In film cooling flows, especially for high blowing ratios, the two contra rotating vortices are known as main contributor to the dramatic decrease in the film cooling effectiveness. These vortices entrain hot free stream gas and push them toward the blade wall. So, the thermal protection by cold injected air film is rapidly destroyed. One solution to reduce the effect of the contra rotating vortices at high blowing ratios is the use of the anti-vortex concept developed and studied at NASA Glenn Research Center. The anti-vortex concept consists of film cooling holes equipped with two branched holes in such a way that the secondary injection destroys the kidney vortices. The advantage of such concept is the great improvement in film cooling effectiveness level without significant additional machining efforts. In the present investigation, a detailed computation of the new anti vortex concept is realized by the use of a 3D Navier-Stokes code. Several geometrical configurations combined with high blowing ratios and variable density ratios are considered. Numerical results of holes equipped with the anti-vortex concept are compared to a baseline round hole injection and show promising improvement in all thermo-fluid aspects. The computational domain is discretized using a highly refined multi-bloc structured grid including the plenum area. The turbulence field is resolved by use of the SST turbulence Model. Computational results are presented in details and compared for different blowing ratios.


A substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-fed antipodal linear tapered slot antenna (ALTSA) with tapered microstrip-to-SIW transition for millimeter-wave (MMW) applications are presented. The antenna gain is 14.7 ± 0.5 dBi over the band of interest (50-70 GHz), while a radiation efficiency of 95% is achieved. Rectangular corrugation is added to the antenna, resulting in very low cross-polarization levels and relatively low sidelobe levels. The SIW, ALTSA and transition all designed in a single layer substrate. The given design parameters are obtained using both CST and HFSS simulators.


The development objective of the Huai River Basin Flood Management and Drainage Improvement Project for China is to provide better and more secure protection against floods and water logging, increase farmland productivity, and reduce property losses in predominantly poor rural areas in the Huai river basin in the provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui, and Henan. The second level restructuring changes include: 1. reallocation of loan proceeds between expenditure categories for Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces and Huai River Basin Commission; 2. revision of the disbursement ratios of civil works categories in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces; and 3. retroactive application of the revised disbursement percentages from November 1, 2012.


The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA-1) is required for the replication of episomal viral genomes. Regions in its N-terminal and C-terminal domains mediate the interaction with host cell chromatin. Several cellular nuclear proteins, e.g., BRD2/RING3, histones H2A and H2B, MeCP2, DEK, and HP1 (cid:1) , have been suggested to mediate this interaction. In this work, we identify the double-bromodomain proteins BRD4 and BRD3/ORFX as additional LANA-1 interaction partners. The carboxy-terminal region of the short variant of BRD4 (BRD4 S ) containing the highly conserved extrater-minal domain directly interacts with an element in the LANA-1 carboxy-terminal domain. We show that ectopically expressed BRD4 S and BRD2/RING3 delay progression into the S phase of the cell cycle in epithelial and B-cell lines and increase cyclin E promoter activity. LANA-1 partly releases epithelial and B cells from a BRD4 S - and BRD2/RING3-induced G 1 cell cycle arrest and also promotes S-phase entry in the presence of BRD4 S and BRD2/RING3. This is accompanied by a reduction in BRD4 S -mediated cyclin E promoter activity. Our data are in keeping with the notion that the direct interaction of KSHV LANA-1 with BRD4 and other BRD proteins could play a role in the G 1 /S phase-promoting functions of KSHV LANA-1. Further, our data support a model in which the LANA-1 C terminus contributes to a functional attachment to acetylated histones H3 and H4 via BRD4 and BRD2, in addition to the recently demonstrated direct interaction (A. J. Barbera, J. V. Chodaparambil, B. Kelley-Clarke, V. Joukov, J. C. Walter, K. Luger, and K. M. Kaye, Science 311:856–861, 2006) of the LANA-1 N terminus with histones H2A and H2B. PCR product into EGFPC1. The cyclin E reporter construct used in this study contains the 2.2-kb upstream region of the human cyclin E coding sequence and was generated in Robert Weinberg's laboratory (19). All constructs generated by PCR were com- pletely sequenced. SF9 insect cell culture, baculoviruses, and the generation of a BRD4 S aa444- 722 baculovirus. Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) insect cells were maintained at room temperature in Grace's insect medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 50 IU/ml penicillin, and 50 (cid:2) g/ml streptomycin in spinner flasks. For routine production of recombinant proteins, SF9 cells in logarithmic growth phase were infected at a cell density of 1.5 (cid:3) 10 6 cells ml (cid:5) 1 with 1 to 10 infectious units per cell, cultured at 27°C, and harvested 72 h postinfection. The recombi- nant baculovirus for the expression of the carboxy-terminal domain of KSHV LANA-1 (aa 951 to 1162) has been previously described (37). We generated a recombinant baculovirus for the expression of an amino-terminally Flag-tagged and carboxy-terminally hexahistidine-tagged fragment of BRD4 S , initiating at aa 444 (downstream of the second bromodomain) and ending at the natural C terminus (aa 722) of BRD4 S (aa444-722) using the BaculoDirect kit (Invitrogen). PCR was performed on the full-length BRD4 S cDNA in pcDNA3.1 and primers BRD4 S aa444BACF (5 (cid:4) -AGAGGATCCACCATGGACTACAAGGACGACG ACGACAAGCGCAAGCTCCAGGATG-3 (cid:4) [nucleotides introducing the Flag epitope are underlined]) and BRD4 S BAC R (5 (cid:4) -AGACTCGAGGCAGGACC TGTTTCGG-3 total of of each Tris, pH 8.0, NaCl, and mM increments) Five-hundred-microliter eluted efficiently an imidazole of by Bradford assay. specificity of the eluted by anti-Flag and anti-His immunoblotting.


Abstract : The report presents results of a second project concerned with the theory of cellular logic networks and machines. The ultimate objective of this program is the development of effective mathematical techniques for the analysis and synthesis of cellular logic networks and machines. The report deals with the design of array interconnection networks from the point of view of such array parameters as 'thickness,' 'diameter,' and 'cross-over complexity,' with bounds on the size of directed (d,k) graphs under various assumptions, with theoretical and empirical results for a special class of directed graphs called 'star polygons,' and with minimal combinational logic-gate circuits where closed circuit loops are allowed. (Author)


This is a study of teletext's role in the development of digital terrestrial television in Sweden, particularly as super teletext, focusing on the public service television company Sveriges Televis ...


OBJECTIVE To analyze the cause of Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to β-lactam and the aminoglycoside-modifying antibacterials. METHODS Three-dimensional test was used to analyze and classify the β-lactamases. Proper primers was used to do PCR and determined by sequencing. RESULTS A. baumannii clinical isolate harbored blaOXA2-23,blaTEM and blaADC genes and aac(3)-Ⅰ,aac(6')-Ⅰb and ant(3″)-Ⅰ aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes. CONCLUSIONS An A. baumannii strain which carries TEM,OXA-23,ADC β-lactams and aac(3)-Ⅰ,aac(6')-Ⅰb,ant(3″)-Ⅰ aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes is detected.


It is well established that correct antenatal identification of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses reduces their risk of adverse perinatal outcome with long‐term consequences. Ultrasound estimates of fetal weight (EFWus) are the ultimate tool for this identification. It can be conducted as a "universal screening", that is, all pregnant women at a specific gestational age. However, in Denmark it is conducted as "selective screening", that is, only on clinical indication. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the Danish national SGA screening program and the consequences of false‐positive and false‐negative SGA cases.


This paper presents two palmtop applications: Taeneb CityGuide and Taeneb ConferenceGuide. Both applications are centred around Starfield displays on palmtop computers – this provides fast, dynamic access to information on a small platform. The paper describes the applications focussing on this novel palmtop information access method and on the user-profiling aspect of the CityGuide, where restaurants are recommended to users based on both the match of restaurant type to the users' observed previous interactions and the rating given by reviewers with similar observed preferences.


Modern instruction in biology in elementary and high schools requires innovations in organization and didactic-methodological modeling of the educational process. The contents in the subject Biology for the first grade of grammar school are extremely difficult for students because they are extensive and abound with concepts, terminology and facts unfamiliar to students. The contents related to cytology are deemed especially important for further understanding and acquisition of knowledge of biology in subsequent curricular phases. That is why the aim of our work was to develop and implement an innovative didactic model for the elaboration of cytology contents, and test its effects compared to traditional teaching techniques. The experiment included 120 first-grade students of the Grammar school in Zrenjanin. The results of the final test and the retest of the experimental and the control groups showed that the students in the E- group (with whom the model was applied) achieved quantitatively and qualitatively higher results than the students in the C-group (who were taught in the traditional way). The survey conducted in the experimental group indicated higher motivation among students during the application of the innovative model of teaching biology, which confirms the model's value and justifies its usage in the teaching process in general.


