U.S. farm programs are once again under scrutiny as Congress gears up to determine what to do with the 2007 farm bill. The new chair of the House Committee on Agriculture, Collin Peterson from Minnesota, has added a new dimension to the discussion with his call for adoption of a standing disaster payment program as a permanent part of the farm bill. His proposal expands this year's farm bill debate because consideration of the merits of a standing disaster program will inevitably draw in a discussion about what to do with the crop insurance program. After all, as former USDA under secretary J.B. Penn pointed out in 2006 testimony before the House Subcommittee on Agriculture, "One of the overarching goals of the crop insurance program has been the reduction or elimination of ad hoc disaster assistance." If Congress moves in the opposite direction and passes a permanent disaster program, then a major policy rationale for a subsidized crop insurance program is called into question. In the past, when ad hoc disaster payments have been authorized, farmers who suffer a yield decline of greater than 35 percent qualify for the payments. The similarity of this disaster coverage to current crop insurance coverage is readily apparent because the most popular crop insurance coverage triggers payments when yield or revenue deCrop Insurance: Inside or Outside the Farm Bill?


Those overhead People Professional staff people are really quite different both in skill and outlook from their line counterparts. Yet their rewards are based not on qualitative goals directly related to their own contribution but rather on the achievement of members of line management, whose efforts can be quantified. As staff people view it, this is &dquo;derived-bonus tokenism.&dquo; It keeps the staff in its subordinate position, relieves management of having to think qualitatively about staff goals and performance, and keeps administration simple. The idea that &dquo;derived success&dquo; might be the reverse of what is commonly assumed-that line success is derived from staff performance -could wreck the whole concept of quantitative bonus criteria. No one seriously believes that the astronauts soar into space without the aid of a supporting research and technical &dquo;staff.&dquo; Staff people are risk-takers. They take risks with ideas. Such people are different, scarce, and valuable. Yet the way incentive compensation plans are constructed does not reflect this fact. Although people are reluctant to admit it, ideas and planning capability may very well be the major profit-maker in many situations. Accordingly, staff people should be rewarded on the qualitative aspects of their work, because the value of an idea or an invention cannot be measured in numbers..


Introduction: Nosocomial infections are those types of infections which occur after 48 h of hospitalization and the patient has not been in the incubation period of another infection. As regards the effectiveness of different antibiotics, the difference in their resistance in different societies, and the importance of the proper use of medication in controlling nosocomial infections, we have decided to determine the prevalence of the bacteria causing nosocomial infections in Mostafa Khomeini hospital in a period of 3 years (2012-2014). Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study which evaluates the prevalence of nosocomial infections and the risk factors in patients hospitalized in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Tehran in the period of 2012-2014. The study population included all patients with nosocomial infections in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini hospital over the years 2012-2014. The name of all patients with nosocomial infection was extracted using archival lists of nosocomial infection in hospital infection control committee. The data were entered into the SPSS software version 16 and were analyzed using paired t-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and other relevant statistical tests. Results: In this study, 286 patients (46.9%) were male and 324 patients (53.1%) were female. The mean patient age was 67.27 ± 21.65 years. Most of the infections' reports are related to the intensive care unit; pneumonia is the most common infection and Acintobacter is the highest isolated germ. There is a significant relationship between age (p=0.01) and hospitalization period (p>0.001) and the type of bacteria causing infection. Dr. Marjan Vahidian* et al. International Journal of Pharmacy & Technology IJPT| Sep-2016 | Vol. 8 | Issue No.3 | 18685-18693 Page 18686 Discussion and conclusion: The results show that lung and urinary tract are still the most common areas involved in nosocomial infection. Intensive care, surgery, and internal units have the highest rate of nosocomial infection which can be due to prolonged length of stay of patients in these sectors, existence of several risk factors associated with these patients such as invasive procedure, surgical and underlying diseases, age of the patients hospitalized in these sectors, and indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of patients hospitalized in these sectors.


Taper corrosion in Total Hip Arthroplasty has surfaced as a clinically relevant problem and has recently also been reported for metal heads against polyethylene. Low neck stiffness is a critical contributing factor. Catastrophic taper failures have been reported for one particular stem design with a small V-40 taper made from a less stiff titanium-alloy. The purpose of this study was to identify factors involved in the failure process. 31 revised CoCr heads ranging from 32 to 44m diameter combined with TMZF-Titanium alloy stem with a V-40 taper (Accolade I) were analysed. Stems were only available for catastrophic failure cases with dis-association (n=8) or taper fracture (n=1). Clinical data were limited to time-in-situ, patient gender and age. Head material loss increased with time in situ (r²=0.49, p<0.001). Longer heads and material loss exceeding 15mm³ showed bottoming out and consecutive catastrophic stem taper failure. Heads with failed stem tapers were all 36mm diameter. The head starts rotating o...


In this paper, we deduce a range of the hyper-parameters, and use Gauss-Hermite quadrature introduced in reference (1) to approximate the moment equation, estimating the moment estimators by enumeration method. Simulation experiment carried out to study the accuracy of estimates by Monte Carlo integration. Simulation experiment shows that estimating parameters from the moment equation of logit- normal model by enumeration method can get very accurate estimates, and verified the EB estimator is robust. We also use the method to estimate poverty incidences in Spain. KEYWORD: SAE; Logit-normal model; EB; Enumeration method; Poverty incidence


I MPERSONAL M ARKETS AND P ERSONAL C OMMUNITIES ? W ILDLIFE , C ONSERVATION , AND D EVELOPMENT IN B OTSWANA Parakh N. Hoon 1 1. INTRODUCTION During the 1980s and 1990s conservation policies and agencies in Africa came under severe criticism. In several countries, the evidence of increased poaching in the 1970s and 1980s pointed to the inability of wildlife departments to manage their habitats and wildlife populations. The government departments, critics argued, relied on top-down bureaucratic approaches that excluded local communities. 2 It seemed that a conservation practice based on exclusionary national parks, game reserves, and other sorts of protected areas was not functioning properly. This critique of state managed 'top-down' conservation provided an impetus for the emergence of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in southern Africa. To its proponents, CBNRM embodied the core sustainable development ethic—balancing material development and environmental conservation, and doing so by taking into consideration the needs of local communities. 3 In Botswana, CBNRM broke new ground in the early 1990s by integrating wildlife management, rural development, and tourism. 4 Often singled out as an African success story because of its stable economy and democratic institutions, Botswana has many of the characteristics that bode well for sustainable development. The dominant aspects of Botswana's economy are diamond extraction and its livestock industries, but with national parks and game reserves occupying seventeen per cent of its total land area and with a further twenty-two per School of International Service, American University, Washington DC. I am grateful to Goran Hyden, David Leonard, Dennis Galvan, Arielle Levine, and the two reviewers for their comments. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2004 Breslauer Symposium on Natural Resource Issues in Africa at the University of California, Berkeley. D AVID H ULME & M ARSHALL M URPHREE , A FRICAN W ILDLIFE & L IVELIHOODS : T HE P ROMISE &P ERFORMANCE O F C OMMUNITY C ONSERVATION , at 1 (2001). The current trend towards CBNRM in southern Africa started in the 1980s with Administrative Management Design for Game Management Areas (ADMADE) and the Luangwa Integrated Resource Development Project (LIRDP) in Zambia, and the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, Namibia, South Africa, and Botswana also have implemented CBNRM projects. CBNRM became possible only after a number of policies and 'guidelines' were implemented over two decades. The first was the Tribal Grazing Land Policy (TGLP), an attempt at privatizing the grazing commons. For a cogent policy and academic critique of TGLP, see P AULINE P ETERS , D IVIDING T HE C OMMONS : P OLITICS , P OLICY , A ND C ULTURE I N B OTSWANA (1994). The areas not economically viable for cattle ranching were set aside for other uses. One of the unintended consequences of TGLP was to distinguish these areas from the wildlife dominated areas. The Wildlife Conservation Policy of 1986, designed to encourage the economic utilization of wildlife, designated these areas (not useful for cattle) on twenty-two per cent of Botswana's land, setting them aside exclusively for wildlife utilization or land uses compatible with wildlife. To rationalize the consumptive use of wildlife through devices such as hunting quotas in Controlled Hunting Areas (CHAs), all CHAs were rezoned in 1989. The entire country has been divided into 163 CHAs, of which 43 have been zoned for wildlife uses that include commercial and community managed wildlife use (photographic and hunting safari) areas, livestock areas, and un-designated areas.


Peacekeeping seems to have become a la mode. There is hardly a day when the media do not highlight one peacekeeping operation or other, or discuss the principles or limitations of such international interventions. There is also a growing academic interest, even if the number of post-Cold War academic peacekeepers may not yet match the numbers of academic missile-counters during the Cold War period. There is even a new scholarly quarterly published in London called International Peacekeeping. This increasing interest reflects an increasing activity. The years 1945-1988 saw 13 peacekeeping operations launched. Since then, we have witnessed no less than 22 new ones. Many of the new ones are also on a much larger scale and much more expensive. To dispatch a peacekeeping force has become a standard answer to the


OBJECTIVE Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO‐ANCA)‐positive vasculitis has been reported in patients with Graves' disease who were treated with propylthiouracil (PTU). The appearance of MPO‐ANCA in these cases was suspected of being related to PTU because the titres of MPO‐ANCA decreased when PTU was stopped. Nevertheless, there have been no studies on the temporal relationship between the appearance of MPO‐ANCA and vasculitis during PTU therapy, or on the incidence of MPO‐ANCA in untreated Graves' disease patients. Therefore, we sought to address these parameters in patients with Graves' disease.


