Abstract Background Home Hospital (HH) is a unique and rapidly expanding care model that allows patients to receive medical therapy and monitoring through telehealth communication and nursing visits, and there are currently no published studies evaluating antimicrobial stewardship interventions in the HH setting. The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-driven antimicrobial stewardship pilot for the HH program. Methods This was a pre-post quasi-experimental study of adult patients enrolled in HH program between January through March in 2021 (control cohort) and in 2022 (intervention cohort), who received antibiotics (oral/intravenous) during their HH admission. Patients on long-term prophylactic antimicrobials, antifungals, external antimicrobials, or mycobacterial treatment were excluded. The antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist performed prospective audit and feedback and provided recommendations to clinicians through the electronic medical record. The primary endpoint was antibiotic use (days of therapy per 1000 patient-days). Secondary endpoints included broad-spectrum antibiotic usage; appropriateness of antibiotic indication, dosing, and duration; compliance with the institution's outpatient antibiotic reference guide or outpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy (OPAT) monitoring; treatment failure; antibiotic-associated adverse effects; and cost of antibiotic therapy. Results The study included 73 and 127 patients in the control and intervention group, respectively (Figure 1). On average, the pharmacist reviewed 8 eligible patients/day. Interventions were generally well received by HH providers (Figure 2). There was no significant difference in the primary outcome. More inappropriate antibiotic indication was identified in the intervention group (46 [36%] vs. 15 [19%], p=0.01), associated with post-surgical infection prophylaxis after orthopedic procedures (Figure 3). Other secondary outcomes did not vary significantly between the groups. Figure 1: Study inclusion flowchartFigure 2: Intervention breakdownFigure 3: Infection types Conclusion The pilot allows for better understanding of outpatient and HH antibiotic prescribing practices to provide targeted interventions, and suggests the need for additional antimicrobial stewardship involvement to optimize antibiotic therapy in this novel care setting. Disclosures Elizabeth B. Hirsch, PharmD, FCCP, FIDSA, Melinta: Advisor/Consultant|MeMed: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support.


Abstract We describe a useful synthesis of a variety of β,β-bis(alkylthio)acrylonitriles via the alkylation of the salt arising from the condensation of acetonitrile with carbon disulfide in ether.


Community based action research has been used as a tool for development of agricultural communities. However, this alternative type of the research is not yet well known and practiced, and is not widely taught in universities. Therefore most of the new generation researchers lack skills and knowledge on community research because in school they were taught mainly conventional research procedure. This research aims to identify competency of young community researchers and formulate training curriculum to develop new generation of community researchers from different universities in the Northeast region of Thailand. The training aims to enable them to use community research as a tool to develop agricultural communities. The research process had two phases: Identifying competency; and formulating a training curriculum to develop competency of new community researchers. Qualitative research approach was employed -12 group discussions with experts were conducted and data was subjected to content analysis and conclusion. The study found two sets of competencies, namely core competency consisting of six competencies and technical competency which also consisted of six competencies. The training curriculum was divided into four content sets: 1) basic knowledge on community research; 2) research project proposal development; 3) techniques and tools for data collection; and, 4) analysis and synthesis of the data and report writing of community research respectively. The formulated curriculum will be implemented and evaluated in future.


DNA-sequence data from the mitochondrial genome are widely used in insect molecular systematics.Mitochondrial DNA has advantages over nuclear DNA in estimating phylogenetic relationships among insect taxa because of its rapid evolution and inheritance without gene recombinations.This paper summarizes the general properties of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA,transfer RNA,protein coding genes and noncoding regions,and the phylogenetic usefulness of individual mitochondrial genes for insect taxa.The importance of the selection of proper gene or DNA fragment in the study of insect systematics is also discussed.


In order to understand the dynamics of the phytoplankton diatoms, the present study revealed species composition, fluctuation of phytoplankton standing crops, variation of the dominant species, and the causative organisms of red-tide, charateristics of red-tide due to Skeletonema costatum during the period from January 1990 to December 1991 in Inchon Dock of Korea. During these studies, phytoplankton diatoms were identified 99 taxa, representing 2 order 4 suborders 14 families 2 subfamilies 47 genera 93 species 1 variety 1 form and 4 unknown species. Phytoplankton standing crops varied from a minimum of 3.3×10 exp (3)cells/c (St. 1-B, Sept. 1991) to a maximum of 1.2×10 exp (7)cells/^2+ (St. 1-S, Aug. 1990). The first and the second dominant species were Skeletonema costatum, Paralia sulcata, Licmophora abbreviata, Chaetoceros curvisetus, C. lorenzianus, Eucampia zodiacus, Achnanthes brevipes, Asterionellopsis gracialis and Melosira borreri. The causative organisms of red -tide occurred a total number of 33 taxa and showed high frequency of Skeletonema costatum and Cylundrotheca closterium. Some environmental factors, water temperature, NO_3-N, NH_4-N, and SiO_2-Si had predominantly influenced on Skeletonema costatum red-tide.


Imbalanced classification is a challenging task in the fields of machine learning, data mining and pattern recognition. Cost-sensitive online algorithms are very important methods for large-scale imbalanced classification problems. At present, most of the cost-sensitive classification algorithms focus on the accuracy of the minority class and ignore the accuracy of the majority class. In order to better balance the accuracy between the minority class and the majority class, in this article, a misclassification cost is presented to ensure that the cost-sensitive online algorithm can better deal with the imbalanced classification problems without signifificantly reducing the accuracy of the majority class. Based on the proposed misclassification cost, a novel cost-sensitive online adaptive kernel learning algorithm is proposed to boost the adaptability of kernel function when data arrives one by one. According to the essential characteristics of the imbalanced binary classification, a cost-sensitive online adaptive kernel learning algorithm is given to handle the large-scale imbalanced multi-class classification problems. Theoretical analysis of the proposed algorithms are provided. Extensive experiments demonstrate that compared with the state-of-the-art imbalanced classification algorithms, the proposed algorithms can significantly improve the classification performances on most of the large-scale imbalanced data sets.


Biopsy from the distal second part of duodenum is now widely accepted as a useful and simple way to evaluate patients with malabsorption or other small intestinal diseases.Histological findings of the second part of duodenum in tropical countries are different from that of other countries. Histological appearance of the second part of the duodenum may be changed due toceliac disease, tropical sprue, tropical enteropathy and some other conditions. As Bangladeshi people, we are exposed to different infection always due to its geographical distribution. Normal histological appearance of second part of duodenume.g. standard villous architecture, length, villous crypt ratio, IELcounts of our country in not known. The main objective of our study was to see the normal histological appearance of second part of duodenum in our country so that we can differentiate from abnormal condition. This observational study was carried out in the Department of Gastroenterology & Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, (BSMMU)during the period of July 2010 to June 2011. A total of 116 patients were included from out patientdepartment and admitted patient in the department of Gastroenterology during the study period. Among the total numbers, the mean age was 32.7±9.77 (±SD) years.In our study, 48.27% subjects had finger shaped villous with normal height, 27.58% had both normal and broad villous, 22.41% subjects showed mixed findings of normal, broad and blunted villous and only 1.7% subjects showed broad and blunted villous without normal architecture. In our study, the highest IEL count was 62 cells per 100 epithelial cells and lowest value was 16. Mean value IEL/100 cells were 32.52 ±8.63 (±SD) and 95%CI was 1.57. The result of the study was very similar to Asian people but a little different from the western population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v16i1.22385 J MEDICINE 2015; 16 : 23-26


I 1985, six years after the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Negotiations, the world economy is moving increasingly towards a less liberalised trading and economic environment. This year, although a year of economic •recovery following a long and persistent world recession, which is the deepest in the post:. War years, has not witnessed any important signs to indicate that the world economy is at the end of the tunnel. More disturbing is the fact that as months pass by, there are no signals to reassure the participating countries that it is evolving towards an efficient and equitable adjustment. It does not require a pessimist to tell us that all is not well with the world. The seven eminent persons chosen by the Secretary General of GATT to study the trade policies for a better future had to say this: "The decade of inflation, unemployment and stagnation, which began in 1973, has been succeeded by the beginning of an upturnbut that long sought recovery is far from secure."1 Many forecasts suggest at best some marginal improvements. It is reported that the GATT has given in its analysis for 1984-85 a warning to the countries of the possibility of economic deceleration, if appropriate measures are not taken. (Tables I, II and III)


Electronic database construction and management platform development for civil engineering specialty can provide effective services for students,teachers and engineering technicians.We analyzed the meaning of constructing electronic database,discussed how to construct the database in detail,illustrated characteristics of the database,and introduced its application situation.


Abstract Passivation is carried out on the basis of low chromium or no chromium. This paper has prepared a nontoxic passivation agent suitable for building door and window hardware. Its formula is sodium molybdate, cobalt nitrate, phytic acid, sodium citrate, phosphoric acid sodium. The content of each component was determined by the single variable factor experiment method, the corrosion resistance was measured by electrochemical workstation, the surface morphology and coating thickness of the passive film were observed and analyzed by JSM-6380LA scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the German Brook D8 Advance diffractometer was used. The composition of the passivation film was analyzed, and the corrosion resistance of the passivation film was tested in a salt spray test box. Finally, the optimal formula of the chromium-free blue and white passivation agent was sodium molybdate 40 g/L, sodium phosphate 20 g/L, sodium citrate. 15 g/L, phytic acid 10 ml/L, cobalt nitrate 1.5 g/L, PH value 1-2, passivation time 8–20 s. The prepared passivation used this nontoxic passivation agent can reaches 72 h in the neutral salt spray test. This work provides a new idea for the development of nontoxic passivation agent, and it has potential commercial value


In this review, we provide a description of the macroeconomic environment prevailing in 2002, as a backdrop to an analysis of movements in wages, with particular reference to the Safety Net Adjustment in May. We conclude that there is no evidence of an acceleration of wage growth in 2002. A number of rulings and legislative changes that impact on wage setting are assessed.