Gasification is making a strong comeback as a sustainable energy source in clean energy systems such as IGCC, as a renewable source utilizing millions of tons of waste dumped in the landfill, and as a solution to the ground water leaching and CO2 & CH4 emission that risking our ecological system. In this paper, thermodynamic equilibrium and numerical analyses of the gasification of coal and tire crumbs in an entrained flow gasifier is presented. This work seeks to obtain a comparative analysis between the optimum operation conditions for the two feedstocks. The numerical model uses an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach with discrete phase model of feedstock in a continuous model of oxidant. This model also takes into account the turbulent flow (SST k-ω model), gas phase gasification (Species Transport model), tire particles devolatilization (Kobayashi Two-Competing Rate model), heterogeneous char reaction (Multiple Surface reaction model), particle dispersion by turbulent flow (Stochastic Discrete Random Walk model), radiation (P1 model) and particle distribution (Rosin Rammler model). The temperature distribution and product distribution of the developed model is also presented in this paper.


Previously, we reported the use of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on deposited films of Ge/sub 10/As/sub 40/Se/sub 25/S/sub 25/ glasses to yield photoinduced index changes as high as 5% on illumination with 488 nm light from an argon-ion laser. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of this effect to fabricate low-loss channel waveguides, whose guided-mode sizes may be changed over a large dynamic range to achieve many functions required of on-chip optical interconnection: sharp bends, high packing densities, and spot-size conversion.


This articles focuses on relationship between the municipal government of a Parisian suburb and the main producers of filo pastry in France. In the municipal authorities' discourse, the business is identified as "ethnic " and viewed as a way to revive the market and a sign of urban modernity. The author traces the socio-historical background (the trajectory of the municipal authority, the entrepreneurs and the product) to see under what conditions commercial "otherness " can be thought of as a resource for action and for the municipal narrative.


Cloud Computing (CC) has received great attention from the
scholarly researchers and IT companies. CC is a standard that offers services through the Internet.
The standard has been manipulated by existing skills (such as collect, peer-to-peer and grid computing)
and currently accepted by approximately all major associations. Various associations like
as Microsoft and Facebook have revealed momentous investments in CC and currently offer services
with top levels of reliability. The well-organized and precise evaluation of cloud-based
communication network is an essential step in assurance both the business constancy and the continuous
open services.

To select and rank the CC service providers, we introduce an Improved
Score Function (ISF) based Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach. The proposed
approach is developed to solve the MCDM problems with partly unknown weight. To do this, the
criteria preferences are given in terms of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFSs). Numerical example is
illustrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach over the previous ones.

A decision making problem of cloud computing service provider has been considered for
signifying the developed technique and finishes with the outcomes coincide with the already developed
methods which confirms the solidity of the developed method.

For future, we plan to implement the proposed technique on various decision making
problems, clustering and multi-objective problems. Also, we plan to extend our method under different
uncertain atmosphere by using other MCDM methods.


The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo(d)thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo(d)thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts (1:2) (M: L) ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as (ML2Cl2) XH2O.


In situ gas permeability tests are to be conducted at the proposed repository horizon at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site in southeastern New Mexico. These tests, as well as others, are part of the Plugging and Sealing Program. The tests described in this test plan represent the initial effort to obtain a detailed in situ measure of the flow characteristics of the formation adjacent to the underground workings at the proposed repository site. Measurements will be made in boreholes drilled in the vertically up, vertically down, and horizontal directions. Tests will be performed at various hole depths to obtain data in both the disturbed and free-field regions. These permeability tests will provide data on the repository near-field permeability properties and will aid in identifying future test requirements. In addition, these data may be used as input to various performance assessment analyses and preliminary plug designs.


Drug screening for improved function and transcriptomics of iPSC-derived endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary hypertension reveals AG1296. Pursuing promising candidates for PAH Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are dysfunctional in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Gu et al. used transcriptomics and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived endothelial cells from patients with PAH to identify a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin-AG1296, that improved survival of cells. AG1296 activated bone morphogenetic protein receptor signaling and limited the proliferation of PAH smooth muscle cells, and its drug signature correlated with an anti-PAH gene signature. Treatment of a rat model of pulmonary hypertension reversed vascular remodeling and AG1296-induced regression of lesions in lung organ cultures ex vivo. Combining transcriptomics with functional cell assays could accelerate identification of drug candidates for PAH. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disorder leading to occlusive vascular remodeling. Current PAH therapies improve quality of life but do not reverse structural abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature. Here, we used high-throughput drug screening combined with in silico analyses of existing transcriptomic datasets to identify a promising lead compound to reverse PAH. Induced pluripotent stem cell–derived endothelial cells generated from six patients with PAH were exposed to 4500 compounds and assayed for improved cell survival after serum withdrawal using a chemiluminescent caspase assay. Subsequent validation of caspase activity and improved angiogenesis combined with data analyses using the Gene Expression Omnibus and Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures databases revealed that the lead compound AG1296 was positively associated with an anti-PAH gene signature. AG1296 increased abundance of bone morphogenetic protein receptors, downstream signaling, and gene expression and suppressed PAH smooth muscle cell proliferation. AG1296 induced regression of PA neointimal lesions in lung organ culture and PA occlusive changes in the Sugen/hypoxia rat model and reduced right ventricular systolic pressure. Moreover, AG1296 improved vascular function and BMPR2 signaling and showed better correlation with the anti-PAH gene signature than other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Specifically, AG1296 up-regulated small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD) 1/5 coactivators, cAMP response element–binding protein 3 (CREB3), and CREB5: CREB3 induced inhibitor of DNA binding 1 and downstream genes that improved vascular function. Thus, drug discovery for PAH can be accelerated by combining phenotypic screening with in silico analyses of publicly available datasets.


A target tracker based on the mean-shift algorithm is proposed.The MST(Mean-Shift Tracker)employed the mean-shift algorithm is applied to target data associations and then Kalman filter is used to estimate the track of the targets.In order to tack targets,the MST utilizes the data of different probability density functions to distinguish them.This idea is very different from the traditional methods.By doing so,the data from the targets and clutter background having different probability density functions can be differentiated,whereas the data associations of the target tracks are carried out by combining the target probability density functions and the near neighbor data association.The Simulation results show that the computing load and the response time delay of the algorithm is significantly low.Furthermore,a good track performance is achieved.


Since 1976, 28 laboratories have submitted 72 samples of 60Co to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)- K1.Co-60. Recently, the PTB (Germany) and the TAEK (Turkey) participated in the comparison and the key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been updated to include the PTB result. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the updated KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical presentation is also given. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).


The grading and prognostication of breast phyllodes tumours remain challenging, and the value of biological markers continues to be elusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and β‐catenin in a series of 185 breast phyllodes tumours comprising 120 benign, 48 borderline and 17 malignant lesions.


In this paper, the rapid assessment method of casualties in earthquake disasters is studied and a casualty assessment model based on coupling factors is established from the perspective of factors affecting casualties in earthquake disasters. Taking Guangdong area as an example, the spatialization and quantification of casualty coupling factors in earthquake disasters are analyzed in detail. A software system is developed based onARC Engine 10.1 platform. For the same earthquake case, different algorithms (algorithm model based on coupling factor and algorithm model based on building seismic vulnerability) are used to calculate the number of casualties in order to compare research results.


Two mammal repellents, ZAC (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate cyclohexylamine complex) and TMTD (tetramethylthiuram disulfide) were applied to selected browse species in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Protection was tested by measuring current annual twigs removed during the period of winter use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (0. hemionus). The repellents effectively protected chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), American plum (Prunus americana), aspen (Populus tremuloides), and caragana (Caragana arborescens) from deer browsing. Use by deer on untreated native chokecherry plants varied from 21.8 to 43.9 percent, with a mean of 28.9 percent; use of TMTD-treated plants varied from 2.1 to 17.4 with a mean of 6.8 percent, and use of ZAC-treated plants varied from 0.3 to 1.8 with a mean use of 0.7 percent. Both repellents protected aspen shoots almost as effectively as caging. ZAC was also applied to caragana and plum nursery transplants, and significantly prevented browsing by deer. Mammal repellents provide an alternative to expensive and laborious fencing and caging of experimental plants and plots, and also may be useful in browse revegetation projects. Revegetation of game ranges in the Black Hills of South Dakota frequently has been restricted because newly established plants were consumed before they were large enough to withstand browsing. Large herds of white-tailed deer and smaller herds of mule deer have damaged the browse resource in large portions of winter range areas in the central and northern Black Hills (Berner 1955, Bever 1959). Expensive deer-proof fencing often has been the only way to insure protection for small-scale experimental plantings. Large-scale pilot plantings have not been protected, owing to the great expense. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine if mammal repellents developed for the protection of conifer plantations and commercial orchards also could effectively protect native and planted browse sp cies, and (2) to compare the effectiveness of two commercially available repellent formulations under Black Hills condi-


A description is given of the fundamentals of an automated control system for doing repair work. A list of the software functional characteristics and functional modules for this system is given.


