Since 1989 Northern Ireland Electricity (NIE) has had the capability to schedule heating load. The system relies on phase modulation of the BBC's 198-kHz Radio 4 signal. This facility is known as `radio teleswitching'. NIE is responsible for the operation of the radio teleswitching scheme. This provides an opportunity to co-ordinate the scheduling of heating load with generation. The approach has been to segregate heating from the rest of the off-peak load. The nonheating component is supplied during traditional off-peak times. Heat load may then be scheduled in such a way as to minimise operating cost. The flexibility of this approach leads to a challenging optimisation problem. It is necessary to derive a switching schedule for each of a number of heating blocks. The general approach to date has been to fill the off-peak `trough'. As a result, an almost flat off-peak demand has been achieved. However, it has been realised that the `trough filling' objective may not be the most economic option. Also, the scheduling process has lacked transparency. This contribution describes progress with a more formal method for heat load scheduling. Firstly, it is shown how an optimum heat load profile may be obtained. Then a load block scheduling process based on dynamic programming is described. A case study is used to compare the trough filling and the optimum profile approaches. Finally, prospects for integrated scheduling of generation and heat load are discussed. (6 pages)


The Bendixson–Dulac theorem provides a criterion to find upper bounds for the number of limit cycles in analytic differential systems. We extend this classical result to some classes of piecewise differential systems. We apply it to three different Liénard piecewise differential systems The first is linear, the second is rational and the last corresponds to a particular extension of the cubic van der Pol oscillator. In all cases, the systems present regions in the parameter space with no limit cycles and others having at most one.


The hydrolysis of 1,3-dithianes derived from para-substituted acetophenones is promoted by silver ions. Kinetic study using a 10%(v/v) dioxane–water solvent shows that, when [Ag+]≲ 0.2 mol dm–3, the p-NO2, -Cl, -H and -Me derivatives hydrolyse via rapidly-formed 1 Ag+ : 1 dithiane-complexes, but that the p-MeO derivative forms an unreactive 1 : 1-complex and hydrolyses via a 2 Ag+ : 1 dithiane-complex. Comparison of the kinetic parameters with those available for analogous open-chain S,S-acetals reveals that cyclisation leads to a substantial (> 104-fold) overall loss of reactivity and that this loss arises both from a lowering of acetal basicity towards Ag+ and from a slower rate of hydrolysis of the 1 : 1-complex. The implications for hydrogen ion-catalysed hydrolyses of cyclic acetals are discussed, as are the reasons for the lower reactivity of the cyclic acetals.


TO KEEP ABREAST of changes in the characteristics of a population with regard to pregnancies and newborns and to keep public health programs in this area geared to these changes, it is desirable and helpful to collect and study comprehensive statistics with which to measure and evaluate these changes and the program needs which they entail. A simple and inexpensive method of collecting source data for such statistics is through the addition of a medical supplement to the birth certificate. Yet, this method has not gained intensive application because it has been found that the data so collected are often incomplete and inaccurate and because it has not been demonstrated convincingly that the data are of practical value for program purposes. This paper describes our more recent experience in the District of Columbia with the collection of comprehensive data on a medical supplement and with the utilization of statistics derived therefrom. The experience to be reported is that of an urban community having some 33,000 live births a year. A medical supplement to the birth certificate has been used in the District of Columbia since 1940. Little was done with this material until special resources became available for a comprehensive study of the 1952 birth certificate data. The methodology and findings of this study have been reported by Oppenheimer, et al.,' and the 1952 data used in this paper have been taken from that report. Some time thereafter a biostatisticiani was added in the Department of Public Health and it became possible to proceed with a revision of the medical supplement and with the institution of other measures on a regular basis to improve the completeness and accuracy of reporting. Basic prerequisites to the feasibility of these activities were the close working relations between the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health and the Division of Biostatistics and the active participation and support of the local medical profession.* Given this cooperation, we have found that of the factors which are within the control of the public agency those that chiefly influence the completeness and accuracy of reporting are the amount and kind of information requested, the design and construction of the supplement and its individual items, and the measures taken to supervise and promote good reporting. The amount of information that can be requested on the supplement is limited by consideration for the physician. Within this limit, a fair amount of


This publication is the Russian translation of the Plain Language Summary (PLS) of the Cochrane Systematic Review: Pasquali S, Hadjinicolaou AV, Chiarion Sileni V, Rossi CR, Mocellin S. Systemic treatments for metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD011123. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011123.pub2


Identification of rice cultivars is very important in modern agriculture. Texture properties could be used to identify of rice cultivars among of the various factors. The digital images processing can be used as a new approach to extract texture features. The objective of this research was to identify rice cultivars using of texture features with using image processing and back propagation artificial neural networks. To identify rice cultivars, five rice cultivars Fajr, Shiroodi, Neda, Tarom mahalli and Khazar were selected. Finally, 108 textural features were extracted from rice images using gray level co-occurrence matrix. Then cultivar identification was carried out using Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network. After evaluation of the network with one hidden layer using texture features, the highest classification accuracy for paddy cultivars, brown rice and white rice were obtained 92.2%, 97.8% and 98.9%, respectively. After evaluation of the network with two hidden layers, the average accuracy for classification of paddy cultivars was obtained to be 96.67%, for brown rice it was 97.78% and for white rice the classification accuracy was 98.88%. The highest mean classification accuracy acquired for paddy cultivars with 45 features was achieved to be 98.9%, for brown rice cultivars with 11 selected features it was 93.3% and it was 96.7% with 18 selected features for rice cultivars.


This Master of Teaching Research Project is a qualitative study that addresses the topics of differentiated instruction in literacy, specifically allowing students to self-select their own texts and providing choice. The existing literature is limited on how teachers are currently differentiating their literacy instruction and what benefits have been seen when allowing students to select their own texts. However, the literature that is present suggests that when students are provided with choice in what they are reading, they are more likely to be engaged with a text, be motivated to read, and to comprehend better than when texts are chosen for them. This study aims to look at how two teachers achieve differentiated instruction in their literacy classrooms, guided by the following question: How is a sample of K-6 teachers differentiating their literacy instruction by incorporating choice in student selection of reading texts and what outcomes do they observe for student engagement in literacy? Overarching themes include participants' experiences learning from their students, considering students' interest and abilities, teaching experiences and availability of resources, and how teachers respond to challenges regarding differentiated instruction. I am eager to share strategies that some teachers use to differentiate their literacy instruction in order to engage disengaged readers and how some teachers assist students who struggle with reading comprehension, specifically.


This work interrogates the nature and structure of the Agricultural Sector in Nigeria, focusing on the historical trend of its growth, development, decline, and prospects of improving the sector in due course. The study further embarked on a comparative analysis of the country's agricultural patterns with those of the advanced economies in order to articulate/draw out the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional practices which to a large extent have affected its long-term potentiality of not just feeding the nation's citizenry but equally attracting measurable contribution to the nation's economic development and improving the GDP of the country. The work progresses analytically by probing into the influential impediment factors which have affected its growth and development over the years through a historical methodology. In the long run, the work trails to an end by envisaging the prospects of the sector, and efforts made by the federal government of Nigeria as well as the private sector to ensure the steady revival of the sector. The work is structured into (i) Introduction, (ii) Nigeria's Agricultural Sector in Historical Perspective (iii) Importance of Agricultural Sector to the Nigerian Economy (iv) A comparative Analysis between Production/Manufacturing Potentiality of Agricultural Products in EDCs and LDCs (v) Research Findings: Factors of Influential Impediments to Growth and Development of the Agricultural Sector Challenges (vi) Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations.


Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the publication of library-related articles in selected Nigerian Newspapers from 2011 to 2016. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted content analysis as its research design. The frequency and prominence of library-related articles published from 2011 to 2016 in Nigerian newspapers were examined. Four newspapers were purposively selected from the best ten newspapers in circulation in Nigeria. A total of 8,644 editions of the newspapers constitute the population from where all the available publications in MOUAU library - 7,908 editions representing 91.5% of the population - formed the sample size. The instrument used for data collection was the code sheet while the data collected was analyzed within the context of the objectives of the study using simple frequency distribution table, percentages and numbers, for easy interpretation. Findings: The results of the study reveals that library-related articles were seldom published in Nigerian newspapers. Out of the 7,908 editions of the newspapers examined, only 960 library-related articles were published. This represents one library-related article in at least every 8 editions. Other findings are that: the number of library-related articles published in the newspapers progressively decreased between 2013 and 2016; This Day newspaper published the highest number of library-related articles; and news articles constitute majority of the library-related articles published in the newspapers. Recommendations: The study recommends, among others, that the Nigerian Library Association, the Association of University Librarians in Nigeria Universities, and other associations of heads of various libraries should, at their different fora, organize regular interactive sessions with the Nigerian Union of Journalists in general and the newspaper correspondents /journalists in particular to discuss, among others, the need for adequate coverage and proper placement of library issues in the newspapers. Keywords: Library; Newspaper; Nigerian Newspapers; Library-Related Articles.


