length and 500 kgs lactation yield. Analysis was conducted for 1 to 5 th and pooled parity. The data were subjected to the following statistical analysis . A-coefficient of correlation between TLMY/305 DMY with. MFDMY and HID U1 Y of a month separately. B-regression of Tlmy/305Dmy on MFDMY and H,DMY separately and then combinely. C-average error, average error perce l-, tage , average absolute error, average error absolute percentage. Significantly High correlation coefficients are found in almost all the cases. Significantly hiqh R2 (more than 60%) were also found while attempt was taken to predict TLM Y and 305 DMY on the basis of MFDMY and HIDMY separately and then combill 81y in most of the cases . For testing of the developed equation thirty seven records were collected from the cows who were calved from Jan 2001 on ward ~ and TLMY was available by March-2003 . TLMY and 305 DMY was estimated by using the equation developed on the basis of MFDMY and HIDMY for pl)oled lactation. Errors were estimated for pooled lactation in analytical data amJ test data. Four ready reckoner were developed for estimation of TLMY an cJ 305 DMYon the basis of MFDMY and HIDMY.Herd milk productivity (TLMY and 305DMY) were estimated by taking 12 animals randomly who were in lactat ion in Jan-2002 and total error, average error, average error (%), average absolute error, average absolute error (%) were calculated. Overall the findings ' showed that there is a higher degree of relationship between TLMY /305 DMY with most frequent daily milk yield and peak daily milk yield . The lactation milk yield can be predicted with higher accuracy on the basis of most frequent daily milk yield and peak daily milk yield both separately and combinely. Better prediction can be done if prediction is to be done from the yield of 3 to 6 month. ~ I % ~ i l £ . ~ t t ~ ~ ~ ~ } I P h D P " D ) : 4 : > I P " h J ~ ~ ~ l l i l l h l l i : ~ } I P h D L ? ' t , h ~ } I P h D L ? ' t b f £ h l L I ~ h W ~ ~ E : : > £ . l : 6 f f i ~ $ I P I ! D L ? ' 5 0 £ . e n I l . . t i l l S l p l ! D I ? ' 5 0 £ . e : u J c I J l : i l l ~ P I Y J 4 : > P J l o ) : ( t ' l h l Y ~ } I p l ! D L ? ' 5 0 £ ~ } I P I ! D P " D l ? i l l f l R l l i : ~ } I p l ! D L ? ' t b D I ! ' U . e : u } l p I ! D I ) 3 ' } I f £ E : l £ . ' ~ ~ ~ P < , ? J h l f = f I J . h l t . ~ P ~ J 4 : > D ' i l i h ~ } I p l ! D P " D L ? l ' : h l : . . £ . ~ £ O O l ¥ J h ~ ~ ~ 2 . I . E . ~ l O O l ' ~ ~ ~ . t i l l t . ~ ' ~ ~ L £ k % ~ ~ ~ l o ) : 4 : > U t R P I Y J 4 : > F : J I J . h l t . l l i l h ( ~ t t ~ 0 9 ) ~ ~ t t h . ' ? 1 . ¥ i l i ¥ l : ' 2 l : ? b l l ~ ) : 4 : > l b l h J Q J E . ~ ~ n t t ~ i l l f l R l l i : ~ } I P I ! D L ? ' 5 0 £ ~ } l p I ! D b l ' U I ] ~ ~ ( i t ) ~ ) : 4 : > b l f t J ~ ~ ~ t t ~ i l l } l p I ! D t ? ' } I f £ E : l £ . ' ~ } l p I ! D L ? ' t b D h D J . . ' : ! ? } I p l ! D t , ' ? ' S O £ / } l p I ! D b l D l ? ( . 0 . ) h W ~ } I P I ! D L ? ' S O £ / } l p I ! D b l D l ? . l : 6 i l l . ~ } l p I ! D L ? ' } I f £ E J £ ~ } I P I ! D L ? ' t b D I ! D ~ ~ ~ ( . ~ ) : J . h l t . ~ t t U O A \ f 6 P J H o l r t J h P P f J P " J h t j 1 : ' £ ~ I J . h l t . ~ I O A \ f 6 P J ~ ~ P % J h I R ~ ~ t t ~ I J . h l t . ~ ~ ~ ~ l h l l t b l I P L < , ? I R . 1 f . 1 E ~ h . t ' S . ~ 0 0 5 ~ } i l l i l i . h . t ' S . ~ ~ O O l ~ ~ h . . ' : E I ~ ~ i l £ . ~ ~ } I p l ! D t . . ? ' 5 0 £ ~ } l p I ! D b l D l ? i l l ! . . l h l l i : ~ } l p I ! D L ? ' } I f £ E J £ . e : u } I P I ! D L ? ' t b D I ! D ~ ~ ~ i l i l l . ~ . t n L . Q i l l i I \ 7 P ~ I I ! I R ~ J . h l t . ~ i l l m m