The formation and growth of intermetallic compounds (IMC) is a key factor to the reliability of soldering joints in modern electronic mounting and packaging industry. In this work, Sn-3.8Ag-0.5Cu, Sn-3.8Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni lead-free solders were prepared using vacuum equipment. The influence of element-Ni on interfacial reactions between Sn-3.8Ag-0.5Cu and Cu during soldering as well as on IMCs behavior during aging was studied. When soldered, the Sn-3.8Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu IMC layer was much thicker than that of Sn-3.8Ag-0.5Cu/Cu; by calculating the metastable phase equilibria and comparing the driving forces of formation of individual IMC, the compounds sequence and reaction path at solder/copper interface were predicted through Thermo Calc software which is based upon CALPHAD method. The results showed that the compound which formed first was Cu/sub 6/Sn/sub 5/, then Cu/sub 3/Sn. The microstructure of the joint was also identified by means of Olympus, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis methods, the addition of Ni made IMC of SnAgCu/Cu turn into (Cu, Ni)/sub 6/Sn/sub 5/. The results from thermodynamic calculation are in good agreement with the experiments. When 130/spl deg/C aged, the total IMC layer of SnAgCu/Cu solder joint thickened with the increasing of aging time. The thickness of IMC layer has straight-line relation to square root of time, which accords with the rule of parabola; while (Cu,Ni)/sub 6/Sn/sub 5/ layer of the SnAgCu-0.1Ni/Cu solder joint appear greater stabilities during aging.


The historian Jordanes came from the Roman province of Moesia Inferior and lived in the first half of the 6th century. Two of his works are known to us and form a compendium of historical sources: 'De summa temporum uel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum' (or 'Romana') and 'De origine actibusque Getarum' (or 'Getica'). This volume is concerned with the syntax of both books, with particular reference to the 'Romana'. The study bases its method primarily on traditional syntactic works (Kuhner-Stegmann, Hofmann-Szantyr etc.) augmented in part by more modern syntactical and pragmatic approaches. Two closely-linked goals are on the one hand to emphasise the linguistic unity of Jordanes as a contribution to our knowledge of late or 'vulgar' Latin, and on the other to distinguish the copyists' variations from the author's original language. Another element which is examined throughout is the comparison with the textual models, especially the works of Florus and Jerome, since these often have a decisive influence on the linguistic form of the work.


Objective To explore appropriate surface gyri and imaging planes which are suitable for studying spreading cortical depression(SCD)using the noninvasive technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)through investigation the feline surface gross anatomy and sectional anatomy of cat brain on MRI.Materials and Methods 6 female cats were performed with MR imaging.The anatomical images included high-resolution T1W images covering the whole brain in vertical transverse,sagittal and coronal planes and conventional T2W images.The anatomic characteristics were studied on each image.After fixation,specimens of feline brain were acquired and the surface gross anatomy were observed and analyzed.Results Cats had a complex gyrencephalic brain with folded cerebral cortex.The marginal and suprasylvian gyri ran rostrocaudally,with simple geometric form and superficial situation.The marginal gyrus was the longest one,but it was bounded by the superior sagittal sinus.The suprasylvian gyrus situated lateral to the marginal gyrus,absence of big bounded vessels,with continuous grey matter lie on either side of this gyrus.In contrast,the ectosylvian gyrus was too lateral in position and too short for easy imaging access,and lied under the large temporalis muscle.The transverse images of the cat brain could reveal the continuity of the grey matter between adjacent gyri.But each transverse section displayed a limited region of grey matter only.Images in the sagittal planes could reveal the marginal and suprasylvian gyri more fully but one slice provided an image of only one.Images in the coronal plane which include bilateral marginal and suprasylvian gyri could reveal not only the length of these gyri,but also the relationship of adjacent gyri,and could provide the contrahemishere as contrast.Conclusion The suprasylvian gyrus is most suitable for SCD initiation and imaging.The bilateral marginal and suprasylvian gyri are the ideal imaging planes for SCD study using functional MRI.


Many of today automotive companies, especially PT Astra Honda must have the capability to increase on selling their products by implementing various marketing strategies appropriately. Some innovations must have fulfilled the needs of the consumer interests in order not to lose their consumers trust and intesifying the demand of "Motor matic Vario" in Surabaya. In improving the decisions, automative industryhave to increase their quality products, prices, and promotions. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the quality products, prices, and promotions toward the consumers decisions on buying "Motor Vario" in Surabaya. This research using questionnaire survey method which has been distributed to 100 respondents. Analysis techniques in this reasearch showing the availibilty of the significant decisions on buying "Motor Vario" in Surabaya.

Keyword : Quality Products, Prices, Promotions and Dicisions On Buying.


ABSTRACT In reviewing the evolution of development studies, this article identifies three distinct traditions in teaching and research on development studies: international, national and global. Scholars and practitioners also make critical choices regarding focus, scale and expertise. The nature of explanation has shifted from understanding historical change, to assessing policy interventions at a demonstrable level of causality. The field is dividing into parallel dialogues that view development as national (domestic well-being), global (cross-border interdependencies), or foreign (poverty hotspots abroad). Development studies needs to bridge these dialogues, by encouraging the use of mesolevel data (between the nation-state and households), adopting greater geographic precision and offering thick explanations of social change.


Abstract Energy conversion in squirrel-cage fans is sensitive to the inlet geometry. It occurs at the inlet where a separation zone which occupies a major volume in the rotor and the volute starts. In this research, different inlets of inward and outward types were tested on two fans. First, the inlet diamenter and position were matched with the rotor, which improved the fan characteristic curves. The results of the experiments were sensitive to the width of the blade retaining ring (shroud). Later the tangential and radial components of the velocity out of the rotor were measured. The resulting velocity profiles across the scroll width showed that outward inlets produce a more uniform velocity angle inside the volute than inward inlets did. This was not because of a more aerodynamic flow through the rotor blades by was due to a better match between the inlet and the volute. The axial energy transfer resulted in tangential velocities larger than the rotor velocity, at axial positions across the volute where there was no flow out of the rotor.


A novel adsorbent was prepared using sugarcane bagasse modified with graphene oxide. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The adsorption of basic magenta on bagasse and graphene oxide-modified bagasse was systematically studied. The effects of initial concentration, adsorption time, adsorption temperature, and the amount of the adsorbent on the adsorption capacity were examined. Adsorption isotherms were described using both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir model fit well with the experimental data. The results revealed that the adsorption percentage of basic magenta increased from 55.4% to 99.5% under optimal adsorption conditions. The maximum absorption capacity was 145 mg/g.


【Objective】The objective of this paper was to screen wheat genes to resist aphid,Sitobion avenae and to reveal the resistance mechanism.【Method】Sequences and functions of differential expressed genes between resistant and susceptible population were analyzed by mRNA differential display reverse transcription PCR(DDRT-PCR)with resistant parents of 98-10-35,susceptible parents of 1376,and their F3 and BC1F1(98-10-35/1376//1376)population.【Result】8 pairs specific primers out of 24 were selected were able to amplify 74fragments with differential resistances.A mean of 9.3 amplification products were detected from above cDNA templates.20 bands with significant differences were cloned,sequenced and compared.A cDNA sequence with 2 260bp,encoding 642 amino acids,was obtained and named as TA642.TA642 was highly homologous to proteins in caderin complex subunit-STAG domain of other plants are highly homologous.It was assumed that it would affect physiological and biochemical metabolism by pla-ying a role in adhesion of sister chromatid in eukaryotes.【Conclusion】An expressed sequence tags(ESTs) sequence of wheat resistance gene,namely TA642,was obtained and it would participate in the resistance to Sitobion avenae.


This presentation concerns the research and development of the ocean moored profiler Aqualog. This technique allows a user to obtain regular time series of oceanographic data at fixed geographical location by using conventional oceanographic probes, which are transported by a special carrier that moves vertically between surface and bottom of the sea.


The globalization trend during the Covid-19 pandemic showed that there are more consumers willing to shop online than visit physical stores. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of convenience, service quality, and social factors on consumer online grocery shopping behavior in Singapore during the Covid-19 pandemic. Data were collected from 153 respondents in Singapore via a survey, which was distributed through an online platform. A cross sectional study was applied, and the research instruments used were adapted from several past studies. Research hypotheses were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that convenience (β = 0.360, t = 4.063, p < 0.01) and service quality (β = 0.416, t = 5.495, p < 0.01) significantly influence consumer online grocery shopping. However, social factors (β = 0.042, t = 0.490, p > 0.05) have no significant influence on consumer online grocery shopping. With the help of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the present study has provided support for previous studies as well as clarified the roles played by convenience, service quality, social factors in consumer online grocery shopping behavior in Singapore.


