The blood of cattle (or pig) was used. Besides separating thrombin from blood serum,SOD could be obtained highly active from blood compusle through the comprehensive methods such as hemolysis,combinating effect of copper ion,heat denaturation,organic solvent deposit copper ion tracking. This method was helpful for environment protection and additional value of farming by-product improving.


We discuss an optical atomic clock based on a two-photon transition at 778 nm in rubidium. In particular, we discuss the fundamental limitations to the short-term stability of a system based on a commercial C-band telecom laser as opposed to a near infrared laser. We show that this system is fundamentally capable of besting a hydrogen MASER in frequency stability and size.


the utilization and impact of visualization environments and visualization scholarship by developing extensible models and programs for the creation and sharing of digital scholarship in large-scale and immersive visualization environments. Funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, this project complicates digitally humanistic scholarship in that it is multilayered (project, products, principles), multi-institutional, and multi-faceted in its intended reception. The locus of the project, or the "text" itself, exists between the data and documentation, the code and context of the works, all inside the project frame. We present this work for review because of these complexities and the opportunity to stretch boundaries, definitions, and norms. sense of process as product. Carolina recruiting


Abstract : We are continuing our research in the development of the Inverse Scattering Transform (IST). IST is a method which allow's one to solve nonlinear wave equations by solving certain related direct and inverse scattering problems. Research is really two pronged. It is necessary for us to understand and effectively solve both classical and new direct and inverse scattering problems. We use these results to find solutions to nonlinear wave equations much like one uses Fourier analysis for linear problems. Moreover the nonlinear wave equations arise naturally in physical problems. We are particularly interested in fluid dynamical applications. Although original discoveries employed IST in one spatial dimension, we have developed effective procedures to carry forth the method for multidimensional problems. In one spatial dimension solving the inverse scattering problem requires one to solve a vector Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problem. In multidimensions we have shown that the DBAR method is essential to solve the increase problem. In a special case it reduces to a Riemann-Hilbert problem (sometimes a nonlocal Riemann-Hilbert problem). The method applies to the multidimensional Schrodinger scattering problem (i.e. the Helmboltz equation) higher order scalar differential operators, multidimensional first order systems and even discrete equations i.e. difference equations. The multidimensional DBAR method is an extremely powerful method to analyze and solve inverse scattering problems. The DBAR method to solve a variety of novel and important inverse scattering problems in multidimensions.


The brown bowel syndrome is a rare disorder caused by vitamin E deficiency occurring in malabsorption syndromes. In patients with celiac sprue and chronic pancreatitis, the death rate from malignancy is high. We believe that vitamin E deficiency is responsible for the development of the brown bowel syndrome and may be partially responsible for the high incidence of malignancy in patients with celiac sprue and chronic pancreatitis. We report such a patient, and review the literature.


The invention provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof capable of binding to the antigen binding pocket of the AP33 antibody, wherein said antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises VL CDR1 (L1), VL CDR2 (L2), and VL CDR3 (L3) consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:23 respectively, and comprises VH CDR1 (H1), VH CDR2 (H2), and VH CDR3 (H3) consisting of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, and SEQ ID NO:26 respectively. The invention also provides compositions, methods, nucleic acids and uses.


The Lawrenceville, Georgia Police Department conducted a series of measurements of pedestrian velocities in order to understand how age, gender, weight and physical condition effect the speed that a pedestrian travels. This speed can be an important consideration in the time/distance analysis used when constructing an accident. Pedestrians were asked to complete walking trials of the following walking speeds - casual walk, quick walk, and trot as if crossing a busy street - on flat asphalt and across a distance of twenty feet. Times to complete the walk were recorded and compiled.


It was found that large hollows are left between the crossed laser mesas during the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) of semi-insulating InP (SI InP). However, SI InP layers with flat surfaces could be regrown using a channel structure and HVPE. The laser diodes buried in SI InP using this technique had threshold current as low as 22 mA and output power as high as 25 mW. Using this technique, side-injection light-controlled bistable lasers (SILC BLD) were fabricated. The obtained SILC BLDs exhibited good bistable characteristics.


After total hip replacement with Sivashs implants marked metallosis by chromium, cobalt and to a lesser degree by molybdenum develops in tissues contiguous with the joint. Titanium and tin are also determined in considerable amounts. At experimental (2 months to 5 years) and clinical (3 weeks to 15-19 years) follow up all metals are determined in the connective tissue. In bone tissue only small amounts of metals were present even in long term follow up. In short terms metallosis develops in the zones close to the mobility unit and gradually distributes along the bone marrow canal. As shown by experimental data metallosis is detected only as traces when the implant without friction units is used. In stable and unstable implants the degree of metallosis was the same although its incidence was higher when loosing developed. Our data confirm the possibility of the total hip prosthesis loosing but it develops gradually and manifest clinically in late terms.


Abstract : The International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) is currently defined by the radio positions of 212 extragalactic objects. Since its inception there have been two extensions to the ICRF. These extensions included revised positions of ICRF candidate and "other" sources, based on inclusion of additional observations, as well as positions of an additional 109 "new" sources. With continued applicable Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations and improvements in analysis a better realization of the ICRF is now possible and an even better realization is feasible in the foreseeable future. Planning for a second realization of the ICRF is currently underway with a projected completion date concurrent with the 2009 IAU General Assembly. Within the next decade, optical astrometric satellites will present serious competition to the radio-based ICRF. Reevaluation of the spectral regime at which the ICRF is defined will then be necessary.


Under the market economy conditions, financial and monetary policies as two major means the government uses to regulate and distribute resources, have different functions on economy. Guiyang's economy at a different stage of development should not only make use of the inner functions of the two policies, but also timely shift their primary and secondary position. To study and analyze the stage character and feature of Guiyang's economic growth and reach common understanding in theory is a prerequisite of quickening and keeping its sustainable development, also the theoretical basis of Great Guiyang's developmental strategy.


According to GM(1,1) model for prediction of the amount of emission is insufficient in mine,introduces the topological prediction based on the grey prediction model,combine the advantages of both,established grey topology prediction of mine gas emission prediction model.Then,the model is applied to the analysis and prediction of gas emission in coal mining face.The experimental results show that:the original data of the GM(1,1) model results and the measured values vary greatly,and does not meet the requirements of precision,while using the grey topology prediction model requires precision to achieve "better" level,the prediction results and measured results of waveform change is consistent.The absolute error is 0.2m~3/min,the relative error is 3.8%,the error is small.Experimental verification of the grey topological model can solve the problem of the traditional GM(1,1) model for prediction of wave type data deficiency.It has guiding significance for mine management.


Objective To summarize the effect of the intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation(IABP) during the perioperation of cardiac surgery.Methods From June 2004 to May 2007,33 cases underwent cardiac surgery were performed IABP under the routine hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest,including 26 of the coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) and 7 of valve replacement.22 cases were performed IABP during the operation,the others after operation.Results Ten cases died.The total success rate of IABP was 69.7%,with 81.8% in CABG and 28.6% in valve replacement.No severe complication as ischemia or necrosis occurred in all cases.Conclusion IABP is a safe and effective mechanical assist device during cardiac operative procedures.


Combining with practical experience,the paper explores space truss structure design,and describes space truss structure from five aspects,such as type selection,material,member design,bearing design,and anti-seismic design,with a view to guide practice.


BACKGROUND/AIM
Pneumocardiography (PNCG) is the recording method of cardiac-induced tracheal air flow and pressure pulsations in the respiratory airways. PNCG signals reflect both the lung and heart actions and could be accurately recorded in spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats. Nonlinear analysis methods, including the Lyapunov exponent, can be used to explain the biological dynamics of systems such as the cardiorespiratory system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, we recorded tracheal air flow signals, including PNCG signals, from 3 representative anesthetized rats and analyzed the nonlinear behavior of these complex signals using Lyapunov exponents.

RESULTS
Lyapunov exponents may also be used to determine the normal and pathological structure of biological systems. If the signals have at least one positive Lyapunov exponent, the signals reflect chaotic activity, as seen in PNCG signals in rats; the largest Lyapunov exponents of the signals of the healthy rats were greater than zero in this study.

CONCLUSION
A method was proposed to determine the diagnostic and prognostic values of the cardiorespiratory system of rats using the arrangement of the PNCG and Lyapunov exponents, which may be monitored as vitality indicators.


The increasing development of autonomous intelligent systems, such as smart vehicles, smart homes, and social robots, poses new challenges to face. Among them, ensuring that such systems behave lawfully is one of the crucial topics to be addressed for improving their employment in real contexts of daily life. In this work, we present an approach for norm compliance in the context of open and goal-directed intelligent systems working in dynamic normative environments where goals, services, and norms may change. Such an approach complements a goal-directed system modifying its goals and the way to achieve them for taking norms into accounts, thus influencing the practical reasoning process that goal-oriented systems implement for figuring out what to do. The conformity to norms is established at the goal level rather than at the action level. The effect of a norm that acts at the goal level spreads out at the lower level of actions, thus also improving system flexibility. Recovery mechanisms are provided to face exceptional situations that could be caused by normative changes. A case study in the field of the business organizations is presented for demonstrating the strengths of the proposed solution.