We propose a data-driven generative design framework that can facilitate the design exploration of engineering products in support of creative conceptual design and optimization. The framework consists of two modules: 1) a 3D mesh generative design module that can generate part-aware 3D objects using variational auto-encoder (VAE), and 2) an evaluation module that can assess the engineering performance of 3D objects in real-time based on locally linear embedding (LLE) [1]. The novelty of our framework lies in three aspects. First, it generates 3D shapes with the consideration of individual parts' interconnection and constraints (i.e., part-aware) as opposed to generating a holistic 3D shape. Second, it transfers 3D shapes to watertight meshes with the same connectivity (i.e., the same number of vertices and the same way how vertices are connected) so that the surface details (e.g., smoothness, curvature) can be captured by mesh representation and learned by neural networks. Third, the LLE-based solver can quickly assess the engineering performance of the generated 3D shapes to realize real-time evaluation. In this study, we apply our framework to the aerodynamic car design.


are separated by N-S-striking thrust zones. The lowest unit, the Karasjok Greenstone Belt, consists of low to medium-grade volcanogenic and sedimentary rocks. Excellent exposures in the northern part of the greenstone belt reveal a continuous Iithostratigraphi c section towards the core of a major recumbent synform, which is related to the regional 01 deformation episode. This episode is responsible for transposition of primary features and formation of an east-dipping penetrative foliation and banding, with a well-developed east-plunging stretching lineation. Major 01 shear zones, marked by mylonites and blastomylonites, are found (i) locally at the base of the belt, (ii) at high tectonostratigra phic levels, and (iii) at the upper boundary of the greenstone belt. Shear-sense indicators support west-directed displacement along the thrusts. The superimposed 02 episode is evident as east plunging folds, whereas a major 02 thrust with top-to-the-SSW shear occurs near the base of the greenstone belt. The younger 03 episode is manifested by N-S-trending folds of the former (01 and 02) structures. All fold systems are truncated by steep NE-SW striking brittle faults of 04 affinity. The polyphase deformation seen in the Karasjok Greenstone Belt supports a model in which the assembling of the Karasjok Greenstone Belt, the Tanaelv Migmatite Complex and the Levajok Granulite Complex occurred from major orogen-normal E-W contraction (collision) during the 01 episode. At this stage the greenstone belt was isoclinally folded and welded to overlying units during west-directed overthrusting of the medium- to high-grade complexes. From then on the greenstone belt acted as a basal detachment zone. The 02 episode of NNE-SSW shortening and SSW-directed thrust emplacement suggest dextral and orogen-oblique movement patterns, prior to continued orogen-perpendic ular E-W shortening during the 03 episode. The


This study investigates characteristics of consumers likely to be influenced by the information provided by an online environmental infomediary (OEI) GoodGuide.com, which advises consumers on the overall and specific sustainability attributes of personal care and household chemical and food products. The value-belief-norm theory and the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale were found useful in describing consumers more likely to be "green.†A series of logistic regressions, multiple regressions, and t-tests were used in this study. Study results indicate the importance of the value-belief-norm theory and NEP scale in understanding how consumers would choose to use GoodGuide.com information in making their green purchases and social interactions using social networking and mobile apps.


In this paper, we propose a modified arrhythmia diagnosis and therapy control algorithm based on VENTAK PRIZM 2trade algorithm of the Guidant corp. Existing arrhythmia detection and therapy control algorithms control arrhythmia through two steps. First step is event detection using peak-to-peak interval detection, and the second step is duration detection. We modify these stages to improve diagnosis time delay and treatment efficiency


Thermal conductivity measurements with a modified Couette flow cell were obtained as a function of shear rate for two linear polyethylene melts of weight-average molecular weights 27,300 and 56,700, respectively. The lower-molecular-weight polyethylene revealed a maximum decrease in thermal conductivity of 55 percent at 150 s−1. After shearing at 400 s−1, approximately 90 minutes was required to recover the value corresponding to the zero shear condition. This was considered consistent with molecular orientation into the flow direction during shear with a subsequent relaxation upon the removal of stress. The higher-molecular-weight polyethylene gave a similar decrease in thermal conductivity at 50 s−1. Unlike the lower-molecular-weight melt, an increase was observed at higher shear rates. Enhancement of energy transport via cluster flow mechanism was presented as a possible interpretation of these results. A theory of molecular orientation of liquid poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) under shear flow was previously developed from thermal conductivity and birefringence data of this material. An attempt to clarify the difference in behavior between the two melts examined in this work, and between the polyethylene melts and the PDMS previously studied is presented.


In this work, PtPd nanostructures have been synthesized via the chemical reduction method with different capping agents (i.e., PVA, PVP, and PEG), whilst the strong reducing agent, NaBH4, was used in this study to reduce the metal salt to zero-valent PtPd nanostructures. Both PtPd synthesized with PVP and PEG exhibit nanoparticle structures, whereas PtPd synthesized in PVA demonstrates large, interconnected network structures. Pt-Pd synthesized with PVP exhibits a high ECSA value of 692.68 m2/g compared to without capping agent (287.80 m2/g) indicating large active sites, which increases its catalytic function. This study concludes that the presence of a capping agent influences the morphological structure and the catalyst's efficiency in performing a redox reaction at the surface.


Over the last decade, many researchers have studied the implementation of quantum systems and the states of the quantum systems. Most of the focus has been on the quantum states strategy. Researchers have found it to be more advanced than classical strategies. Complementary quantum Observables interaction and information are the most important features that are refereed by Observables. This shows us how uniquely these features can define a packet of information in mathematical terms as a state. Also, it provides technological information that indeed captures the properties of quantum systems. In this paper, we demonstrate how to implement certain logical methods in quantum computing to obtain more accurate information than classical computing systems provide. This new methodology can make the computation more efficient. First, we examine the photons and consider the various spin states, and then we consider the direction of the spinning photons to handle more information. Next, we use the unique property of photons to behave both as a wave and a particle and exploit it by passing the photon through mirrors and beam splitters to demonstrate and achieve results that are not possible in the classical world.


The Indian computer industry has come a long way since its total reliance on imports from a few multinationals in the 1960s. However, the current round of import liberalisation is producing an increasing number of features redolent of that earlier period. This article investigates the relationship between import liberalisation and development of industrial production, exports and technological capabilities.

It concludes that import liberalism cannot be regarded as the optimum strategy for any country wishing to develop local production capabilities, and that some measure of import protection has to be in place for this development to take place. However, the case is made for a reactive government policy which can apply varying degrees of protection or liberalisation as the circumstances of external change and industrial development demand. Therefore, both the timing and phasing of policy changes will be important. Technical change and other factors are shown to have mediated some outcomes and to have constrained policy choices.


Abstract of our paper's major intent is to manage power and to share the solar load power to grid system by using smart grid technologies that is called as Demand Side Management (DSM). This paper gives the idea of modernized delivery system of electricity in which it observes, safeguards and adjusts accordingly with the energy that is used in home. The objective of the work is when the renewable resources are plentiful and electricity becomes affordable, time-of-use pricing, which allows customers to move some of their energy use to consistent and convenient moment of the day.


The problem of track correlation is transformed to a problem of multi-dimensional assignment in the situation of multiple local nodes in a distributed multisensor data fusion system. Because the problem of multi-dimensional assignment is a typical NP hard problem, a new model of three-dimensional neural network is proposed to deal with it. The experimental results illustrate that this model not only makes the track correlation correct percent high, but also the processing time can not increase exponentially with dimensions


Background: Proximal tibia is one of the most critical weights bearing part of the human body. Fractures of the plateau affect knee alignment, stability, and motion. The present study was conducted to decide whether pre-operative CT scan significantly changes the line of action and plan of surgery, against simple digital radiographs, in managing fractures of the upper tibial condyles and hence should it be an essential investigation for treatment in proximal tibial fractures.Materials & Methods: The present cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted on 42 cases (males- 37, females-5) of traumatic fractures of the proximal tibia. First opinion was taken on the basis of the X-ray alone and second opinion was taken after showing the CT scans.Results: There were 16 (38.09%) patients in age group of < / = 30 years, 17 (40.48%) patients in age group of 30-45 years, 8 (19.05%) patients in age group of 45-60 years and only 1 (2.38%) patient is the age group of 60-75 years. There were 02 (04.76%) patients diagnosed to have no fracture based on X-ray, 14 (33.33%) patients diagnosed as Schatzker's type-1, 02 (04.76%) patients diagnosed as Schatzker's type-2, 05 (11.91%) patients diagnosed as Schatzker's type-4, 13 (30.95%) patients diagnosed as Schatzker's type-5 and 06 (14.29%) patients diagnosed as Schatzker's type-6 based on X-ray alone. A total 12 cases were included in Schatzker's type 1. Management of 01 case was drastically changed, that of 03 cases had subtle changes and that of 08 cases remained unchanged. Plan of 01 case out of 04 included in Schatzker's type 2 was changed drastically, 02 underwent subtle changes while that of 01 was unchanged. Only 01 case was included in Schatzker's type 3. Its management underwent subtle change. 02 cases were diagnosed as type 4. Treatment of 01 underwent subtle change while that of 01 remained unchanged. Plan of 02 cases out of 06 included in type 6 were drastically changed. 04 had no changes.Conclusion: CT scan contributes significantly in management of proximal tibia fractures especially in Schatzker's type 1 and type 4. It reveals articular depressions and fracture fragments that are often obscured on X-rays. It helps surgeons to prevent dreadful postoperative complications.