The article shows the essence and evolution of the economic security notion. It shows that the "economic security" notion is based on a number of definitions and principles of "security". It establishes that in the result of development of the post-industrial society and complication of social and state relations, this notion was used with economic orientation. It shows that nowadays economic security is understood as the state, in which such components as financial, information, socio-economic, institutional and legal, technical and technological, intellectual and personnel, power and ecological activity are in the states of "absence of threat", "safety", "protection from threats", "protection", "reliability", "stability", "rest", "independence" and "within acceptable bounds". Moreover, there is a system of prevention or reduction of impact of threats under controlled conditions. The article shows that economic security is a dynamic component of the economy, which adapts to the needs of the time. The current stage of the state development requires taking into account specific and address specific features of the object of study (for example, branch) for ensuring economic security under conditions of appearance of negative phenomena of uncertainty and risk. The prospect of further studies is developing new systems of economic security with consideration of historical grounds and modern tendencies of development of economic relations.


Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that frequently arises during the second trimester, typically after 20 weeks of pregnancy, requiring increased awareness and vigilance.
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse factors affecting pregnant women's behaviours in early detection of warning signs of preeclampsia (PE) based on the health belief model.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted, with 225 respondents as research subjects in Tuban Regency.  The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. Data analysis employed structural equal modelling.
Results: The results demonstrated that sociodemographic factors had an indirect pathway toward detection behaviours of the PE warning signs through perceived susceptibility/severity and perceived barrier. Health belief factors, including perceived susceptibility/severity, perceived threat, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, and perceived self-efficacy, had direct pathways toward detection behaviours of the PE warning signs.  Cues to action had both direct and indirect pathways toward detection behaviours of the PE warning signs.
Conclusion: Improvement of promotion efforts and comprehensive health education by incorporating cognitive, physiological, and psychosocial beliefs were immensely required to enhance better detection behaviours.


In this final work described are the electrostatics and basic concepts and its definitions. Described are the methods of images used in electrical engineering and power engineering and its impementation in solving task problems.
The most important part of this final is a comparison of the results, application of the method of images, when determinating of the propulsion and exhaust capacity of overhead threephase electric power water. The aim of this document is showcase the similarity of the results of that task by using the two approaches in solving the cases of em twisted and unbroken water. The final results obtained are of similar value. However, the results were not identical because two different methods were used as well es different assumption


This study aimed to characterize the potential allelopathic activity of essential oils of pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervium C. DC.) and oriza (Pogostemon heyneanus Benth), and to examine, comparatively, their allelopathic effects. Essential oils obtained were prepared at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%, with ether methanol as eluent, and tested upon the germination of seeds and the development of the radicle and the hypocotyl of the weeds of cultivated grassland areas, malicia (Mimosa pudica) and mata-pasto (Senna obtusifolia). Depending on their concentrations, oils of the two species showed intensities of allelopathic activity on the donor species, on the receptor plant and on the examined plant factor. The germination of seeds was the factor most strongly inhibited by the oils. The intensities of inhibitions were positively related to the concentration, with the maximum inhibitions verified at 1%. Mimosa pudica was the receptor species most sensitive to the effects of oil. In comparison, the essential oil of Piper hispidinervium showed a higher potential for inhibiting the germination and development of the two receptor plants, notably in relation to the germination of seeds, when the differences were more striking. The results were attributed to the chemical composition of oils, especially in relation to the presence of monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.


Bathing is defined as a set of skincare practices that usually involves the use of washing the skin with the help of water and often other chemical and therapeutic agents. The prehistoric men often bathed in large water bodies such as rivers and natural lakes, often as a means of temperature control and to get rid of dust and other debris. With time, however, the practice of bathing became more sophisticated.[1,2]


Property Location With a stay at Gardengrove Suites, you'll be centrally located in Bangkok, walking distance from Terminal 21 Shopping Mall and close to Benjakiti Park. This 4-star aparthotel is within close proximity of Queen Sirikit National Convention..


Some models of ion-selective electrodes (ISE) and other methods have been elaborated, to quantify nitrate levels in environmental samples (water, fruits, vegetables and others), using direct potentiometry


Studies of hydrogen isothermal desorption and abstraction from polycrystalline diamond surfaces are presented. The surface H and D coverages (θH and θD) are measured in real time by mass analyzing the recoiled ions generated in a time‐of‐flight scattering and recoil spectroscopy (TOF‐SARS) experiment. For surface temperatures (Ts) from 825 and 920 °C, isothermal H2 desorption is 1st order in θH with a measured activation energy, ET, of 69±6 kcal/mol and a pre‐exponential factor, ν, of 1010.5±0.9 s−1. For H2 desorption from diamond, the estimated ΔET based on bond energy calculations is ≊88 kcal/mol, substantially higher than the experimentally measured ET. This difference suggests π‐bonding of the surface after H2 desorption is involved. Using a simple bond order argument, the π‐bonding contribution is estimated to be ≊21 kcal/mol. The abstraction and replacement of absorbed H by atomic deuterium (Dat) is explained by three first‐order reactions. Under a constant Dat flux, the rate of abstraction of adsor...


In their undergraduate studies, students obtain most of their information from textbooks and handbooks. Yet for graduate students, it is often necessary to obtain more current information that is only available in technical articles. Many entering graduate students are unaware of the role of journal articles in research and are not informed about the article submission process. Although this knowledge is important to their careers, it is rarely included in coursework. To correct this, students are required to read assigned technical articles and be prepared to discuss them in class. In addition to the traditional discussions addressing the technical points in the articles, the role of articles in research is discussed. The goal of these discussions is to prepare students for research by teaching the students how to read technical articles and by teaching them about the article submission process. Since studies have shown that students retain more information through active learning than through passive learning, class discussion is used to encourage reading and active participation. This in-class discussion of technical articles has been implemented in a graduate level thermodynamics course in chemical engineering. Since thermodynamics is one of the required core courses for the first-year graduate students, it provides an opportunity to prepare entering graduate students for research. This approach was assessed using an initial survey at the beginning of the semester and a final survey at the end of the semester. Results of the assessment are presented.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the impact of Massachusetts Health Reform (MHR) on access, quality, and costs of outpatient care for the already-insured.

DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING
Medicare data from before (2006) and after (2009) MHR implementation.

STUDY DESIGN
We performed a retrospective difference-in-differences analysis of quantity of outpatient visits, proportion of outpatient quality metrics met, and costs of care for Medicare patients with ≥ 1 chronic disease in 2006 versus 2009. We used the remaining states in New England as controls.

DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS
We used existing Medicare claims data provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
MHR was not associated with a decrease in outpatient visits per year compared to controls (9.4 prereform to 9.6 postreform in MA vs. 9.4-9.5 in controls, p = .32). Quality of care in MA improved more than controls for hemoglobin A1c monitoring, mammography, and influenza vaccination, and similarly to controls for diabetic eye examination, colon cancer screening, and pneumococcal vaccination. Average costs for patients in Massachusetts increased from $9,389 to $10,668, versus $8,375 to $9,114 in control states (p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS
MHR was not associated with worsening in access or quality of outpatient care for the already-insured, and it had modest effects on costs. This has implications for other states expanding insurance coverage under the Affordable Care Act.


We present some results for decays of B mesons into J/ψ and some resonances that are formed from the interaction of two vector mesons.


The thesis explores the possibilities of describing the genre of jezicni savjet (i.e. language usage advice) in the frameworks of text linguistics, speech act theory and critical discourse analysis. Disapproval, hybrid "functionally-communicational field" described in Ivanetic (1995), is seen as a convenient starting designation of language usage advice, and structural and discursive patterns of the genre are examined on a corpus of texts created between the year 1991 and 2018. The focus is on the ways in which text authors are trying to shape recipients' ideological attitudes about language (cf. Kapovic et al. 2016, Starcevic 2016, Starcevic et al. 2019). The inner differentiation of the genre is observed regarding the level of expressiveness which is manifested by the authors in their discourse about disapproved language usage.


This study investigated the effects of display method, number of message lines and text colour on comprehension performance and subjective preferences for reading Chinese on a light‐emitting diode display. The factors and levels studied were: two text display methods (rapid serial visual presentation 'rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)' and paged view scrolling), four numbers of message lines displayed at a time (one to four lines) and three text colours (amber, green and red). The RSVP method resulted in higher comprehension scores than the paged view scrolling method, and the green text produced better comprehension score than amber or red. However, the paged view scrolling received better subjective evaluation ratings than the RSVP method. A multiline display was found to be superior to a single‐line display for both comprehension scores and subjective evaluations. The results here provide useful ergonomics recommendations for choice of appropriate display method and format setting for presenting Chinese messages on light‐emitting diode displays.


In an oxidizing atmosphere, is operable under applied bias, the presence of one or more target gas species exhibits improved reduction of molecular oxygen at the detection electrode, measuring the oxygen ion flux through the sensor cell as a result amperometric sensor configured to increase to the extent possible. Sensor cell comprises an oxygen ion-conductive electrolyte membrane, the detection electrodes on the electrolyte membrane, and a counter electrode on the electrolyte membrane, the detection electrode comprises at least one molybdate or tungstate compound. Along with methods for detecting one or more of the NO


This study is an attempt to find that how performance of educational sectors of Pakistan is influenced by (OC) organizational culture and (EI) emotional intelligence variables. Every organization has a culture which is good or bad.  Good culture creates a positive influence on long term performance of educational institutions and good culture is better for positive performance than happy employees. Data is collected by studying the different researcher's articles, taking interview of experts and through observations. The data was collected only from Pakistani educational sector organizations to find the results. Results show that there is a close relationship between an organization's culture and its performance in developing countries, like Pakistan, Pakistan are rich in emotional sentiments due to their strong cultural influence of past experiences on future outcomes, education sector performance is also influenced by EI variable. The effective handling of EI particularly at workplace will provide immense outcomes which eventually will increase the productivity of organization and ultimately contributes toward the development of economy of developing countries like Pakistan. Keywords: Organizational culture, Emotional intelligence, Performance, Education sector of Pakistan


It's difficult to solve the direct kinematics of a parallel manipulator(PM),which will deal with nonlinear function set.The particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is improved to get better global search ability.And the model about the PM's direct kinematics is rebuilt with the exterior point penalty function method so as to adapt to the PSO.So a new method to solve the direct kinematics problem is obtained based on them.Finally a PM is introduced as an instance,and the direct kinematics problem of it is solved with the method.