Dance learning must be based on scientific training.Blind training without considering the characteristics of human physiology not only cannot get good results,but may result in serious injury.Dance measurement method,a method to measure dancers' physical indicators,is an important aid for dance learning and training.It can both provide a scientific training basis for dance training and correct the unscientific impact of dance training.Therefore,scientific dance measurement methods will be of great significance in dance learning and have far-reaching influence on it.


kind of background information. Nevertheless, its existence does offer an invitation to indulge in cultural tourism despite the exhortations in the Teacher's Notes to focus on a comparison between the role of music in a pupil's own life and the role of music in Indian culture. (Which Indian culture?) The placing of Introducing India before the projects on musical elements may give the impression that this should be tackled first. Certainly, a group of trainee secondary music teachers who kindly evaluated the pack with me, were misled into assuming that information should be provided before musical activity can begin. From a musical learning perspective, pupils and students would be better able to understand some of the factual information once they had tackled some of the rhythmic, melodic and stylistic projects which occur in Chapters 2-5. The presentation of the projects is more suitable for the teacher than pupils. Since most Key Stage 3 pupils do not necessarily read staff notation fluently, the assumption that they will read sargam when written in staff notation is clearly unreasonable. However, a teacher could easily learn the melody on p. 43 and teach it to a class or group. Indeed the Teacher's Notes emphasize that the motivation is only an initial guide and that students should be encouraged to move the starting pitch about. The problem, of course, for Western trained students and teachers is their cultural dependence on notated ' right' answers and an inability to be released from the shackles of notated music. This volume is not particularly imaginative in trying to break the mould.


The fashion industry faces more challenges from demand uncertainty than many other businesses because it creates products that are highly seasonal with short lifetimes and demand is inherently volatile. Such a situation introduces difficulties in fashion supply chain management. The solution to the agile supply chain involves setting up seamless or boundary-less connections between supply chain members. These connections can minimize buffers between the different stages in the chain. In an agile network, such connection is critical and can be enabled by web-software, allowing different actors to be connected without needing to have the same computer system. With integrated web systems, businesses in different geographical locations can behave as if they belong to the same enterprise. The forecasting of future sales is one of the key constituents of these solutions. Today's enterprises in fashion often employ various IT services in supply chain operations and a forecasting system is often expected to be ac...


Abstract The degradation of the carbamate insecticides carbofuran and methiocarb in distilled and natural waters was determined. Degradation studies were carried out both under a xenon arc irradiation and natural sunlight at pesticide concentrations of 50–100 μg/L. 50–100 mL water sample were preconcentrated using automated online solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography (LC), UV detection or post column fluorescence detection (EPA method 531.1 for carbamate insecticides). Structure identification was carried out by on-line SPE-LC-MS either with thermospray and/or high flow pneumatically assisted electrospray interfaces. Half-lives varying between 4–12.5 days for carbofuran and methiocarb were determined under natural sunlight exposure, being chemical hydrolysis the major degradation pathway. When using xenon arc lamp irradiation both pesticides degraded very rapidly with half-lives varying from 0.3–1.7 hours. The various degradation products identified were: methiocarb sulfoxide, 4-...


SMS, which is said to be extremely interactive and dynamic, has been observed to convey one"s thoughts to another. Whenever a sender of a message uses numerals and alphabets to form a word and send to a receiver, it is now left for the recipient to decipher the intended meaning of the message. Though, SMS text messages most often come in written form, but it is has been argued in the literatures that the spoken form of language predate the written form. Numerals and alphabets have replaced sound meanings in most of the SMS messages sent on telephones, even e-mails are not exceptional. The main concern of this paper therefore, is to investigate how words are formed in SMS messages with the use alphabets and numerals to convey the intended meaning to the recipient. Data analysis shows that numerals, alphabets and wrong symbols have overridden the usual phonetic symbols even when students write examination essays. To most Nigerian users of English, this type of writing convention is presumably acceptable in examinations at different levels of academic, even up to higher citadel of learning.


The meter-size barrier in protoplanetary disks is a major challenge in planet formation, for which many solutions were suggested. One of the leading solutions is dust traps, that halt or slow the inward migration of dust particles. The source and profile of these traps are still not completely known. Warped disks are ubiquitous among accretion disks in general and protoplanetary disks in particular, and the warping could lead naturally to the formation of dust traps. Dust traps in warped disks could rise not only from pressure gradients, but also due to different precession rates between gas and dust. Here we derive analytically the radial drift in warped disks, and demonstrate derivation for some specific conditions. The radial drift in warped protoplanetary disks is qualitatively different, and depending on the structure of the disk, dust traps could form due to the warping. Similar processes could lead to the formation of traps also in other accretion disks such as AGN disks.


Based on the experiment with two early indica rice varieties (Zhfu49 and Jiazao935) and two typical temperature treatments(the daily average temperature 32℃ and 22℃, respectively) in phytotrons, the sucrose content, starch content and ratio of amylose/ total starch and the activities of 6 key enzymes involved in starch synthetic metabolism of developing rice grains, including sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthase (SSS), ADPG pyrophosphorylase (ADPG PPase), granule bound starch synthase (GBSS),starch branching enzyme(SBE) and debranching enzyme (DBE), and effect of temperature on their activities were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with proper temperature (22℃), higher sucrose content, higher starch content and higher activities of enzymes such as SS, ADPG PPase SSS, SBE and DBE could be generally found in grains at the beginning stage of grain filling in high temperature(32℃) treatment. However, at the middle and late stage of grain filling, there was a large difference existed in the change trend of such enzyme activities and their association with sucrose content and starch content was very complicated under the condition of different temperature treatments, but it could be seen that the activities of SS and SSS at 32℃ high temperature were always lower than that at 22℃ proper temperature, which was closely related to their variation in sucrose content and starch accumulating rate. The activities of SS and SSS were more sensitive to the temperature variation in comparison with ADPG PPase. It seems that SS and SSS were controlled by enzyme through which the temperature affected starch accumulating rate of rice grains. Difference of the amylose/total starch ratio in developing grains between 32℃ and 22℃ was significant and the lower amylsoe/total starch ratio was always showed in 32℃ high temperature treatment at the whole stage of grain filling process, which was closely related to the lower activity level of GBSS. Therefore, it could be concluded that effect of temperature on amylose/total starch was more attributable to GBSS rather than SS, SSS, ADPG PPase, SBE and DBE.


Palladium composite membranes have been prepared using an electroless plating technique with rare earth element of Ce was added into the plating solution. The effects of the rare earth element on the Pd deposition rate, plating temperature and H2 permeation flux were studied. The experimental results show that the additions of mixed rare earth element of Ce into the plating solution can increase Pd deposition rates by 15%. The resistance to sulfidation was examined and the membrane sulfur resistance was confirmed by exposure to a combined gas of H2 and H2S. Keywords: hydrogen utilized; electroless plating; inorganic membrance; Cerium


A technique is described for the automatic measurement of ultrasonic velocity changes of one part in 105 in continuous wave experiments. An oscillator is frequency modulated by an analog circuit which terminates frequency change when a mechanical resonance is achieved in an ultrasonic interferometer. Velocity changes appear as changes in terminal frequencies of the oscillator and are easily recorded. A typical result is presented. The possibilities of using the technique to measure temperature changes of 10−3°C and displacements as small as 10−6 cm are discussed.


Geologists routinely work with a wide range of geological and geophysical data in their attempts to build realistic 3D models of the sub-surface. The approach that the geologist takes to interpretation and model building can vary considerably depending on their background and training, and the techniques and technology that they have access to, chosen to adopt or have been advised to use.


When an organism is exposed to radiation, various effects occur, though there may be differences in quality or degree. These are the cleavage of nucleic acids and the denaturalization of biological substances by active oxygen and free radicals that are produced by the excitation of water caused by the energy absorbed by the body, depending on the types of radiation such as alpha ray, beta ray, gamma ray, X-ray, or neutron ray. Many such effects are not favorable to biological activity. Since the organisms evolved to adapt to the radiation in the natural environment including cosmic rays, natural radiation from earth, and radiation derived from substances ingested as food, organisms inherently possess a molecular mechanism to overcome such effects. Therefore, most of the effects of radiations at the level present in the natural environment do not cause problems on the individual level. However, when there is exposure to extremely high level of radiation, damage always occurs in a short period (this is called the acute radiation syndrome, or deterministic effect), and this may override the natural healing ability of the organism, and may lead to death of an individual at the worst. Even at low-level exposure, damages may manifest at certain probability after some passage of time (this is called the late radiation injury, or stochastic effect) (Fig. 1).