Nowadays,many factors hinder the ideological concept and institutional design of developing entrepreneurship education in China's higher education.These factors include talent cultivation goal,talent cultivation process,teachers and students' evaluation criteria and the relationship between colleges and universities and the outside world.Based on the above analysis,this paper summarizes the characteristics of entrepreneurship education and points out that colleges and universities of China should take the opportunity of developing entrepreneurship education and foster the suitable environment for entrepreneurship education so as to realize the anticipated goal of entrepreneurship education.


The Koma tribes are a group of isolated and primitive people along the mountains bordering Nigeria and Cameroun with over 70% of the population still on the mountains. Two communities were selected for the study (n=160). One homogeneous community by the foot of the mountains, predominantly Koma (n=86), while the other was a heterogeneous population, about 3 Kilometers from the homogeneous community (n=74) screened for Hepatitis B and HIV respectively.15% of the population (6.25% female, 8.75% male) tested positive for Hepatitis B while 7.5% (4.4% female, 3.1% male) tested positive for HIV. 11.25% and 3.75% of the Hepatitis B occurred in the homogeneous and heterogeneous populations respectively. 3.1% and 4.4% of the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups tested positive for HIV respectively. Two of the samples in the homogeneous population were Hepatitis B and HIV co- infected. This study has shown that HIV has eaten deep into all nooks and crannies and even to the most remote societies like Koma. The presence of about 15% of hepatitis B virus infection can fan the progression of HIV to AIDS with no or very poor medical services. Keywords: Koma people, Hepatitis B, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous


In view of the engineering application of coastal saline soil,it is modified by cement.Through experiments,the rule of the change of shear strength and compressive strength of modified saline soil with the change of modifying agent content,age and water-saturated condition is analyzed,and the developing mechanism of modified saline soil is studied using electron microscope.The tests results show that the shear strength,compressive strength and water stability of modified saline soil solidified by cement are advanced obviously,which can be used as subgrade filler of highway.


The present invention successfully constructed a bispecific antibody capable of binding to both coagulation factor IX / activated blood coagulation factor IX and factor X, and may alternatively enhance enzymatic reactions of clotting factor VIII / effect of activated blood coagulation factor VIII .


Background and aims: Our previous research reported islet stellate cell (ISC) exhibiting similar appearance to classical pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) was isolated from freshly isolated rat islets, which may contribute to the islet fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was designed to determine whether human islets also contain ISC, and if so, whether human ISC is different from human PSC. Materials and methods: Using standard explants techniques, human ISC was isolated from freshly isolated human islets, while human PSC used as a positive control was isolated from pancreatic tissue. Immunofluorescence visualization of markers for PSC  -smooth muscle actin (  -SMA), desmin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)  was used to characterize the human ISC. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to assess the proliferation of ISC. The wound-healing assay and the transwell migration were used to assess the migration capacity of ISC. Immunofluorescence against types (col- Ⅰ ), types (col- Ⅲ ) and fibronectin (FN) was performed to identify component synthesized by ISC. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation were tried to detected stem cell potential. Results: After about 24 h in culture, an increasing number of ISC with triangular shape began to grow out from human islets. The passaged ISC expressed  -SMA, desmin, vimentin, GFAP and was positive for col- Ⅰ , col- Ⅲ and FN. Compared with PSC, the proliferation and migration ability of ISC was significantly slower than those of PSC. And both the human PSC and ISC were able to differentiate in vitro into adipocyte- and osteoblast-like cells. Conclusion: Similar to our previous rat experiment, the current study shows that human islets also contain ISC which is phenotypically similar but not identical to human PSC. Activated human ISC is a high active ECM-producing cell type, indicating human ISC may contribute to islet fibrosis in patients with


Angela Bielefeldt is a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder in the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering (CEAE) and Director for the Engineering Plus program. She has served as the Associate Chair for Undergraduate Education in the CEAE Department, as well as the ABET assessment coordinator. Professor Bielefeldt was also the faculty director of the Sustainable By Design Residential Academic Program, a living-learning community where students learned about and practice sustainability. Bielefeldt is also a licensed P.E. Professor Bielefeldt's research interests in engineering education include service-learning, sustainable engineering, social responsibility, ethics, and diversity. JoAnn Silverstein is a Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering and Associate Dean for Faculty Advancement at the University of Colorado, She has a BA in Psychology (Stanford University), BS, MS, and PhD in Civil Engineering (University of California, Davis) and is a registered Professional Engineer (Colorado). Her research interests are Water and wastewater treatment process analysis; nutrient management; performance-based statistical modeling of wastewater systems to assess the impacts of decentralization, permit compliance, reliability, and resilience; nutrient emissions trading. She has been department chair, program director, and currently is associate dean for faculty advancement of the College of Engineering and Applied Science, where her interests include policies to foster an inclusive and diverse academic culture with equitable practices around hiring, compensation and advancement. Abstract This paper presents three models for integrating environmental justice topics into environmental / civil engineering courses. The first model utilizes a qualitative perspective, based on a video recording of the community panel at the 2019 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference. This panel provides numerous examples of environmental justice issues from the lived perspective of residents, including issues associated with industrial air pollutants from Tonawanda Coke in New York and drinking water in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Flint, Michigan. Segments of this video were integrated into a fall 2020 course for first-year civil engineering students, in relation to the assignments on ethics and sustainability. The details of these assignments and an analysis of student learning are provided. A second model studied the Flint water system disaster in the context of learning about community resilience and systemic racism within a senior/graduate level Civil Engineering Systems course. The decades-old discriminatory practices in housing (redlining, racist mortgage covenants) were discussed. Student perspectives based on the threaded discussion posts and a written assignment provide evidence of the effectiveness of this approach for learning about how non-technical factors are important in determining public infrastructure performance. A third model recommends the use of environmental justice mapping tools, which may be appropriate in a broad range of courses. Examples are provided, but have not yet been used by the authors. These examples present ideas to spur the integration of environmental justice topics into civil and environmental engineering courses, while also inviting programs to more broadly consider an intentional across-the-curriculum approach.


Load-bearing frame (18) for a conveying apparatus, particularly a forklift truck for high-rack (1) with a support frame (19) which can be fixed on a lifting carriage (17) of the conveying apparatus, and bearing devices (21) arranged thereon in parallel with each other extensible for accommodating a load support, as a pallet (6), box, etc., and a conveying telescopic support arms (20) forms a conveying direction extending parallel relative to a direction of adjustment of the support mechanisms (21) with two transport devices (27) arranged symmetrically relative to a central plane (31) extending between the support mechanisms (21) perpendicularly a support surface (8) of the forklift truck for high-rack (1), which are formed, each, by two linear conveyors (26) forming an address No parallel to an adjustment direction of the transport devices (21) transport, and mean distances (39, 40) of the linear conveyors (26) extending perpendicularly to the central plane (31) are greater than a mean distance ( 41) of the support mechanisms (21), characterized in that the linear conveyors (26) of the transport devices (27) with bearing surfaces load (34) comprise two transport planes (37, 38) extending parallel to each other a distance (44), perpendicularly to the central plane (31), and a transport plane (37) relative to a conveying plane (35) formed by the bearing load surface (34) of the support mechanisms (21 ) runs at a small distance (43) above the transport plane (35), and the other conveying plane (38) runs at a distance (42) below the transport plane (35).


A thin-film semiconductor substrate includes a top-gate first TFT, a top-gate second TFT, and a data line (source line), in which the first TFT has a first semiconductor layer, a first gate insulating film, a first gate electrode, a first source electrode, a first drain electrode, and a first protection layer, the second TFT has a second semiconductor layer, a second gate insulating film, a second gate electrode, a second source electrode, a second drain electrode, and a second protection layer, the data line is connected to the first source electrode, the first drain electrode is an extension of the second gate electrode, and the second gate electrode is thinner than the data line.


Liquid CO2 sequestration in a bathymetric depression at depths greater than 3700 m in the ocean has been proposed as a mitigation strategy for the reduction of atmospheric CO2 emissions. Kinetic studies on the dissolution of CO2 from the liquid CO2 pool, the diffusion in the ocean, and advection of CO2 by the bottom ocean current are carried out. A thin membrane of CO2 hydrate on the liquid CO2 pool controls the CO2 dissolution into the overlaying seawater, the thickness of a static layer between the surface of liquid CO2 and the upper bottom ocean current reduces the CO2 diffusion, and the bottom ocean current dilutes the CO2 concentration. These effects are explicity formulated in an equation, and it is predicted that ocean CO2 sequestration at a depth larger than 3700 m will greatly reduce the pH change caused by CO2 dispersion in the ocean. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Certain Green's functions recently proposed for the solution of dislocation problems in anisotropic media by Lothe (1967) and Brown (1967) are used to calculate the energy of interaction between ki...