This application note describes Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) method development, ideal for protein and conjugated protein characterization using non-denaturing, hydrophobic-based separations. Benefits General guidance of HIC method development ■ Ideally suited for protein characterization using non-denaturing, hydrophobic-based separations ■ Use of non-porous, 2.5 μm particles deliver fast, highly efficient separations to address high-throughput needs ■ HIC Protein Standard used in study is included with Protein-Pak Hi Res HIC Column to help ensure user success ■


Separation and identification of blue campher azulene have been introduced by using adsorbent coated glass strips. RF Values. Silicic acid Alumina Adsorbent coating petr. ether alcohol petr. ether azulene 0.76 0.02 0.96 cadalene 0.88 0.61 0.98 1, 6-dimethyl naphthalene 0.90 0.64 0.98


The rhodium-catalyzed method for the synthesis of title compounds bearing an α-tertiary or quaternary carbon center from readily available aryl aldehydes and allylic alcohols affords single regioisomers.


In this paper, an overview of some of the basin-scale recordings of the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty will be presenting, including observations of distant earthquakes, under-sea volcanoes and cracking ice-sheets. Long range experiments were conducted in 1960 when nearly antipodal receptions were made at Bermuda from SuS charges deployed off the coast of Australia. Three-dimensional propagation effects was an important part of the propagation. For propagation ranges of thousands of kilometers, interaction with islands, ridges and seamounts is expected to influence propagation. Previous modeling approaches have been either a fully 3D ray approach, a hybrid adiabatic mode-ray approach and a hybrid adiabatic mode—PE approach. In this paper, we present the a global scale three-dimensional split-step Pade Parabolic Equation. Model results are compared with several direct observations of arrivals that are clearly in the 2D propagation shadow. The impact of 3D propagation o...


Community Medicine is defined as the study of health and disease in the population of defined communities or groups in order to identify their health needs, and to plan, implement, and evaluate health programs to effectively meet these needs.  In our generation, all the developed countries are facing an inevitable issue about population—the decreasing fertility rates years by years. In Taiwan, the fertility rates of women at the age of childbearing in 2010 dropped to 8.95%, the lowest among all the countries in the world. In our community, we are aware of the decreasing number of children. In 2011, each family in Taiwan had 3.29 people in average, with 2.59 adults, but only 0.7 children. Moreover, family without any child is the most common in Taiwan, with 25.28% in statistic.


The complexity of multi-party negotiations can be reduced by dividing conflict parties into subgroups. However, compatibility of interests can vary in subgroups. With high compatibility a subgroup agrees on most issues; parts of the conflict are not negotiated. Additionally, trade-offs between issues can lead to subgroup solutions that deviate from the global optimum solution (incongruence vs. congruence). In three studies groups of four parties conducted multi-issue negotiations. Two parallel dyadic discussions took place during phase one followed by a plenary session in phase two. Study 1 manipulated compatibility by different combinations of parties. Compatibility within dyads was either low, medium or high. Contrary to expectations, high compatibility led to highest joint profit and best subjective evaluations. As can be shown in study 2, this effect is due to the highly uniform task structure which offered salient trade-offs. In a modified structure used in study 2 the effect became reversed. Study 3 manipulated congruency by exchanging profit weights within the payoff tables together with compatibility. Low compatibility was superior to no division provided the structure was congruent. In this condition highest joint profit and the most favourable subjective evaluations were obtained. With incongruency no effects could be found.


In this modern world, healthcare has becoming a popular word in human life. People pay their attention on their health protection and treatment, but at the same time, they need to bear the high exp ...


In this paper, we discuss the intermediate results of our on-going study of DeepFakes detection in videos. Our core focus is in exploitation of feature engineering as a precursor filtering technique, to the deep learning-based convolution neural network (CNN) classification frameworks. In previous research, we focused on the standard deviation of the points of interest from SIFT or Scale-Invariant Feature Transform, to detect whether visual media has been compromised with misinformation. Hence, in this new approach we rely on classical frequency analysis of images that reveals different behaviors at higher frequencies. We noticed in literature review that there lies a distinct contrast of range of frequency component that emphasize important information in images [11]. We plan to use Discrete Wavelet Transform, abbreviated as DWT, and anticipate improvement of detection accuracy when used on complex and poor-quality images of FaceForensics++. The DWT features will be input to the CNN binary classification to further analyze the performance essentially when detecting this fraudulent information and to compare the detection performance against previous research which used Scale-Invariant Feature Transform.


The present invention relates to a battery case for an electric vehicle (1), the battery box comprising: a first wall for an inlet for cooling fluid (7), and a second wall for the said at least one fluid outlet (8). The battery cell case comprises a plurality of stacked modules (3) (2C, 2L), the stack is accommodated in a main fluid flow passage (20) arranged in at least one row along each of the primary passageway (20) modules (3) the stack (2C, 2L) and separated from the next module by an auxiliary channel (30). Feature of the present invention is characterized in that the width (302) of the auxiliary passage may be varied along the length of the main channel, so as to produce a substantially constant flow rate of each auxiliary channel (30).


In the paper "Quasi-continuous higher order sliding-mode controllers for space-attitude-tracking maneuvers" (IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1436-1444, Apr. 2010), higher order sliding-mode control laws are applied to the attitude-tracking maneuvers of spacecraft. It is pointed out in the author's comments that the proposed applications of higher order sliding-mode control, although in the form of second- and third-order sliding-mode controls, can only realize first-order sliding-mode dynamics because of the improperly chosen sliding vectors. The proposed sliding vectors in the paper are suitable when integrators or a first-order lag is added into the system. In the author's comments, alternative measures to realize second- and third-order sliding-mode dynamics are suggested.


Guidelines for Optimizing Wireline Formation Testing and Downhole Fluid Analysis to Address Fault Transmissivity in the Context of Reservoir Compartment Connectivity. (December 2010) Thomas Pfeiffer, B.S.; M.S., Technical University of Munich Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. David Schechter Reservoir fluids are rarely found in homogeneous structures having homogeneous properties. The various elements and processes of the petroleum system result in complex fluid distributions and compositions. A sound understanding of these complexities can avoid disappointing results and costly mistakes when designing the completion and production of the reservoir. The earlier these complexities are understood in the exploration phase, the better are the chances of a successful decision making process in the design phase of the project. Assessing reservoir compartment connectivity is of paramount importance for a optimal field development. Recent technological advances in wireline formation testing and sampling provide asset teams with a new methodology to evaluate in situ fluid properties and reservoir connectivity. After a review of the technology of downhole fluid analysis (DFA), the currently available methods of modeling equilibrated fluid gradients are presented. Fluid composition equilibrium is a stationary state where all components have reached zero mass flux. A reservoir model is designed to simulate numerically equilibration processes


LUCI1 and LUCI2 are a pair multi-mode, fully cryogenic near-infrared instruments installed at the Large Binoc- ular Telescope (LBT). The instruments provide imaging, long-slit and multi-object spectroscopy over a 4/ FoV in seeing-limited mode. Ground-layer AO (GLAO) correction for imaging and spectroscopy over the 4/ FoV is available using the ARGOS laser system, as well as diffraction-limited AO over a 30// FoV using the LBT first light AO (FLAO) system with natural guide stars. Internal flexure of the instrument is taken care of by passive and active flexure compensation. Image shifts in seeing-limited modes are compensated by a passive flexure con- trol algorithm using pre-defined look-up tables. For AO observations, passive compensation is replaced by active control. In the following, we present the details of the newly developed active flexure compensation algorithm for the LUCI instruments. We also describe some hardware modifications to the instruments and the results obtained with active flexure compensation.


In this work we present the results of the numerical investigations of the one-dimensional single-fluid magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) model, with separate electron and ion temperatures, of a capillary-discharge collisional soft x-ray laser. The MHD equations are solved by the Lagrangian cylindrical geometry approach. The effects of the gas filling pressure on the plasma densities and temperatures, and implosion-pinch phase for soft x-ray lasing conditions have been analyzed. The results are compared with experimental measurements of the operating pressure ranges.


Background: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are implicated in the reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Objectives: We aimed at identifying the alterations of circulating pDCs, basophils, and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) during the active stage of drug eruptions and the relationship between pDC alteration and HHV-6 reactivation in DRESS patients. Methods: Nine DRESS patients and twelve patients of other drug eruptions (ODE, including five cases of maculopapular eruptions (MPEs), five cases of Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and two cases of fixed drug eruption) were prospectively recruited. Blood samples were collected weekly for 2 consecutive weeks for flow cytometry of pDC, basophil, mDC, and detection of HHV-6 reactivation by serum anti-HHV-6 immunoglobulin G, or whole blood HHV-6 viral DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: The HHV-6 reactivation was exclusively seen in DRESS, and the pDC levels decreased in DRESS compared with ODE (P = 0.002) and (MPE, P = 0.021), with the timing of such decrease preceding HHV-6 reactivation. Conclusion: The decrease of pDC levels is significantly more common in DRESS patients and occurs before HHV-6 reactivation. The chronological sequence implies that the decrease of pDC may be crucial in the pathogenesis of viral reactivation.


Lithuanian artists pursued personal creative goals, while simultaneously establishing a globally viable fine art movement in ceramics. Following independence, there were explosions of conceptualism and post-modernism in Lithuanian art, including ceramics while within decades of emphasis, on 'decorativeness' and 'applied art,' several Lithuanian ceramists turned away from aesthetic priorities to find ways of forcing the viewer to look beyond appearance and contemplate the thoughts, feelings, and ideas of the artist.