High-brightness light-emitting diode (LED) is next generation of green lighting. However, the bulky electrolytic capacitor is required to compensate the difference of pulsating power, thereby restricting the lifetime. Meanwhile, the existing drivers based on pulse frequency modulation (PFM) is bound to arouse heavy electromagnetic interference. In this paper, the series resonant converter based LED drive is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of electrolytic capacitor and PFM control. The proposed method is to attenuate the low frequency ripples delivered from the power factor correction (PFC) to LEDs; therefore, the capacitance is reduced for energy storage of offline LED drivers. On account of the adoption of the switching controlled capacitor (SCC), the constant frequency control is achieved by the regulations of the equivalent capacitance. Half-bridge switches are shared by the bridgeless PFC and the resonant unit, therefore, single-stage LED drive is realized with high efficiency. In addition, SCC is simultaneously shared for the upper and lower half-bridge to reduce the cost and improve the power density. Operating principle, design considerations, and performance comparisons are examined in detail. Finally, all the superior performances of proposed LED driver are verified by simulation and experimental prototypes with two-channel LEDs, and rated output power of 80 W.


This article presents Epistemological Identity Theory (EIT) that explains how individuals enhance their knowledge of self and the world by creating and maintaining identities. Using cognitive and affective processes previously ignored by identity theorists, this theory reconceptualizes commitment to an identity as the degree to which that identity organizes and clarifies one's experience of the world and him/herself. The theory is derived from two previously developed theories by Demerath based on epistemological principles. First, Knowledge-Based Affect Theory describes our affective response to gains and losses in meaning, and identifies the determinants of meaningfulness as frequency, stability, and impact. Second, Epistemological Culture Theory extends those principles, arguing individuals actively increase meaningfulness by creating culture as they collaboratively articulate, typify, and orient their experiences to create shared meaning. Extending these principles to commitment, EIT asserts that individuals are committed to organizations, roles, or experiences to the extent those experiences are frequent, stable, and impactful, and to the extent those experiences have been articulated, typified, and oriented. This article outlines the theory in the course of showing how it builds on the insights of previous conceptions of commitment, while providing determinants that are more precise and more unified and grounded theoretically.


We study extremely nonlinear, coherent electromagnetic waves in the context of relativistic, expanding plasma flows, where a confining external medium triggers the formation of a shock. Using a combination of analytical methods and Particle-In-Cell simulations, we look at mechanisms of wave generation and dissipation, as well as how the waves affect the particle distribution. For a large-amplitude wave of general polarisation, any given set of wave parameters uniquely fixes the particle and energy flux associated with the flow. In cases where the wave properties can be constrained, this can be used to estimate the flow parameters. The prime application of our work is to pulsar winds and their termination shocks, where it provides a viable alternative to magnetohydrodynamic models. The Wavelike Pulsar Wind Pulsar winds are believed to carry most of their energy in the form of Poynting-flux close to the pulsar, but to be particle-dominated at the termination shock (Kennel & Coroniti, 1984; Arons, 2002; Lyubarski, 2003). The question of how the Poynting flux of the wind is dissipated has been subject to considerable debate in recent years. A central issue in the discussion is the fate of the highly nonlinear wave which is launched into the expanding wind by the spinning pulsar motion (i.e., in the general case where the neutron star spin and magnetic dipole axes are non-parallel). The behaviour of the wavelike wind has been studied in numerous works, usually from a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) point of view. It is clear, however, that ideal MHD cannot apply to arbitrarily large radii, since the diverging wind motion dilutes the plasma until the flux-freezing condition breaks down, at a critical radius rc which is poorly constrained, but is thought to be in the inner wind, although well beyond the light cylinder. For radii r > rc, magnetic reconnection might set in (Coroniti, 1990; Michel, 1994; Lyubarsky & Kirk, 2001; Kirk & Skjaeraasen, 2003), leading to a radial decrease in the ratio σ of Poynting flux to particle energy flux, and possibly producing an observable signature in the form of pulsed X-rays and γ-rays (Arons 1979, Kirk et al., 2002; Skjaeraasen, 2004; Petri & Kirk, 2005). In the current project, we explore an alternative to the MHD-based models: Beyond rc, the carrier wave of the wind might be a relativistically nonlinear, electromagnetic wave (Melatos & Melrose, 1996; Melatos, 1998). This non-MHD scheme finds support in that the displacement current dominates the particle current by a large factor at large radii. We use analytical methods and Particle-In-Cell simulations to determine the state of the TEM wave as it propagates in the wind zone from r ≈ rc to the termination shock and beyond.


Editing method (4) of a signal (x) of original audio represented by a stream (AS) of encoded audio, said encoded audio stream a plurality of frames comprising, each of said frames a header (H) and one or more segments (S), each representative segment parameters (CT, CS, CN) of said signal (x) of the original audio, the method comprising the steps of: determining a corresponding edit point to a point in time in that signal (x) of the original audio; inserting, in a frame (i, j) target representing said signal (x) of original audio for a time period incorporating said instant in time, corresponding to a transient parameter (EEP, SEP) at said instant in time and an indicator that said parameter represents an edit point; and generating a stream (AS) representative of encoded audio signal edited audio and including said target frame.


The platelet paradigm in hemostasis and thrombosis involves an initiation step dependent upon platelet membrane receptors binding to ligands on a damaged or inflamed vascular surface. Once bound to the surface, platelets provide a unique microenvironment supporting the accumulation of more platelets and the elaboration of a fibrin-rich network produced by coagulation factors. This paradigm has been established from decades of research. The platelet-specific receptor, glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX, is critical in this process and can initiate the formation of a platelet-rich thrombus by tethering the platelet to a thrombogenic surface. Several ligands binding to GP Ib-IX have been identified, but von Willebrand factor (vWF) and the resultant GP Ib-IX/vWF axis has emerged as a major initiator of platelet thrombus formation in the arterial circulation. Newer, emerging data supports a role for platelets in pathological events beyond the prevention of blood loss. We have obtained data supporting the hypothesis that platelet GP Ib-IX contributes to malignancy. Knockout and transgenic mouse colonies have been generated in our laboratory and bred to C57BL/6J animals to generate several congenic strains (> 10 generation backcrosses) with dysfunctional platelet GP Ib-IX. These colonies have been used to characterize tumor metastasis and primary tumor growth in syngeneic models where the host animals are immunocompetent. The results demonstrate platelet GP Ib-IX contributes to tumorigenesis, as a functional absence of GP Ib-IX correlates with a significant reduction in the number of metastatic foci using models of experimental metastasis. In addition, an absence of GP Ib-IX significantly reduces primary tumor burden. A second series of experiments has determined that platelet GP VI, a key activation receptor on the surface of platelets also contributes to progression of experimental metastasis. The importance of metastasis in the prognosis for recovery from cancer can not be over-emphasized. Indeed, the spread of metastatic disease represents a fundamental change in significantly shortening the lifespan of patients with breast cancer. Thus, understanding the molecules that regulate metastasis identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention that could significantly improve the prognosis for the breast cancer patient. Several decades of prior work in hemostasis and thrombosis has placed this project in a position to quickly provide new information and understanding on the links between hemostasis and cancer.


We have demonstrated the principle of distributed temperature sensing using the Brillouin loss mechanism with a single laser source. The technique involves the use of a stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) generator to produce down-shifted light.


In order to analyze the influence of solid concentration on the cavitation characteristics of deep-sea mining pump, the relationship between gas phase and liquid phase, solid phase and liquid phase are established through the theory of cavitation nucleus and the energy equation. And the effect of solid-phase parameters on the cavitation performance of deep-sea mining pump is studied. The cavitation steady simulation of slurry pump is carried out by fluent software using the mixture multiphase flow model, RNG k-ε turbulence model and Singhal fully cavitated model. The influence of different particle concentration on the pressure distribution, gas distribution and working performance of the slurry pump are given, which provides the theoretical basis for the cavitation characteristics of the slurry pump. The results show that the critical bubble radius and the solid concentration and the flow rate can be established by the liquid pressure when the cavitation occurs. The larger the solid phase particle concentration is, the larger the solid phase flow will occur. The anti-cavitation performance of pump will decrease. With the increase of solid concentration, the pressure decreases at the inlet of the impeller blade of the primary pump, as well as the volume fraction of the gas and the anti-cavitation performance.