This chapter looks into the changing contexts and definitions of clienteles of lifelong learners over the last quarter of a century. The author has been involved in three closely related studies on who lifelong learners are, how they access and participate in higher education (HE), and how and what are they learning in HE and summarises some of the developments and issues over the 25 years that these studies cover (approximately 1987 to 2012).


The 21st century is called the digital century. The digital world and modern mobile digital technologies are everywhere today. This shift in technology development brings not only huge benefits but also huge risks. Digital crime is one of the fastest-growing criminal activities, with more than a million people becoming victims of it worldwide every day. The peculiarity of these crimes is that, due to the development of digital technologies, the content of crime has changed; and most of it is committed in a virtual environment. For many years, the international community and states have been attempting to counter the commission of crimes using computer technology. Conventions, agreements, recommendations, and laws are adopted. But at present, they do not fully reflect the situation in this area. No less attention is paid to the problems caused by using modern technologies in the scientific literature. But there is no unity of opinion, most of the writings use such mostly outdated terms as "computer crime," "cybercrime", etc. At the same time, an analysis of the state of crime in this field, as well as of legislation and scientific literature, shows that there is a need for clarification of the existing concept of computer crime, expanding it to the concept of the "digital crime."


High-power lasers (Raman and traditional solid-state) suffer from heat generated by the quantum defect, which deteriorates their performance. The radiation-balanced technique was proposed to solve the problem in the case of solid-state lasers, and the intrinsic heat-mitigation technique, which relies on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) was proposed to solve the problem of heat generation in the high power Raman laser. Unfortunately radiated energy increases only linearly with the length of the laser medium in both schemes. We propose a radically new approach to solve the problem of heat generation in lasers. We have considered athermal fiber lasers, where rare-earth (RE) ions based refrigeration sources are incorporated in the body of the devices. This new technique, which has been developed for Raman and traditional solid-state lasers, ensures the exponential growth of radiation along the laser medium and provides almost athermal operation.


The present study has been made to final out the effect of environment on creativity of student. How do environmental factor affect students? What can we do to provide best facilities for development of students. These are not just theoretical questions of interest to psychologist many people especially policy makers and are also quite involved in addressing these questions creativity has been major field of interest among psychologist and educators school and home environment have a decisive role to play in creativity in the students.


Kingella (Moraxella) kingii, a gram-negative bacillus, was isolated as the cause of septic knee arthritis in an adult. Three previous cases (1 adult and 2 children) of septic arthritis due to Moraxella species have been reported. All cases have been characterized by difficulty in identifying the organism, indolent clinical course and slow response to antibiotic treatment.


For the standard spoken Chinese dialect commonly known as Putonghua or Mandarin, a large corpus called USTC95 (University of Science and Technology of China, '95) is introduced, which is primarily designed to support research in Chinese speech recognition and analysis and in recognition system evaluation. This corpus consists of four major sub-corpora, corresponding to isolated syllables, multi-syllable words, sentences and telephone speech. With an elaborate design, the corpus encompasses all the phones and mono-syllables, as well as the co-articulation effects in Putonghua; also, it keeps as little redundancy as possible. This parsimonious corpus makes it possible to acquire acoustic-phonetic knowledge for isolated word recognition and continuous Chinese recognition, to provide speech data for training a telephone speech recognizer, and also to provide a common test base for the performance assessment of the recognizer.


We employ a dynamic panel fixed effects model to assess the macroeconomic consequences of natural disasters in Africa and the effectiveness of debt relief in promoting post-disaster recovery. Our results show that floods and droughts have a negative contemporaneous effect on GDP growth which, in the case of floods, is recovered at the second lag. General debt relief consisting of debt forgiveness, rescheduling, and significant increases in Official Development Assistance (ODA) has no impact on economic growth. However, significant increases in ODA in the aftermath of disasters have a positive effect that is increasing in disaster severity, suggesting that it is an effective post-disaster recovery instrument. Debt-to-GDP growth and crop production growth are also considered in the analysis. 1In addition to our supervisors, we would like to thank Albrecht Glitz, Alessandro Tarozzi, and Gergely 'Greg' Gánics for their helpful comments and guidance.


Under 550~600 mm annual rainfall condition in Yangling in west of Guanzhong plain,dynamic changes in soil moisture and some physiological parameters such as chlorophyll and MDA of winter wheat in different planting modes were studied.The results showed that the soil moisture storage of winter wheat with plastic film mulching of 0 to 50 cm during reviving stage and jointing stage increased 6.1mm and 5.2 mm compared with conventional flat planting,the soil moisture storage of plastic film mulching of harvesting time measured 27.2 mm higher than conventional flat planting;and increased 2.3 mm,2.9 mm and 12.2 mm compared with ridging and furrow drilling.After anthesis,the chlorophyll contents of plastic film mulching were higher than conventional flat planting and ridging and furrow drilling;the degradation of chlorophyll was slow and MDA contents were lower than conventional flat planting.The final yield showed that the yield of plastic ridging and furrow drilling increased yield of conventional flat planting 1 472.10 kg/hm2,increased by 19.3%;increased 1 844.79 kg/hm2 compared with ridging and furrow drilling,increased by 25.4%,differences between different treatments were up to super remarkable level.The results demonstrated that watergathering of plastic ridging and furrow drilling was effective,senescence of winter wheat was prevented in some extent,had a obvious effect of yield increase and economic increase,and WUE of it was higher than that of conventional flat planting wheat and ridging and furrow drilling wheat.


A series of tests were carried out for towing, pushing, and tandem type podded propulsors in a cavitation tunnel. The loading distribution and phase angle between front and rear propeller were investigated. The experimental results indicate an increase in propeller efficiency as compared with the case of a propeller without pod. Although the resistance of pod plays a negative role, considering the various merits of podded propulsors, it can be expected that this new type of propulsor will be widely developed in the near future.


Computer Assisted Instruction is the core of computer Information technology applying to education. As a kind of modern teaching means, CAI has been used abroad, as well as more and more attention has been paid to CAI in the field of physical education teaching. The applying CAI in the field of physical education teaching mainly includes media physical education teaching courseware, computer physical education assisted learning courseware, sharing information, coorperating in research, auto-matic official business. The restricting of hardware, the relatively shorting of physical education teaching software and the demand of improving physical education teaching, have mainly influenced CAI widely being used in physical education teaching. For the sake of developing computer assisted physical education teaching, the teachers have to renew their idea and improve their ability, we have to enhance the researches, quicken building in the hardware, increase exploriting in the software.


Disclosed is a limit acceleration of gun carrier-induced movements of a weapon (1) that is installed on a moving carrier with an object (3). To prevent received during the fire sequence by the recoil forces of the weapon corrupted measurement data of carrier movement in the gun control of the weapon (1), it is provided that the movement of the support (3) during the period in which no firing of the weapon (1 ) is carried out, is measured. These continuously measured data are stored separately or parallel to their use in the gun control, and determines a history of the maximum accelerations that occur of the support (3). During a firing sequence of the weapon (1) the maximum values of the history of the acceleration limit of the corrupted by the repulsive forces measured data is then used. The so limited measurement data are then considered in the gun control.


The Prairie provinces of Canada have about 80% of Canada's agricultural land and contribute to more than 90% of the nation's wheat and canola production. A future change in the surface water balance over this region could seriously affect Canada's agro-economy. In this study, we examined 25 ensemble members of historical (1975 to 2005), near future (2021–2050), far future (2050–2080), and end of the century (2080–2100) simulations of the Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). A comprehensive analysis of a new Net Water Balance Index (NWBI) indicates an increased growing season dryness despite increased total precipitation over the Prairie provinces. Evapotranspiration increases by 100–300 mm with a 10–20% increase in moisture loss due to transpiration. Total evaporation decreases by 15–20% as the fractional contribution of evaporation from soil decreases by 20–25%. Total evaporation from vegetation increases by 10–15%. These changes in the surface water balance suggest enhanced plant productivity when soil moisture is sufficient, but evaporative water loss that exceeds precipitation in most years.


We show that uninformed corporate bond index trackers pay lower transaction costs when they request immediacy from dealers with central network positions. This centrality discount supports recent network models in which core dealers have a comparative advantage in carrying inventory. We show that core dealers provide more immediacy and revert deviations from their desired inventory faster. When dealers trade with other dealers, we find a centrality premium consistent with core dealers exploiting their comparative advantage to extract more surplus when bargaining with peripheral dealers. We rule out alternative explanations based on adverse selection and customer clienteles.