Clinical supervision is a commonly accepted model used by supervisors of local school district teachers. The clinical supervision model is also used with pre-service teachers and has been enhanced by the use of e-mail and the Internet. What has been learned with pre-service teachers can be applied to local school districts. With telecommunications, greater opportunities are provided for teacher reflective decision making, formative feedback from supervisors, joint supervisor and teacher problem solving, acquisition of lesson plans and student project ideas from numerous sources, and the improvement of instruction.


Background. Life expectancy (LE) has increased. Health expectancy studies divide LE into life spent in different health conditions.
Objective. To describe the number of years spent with musculoskel ...


This paper studies an automatic gain control (AGC) algorithm used in mobile cellular systems. The AGC design includes the determination of the precision of quantizer and a circuit to keep the input power of quantizer constant to minimize the quantization noise generated from the analog-to-digital conversion process. The proposed algorithm illustrates the method to determine the required precision of quantizer and to set the design parameters of the AGC in a mobile cellular system. The validity of the proposed algorithm is verified by computer simulation.


When VRP(vehicle routing problem) is solved with the traditional single method,the quality of the results is usually low,so this paper presents a novel hybrid-heuristic algorithm.Firstly,the initial solution is generated with the nearest neighbor heuristic algorithm,then it is improved with VNS——Annealing algorithm.Experimental results show that the hybrid algorithm can solve the VRP effectively and efficiently.


In this paper we report CIMS in CPP-GMR spin valve elements with longitudinal permanent magnet bias and present sense current density limit without CIMS.


A multimodal integration module is designed and implemented for Media Lab Autonomous Conversational Kiosk (MACK). MACK is an embodied conversational kiosk that has an augmented reality paper map as part of its user interface. In this study, we examined several multimodal systems as well as important techniques in designing multimodal architectures. We also reviewed powerful multimodal integration frameworks such as Semantic Frame Merging, Unification, and Finite-State, and have designed MACK's integrator based on the technique that would maximize mutual disambiguation of speech and pen-input. The final integrator is built based on Johnston's finite-state transducer (FST) approach. Considering the context of MACK, we felt that the FST approach offered the most simple, cost-effective, and scaleable solution. Thesis Supervisor: Justine Cassell Title: Professor of Media Arts & Sciences


The hull deformation is one of the most important factors influencing on propulsion shafting vibration.However the current research on shafting lateral vibration is based on the hull as rigid body without deformation.Taking bulk carrier as a calculation example,the paper presents the calculation procedure and methods for shafting lateral vibration by FEM,which takes shafting center line vertical relative deformation into consideration.The result shows that under different conditions,shafting center line vertical relative deformation makes significant influence on shafting lateral vibration natural frequency.


When to solve the matrix problems,block matrix is a common method of settling higher matrix,matrix will be divided into a number of small matrix,which will simplify the problems when taking the small matrix as elements.


Resources monitoring is an important problem of the overall efficient usage and control of P2P IPTV systems. The resources of IPTV can include all distributing servers, programs and peers. Several researches have tried to address this issue, but most of them illuminated P2P traffic characterization, identification and user behavior. The main contributions of this paper are twofold. Firstly, a resources monitoring architecture for P2P IPTV systems, IPTV-RM, was presented based on previous work. The monitoring architecture employs a hierarchical structure and provides systemic monitoring including resources discovery, relative information extraction and analysis, trace and location. It gives a systematic framework for IPTV resources monitoring. Secondly, a distributed program crawling system (DMP-Crawler) was first proposed to collect information of programs, and a peer crawling system was put forward to harvest peers of a program. The results show that they are efficient and can be used for resource collection of other P2P system.


This article introduces all kinds of calculative models and methods and accounting management of calculation of capital reduction and its return. At last, it gives a summary about this problem.


Recently, supersaturable self-nanoemulsion (Su-SNE) is an advanced approach that can address low oral bioavailability issues. The antihypertensive drug, nebivolol (NBH), has low bioavailability, about 12%, due to its poor solubility and extensive pre-systematic metabolism. This work aimed to convert liquid nebivolol Su-SNE to powder using a liquisolid technique for exploiting the privileges of both Su-SNE and liquisolid approaches. Liquid NBH-loaded Su-SNE composed of imwitor 988, cremophor EL, propylene glycol and soluplus was adsorbed onto avicel PH101 and aerosil 200 admixture. The powder flow properties and in-vitro dissolution tests were carried out. Furthermore, the solid-state of optimized formula was characterized by SEM, DSC, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR analysis, and mean droplets size after redispersion in 0.1N HCl. The optimum liquisolid formula (SL-F8) revealed good flowability and significant dissolution improvement with 98.8% ± 0.99 drug dissolved compared to 23.1% ± 1.5 of pure NBH at 60 min. The solid-state characterization study of formula (SL-F8) showed an amorphous state of NBH within the solidified nanosystem without any interactions with the excipient used. Also, it gave nanoemulsion with mean droplets size about 47.77nm ±1.58 and PDI 0.289± 0.03, which was close to liquid Su-SNE with 55.27nm ± 1.22 droplets size and PDI 0.294± 0.01. Consequently, the liquisolid technique is a promising strategy for solidification of a liquid self-emulsifying system with improving dissolution rate and maintaining nanoemulsion properties.


Mobility motif is a typical topology structure shared by movement trajectories, which could exhibit multi-scale spatio-temporal patterns in human behavior. There are two types of motifs, frequent, infrequent. The infrequent one hasn't got enough attention in research. In this paper, we study the relationship between infrequent motifs, mass activities. We have discovered that crowds are more likely to generate abnormal motifs when they attend activities than on ordinary days. Inspired by the discovery, we propose a novel model to incorporate the connection between motif anomalies, mass activities, which is verified by our real-world data driven analysis. Compared to previous mobility analysis, our work facilitates the inspection of human mobility anomalies in a fresh perspective,, it is a promising step towards unraveling the actual causation behind human mobility.


Correlations among five measures of self-concept, based on the scores received by a non-random sample of 50 subjects, were moderate and significant. Choice of measure may depend upon age group and educational levels of subjects, time available, and the extent and type of information required by the user.


Anew metal complexes of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) were synthesized from the Schiff base derived from 4 - amino antipyrine, 3 - hydroxyl benzaldehyde and ethylene diamine in alcohol medium. All the complexes were char acterized on the basis of their elemental analysis, molar conductance, in addition FTIR and electronic spectra. The result show that the functional groups was ( - C=N). It has been found that the Schiff base ligand behaves as atridentate ligand forming chela tes with 1:2 (metal : ligand ) stoichiometry. The suggest geometry of the complexes appears to be octahedral.


Budgeting participation in the budgeting process of a company can cause dysfunctional behavior of the manager, the manager tends to create a budget gap. Managers who participated in the drafting process of budgeting can experience role ambiguity will encourage managers raises the budget gap. This study aims to determine the effect of participation budgeting, information asymmetry, organizational culture, and organizational commitment on budgetary slack in the General Hospital of Badung Mangusada. This research was conducted by survey method using a questionnaire. The samples were analyzed by 50 respondents using purposive sampling technique sampling. The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The research proves that partipasipasi budgeting and information asymmetry positive influence on budgetary slack while culture and organizational commitment negatively affect the budgetary slack in the General Hospital of Badung Mangusada.


Background Perflubutane microbubbles, a second‐generation ultrasound contrast agent, are phagocytized by Kupffer cells. This characteristic may be useful to differentiate diffuse hepatic diseases in dogs. Hypothesis/objectives To determine whether the washout ratio in the hepatic vein (HV) measured by contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory hepatic disorders in dogs. Animals Forty‐one client‐owned dogs with hepatic disorders including 14 with hepatitis, 7 with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV), 9 with congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS), and 11 with other hepatopathy were enrolled. Six dogs without hepatic disease also were evaluated as healthy controls. Methods Dogs with hepatic disorders were prospectively included. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography of the HV was performed for 2 minutes. Washout ratio was defined as the attenuation rate from peak intensity to the intensity at the end of the CEUS study. Results Washout ratio in the hepatitis group (median, 18.0%; range, 2.0–37.0%) was significantly lower than that of the PHPV (median, 52.2%; range, 11.5–86.3%), cPSS (median, 60.0%; range, 28.6–77.4%), other hepatopathy (median, 70.5%; range, 26.6–88.4%), and normal (median, 78.0%; range, 60.7–91.7%) groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hepatitis was 0.960, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.853–0.990. Washout ratio ≤37.1% resulted in a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 78.5–100%) and specificity of 85.2% (95% CI, 67.5–94.1%) for the prediction of hepatitis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Washout ratio can distinguish hepatitis from the other noninflammatory disorders with high accuracy. This result might reflect impaired Kupffer cell phagocytosis in dogs with hepatitis.


It is surprising how little sound guidance is available to the corporate official who is about to acquire costly new facilities. In this article, five approaches to purchasing building construction are described and their cost and time attributes and relative advantages are analyzed.


This article axiomatically derives a class of numerical indices of integration (equality) in the distribution of different types of workers across occupations. The associated segregation (inequality) indices parallel one form of multidimensional generalized Gini inequality indices. A comparison is made with the other Gini-related segregation indices. A numerical illustration of the family of indices is also provided using US occupational data.