The wave and current monitoring system WaMoS II is a remote sensing system based on a nautical X-Band radar generally used for navigation and ship traffic control. It has been used in recent years to monitor sea state information from moored platforms, coastal sites and moving vessels. The nautical radar can scan the sea surface over a large area (~ 10km2) with a high spatial (~7.5m) and temporal resolution (~2s). Analysing the temporal and spatial evolution of the surface wave information it is also possible to determine current and water depth information in space and time. In the paper a brief introduction into the measuring principle of WaMoS II is given and results of high resolution current and bathymetric maps for a shallow water area (<;20m) are presented. For the first time a detailed validation the WaMoS II current measurements by using in-situ ADCP measurements is presented.


This paper introduces a new concept of partial observability for nonlinear systems. This new approach enables a quantitative analysis on the observability of an individual state variable and unknow...


Grinding wheat to pass a 40 mesh screen is adequate for polarimetric starch analyses. Finer grinding does not influence the precision, apparent starch content, or extraction time requirement appreciably. The pentosan content of calcium chloride extracts is increased by fine grinding and by prolonged extraction and is decreased by preliminary extraction with dilute alkali. The wheat products employed in this study were subjected to complete analysis by conventional methods (ash, fat, protein, sugar, pentosan, polyuronide, fiber). Starch contents calculated by difference were in close agreement with direct determinations on patent flour, and showed differences of 1.3 to 2.6% on whole wheat. Apparent fat contents, determined with ethyl ether or petroleum ether, were doubled by preliminary acid digestion. Wheat is shown to have an appreciable polyuronide content, which is located in the integuments.


In 2 studies, each with 5 test series, physiological costs of the hearing due to legally tolerable noise exposures of 94 dB (A) for 1 hr have been measured audiometrically. The temporary threshold shifts (TTS) and their restitution time, as well as cardiovascular responses in work‐related heart rate increases, of 10 and 8 subjects (Ss), respectively, could be shown to be modulated by additional physical stress and combined exposure to alcohol (Study 1) and cigarette smoke (Study 2). Moderate dynamic muscle work (50 W) administered via a bicycle ergometer either immediately after noise, or simultaneous to the noise exposure, significantly reduced restitution time as well as the integrated restitution temporary threshold shift (IRTTS). A physical stress to 100 W—which exceeded the endurance level when demanded simultaneously to the noise exposure—did not show any favorable effects. However, if the same physical stress succeeded the noise exposure, and when it was interrupted several times for the audiometric measurements, it also brought about significant accelerations of the restitution processes. Some reductions in physiological costs of the hearing were found due to an intervening alcohol consumption (blood alcohol concentration ∼ 0.08%) prior to the noise exposure and a simultaneous physical load of 50 W. Smoking 10 cigarettes instead of the consumption of alcohol was associated with a reduced TTS, but a prolonged restitution time. IRTTS as total physiological costs of the most unfavorable combination of noise, simultaneous high physical workload, and preceding smoke exposure was increased. The results of the test series with cigarette smoke—probably due to the small group of just 8 Ss and the counteracting effects of the agents carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine—were not statistically significant, but these exposures were associated with a substantial activation of the cardiovascular system. Significant heart rate increases are evidence that CO and nicotine must not be neglected as influential factors in the context of physiological costs that the organism, and especially the hearing, has to pay for noise exposures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Purpose: This study examine the functioning level and quality of life (QoL) of people with non-specific neck pain and neck pain with radiculopathy using the neck disability index (NDI), functional rating index (FRI), and short form of health survey 36 (SF-36) and each of linked lCF code lists of those scales. Methods: Each item of the NDI, FRI, and SF-36 were linked conceptually to the ICF code, and the lCF code lists of those scales were produced as iNDI, iFRI, and iSF-36, respectively. Seventy-nine patients with neck pain filled the instruments and its linked ICF code lists. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the diagnosis, non-specific neck pain (Group1), and neck pain with radiculopathy (Group2). A group comparison was performed using an independent t-test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was also used to analyze the relationships between each scale and the linked ICF code list. Results: The participants in Group 2 experienced more difficulties in their daily activities than those in Group 2 when examined in NDI and FRI (p<0.05). This result was also found consistently in the ICF code lists, iNDI and iFRI (p=0.05). On the other hand, the QoL did not show a difference between groups (p=0.06). A strong correlation was observed between the instruments and linked ICF code lists: NDI and iNDI (r =0.90), FRI and iFRI (r =0.91), and SF-36 and iSF-36 (r =-0.61). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the concept of each item in NDI and FRI could be linked to the ICF codes when examining patients with neck pain, but the items of SF-36 were found to be linked and expressed in ICF.


The actuator line model (ALM) is a widely used tool to represent the wind turbine blades when performing numerical simulations of flow over wind turbines and wind farms. The ALM is used to represent wind turbine blades without the need to resolve the full geometry of the blades. In this work, the ALM is implemented in a large-eddy simulation (LES) research code and compared with 3 other numerical codes in the wind energy community. Excellent agreement is observed in the implementation of the ALM amongst all the codes. Comparisons against experimental measurements are also performed. From the experimental comparisons, it is found that in the case of a small scale wind tunnel experiment, a nacelle and tower models are required to match the near wake. After the comparisons with other codes and experiments, a new theoretical approach is used to improve the ALM. In the ALM, the parameter establishes the width over which body forces are distributed. An optimal opt is found based on two dimensional aerodynamics. This optimal body force is then tested in a three dimensional simulation of a wind turbine under uniform inflow. The optimal body force is able to resolve the tip vortex and the tip losses are well reproduced. ii


After introduced economic plant resources and its utilizated status in the loess plateau, the principles of sheltered utilization on economic plant resources in the region are analyzed. And the countermeasures, which can realize sheltered utilization of economic plant resources, are put forward. To realize sheltered utilization on economic plant resources in the loess plateau, the principles ought to be scrupulously abide by as follows. (1) Eco-environment rehabilitation projects are continuously carried out in order to improve ecological system of the region; (2) Based on scheming management of the government, wild resources of economic plants are limited to be utilized and cultivated base on economic plants are encouraged to upbuild; (3) Key technique and practical techniques are tried hardly to develop about comprehensive utilization of economic plants. The countermeasures are put forward: Enhance the research of conservation biology on rare and endangered economic plants in the loess plateau, and set up botany garden and arboretum about wild economic plants; Enhance the research on economic plants introduction and acclimatization, and construct breeding base and spreading system of excellent varieties of economic plants; Enhance engineering research of phytochemistry on economic plants, and develop economic plant industry in order to realize price increment of secondary products.


The aim of the research is to determine the changes in psychosomatic and somatic problems of future health educators by analyzing the relations of these symptoms with lifestyle factors. The same questionnaire was used in the surveys carried out in 2008 and 2013 in order to evaluate the variables. The respondents were asked how often they had different psychosomatic and somatic complaints over the last 12 months. These complaints were compared with health lifestyle (doing physical activity, frequency of alcohol consumption and smoking) factors. The participants in the first survey (2008) were 168 students (65 male and 103 female), while the participants in the second survey (2013) were 186 students (81 male and 105 female). According to the study results, sleeping disorders were more frequent in the first course male students in 2013 than in 2008. In addition to these disorders, female students complained that they had headache, shoulder and neck pain and backache. It was noticed that in the second survey there were more female respondents who smoked almost every day (17.9% and 8.1% respectively) and less physically active female respondents (52.4% and 21.6% respectively). Thus health educators who are less physically active have a greater probability to have psychosomatic and somatic problems.


This is a copy of a letter dated April 22, 1818 from Return J. Meigs, U.S. Agent to the Cherokees, to Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, requesting the sum of 3472.00 for payment to John and Lewis Ross for expenditures in the Cherokee Agency.


Fragmentation of natural habitats due to urban development is predicted to have negative impacts on species diversity. The surrounding landscape (or 'matrix') of urban or semi‐natural habitats can sometimes support biodiversity, but the amount of support will depend on species‐specific traits, and on the resources available in the fragment and the matrix. Using data on bees collected from 19 oak‐savannah fragments, the question of whether bee communities differ when fragments are embedded in different landscapes (Douglas‐fir forest vs. urban residential neighbourhoods) was investigated, and also whether these differences could be attributed to species‐specific traits of bees (e.g. body size, specialization) and/or within‐fragment floral resources. No differences were found in overall richness or abundance of bees, but there were distinct differences in plant and bee community composition between matrix types. Common wood‐nesters and late‐flying, small‐bodied bees tended to be found in urban‐associated fragments, which also had a lower availability of within‐fragment floral resources. Forest‐associated fragments, on the other hand, had a greater density and richness of early‐flowering native plant species, and supported a higher abundance of large‐bodied bee species. Bumble bee abundance, in particular, increased with increasing proportion of forest cover in the surrounding landscape. Large‐bodied bees appear to respond to increased availability of within‐fragment floral resources, but it was also hypothesised that nesting and floral resources in matrix habitat drive the differences in bee community assemblages.