Recent advances in mathematical theory, numerical modelling and signal processing have enabled a number of sophisticated methods for the prediction and measurement of the acoustical properties of porous media to be developed. These results impact on the fields of general acoustics, noise and vibration control, polymer extrusion, pharmaceutics, medical research, soils and underwater sediment research. Although a considerable amount of related work has been carried out since 1940s, there are still a number of significant challenges associated with modelling of the acoustical behaviour of porous materials with heterogeneous structure, complicated shape and/or unconsolidated elastic frame. Other problems concern the efficiency, stability and convergence of numerical methods that are used to predict the efficiency of single porous layers and their composites. In addition, new classes of porous materials have recently emerged. These are auxetic foams, materials with double porosity, inclusions and anisotropic pore structure. The acoustical behaviour of these materials is yet to be fully understood and practically exploited. The aims of this special section of the journal are: (i) to present the most up-to-date developments in modelling, characterisation and applications of acoustic porous media, (ii) to communicate the advances in acoustics of porous media research to adjacent disciplines concerned with material technology, (iii) to discuss future challenges for this area of research. This section is a compilation of eight invited papers from well-known and emerging talented researchers working on acoustics of porous media. The first three papers in this section are mainly theoretical, the next three papers are largely numerical and the last two papers focus mainly on new materials and their applications. The first paper by German Maximov presents a new unified theory of sound propagation in porous media. The author uses the Hamilton's and Onsager's variational principles to derive a system of Biot-type equations that takes into account the fluid shear viscosity relaxation, thermal conductivity and expansion coefficients. This theory predicts the existence of two shear propagation modes Kirill Horoshenkov, University of Bradford, UK


Based on the comprehensive analysis, of hydrogen storage experimental results for 7,1- Ni amorphous alloy, the quantitative relationship of PCT curve rvas established , the calculated results are consistent with experimental ones.


Abstract : The ability of the sun to emit high-energy cosmic-ray particles was discovered by Forbush in 1946, and the study of these particles has become important to our understanding of solar physics and solar-terrestrial relationships. As an aid to the future study of space weather forecasting, we have recently compiled a list of published works related to the forecasting of solar proton events. (Author)


Discloses a device in an exemplary embodiment, the processing logic comprising a transmitter and a transmitter coupled. Processing logic is configured to transmit data via a transmitter. Processing logic generates a request to send frame. Processing logic encoded data representing a bandwidth parameter set in the request to send frame. Processing logic via the sender to send the request to send frame.


A multi-year series of ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements, complemented by contemporaneous soil cores, were collected at a single location in south-eastern New England, USA. The shallow subsurface is characterized by a 0.9 m thick sandy soil layer which overlies a gravelly-sand layer. Over a number of months, and different soil moisture conditions, 30 common midpoint (CMP) soundings were collected, and on each of the days, co-located soil cores were taken for analysis and comparison with the soil water content from the GPR velocities. GPR velocities were estimated using two independent methods: standard normal moveout (NMO) analysis of reflected traveltimes, and the analysis of frequency-dependent velocity dispersion of shallow GPR waveguide modes. A comparison of GPR estimated water content in the field versus gravimetrically measured water content in the lab provides a site-specific Topp-like empirical basis for predicting soil water conditions from GPR data. Although such site-specific relations may be useful, we find that for our site comparing the results of this study with the conventional Topp relation reconfirms the continuing utility of the latter.


In situ sulfur-doped mesoporous g-C3N4 (mpgCNS) was synthesized from a simple organosulfur compound, thiourea, using SiO2 nanoparticles as the hard template. The resultant product has a high surface area of 128 m2 g−1 and mesopores in the range of 10–20 nm. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the doped sulfur was proposed to substitute carbon in mpgCNS and a downshift of 0.25 eV was resulted in its conduction band. Optical studies indicated that mpgCNS exhibits enhanced and extended light absorbance in the visible light region and a much lower density of defects compared to the native g-C3N4. As a result, mpgCNS has been found to be 30 times more active than the native g-C3N4 for hydrogen evolution from photocatalytic water splitting. A high quantum efficiency of 5.8% at 440 nm was obtained which is among the highest for carbon nitride photocatalysts.


Introducing an in-plane magnetic field into Josephson junctions is of fundamental significance in exploring a variety of interesting physical phenomena. However, extra care must be paid in realistic experiments involving an in-plane magnetic field, because trivial orbital effect due to, e.g., rippled structures can inevitably be introduced, which could produce false effect confusing the expected physical phenomena. In this work, we report a diamond-shaped evolution of the critical supercurrent in an in-plane magnetic field in NbTiN weak-link Josephson junctions. Upon application of an in-plane magnetic field perpendicular to the current, the superconducting interference pattern exhibits a characteristic evolution, which manifests as a diamond block diagram featured with each node opened and stretched out in a V-shape, mimicking the suppression-recovery patterns of critical supercurrent related to the Zeeman-driven 0-pi transition. However, the effect of Zeeman splitting plays a negligible role due to the relatively small magnetic field involved in our experiment. Therefore, we explore the trivial orbital effect of rippled structures and further take into account non-uniform current distributions pertaining in our junctions. We find that the ripples in combination with specific current distributions can give rise to a similar evolution pattern as the experimental observations. Our results serve as a caution that the combined effect of rippled structures and non-homogeneous current distributions should be taken seriously for experiments subjected by in-plane magnetic fields.


Stereotypes are an extremely complex object of research. Mental construction cannot be static. Old stereotypes slowly change, new ones appear and with the help of various codes (linguistic, cultural, literary) the author encrypts all of this into the artistic text. Besides the existence of linguistically expressed but not linguistically fixed stereotypes in artistic texts, stable stereotypes undergo different modifications of sense and verbalization forms. The ultimate goal of the research is to identify the factors which determine the form and the meaning of stereotypes verbalizers; to carry out a functional differentiation of linguistic signs that refer to these conventional referents in Ukrainian, Polish and British realist prose. Stabilized stereotypes are fixed by nominations of different structural and semantic complexity. Within the limits of the semantic structure of a nomination there is a hierarchy of semantic features: their typicality, frequency of functioning and, hence - stereotypicality - decreases from the center towards the periphery. In the core zone, semantics of a stereotype coincides with the semantics of a prototype. Stereotypes with different degree of conventionality and communicative relevance are explicated in artistic texts with the help of structurally different nominative and communicative units.


Outlines the key factors in the successful use of quality management tools and techniques in a process of continuous improvement. Examines some of the common difficulties in use and application together with tips to overcome and steer around them. Details of a health check for assessing tools and techniques is also given.


Abstract Objective: The parameters of orofacial dysfunction (OFD) in children can guide clinicians and researchers in the monitoring of deviations from normality. The aim for this study was to evaluate manifestation patterns and the prevalence of OFD in children. Materials and methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 531 schoolchildren (8–10 years old) in a small city in southern Brazil. OFD was evaluated using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S). Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance was used to estimate adjusted NOT-S rate ratios (ratio of arithmetic means) among the different categories of covariables and their respective 95% confidence interval (RR: 95%CI). Results: The mean NOT-S score was 2.1 (SD 1.4, median: 2.0; range: 0–8). The majority of children (87.6%) had at least one domain of the scale affected. The most affected were Chewing and Swallowing (50.5%), Habits (41.4%) and Breathing (26.4%). NOT-S scores were lower among children from higher income families (RR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61–0.87) and higher among those with difficulty regarding access to dental services (RR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01–1.28), those with sleep bruxism (RR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.04–1.32) and those with open bite (RR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.42–1.93). Conclusions: The prevalence of OFD was high and both socioeconomic and clinical factors exerted an influence on NOT-S scores.


Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) aims to identify the constituents of a sentence, together with their roles with respect to the sentence predicates. In this paper, we introduce and assess the idea of using SRL on generic Multi-Document Summarization (MDS). We score sentences according to their inclusion of frequent semantic phrases and form the summary using the top-scored sentences. We compare this method with a term-based sentence scoring approach to investigate the effects of using semantic units instead of single words for sentence scoring. We also integrate our scoring metric as an auxiliary feature to a cutting edge summarizer with the intention of examining its effects on the performance. The experiments using datasets from the Document Understanding Conference (DUC) 2004 show that the SRL-based summarization outperforms the term-based approach as well as most of the DUC participants.


Renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, still require a great deal of research and development in order to improve efficiency, reduce overall manufacturing costs, and to become more sustainable in the future. Solar power production using PV modules has increased and is currently one of the fastest growing energy technologies worldwide, leading to speculation that it will be the main source of electrical power in future. This on-going research and implementation of PV modules and systems necessitates the effective training of technicians, technologists and engineers required to install, maintain or interface with these systems. The Department for Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering at the Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT) in South Africa has implemented a Higher Certificate in Renewable Energy Technologies (HCRET) in January 2014. The purpose of this article is to outline a practical innovative jig that was used to stimulate awareness and understanding of the fundamental operating principles of one specific sustainable technology, namely PV modules. Electronic measurements from this innovative jig are obtained by using an ARDUINO UNO board which interfaces with LabVIEW. Student perceptions of using this innovative jig are further presented, which indicate that the practical experiments were satisfying, challenging, relevant and applicable to PV module operation.