1. Introduction Thompson-Okanagan-Cariboo is an administrative region in south-central BC, established after the province reorganized its natural resource agencies in 2010. Mining predates Confederation and today, the region is home to fi ve of BC's largest metal mines, several industrial mineral mines, and many small placer operations, gravel pits, and rock quarries. power), and skilled workers sustain the search for new deposits. In 2014, the region saw one new gold mine open (Bonanza Ledge), one mine placed on care and maintenance after a breach in a tailings dam (Mount Polley), the installation of a new crusher (Copper Mountain), and the commissioning of a new mill (Highland Valley). Most projects in the pre-application stage of environmental review made progress. One project (New Prosperity) was rejected a second time by a Federal review panel. A Supreme Court of Canada decision in favour of the Tsilhqot'in Nation created Canada's fi rst Aboriginal title area. Subsequently, Tsilhqot'in Nation declared a Tribal Park over a large area in the centre of the region and released a draft mining policy intended to address present and future exploration and mining activities. Exploration focused on defi ning or expanding porphyry and porphyry-related deposits (copper-gold; copper-molybdenum), gold deposits of various types, and stratiform base-metal deposits. The pace of exploration slowed in 2014, continuing a decline that started in late 2011. Many projects were inactive because operators were unable to raise venture capital or unwilling to spend it in the region. Exploration expenditures for the region were included in the provincial total (Clarke et al., 2015) but for confi dentiality reasons, specifi c expenditures are not presented herein.


This paper investigates attitude stability of asymmemc dual-spin spacecraft with large liquid fraction. Numerical simulation of attitude motion was obtained for different liquid fractions and platform transverse inertia asymmeuies. The dualspin spacecraft is assumed to have both platform and rotor spinning and the relative spin rate between the platform and the rotor is kept constant The results indicate that the platform transverse inertia asymmetry can cause attitude instability. Maximum allowable platform inertia asymmetry for attitude stability, however, increases with increase in liquid fraction. The results also indicate that in some cases the energy-sink method can lead to incorrect prediction of attitude stability.


During the process of coal combustion, the ash deposition may change the wall boundary conditions, which in turn will change heat transfer and burning condition in the coal-fired furnaces. Without considering the diversity and chemistry of coal and coal ash, and the effect of burning conditions on the ash deposition, the conventional prediction methods, such as Clinkering-index and ASTM methods, do not have the necessary precision. Recently, many researchers apply the method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to the coal combustion simulation, together with a physical or numerical model for every branch process, to simulate the coal combustion and ash deposition. Their research results provide very important guidance to the design and operation of coal-fired furnaces or boilers. This paper presents a review on the researches of slag models, proposed during recent several decades, including ash formation, ash transportation, ash impaction and sticking, deposit growth and strength development, heat transfer through the slag layer and the effect of deposition on the burning condition. Because most existing numerical methods do not consider the intense phase change rigorously, these models should be modified. As an addition to existing methods, the wall-burning model, whose numerical description is given at the end of this paper, might be used to simulate the ash deposition in the pulverized coal liquid-bath combustion.


We analyze the role played by local translational symmetry in the context of gauge theories of fundamental interactions. Translational connections and fields are introduced, with special attention being paid to their universal coupling to other variables, as well as to their contributions to field equations and to conserved quantities.


Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of size and shape of ceramic filler in dental composites on polymerization shrinkage. Moreover, the influence of resin shrinkage itself on the whole composite shrinkage was investigated. In 3D linear elastic finite element analyses, the process of shrinkage of dental resin/ceramic composites during polymerization was simulated using the ANSYS software. Composites were modelled with volumetric content of ceramics ranging from 0 up to 45%. Aggregates with different shape and size were analysed. Quantitative estimates have been obtained of the reduction in composite shrinkage with increasing content of ceramic aggregate or decreasing shrinkage of the resin. It has been found that by adjusting aggregate size and resin shrinkage a lower shrinkage of the dental composite may be obtained.


This paper discusses the software engineering of a class library for supporting haptic rendering of interaction constraints within a hand-immersive virtual environment. The design of interaction and navigation paradigms is a significant issue in the usability of virtual environments. The careful application of constraints in the interaction can help the user focus on their specific task. Interaction constraints can be usefully implemented using a haptic, or force-feedback, device. Haptic programming is difficult, so we are designing and implementing a class library to provide reusable components for programming haptic constraints. The library extends the Magma multi-sensory scenegraph API, providing a constrained proxy to serve as a new interaction point for the application, and an abstract constraint definition that can be realized by a variety of constraint types. The paper illustrates the constraint definition by describing a number of geometric constraints, and also describes techniques for combining and modifying constraints to create new ones. These techniques are used to construct constraints tailored to specific application requirements. The haptic constraints library is still a work in progress, and we have identified a number of areas where improvements can be made. One of the major challenges is to provide software components that can be reused to support a broad selection of different approaches to programming interaction in a haptically enabled virtual environment.


Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of: (1) thiamin supplementation of diets for feedlot steers, (2) an injection of thiamin with other B-vitamins as well as thiamin supplementation of the diet on steers, and (3) supplemental magnesium (Mg) on thiamin adequacy of steers. In the first experiment, 96 steers were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design with MgO at 0 and 0.19% of the diet and thiamin at 0 and 6.25 mg/kg of diet. With the exception of plasma Mg concentrations, which reflected dietary Mg concentrations, no significant treatment differences were observed for other blood parameters or for feedlot performance. The highest and lowest (P ≤ 0.05) incidences of bloat were observed for animals on the Mg- and thiamin-supplemented diets, respectively. In the second experiment, 72 steers were used in a 3 × 3 factorial design with MgO at 0, 0.19 and 0.75% of the diet and thiamin at 0 and 6.25 mg/kg of diet and 6.25 mg/kg of diet plus a weekly injection of 200 mg thiamin with other B-vitamins. T...


By observation and analysis on the building rubbles of Chinese architectural education,its limitation in the current mode has been summed up. There are a scientific flexible set of educational thoughts and methods in the developed countries. Based on their successful experience and combined with some trials in the construction of international cooperation between department of architecture,Zhejiang university and a few foreign ones,a multidimensional cultivation mode concerning multidiscipline,theoretic deepening,and ideal innovation is set up on the three levels of curriculum setting,teacher training and theoretic research.


This present study examines the efficacy of EI clusters, in predicting OCB. The research is designed to specifically examine the relative contribution of every emotional intelligence cluster to OCB, focusing on employees working in different corporations and firms in the city of Kuala Lumpur.


In order to help the manager of railway engineering to calculate the time limit for an engineering,to control the construction schedule of sub-projects,the AOE net in Graph structure is applied and it can achieve the goal of computer-assisted management and is beneficial for the scientific management of railway engineering.


Available literature concentrating mainly on European sources on methodology of tubal surgery for sterilization is reviewed briefly. Conclusions reached include: ligation or excision of tubes is insufficient for conception prevention. The safe and effective sterilization is excision of all or part of the tube with a deep wedge-shaped excision of the uterine cornu. The anterior abdominal approach is the simplest and safest.


Coke is an intermediate product in a steel plant. It is produced from metallurgical coal blends formulated to meet both the operational conditions of the coking process as the quality requirements of the production process of hot metal. The metallurgical coal, which is essential in integrated coke is an essential raw material for the Brazilian steel industry, both by the volume of material involved but also by its impact on production costs of steel. The challenges involve several processes, such as purchasing, shipping, unloading in ports, freight costs, storage on the patios of companies, formation of mixtures of coal and supply of coke. This work deals with optimization and planning of the mix of coals in the production of metallurgical coke. The tools developed allow multiple simulations of mixtures, finding optimal solutions in each. This certainly facilitates the decision making quickly. Therefore, we developed and implemented optimization models based on linear programming, using the algorithms Simplex and Dual Simplex. The results proved the efficiency and capability of the program in reducing costs of mixing coals.


In the first part of the paper, authors present a new in pipe inspection minirobot with wheeled adaptable structure for pipe diameters ranging from 220 to 380 mm. The mechanical structure is composed of three adaptable mechanisms placed at 120 degrees around the central axes. For adapting to the interior surface of the pipe, a passive method is used which utilizes elastic elements. In the second part of the paper, authors present the simulation of in pipe minirobot locomotion, components of driving and control systems, user interface, conclusions and future development areas.


This research was carried out to determine the mental images of secondary school students regarding decision making, which is one of the skills included in the social studies curriculum. In this study, which was carried out in accordance with the qualitative research method, the metaphors developed by the students for the concept of decision making were examined. The study group of the research consists of 288 students studying in the 7th and 8th grades in two public schools of Kırşehir in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year, who were selected according to the convenient sampling method. Content analysis was used in the analysis and interpretation of the data obtained from the participants in the study. As a result of the research, it was seen that secondary school students generally perceive decision making as "forced decision making", "realistic and alternative decision making", "emotional and anxious decision making", "avoidant decision making", "instant decision making", "connected decision making" and "risky decision making".