Planning through local search and action graphs is a powerful approach to fully-automated planning which is implemented in the well-known LPG planner. The approach is based on a stochastic local search procedure exploring a space of partial plans and several heuristic features with different possible options. In this paper, we experimentally analyze the most important of them, with the goal of understanding and evaluating their impact on the performance of LPG, and of identifying default settings that work well on a large class of problems. In particular, we analyze several heuristic techniques for (a) evaluating the search neighborhood, (b) defining/restricting the search neighborhood, (c) selecting the next plan flaw to handle, (d) setting the "noise" parameter randomizing the search, and (e) computing reachability information that can be exploited by the heuristic functions used to evaluate the neighborhood elements. Some of these techniques were introduced in previous work on LPG, while others are new. Additional experimental results indicate that the current version of LPG using the identified best heuristic techniques as the default settings is competitive with the winner of the last (2008) International Planning Competition.


This thesis in general approaches the evolution of the family in the African context and in Republic of Cameroun in particular through the handicap. The family cannot manage the handicap in the private sphere any more. The structural change noted through the aspirations and of the social representations of the actors on the management of the handicap causes institutional reforms. Thus, the handicap from its aspirations creates a social dynamics then allowing the cohabitation and the coexistence of the two systems of assumption of responsibility knowing: "tradition and modernity". One sees the family transferring the problems from the handicap of the sphere deprived to the public sphere which is the State. The situational analysis carried out in the ten regional areas of Cameroun made it possible to understand the implementation of the social practices for the autonomy and the blooming of the handicapped people. Thus, the management of the assumption of responsibility of the handicapped people introduces a process of modernization. Contradictions and ambivalences observed in addition translate the complexity which generates a type of contemporaneity. The social construction of the State leaves believe that this one cannot manage the handicap without the collaboration of the families. The family thus becomes a partner of the State in the social treatment of the handicapped person. This research undertakes to understand how the family as an institution of socialization and vector of social cohesion translates the complexity of her social reality to cause social transformations through the assumption of responsibility of the handicapped people.


Russ Kinnel says tracking error can help investors see how similar a fund's performance is to that of its benchmark.


Whilst student engagement with learning has been consistently linked to positive academic outcomes, there has been an increasing focus among higher education institutions on the importance of producing employable graduates. This study investigated whether individual differences in socially aversive personality traits predict different types of student engagement, students' understanding of employability or their attitudes towards this construct. Ninety-four undergraduate students completed the Short Dark Triad and questionnaires measuring engagement, understanding of employability and attitudes towards employability. Regression analyses revealed that narcissism positively predicts general and emotional engagement, whilst psychopathy negatively predicts general engagement. Narcissism positively predicts, and Machiavellianism negatively predicts, attitudes towards employability. Although no Dark Triad traits predicted understanding of employability, students who were highly engaged tended to better understand the concept. These findings can aid university educators by informing more individualised approaches to encouraging engagement and fostering employable skills and attributes in university students. The results are also discussed in the context of employability in higher education, with recommendations for improving student engagement and graduate employability outcomes.


PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a qualitative and quantitative relationship between the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier, defined radiologically by the contrast enhancement of MRI, and the uptake of 13N-NH3 in brain tumors. MethodsThe results of 13N-NH3 PET in 42 patients suspected of having brain tumors were compared with the findings of contrast-enhanced MRI. A histopathological diagnosis was carried out in 33 patients, and a clinical diagnosis was performed in the remaining patients. PET and MRI images were visually inspected, and the contrast index (CI) of MRI and the uptake index (UI) of 13N-NH3 were measured. ResultsContrast enhancement of MRIs was seen in 20 of 29 brain tumors (69%). Increased uptake of 13N-NH3 was seen in 24 of 29 brain tumors (83%). Nineteen of 20 contrast-enhancing brain tumors exhibited the increased uptake of 13N-NH3 (95%). Areas of the increased 13N-NH3 uptake corresponded to areas enhanced on MR images in the majority of cases. Five out of nine nonenhancing tumors exhibited increased uptake of 13N-NH3 (56%). The contrast enhancement of MRIs was seen in nine of 13 nonneoplastic lesions (69%). None of the nonneoplastic lesions showed increased uptake of 13N-NH3, yielding a specificity of 100% for brain tumors (0 of 13). CI for tumor tissue was 1.46±0.64. UI of 13N-NH3 for tumor tissue was 1.64±0.71. CI and UI for tumor tissue were significantly correlated (r=0.86, P<0.01). A statistically significant difference in uptake levels of 13N-NH3 between contrast-enhancing tumors and nonenhancing tumors (1.88±0.66, n=20 vs. 1.11±0.52, n=9, P<0.01) was observed. UI was higher in brain tumors compared with the nonneoplastic lesions (1.64±0.71 vs. 0.71±0.19, P<0.01). Conclusion13N-NH3 is a potential selective contrast-enhanced tracer for brain tumor, and may prove especially useful for evaluating the contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI to distinguish brain tumors from nonneoplastic lesions.


The present invention relates to adjusting the input / output interface. An apparatus includes an input / output (I / O) interface circuit includes a memory and a controller. The memory stores a plurality of commands to adjust an input / output (I / O) interfaces. This command instructs the I / O interface circuit of at least one I / O at least one I / O state of the terminal and the duration of the state associated with I / O's. Run the controller to the I / O interface in (one or more) I / O status in a predetermined order.


This paper examines the presence of extra nodes in the scattering wave function for a nonlocal potential. Extra nodes are known to result from the nonlocality of an effective potential which incorporates the Pauli principle. It is shown that an extra node is directly linked to the existence of a continuum bound state or a spurious state in the scattering spectrum. Thus the presence of extra nodes occurs in conjunction with zeros of the Fredholm determinants D/sup plus-or-minus/(k) and D (k) associated with the integral equations for the physical and regular scattering solutions, respectively. The behavior of the nodes due to spurious states and continuum bound states is differentiated. Two possible definitions of the phase shift for a nonlocal potential are discussed in connection with this behavior. Both are consistent with the local limit. The definition of the phase shift as the negative of the phase of the Jost function L/sup +/(k) is suggested as preferable. This definition is shown to be in accord with the nodal behavior of the wave function and its interpretation in terms of an absolute value of the phase shift. Examples of potentials with a spurious state and of potentials with a continuum bound statemore » are given. The nodal behavior of the wave function and the associated phase shift behavior are examined for each.« less


The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of ambivalent consumption appeared in the purchase behavior of apparel products by the 4Ps element of marketing mix and to clarify the relation between consumption value and clothing involvement that were the antecedent variable. Among the 4Ps element of marketing mix, brand was selected in the exterior criteria of products, and fashionability was selected in the internal criteria of products. Meanwhile, it was considered that there were no objects of conflicted or ambivalent criteria in the element of promotion. Finally, brand, fashionability, price, place, etc. were selected as the elements of marketing. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 550 subjects from Jun, 8th, 2006 to Jun, 22nd, 2006; 507 were used for the data analysis. The results from data analysis were following: firstly, it was identified that ambivalent consumption showed up, as the result from measuring the individual conflicting consumption by elements. Brand was the highest in the frequency of ambivalent consumption among the elements of marketing mix, and price, place, and fashionability were followed. Secondly, by product characteristics, the frequency of ambivalent consumption of casual shirt, group II, was lower than that of mountain climbing jacket, group III, in the brand element and the price element. Thirdly, as the results from conducting factorial analysis to consumption value, it had 5 dimensions, which were practical value, distinguishable/aesthetic value, conspicuous value, social/confirmative value, and enjoyable value. Also clothing involvement was classified into 4 dimensions of emotion, fashionability, symbolic and brand involvement in the result from conducting the factorial analysis to clothing involvement. Fourthly, the mean of ambivalent consuming group by each element was highest among that of other consuming groups in all the dimensions. Fifthly, ambivalent consuming group had the highest mean among other consuming groups in all the dimension of clothing involvement, such as emotion, fashionability, and symbolic by each element of marketing mix, and it means that overall, ambivalent consuming group is highly involved in all the dimension of clothing involvement.