Abstract Objective To investigate the correlation between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Methods Open published studies relevant to MTHFR C677T polymorphism and non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head were electronic systematic searched in the databases of cochrane central register of controlled trials, EMBSE and CNKI. The correlation between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head was calculated by odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The publication bias for the included studies were assessed by Begg's funnel plot and Egger's line regression text. Results After systematic searching the electronic databases, 11 original studies were finally included the present work. The I2 test indicated significant statistical heterogeneity (I2=53.5%, P=0.018) across the included 11 publications. The polled results indicated that subjects of Caucasians with CC genotype had decreased risk of developing non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (OR=0.65,95%CI: 0.44-0.96, P=0.031). However, there was no correlations between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in American Jewish and East Asian races(p>0.05). Sensitivity analysis indicated the pooled ORs were not sensitive to any included single study. The Begg's funnel plot was generally left and right symmetrical which indicated no obviously publications. The Egger's line regression test also demonstrated no statistical publication bias (t=1.57, P=0.15). Conclusion According to the present evidence, MTHFR C677T polymorphism was correlated with non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head especially for Caucasians race. Subjects of Caucasians race with CC genotype had decreased risk of developing non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head.


Objective To study on the relationship between a series of free radicals abnormal reactions in the bodies of the patients with acute methamidiophos poisoning (AMP) by taken orally and damage of the bodies induced by free radical abnormal reactions. Methods 41 AMP patients and 40 healthy adult volunteers (HAV) were enrolled in an independent samples random control design, in which levels of lipoperoxides (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), vitamin C (VitC), vitamin E (VitE) and β-carotene (β-CAR) in plasma as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were tested in erythrocytes with spectrophotometric methods.Results Compared with the average values of corresponding biochemical parameters in the HAV group, the average values of LPO and NO in the AMP group were significantly increased ( P 0.0001), and average values of VC, VE, β-CAR,SOD,CAT and GPX in the AMP group were significantly decreased ( P 0.0001). The findings of linear regression and correlative analysis for 41 AMP patients showed that there existed significantly linear negative correlations between erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and LPO, NO ( P 0.001), while existed significantly linear positive correlations between AChE and VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, CAT, GPX ( P 0.01). The findings of stepwise regression and correlative analysis for 41 AMP patients showed that there existed the closest relationship among AChE and GPX, LPO. Conclusion The findings of the present study suggested that a series of free radical reactions in the bodies of the AMP patients was pathologically aggravated, and there existed the closest relationship among toxic degrees reflected by AChE and GPX, LPO.


Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of delaying initial feedlot implant on BW, ADG, and carcass characteristics. At receiving, steers were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) implant at feedlot entry (NORM) or 2) implant 30 d after feedlot entry (DELAY). In Exp. 1, steers (n = 200) were not implanted until feedlot entry; however, in Exp. 2 steers (n = 209) were implanted at approximately 50 d of age. In Exp. 1, there was a tendency (P = 0.11) for BW at d 30 to be heavier (10 kg) for NORM compared with DELAY; however, all other BW measures were similar (P = 0.29). In Exp. 2, BW measures were also similar (P = 0.82) for NORM and DELAY. In both experiments, carcass weight, fat thickness, LM area, and YG were similar (P = 0.51). Additionally, in both experiments marbling scores (P = 0.58) and the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice and greater were similar (P = 0.54) when comparing NORM and DELAY. In these studies, delaying initial feedlot implant had no effect on BW, ADG, or carcass measures including YG and QG.


The deregulation of power system has introduced new challenges in the field of power system utilization. The main goal of deregul ation can be summarized as defining a competitive market for maximizing the overall social welfare while maintaining power system reliability. The consumers have a vital role in new electricity market because their offer in pool markets has a great effect on power system operation. Therefore, it is necessary to modeling demand - side responses in electricity market. A new model for demand - side should be capable of considering the objectives and interests of each stakeholder and also should be based on technic al and economical analysis. Demand response programs (DRPs) are new tools to analysis effect of demand - side in electricity markets. The results of such programs are improvement of some technical and economical characteristic of power system. DRPs are divid ed into two categories which are priced - based and incentive - based demand response programs. The goal of this paper is logarithmic modeling of emergency demand response programs (EDRP) as incentive - based DRPs . In Regard to this purpose, nonlinear behavioral characteristic of elastic loads is considered which causes to more realistic modeling of demand response to EDRP rates. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique, a real world power system is considered as test system. Where, Iranian power sys tem is investigated . Simulation results emphasis on the effectiveness impact of running EDRP programs using proposed logarithmic model on load profile of the peak day of the proposed power system. ( Mehdi Nikzad, Shoorangiz Shams Shamsabad Farahani, Mohamm ad Bigdeli Tabar , Hossein Tourang, Behrang Yousefpour . Smart Environment Effect on Running Logarithmic - Based Model of Emergency Demand Response Programs in Electricity Markets . Life Sci J 2012;9(4): 50 1 3 - 50 1 8 ) (ISSN:1097 - 8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com . 751


Two new schemes of low-distorting single-phase diode-bridge rectifiers with capacitive smoothing of the output voltage are proposed, analyzed, and verified. The harmonic distortion reduction proposed is based on optimum conversion of the ripple power to an additional quantity of DC power consumed in the load. To verify the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed improved rectifier circuits, they were tested by computer simulation. In addition, the corresponding laboratory rectifiers of 0.5 kW were built and tested. In proposed schemes, low values of the total harmonic distortion hold in wide range of the load variation


BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of obstructive lung disease (OLD) based on clinical grounds is challenging. There have been no population-based COPD studies that collected pulmonary function data in Portugal, a country in transition between phases 2 and 3 of the smoking epidemic. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obstructive pattern on spirometry in a representative sample of adults from Porto, Portugal. METHODS: We conducted a health survey between 2001 and 2003, and 758 participants ≥ 40 years old had reliable spirometry. We used a structured questionnaire to collect demographic, clinical, social, and behavioral data. Obstructive pattern was defined as FEV1/FVC < 70%. Logistic regression was performed to quantify the association between socio-demographic and clinical factors and outcome. RESULTS: The participants' mean ± SD age was 58.5 ± 11.5 years, and 62% were women. The prevalence of spirometric obstructive pattern was 10.7%, 95% CI 8.6–13.1%; 13.4% in men, and 9.1% in women (P = .08). The age-adjusted odds ratios for cumulative smoking exposure of less than and more than 20 pack years, in comparison with never smokers, were 3.49 (95% CI 1.02–11.92) and 3.91 (95% CI 1.29–11.89) among men, and 1.47 (95% CI 0.53–4.08) and 2.68 (95% CI 1.07–6.68) among women, respectively. Previously diagnosed OLD was reported by 30.9% (95% CI 21.1–42.1%) of the participants with spirometric obstructive pattern. Spirometry confirmed the OLD diagnosis in 20.5% (95% CI 13.7–28.7%) of subjects who self-reported OLD (kappa = 0.14, 95% CI 0.07–0.20). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of spirometric obstructive pattern was high. Considering Portugal's position in the smoking epidemic, together with the aging of the population, we can expect an increase in the prevalence of OLD in older people and in women. Our results confirm the limited validity of self-reported OLD in epidemiological studies.


In a four-dimensional N=2 superconformal quiver theory with gauge group SU(N)×SU(N) and bifundamental matter, we analytically obtain the exact strong-coupling behavior of the normalized 3-point correlators of single-trace scalar operators in the large-N limit using localization techniques. We then obtain the same strong-coupling behavior from the holographic dual using the AdS/CFT correspondence at the supergravity level. This agreement confirms the validity of the analytic strong-coupling results and of the holographic correspondence in a nonmaximally supersymmetric setup in four dimensions.


An efficient access, single step and environmentally benign synthesis of a new series of pyrazole containing isoxazolines derivatives were prepared by the condensation of chalcones bearing pyrazole moiety with hydroxyl amine hydro- chloride in basic condition by using polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG) as a greener reaction solvent. The advantages of the present methodology are mild reaction condition and avoidance of volatile organic solvent. Furthermore, these newly syn- thesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity against various pathogens like Escherichia coli (MTCC 2939), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 98), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Aspergillus niger (MTCC 281), Aspergillus flavus (MTCC 2501), Penicillium chrsogenum (MTCC 160) and Fusarium moniliformae (MTCC 156). Especially compound containing the hydroxyl group in C2-position and presence of halo (I, Br and Cl) groups as substituents at C3 and C5 position on the benzene nucleus showed the higher activity. Furthermore, compounds bearing methyl groups in combination with I and Br which enhanced the activity.