Abstract. The transformations of chemical constituents in subterranean estuaries (STEs) control the delivery of nutrient loads from coastal aquifers to the ocean. It is important to determine the processes and sources that alter nutrient concentrations at a local scale in order to estimate accurate regional and global nutrient fluxes via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), particularly in boreal environments, where data are still very scarce. Here, the biogeochemical transformations of nitrogen (N) species were examined within the STE of a boreal microtidal sandy beach located in the Magdalen Islands (Quebec, Canada). This study revealed the vertical and horizontal distribution of nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), ammonia (NH4+), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) measured in beach groundwater during four spring seasons (June 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015) when aquifer recharge was maximal after snowmelt. Inland groundwater supplied high concentrations of NOx and DON to the STE, whereas inputs from seawater infiltration were very limited. Non-conservative behaviour was observed along the groundwater flow path, leading to low NOx and high NH4+ concentrations in the discharge zone. The long transit time of groundwater within the beach (∼ 166 days), coupled with oxygen-depleted conditions and high carbon concentrations, created a favourable environment for N transformations such as heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification and ammonium production. Biogeochemical pathways led to a shift in nitrogen species along the flow path from NOx-rich to NOx-poor groundwater. An estimate of SGD fluxes of N was determined to account for biogeochemical transformations within the STE based on a N-species inventory and Darcy's flow. Fresh inland groundwater delivered 37 mol NOx yr−1 per metre of shoreline and 63 mol DON m−1 yr−1 to the STE, and NH4+ input was negligible. Near the discharge zone, the potential export of N species was estimated around 140, 1.5 and 33 mol yr−1 per metre of shoreline for NH4+, NOx and DON respectively. In contrast to the fresh inland groundwater, the N load of beach groundwater near the discharge zone was dominated by NH4+ and DON. Our study shows the importance of tidal sands in the biogeochemical transformation of the terrestrial N pool. This local export of bioavailable N probably supports benthic production and higher trophic levels leading to its rapid transformation in surface sediments and coastal waters.


Atmospheric pressure, surface air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) data of the 22-yearly observations carried out by Weather Ships in the North Atlantic were used to estimate wavenumber-frequency spectrum of large scale variability in the atmosphere and upper ocean. Meridional constituents of pressure and temperature waves with wavelengths of 6000 km and 4000 km respectively were detected by the method of maximum likelihood. Previous theoretical studies could explain the pressure spectra as a domination of quasi-stationary disturbances (external Rossby waves) which resonate, generated by orographic or thermal forcing of steady westerly winds in mid-latitudes. Short temperature waves detected by wavenumber spectral analysis are likely explained by the existence of quasi-stationary internal Rossby waves formed by resonant conditions within the lower layer of the atmosphere. The SST spectrum is similar to the air temperature spectrum. This means that wave constituents in the SST field are induced by air temperature influences.<<ETX>>


In this ground-breaking study, Professor Azar Gat examines how the theories of mechanized war developed throughout the industrial world in the first decades of the twentieth century. He explains why the most famous pioneers of these theories were asssociated with proto-facscism. Professor Gat then drastically re-evaluates B.H. Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory, overturning much of the criticism recently levelled against him. He argues that, in the wake of the trauma of the First World War, and in response to the Axis challenge, Liddell Hart developed the doctrine of containment and cold war long before the advent of nuclear weapons. He reveals Liddell Hart as a pioneer of the modern western liberal way in warfare which is still with us today.


Nowadays, representation is presented as an area of controversy in political and symbolic battles. The absence of any dialogue and the unbridgeable distance between representatives and represented has resulted in the revolutionary activation of social movements that have managed to coordinate the overall question with the compelling individuality of today's society. In this context, the media create and determine, with its speech, the social representations and the evaluation of the behavior of political and social leaders in a time when the ways in which public discourse is created is qualitatively transformed. This research note outlines the situation of politics and its social representation in the published opinion in the spanish digital newspapers, delving into the changes that put us in a significantly different public sphere of that we have known so far.


This research evaluated the effect of handling and storage methods on the nutritional qualities of the Snakehead fish (Parachanna obscura). 1kg of fresh fish samples acquired from Eleyele reservoir, Ibadan, Nigeria was divided into three equal parts, fresh frozen part at below 0 ̊C, oven dried part at a temperature of 105 ̊C at 5% moisture, and coal smoking in a kiln initially at 65 ̊C till 110 ̊C for 24 hours. The samples were subjected to drying and stored in polythene material at room temperature. The samples were analyzed over a period of six weeks for Protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and spoilage parameters (Lipid Peroxide, Total Volatile Base-Nitrogen, Trimethylamine acid and Free Fatty Acids) using standard methods. Proximate analysis showed that Fat ranged from 7.89-26.40%, Protein from 13.73-33.38%, ash content from 8.14-14.20% and the Carbohydrate content from 5.4325.67%,, moisture content from 5.44-64.53%. FFA from 14.42-33.62mg/KOH/g, cholesterol level from 11.00-57.00%, lipid peroxidation (TBA) from 0.65-8.06mg/MDA, TVB-N from 31.21-254.85mg/100g, and TMA from 0.09-1.84mg/100g. There was significant reduction in the proximate characteristics in relation to time, and there were significant differences due to the treatments received. There were significant differences in the spoilage parameters in relation to treatment and time. Spoilage parameters increased during the six weeks storage period at (P˂0.05) However, frozen Parachanna obscura stored better and retained its freshness most in the period of 6 weeks. Research finding revealed that smoking is the best method for preserving Parachanna obscura followed by oven drying only if oven postprocessing rancidity reduction can be further researched.


Compression garments are made of elastic fabric, which is used for operational reasons and clinical applications for treating venous ulceration, deep vein thrombosis or burns. The constant pressure of compression garments exerted on human body is very essential, and the success of the application is extremely dependent on this pressure. However, elastic fabric has a characteristic of hysteresis which contributes to the pressure decay during wearing. In this study, dynamic pressure attenuation is investigated experimentally. Dynamic pressure decreases with the repeated extension and recovery; its pressure attenuation increases as the extension level varied from 10% to 40%. The effects of fabric parameters on dynamic pressure at 1st test cycle and on dynamic pressure attenuation are also analyzed, such as spandex feeding rate and fabric structure. These results provide a better understanding of characteristics of elastic fabric used for making compression garments, and are beneficial for practitioners with scientific developments and for effective applications.


A high surface area adsorbent, such as MOFs, is an attractive option to evacuate heavy metals from wastewater. However, due to the possibility of the MOF structure collapsing when exposed to water, the stability and selectivity of MOFs for wastewater treatment remain a debatable task. Depending on the application, it has been shown that the consolidation of IL into MOF could improve the stability and reusability of pure MOF; nevertheless, research on the molecular interactions between the MOF framework and IL is still lacking. The stability, compatibility, and selectivity of this hybrid material are significantly influenced by the fundamental interactions between the MOFs and ILs moieties (cation and anion molecules), particularly the sorts of interactions. In this work, we focused on the topological properties of ILs and utilization of molecular docking calculations to assess the binding energy (ΔGbind) and binding affinity between UIO66 with TFSI-imidazole and TFSI-pyridinium ILs studied. The properties of ILs such as aromaticity of the structures, bond critical point (BCP), and electrostatic potential map surface were carried out using the Gaussian and Multiwfn software while the binding energies were computed using the AutoDock software to identify particular binding sites for IL toward MOF. The Autodock software's default setting was used to prepare all of the structures. To determine the binding locations of MOF, the IL was successively incorporated into the MOF pores inside the grid box of 90 x 90 x 90 Å (x, y, and z) dimensions. The results showed that both ILs; TFSI-imidazole, and TFSI-pyridinium IL, interacted favorably with the MOFs, having binding energies varying from -4.12 to -8.60 kcal mol-1. The stability of UIO66-ILs system increases with the addition of anion and cation. According to docking molecular structures, both cation and anion tend to bind in the corner of the MOF pore, which is in line with the previous work.


This paper proposes a general theoretical framework which allows the design of nonlinear observers for the on-line estimation of the kinetic rates in bioreactors. These estimators, designed in continuous and discrete-time, do not assume or require any kind of specific relationships between the reaction rates and the state variables. Moreover, they are very easy to implement and in particular to calibrate. Indeed, the gain of the proposed estimators does not require the resolution of any dynamical system and it is explicitly given. Furthermore, due to the particular structure of this gain, the tuning of the estimators is reduced to the calibration of a single parameter and this whatever the number of considered components and reactions. Numerical simulations and real experiments have been carried out and corresponding results are given in order to highlight the performance of the proposed estimators. On montre comment l'on peut faire, de maniere systematique et rigoureuse, la synthese d'observateurs non-lineaires pour l'estimation en ligne des vitesses de reactions dans les bioreacteurs. Ces observateurs, presentes sous forme temps continu et temps discret, ne supposent ni necessitent aucun modele pour les vitesses a estimer. De plus, ils sont tres faciles a implementer et surtout a regler. En effet, leur gain est donne explicitement et ne necessite aucune resolution de systeme dynamique. Compte tenu de sa structure particuliere, le reglage de ce gain se fait a travers le choix d'un seul parametre et ce, quelque soit le nombre de variables a estimer. Les performances de ces observateurs sont illustrees a travers un exemple typique en simulation ainsi qu'a travers un procede experimental.


In order to provide higher accuracy and an increased life time for bearings in kinematic drives of servo-driven stroke controlled presses this article presents a combination of a roller and a plain bearing. With an example of the 3D-Servo-Press, the applied design is illustrated and the advantages are discussed. A technological solution is presented which enables a specific pretension for each individual bearing according to its tribological requirements. Using a developed matlab-programme the behaviour of a conventional plain bearing is opposed to the new bearing combination by its illustrated displacement paths of the shaft in the bearing shell under certain conditions of a common balancer system. The feasibility of this initial tension system is shown by means of a bearing prototype. Finally measurement results of a prototype will be shown which proof the manufacturability of the presented bearing combination.