Following the great recession of military colonialism after the middle of the 20th century, there was much optimism about the potential for modern technology transfer to transform traditionally based agriculture in the newly independent countries of the Third World, with the green revolution the most salient example. The CGIAR Centers in Mexico (CIMMYT) and the Philippines (IRRI) spearheaded the green revolution, and the Centers have continued to play a prominent and influential role in agricultural research and development in the South, out of proportion with the relatively small size of their programs. The persistence of hunger and the continuing degradation of the natural resource base for agricultural production dampened the early enthusiasm. It eventually led to the conclusion in most industrial nations and international agricultural development organizations, including the CGIAR, that social and cultural factors, not only technical factors, are important determinants of the outcome of technology transfer and the future of Third World agriculture. The CGIAR appears to continue to accept social science as important, as in its 2000 "New Vision" publication: "The CGIAR's enhanced mandate and strategic focus on poverty reduction will entail an increased role of socioeconomic research within the CGIAR Centers" (quoted in Cernea 2005:73). However, Cernea has documented an increased institutional and intellectual marginalization of social science in the CGIAR in recent years, which he sees as "dysfunctional to the system's operations and performance" because of "the strategic relevance of social research to CGIAR's overall research for food security and poverty reduction" (Cernea 2005:73). If the people making policy in the CGIAR system really believed such statements, then they would be irrational to reduce social science at the Centers. Assuming rationality, we have to ask why they don't believe their own statements, and what they think should be the role of social science in agricultural development.


Green construction has been developed at an initial stage in China with serious problems,such as insufficient mobilization,management and supervision.The concept and connotation of green construction and its management was introduced,where the current status and existing problems of green construction management in China was analyzed.It was proposed that scientific management and development of construction technology was the only approach to realize green construction.The strategies on green construction management were narrated in respects of establishing a sound "longitudinal and transversal" system of green construction management,executing dynamic management and formulating practical and feasible technical measures for green construction.


In many clinical trials, the relative efficacy of drugs has to be assessed by means of subjective measures based on the preferences expressed by the subjects. Patients are often unable to distinguish between two or more alternative forms of treatment, and a proportion of "no preference" decisions may consequently be recorded. Contrary to my previous argument,1 the proportion of "no preference" decisions does not affect the significance level attained in statistical tests based on the relative proportions of positive decisions only. It is maintained, however, that the proportion of sUch decisions alters the weight to be attached to a given difference between the numbers of positive choices for alternative treatments. As a consequence, it is argued that, in sequential clinical trials based on patients' preferences, different designs must be chosen according to the different proportions of "no preference" decisions which are expected to occur.


In this paper, for a xed semidualizing bimodule C =S CR, we introduce the notion of strongly WP -Gorenstein modules and give the foxby equivalence between the categories of DP(R)\AC(R) and DCP(R)\BC(S). Then we investigate the properties of strongly WP -Gorenstein modules and dimensions. Key words and phrases: semidualizing module; stronglyWP -Gorenstein module; C-projective module.


We developed a dynamically separating genetic algorithm (DS-GA)using a variable selection range(DS- GAVSR). Bycomparing ourDS-GAVSRwith asimple GA,anisland modelGA,andaDS-GA,we foundthat selection rangemainly affects convergencespeed, while crossoverrangemainly affects long-term performance. We determined that DS-GAVSRperformance ishighforreal-coded problems.


A robot consisting of step motors and reduction gear is utilized as industrial robots owing to the light weight design and the low cost. Then, it is useful to investigate theoretically the dynamic characteristics of the robot driven by the step motors in consideration of the transient vibrations excited by intermittent motions of the step motors. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of the horizontal two-link robot driven by step motors and harmonic drive gears is investigated by the numerical simulation and the experiments. In the numerical simulation analysis, the equation of motion is derived in consideration of the transient vibration of step motors and the nonlinear flexibility of the harmonic drive gears. Then, it is clarified that the distinguish resonance frequency agree with the drive frequency of the step motors at the resonance of the system. When the step motors controlled by the trapezoidal velocity curve are driven with the distinguish resonance frequency of the system in the period of constant velocity, the resonance vibrations with big amplitudes are generated, especially in the step motors. Then, the vibration amplitudes of the links are smaller than the ones of the step motors. Furthermore, it is proved experimentally that the distinguish resonance phenomenon of the robot driven by the trapezoidal velocity curve occurs.


The fire and rescue sector is building a qualifications structure that addresses both technical knowledge and practical competence. Cliff Sear reports.


Observation of granular superconductivity and percolative ferromagnetism in hydrogen/oxygen doped graphite materials has motivated recent research because of the unexplored scenarios in the field of magnetic-devices and spintronics. Here we report a novel investigation of the effects of hydrogen-peroxide-doping on the magnetic properties of grafoil, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and carbon nanotube (CNT) samples characterized by specific defective characteristics. ZFC and FC magnetic curves acquired on the undoped boundary-defect-rich grafoil samples from 2 K to 300 K, revealed a spin-glass-like behaviour, with magnetic irreversibilities indicating the existence of percolative ferromagnetism. An enhancement in such effect was found in the post-doped samples below ∼70 K, together with a magnetic transition. This was evidenced further by ESR, with the appearance of a broad differential absorption peak at 77 K for g ∼ 3.54, compatible with antiferromagnetic ordering in presence of ferromagnetic multilayers. An analogous enhancement of ferromagnetic signals was found on sp3-defect-rich HOPG, with the appearance of localized ESR differential absorption features at g factors of ∼ 2.14, ∼2.08, ∼2.02, ∼ 1.91 and ∼ 1.86 at 77 K. Instead, comparisons performed in vacancy-rich doped CNTs revealed a significantly different trend, with an anomalous demagnetization of both the vacancy-rich graphitic CNT layers and encapsulated Fe3C nanowires. These observations seem to highlight a possible role of specific defects towards modifications of magnetic correlation in presence of hydrogen/oxygen species.


FIELD: information technologies. SUBSTANCE: during realisation of the method, distinguish the first and second versions of an electronic file and initiate synchronisation event. The program interface of the application provides access to the first and second versions, compares the information connected with each of them, generates result and informs this result to the first application of the software. The second application of the software generates the user interface according to sign of the second software application according to which the electronic file is connected with the second software application, and the user interface is displayed on the displaying device. EFFECT: possibility of requesting the process of a file synchronisation and process management. 20 cl, 4 dwg


In this paper, we advise some pot solution for localization and synchronization, referred to as JSL, for UWSNs. JSL might be a four phases plan. For each round of message exchanges, time synchronization and localization are transported out at different phases. In this paper, we presented JSL, some pot solution for time synchronization and localization in UWSN. It compensates the stratification effect inside the underwater atmosphere rather of presuming straight line transmission. TSHL combines one-way and 2-way MAC layer message delivery. TSHL may be helpful for static underwater sensor systems, nevertheless it cannot handle mobile scenarios since it assumes constant propagation delays among sensor nodes. In UWSNs, of people uncertainties, the propagation time is dominant due to the low propagation speed of acoustic signals. When the synchronization process completes, the standard sensor node becomes synchronized, plus a new draft clock skew u and offset b are thought to be. Since for random walk, the speed finally time point could be to steer clear of the rate within our point, any tracking plan will miss their effectiveness, and that's why the end result based on random walk are worse for localization and synchronization. The very first TDOA ought to be to launch the JSL procedure by supplying initial positions. The propagation delay could be the bridge helping you to connect time synchronization and localization. Accordingly, only one way or half of individuals exchanged messages can be utilized as sample data.


Objective: There is a growing interest in traditional medicinal plants since they contain medicinally active products to remedy many diseases. Punica granatum (PG) has many medicinal applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepato-pancreatic protective effects of PG peel powder (PGPP) on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods : Male Swiss albino rats became diabetic with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) after a single intravenous injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). IDDM-rats received either a daily oral dose of PGPP (200 mg/kg), or insulin for 20 days. On day 21, rats were sacrificed and levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were estimated. Histopathological studies of liver and pancreas were performed. Results: There was a significant elevation in FBG, AST, ALT activities, NO and LPO levels for induced IDDM. In contrast, albumin level, SOD activity, and TAC exhibited the significant decline. In addition, there was marked lipid profile disturbances, and histopathological changes of liver and pancreas. Following PGPP supplementation, the levels of all the above-mentioned factors were back to normal. Also, liver architecture and the size of an islets of Langerhans of the pancreas were almost back to normal. The effect of PGPP was more pronounced when compared with insulin. Conclusion: PGPP is an effective alternative for the treatment of IDDM through the regeneration of β cells of pancreas and via its strong antioxidant properties.


This paper aims to propose an effective method to carry out Chinese character education for children through the analyzation and research with the feasibility, in order to promote the effects of Chinese character education and further promote their psychological development and inheritance of traditional Chinese culture. With the method of literature review and object of children's Chinese character teaching methods, this paper makes a further research with the application of related methods and concludes a more practical Chinese character teaching methods for children by analyzing its significance and possibility. Namely, the method of word source literacy, associative thinking, literacy sensitive period, division to integration, introduction of traditional stories, scene creation, game literacy and image literacy. It is innovative that this paper connects the former theoretical research and real teaching to conclude the Chinese character teaching methods corresponding with children's psychological development characteristics. 1. Definition Of Related Concepts 1.1 Chinese characters Chinese characters are the writing system for recording language and the most significant auxiliary communication tool. The simplified Chinese characters used now mainly are involved in this paper[1]. 1.2 Chinese character education The purpose of Chinese character education is to know the shape, phonetic and meaning of Chinese characters and understand their bearing cultural content. In addition, it involves training good reading habits[1]. 1.3 Education methods Education methods refer to the strategic approaches to realize the education thought under the guidance of certain education ideas, which are the reflection and concrete expression of objective laws and principles of education. 2. The Significance of Teaching Children Chinese Characters 2.1 Helpful to improve children's perception abilities The first step for children to understand and explore the world is sensory perception, which is the foundation of psychological activity development. Children will have the shape perception soon after the birth, so the Chinese characters presented by teachers are like a picture for children. The explanation and introducing the background of Chinese characters stimulate children's sense of vision and hearing so as to promote the development of their perception abilities. 2.2 Helpful to improve children's image thinking and abstract thinking abilities Children may gradually form their thinking about two years old, which is realized by means of action and language. It is a superior psychological activity of human being. Chinese character is one kind of abstract symbol system with the characteristics of pictographic understanding. It is the unification of image and abstraction. Therefore, children's image and abstract thinking abilities will be improved in the process of learning Chinese characters. For example, the word of "dry" means that the fields are dry every day by the great sun. 3rd International Conference on Education, E-learning and Management Technology (EEMT 2018) Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 220


The zero temperature Mott transition region in antiferromagnetic, spin MnO is probed using the correlated band theory LSDA+U method. The first transition encountered is an insulator–insulator volume collapse within the rocksalt structure that is characterized by an unexpected Hund's rule violating 'spin-flip' moment collapse. This spin-flip to takes fullest advantage of the anisotropy of the Coulomb repulsion, allowing gain in the kinetic energy (which increases with decreasing volume) while retaining a sizable amount of the magnetic exchange energy. While transition pressures vary with the interaction strength, the spin-flip state is robust over a range of interaction strengths and for both B1 and B8 structures.