The electrogenerated cyanomethyl anion reacts with diols in the presence of CO 2 to yield the corresponding cyclic carbonates in moderated yields. The reported methodology has been carried out under mild conditions, avoiding any addition of classical bases, catalysts. In this communication, the effects of reaction conditions – such as supporting electrolyte, cathode material, current densities, charge amount, diol concentration – have been investigated to optimize the carbonates yield. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd


In this article, the structure of the Clifford-Weyl superalgebras and their associated Lie superalgebras will be investigated. These superalgebras have a natural supersymmetric inner product which is invariant under their Lie superalgebra structures. The Clifford-Weyl superalgebras can be realized as tensor product of the algebra of alternating and symmetric tensors respectively, on the even and odd parts of their underlying superspace. For Physical applications in elementary particles, we add star structures to these algebras and investigate the basic relations. Ortho-symplectic Lie algebras are naturally present in these algebras and their representations on these algebras can be described easily.


Jacksonville, Florida, was the king of the infant film industry. Devastated by fire in 1901, rebuilt in a wide variety of architectural styles, sharing the same geographic and meteorological DNA as southern California, the city was an ideal location for northern film production companies looking to relocate.In 1908, New York-based Kalem Studios sent its first crew to Jacksonville. By 1914, fifteen major companies - including Fox and Metro Pictures - had set up shop there. Oliver Hardy, D. W. Griffith, Mary Pickford, and the Barrymores all made movies in the Florida sunshine. In total, nearly 300 films, including the first Technicolor picture ever made, were completed in Jacksonville by 1928.But the city couldn't escape its past. Even as upstart Hollywood boosters sought to discredit Jacksonville, the latter imploded from a combination of political upheaval, simmering racial tensions, disease, and World War I. Shawn Bean uses first-person accounts, filmmaker biographies, newspaper reports, and city and museum archives to bring to light a little-known aspect of film history. Filled with intrigue, backroom shenanigans, and missed opportunities, ""The First Hollywood"" is just the kind of drama we've come to expect from the big screen.There wasn't always just one Tinseltown.


The present invention relates to novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives of formula (I) and their use as active ingredients in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions. The invention also relates to various aspects, including the process for preparing the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of these compounds, especially their use as orexin receptor antagonists. Formula I


Measurements of the Seebeck coefficient or thermoelectric power (TEP) of HgSe at high pressures confirm the existence of an inverted band ordering, similar to that in HgTe. The pressure-induced phase transition from the zincblende- to the cinnabar-type structure, which occurs around 10 kbar, is manifested as a large change in TEP. The temperature behaviour of the resistivity has also been studied in both of these structural modifications. These studies indicate that the energy gap in the high-pressure semiconducting phase decreases with increase of pressure; this is similar to what is observed in the elemental semiconductors Se and Te.


In the November 10, 1994 issue of the Federal Register (FR Doc. 94-27703) (59 FR 56116), we established rules for survey of skilled nursing facilities that participate in the Medicare program, and nursing facilities that participate in the Medicaid program. We also established remedies that we impose on facilities that do not comply with Federal participation requirements, as alternatives to program termination. This document corrects errors made in that document.


The present article is devoted to the analysis of some features of the influential theory of legal sentences elaborated by Manuel Atienza and Juan Ruiz Manero. In particular, such an analysis deals with three main problems which are present in Atienza�s and Ruiz Manero�s rational reconstruction of regulative norms: i) the strongly Platonist conception of the logic of norms which they seemingly presuppose; ii) the controversial notions of �openness� and �closure� of normative conditionals; iii) and the contradictoriness of some of their background assumptions regarding the rules/principles dichotomy


type="graphical" xml:id="gpol12098-abs-0002"> Almost all nations have made efforts to deal with disasters. In doing so, they have tried to evaluate their own disaster management. Three nations, in particular, have shown very unique characteristics in their disaster management. These are the United States, Indonesia, and South Korea (hereinafter Korea) in the Asia-Pacific zone. It is time to ask, as a research question, how the evaluation technique of a holistic frame regarding each disaster management issue is applied in these three nations.


PURPOSE: A compound in which an amine derivative is substituted to fluorene and an organic electric device and terminal using the same are provided to ensure high efficiency, driving voltage reduction, lifetime extension, and excellent stability. CONSTITUTION: A compound in which amine derivatives are substituted to fluorenen is denoted by chemical formula 1. An organic electric device contains one or more organic layers containing the compound of chemical formula 1. The organic layer is formed by a soluble process. An organic layer is a hole infection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, electron transport layer, or electron injection layer. A terminal comprises a display device containing the organic electric device and controller.


The effect of Seasonal variation on the concentration of seven metals: cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu ) was evaluated in water, two species of most consumed fishes(Tilapia nilotica & Claries lazera) , an aquatic plant (Ceratophillyum demersum L), and soil sediments in Wadi Al Raiyan lakes, El-Fayoum, Egypt . Samples were collected in summer and winter 2010-2011. Metals concentrations were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The studied metals were detected in all the examined samples. Zn had the highest concentration among the metals detected in water.Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn concentrations were below the Egyptian permissible limit. Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations in water samples during summer season is much higher than their concentrations in water during winter season, while the Zn and Fe concentrations in water samples during winter season is much higher than there concentrations in water during summer season. Mn concentration in water samples were the same during winter and summer seasons. Iron concentration in Ceratophyllum demersum L. was above the Egyptian permissible limit. In addition, Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations in plant samples during summer season were higher than the concentrations in winter season. Fe concentration in plant samples during winter season was higher than the concentrations in summer season. The investigated metal concentrations in the soil sediment and tissues of Tilapia nilotica and Claries lazera fish samples were above the Egyptian permissible limits. The significance of these findings is discussed.


Usnea is a well-known genus of lichen for its medicinal uses all over the world. The lichen genus Usnea has fruticose morphology with pendulous or erect thallus and characterized by the presence of usnic acid. The present study aims to know the diversity of Usnea in Karnataka. The genus Usnea is identified up to species level based on its morphological, anatomical and chemical characters. The different forests types in Karnataka were surveyed for the work. We recorded 6 species of Usnea from the different parts of Karnataka. The higher altitudinal regions of the temperate forests harbours rich source of Usnea.


The auditory sensitivity of tympanate moths from the island of Kauai was studied to examine the sensory effects placed on these insects by the site's sole bat species, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (Hawaiian Hoary Bat). Audiograms were neurologically determined and then subdivided into four bandwidths to render an estimation of sensitivity (audiogram area) at 5–25, 30–50, 55–75, and 80–110 kHz. Compared to moths analyzed from sites in Canada, Africa, and Papua New Guinea, Hawaiian moths reveal a reduced high‐frequency (> 50 kHz) sensitivity coupled with a significantly higher sensitivity to frequencies below 30 kHz. Tuning is very broad with best frequencies extending from 9 to 33 kHz for various species. Free‐flying individual bats were recorded as they haunted at the same site where moths were captured. L. cinereus emits two distinct signals as it flies: a typical FM, harmonically complemented, echolocation call centered at 27.9 kHz and another FM signal of 9.8 kHz, commonly emitted during agonistic encount...


This paper discusses some aspects of VS order in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) within imperative sentences. On one hand, Rivero (1994), Han (2001), Zeijlstra (2006) and others assume that VS order in imperatives derives from Verb movement to C° to check an [+imperative] feature, crossing the subject in Spec,TP. On the other hand, research on word order in BP demonstrates that VS in declarative and interrogative sentences became restricted due to the loss of V°-to-C° movement. However, VS is still productive in BP imperative sentences, even with verbs of multiple arguments. This situation may suggest the hypothesis that BP has lost V°-to-C° movement in declaratives and interrogatives, but not in imperatives. To test this hypothesis, we analyze some pragmatic contexts of imperative use. Our results show that: (i) BP imperative verbs remain in T°; (ii) VS order in imperatives is actually a case of V(O)S order even in sentences with apparent VSO order; (iii) the subject position doesn't result from verb movement, but rather from focalization processes.


Number: SG-APSIC1100 Healthcare-associated infections in COVID-19 patients in Vietnam: Are we able to respond better? Thu Truong Anh, BachMaiHospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Dao Xuan Co, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Do Ngoc Son, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Pham The Thach, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Luong Quoc Chinh, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Huynh Xuan Nghiem, Hung Vuong Hospital, Hochiminh, Vietnam; Nguyen Dai Vinh, Hoa Vang District Medical Center, Danang, Vietnam; Truong Thai Phuong, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Pham Hong Nhung, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Le Duc Nhan, Da Nang Hospital, Danang, Vietnam; Tran Thi Dung, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Tran Thi Nga, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam; Nguyen Quang Tuan, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam Objectives: Studies have revealed that a relatively high incidence of severe infection and mortality in COVID-19 patients is attributed to healthcareassociated infections (HAIs). We implemented a study in 2 field hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 treatment in Da Nang, Vietnam (July–August 2020), and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (August–October 2021), to identify pathogens, risk factors, and outcomes associated with HAIs. Methods: We applied a prospective study tool to estimate HAI incidence among 1,454 patients.HAIs arediagnosedandascertainedusing surveillancecriteria establishedby theUSCenters forDiseaseControl andPrevention.All patientshospitalized for COVID-19 for at least 2 days were enrolled in this assessment of HAI risks,pathogens, andoutcomes.Results:Among1,454sampledpatients, 391patientshad423HAIs (27.1%).Thehighest proportionoccurred in ICUs, with422HAIpatients (34.1%).Pneumonia (n=331,78.3%)andbloodstream infections (n = 55, 13.1%)were themost commonHAIs.Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumonia (27.9%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (25.3%), were the most commonly isolated organisms. Ventilators and central venous catheters were independently associated with HAIs. Regarding themortality rates, 55% of deaths occurred in intensive care units. Patients with HAIs (70.3%) were twice as likely to die compared to patients without HAIs (38.8%). HAIs leading to septic shock caused almost triple mortality (n = 58, 90.6%) compared with non-HAI patients (n = 412, 38.8%). HAIs prolonged hospital stay: 24.7 days for patients with HAIs and 19.1 days for patients without HAIs (P < .001). Conclusions: Patients with COVID-19–related critical illnesses are at high risk ofHAIs frommultidrugresistant (MDR) bacteria. HAIs prolong hospitalization, whereas HAIs with septic shock almost tripled mortality. Guidelines and procedures to prevent and controlHAIs causedbyMDRbacteria aswell as training andmonitoring on aseptic-compliant techniques during invasive clinical procedures are


Background: The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl (IE)–Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) showed that patients with elevated baseline triglyceride and well controlled LDL-C levels...