Frequent and heavy rainfal in recent years has result into spontaneous damage in Japan. In this paper, we analyzed the open-ended answer text data of questionnaire survey from the municipal government oficials who had experienced evacuation advisory or order publishing among heavy rain disasters in 2009 .We applied a text mining system (TRENDREADER) to analyze the text data. The characteristics of these extracted learnt lessons and found issues suggest that, the local responders in heavy rainfal regions should reinforce their emergency response, decision-making of evacuation advisory and communication to the residents. *** 新潟大学災害・復興科学研究所 Research Institute, for Natural Hazard and Disaster Recovery, Nigata University **** ハイパリサーチ株式会社大阪事務所 Osaka Ofice, Hyper Research Co., Ltd. 本論文に対する討論は平成23年11月末日まで受け付ける。 * 東北大学大学院工学研究科附属災害制御研究センター Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University 旧所属:京都大学大学院情報学研究科 Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University ** 京都大学防災研究所 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 佐藤・林・田村・浦田:避難勧告発令経験を踏まえた自治体対応の教訓・課題


Political marketing is the application of marketing principles and procedures in political campaigns by various individuals and organizations. To win the election, candidates need to understand the market, they are voters and their basic needs and aspirations that want candidates to represent. To fight and goal their aspirations, they establish groups as their streght. Interest groups handle an important role in democracy, even interest groups are more influential in making decisions than formal decision-making institutions. Learning from presidential elections in America and Britain provides important lessons for the field of political communication. The presidential candidate who won the presidency cause targeting women's voters and fighting for gender issues. That is because the number of woman voters is quite large and they tend to be more loyal to their choices. The elected president uses good strategy and public opinion according to interest groups and gender differences. In Indonesia, the president-vice president candidate also targeting women's voters with various narratives, strategies and action programs


An examination of the published research on group procedures in schools from 1953 through 1963. Such research is categorized as relating to (a) group procedures with students, (b) group procedures with parents, and (c) group procedures with teachers. A rather liberal definition of the term "research" was necessary in order to develop this review. The problems of carrying out this kind of research and possible future directions for such research are explored.


Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is under close scrutiny because of the increase in the number of adults with disabilities on SSI and the low rate of their return to employment. So far, the focus of investigations by federal agencies and academics has been on the individual characteristics of these SSI recipients and the inner workings of the program. As a result, the interventions now in effect and those under consideration tend to focus on individual circumstances. This article presents the results of an empirical study, based on county-by-county data, indicating that an external factor—the unemployment rate in the county—is a strong correlate of the rate of SSI participation by adults with disabilities. On the basis of these findings, the author recommends using different types of programs, ranging from vocational rehabilitation to wage subsidies to moving expenses, and other goods and services to bring back into the labor force as many adults with disabilities as possible.


Abstract This paper examines the effect of financial development on educational quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper also analyses the interaction effect of public education financing and measures of financial development on quality of education in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study adopts the two—step system generalised method of moment (Two-Step System GMM) model in estimating the effect of financial development on educational quality and the interaction effect of financial development and public education financing on educational quality. We use data for the period 1990 to 2019 for 42 Sub-Saharan African countries obtained largely from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) financial development index database. The results show that overall financial development, financial access, financial depth, and financial efficiency improve quality at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education. We also find that public education financing improves quality at all levels of education. The results also show that public education financing positively moderates the nexus between measures of financial development and educational quality in Sub-Saharan Africa.


We consider spectral properties of a Schrödinger operato r perturbed by a potential vanishing at infinity and prove that t e corresponding spectral measure satisfies a Szegö type condition .


Pardis Sabeti of the Broad Institute in Cambridge MA recently developed a way to identify genes that played a key role in evolution. Her team has now gone further and put one such gene into a mouse to figure out how it changed human's ancestors. Humans differ in many ways, from skin color to immune systems. While some traits probably became widespread by chance, others gave their owners some sort of evolutionary advantage, and were therefore favored by natural selection. Sabeti's method can tell which was which by looking for features associated with natural selection. Sabeti examined the genomes of 179 people from around the world, and pinpointed 412 DNA regions that were selected for.


The changes in the electricity market have led to changed requirements for the operation of pump turbines. Utilities need to change fast and frequently between pumping and generating modes and increasingly want to operate at off-design conditions for extended periods. Operation of the units in instable areas of the machine characteristic is not acceptable and may lead to self-excited vibration of the hydraulic system. In turbine operation of pump turbines unstable behaviour can occur at low load off-design operation close to runaway conditions (S-shape of the turbine characteristic). This type of instability may impede the synchronization of the machine in turbine mode and thus increase start-up and switch over times. A pronounced S-shaped instability can also lead to significant drop of discharge in the event of load rejection. Low pressure on the suction side and in the tail-race tunnel could cause dangerous separation of the water column. Understanding the flow features that lead to the instable behaviour of pump turbines is a prerequisite to the design of machines that can fulfil the growing requirements relating to operational flexibility. Flow simulation in these instability zones is demanding due to the complex and highly unsteady flow patterns. Only unsteady simulation methods are able to reproduce the governing physical effects in these operating regions. ANDRITZ HYDRO has been investigating the stability behaviour of pump turbines in turbine operation in cooperation with several universities using simulation and measurements. In order to validate the results of flow simulation of unstable operating points, the Graz University of Technology (Austria) performed detailed experimental investigations. Within the scope of a long term research project, the operating characteristics of several pump turbine runners have been measured and flow patterns in the pump turbine at speed no load and runaway have been examined by 2D Laser particle image velocimetry (PIV). For several wicket gate positions, the flow fields in the vane-less space at runner inlet observed in the experiment are compared with the results of unsteady CFD flow simulations. Physical phenomena are visualized and insight to flow phenomena is given. Analyses using both results of simulation and measurement allow deriving a consistent explanation of the fluid mechanical mechanisms leading to the S-shaped instability of pump turbines.


Objective By investigating the health system responsiveness in some navy base,decisions and suggestions were made to maintain and advance the health of service men,meet the reasonable needs of service men,and to improve the health service.Methods Questionnaires were used in leaders,administrators of health organizations,health protectors,professional medical staff,patients and service men in division.Results 70% percentage of the people considered responsiveness was very good or good.Total score of responsiveness was 7.839.Conclusion The general situation of health system responsiveness is good in some navy base,but problems still exist in troops below division.Health system responsiveness is a good method to evaluate the health system performance.


Monitoring the seepage field is essential to characterize the operation of the earth dam. However, conventional seepage monitoring typically involves the use of a piezometer tube or pressure sensor for point distribution. A mathematical model incorporating the feedback of the temperature field on the seepage field was proposed based on experimental test observations. First, a theoretical analysis of the mathematical model is conducted, which includes examining the relationship between the variation of temperature field and factors, such as hydraulic gradient, water and soil temperature difference, hydraulic conductivity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and time. Second, a homogeneous earth dam model is constructed in the laboratory with a distributed temperature sensor system to obtain synchronous information of the seepage–temperature field. Finally, the parameters of the mathematical model are quantified using observations from experimental tests, demonstrating good agreement between calculated and measured values. The experimental results indicate the feasibility of inferring seepage field monitoring information from the temperature field and elucidation of the interaction mechanism of the coupled fields. The quantitative mathematical model of the temperature field feedback on the seepage field is validated for its applicability in earth dams.


The Rights of Nature, under Chapter VII of the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, Article 74 in the second paragraph states: "... The environmental services will not be subject to appropriation..."; implying that only the Ecuadorian government, and by delegation through its institutions, will be responsible for providing environmental services.

However, we found that there are numerous private individuals and legal persons who provide environmental services, especially as even corresponds to own and spend large properties to protected areas. There is the case for example in Loja, the Serbian Forest Dr. Aguirre Villamagua area declared forest area and protective vegetation, located at El Sayo, Santiago jurisdiction of the parish, county and province of Loja, seventy hectares. Similarly alone, to cite an example in the province of Loja, in the canton Loja, there is another private forest, called Area Rumi Wilco, at the request of Mr. Orlando Falco and four owners, forest and protective vegetation declares its properties, located on the site Yamburara, parish Vilcabamba Region and province of Loja, in order to undertake in conservation, scientific research and reforestation with native species in the area in perpetuity, soil whose extension is approximately 40 hectares of land very rugged, eroded and fragile to continue the erosion process, because they are unprotected cropland and vegetation for some time; the need to preserve with permanent vegetation, allowing the forest is formed by succession and other suitable methods, such as enrichment with native species to accelerate the process.