Based on the Complex Adaptive System(CAS)theory,this paper divides the industry cluster into intrinsically-developed and extrinsically-developed according to its evolution process,and analyzes the characteristics about each section and the interrelationship between each department,explores the synergy of other-organization force and self-adaptive strength.The paper points out that Chongqing's electronic information industry cluster is typically extrinsically-developed,due to the preferential policies carried out by the local government,the agglomeration level suddenly rises up and shapes the colony settlement on the space.The formation process is mainly dependent on the local government and other organizational strength,resulting in the fluctuation of industrial clusters is too widely,without a corresponding increase in self-organizing capacity,which restricts the economic externalities of industrial clusters played.The paper suggests that the local government should divert the policy importance to guide the electronic information industry taking root in Chongqing,thereby,to enhance the self-organizing and self-adaptive capacity of the industrial clusters.


2056Background: Following progression on Temozolomide (TMZ) glioblastoma (GBM) is a therapeutic challenge with a 6 month survival rate of only ~20-30% and no well-established 2nd line treatments. Methods: We designed a phase II study to assess the efficacy of cabazitaxel, a second generation taxoid, in TMZ-refractory GBM pts (pts). Primary enpoint was response at 12 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), quality of life, and pharmacokinetics. The study population were pts with progressive GBM during or within 6 months after TMZ treatment, in whom radiotherapy and surgery was no treatment options. Exclusion criteria were signs of inflammation, an ECOG performance score (PS) > 2, as well as impaired organ function. Patient characteristics: In total, between 2014 and 2016 8 female and 16 male pts were included with a median age of 55 years (range 32-76 years) and a median of 3 previous therapies (range 1-9). Treatment: Cabazitaxel was given at 25mg/m² q3w with G-CSF prophylaxis. ...


Since the invention of the transistor nearly six decades ago, new technology nodes have been added approximately every two years. This march of progress has yielded smaller transistors that run about 40% faster with each geometry scaling, fulfilling the promise and industry-defining mantra of "smaller, faster, cheaper!" Now, in the realm of 65- and 45-nanometer design and manufacturing, the industry is confronted by multiple complex and stubborn challenges: silicon technology keeps shrinking, but doesn't advance in speed at the same rate.


We consider heat semigroups of the form exp(t(∆−λ1Ω0)) on bounded domains. Using variants of Moser iteration, we show sub-exponential decay in the "large coupling limit", i.e. as λ ր ∞, in compact subdomains of the "obstacle", Ω0.


Changzhou,a city in Jiangsu province,lies in Taihu region,which is the central part of Wu culture.The local culture of Changzhou is a typical reflction of water culture in several aspects.Firstly,it is indicated in the material level like food,clothing and housing etc.Secondly,scholars in Changzhou are losely related to water.A case in point is Baiyun Stream,which attracts many famous scholars though it is less than one kilometer in length.Finally,water culture is embodied in the states of mind of people in Changzhou,who are still nourished by the qualities of water at present.


We must carry on reforms both on modern world history researches and teaching in order to meet the new situation of reform and open policy. In the reform process of modern world history researches,we must be sure of the"Three Faces"guiding ideology; Andalso We must deal with research problems and widen research field and study hard on important academic problems according to Marxism standing point; In addition, we must insist on the principle of seeking truth from facts and display our achievements in varied forms in order to show the full social function of history. In the meanwhile,we should strengthen the work on collecting materials,and write new teaching books.


In this paper, we briefly outline the current design of a generic image management service for FutureGrid. The service is intended to generate, store, and verify images while interfacing with different localized cloud IaaS image. Additionally, we will also use the service to generate images for traditional bare-metal deployments.


We study how the overall image of the firm is affected by its service operations performance. We use the airline industry to test our hypotheses. We find that fast response to customer requests, high cabin presence, good quality in-flight products, and well-designed check-in operations have significant positive effects.


In this work we suggest that a turbulent phase of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability can be explained as a universal stochastic wave traveling with constant speed in a properly renormalized system. This wave, originating from ordinary deterministic chaos in a renormalized time, has two constant limiting states at both sides. These states are related to the initial discontinuity at large scales and to stationary turbulence at small scales. The theoretical analysis is confirmed with extensive numerical simulations made for a new shell model, which features basic properties of the phenomenological theory for the Rayleigh–Taylor instability.


Abstract This paper summarises the results of a case study undertaken at a polymetallic deposit in South Australia. Multivariate geostatistical techniques were used to predict better the block sulphur grades. The necessity to utilise a multivariate geostatistical approach was dictated by the presence of two different generations of sulphur assays. The integration of these data sets was undertaken using the kriging with external drift and collocated co-kriging methods. Efficiencies of the multivariate methods have been tested using various combinations between data generations. Results of these tests have been compared with the conventional ordinary kriging estimates and reconciled against the drill hole data. This study shows that both tested multivariate methods – kriging with external drift and collocated cokriging – significantly improved the accuracy of grade estimation when compared with conventional ordinary kriging. In particular, a global average grade of the study area estimated by the multivariate methods was similar to expected true values even when the amount of new data available is less than 10% of all samples. The ordinary kriging technique when applied to such datasets containing less than 10% of the new samples and more than 90% of the old (biased) samples yields biased results which are largely affected by the more abundant old (biased) assays.


We demonstrate anisotropic self-diffraction in cerium doped barium titanate crystal using one incident beam. The second writing beam is derived from the internal reflection, at the incident surface, of the generated contra-propagating self-phase conjugate inside the crystal. Experimental measurements of the permissible angle(s) of incidence fit the theoretical and experimental results using two incident beams investigated by Kukhtarev et al [1]. The result also shows that anisotropic higher orders can be observed even when the ratio between both writing beams (induced and incident) is less than 10%. In the second part of the paper, we investigate the gratings created during self-diffraction originating from two writing beams in cerium doped barium titanate, using a reading beam of different wavelength. We have previously used anisotropic self-diffraction using two incident beams for image correlation [2]. The results can be separated to two different regimes, Bragg-like regime and Raman-Nath like regime. In the Raman-Nath regime, the polarizations of the generated higher order(s) are orthogonal to the polarization of the reading beam. In the Bragg like regime, the polarizations are the same. Finally the reading of self-diffraction gratings created by one writing beam will be investigated using one beam at a different wavelength.


An efficient methodology for the synthesis of S-substituted derivatives of phosphonohomocysteine has been developed. It starts from the corresponding thiols and is based on a synthetic sequence consisting of (i) the Kabachnik-Fields reaction, (ii) the transesterification of the diphenylphosphoryl moiety and (iii) the acidic deprotection of the phosphoryl and amino groups. The proposed synthetic procedures describing syntheses of phosphonohomocysteine precursors with di-tert-butylphosphoryl and tert-butyloxycarbonylamino groups could be useful for the preparation of novel S-substituted phosphonohomocysteine derivatives.


PCNA is a nuclear protein that is synthesized in late G1 and S phases of the cell cycle and is, therefore, correlated with the cell proliferative state. A new monoclonal antibody (PC10) to genetically engineered PCNA has been shown to label proliferating cells in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded normal human tissues. Previous studies in lymphomas, using various markers of cell proliferation, have shown a strong correlation between indices of cell proliferation and histological grade. These studies have shown that within each histological subtype there is often a wide range of prolifeative indices and that these may be of some prognostic significance. Thirty‐one gastrointestinal lymphomas were studied. Our results show that there is a good correlation between PC10 index and histological grade of tumour (0.01 > P>0.001) and also a significant relationship between PC10 index and S + G2 + M phase fraction as measured by flow cytometric analysis (r2= 0.62; P≤0.01). Twenty‐three cases were available for survival analysis. In these cases a high PC10 score correlated with poor survival (P=0.04). Based on this series, it appears that there is a significant relationship between PC10 index and histological grade, and between PC10 index and S+G2+M phase as measurred by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, our results suggest that a high PC10 index is an adverse prognostic factor primary gastrointestinal lymphoma.


Submitted 13 April 2020 / Accepted 28 April 2020 Įteikta 2020 04 13 / Priimta 2020 04 28 Copyright © 2020 Shalva Dzebisashvili. Published by Vilnius University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original author and source are credited.


In this paper we discuss the Casimir effect in a small cavity at rest in the weak gravitational field of a massive, non-rotating source. We propose a new approach, based upon Schwinger's effective action method, showing that the gravitational interaction induces a small correction in the vacuum energy density, in full agreement with the result we obtained in a previous work (Sorge 2005 Class. Quantum Grav. 22 5109), following a standard field mode decomposition technique. The present result reinforces the belief that gravity can indeed be effective in modifying the vacuum energy of a quantum field confined to the cavity, against the recent claim appeared in Lima et al (2019 J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP07(2019)11) that a weak gravitational field has no influence on the Casimir energy.