By reviewing the history of the formation of traditional prescription science,summarizing the elements necessary,integrating current conditions of research,this article indicates that to achieve its modern outcome,traditional prescription science must combine with modern medicine,science and technology.


The importance of fostering entrepreneurship is inevitable in poverty alleviation programmes because it is the best way to create capabilities. Nurturing women entrepreneurship in a competent outfit will be a way to fight poverty. Schumpeter's and Kirzner's economic models of entrepreneurship show how women's entrepreneurship should be identified, recruited, mentored and encouraged. So, the notion of eradicating poverty through profit in rural India can be by women entrepreneurs taking up radical and incremental innovation and achieving profitability, self-fulfilments and thus the positive economic outcome. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which are vehicles in which women entrepreneurship thrives, are very conducive for rural women. The unique qualities and skills which women entrepreneurs introduce into SMEs constitute a real potential source of innovation for economies. To Schumpeter, while the identification and exploitation of this source of opportunities involve radical innovations, Kirzner's incremental innovations are brought to market and exploited by alert entrepreneurs.


For high speed frequency domain instrument applications, a large bandwidth, efficient, and calibrated modulation source is required. Our primary interest was in developing a modulation source for a 20-GHz lightwave component analyzer (HP8703A). The use of a lithium niobate Mach-Zehnder external modulator for this application has the advantages of large modulation bandwidth, narrow linewidth, operation over a large wavelength range, and the ability to self-calibrate the modulation frequency response.


The aim of this study is to assist a military decision maker during his decision-making process when applying tactics on the battlefield. For that, we have decided to model the conflict by a game, on which we will seek to find strategies guaranteeing to achieve given goals simultaneously defined in terms of attrition and tracking. The model relies multi-valued graphs, and leads us to solve a stochastic shortest path problem. The employed techniques refer to temporal differences methods but also use a heuristic qualification of system states to face algorithmic complexity issues


Vinyltin compounds, [R3Sn(CHCH2)](R = Me and Ph), react with sulphenyl chlorides and thiocyanates, R′SX, in aprotic solvents to give products of addition (Markownikoff) to the vinyl bond and cleavage of the vinyl–tin bond [equation (i)]. Cleavage products are exclusively obtained from the most reactive sulphenyl chloride [R3Sn(CHCH2)]+ R′SX →[R3Sn(CHXCH2SR′)]+ CH2CHSR′+[R3SnX](i) used, p-MeC6H4SCI, while both cleavage and addition occur with the less-electrophilic species, 2-O2N-4-YC6H3SX (Y = H, Me, or NO2; X = Cl or SCN). Sulphenate esters do not react. The adducts, [Ph3Sn-(CHXCH2SR′)], are thermally unstable in polar solvents, such as CHCl3, and give CH2= CHSR′. They react with sulphenyl halides, R″SX′, to give unsymmetric disulphides, R′SSR″, CH2CHX. and [Ph3SnX′]. This type of reaction is in contrast to those with Br2, I2, CF3CO2H, Hg[O2Me]2, and HgCl2 in which initially phenyl–tin bond cleavage occurs to give [Ph2ZSn(CHXCH2SR′)]. The latter species are not stable and generally break down to CH2CHSR′ and [Ph2SnXZ](Z = Cl, Br, I, CF3CO2, or MeCO2).


This study determines the differences in opinion of U-15 (20 boys) and U-16 (29 boys) rugby players from Romanian national teams, regarding motivational support (MS) and the effects/benefits (EB) of the sport. The evaluation questionnaire (based on 21 items with closed answers and 7 items with free answers) was applied between 29 November 2019 and 13 December 2019. The statistical calculation indicates the absence of significant differences between the groups for most items, with the exception of financial motivation (where the U-16 group has a higher score, p < 0.05) and the usefulness of rugby for the population as a variant of active leisure (where the U-15 group has a higher score). However, U-15 athletes are more motivated by the examples of elite players, have increased involvement in terms of passion in training and competitions, and assign high scores to their relationships with the coach and teammates, while U-16 players are more optimistic about self-perceived skills as the basis of success in rugby. The U-15 team is more confident regarding most of the benefits of a rugby game, and those in the U-16 team have superior values in the context of favorable effects on attitude, as well as a better ability to concentrate at the levels of academics and sports. Masculine characteristics, the uniqueness, and physical contact are the main factors of attraction for rugby. Over 56% of the players practiced or practice other sports and sports games, with contact sports being at the top. A total of 96% of players suffered injuries, with the legs and arms being the most affected, but 25% of the U-15 group also suffered injuries to the head, with the main causes being physical contact with opponents and the superficiality of the warm-up. Workouts associated with physical training are the most difficult to bear, and the U-15 group is more bored with routine and monotony. A higher level of physical training/self-perceived fitness is the main strength of players, followed by technical and tactical knowledge.


For a graph G(V,E) , if V i denote the set of all vertices of degree i , the degree splitting graph DS(G) is the graph obtained from G by adding new vertices w i for each V i with |V i | > 2 , and joining w i with every vertex in V i . In this paper, we study the distance properties of degree splitting graphs. We classify the graphs into three families based on the variation of diameter of a graph from that of its degree splitting graph and obtain few results on them.


An occurrence of silica-fluorite pseudomorphs, closely related to intrusions of basalt, has been observed in Los Angeles county, california. The prevalent form is a simple cube, with an occasional modifying tetrahexahedron (210). A rather odd form of built-up or "platy" cubes, was observed at one locality. The material of the pseudomorphs is in great part finely fibrous silica, either ,,Ieathery,,, or intricately interlocking aggregates of frbrous grains. rn part the silica is in the form of normal quartz grains, which may be more or less replaced by later fibers. A distinct zonal arrangement is not uncommon. optical and *-ray evidence leads to the conclusion that the apparently difierent fibrous forms of silica are due to variant orientations of microcrystalline quartz.


The utility model provides a multi-functional USB (universal serial bus) extension socket, comprising a shell as well as a power adaptor, an electrode connecting sheet, a PCB (printed circuit board) and a USB interface which are arranged inside the shell, and the shell is formed by connecting a face shell and a bottom shell, a power line is sequentially connected with the power adaptor, the electrode connecting sheet and the PCB in series, the power line stretches out of the shell and is connected with a power plug, the USB interface is arranged on the PCB, and the shell is provided with a socket hole and a USB jack corresponding the electrode connecting sheet and the USB interface respectively; the extension socket also comprises an electronic switch which is connected between the power adaptor and the electrode connecting sheet serially, a switching push button corresponding to an electronic switch is arranged on the shell; the extension socket also comprises an electronic rectifier which is arranged on the PCB and electrically connected with the USB interface. The multi-functional USB extension socket has a simple and practical structure, low production cost and multiple functions, is convenient to carry and is a novel product with application prospect.


Cellulose extracted from pine needles was graft copolymerized with acrylamide using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Following a novel synthetic strategy and using the optimum reaction conditions evaluated for the grafting of acrylamide, some comonomers viz: glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile have been grafted along with acrylamide using five different concentrations of the comonomers. SEM, FT-IR and thermal studies of graft copolymers were carried to obtain evidence of the incorporation of acrylamide and comonomers into cellulose. Reactivity of acrylamide in grafting reactions alone and in the presence of comonomers has been studied. The molar ratio of acrylamide and comonomers, and hence the structure of the graft chain remains independent of the comonomer concentration in the feed. It has also been observed that compared to acrylamide, less acrylonitrile was incorporated while far higher amount of the methacrylates were incorporated in the graft chain.


This paper proposes a cold beam screen made of high strength, high electrical resistivity aluminum alloy (such as A7N01) as an alternative to the present LHC design that is based on a copper co-laminated high Mn content stainless steel. The main advantages of an aluminum screen are: simple manufacturing processes, low cost, elimination of millions of small slots and of TEM waves, no adhesion problem, no helium leak problem (vacuum tight), non-magnetic, and others. The available aperture is equivalent to the present design when a non-uniform wall thickness is adopted. A prototype was built to demonstrate the design and the end connections. Concerns about the multifactoring, electron cloud instability, surface resistance and cryopumping using anodized aluminum are addressed.