The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, is contradicted by the abovementioned Article 74, to ensure to persons, Article 66: "...26. The right to property in all its forms, function and social and environmental responsibility. The right of access to the property will be effective with the adoption of public policies, among other measures. . 27. The right to live in a healthy, ecologically balanced, free from contamination and in harmony with nature "Similarly, Article 71 states:" ... The State will encourage natural and legal persons and groups, to protect nature, and promote respect for all the elements that make up an ecosystem"Also the types of property that are recognized in Article 321 which states:."The State recognizes and guarantees the right to property in its public forms, private, community, state, associative, cooperative, mixed, and should fulfill their social and environmental role. "

Another contradiction of Article 74 of the Constitution is generated with the Environmental Management Act, the law governing all environmental standards; although published in 1999, whose status is in effect, very good structure, given its international contribution and specialists, for example, Article 9 states that corresponds to the Ministry of Environment: "... f) Establish strategies and administrative coordination cooperation with various public and private bodies;...". With regard to social participation mechanisms established in Article 28 that "Every natural or legal person is entitled to participate in environmental management through the mechanisms established for that purpose Regulation, including consultations included , public hearings, initiatives, proposals or any association between the public and private sectors. "

And even in the glossary of definitions states: "Protegidas.- Natural Areas are areas of public or private property, ecological, social, historical, cultural and scenic significance, established in the country according to law, order to prevent its destruction and ensure the study and conservation of species of plants and animals, natural landscapes and ecosystems.

Environment.- protection is the set of policies, plans, programs, policies and actions to prevent and control environmental degradation. It includes three aspects: environmental conservation, prevention and control of environmental pollution and sustainable management of natural resources. Environmental protection is the joint task of the state, the community, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. "

Records which instituted the need to reform the Constitution, including the private sector in the mechanisms of environmental services, which not only can or should make the Ecuadorian State, but also correspond to the private sector; and I stress the numerous examples that I cite, and should even be greater private participation of natural or legal persons, as the state does not have the staff or resources to cover with this, that even meets a huge campaign and commitment and work nationwide education and outreach.


The utility model relates to an electric connecting device used for connecting a first electronic element and a second electronic element. The electric connecting device comprises a base plate and a plurality of terminals. The base plate is provided with an upper surface, and a plurality of first connecting pads are arranged on the upper surface. One end of the each terminal is welded with one of the first connecting pads, and the included angle between each terminal and the upper surface of the base plate is less than or equal to 60 degrees. The terminals are arranged in rows in the identical direction, and at least two adjacent terminals and the welding part of the corresponding first connecting pads are positioned under the elastic part of single terminal. Thus, the terminal can be arranged very tightly.


he pioneer British veterinary surgeon and great explorer William Moorcroft1 spent considerable amount of time in Ladakh between 1820 and 1822, during a challenging expedition to find horses in Central Asia. The horses were to be used to strengthen the East India Company's stud, for which he was responsible. While this was the official reason for the expedition, it is best remembered for its pioneering exploration, and its part in the origin of the 'Great Game' which for a whole century characterised the rivalry between the British and Russian Empires in Asia. Particularly significant in an academic context was Moorcroft's meeting with Alexander Csoma de Kőrös2 on 16th July 1822, which made it possible for the Hungarian linguist to devote considerable attention to the Tibetan language and led to his subsequent recognition as the effective founder of modern Tibetan studies. Moorcroft later reached Bukhara [Buhara], but his expedition was ill-fated in a number of ways: it would prove fatal for Moorcroft himself, who died on the return journey in northern Afghanistan, and was also less successful than it might have been as a fact-finding journey, since the published account of the exploration arrived too late to avoid being overshadowed by another, popular account (Burnes 1834) of the journey to Bukhara made by Alexander Burnes (1805-1841) seven years earlier. Similarly, Moorcroft's information on Ladakh might have considered obsolete after the publication (almost at the same time as Moorcroft's work) of a description of journeys in Kashmir and Ladakh by Godfrey Thomas Vigne (1801-1863),3 taken between 1835 and 1838. Nonetheless Moorcroft believed himself to be the first European to visit Leh and these are his remarks on the discovery of a Bible in Pashkyum, a vil-


When an isolated quantum system is driven out of equilibrium, expectation values of general observables start oscillating in time. This article reviews the general theory of such temporal fluctuations. We first survey some results on the strength of such temporal fluctuations. For example temporal fluctuations are exponentially small in the system's volume for generic systems whereas they fall-off algebraically in integrable systems. We then concentrate on the the so-called quench scenario where the system is driven out-of-equilibrium under the application of a sudden perturbation. For sufficiently small perturbations, temporal fluctuations of physical observables can be characterized in full generality and can be used as an effective tool to probe quantum criticality of the underlying model. In the off-critical region the distribution becomes Gaussian. Close to criticality the distribution becomes a universal function uniquely characterized by a single critical exponent, that we compute explicitly. This contrasts standard equilibrium quantum fluctuations for which the critical distribution depends on a numerable set of critical coefficients and is known only for limited examples. The possibility of using temporal fluctuations to determine pseudo-critical boundaries in optical lattice experiments is further reviewed.


The utility model belongs to the technical field of riverway water quality treatment, particularly relates to an ecological riverway system of hydraulic engineering. A layer of hard basement is arranged at the bottom of a riverway, a gravel layer is paved on the hard basement, a water-permeable sand cushion layer is paved on the gravel layer, grass planting lattices are paved on the sand cushion layer, planting soil is filled in the grass planting lattices, a short water plant layer is planted on the grass planting lattices, two sidewalls of the riverway are also provided with the hard basement, dry rubble layers are arranged on the hard basements on the sidewalls, plant planting layers are respectively arranged above the dry rubble layers, and planting soil is filled in the plant planting layers. On the premise of guaranteeing requirements on flood flowing of the riverway, an ecological system is constructed in the riverway, water is purified, landscape environment around the river is improved, and local climate is adjusted, so that the ecological riverway system of the hydraulic engineering has a wide popularization prospect in urban riverways and village canals.


A 140 km long section of Highway 101 in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley has experienced an average of five highway deaths per year for the past ten years. This section of highway, from Mount Uniacke to Bridgetown, was constructed between 1968 and 1980. It is primarily a two lane controlled access highway with secondary road access via interchanges, except for one at-grade intersection. It has been designated as part of the National Highway System, making it eligible for federal cost sharing. The Nova Scotia Department of Transportation & Public Works (TPW) plans to upgrade the first 75 km to a four lane, divided, wide median facility, however, funds are not available. The timing of upgrading will be dependent upon the allocation of funding from the Federal government, as well as satisfaction of environmental regulations. Since the twinning project may not be finished for five or ten years, a multi-disciplinary team has completed an Operational and Safety Review. The objective of the Review was to develop a traffic management and improvement plan that will ensure satisfactory safety and performance levels will be maintained on the two lane sections until the roadway is upgraded to a four lane facitliy. The Review process included public consultation, focus group discussions, volume projections, collision analysis, and roadway and roadside assessments. Design and maintenance engineers, and a human factors specialist, evaluated the existing roadway with regards to design standards used when the highway was constructed and the current standards that will be used for upgrading over the next ten years. Maintenance and design deficiencies have been noted and recommendations for improvements have been provided. The Study Team considered the four E's of traffic safety - Ergonomics (Human Factors), Education, Engineering and Enforcement - in determination of an improvement strategy. The completion of a four lane divided wide median highway is the long term solution for the level of service and fatal collision concerns of the Study Section. In the interim, however, many changes can be made to improve the overall level of safety, as well as the comfort and convenience of using Highway 101. For the covering abstract of this conference see ITRD number E201066. (A)


This study is a classroom action research that looks at whether manipulating media can improve motivation and learning results. Its goal is to describe how manipulative media are used in math learning. using descriptive methods carried out in four stages with direct observation techniques, questionnaire questionnaires and measurements using observation sheets, questionnaire sheets, and written tests in the form of fill-in-the-blank questions. Based on the analysis of the teacher's ability to design manipulative media, an average cycle of 1 meeting 1=3.33, meeting 2=3.44, cycle 2 meeting 1=3.67, meeting 2=3.89. The power of teachers to help students learn came from average cycle 1 meeting 1 = 3.30, meeting 2 = 3.48, cycle 2 meeting 1 = 3.65, meeting 2 = 3.87. Learning motivation was obtained on average pre-cycle = 71.15 / 56.92%, after cycle 1 = 85.12 / 68.10%, after cycle 2 = 101.94 / 81.60%.  Learning outcomes were obtained on average cycle 1 meeting 1=71.52, meeting 2=78.64, cycle 2 meeting 1=85.00, meeting 2=91.52. Based on these facts, we can say that manipulative media can make students more interested in learning and help them learn more.


A description is given of ASIM (ATT i.e. the effects of mobility reduction, carrier velocity saturation, and channel length modulation are included in both. The ASIM model accounts for effects due to device dimensions and temperature. The performance of ASIM under DC and transient conditions is evaluated by comparing the current and voltage at the terminals with that of detailed physical simulations and measurements. The results agreed well with that of two-dimensional device simulations and measurements. >


Safety concerns are a major impetus for advances in railroad technology. This has been the case since the 1970s, when the railroad industry's research program, conducted through the Association of American Railroads, was expanded to develop technology to increase safety. An industry-wide collaborative research effort conducted by the association and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), together with the railroad-supply industry and the government of Canada, laid the groundwork for today's railroad-safety technology by advancing understanding of the scientific and engineering underpinnings of heavy-freight rail operations. This research effort has played a significant role in improving the industry's safety record, reducing the train-accident rate by nearly 60% since 1980. Much of the research that led to today's enhanced railroad safety was conducted at the Transportation Technology Center, located near Pueblo, Colorado. This federally owned, Department of Transportation facility is operated and maintained by the Research and Test Department of the Association of American Railroads under an agreement with the FRA. A unique, world-class intermodal research center, it offers the railroad industry extensive investigative, technology-development, and testing capabilities. This article highlights three of the many research efforts at the Transportation Technology Center: the Heavy Axle Loads Program, the Roller Bearing Defect Detection Program, and the upgrade of a high-speed rail test track.