Abstract It is shown how the upper bounds for stop-loss premiums (and approximations to tail probabilities) obtained by replacing the individual model for a portfolio of risks by the collective model can be improved upon at the cost of only slightly more computer time. The method used is simply to keep a restricted number of large risks as they are instead of approximating them by a compound Poisson distribution. In a real-life example, the relative error in the stop-loss premium is shown to be reduced drastically by keeping only 10 out of 743 risks unchanged.


The parkerizing technology of finishing hot galvanizing steel was introduced, and the effects of process parameters and main impurity ions on quality of parkerizing film and adhesion of coating were discussed. The way to detect and eliminate the aluminum ion in the parkerizing bath had also been suggested.


Raventoss found in animals that halothane caused some proximal tubular dilatation. An acceptable evaluation of the effects of halothane would be by a maximum tubular secretion of p-amino hippuric acid (TmPAH) . This is predominately a study of proximal tubular transport mechanisms and is a better indication of potential renal tubular toxicity under halothane anesthesia than would be glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow. METHOD For these urinary function studies, the patients were limited to Class I (American M.D.*


Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (Barrett, 2010). These foods also must meet dietary needs to help promote a healthy life (Barrett, 2010). Institutions such as Bunker Hill community college, California State University Long Beach, and multiple other colleges and Universities have taken steps to address food insecurity (FI) on campus. More information is required to determine how to address FI on campus. The purpose of the study is to contribute to describe approaches to addressing (FI) on college campuses and challenges administrators face in addressing those challenges. Participants were recruited from 2 and 4-year colleges. Participants were eligible if they were 18 years of age or older; enrolled in an undergraduate or graduate program; and had experience addressing food insecurity in their professional role. Snowball sampling methods were used for recruitment. Thematic analysis was conducted, this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Merrimack College. Six common themes emerged as a result of the study:1) Current Methods of Addressing FI on Campus; 2)Prevalence Changes of FI on College Campuses and Factors that Influence Changes; 3)FI Prevalence: Assessment and Challenges; 4) FI Prevalence: Assessment and Challenges; 5) Challenges, Managing Challenges, and Reasons for Unsuccessful Plans for Addressing FI; and 6) Recommendations for Institutions Planning to Address FI. Administrators find that there is a rise in the number of students self-reporting, therefore there need to be an increase of accessible resources for those students. Administrators also understand the importance of research that should be done to determine if there is a need for additional programs to contribute to student success.


In order to better understand whether China's agriculture can feed its population, and how much Chinese demand for food depends on the world, the changes in capacity of China's agriculture to feed the nation were explored. Moreover, the main food sources of energy and nutrients for the Chinese and the contribution of imported agricultural products were studied. The results show that for energy, self-sufficiency in cereals was achieved in 1970. Energy, protein, fat and superior protein provided by self-produced agricultural products could also meet the nation's demand since 1983, 1994, 1998 and 2002 respectively. Due to opening up, the supply of energy and nutrients increased and met the nation's demand ahead of time. Cereals have been the main source of energy and nutrients for the Chinese, but their importance has decreased. Energy and nutrients from vegetable products are substantial; however, the share of energy and nutrients from animal products has increased. The contribution rate of energy from imported products was low, but that of fat and superior protein increased rapidly and has been over the warning level of food security since 2000. Cereals, meats, eggs and vegetables, with a strong self-support capacity, are the most important food sources for the Chinese. It indicates that China has been depending on domestic production to meet its demand up to now. However, with growth in the population, optimization of nutritional structure and imbalance of the agriculture structure, the nation will have a great demand for the world's agricultural products.


Three-dimensional (3D) structured cells have great drug screening potential because they mimic in vivo tissues better than two-dimensional cultured cells. In this study, multi-block copolymers composed of poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are developed as a new kind of biocompatible polymers. PEG imparts non-cell adhesion while PMEA acts as an anchoring segment to prepare the polymer coating surface. The multi-block copolymers show higher stability in water than PMEA. A specific micro-sized swelling structure composed of a PEG chain is observed in the multi-block copolymer film in water. A single NIH3T3-3-4 spheroid was formed in 3 h on the surface of the multi-block copolymers with 8.4 wt% PEG. However, at a PEG content of 0.7 wt%, spheroid formed after 4 days. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity of cells and the internal necrotic state of the spheroid change depending on PEG loading in the multi-block copolymers. As the formation rate of cell spheroid on low-PEG-ratio multi-block copolymers is slow, internal necrosis of cell spheroid is less likely to occur. Consequently, we successfully control the cell spheroid formation rate by changing the PEG chain content in multi-block copolymers. These unique surfaces are suggested to be useful for 3D cell culture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Michael Bergmann (2006) has argued that an internalistic view of justification faces a dilemma. Assuming as internalism does that to have a justified belief, subjects must be aware of the justifiers of the belief and of their relevance to the truth of the belief, Bergmann notes that one is either aware of this relevance conceptually or not. But, says Bergmann, if the required awareness is conceptual, internalism is encumbered with an infinite regress. If it is not—if it is only "weak awareness"—then internalism lacks any dialectical advantage over externalism. In this paper, I explore DePoe's (2012) defense of the dialectical advantage of weak awareness, and show how the case for its ability to account for awareness of the relevance of the justifiers can be improved by supplementation from a direct realist theory of perception and a theory of concept-formation and application informed by that theory of perception. Too often philosophers treat problems in epistemology—and in philosophy more generally—in isolation from other problems in other areas of their field and their discipline. The dispute between internalists and externalists is one prominent example: it is a dispute about whether knowing subjects need to be aware of the justifiers of their knowledge in order to be justified or in order to know. But both sides of the dispute often assume that the form of awareness available for such a purpose is little more than the introspection of internal mental objects described by representationalist philosophers of perception. While the term "internalism" may bias philosophers towards this interpretation, awareness of internal mental states is not essential to the internalistic view of justification, which only requires that justified subjects have some form of awareness of the justifiers of their beliefs. 1 As BonJour (2002) has pointed out, a direct realist view of perception could allow the internalist to suppose that external perceivable objects also count as justifiers (2002, 223). Others have explored how this supposition could empower answers to the standard objections to internalism. 2 Recently, defenders of internalism have debated another influential objection to internalism by Michael Bergmann (2006). Bergmann's argument poses a dilemma for internalism, and his critics have responded that neither horn of the dilemma is as damning as it would first appear. But even when these solutions, which involve positing forms of awareness that circumvent Bergmann's regresses, are rhetorically effective, they do not connect their solutions to known psychological mechanisms. 1 Whereas mentalist internalists assume that only mentally internal objects can serve the role of justifiers, access internalists only require that we have conscious access to whatever serves the role of a justifier (Conee and Feldman, 2001). 2 Bayer (2012) has pointed out that if we assume direct realism, we can explain how on access internalism there are many more consciously accessible justifiers than previously believed, including not only the external objects of perception, but even the past objects of memory (because lessons drawn from direct realism about perception help us to see how the lack of simultaneous conscious access does not rule out the relevant kind of conscious access). This allows the internalist to answer many of the objections to internalism posed by externalists like Goldman (1999, 2009). It is my intention to remedy this problem in the current paper. In order to do this, I will briefly review Bergmann's statement of his dilemma and then what I take to be the most persuasive attempt of an internalist (DePoe 2012) to answer it. I will then explain why I think the answer falls short, and how I would supplement it by drawing on the same theories of perceptual and conceptual awareness used elsewhere by Bayer (2011, 2012) to defend internalism and foundationalism against other objections.


relatively stable in an acid solution. They demonstrated that this substance was a protein, and that its colloidal complex with hyaluronic acid remained stable in the mucin clot test. Heat denaturation reversed the situation. They further discussed whether such a substance might also modify the behaviour of hyaluronic acid under physiological conditions, and suggested that if this were so, it would have relevance to the function of hyaluronic acid in inflammatory processes.


Exposure-at-default (EAD) is one of the most interesting and most difficult parameters to estimate in counterparty credit risk (CCR). Basel I offered only the non-internal Current Exposure Method (CEM) for estimating this quantity whilst Basel II further introduced the Standardised Method (SM) and an Internal Model Method (IMM) [Tu 10]. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, however, forces Central Counterparties (CCPs) to use the CEM when calculating their exposures to counterparties. We suggest that the CEM can be used in estimating the size of the default fund.This discussion document explains how the CEM is used in quantifying the default fund. The soundness of the CEM answers is tested by implementing various other methods like Expected Shortfall (ES) and Value-at-Risk (VaR) in this regard. We use actual trading data as supplied by SAFCOM/JSE.