The primary aim of higher education is to foster high quality personnel. The level of experiment teaching directly reflects the quality of education. The paper discussed the quality of experiment teaching in four aspects: developing highly qualified laboratory teachers and technicians and laboratory management; optimizing the experiment items and enriching the experiment content; reforming the method of experiment teaching and emphasizing on training capacities of students; establishing the scientific management system of experiment teaching.


The traditional Queue System followed today is quite certainly failing in managing huge crowds, especially in urban populated areas. There are even instances where the customers (users) have to wait for hours to get simple tasks done. It is important to manage these systems effectively by the Organizations in order to improve customer experience. While the Token Queue System provides a fairly acceptable solution, it has many problems of its own. In a token system, waiting physically in the building premises is inevitable. The design discussed in this paper holds the prime idea of completely automating the Token System, where users" waiting time is almost negligible. Using the classical Queue Theory and Poisson"s Probability Distribution, it is possible to predict the arrival of the users and the average service time, for a particular service. It uses minimal resources and is cost effective. This paper discusses a model that uses these ideas to build a system that automates the traditional queuing system. It aims not only to minimize the customer wait time, but also reduce the crowds at the service area.


This research was carried out at the experimental nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, during two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of two different types of fertilizers, growth retardants and their interaction on vegetative growth, flowering, chemical constituents and anatomical structure of Euryops pectinatus plants. The plants were fertilized with either conventional NPK fertilizer or with Osmocote as slow release fertilizer, in addition to unfertilized plants were used as a control. Simultaneously the plants were foliar sprayed monthly with either paclobutrazol (PAC) 50 and 100 ppm or Cycocel (CCC) 1000 and 1500 ppm, in addition to the control plants sprayed with tap water. The results showed that fertilization treatments significantly increased most vegetative growth parameters (plant height, number of branches/plant, stem diameter, plant width, show value, fresh and dry weights of shoots, root length as well as fresh and dry weights of roots), flowering characteristics (flowers number/plant, flowers diameter and flowers fresh and dry weights) as well as chemical constituents including the contents of total chlorophylls, total carbohydrates, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, total indoles and total phenols compared to unfertilized control plants. It was clear that, slow release fertilizer was significantly superior to conventional NPK fertilizer. In most cases, spraying plants with growth retardants treatments PAC or CCC significantly reduced some morphological traits but caused significant increase in number of branches/plant, stem diameter, plant width and show value as compared to control plants. Spraying with two concentrations of PAC or CCC significantly increased the contents of total chlorophylls, total carbohydrates, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and total phenols while reduced total indoles content as compared to control.


This paper compares the error bounds of two classes of dominant point detection methods, viz. methods based on reducing a distance metric and methods based on digital straight segments. We highlight using two methods in each class that the error bounds within the same class may vary depending upon the fine details and control parameters of the methods but the essential error bound can be determined analytically for each class. The assessment presented in this paper will enable the users of dominant point detection methods to understand the nature of error in the method of their choice and help them to make better decision about the methods and their control parameters.


A recent study reviewed the incidence of ACL injury in patients ages 6-18 years from 1994-2013 (Beck NA, et al. Pediatrics. 2017;139:e20161877). The authors found an overall ACL injury rate of 121 injuries per 100,000 person-years with the highest rates in 17-year-old males (422/100,000) and 16-year-old females (392/100,000). Perhaps a more important finding was that over the 20-year period, there was an average annual increase in the injury rate of 2.3%.


The present radiological situation in the agricultural production of Ukraine is considered and analyzed. On the basis of optimization of the countermeasures application the approaches are proposed which would guarantee the compliance of the agricultural production with the corresponding State hygienic regulations, as well as reduction of the effective exposure dose to population below the approved limits. Taking into account the lately growing interest to radiation protection of not only human, but the environment as well, the results of the studies of frequency of the radiobiological effects of chronic irradiation to plantations of Scots pine in the Chernobyl exclusion zone depending on the levels of the dose to the trees' apical meristem are presented.


The force is one of the parameters very often measured in our life. Force sensing resistors (FSRs) can be successfully used for measuring force, especially that they can be applied in dentistry for measuring bite forces. However, it is very difficult to apply commercial FSRs for accurate measurement of bite forces and to ensure personalized approach to each patient. Because of that, design, fabrication, and characterization of tailor-made force sensing resistors intended for application in dental medicine are presented in this paper. We designed two FSRs, one with two active areas and one with four active areas (for teeth of higher volume–molars). Two different fabrication processes were applied: first additive, using inkjet printer and silver as material for conductive segments, and second subtractive, using cutter, and gold as a material for manufacturing of interdigitated structure of FSR. Performances of these FSRs have been compared, measuring resistance as a function of applied force, using in-house developed experimental set-up with an articulator.


Teaching language is the main medium to transmit knowledge and information.It directly affects teaching results.Since the teaching of the Physical Education has its specific characteristics,its teaching language is different from these of other subjects.This paper analyses the teaching language of the Physical Education and discusses its application.


Nanofluids for improve characteristics flow in a rib-groove channel are investigate. The continuity, momentum and energy equations were solved by FLUENT program. The bottom wall of channel is heated while the upper wall is symmetry, the left side velocity inlet, and the right side is outlet (pressure out). Four different rib-groove shapes are used. Four different types of nanoparticles, Al2O3, CuO, SiO2, and ZnO with different volumes fractions in the range of 1% to 4% and different nanoparticle diameter in the range of 25 nm to 70 nm, are dispersed in the base fluid water are used. In this paper, several parameters such as different Reynolds numbers in the range of 10000 < Re < 40000 are investigated. The numerical results indicate that the trapezoidal with increasing height in the flow direction rib- trapezoidal groove has the best heat transfer and high Nusselt number; the nanofluids with SiO2 have the best behavior. The Nusselt number increases as the volume fraction increases and it decreases as the nanoparticle diameter increases.


PLZT-based composite thin films with various compositions were fabricated and characterized in Part I of this study. Similarly to procedures reported in the literature, the low-field dielectric properties in Part II were modeled according to a series capacitor model based on the dielectric constants of the individual composite constituents. In order to model the FE high-field switching properties, AFE-to-FE phase transitions and non-uniform electric field distributions in the composite films, a new hysteresis modeling technique was developed based on a series capacitor model featuring the nonlinear polarizabilities of the individual components as evident from experimental data. The model predicts the behavior of any composite film structure provided the pure component properties are known.


Objective:By investigating and analysing the relevant factors that affect the oral health of the old people in the suburbs of Xiamen, this paper is to provide the evidence of the oral preventive and care service in the suburbs of Xiamen. Methods:Oral health of 161 old suburbans aged more than 60 were examined. Results: Of the 161 old suburbans investigated, 95.03% suffer from dental caries, 5.76%from root caries,47.20% from periodontitis,77.02% from impaired teeth,10.56%from missing teeth, 47.20%from wedge-shaped damages of teeth. 0.62%of them has oral health awareness. Conclusions: There has low level of oral medical treatment in the suburbs of Xiamen, where the old people lack oral self-care awareness and are in a poor oral health condition. So it is an urgent public health project to strengthen the training of doctor and nurses in this area, and to publicize the knowledge of oral health among the old suburbans in an acceptable way in Xiamen dialect which will be one of the effective measures to improve their oral prevention and care health awareness.


ABSTRACT Empirical research on the impact of the Internet on work life is in its infancy. We report the results of an empirical study of the relationships among user satisfaction, job satisfaction changes, user's behavior (training, experience, and system usage) and demographics (age, gender, and organizational position) in the Internet-anchored workplace. Respondents who report higher levels of user satisfaction with the Internet also report that the Internet has increased their satisfaction with their jobs. Those who report more training, experience and usage and are younger also report higher levels of user satisfaction. Interestingly, there are no differences in user satisfaction reported by men and women. Respondents report more positive changes in job satisfaction with higher levels of Internet experience and time of use. Based on the results recommendations are made for managers and suggestions for future research are given. INTRODUCTION During the last two decades, user satisfaction has been an important construct in Information Systems (IS) behavioral research (DeLone and McLean 1992; Galletta and Lederer 1989; Ives, Olson, and Baroudi 1983). The continuing interest in user satisfaction can be linked to the development and central role of end-user computing (EUC). One of the most significant phenomenon to occur in the information systems industry in the 1980's and early 1990's EUC moved information systems from back office mainframes to front office microcomputers as end users used application software as well as the outputs of computer technology. With the growing importance of EUC, researchers focused on the antecedents and evaluation of the success of information systems through the lenses of the end user (DeLone and McLean 1992; Doll and Torkzadeh 1988). For the most part, research on user satisfaction focused on satisfaction of the end user with information products such as decision support, databases, exception reporting, monitoring and word processing, and the IS staff and service (Doll and Torkzadeh 1988; Galletta and Lederer 1989; Igbaria and Nachman 1990; Kettinger and Lee 1994; Ang and Soh 1997). Little research has focused on end user satisfaction with the Internet. The reach and responsibility of the end user has moved into another phase as organizations integrate the Internet into all aspects of the business (Hamm, Welch, Zellner, Keenan, Engardio 2001). The Internet grew slowly as an electronic forum for academic and scientific researchers in the 1970s. Vast quantities of information were scattered about the network, primarily in a text-based format, but finding this information was difficult. The development that made the Internet a "twenty-five year overnight success" was the creation of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and the server/browser software to view the interconnected documents that became the World-Wide-Web or the Web. It is this layer of the Internet architecture, the Web, which has become synonymous with the Internet, with the two terms, Internet and Web, often being used interchangeably, a convention that we follow in this work. The rapid development and pervasiveness of the Internet raises the question of the applicability and generalizability of previous research on the antecedents and relationships of user satisfaction in the microcomputer-anchored workplace vis-A-vis user satisfaction in the Internet-anchored workplace. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how individuals have adjusted to the introduction of the Internet into their workplaces by examining user satisfaction with the Internet, its antecedents and its relationship with changes in job satisfaction. Specifically we are interested in discovering if there are differences in user satisfaction with the Internet based on workplace behavioral experiences with the Internet and whether user satisfaction is associated with Internet induced changes in overall satisfaction with the job. …