The giant cell tumors of bone usually grow slowly, destroying bone at the site of origin. Following limited surgery they tend to recur locally. In some instances1to16 these tumors acquire malignant properties and metastasize to distant parts of the body by the blood stream. The regional lymph node involvement is rare.1,4Morphologically, the metastases either retain the benign appearance of the primary growth, or manifest a marked loss of differentiation and assume the characteristics of a highly malignant sarcoma.The present case is unusual, first, because the regional lymph nodes became involved; second, because the nodes contained only 1 cellular component of the growth, namely, the giant cells. To our knowledge, such a spread, involving only the giant cells of the tumor has not been reported previously in the literature. However, a similar case has been observed elsewhere.4


This paper offers a reading of Mike Nichols' television adaptation of Tony Kushner's Angels in America with reference to biblical encounters with angels, whether direct, like those of Jacob and Elijah, or indirect, like that of the sick man by the Bethesda pool (John 5). Kushner's work is complex, and it addresses issues like the human condition, homosexuality, AIDS, race, religion and politics, while emphasising elements of choice and identity. For Kushner, it seems, 'angels' signify an absence rather than a presence of the divine, puzzles rather than answers (many of which refer to sex and gender identities), and turn-of-the-millennium angst. Kushner's 'Prior' character is declared a prophet by the messenger angel while dying of AIDS. Prior's encounter harbours echoes of Elijah's own encounter with an angel of the Lord while struggling with exhaustion and an apparent desire for death (1 Kings 19:1-9). Furthermore, unwilling to accept the role of prophet, Prior wrestles with the angel, and, in a similar vein to Jacob's experience (Gen. 32:22-32), this results in a ladder leading to heaven and a blessing. This paper explores the complex world of signifiers in Angels in America, while paying particular attention to the biblical elements present in the text.


The cognitive sociolinguistic theory proposes language and cognition as a complex adaptive system in terms of the emergent,dynamic and open nature of cultural cognition and sociolinguistic system at the sociocultural level.Cognitive linguists endeavor to demonstrate the cultural adaptivity and creativity of the English varieties by revealing variation in the semantic dimensions and by seeking culture-specific explanations.For the present China English research,the cognitive sociolinguistic approach to world Englishes serves as a useful enlightenment which in turn will produces significant implications for world Englishes research and English globalization.


Disclosed is an information input device which includes a film to remove a pattern after preset time elapses, wherein the pattern is formed by light. Also, disclosed is a method for forming and removing the pattern which comprises the steps of: (a) forming the pattern by irradiating the upper surface of the information input device with ultraviolet rays; and (b) removing the pattern by irradiating the upper surface of the information input device with visible rays. [Reference numerals] (AA) Ultraviolet radiation


Here, we report in situ formation of microstructures from the regular constituents of culture media near live cells using spatially-structured near infrared (NIR) laser beam. Irradiation with the continuous wave (cw) NIR laser microbeam for few seconds onto the regular cell culture media containing fetal bovine serum resulted in accumulation of dense material inside the media as evidenced by phase contrast microscopy. The time to form the phase dense material was found to depend on the laser beam power. Switching off the laser beam led to diffusion of phase dark material. However, the proteins could be stitched together by use of carbon nanoparticles and continuous wave (cw) Ti: Sapphire laser beam. Further, by use of spatially-structured beam profiles different structures near live cells could be formed. The microfabricated structure could be held by the Gravito-optical trap and repositioned by movement of the sample stage. Orientation of these microstructures was achieved by rotating the elliptical laser beam profile. Thus, multiple microstructures were formed and organized near live cells. This method would enable study of response of cells/axons to the immediate physical hindrance provided by such structure formation and also eliminate the biocompatibility requirement posed on artificial microstructure materials.


A safe and efficient air travel system depends on three elements; design, operation, and maintenance. The Human Factors profession essentially began and matured in the aviation environment. The aircraft cockpit and the skills involved in piloting have been the subjects of more human factors research than any other single topic. Likewise, the topic of aircraft design has been the beneficiary of many of the tools and procedures developed to embed human capabilities into products. The third component, maintenance, seems to receive attention only when it is shown to be a contributing factor in a mishap. In an effort to embed proper human factors principles in the aircraft maintenance environment, Congress, through the Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Medicine (OAM), has mandated that more emphasis be placed on human factors in maintenance operations. A major product of this initiative is a Human Factors Guide, being developed to provide practical, useful, and usable guidance to supervisors and planners in the aviation maintenance industry. This paper describes the goals, form, and content of the new Human Factors Guide.


Heart of Darkness is by now so familiar to us, so studied, commented upon, written about, argued over, appropriated, liberated, vilified, recuperated, rehashed, taught and retaught that it might seem as though there can hardly be anything left worth saying about it. Yet despite the virtual industry of criticism which has sprung up around Heart of Darkness in the century since its publication, an important vein has been surprisingly neglected. This vein consists of readings which synthesize psychological with ideological perspectives to illuminate the inextricable intertwining of the psychic and the social in Heart of Darkness. That it has remained virtually unexplored is particularly surprising given Edward Garnett's recognition of its centrality to the novella in his 1902 review of Youth: A Narrative and Two Other Stories. There, he called Heart of Darkness a "psychological masterpiece" which relates "the things of the spirit to the things of the flesh ,... the invisible life to the visible ,...t he sub-conscious life within us, our obscure motives and instincts, to our conscious actions, feelings and outlook" (Garnett 132). The following year, another early reviewer pointed to this important feature of the novella by complaining of the "wearying" effect of its "entanglement of psychological with external phenomena" (New York Times Saturday Review 296). Both of these comments most likely belong in the category of what the New Critics called the affective fallacy, a version of the "adjectival insistence" (Leavis 204) attendant upon the literary impressionist technique by which Conrad sought to convey psychological states through an atmospherics so intense that "by the end of the tale an event as natural as the darkening sky stands as a somber moral warning" (Lev


An overview was made on reliability modeling and simulation of CMOS VLSI circuits.The evolution history,simulation tools,failure mechanism equivalent circuits and algorithms were described.Latest development of technologies for reliability modeling and simulation of CMOS VLSI was summarized in particular.And finally,suggestions were made to improve reliability design level of domestic IC designers.


Apart from reducing the processing energy, hardening and tempering of near‐net shape forged components from their forging heat primarily promises shortened conventional process sequences with reduced manufacturing costs. In this case, the time‐temperature‐transformation diagrams (T‐T‐T diagrams) found in the literature can only be used to a limited extent for determining the microstructural transformations during the heat‐treatment. The reasons for this are that firstly, the deformation influences the transformation kinetics and secondly, the forming temperatures at which austenitising takes place are comparatively high. For this reason, isothermal deformation T‐T‐T diagrams for forging temperatures from 1200 °C and deformation levels of 0.3 and 0.7 were determined for the heat‐treatable steel 42CrMo4 (1.7225). These diagrams were subsequently modelled for simulating the heat‐treatment and implemented in the FE‐software ANSYS®.


In the literature on stagflation, various supply-side 'incomes policies' have been suggested as short-run stabilizing responses to imported materials price shocks of the kind experienced in the 1970s and 1980s. This study exploits recent developments in non-linear continuous-time econometrics to revisit the issue in three ways. First, it examines how a model of an economy susceptible to stagflation changes with the way it is estimated. Second, it considers what impacts incomes policies might have had in this economy and how implications about their effectiveness change with estimates of the model's parameters. And third, it determines what optimal longer-term stabilization policies might have looked like in the United States economy during the last period of rising oil prices.


structure of a Bantu language no useful purpose is served by treating them in the same section. There is an immense amount of accurate and useful material within this work, but one cannot but feel that it would have been of much greater value had the method used been developed from the material rather than adapted from any particular technique of description. Indeed, the reader is likely to be continually bewildered to understand precisely why a particular feature is described in the way in which it is, until he remembers that it is being dealt with in a certain section. Perhaps the least satisfying part of the book is the section on morphonology (should this be morphophonology ?) which tends to read like an experiment in methodology rather than the elucidation of the language. No doubt the author intended to give us a linguistic description, but the impression that so much of his work creates is that he is interested in a language as a source of data, calling for the use of special techniques, rather than as a human activity which it is important to clarify in order that the student may be helped to operate the language, and those who desire to investigate it may have a safe guide in seeking to interpret the texts that they encounter.


In this paper, we introduce the notion of Lagrangians in a symplectic orbifold and their dihedral twisted sectors. We also give a brief discussion on the filtered $A_\infty$-algebra associated with a Lagrangian in a closed symplectic orbifold.