The IT capabilities expected of all students training to be teachers are now laid down in government guidelines but time on one year postgraduate courses is limited. It is therefore important to be aware of the IT skills that students bring with them to help develop the courses on offer. A questionnaire survey of nearly 400 PGCE primary and secondary students was completed for a 1989/90 cohort. This study set out to find what prior IT experience students brought with them, and what they perceived as their IT training needs. Two thirds of these students were found to have little experience of using computers either at home, school, college or work, and there was a very low level of experience of some of the more high priority National Curriculum software packages (e.g. electronic communications, modelling software, control software). Most students gave high training priority to learning how computers can be used in teaching. These results are discussed in relation to other surveys of IT in teacher education, and the implications for PGCE course development.


Communicated by S Str˘atil˘a Abstract. We study finite von Neumann algebras M that admit an approx- imate identity made with completely positive normal maps whose extention to L 2 (M) are compact operators. We prove heredity results, and we state sucient conditions on actions of countable groups to ensure that the crossed product algebras have the same property.


Let Xbe a projective variety (over Spec(K)) and f:X→G(r,v) a morphism to a Grassmannian, i.e. a pair (E,V) where E is a rank r vector bundle on V⊆HO(X,E) is a subspace spanning E with dim(V) = v. Here we study the differential properties of f and their relations to a sequence of quotient bundles E→E1→E2→of E called the derived bundles of (E,V). In the first 5 sections we study the case X a smooth curve, char(K) >0 (the case char(K) = 0, being due to D. Perkinson). Then we give a general duality theorem for the derived bundles when Xis any normal variety.


Dual-earner families are more prevalent in some countries than in others. Even when both spouses engage, the level to which women contribute to the family income differs from country to country (Abe, 2010).  Womens' behaviour has been altering regarding their education, occupations, and fertility behaviour and homes roles. "The Transfer of women's work from the household to commercial employment is one of the most notable features of economic development" (Goldin, 1983 in Lewis).


This paper summarized the domestic and foreign academic studies of "the four clean-ups" movement,introduced the historical materials of "the four clean-ups" movement and the works and papers on "the four clean-ups" movement,and analyzed and summarized the issues on "the four clean-ups" such as origin,process,experience,lesson,historical commentary,and reflect,etc..


The contradictions inherent in a system are visible at the articulation points between its various elements. With decentralization and the introduction of autonomy into the educational system, these articulation problems become political and economic, as the different parts in the system further develop their own individual characters further. The process of granting more independence to schools has given them more room to maneuver. At the same time, a new process of globalization process has led to a restructuring of the authorities controlling the system. If schools are to deal with this latest development of capitalism and market forces without losing their own meaning and identity, they must agree to meet standards of quality that increased evaluation forces upon them. However, to clarify the issue, we must ask the following questions: What does "quality" mean? Who assesses it, why, and how? Who decides? The process of making schools more independent will involve learning to take account of the vague middle ground between the external and internal sub-system articulation points. This will be all the more possible since there will be no complete and exhaustive definitions of quality and people will be able to contribute to determining these themselves. From the point of view of transformational processes, these definitions present an opportunity for defining them on a collaborative basis.