.................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES .................................................................................................... xi GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 3 Natural Abiotic Stressors and Biotic Disturbances ..................................................................... 3 Saline Seep Formation ................................................................................................................ 4 Salt Stress .................................................................................................................................... 5 Halophytes ................................................................................................................................... 6 Anthropogenic Salinity: Brine .................................................................................................... 8 Ex-Situ and In-Situ Brine Spill Remediation ............................................................................ 10 Plant Succession ........................................................................................................................ 13 References ................................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 2: OIL-PRODUCED WATER THRESHOLDS ON RANGELAND PLANT'S SURVIVAL UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS .............................................................. 32 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 33 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 36 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 46


An embodiment of the invention provides an E-mail sending method and an E-mail transmitting device. When an attachment in the E-mail is detected, a link for indicating an attachment storage position is acquired from an E-mail server, and furthermore a client replaces the attachment which is added into the E-mail by the link. Finally the E-mail is transmitted through the E-mail server. Because the link for indicating the storage position of the added attachment is utilized in the E-mail, an attachment uploading process is prevented, thereby saving data flow and bandwidth occupation. Furthermore, for the user, waiting time in uploading the attachment is saved and E-mail transmitting speed is improved.


In many thermal plasma applications, the knowledge and control of energy transfer is essential. Numerical models taking the interaction between plasma and material into account are being developed but the results need to be validated by experiment. Before considering experimental measurements to deduce the heat transferred to a material, we develop a theoretical approach studying the ability of inverse methods to reconstruct the temperature field and the heat flux profile applied at the surface, starting from temperature values in the material. After a study of the literature, the conjugate gradient method and the least squares methods were chosen for our configuration. Numerous parametric tests were performed (position, number of temperature points and the introduction of noise on data) to compare the two methods and to study their suitability. In the case of heat fluxes of around 107–108W m−2 and iron materials, the Tikhonov method showed its limitations but the conjugate gradient method demonstrated its suitability for implementation in our experimental setup to reconstruct the heat flux and the temperature field that could be obtained by the interaction of an electric arc with a material in an axisymmetrical configuration.


Methods: Data of patients diagnosed with infection between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015 in orthopedics and traumatology department of 2 different hospitals were analyzed. Patients diagnosed with malignancy or who were discharged from other departments were excluded. A standard form was used to collect demographic data, culture antibiogram results, details of infectious agent, source of culture material, posology of antibiotic used, duration and appropriateness of use, and length of hospital stay. Costs were estimated based on number of units used and price per unit according to 2014 Ministry of Health price list. Mean price of antibiotics used per patient was calculated and descriptive analyses were also completed.


Taking as its point of departure an analysis of the tri-partite dialectical structure of the "Via Naturaliter Negativa" chapter of Wordsworth's Poetry, this essay then seeks to show how the dialectical pattern is shadowed by another pattern of development, the two-stage Pauline scheme of figure and fulfillment. If within the dialectical scheme, the rising up of the Imagination in Book VI ("VIb") functions as a negative moment of pure self-consciousness, within the typological scheme, it is a figure whose terms are fulfilled or actualized in VIc (the Ravine of Gondo passage) or alternatively with Snowdon; in both cases, however, it is a question of reinscribing VIb within a progressive movement. At the same time, Hartman's emphasis on the divergence between VIb's position in the compositional sequence and the narrative sequence isolates the Imagination passage neither as a moment of absolute self-consciousness nor as a pre-figuration but rather as Wordsworth's coming "face to face" with his own text. (Edit...


Based on the t test results, the quality of service has a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a significance value of 0.008 smaller than 0.05 (0.008 < 0.05), meaning the quality of service has a significant influence on the purchase decision. The price significantly affects the purchase decision with a significance value of 0.000 smaller than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05), which means that the price has a significant influence on the purchase decision. Promotion significantly affects the purchase decision with a significance value of 0.047 smaller than 0.05 (0.047 < 0.05), meaning the promotion has a significant effect on the purchase decision. Transaction security significantly affects purchase decisions with a significance value of 0.017 less than 0.05 (0.017 < 0.05), meaning transaction security has a significant effect on the purchase decision. Company loyalty significantly affects the purchase decision with a significance value of 0.037 smaller than 0.05 (0.037 < 0.05), meaning company loyalty has a significant influence on purchasing decisions.


Two new theorem-proving procedures for equational Horn clauses are presented. The largest literal is selected for paramodulation in both strategies, except that one method treats positive literals as larger than negative ones and results in a unit strategy. Both use term orderings to restrict paramodulation to potentially maximal sides of equations and to increase the amount of allowable simplification (demodulation). Completeness is shown using proof orderings.


The study was designed to examine the various statistical techniques for computing the Discriminating power of a dichotomous item response test. The simple Discrimination Index, the Cramer's phi coefficient and conventional phi coefficient, Point Biserial Correlation, and t-test for independent sample was used to test the difference in mean of the criterion scores between those who got the item correct and wrong. Item 1 of the Senior Secondary Agricultural Science test was used as the computational example. In the analysis, the simple Discrimination Index and 3 formulae of the Point-Biserial correlation gave the same result (r = 0.63). The Cramer's phi coefficient was 0.49 and phi coefficient (0.65). There was significance difference between the mean criterion scores of students who got the item right and those who failed the item (t+ 5.05 p DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n1p189


In order to assure safety of both patient and operator, and to provide uniform quality radiographs, it is necessary to perform periodic calibration of diagnostic X-ray equipment. A basic parameter of diagnostic equipments and its image sharpness is the size (and shape the energy distribution) of the focal spot as viewed along the central X-ray beam. This size determines the resolution possible with the equipment and also determines the heat characteris-tics of an anode. A fine focus tube gives high resolution but causes high local heating of target. In past, the pin-hole and star pattern image measurement for evaluation of resolution have been widely used, but it produced blurring and inaccuracy of irnage. So newly inverted Ug-meter has in less out-put bias than other image measurement. The authors intended to compare focal size between Ug-meter and focal spot test tool, from setting to now of units.


In long term studies the following climatological characteristics were measured or calculated: air and soil temperature, sunshine, wind speed, vapor pressure, saturation deficit, precipitation, humidity, incoming and reflected solar energy, energy emitted by active surfaces and primary production. Taking into account the relationships between climatological characteristics, the growth stages of vegetation, and relations between heat balance components, the fluxes of energy used for evapotranspiration, air, and soil heating were estimated in various ecosystems composing the agricultural landscape. The energy contained in biomass production of various crops was estimated also. Aggregate estimates of energy flow connected with evapotranspiration, and soil and air heating were calculated for eight model landscapes which differed by the plant cover structure. A higher variability of energy fluxes was observed for individual ecosystems than for agricultural landscapes. It was shown that the structure of the plant cover has an important bearing on energy flow and water cycling both by direct and indirect influences. Shelterbelts are especially important in their influence on energy flow and water cycling.


Radio over Fiber (ROF) has the advantages of low transmission loss, huge bandwidth, resistance to electromagnetic interference and so on. It becomes a research hotspot in recent years. In this paper, the ROF system with suppression of odd sidebands based on Maher-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is proposed. The system uses Eight Hexadecimal Phase Shift Keying(8PSK) and Sixteen Hexadecimal Phase Shift Keying(16PSK) to modulate. Under different frequencies of RF signal, the spectrum diagram and constellation diagram are obtained after the transmission of 20km single-mode fiber(SMF). By analyzing the constellation characteristics of the received signal, it is proved that compared with the 16PSK signal, the 8PSK signal reduces the frequency of the modulated signal, saves the spectrum resources better, increases the capacity of the communication signal, and realizes the stable transmission.


To assist the NRC in its licensing evaluation role the Seismic Safety Margins Research Program (SSMRP) was started at LLNL in 1978. Its goal was to develop tools and data bases to evaluate the probability of earthquake caused radioactive releases from commercial nuclear power plants. The methodology was finalized in 1982 and a seismic risk assessment of the Zion Nuclear Power Plant was finished in 1983. Work continues on the study of the LaSalle Boiling Water Reactor. This paper will discuss some of the effects of the assumptions made during development of the systems analysis techniques used in SSMRP in light of the results obtained on studies to date. 5 refs.


The anatomical characters of the fruit exocarps of 20 species and 2 varieties of Polygonum and related species from Shandong Province were observed under light microscope.The results showed that the exocarp cells(in cross section) were square(isodia-metric),shortly rectangular,or elongated-rectangular,and aligned in parallel,resembling a palisade;the cell lumens were variable in shape and their sizes depending on cell wall thicke-ning,and may show branches or canals dichotomously or trichotomously or as dendritic ramifications at the outer limit anticlinal branching;the anticlinal walls were undulate or straight.Fruit exocarps were devided into three types based on the anticlinal wall patterns and cell lumen shapes,and they are,A.nearly narrow triangular cell lumen with dendritic ramifications and strongly flexuose anticlinal walls with numerous folds and gaps internally,e.g.Polygonum aviculare;B.nearly long and narrow cell lumen with dendritic ramifications,and were divided into two subtypes,B1 the cell lumens irregular,and anticlinal walls strongly flexuose or waved,e.g.P.persicaria;B2 the cell lumens regular,and anticlinal walls straight,e.g.P.bistorta;C.narrow cell lumen with dichotomous to quadrichotomous ramifications and straight anticlinal walls,e.g.Fallopia dumetorum.The anatomical characteristics have important systematic value to delimitation of the section and treatment of species in dispute within the family Polygonaceae.