The aim of this study was to employ machine learning algorithms based on sensor behavior data for (1) early-onset detection of digital dermatitis (DD); and (2) DD prediction in dairy cows. With the ultimate goal to set-up early warning tools for DD prediction, which would than allow a better monitoring and management of DD under commercial settings, resulting in a decrease of DD prevalence and severity, while improving animal welfare. A machine learning model that is capable of predicting and detecting digital dermatitis in cows housed under free-stall conditions based on behavior sensor data has been purposed and tested in this exploratory study. The model for DD detection on day 0 of the appearance of the clinical signs has reached an accuracy of 79%, while the model for prediction of DD 2 days prior to the appearance of the first clinical signs has reached an accuracy of 64%. The proposed machine learning models could help to develop a real-time automated tool for monitoring and diagnostic of DD in lactating dairy cows, based on behavior sensor data under conventional dairy environments. Results showed that alterations in behavioral patterns at individual levels can be used as inputs in an early warning system for herd management in order to detect variances in health of individual cows.


This paper confronts the modern logistics industry, plans the development directions of four industrial chain of modern logistics industry, and provides directional guidance for the development of modern logistics industry, points out the development approach for logistics enterprises in Qinhuangdao.


Copolymers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) containing 6-oxy-2-carboxyanthracene (OA) and 6-oxy-2-carboxynaphthalene (ON) structural units are prepared by reactive blending of acetoxyarenecarboxylic acid comonomers with PET. The new copolymers are characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, DSC, dilute solution viscometry, optical microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction and compared to poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-4-oxybenzoate), PET-co-OB. Whereas 40 mol % of the OB unit is required to induce liquid crystallinity in PET-co-OB, only 20 mol % of OA or 30 mol % of ON units are required. This is also in contrast to copolymers containing similar amounts of symmetrical arenedicarboxylate structural units which do not form liquid crystalline phases.


The present paper discusses situations in which patient and analyst are involved in obstructive collusions, non‐dreams‐for‐two, shaping enactments. Specifically, it describes explosions in the analytical field, acute enactments, which the analyst assigns, at first sight, to his faulty conduct. The subsequent amplification of the analytical dyad's capacity of symbolization makes the analyst investigate his presumed fault. The present work shows how acute enactments revive traumatic situations that were concealed by previous obstructive collusions, or chronic enactments. During chronic enactments unconscious exchanges occur between the dyad, in which the analyst provides implicit α‐function to the patient, little by little recovering the traumatized parts. When there is enough recovery, the protective collusion is undone and the trauma is revived as acute enactment. This revival will not be traumatic because there are mental resources ready at hand to symbolize it. These situations are articulated with borderline patients. The patient clings to the analyst, using him as a protective shield against reality traumas. The implicit and explicit α‐function exerted by the analyst contributes to the processing and symbolization of this reality, recovering the injured mind and elaborating the trauma. So the patient creates a triangular space to dream and think.


A 1.5-ns access time, 78-pm2 memory-cell size, 64-kb ECL-CMOS SRAM has been developed. This high-per- formance device is achieved by using a novel ECL-CMOS SRAM circuit technique: a combination of CMOS cell arrays and ECL word drivers and write circuits. These ECL word drivers and write circuits drive the CMOS cell arrays directly without any intermediate MOS level converter. In addition to the ultrahigh-speed access time and relatively small memory- cell size, a very short write-pulse width of 0.8 ns and sufficient soft-error immunity are obtained. This ECL-CMOS SRAM circuit technique is especially useful for realizing ultrahigh- speed high-density SRAM's, which have been used as cache and control storages of mainframe computers. I. INTRODUCTION IGH-SPEED bipolar SRAM's have been used as H cache and control storages of mainframe computers. Because the performance of mainframe computers is pri- marily determined by the speed and capacity of these stor- ages, bipolar SRAM's with higher speed and density have always been required. Recently, ultrahigh-speed 32-64-kb SRAM's with ac- cess times in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 ns were proposed ( I)-(6). In these SRAM's, Schottky-clamped memory cells were often used to achieve high-speed access and cycle times. Further reduction in access and cycle times, however, is difficult with these memory cells because a large bit current is needed to decrease the delay times of cell and sense circuit. This large bit current requires a large emitter size and wide bit-line width of the memory cell, which conflict with smaller cell size. Therefore, it has become necessary to propose another new SRAM technology in order to obtain SRAM's with higher speed and density. Several high-speed 16-kb to I-Mb BiCMOS SRAM's that extensively utilize bipolar ECL peripheral circuits have also been developed (7)-( 181. These SRAM's, how-


: The aim of this paper is to lay the groundwork for extending the idea of transparent introspection to wishes. First, I elucidate the notion of transparent introspection and highlight its advantages over rival accounts of self-knowledge (section 1). Then I pose several problems that seem to obstruct the extension of transparent introspection to wishes (section 2). In order to overcome these problems, I call into question the standard propositional attitude analysis of non-doxastic attitudes (section 3). My considerations lead to a non-orthodox account of attitudes in general and wishes in particular in light of which the problems presented in section 2 disappear (section 4).


The concept of belief has become one of the most important concepts in contemporary education. No wonder, since people's beliefs are normally taken to be highly influential upon their behavior and, consequently, the last two or three decades have witnessed a wealth of studies concerned with identifying what teachers, student teachers, and teacher educators believe about a wide variety of issues. Most of these studies assume that it is relatively unproblematic to determine what subjects believe in virtue of what they say they believe. On this understanding, the procedures and instruments used to identify beliefs are based upon belief reports: interviews, Likert-type scales, questionnaires, etc. In this work I argue that the assumption in question is mistaken and, therefore, we better reinterpret recent educational research on beliefs as revealing information not necessarily about the beliefs of teachers and other educational agents but about the stories they tell about what they believe. I also suggest some alternative procedures for identifying beliefs that are not based upon belief reports. My point is that if we are interested in what educational agents really believe rather than in what they claim to believe, these alternative procedures seem far more appropriate or, in fact, valid.


This chapter accomplishes two goals. First, it critically engages with the contemporary debates on the last decade's democratic uprisings to demonstrate the ongoing influence of Rousseau's emphasis on immediacy in democratic theory. By casting organization as that which precedes politics and moments of spontaneous action as sudden explosions, contemporary accounts reduce spontaneity to immediacy. Thus, they both erase on-the-ground practices of the political actors, and, taking an antidemocratic Rousseauian turn, construe the transience and unpredictability of democratic events as problems to be resolved under the guidance of the theorist. Second, the chapter appropriates Aristotle's notion of political friendship, laying the groundwork for the conception of democratic action developed in the book, and arguing that democratic events are created in and through "intermediating practices," including deliberation, judging, negotiation, artistic production, and common use. Through intermediating practices, people establish relations with strangers, constitute a common amid disagreements, and stage their equality as political friends.


An unsteady flow model is developed that allows variable roughness coefficient for each computational point according to its spatial position and the discharge. A step function or a power function can be used for functional relation between the discharge and the Manning`s roughness coefficient. The model is applied to the reach of the South Han River between the Chungju Dam and Paldang Dam, and model parameters are estimated by optimization. Estimated parameters of both the step function model and the Power function model show that Manning`s roughness coefficient decreases as the discharge increases. This tendency is more noticeable for the upstream reach of Yeoju compared to the downstream reach. It turns out that the stages calculated by the variable roughness coefficient model agree better with the observed ones than those by the conventional fixed parameter model.ጊᔀЀ㘴〻Ԁ䭃䑎䷙᜗ສ6㐰⸷〵㬅K䍄乍


In this study, a new type of Z-source converter comprising galvanic isolation transformers is introduced based on classical non-isolated Z-source converters, which are promising devices for renewable applications. Compared to the typology of conventional converters with isolation transformers, the proposed converter topology has a simpler structure with fewer power switches and lower costs. Considering the lower number of switching devices required in the proposed typology, these efficiency and reliability of the presented converters are higher than those of the conventional ones. As only one switch is used in the developed structure, voltage stresses on the Z-source converter decreases in each period, which maintains voltage stress low and steady across the switch. Another desirable feature of the proposed topology is reduced converter size and volume with a maximum theoretical and practical efficiency of 97 to 94.05%, respectively. Moreover, these converters need low input voltage and provide the required amount of output voltage in small duty cycles. The theoretical and operational analysis of the designed converter and its comparison with other counterpart converters (e.g., isolated Z-source converters) is presented. The simulation and experimental results confirm the applicability of the proposed system.


Abstract We give a dual characterization of the following uniformization of the Mazur's intersection property of balls in a Banach space X: for every ∊ > 0 there is a K > 0 such that whenever a closed convex set C ⊂ X and a point p ∊ X are such that diam C ≤ 1/∊ and dist(p, C) ≤ ∊, then there is a closed ball B of radius ≤ K with B ⊃ C and dist(p,B) ≥ ∊/2.


This work is dealing with the problems of the shadow economy. The full text is divided into two parts, practical and theoretical. The theoretical part will explain the basic concept of the shadow economy, its components, measurement, causes and consequences. The practical part analyzes the state of the shadow economy in the Czech Republic from an economic and statistical point of view, and then is compare the data obtained from abroad. The conclusion will evaluate the identified data.