A photonic crystal laser that is tunable throughout the visible in three-dimensionally switchable directions is demonstrated. This photo-pumped laser utilizes a dye-infiltrated, single-crystal SiO2 opal having incomplete bandgaps. Our results support a gap-state-enhanced distributed feedback mechanism for lasing. Three different types of wavelength tunability are demonstrated, each applicable over a different frequency range and involving either single or multiple bandgaps. The many independent laser cavities that exist in one photonic crystal are demonstrated by simultaneously obtaining lasing in various colors and directions from an opal crystal. The observation of characteristic laser emission lines provides a new spectroscopy for characterizing intra-gap photonic states, which may be useful for developing the photonic crystal analogues of electronic circuitry.


A new miniaturized flow injection analysis (FIA) system for developing electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based assays is presented. Novel thin-layer flow−cell (TLFCL) screen-printed carbon electrodes integrated in one-channel flow cells were used as the electrode surface. These TLFCL electrodes, combined with miniaturized electrochemical and optical instrumentation, allowed a high degree of automation and simplicity of the assay. The performance of this high-throughput flow system was corroborated with a proof-of-concept centered on H2O2 detection. For that purpose, an ECL transduction chemistry mechanism based on a electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) donor−acceptor strategy, between an electro-oxidized luminophore (luminol) to a fluorophore (fluorescein), in the presence of the analyte of interest, was carried out. The results showed that fluorescein ECL-RET luminescent response increases the sensitivity of H2O2 detection by up to one order of magnitude, in comparison with a luminol−H2O2 fluorescein-free assay. All experiments were performed in a decentralized, small-sized, easy-to-use FIA system coupled to ECL detection instrumentation.


The invention relates to a weighing method, an arrangement for performing the weighing method and a corresponding computer program and a corresponding computer-readable storage medium, which are used in particular in the region of the dynamic weighing in post processing. A special application is the weight determination of mail pieces using a dynamic scale. For this purpose a weighing method is proposed which comprises: - providing a weighing unit, - receiving an object to be weighed on the weighing unit, - acquiring weight information - determining a derived weight value and a quality value for the derived weight value by evaluating a predetermined number of weight information, - in dependence of the quality value determining that the derived weight value is a valid weight reading, and - in the presence of a valid weight value feeding of the weighing unit with a new object.


Objective To investigate the Ⅰ-atlantoaxial rotatory fixation in different spin states of multi-slice spiral CT scan imaging performance and diagnostic value.Methods 26 cases were type Ⅰ atlantoaxial rotatory fixation group and 46 cases of patients with atlantoaxial normal group,the atlantoaxial joint neutral position and function of a static or rotary-bit multi-slice spiral CT scans,scanning images of each group were doing SSD reconstructed image.Measurement of the two groups before the atlanto-odontoid space (ADI) values and lateral atlanto-odontoid space (LADS),and compared.Results ADI value change:the normal group and function of the static neutral position about rotation bit,ADI value was not very different.Group of patients with static or neutral position and function of rotating bit,ADI value of the changes there was a significant difference (χ2=5.64,P lt;0.01).LADS changes in the normal group and patient groups in a neutral position and function of the static or rotating bit LADS,no change in the law.Conclusion Atlantoaxial joint neutral position static cross-sectional CT scan of the Ⅰ-type fixed atlantoaxial rotatory little significance of accurate diagnosis.There is clinical suspicion of atlantoaxial rotatory fixation of the patients,should be in the conventional cross-sectional CT scans,the increase in functional spaces under rotation about the multi-slice spiral CT scanning,is conducive to the diagnosis of type Ⅰ atlantoaxial rotatory solid.


Early on, in this vein, Biglaiser argues that statism was a response to the Great Depression. What, then, of YPF and COSACH, the Argentine and Chilean responses to natural resource exploitation born in the 1920s? Indeed, these protostatist agencies date from the same era as does military involvement in political affairs based on a desire to provide elemental economic and social reform. The assertion (in chapter 3) that except for the years 1927-32, Chile's military was subservient to civilian authority ignores the military movements of 1924-25 and conflates both the socialist experiments of 1932 and the 1927-31 administration of General Carlos IbPfiez del Campo. In Guardians, involvement sometimes means a revolt as well as an institutional gobe, and they just are not the same. There is a deeper history to military political action and the appeal of statism in southern South America than is reflected in this book; economic woes, political incompetence, and military professionalism are not new, and they still can combine to produce volatility. Too, factionalism may be confused in these pages with the plain old interinstitutional governance that stemmed from the military movements of 1964, 1966, 1968, 1973, and 1976. These concerns aside, this is a remarkable book, one that combines throughout meticulous treatment of case studies with overarching theoretical projections. Chapters 3 and 4, dealing with the interrelationships of military institutions and economists regarding appointments and policy decisions, are impressive. So is chapter 6, in which Biglaiser enters the realm of the post-World War I1 professionalization of economists. We already knew that such processes had gone on in the other social sciences, and that South American intellectuals and fictioneers were concomitantly being taken seriously in Europe and North America, and elsewhere. Biglaiser's discussion of economists adds to a growing literature on the appearance of Latin American professional-intellectuals on the policymaking stages, and on the role outsiders have played in the professional development of a region where true guardians and philosophers have been few and far between. Frederick M. Nunn University of Arizona


Purpose: of this paper is to present the changes of the mechanical properties and structure in material components of the power station boiler after long-term creep service made of G17CrMoV5-10 low-alloyed cast steel. Design/methodology/approach: The material of the research studies has been obtained from Polish power stations. Examined element has exceeded their assessed life of 105.000 hours. Mechanical properties and structure examinations were carried out on material after long-term service in creep conditions. The microstructure has been observed using a light and a scanning electron microscope. The investigation of the development of the precipitation processes was done by X-ray diffraction phase analysis. Findings: The microstructures and phase compositions of the residues, obtained from the elements, depend on life exhaustion extent. Practical implications: The presented method can be used for evaluation and qualification of structural changes in power station boiler and turbine components operating in creep conditions. Originality/value: The paper presents results of changes in the mechanical properties, structure and in the precipitation processes which are applied to evaluation for the condition of the elements in further industrial service.


We built a multinational retrospective database of patients with ampulla of Vater cancer to develop a reliable new staging system.


This experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of growth and maturity and to clarify the function of supernodulating characters, excessive nodules and high biological nitrogen fixation rate (BNF), on maturity in response to different planting time in supernodulating soybean mutants. Two supernodulating soybean mutants, Sakukei4 and SS2-2, and their parent cultivars, Enrei and Shinpaldalkong2, were planted on May 24 and June 15, 2004. The degrees of the shortening of growth days by the planting time delay were 18 to 22 days in four cultivar, and there were no significant differences among the cultivars. However, four cultivars showed the different maturity properties. Sakukei4, mutated from Enrei, showed later maturity than that of Enrei, and SS2-2, mutated from Shinpal-dalkong2, showed earlier maturity than that of Shinpal-dalkong2. The plant and nodule dry weights at R6 stage of Sakukei4 showed the smallest decrement and those of SS2-2 was showed the largest decrement by the delay of planting time. The photosynthetic rates of Sakukei4 during the late reproductive growth period were slowly decreased, however those of SS2-2 were steeply decreased in two planting time treatments. Overall, the growth of Sakukei4 was decreased slowly, however the growth of SS2-2 was decreased sharply according to the delay of planting time. The percentage of seed yield of Sakukei4 in June planting plot compared with May planting plot at R8 stage was 92%, which was the lowest decreasing rate of yield among the cultivars, and in the case of SS2-2, it was in 76%, the highest one. These results indicated that the responses of supernodulating mutants by the delay of planting time were very similar to the wild types. This means supernodulating characters in supernodulating soybean mutants might not affect to the maturity property. Additionally, the maturity property could be considered as an important characteristics to decide or to select on the developments of supernodulating soybean mutants, which have a low productivity by an excessive nodules, especially.


The spindle (300) for a cycle wheel, wherein it comprises a rod (310), which is intended, in the shaft (220) of a hub (200) to be used of a Zweiradrads, wherein: - the rod (310) is hollow at least a portion of its longitudinal dimension and at least one guide opening (311); wherein a first direction (1) is defined by going from the second end toward the first end of the rod; - at least one retractable member which is movably mounted inside the guide opening (311) between an extended position in which it projects beyond the outer surface of the rod (310) with the engaging profile (232) of the shaft (220) of the cooperating hub (200), and a retracted position in which it protrudes or not beyond the outer surface of the rod (310) in which it protrudes less than in the extended position; - a pusher (320) which is adapted to apply a force to the retractable member, which tends to bring the retractable member in the extended position; and - means towards to limit the radial travel of the retractable member towards the outside.


CHRISTOPHER BAGLEY is Research Fellow at the Centre for Social Research, University of Sussex. The problems of race relations and the problems of plural societies are essentially similar. Both involve the problems of the relationships of discrete social groups within a constitutional framework. Plural societies are not always made up of ethnically different blocs however; indeed, societies made up of ethnically similar but ideologically diverse groups, as in the Netherlands and Northern Ireland, are revealing cases since they offer important analogies to the problems of race relations.