No attempt was made to standardise treatment, indeed marked differences were noted; e.g. steroids were almost always used in Los Angeles but only in about a third of European cases. Nevertheless, there was an impressive similarity in the outcomes in the 3 series. This suggests that, in these patients who had been in coma for at least 6 hours, these variations in their management did not crucially influence outcome. Responsiveness (Best in 1st day) Motor: extensor/nil (%) 19 Non-reacting pupils (%) 19 Impaired eye movements (%) 45 32 35 25 23 A data bank of this kind, with standardised methods of assessing initial severity and ultimate outcome, allows valid comparisons to be made between successive cohorts of patients in one centre or between series in different centres. Management decisions are facilitated by the ability to identify a proportion of patients who have a high probability of a particular outcome. This ability to predict outcome facilitates the conduct of controlled trials of new therapies (e.g. high dose steroids, or barbiturates) because the existence of a data bank of patients who have not had a new therapy may dispense with the need for a no-treatment group. If there are several treatment types it is easier to assemble groups of patients who are well matched for severity; the factors which influence outcome are now known.


The reaction between K 2 PtCl 4 and penten [N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-aminoethyl)ethylenediamine] gave a Magnus-type double salt, [Pt(C 10 H 30 N 6 )][PtCl 4 ] 2 .3H 2 O, in which the diprotonated penten ligand (pentenH2) serves as a tetradentate chelating ligand. The complex involves an ion pair, {[Pt(pentenH 2 )][PtCl 4 ]} 2+ . These two mononuclear units have an attractive interaction for each other, with several hydrogen bonds formed between the amine groups and Cl atoms. The two Pt atoms are shifted out of their ideal coordination planes towards each other and the Pt...Pt distance within this unit is 3.414 (3)A.


Among several suggestions for introducing OOP, we compare two approaches: objects-first and objects-later. In a comparative study two courses are taught with one of the approaches. On a regular schedule pupils' were interviewed regarding their perception of the topics taught. Results indicate differences regarding motivation, perception of difficulty and of relevance of different topics.


The report outlines an economic model for determining the cost of producing fuelwood chips from the resource through processing to market. It includes resource and treatment evaluation, full tree harvesting simulation, critical mix determination of harvesting components, transportation to a processing facility, drying and grading of the chips and delivery to the market. The process has been computerized in the form of a model entitled Chip Harvesting Cost Simulator which has been written in BASIC on a TRS-80 micro-computer. The model is designed to be non-complex, easy to use, and interactive. A sub-model for costing mechanical equipment is also included.


Iron oxyborate Fe3BO6, a mixed compound of iron oxide Fe2O3 and iron borate FeBO3, offers multifunctional properties for electrodes, gas sensors, drugs delivery, or biological probes. To accolade useful properties, in this paper we report frequency (f) dependence of ac electrical conductivity (σac) of Fe3BO6, which is crystallized in shapes of thin plates (40–50 nm thickness) and rectangular bars (50–100 nm thickness) from an iron borate glass 40Fe2O3–60B2O3. Residual B2O3 (10–15 wt%), which remains in a vitreous phase, forms a hybrid vitroceramic nanocomposite. This B2O3 is useful to surface modify Fe3BO6 so that it turns into a strongly correlated antiferromagnet with uncompensated surface Fe3+(3d5) spins, showing only very small magnetization of the order of a few 10−4 emu/g at room temperature. The σac‐values measured at selective frequencies 0.1–103 kHz over a temperature range 300–575 K follow an activation energy varied from 0.345 to 0.244 eV, if the plot is analyzed in nearly linear parts, in raising frequency from 10 to 103 kHz. Primarily oxygen vacancies preside over a thermal assisted condition process wherein the initial σac‐value increases effectively slowly against temperature. Otherwise, Fe3BO6 with an optical bandgap 3.1 eV is a typical insulator. At f ≥ 50 kHz, a characteristically weak peak arises in a spin‐reorientation transition near 433 K. The spin‐flops, which commence on a frequency assisted σac‐value, illustrate the effect of a coupled system of the spins and charge carriers.