On December 18, 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) released its Five-Star Quality Rating System, which compares the approximately 16,000 nursing homes that accept federal funds to one another. The evaluation system is available to the public online through the CMS website Nursing Home Compare. Although all the nursing homes listed comply with the minimum federal standards, the motivation for creating the new evaluation tool was to provide the public with a means by which to easily compare the quality of nursing homes within a state. Thus, rather than promulgating additional regulatory requirements, the federal government instead designed and implemented the Five-Star Quality Rating System as a tool to allow nursing home consumers to make more informed decisions. Thereafter, the system relies on the power of consumer


The invention relates to a sachet of flexible thermoplastic material for animal artificial insemination, a packaging machine of such bags, and a suitable probe such insemination sachets. The bag (1) consists only of two flexible sheets of thermoplastic material fastened to one another by a weld bead along a closed path of generally rectangular shape when the pouch is empty and one of which of the short sides is interrupted, the weld defining starting from the interruption of the short side a filling duct extended by a centering cone. The machine comprises a feed drum (7) with drive pins (10) for empty bags, a recovery drum (8) provided with cutting means (12) for the filled bags, and between the drums, a filling device (15) of the bags and a welding device (22) to carry out their sealing.


The solutions of Albite, Florgumat and Aquarin influence on the crops photosynthetic activity indicators and the spring rape yields level on light chestnut soils of the Volgograd region were considered.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the Big Five personality traits on the entrepreneurial intentions of undergrad university students in Jordan. It further investigates the mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness.

Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative survey method was conducted with a convenience sample of Jordanian university students. A total of 323 valid questionnaires were received and analyzed. A structural equation modeling with partial least square (PLS) is used to analyze data.

Findings
Results revealed that conscientiousness, openness and alertness were associated with entrepreneurial intention. Extraversion and openness were associated with alertness, while agreeableness and neuroticism were unrelated to either outcome. Finally, alertness mediates the relationship between extraversion and openness with entrepreneurial intention.

Originality/value
There is a lack of previous studies investigating the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and students' entrepreneurial intentions in Jordan, particularly the role of mediating variables in this relationship. This study is considered the first one that examined the mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness in the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial intentions.


Excerpt The myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of bone marrow stem-cell disorders characterized by peripheral cytopenias and hypercellular dysplastic bone marrows (1, 2). The myelo...


To the Editor: In our letter to the Editor1 regarding the article by Dalerba et al.2 on the role of CDX2 expression in stage II and stage III colon cancer, we asserted that we could not confirm tha...


: Olefin is widely used in chemical and pharmaceutical production. In the process of producing C4 olefin, catalyst combination and temperature will affect the formation of C4 olefin. As one of the most important high value-added raw materials in the chemical industry, the synthesis of C4 Olefin by ethanol coupling was of great significance in the field of the chemical industry. Different catalysts and various conditions have different effects on the chemical reaction [1] . This paper mainly explores the relationship between selectivity of C4 olefin and catalyst combination and temperature, and how to optimize catalyst combination and temperature to make the yield of C4 olefin as high as possible. This article is based on relevant data sets. This article explores the relationship between variables such as the amount of Co loading, Co/SiO2 ratio, HAP loading ratio, ethanol concentration, catalyst loading method, temperature, and the selectivity of C4 olefins and the conversion rate of ethanol. It is based on relevant datasets and utilizes the method of controlling variables. Pearson coefficient is used to test the correlation between variables, and a multiple linear regression model is established. Finally, experiments are designed to verify the optimal conditions for achieving the highest yield of C4 olefins. Based on analysis and validity testing, the findings suggest that the proposed model is well-suited for chemical reactions in a wide range of industrial production contexts, facilitating efficient extraction of the desired product during actual manufacturing processes. Future improvements will focus on optimizing the model with a larger dataset, incorporating advanced deep learning techniques, and enhancing both its accuracy and precision.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of developing an EModule with the 3D PageFlip Professional application to improve learning outcomes in science learning in 5th grade elementary school. This type of research is Research and Development with a nonrandomized experimental method subject pre-test post-test control group design. With the number of respondents, the students of Public Primary School Gugus Sunan Muria, Demak District, were 280 students. This study uses a quantitative approach. The results of this study showed the highest score obtained in the control group was 84 and the lowest score was 55 with an average of 67. The highest value obtained in the experimental group was 93 and the lowest value was 67 with an average value of 80, indicating that the average value of the experimental group was greater than the control group, which experienced a significant difference. The data from the t test shows that t count > t table, which is 26,041 > 1,6503 and the N-Gain value is in the high category and the interpretation is very effective. Data from the normality test based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov obtained a significance value > = 5%. The experimental group pre-test 0.093, post-test 0.081 and control group pre-test 0.022, post-test 0.200. This shows that the data values in the experimental group and control group are normally distributed. From the homogeneity test results obtained significant 0.433 > 0.005, it can be concluded that Ho is accepted and the data is homogeneous (same) the existing data is homogeneous.


Fifteen second shift male industrial workers from local industries performed 61 variations of lifting, pushing and pulling tasks to investigate the effects of task frequency, height, distance, and box size. A psychophysical methodology was employed whereby the test subject controlled the amount of weight or force being handled. Measurements of heart rate, oxygen consumption, and body size were also taken. The results indicated that size, distance, height and frequency are significant variables to consider when establishing guidelines for maximum acceptable weights.


The provenance determination of the ancient stone materials results the main insight archeometric application in the archaeological field, even if it can result difficult to reach when the studied material consists of white or coloured marbles. A petrographic application on grey marbles, using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a electronic microprobe system, is here reported. The marbles of Porta Praetoria (Aosta, Italy), manufactured by the Ancient Romans in the Republican Age, are studied. According to historical documents, two types of marble may have been used: the marble coming from Villeneuve or from Aymaville villages (Aosta Valley). Both marble varieties occur as lenses interbedded in Upper Piedmont Zone, an ophiolitic unit belonging to Penninic domain of the Western Alps. The sample from the Porta Praetoria is constituted by a grey marble, characterized by calcite and dolomite levels of different grain size, which reflect different grey tonality and confer to the rock a typical veined appearance ("bardiglio" variety). Minor silicate minerals, concentrated in the dolomite layers, are also present. In particular, this marble is characterized by the contemporaneous presence of three dioctahedral micas, with the potassic mica enriched in the celadonitic end-member as crystallized at high pressure metamorphic conditions. In additions, phlogopite and Mg-chlorite are also present. Comparable paragenesis is shown by the Aymaville marble, whereas the marble from Villeneuve resulted devoid of phlogopite and Mg-chlorite. Therefore, on the basis of petrographic and microchemical features, it may be suggested that the grey marble used for the edification of the Porta Praetoria in Aosta comes from the village of Aymaville, located in the right side of the central Aosta Valley.


AIM: To investigate the corrective mechanism of temporomandibular joint(TMJ) adaptation with fixed inclined bite-plate treatment in mandibule retrusion by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).METHODS: The subjects were 13 consecutive Class Ⅱ osseous malocclusions with mandibular retrusion treated with fixed inclined bite-plate.From each subject,four MRI images of TMJ were obtained and evaluated: before treatment,immediate after treatment,during treatment and after treatment.RESULTS: MRI-signs of condylar remodeling were observed at the posterior-superior border in all 13 subjects treated with fixed inclined bite-plate.MRI-signs of glenoid fossa remodeling at anterior-inferior border of post-glenoid spine were noted in 2 of 13 subjects.Condylar-fossa relationship changes were unconspicuous before and after treatment.CONCLUSION: Condylar remodeling seems to contribute significantly to the increase in mandibular growing resulting from fixed inclined bite-plate treatment,while glenoid fossa remodeling and condylar-fossa relationship change are not remarkable.


Fluorescent lamp electrodes breakdown when the oxide on their coil electrodes is exhausted at the end-of-life. Two types of breakdown mechanisms are observed in oxide-less coil electrodes depending on the operation mode. When a lamp is operated continuously after ignition, breakdown occurs at the point where the coil electrode connects to its supporting lead after around 8 seconds. If the lamp is operated using cycles of 4 seconds on and 12 seconds off, breakdown will occur at the coiling part of the coil electrode after around 170 seconds. The experimental results show that the former breakdown mechanism is due to ion bombardment and the latter is due to the evaporation of tungsten wire. Discharge current concentration at the point connecting a coil electrode and its supporting lead, which causes the ion bombardment, will begin after 7 seconds or more, and is independent of the electrode temperature. Thus, if the operation of a lamp at the end-of-life stops within 6 seconds of starting by using a protection circuit, the breakdown due to ion bombardment will be prevented.