General Electronics is the first subject in electronics that students have in many engineering syllabi, i.e., it is the first contact with electronics. Besides, it is quite usual that the satisfaction of this first contact determines the will of a large part of the students to specialize in electronics. Therefore, if it is considered as the university's duty to put in the labor market an appropriate number of engineers specialized in electronics, it is mandatory to introduce the General Electronics as an appealing subject. The perception of the subject and the ease to assimilate the concepts included in it depend on the teaching methodology, among other factors. Considering all these aspects, the teaching methodology of the subject of General Electronics acquires a capital importance. This paper describes the experience gained by the authors teaching General Electronics.


Introduction and outline Identifying mechanisms of speciation has proven one of the most challenging problems in evolutionary biology, perhaps mainly for two reasons, speciation is not readily accessible to experimental approaches, and rarely to time series analyses. Any one case of speciation can usually be investigated only at a single stage of completion. Cases of parallel ecological speciation driven repeatedly within the same taxon by divergent selection along replicate environmental gradients, have therefore received considerable attention (Schluter & Nagel 1995; Rundle et al. 2000). Several such systems have become major model systems in evolutionary ecology research, including sticklebacks in postglacial lakes (Rundle et al. 2000), Heliconius butterflies (Mallet et al. 1998), leaf beetles (Funk 1998) and Timemawalking sticks (Nosil et al. 2002). They provide powerful means of identifying causes of divergence and may lend themselves to examining associations between variation in the environments and variation in the progress towards speciation (Nosil & Harmon, this volume). However, variation in the progress towards speciation among disconnected populations undergoing parallel speciation may be due to different contingency as much as different environments (Taylor & McPhail 2000). Ideally, to trace the correlates of the transition from panmixis to incipient speciation, one would want to study variation in the progress towards speciation in exactly the same pair of species, and along a continuous progress series, to minimize the potential confounding effect of variable historical contingency. The cichlid fish species Pundamilia pundamilia, Pundamilia nyererei, their hybrids and intermediate colour morphs occur at various stages of differentiation at different islands placed along an environmental gradient ofwater clarity in Lake Victoria. I will subsequently refer to this as a 'speciation transect'. At the same time, populations occurring at different islands do exchange genes as evident from microsatellite-allele frequencies, and also from several observed cases of invasion of, and establishment in, previously unoccupied islands within the 15 years time window that I have collected community data for. Hence, I


In this study we have critically analyzed the increasing trends of girls toward education in Sindh. With the passage of time it has been realizing that the ratio of female Madaris is going to increase and also social change has been observed in social environment. For this study researcher selected 100 students from the district Shaheed Banzir Abad and Nawshroferoz, Sangher , Matyari, Hyder Abad (districts of Pakistan) randomly and data was collected through survey method. Questionnaires were administrated/distributed among students and discussion session was conducted with teachers. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Analyzed ratio and the finding of this study show that these Madaris are increasing in every city, town, Muhalla and colony because they are providing more facilities, and they have made learning environment and peaceful environment. Availability of teachers all the time and free education is a unique feature(s) of those Madaras. Now a day's these Madaris/seminaries are making a change in our society and properly in female education and in future they will bring great change in our society.


After analyzing the security control mechanism of the computer local resources, this paper introduces a new method which considers the system security control.


This is the second part of a 2-part article that reviews the literature on coated stents and their effects on in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Part I of this review discussed the pathophysiology of in-stent restenosis, specific stent coatings, and animal studies investigating coated stents. Part II discusses nonrandomized studies and clinical trials in humans. Studies in humans have examined stents coated with biocompatible materials and drug-eluting stents. Complications and controversies associated with this new technology are also addressed.

The risk of developing in-stent restenosis is related to a variety of factors, both clinical and procedural.1–7⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓ On the basis of these risk factors, patients enrolled in both nonrandomized studies and clinical trials have been classified as having a high, intermediate, or low risk of restenosis. Therefore, the binary restenosis rates (>50% diameter stenosis angiographically) and major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rates in human studies vary greatly depending on the overall risk profile of patients enrolled in these studies.

### Non-Randomized Studies

#### Stents Coated with Biocompatible Materials

The biocompatibility of stents coated with several materials, including carbon, gold, silicon carbide, and phosphorylcholine, has been investigated in humans. The Carbostent (Sorin Biomedica Cardio) is a metal stent coated with a carbon film that is thought to be less thrombogenic than uncoated steel stents.8 Antoniucci et al9 investigated the long-term biocompatibility of the Carbostent in a group of 112 patients with an intermediate risk of developing restenosis. Six-month follow-up revealed low MACE and restenosis rates of 12% and 11%, respectively. A second study in another group of 112 patients at high risk for restenosis resulted in a MACE rate of 20% and a binary restenosis rate of 25% by 6 months.10 These results suggest that the Carbostent is well tolerated in vivo and possibly inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, especially in …


The paper is based on a long range planning study carried out by a multidisciplinary team of engineers and social scientists. The results of the study were heavily influenced by the human sciences inputs, but this was a far from painless process. There are considerable problems in integrating the activities of diverse disciplines in a common task, and the paper discusses the particular approach taken through the N.T.P. studies. The paper discusses the motivation for establishing the team, the method of organisation and some of the problems and limitations encountered. The progress of the planning exercise and some of the conclusions reached will also be described, emphasising the contributions from the social sciences. The paper includes some speculation on the validity of incorporating alternative disciplines and value systems in dealing with problems which have traditionally been regarded as purely engineering.


In this paper, we introduce a prototype of surveillance system rigged with several vital modules and mobility as an optional functionality. The proposed cost-efficient system features motion and anomaly detection without physical sensors, instant trigger notices via SMS/text and e-mail, live streaming internally and remotely including recording upon anomaly detection. As a result, savings on resources such as storage space, personnel to monitor, time and costs are promoted. Mobility for this system is anticipated to be achieved through integration of the ever-evolving mobile broadband with the current vastly available 4G LTE and 3G UMTS technology. Most importantly, this proposed concept is affordable with the availability of open source resources and minimal hardware, so that everyone can proactively exercise security precaution for their premise or tangible property.


The tree-canopied road to Thurmond, W.Va., winds along the banks of Dunloup Creek past waterfalls, wildflowers, and herds of grazing deer. The final approach to town spans the New River Gorge with a one-lane road cantilevered off a rusty railroad bridge. Most people would call Thurmond a ghost town. Abandoned commercial buildings, three and four stories tall, loom over an empty rail yard. A passing freight train shatters the solitude, but as its warning chords fade in the distance, the loudest sound is once again the rushing waters of the New River. Thurmond was not always such a peaceful place. A century ago, locomotives constantly jammed the rail yard — belching steam, smoke, and hot cinders. Twenty passenger trains arrived and departed daily, bringing hundreds of visitors to the area's hotels, boarding houses, and saloons. Drinking, gambling, and prostitution were 24/7 pursuits across the river in the Ballyhack district, where the Dunglen Hotel is said to have hosted a poker game that lasted 14 years. At one point, Thurmond was called the "Dodge City of West Virginia," an image the town's marshal promoted by wearing a broad-brimmed Stetson hat and wielding a notched gun. Estimates of his "official killings" ranged from seven to 18, according to a book about the town by historian Ken Sullivan, executive director of the West Virginia Humanities Council. Thurmond's Wild West reputation has been cultivated and embellished, but Thurmond's other nickname — "Biggest Little Town" — was well-deserved. Trains, coal, people, and money flowed through this tiny town in copious quantities. In 1910, Thurmond generated nearly $5 million in revenue for the Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Railroad, approximately $110 million in today's dollars. "For years this little city, without a highway leading into or out of it, was known as the greatest banking center in the country in proportion to population," wrote newspaperman Eugene Lewis Scott in 1943. Scott was hyperbole-prone, but other sources confirm that Thurmond's two banks were among the most prosperous in West Virginia. The town's census population peaked in 1930, but coal mining already was declining in the surrounding county, and the Great Depression was hitting the town hard. The National Bank of Thurmond closed, the Dunglen Hotel B Y K A R L R H O D E S What can ghost towns teach us about saving small communities? A freight train shatters the solitude of Thurmond's abandoned commercial row.


The research which was concerned with the safety aspects of curb design, consisted of full-scale tests in combination with computer simulations applied to investigate vehicle behavior upon impact with a series of commonly used curbs. The results provide a basis for judgement on the selection of locations where curbs can be used for safety, and can be employed in selecting designs where curb use seems appropriate. Details are described of the tests in which the Highway Vehicle-Object Simulation Model (HVOSM) was used, and the full-scale tests and parameter study simulations which were used to determine the effect of a curb on such vehicle responses as redirection, trajectory, path, roll and pitch, and accelerations. It was found that curbs 6 in. high or less and of configurations similar to that of AASHTO curb types C, E, or H will not redirect a vehicle at speeds above 45 mph. and encroachment angles greater than approximately 45 deg. Curbs similar to types C, E and H can produce under certain speed angle impact conditions, vehicle ramping to a height at which the vehicle will vault a 27-in. guardrail located behind the curb. Curbs 6 in. high can cause a vehicle to impact a 27-in. guardrail (12-in. W-bean at 2-ft offset) at a point below the lower edge of the rail face, thus creating the possibility of snagging. Impacting curbs 6 in. high or less can be reasonably expected to produce minor or no injury. Curbs 12 in. high and of Type X configuration appear to have satifactory redirection capabilities for impact conditions of 45 mph or less at angles of less than 12.5 deg. This type curb however, is not satisfactory for installation where 50-mph or greater operating speeds are expected. HVOSM correlated well with full-scale test results. Based on this correlation, HVOSM is considered to be validated for curb impacts and provides a useful tool with which to investigate a variety of curbs under the expected range of impact conditions.