W e w e r e s ta n d i n g at t h e b e d s i d e of a frail young woman in a hospital in Botswana. She wore a white tank top and a much-washed blue skirt. Each time she inhaled, her labored breaths revealed her ribs, collarbone, and neck muscles. She was only twenty-three years old, with closecropped hair, and her deep brown eyes were sunken with dark circles below them. Each day her mother and sisters sat vigil; two young children waited for her at home. She reminded me of pictures I'd seen of famine victims. The women's ward in the one-story hospital was crowded, holding more than twice as many patients as it was designed for. Nonetheless, the ward was clean. The bed was made up with fresh linens, and the ward smelled of the pine cleaner used on the floor each morning. I told her family that she would likely die tonight. Her brother asked if she could have been saved somewhere else. As I looked at this slight, dignified woman who was breathing with so much difficulty, I thought of the patients I cared for back home in Philadelphia who'd died of the same disease, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). It's the most common opportunistic infection in people with HIV, no matter which continent they're on. I assured her brother that what could be done had been done, that if she'd been in an intensive care unit (ICU) in America, we wouldn't have been able to save her. I hoped this was a comfort. But I left my own question unasked: What might we have done if she'd come to us weeks or months ago, when the diseases were more treatable? Would she have lived then? Probably. For more than a decade, effective treatment for HIV had been available to most North Americans who needed it. Those who came into my hospital back home with PCP usually had things going on in their lives that had prevented timely diagnosis or treatment. I thought of a specific patient there whose treatment had been complicated by a broken family, inadequate education, marginal housing, unemployment, and an addiction to crack. He died alone, unlike my African patient, who died surrounded by a dozen family members. N a r r a t i v e M a t t e r s


Observations on laser compressed targets have shown the existence of very strong electric fields, of the order of 109 1010 V/m, localized over distances of the order of 100 nm [1, 2, 3, 4] . Recently we have suggested that these might be readily explained as weak laminar collisionless shock structures [5], rather than dissipative shocks as suggested elsewhere [4]. Here, after a brief recapitulation of the theory, we concentrate on the effect that the existence of such structures in fusion targets may have on species concentrations, showing that reflection of different fractions of deuterium and tritium at the shock front, combined with different slowing down of the unreflected parts of the distribution, may produce significant deviations from an initial equal concentration of the species. If we consider a single ion species flowing into a region where the potential increases monotonically from zero to φmax, in the rest frame of the shock, then the ion density in the upstream region, normalized to the density of the incoming flow, is


Purpose
Mobile services are expanding rapidly, and in this tremendously dynamic environment, companies should provide value-added services to meet users' demand. In this context, the study aims to determine whether different user groups exist in this market and profile them.

Methodology
Based on the information of 568 mobile service users, a research was developed in the context of a mature mobile services market – Spain. A behavior-based cluster analysis is developed by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), followed by two-step clustering. Then, an ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests are conducted to confirm differences among the obtained clusters.

Findings
The study findings show that mobile service users cannot be perceived as a homogenous group, as different users with different behaviors coexist in this market. More specifically, four behavior-based segments emerge in the mobile service sector: "service connoisseurs," "uninvolved pragmatics," "potential switchers" and "delighted loyal"; "potential switchers" being the most challenging segment for mobile service companies.

Originality/value
This study reports mobile service users' heterogeneity; and in turn, mobile service managers should consider customers as four different types, instead of considering them as one single customer.