ABSTRACT Rapid dissolution and transfer of samples are crucial steps in hyperpolarization methods such as dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) and quantum-rotor-induced polarization (QRIP). Here we introduce a simple and modular dissolution transfer device, and we demonstrate its application for QRIP. This device operates with low pressures and solvent volumes compared to state-of-the-art dDNP setups. On the other hand, transfer times are longer, although sufficient for 13C NMR spectroscopy. Our approach does not require an additional cryostat. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


This review presents literature data on the role of melatonin in regulating the composition of the microbiota and on the variety of functions it performs that are synchronized with the circadian rhythm of vital activity of the body. During pregnancy, the restructuring of the intestinal, vaginal and placental microbiota is provided by a significant increase in the production of epiphyseal melatonin, which contributes to the creation of optimal conditions for the development of microflora in early ontogenesis. In the absence of circadian production of melatonin, a pregnant woman retains dysbiosis, which determines the transmission of altered intestinal microflora to the fetus and subsequent metabolic dysregulation in the child's body.


The purpose of this study was to examine how aging and sex impacted scores on the Eating Assessment Tool-10 in a large sample of healthy, non-dysphagic adults. Differences in Eating Assessment Tool-10 total normal (< 3) and abnormal (≥ 3) scores were examined across four age categories (21–39 years, 40–59 years, 60–79 years, 80 years and older) and between sexes. The mean (± SD) Eating Assessment Tool-10 total score for this healthy cohort of 167 individuals was 0.6 (± 1.6), with the majority of participants (75%) earning a score of zero. No significant differences were found in Eating Assessment Tool-10 total scores across age categories (p = .53) or between sexes (p = .79). Post-hoc analyses further explored relationships between Eating Assessment Tool-10 total scores and swallow performance measures as observed during videofluoroscopy. All participants (n = 15) scoring 3 and greater on the Eating Assessment Tool-10 passed an aspiration screen (i.e., 3-ounce water swallow challenge). Nine participants scoring less than 3 and failing the aspiration screen were not observed to have airway invasion as measured by the Penetration-Aspiration Scale during videofluoroscopy. A significant relationship was not observed between Eating Assessment Tool-10 total scores and highest Penetration-Aspiration Scale score. Eating Assessment Tool-10 total scores reported in the current study for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease were significantly lower (p < .001) than total scores reported in the Eating Assessment Tool-10 validation study by Belafsky et al. (2008). In summary, aging or sex effects did not appear to impact self-report of dysphagia-related symptoms as measured by the Eating Assessment Tool-10. The Eating Assessment Tool-10, therefore, may not demonstrate the sensitivity needed to capture sub-clinical changes of the aging swallowing mechanism. Kendrea L. (Focht) Garand Elizabeth G. Hill Kent Armeson Bonnie Martin-Harris Aging Effects on Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) Total Scores in Healthy, Community-Dwelling Adults L'effet du vieillissement sur les scores totaux obtenus à l'Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) par des adultes en santé vivant à domicile Kendrea L. (Focht) Garand University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA Elizabeth G. Hill and Kent Armeson Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Bonnie Martin-Harris Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Editor: Emily Zimmerman Editor-in-Chief: David H. McFarland


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The oncoming of communism in Czechoslovakia in 1948 meant for churches and religious communities the "nationalization" of church property and the implementation of supervision through the State Office for Church Affairs. The communist state never thought about the separation of church and state, but rather assumed such a step would be in given historical conditions an increase in the social impact of churches. The consequence of the delegation of the Russian Orthodox Church in Czechoslovakia was a fusion of the Uniate Church in Slovakia with the Orthodox Church. The pressure on the church caused various illegal activities that became the target of persecution by state security forces. The Prague Spring was the culmination of attempts at social reform in Czechoslovakia that were intensively conducted after January 1968. The weakened grip on power and the overall trend of democratization led to a significant recovery in activities of churches, until they were suppressed in August 1968 by Warsaw Pact troops. The paper is an attempt to analyze the most significant reversal in church policy of Czechoslovakia in connection with the democratization of socialism under the influence of Alexander Dubček's reformism. It follows this development through the prism of Soviet Union concerns about the weak position of the Soviet bloc, as well as the suppression of reforms, and the subsequent establishment of the Slovak Republic in the framework of a socialist federation. It notes the role of civil society activists and Catholic dissidents who developed vastly different level of activity in both parts of the federation. Finally, it aims at the synthesis of knowledge of the interactions of religious institutions and elites and the communist government and political elites in the period around 1968.


Currently, most of the boilers in power plant are designed by the heat balance based on first law of thermodynamics only, and it analyses the condition of using energy from the perspective of quantity of energy. However, The real energy utilization should be justified not only from the quantity but also from the quality, because the quality of energy based on second law of thermodynamics can reflect the irreversibility in processes and components. In order to revealing the real energy losses, we must establish exergy analysis model of 130t/h Biomass-Fired Boiler. This article calculates the exergy losses of all kinds of boiler surface and the overall exergy efficiency of boiler, together with exergy distribution characters analysis result of 130t/h Biomass-Fired Boiler. The results obtained open out the greatest exergy loss and the place to generate these losses of boiler, and provide scientific gist for improving utilization of boiler energy.


Aged H-ferrierite (H-FER) samples with different contents of deposits were prepared and studied under differential catalytic conditions in a tapered element oscillating microbalance. Subsequently, these samples were examined using infrared spectroscopy to determine the nature of carbonaceous deposits and probing the type and number of accessible sites with d3-acetonitrile. From these results, for the first time, we have been able to calculate turn-over-frequencies (TOF) for n-butene conversion and isobutene formation for both fresh and aged H-FER catalysts. It is observed that the deposition of carbonaceous species significantly lowers the number of accessible Brønsted sites. With short time-on-stream (TOS) cracking of the alkyl-aromatic deposits contributes to the overall isobutene production but simultaneously harms the selective catalytic action by inducing non-selective side-reactions. With prolonged TOS these deposits become non-reactive and as a result the TOF drops, while isobutene is produced with high selectivity. It is demonstrated that at this stage no carbenium ions are detected, while Brønsted OH acid sites are still accessible for d3-acetonitrile on the extensively aged and highly selective H-FER. This indicates the latter sites to be responsible for the selective catalytic conversion of n-butene into isobutene.


Cochliopodium is a lens‐shaped genus of Amoebozoa characterized by a flexible layer of microscopic dorsal scales. Recent taxonomic and molecular studies reported cryptic diversity in this group and suggested that the often‐used scale morphology is not a reliable character for species delineation in the genus. Here, we described three freshwater Cochliopodium spp. from the southeastern United States based on morphological, immunocytochemistry (ICC), and molecular data. A maximum‐likelihood phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparison of COI sequences of Cochliopodium species showed that each of these monoclonal cultures were genetically distinct from each other and any described species with molecular data. Two of the new isolates, "crystal UK‐YT2" (Cochliopodium crystalli n. sp.) and "crystal‐like UK‐YT3" (C. jaguari n. sp.), formed a clade with C. larifeili, which all share a prominent microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and have cubical‐shaped crystals. The "Marrs Spring UK‐YT4" isolate, C. marrii n. sp., was 100% identical to "Cochliopodium sp. SG‐2014 KJ569724." These sequences formed a clade with C. actinophorum and C. arabianum. While the new isolates can be separated morphologically, most of the taxonomic features used in the group show plasticity; therefore, Cochliopodium species can only be reliably identified with the help of molecular data.


The objective of the present study is to evaluate the time-dependent reliability for dynamic mechanics with insufficient time-varying uncertainty information. In this paper, the nonprobabilistic convex process model, which contains autocorrelation and cross-correlation, is firstly employed for the quantitative assessment of the time-variant uncertainty in structural performance characteristics. By combination of the set-theory method and the regularization treatment, the time-varying properties of structural limit state are determined and a standard convex process with autocorrelation for describing the limit state is formulated. By virtue of the classical first-passage method in random process theory, a new nonprobabilistic measure index of time-dependent reliability is proposed and its solution strategy is mathematically conducted. Furthermore, the Monte-Carlo simulation method is also discussed to illustrate the feasibility and accuracy of the developed approach. Three engineering cases clearly demonstrate that the proposed method may provide a reasonable and more efficient way to estimate structural safety than Monte-Carlo simulations throughout a product life-cycle.


Abstract : The performance of chemical processes which produce hydrogen from water was studied in terms of generalized temperature-entropy considerations. Specifications for compounds yielding efficient two-reaction chemical processes were extended to include side-stream phase changes. A search for such compounds indicated that it is extremely unlikely that any exist or that any can be synthesized. The efficiencies of three potentially attractive chemical processes were computed and conceptual process designs were developed. Certain chemical reactions were investigated experimentally and for one key reaction a practical process plant was developed. Three alternate methods for obtaining nitrogen from air were studied and compared with air fractionation. Each method was evaluated in terms of efficiency, cost, weight, start-up, shutdown, normal operation, and engineering complexity. The optimum system and the most attractive alternate system were selected. (Author)


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The paper focuses on new ways of organising product development projects in the construction industry. We discuss two such projects, one in Denmark and one in Finland where different forms of 'network organisation' have been tried out. The paper looks at how the existing structure in the construction industry affects the product development projects 'organised-as-networks'. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THE PAPER Using relationships and networks as a form of organisation has been claimed to improve efficiency and the rate of innovation at the firm-level, as well as the industry-level. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how attempts at creating 'interorganisational networks' for product development in the construction industry is affected by the existing structure of the construction industry. By taking two product development projects 'organised-as-networks' as the point of departure, we illustrate and discuss difficulties with introducing networks/ relationships as an organisation mode in the construction industry. On the basis of this, we suggest a number of factors which may be taken into consideration if firms within the construction industry try to manage product development projects by forming 'interorganisational networks'. Furthermore, we propose some policy implications for national councils, which may consider setting up programmes for changing the organisation form used in the construction industry.