Context: Since there is paucity of clinical studies, concern arises regarding the safety of direct application of resin-containing material like TheraCal LC on the pulp tissue. Aim: To assess clinically and histologically the efficacy of TheraCal LC and Biodentine as Direct Pulp Capping agents Materials and Method: Sixty caries-free maxillary first premolar teeth which were scheduled for orthodontic extraction were selected for the study which were divided equally into Group 1 (Theracal LC) and Group 2 (Biodentine). Thermal and electric pulp testing was performed on the teeth to assess pulp vitality followed by tooth preparation to expose pulp horns under local anaesthesia. After achieving hemostasis, the direct pulp capping agent was placed and composite restoration was done. All the teeth were evaluated and compared in terms of clinical and histological findings after 6 weeks. Statistical analysis used was Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Teeth with Theracal LC showed no sensitivity to heat, cold, or percussion, whereas sensitivity to heat, cold, or percussion was noted with Biodentine.


SLAC is now using about ten percent of its operating budget for research and development on the SLAC Linear Collider, which would be the world's first linear collider. Unlike a storage ring, a linear collider eliminates the synchrotron radiation produced in circular devices by using an electron linac and a positron linac and then aiming the two beams at each other once (PHYSICS TODAY, January 1980, page 19); after the collision the remaining electrons and positrons are discarded.


The application of a heteropolyacid containing an ionic liquid based organosilica (Fe3O4/KCC-1/IL/HPW) catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridines is demonstrated. Because of the amplification effect of the IL, high loading capacities of the heteropolyacid were achieved. The catalyst system could be successfully recovered and reused several times without any significant decrease in activity and selectivity. The synthesized Fe3O4/KCC-1/IL/HPW nanocatalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity in multicomponent reactions under mild conditions due to the easy accessibility of the active sites.


A model which explains feather pecking development as a process by which feathers become treated as a substrate for dustbathing was tested. Chicks kept in wire floored cages were trained from day 3 of life to dustbathe during one hour daily training sessions on either a skin with feathers or on sand. By day 25-26 sand and feather trained chicks dustbathed equally much during training. Feather trained chicks, however, pecked and scratched less. During 3 consecutive dustbathing tests with feathers and sand presented simultaneously, and, in between tests, with additional experience of the new substrate, feather trained chicks increased their pecking and scratching until test 3 where they pecked and scratched the sand as frequently as sand trained chicks. However, they pecked significantly more at feathers than the sand trained chicks and on average still performed 52% of their dustbathing on feathers. Furthermore, the number of pecks at feathers during the last dustbathing choice test was significantly correlated with the percent of dustbathing (vertical wing-shaking) on feathers. The total number of vertical wing-shakes did not change significantly and was similar to that of sand trained chicks. Sand trained chicks never performed dustbathing on feathers and the experience of feathers did not result in significant quantitative changes in any of the behaviours. In the tests the latency to the first vertical wing-shake increased significantly in feather trained chicks after experience of sand. Experience of feathers, however, had no such effect in sand trained chicks. Finally, the progression over the hour of the last training session and of the 3rd choice test of vertical wing-shaking was slower in feather trained than in sand trained chicks. In conclusion, the proposed model was confirmed by the results: pecking at feathers and dustbathing on feathers persisted and remained related in feather trained chicks although their pecking and scratching predominantly became directed to sand. Furthermore, as expected from the model experience of feathers had no effect on sand trained chicks. It is suggested that an association between dustbathing and feather pecking might be prevented by formation of a strong association between dustbathing and attractive stimuli like sand and peat as early as possible.


ABSTRACT Genocide rulings should not care about numbers. Legally, proving the intent to destroy a people in whole or in part is what counts. Yet numbers are vital actants in the often decades-long lead-up to trials. Aggregate numbers give weight to the specificity of individual testimony, statistical estimates can transform missing people into cold, hard facts, and algorithms can reveal 'excess death', even when forensic anthropologists cannot find all the bones. And because of this power, numbers are highly contested in both truth commission findings and trials like that of Generals Ríos Montt and Rodríguez Sánchez. In this article I analyse the disentangling work of statisticians and anthropologists in exhuming and counting bodies, and how particular numbers (200,000; 1,771; ninety-three per cent) are made, then re-entangled in efforts to count. The modern ideal of a universal subject of rationality and abstraction that positions women and natives as those who cannot count contributed to their historic exclusion and dehumanization. Counting, as in adding things up, is part of the historic achievement of the trial to make Maya-Ixil women and men count, in the sense of to matter.


The focus of this project is to examine the comparison between the neighborhood environment and the school experience, especially within two metropolitan cities: Champaign, IL and Chicago, IL. It is assumed that the bigger city would have a larger pool of resources for schools to utilize, which would give these schools a better opportunity to educate and to improve their students and that Chicago has fewer neighborhood-to-school interactions than that of Champaign, because it is a bigger city, which is also key in educating and improving students. This study hopes to investigate if there are differences in student resources, preparedness, etc. based on the size, racial makeup and socioeconomic makeup of the community/city that they are being educated in. If differences are apparent this research also hopes to offer suggestions in fixing the problem for the sake of student preparedness.


Glioblastoma remains to be one of the most lethal solid cancers. Despite multi-modal therapy including surgery as safely feasible, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide, the median survival of affected patients is still limited to approximately one year on a population level. Thus, novel therapies are urgently needed. There is increasing interest in the role of the HGF/MET pathway in the response of glioblastoma to radiotherapy since MET may be involved in radioresistance via proinvasive and DNA damage response pathways.

 Here we assessed the role of the MET pathway in the response to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo in syngeneic mouse glioma models and explored potential modes of action responsible for the synergistic effects of MET pathway inhibition and irradiation on tumor growth in vivo.

 Murine glioma cells express HGF and MET and show increased MET phosphorylation upon exposure to exogenous HGF. In vitro, glioma cell viability and proliferation are not affected by pharmacological MET inhibition using tepotinib or genetic MET inhibition using CRISPR/Cas9-engineered Met gene knockout and sensitization to irradiation by MET inhibition is not seen. In vivo, the combination of MET inhibition with focal radiotherapy mediates prolonged survival of syngeneic orthotopic glioma-bearing mice compared with either treatment alone. Complementary studies demonstrate that synergy is lost when gliomas are established and treated in immunodeficient mice, but also if MET gene expression is disrupted in the tumor of wildtype mice. Combination therapy suppresses a set of pro-inflammatory mediators that are upregulated by radiotherapy alone and which are positively regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. In line with this data, ex vivo analysis of mouse brains reveal increased TGF-β pathway activity upon irradiation alone that is counteracted by concomitant MET inhibition.

 In summary, we demonstrate synergistic suppression of syngeneic glioma growth by irradiation and MET inhibition that requires MET expression in the tumor as well as an intact immune system. Clinical evaluation of this combined treatment approach in newly diagnosed glioblastoma is warranted.