Objective: Standard operating protocol for manufacturing of Tuttha bhasma is a precious metal used in Ayurveda Alchemy Rasa Shastra. Methods: The study was facilitated by collecting Tuttha and was procured from Pharmacy IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar. With Grahya Lakshanas (qualities as described in the classics), namely, Snigdha (unctuous), Guru (heavy), and Mahaujjala (very bright blue in color) were observed and selected the sample for the study.Results: From the study, we obtained Tuttha after shodhana is 105 g, 102 g, and 105 g, the average 104% while Marana with Gandhaka media it is 39.2% and in Marana without Gandhaka it is 24.8%.Conclusion: The study confirms that the manufacturings of Tuttha have contained the purification of Gandhak and its utility and the trituratation with Bijora nimbu and heating pattern of Tuttha bhasama.


The new isotope module in HYDRUS‐1D can be used to infer the origin of root water uptake (RWU), a suitable dynamic indicator for agriculture and forest water management. However, evidence shows that the equilibrium fractionation between liquid water and water vapor within the soil is affected not only by soil temperature but also by soil tension. How soil tension affects isotope transport modeling and interpretations of the RWU origin is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated three fractionation scenarios on model performance for a field data set from Langeoog Island: (a) no fractionation (Non_Frac), (b) the soil temperature control on equilibrium fractionation as described by the standard Craig‐Gordon equation (CG_Frac), and (c) CG_Frac plus the soil tension control on equilibrium fractionation (CGT_Frac). The model simulations showed that CGT_Frac led to more depleted isotopic compositions of surface soil water than CG_Frac. The vertical origin of RWU was estimated using the water balance (WB) calculations and the Bayesian mixing model (SIAR). While the former directly used water flow outputs, the latter used as input simulated isotopic compositions (using different fractionation scenarios) of RWU and soil water. Both methods provided similar variation trends with time and depth in different soil layers' contributions to RWU. The contributions of all soil layers interpreted by the CGT_Frac scenario were always between Non_Frac and CG_Frac. The temporal origin of RWU was deduced from particle tracking (PT, releasing one hypothetical particle for individual precipitation event and tracking its movement based on the water balance between particles) and a virtual tracer experiment (VTE, assigning a known isotope composition to individual precipitation event and tracking its movement based on the cumulative isotope flux). Both methods revealed similar variation trends with time in drainage and root zone (RZ) travel times. The interpreted drainage and RZ travel times were generally ranked as Non_Frac > CGT_Frac > CG_Frac. Overall, the factors considered in the standard CG equation dominated isotope fractionation, transport, and interpretations of the RWU origin. Isotope transport‐based methods (SIAR, VTE) were more computationally demanding than water flow‐based methods (WB, PT).


To identify mechanisms by which GH receptors (GHR) mediate downstream events representative of growth and metabolic responses to GH, stimulation by GH of c-fos and egr-1 expression and glucose transport activity were examined in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing mutated GHR. In CHO cells expressing wild-type GHR (GHR1–638), GH stimulated the expression of c-fos and egr-1, and stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake, responses also mediated by endogenous GHR in 3T3-F442A cells. Deletion of the proline-rich box 1 of GHR (GHRΔP) abrogated all of these responses to GH, indicating that box 1, a site of association of GHR with the tyrosine kinase JAK2, is crucial for these GH-stimulated responses. As the C-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain of GHR is required for GH-stimulated calcium flux and for stimulation of spi-2.1 transcription, GHR lacking this sequence (GHR1–454) were examined. Not only did GHR1–454 mediate stimulation of c-fos and egr-1 expression and 2-deoxyglucose uptake, but they also media...


This study assessed the role of government in developing small scale businesses in Enugu metropolis. The objectives of the study were to assess the pilot role of government and its institution towards the development of small-scale business; to examine the challenges facing small scale business in Enugu State. Survey method was used in the research. Data for this study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The sample size used was 167. The data obtained were presented in tables using frequencies and percentages and analyzed using inferential statistics. The findings show that there was pilot role of government and its institution towards the development of small-scale business and that there was challenges facing small scale businesses in Enugu metropolis such as under capitalization, inadequate planning, inadequate infrastructure facilities etc. The government should take a far-reaching measure aimed at encouraging mass acceptance of made in Nigeria goods was recommended.


The Public Debate on Research Policy in the Nordic Countries : A Comparative Analysis of Actors and Issues (1998 – 2007)


Daylighting considerations influence the whole design process and incorporate as many conceptual and aesthetics topics as technical ones. In spite of research results and technology advances having occurred in last decades, one can notice that there are several barriers turning difficult its integration to the architecture design. One can believe that the main factor for this reason is the lack of adequate comprehension of daylighting phenomenon. This research presents the development of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) for promoting the student's comprehension about the lighting phenomenon, approaching the light path and its modifications generated by the main architectural design variables.


Giant abrupt changes in the magnetic-flux distribution in niobium foils were studied by using magneto-optical visualization, thermal, and magnetic measurements. Uniform flux jumps and sometimes almost total catastrophic collapse of the critical state are reported. Results are discussed in terms of thermomagnetic instability mechanism with different development scenarios.


There is a growing recognition that quiz-like formative assessments can play a crucial role in providing timely feedback on student learning in K-12 CS classrooms. While programming projects are necessary, scoring them and providing pointed feedback to students to improve learning requires enormous effort. Besides, code-reading and comprehension exercises are just as important as code creation when learning coding. Auto-gradable exit tickets in K-12 CS classrooms have thus far stayed in the realm of multiple-choice questions (MCQ). Our NSF-funded project set out to explore how we can push the boundaries on formative assessments that are engaging and interactive for students and can be used (like MCQ) to get quick feedback on student understanding We drew on CS education research to create a suite of new assessments types designed to support student interactivity on the assessment platform edfinity.com. This poster shares examples of these new problem types including point-and-click/hotspot interaction, match the column, Parson's problems, and problems that allow students to match subgoal labels to sections of code. Given that these are targeted for K-12 classrooms, many problem types such as point-and-click and subgoal labeling are well-suited for images of block-based code snippets. Additionally, with younger learners and neuro/ethnic diversity in mind, these assessments also support rich text, images and videos in problems (including Parson's and match-the-column option blocks) as well as solution explanations of the problem. Research on the use of these assessments is currently underway; early feedback from teachers attending our workshops has been very positive


The valve motions of a reciprocating compressor generate the pressure fluctuation at the plenum which is a main source of noise and vibration of a compressor unit. But a cycle of a compressor process consists of complicated phenomena interacting in a short period of time. A mathematical model is developed by simplifying and idealizing the complicated phenomena to simulate the compressor process. The governing equations about the pressure and working fluid flow are developed from the unsteady Bernoulli equation. The pressure fluctuations at the plenums are derived from the Helmholz's resonator model. The valves are modeled as one degree of freedom spring-mass-damper system. This model is verified by the experimental results.


A double metal line structure of a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to improve metal line resistance, to secure a process margin enough, and to enhance filling capability of an interlayer dielectric by increasing the width of a metal line and the interval between metal lines using aluminium lines. A contact plug(23) is selectively formed in an interlayer dielectric(22) on a silicon substrate in order to contact an active region of the substrate. First and second aluminium lines(24a,24b) are alternately formed on the contact plug in each cell. The widths of the first and second aluminium lines are larger than that of the contact plug. An insulating layer is used for enclosing an upper surface and sidewalls of the first aluminium line. The first and second aluminium lines are insulated from each other.


Aiming at the retrogressive landslide caused by the excavation of side slope along some road in Qiandaohu,the paper indicates its disintegration features,analyzes its formation mechanism from the rock lithology,water's influence,human activities,undertakes the quantitative evaluation on its stability in the natural raindrop and man-made rain-drop before and after the excavation and loading reduction,and points out the evaluation results are consistent with the landslide situation.


The concept of ideology is emblematic in Luis Villoro's thought. This paper aims to examine this concept in relation to the dialogue that Villoro established with the work of Karl Marx and the subsequent Marxist tradition. There are two issues of concern regarding the political dimension to the author. The first because of the vagueness of the term; the second, due to Marx's repressive use by the states that pretended to be his heirs. My main thesis is that Villoro proposed an ethics of belief as a response to his critical reassessment of the political and philosophical dilemmas contained in the concept of ideology.