In cardiac resynchronization therapy, many devices need to be optimized to take into account the magnitude and characteristics of patients' ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony. The optimization process is mostly performed at rest; however, mechanical resynchronization might be more important under stress, while patients need to improve their cardiac efficiency. The objective of this study was to observe if levels of cardiac stress could modify the ventricular contraction synchronism. Cardiac stress was induced with dobutamine infusion in eight healthy canine subjects. Hemodynamic and ventricular synchronism assessments were performed by left ventricular pressure measurements and radionuclide tomographic-gated blood pools. Cardiac output increased from 2.8 ± 1.0 at rest to 5.7 ± 2.2 L min−1 at 20 µg kg−1 min−1, while the ventricular performance (dP/dtmax) increased from 1588 ± 374 to 8004 ± 710 mmHg s−1. At baseline, the interventricular delay (in degrees) was −6.3 ± 2.6°, the left ventricle contraction preceding the right. The delay significantly increased to −21.6 ± 3.1° with dobutamine stress (p < 0.0001). On assessment of the left intraventricular synchrony, septal-to-lateral delay was −6.9 ± 5.1° at baseline which revealed a preceded contraction of the left lateral wall from the septum. Cardiac stress produced a significant modulation (p = 0.01), with an inversion of the contraction pattern, the septum contraction preceding the lateral wall contraction by 15.5 ± 5.6° at maximum dobutamine infusion; a significant linear trend (p < 0.001) was found between cardiac stress levels and septal-to-lateral delays. Cardiac activity levels modified the ventricular synchronism supporting the fact that optimizations of cardiac resynchronization devices could be improved by taking cardiac stress into account.


Abstract This paper introduces an application of an ant colony algorithm in order to solve a spatial reconfiguration problem of multimodal transport network. It is a multicriteria problem. In fact, it consists of finding in real-time the best path with minimal travel time, minimal travel distance and maximal passenger number, for the vehicles within a disrupted transportation system. We adapted this metaheuristic algorithm and improved the search space exploration.


We investigate the question of possible integrability of classical string motion in curved p-brane backgrounds. For example, the D3-brane metric interpolates between the flat and the AdS5 × S5 regions in which string propagation is integrable. We find that while the point-like string (geodesic) equations are integrable, the equations describing an extended string in the complete D3-brane geometry are not. The same conclusion is reached for similar brane intersection backgrounds interpolating between flat space and AdSk × Sk. We consider, in particular, the case of the NS 5-brane—fundamental string background. To demonstrate non-integrability we make a special 'pulsating string' ansatz for which the string equations reduce to an effective one-dimensional system. Expanding near this simple solution leads to a linear differential equation for small fluctuations that cannot be solved in quadratures, implying non-integrability of the original set of string equations.


Loss of muscle tissues in cancer cachexia has been partly attributed to the activation of autophagy; however, because the experimental animal models involved only canonical cell lines, this conclusion cannot be confirmed until it is evaluated for different pathological conditions. Hence, in the present study, we histologically examined the punctate signal for LC3, an autophagosome marker, in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice. When 10 PDX mice grafted with colorectal cancer tissues were examined, their body weight, muscle (gastrocnemius) weight, and area of muscle fiber were all significantly lesser than those of control mice. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the number of LC3-positive puncta per muscle fiber or fiber area was significantly higher in the PDX mice than in control mice. These results indicate that the autophagy-lysosomal degradation system is involved in cancer cachexia-induced muscle wasting, and that PDX mice are a useful model for pathological analyses of cachexic muscle loss. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 67(1): 99-105 (2018)


It is found very often that training data contains unequal number of representative samples for classes. Some of the classes might be represented by a larger number of samples while the rest with lower number of samples. Classification of remote sensing images with imbalanced class distribution could result in a significant drawback in the classification performance attainable by most standard classifier learning algorithms which assume a relatively balanced class distribution and equal misclassification costs. So it is worth exploring if ensemble method could give an improved performance under the condition of imbalanced training data. In the proposed work, Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used as base classifiers in the ensemble committee. An ensemble of SVMs will be constructed using popular Bagging method. Standard Hyperspectral data such as Salinas is used as test data. The proposed work will explore the efficiency of ensemble technique in improving classification accuracy, even in cases of robust classifier such as SVM.


This paper gives a clear definition of design interactively and the primary goal of interaction design, which tries to provide a new perspective on the redesign of visual element in an interactive environment. It also studies visual communication design and interactive design by means of comparison method to define the basic concept of interaction, design interactively and intermediately in details. In addition, the paper clearly puts forward the most important task of interaction design which is to pursue design interactively.


The Transition Partnership Project (TPP) is a university- and community-based education program of the Red Clay Consolidated School District (RCCSD) serving young adults ages 18-21 years old who have moderate to severe cognitive disabilities. At least every two years, a University faculty liaison to the TPP conducts a formal evaluation of the program. The overarching purpose of the evaluation is to provide information that the RCCSD program staff and the TPP Advisory Committee can use to improve the program. The specific focus of each evaluation is jointly decided by the RCCSD program staff, University liaison, and the Advisory Committee. The primary purpose of the 2003 program evaluation was to inform program development by examining two valued program attributes: family involvement and student work experiences. We looked at these issues in terms of families' experiences and expectations for student development resulting from their children's and their own participation in TPP. A secondary purpose of the 2003 evaluation was to review the status of the program assessment system, which has been in development since the previous program evaluation. The program assessment system is intended to be a data collection and reporting process that, over time, can provide summary information to the program staff and Advisory Committee about all participating students' experiences, goals, and outcomes at multiple points in time: entry into the program, each year in the program, at exit from the program, and 6- and 18-months after exiting the program. Additionally, at the time the evaluation was being planned, a graduate student assistant assigned to the TPP was creating an informational and interactive website for students and families associated with TPP. Given that we were already gathering information from families about their experiences and expectations of the program, we decided to ask the families additional questions about their ideas for the content of the website and whether the website would be of interest and accessible to them. This became a third purpose for the 2003 evaluation.


ABSTRACT This research is aimed to identify, classify and analyze imperative sentences in the Film "12 Years a Slave" especially about its forms and functions in communication. The data are taken from the film "12 Years a Slave" directed by Steve McQueen. The identification and classification of the data are based on Quirk & Greenbaum theory about forms of imperative sentence. Furthermore, there is an analysis of the data about functions of imperative sentence in communication using the theory of Aarts & Aarts.  In analyzing the data, the writer uses descriptive method. The problems of this research focus on the forms and functions of imperative sentence found in the film "12 Years a Slave". The results of this research show that the all four kinds of forms in imperative sentence (commands without a subject, commands with a subject, commands with let, negative commands, and persuasive imperatives) are all can find in the film, and the writer also discovers a new form of imperative sentence that is used in the film which is commands using Adv & Adj. Additionally, the function of these imperative sentences found in the film are command, wish, invitation, and warning. This study concludes that the most used form in the film is commands without a subject and the most used function in the film is command. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key words: Imperative Sentence, Forms and Functions, Film "12 Years a Slave."


First published in 1926,  Rosalie Evans' Letters from Mexico  presents the story of a North American woman's unsuccessful struggle to hold back the tide of the Mexican Revolution. Ranging from the profoundly intimate to the consciously public, Rosalie Evans' correspondence describes her efforts to protect her hacienda, San Pedro Coxtocan, from the designs of agraristas in the Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley. Thrust into the turmoil of a country at war with itself, she often appears to have been an innocent abroad. Although showing little awareness of political issues, her account reveals many of the strains within Mexican rural society at the beginning of the twentieth century. From her perspective, the hacienda offered security and sustenance to a Mexican peasantry that lacked the intelligence and ambition to better itself. She dismisses agraristas as unscrupulous radicals bent on self enrichment at the expense of landowners like herself.


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Eating behaviour is an important aspect of social behaviour, and illnesses like eating disorders thus have a profound impact on quality of life. Family and twin studies provide compelling evidence for the heritability of eating disorders; it is estimated that roughly half of the phenotypic variance is accounted for by genetic factors. The presumed genetic architecture of eating disorders constitutes multiple genetic variants, each with a small effect size. This thesis aimed to replicate findings from the most extensive genetic studies of eating disorders done thus far, in a sample of 700 anorexia nervosa cases and 700 controls from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Austria. The results are non-significant, which is in line with genetic studies of other psychiatric disorders, as well as complex traits such as human intelligence, height, and body mass index. Power to detect genetic risk variants with small effect sizes could be increased by larger samples sizes, and by focussing on disease related quantitative traits rather than diagnoses. Candidate quantitative traits for eating disorders include drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction as measured by the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) questionnaire. Chapter 3 of this thesis presents the distribution of these traits in a general population sample from the United Kingdom (n = 3,624 females), and Chapter 4 presents the results of genome-wide association gene (GWAG) analyses of these traits. No gene p values passed a multiple gene testing correction, but among the top genes were several previously implicated in the aetiology of eating disorders. Larger sample sizes would be needed to verify these results. The results of this thesis underscore the phenotypic and aetiologic complexity of eating disorders, but demonstrate that a general population approach using quantitative trait measurements combined with genome-wide hypothesis-free gene analyses can be fruitful.