lint, wvetted in water, were gently applied around the injured menmbers, beginning from their ungual ends until a complete splint was thus formed. The stripes of lint were applied layer upon layer as high up as the wrist joint. The whole hand was then enveloped in wet lint, and supported on a pillow so that a constant stream of water might flow over it from the irrigator. Considerable henmorrhage occurred during the first twelve hours. For a few days afterwards active inflammation existed, which was controlled, however, and in eight days the edges of the wound showed healthy granulations. Irrigation was still continued for a few days longer, after which wet lint alone was applied. About the middle of June the wound was quite healed; and when he left the hospital he had a useful hand. He could flex and extend the index finger, and bring the thumb in contact with it firmly. The thumb was partially dislocated forwards, and did not allow of much movement. CASE iII. Lacerated JWound of the Joints between the First and Second Phalanges of the Index and Middle Fingers: Both Sated. A boy, aged 16 years, was admitted in Guy's under my care in February, 1857. A severe injury had been inflicted on his right hand by a circular saw, just before admission. The little and ring fingers were merely hanging by stripes of integument; and my dresser, Mr. Broad, removed these through the first phalanx. The joints between the first and second phalanges of the index finger and middle were cut open on their dorsal aspect; but as there was no further injury to them, Mr. Broad determined to attempt their reparation. In this he was successful; for by enveloping the injured fingers in stripes of wet lint cicatrisation was effected in thirty-four days, and the boy enjoyed the movements of flexion and extension of the fingers. As the value and usefulness of the hand depends in a great measure upon the integrity of the thumb, I may be excused if I devote a few moments to the consideration of the injuries of this important member in particular. I believe it may be laid down as a rule that no portion of a phalanx or of the metacarpal bone should be removed by the surgeon, even should the bone project beyond the lacerated integunments, and appear to be so denuded, that to save it would be looked upon by the majority of observers as hopeless. This rule is based upon practical experience, and the results obtained in leaving cases of compound comminuted fracture to the reparative powers of nature. One case among several I will relate. CASE iv. A young man was brought to the hospital, whose thumub was shattered by the explosion of a pistol. The ungual phalanx and about half of the first were carried away, together with the soft parts, as high as the ball of the thumb, and the integuments were hanging in shreds. The stump of the first phalanx projected considerably, and it did not seem possible that it could ever have been again covered by skin. I determined, bowever, to assist nature in saving all that remained; for, had the parts been neatly trimmed, and the bone covered with integuments, the stump of the first phalanx required to be removed at its articulation with the metacarpal bone. In this case the hand was well cleaned, and stripes of lint applied from the carpus towards the ungual phalanx, so as to bring the lacerated integuments as much over the stump as possible. Superficial sloughin, of the lacerated su-face took place, granulations were soon developed, and about an eighth of an inch of the stump of the phalanx exfoliated. After this the wound healed rapidly, and the lad obtained a most useful hand, enjoying all the movements of the second phalanx. He came under my observation a few years after this accident; and I was gratified to feel the power he enjoyed in grasping my hand between the stump of his thumb and fingers. He was then pur-suing the employment of an engineer, an occupation requiring considerable manipular dexterity. I trust my hearers will excuse the detail of this case, hoping that its result may deter the younger members of the profession from. an officious interference with the reparative powers of the ainimal economy. No case, at first sight, presented more discouraging prospects; yet I never had one attended with more satisfactory results. In severe lacerations of the soft parts of the fingers and hands, I believe we are not justified in pursuing any other treatment than an attempt to save the parts. However ragged and lacerated the integuments, it is surprising how nature restores the injured member; and in the treatment of these cases the wet lint dressing assists the reparative powers admirablv. A machine is employed in some manufactories under the term of a "devil", to tear rags into fine shreds. Boys are employed to feed this machine, which consists of a roller covered with spikes, and which performs rapid revolutions. These boys often get their hands drawn in, and the result is most frightful laceration. CASE v. An injury of this description occurred to a little boy who was brought into Guy's Hospital under my care. Both hands and fingers were frightfully lacerated, the integuments hanging from them in shreds. At first sight, they seemed to be hopelessly damaged. The injury was chiefly, however, on their palmar aspect, and the movements of flexion and extension were not destroyed. The fingers had suffered most, and the ungual and second phalanges of the right index finger were nearly torn off. If, under the circumstances above described, the parts most injured had been removed, little more would have been preserved than the palm of the hands; for, upon examining each finger, if any portion of them had been removed, the amputation must have been performed at the heads of the metacarpal bones. I therefore determined to attempt the reparation of the injury; and, with this view, after the removal of the injured portions of the right index finger, the other fingers and thumb were dressed with wet lint, and the integument which remained was brought over the parts as neatly as was practicable. In these vertical lacerations it is remarkable how the skin contracts laterally, and becomes drawn into a narrow stripe upon the dorsal aspect of the finger when the wound is on the palmar surface; and, in this case, this effect was so marked as, upon some of the fingers, to expose the theca and the tendons, as if a dissection had been made of them. Slight slouching of the lacerated edges took place, but a few days sufficed to bring about a healthy granu. lating action, and cicatrisation proceeded favourably. After the hands were healed the boy enjoyed a considerable amount of movement in the fingers; indeed, to a far greater extent than would have been anticipated after the first examination of the injury.


Objective: This study was aimed to assess the dietary and socioeconomic factors associated with anemia in pregnancy and its management. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study design was adapted using convenience sampling technique, involving 200 pregnant anemic women, during the period June-2018 to August2018 in different private and public sector hospitals of Punjab Pakistan. Data was collected through structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Anemia was more prevalent (47.5%) among women aged 25-30 years. Significant association was found between gestational period and respondent' age (p=0.021) & educational level (p= 0.000). Hemoglobin level of patients was significantly associated with educational level (p = 0.000), location (p = 0.05) while tea/coffee consumption was significantly associated with educational level (p= 0.000) & location (p=0.022), protein diet consumption was significantly associated with age (p=0.001), educational level (p= 0.000) & location (p=0.000), vegetables & fruits consumption was significantly associated with educational level (p=0.003) and finally treatment option was significantly associated with age (p=0.015), education level (p=0.000) and location (p=0.000). Conclusion: The study concluded that pregnant women of age group 25-30 years were at high risk of anemia. It is more prevalent in uneducated women and those living in rural areas. Healthy and fresh balanced diet rich in iron is recommended for health and good growth of the developing baby.


Abstract : This report addresses two major components of research for high speed, spacetime adaptive processing (STAP) for radar sensors, namely (1) the development of advanced algorithms for detection and parameter estimation of weak targets in the presence of jamming and clutter, and (2) the mapping of the algorithms onto massively parallel computing architectures for high speed implementation. First, advances in detection and estimation for STAP applications are achieved using joint Gaussian statistics. A cross spectral method, an optimal technique for reduced-rank STAP, and a simultaneous CFAR detection and maximum likelihood estimation STAP algorithm for airborne radar is introduced. Secondly, this report discusses new methods for parameter estimation with symmetric alpha-stable distributions and fractional lower-order moments. A Cauchy beamformer is proposed, along with a new joint spatial and Doppler frequency, high resolution estimation technique based on eigen-decomposition of the convariance matrix. Finally, this report investigates the issue of mapping the above signal processing algorithms to scaleable, portable, parallel implementations.


Atlas (1952) concluded that clino enstatite, rather than the rhombic, variety formed from proto enstatite on quenching because clino enstatite was closer in crystal structure to the proto than to the rhombic form. The conclusion reached in this paper is similarly based on structural considerations, but it is more subtle in that it recognizes that to a first approximation the differences between all three forms are equally great and that it is the possibility of an avalanche of chain shifts in the proto to clino transition that results in clino being the favored transformation product at room temperature of quenched proto enstatite. The formation of nuclei of the different forms of enstatite must depend on many factors, including temperature, pressure, shear stress, domain structure, dislocations, and so on. Consequently, the broad structural factors described here should be regarded as giving a general control over the transitions that can be overcome by other factors for certain specimens and for unusual conditions.


The drivers of extreme poverty, poor health, gender inequality, food insecurity, population pressures, unsustainable natural resource use and biodiversity loss are interconnected and often coexist, acting synergistically to adversely affect one another. Attempts to address these issues are likely to be more effective if they acknowledge this interconnectedness, and take a whole system approach to the challenge of sustainable development, by harmonising social, economic and environmental concerns. Integrated Population, Health and Environment (PHE) programmes attempt to do just this. By taking a more holistic approach to address biodiversity conservation, livelihoods and health needs, including sexual and reproductive health and rights and lack of access to modern contraceptives, in an integrated way, PHE programmes are able to reverse this vicious cycle. This multi sectoral integrated approach can yield cost efficiencies through the sharing of resources, information and opportunities, and lead to more effective and sustained outcomes than traditional single sector approaches. The inclusion of reproductive health and 2 rights-based family planning components in PHE programmes has led to much needed improvements in women's health, with resulting advancements in gender equity, greater participation of women in natural resource management, greater involvement of men in family planning, strengthened livelihoods and increased community resilience. This paper seeks to increase understanding of the potential role of this approach to drive progress towards a number of sustainable development related goals and issues, including in relation to biodiversity conservation, poverty alleviation, population dynamics, reproductive health, youth and community empowerment and gender equity. Coordinated by the Population and Sustainable Development Alliance, the conference panel and paper brings together PHE opinion leaders from policy through to implementation, featuring both new, and some of the world's most well established, PHE programmes. The first four sections of this paper showcase implementation of the PHE approach in a variety of environments and ecosystems around the world, including in coastal/marine areas, around freshwater lakes, in protected areas and in forests. The far-reaching benefits these interventions have brought to the heath of communities and the ecosystems upon which they depend in the Philippines, Malawi, Madagascar and Ethiopia are set out, with discussion of how these programmes have been implemented and scaled up. This diversity of programmes demonstrates the breadth of settings in which PHE can be applied, and the potential that exists for wider replication. The final section provides a global overview of PHE, what the evidence tells us, and sets out both the challenges and opportunities that remain for replication. The Population and Sustainable Development Alliance believes that integrated PHE approaches have an essential role to play in driving progress towards Sustainable Development Goals. Within the context of the Post-2015 international development agenda policy makers, donors, academic institutions and other stakeholders must seize the opportunities and synergies that this approach offers to advance sustainable development through addressing the critical interrelationships between population dynamics, human health and the environment.


Objective: The main Objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of multimodality treatment of AVMs.Material and Methods: The data for this study was collected from the four years audit of surgical management of Arterio-venous Malformation in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and research center Jeddah, from year 2014 to 2017 which include 24 patients with brain AVMs.Results: In our study equal no. of male and female patients were recorded i.e. 12 patients in each group (50.00%). Seventeen (70.83%) patients were found in the first three decades of life indicating that the disease affects the younger age group. Main presenting complaint was seizures that was noted in 16 patient (66.66%) while headache was present in 15 patients (62.50%) followed by other signs and symptoms. Treatment of the patient was tailored according to the type of AVM its grade and the best possible way to take the complex disease. It included combination of pre-surgical or post-operative embolization, Complete of partial surgical resection of the lesion and stereotactic radiosurgery. The combination of these modalities were employed according to the situation of the patient to keep the plan of treatment safe, affective and ending finally in exclusion of the disease from the brain circulation. Pre-surgical embolization was successfully done in 7(29.16%) patients wile surgical resection was done in all patients at different stages of treatment. With use of multidisplanary approach in this series; Improvement was seen in 16 (66.66%) of the patient, 6 (25.00%) revealed no improvement while one patient (04.16%) was deteriorated.Conclusion: It was concluded that tailoring the treatment plan and use of multidisciplinary Approach for the management of Brain AVM depending upon their initial grades according to Spetrelz Martin grading system results in maximum favorable results.