Objective To investigate the clinical features,treatment,therapeutic effect and complications of canalicular laceration indirectly caused by temporal blepharal contusion.Methods This study retrospectively analyzed 93 patients (93 eyes) with lacrimal canalicular laceration admitted to the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College from January 2004 to January 2010.Nosogenesis,features,methods for finding the nasal broken end of lacrimal canaliculus,treatment,therapeutic effect and postoperative complications of canalicular laceration indirectly caused by temporal blepharal contusion were summarized and analyzed,and described in percentages.Results Lacrimal canalicular laceration in all 93 eyes was caused by temporal blepharal contusion,such as a traffic accident,boxing or tumbling.The laceration in the eyelid of the inner canthus was very long,and the structure of the wound was not clean-cut.The nasal end of the broken lacrimal canalicoli was located in deeper tissue,close to the common canaliculus.All the paranasal broken ends were found directly or from the common lacrimal duct except for two patients whose treatments were terminated because of disorganized abrupt ends.Primary anastomosis of the lacrimal canal was performed on 89 patients,and secondary anastomosis of the canaliculus-to-lacrimal sac was performed on 2 patients.A support tube was implanted in each of 91 patients with canalicular laceration,then extubated 3 to 6 months after the operation.Follow-up observation of the 85 eyes showed completo patency in 77 patients (91%),stenosis of the canaliculus in 6 patients (7%) and obstruent canaliculus was still present in 2 patients.A few cases presented with abscission of the support tube,ectropion of the lacrimal point,or dehiscence of the canaliculi.Conclusion As a special type of caualicular injury,indirect canalicular laceration is caused by temporal blepharal contusion due to the horizontal tractive force action on the eyelid.Understanding the clinical features of the nasal end broken close to the common canaliculus helps in locating the abrupt ends.And anastomosis with a support tube is an effective treatment method.

Key words:
Wounds and injuries,lacrimal apparatus; Contusion; Anastomosis,surgical; Treatment outcome


There were established that ions concentration in blood plasma during the early postnatal ontogenesis predetermining the acid-base balance depends not only on age, food ration and level of organism's maturity at birth but mostly depends on functional status of tampon system. The level of bicarbonates and K, Na, P, Cl ions as well as K+/Na+, P/Ca++ ions and HCO3-/Cl- balances can serve as veridical and informative criteria for saline metabolism functional misbalance' diagnosis in organism and can be used for its prognostication in early postnatal ontogenesis


This study explores the characteristics of Italian foreign direct investment (FDI) in India and aims at filling the gap identified in the literature (i.e., a lack of empirical studies on Italian MNCs internationalizing in India) by providing an exploratory study on this issue. In particular, different questions need basically to be asked and answered, such as "Why do Italian firms invest in India," "Role of the subsidiary in the international network of the Italian MNC," and "Its value chain configuration." In order to investigate the research questions, a unique database of Italian firms that invested in India was created. The first empirical confirmation we collected was about the low number of Italian companies with subsidiaries in India. In terms of internationalization goals it emerges clearly from the research that the main target is market seeking. In order to acquire that market share Italian companies have organized their subsidiaries as partially independent companies, adopting a typical "multidomestic" approach.


A gate driver and a display device using the same. The gate driver comprises an ith stage gate driver circuit including a latch circuit and a first output circuit. The latch circuit includes a first input for receiving an (i-1)th gate signal, a second input for receiving a first clock signal, a first output for outputting a first output signal, and a second output for outputting a second output signal. The first output circuit comprises a first transistor, a second transistor and a capacitor. The first transistor includes a control terminal coupled to the first output, a first terminal coupled to a first clock input and a second terminal coupled to a first output node. The second transistor includes a control terminal coupled to the second output, a first terminal coupled to the first output node and a second terminal coupled to a reference signal. The capacitor is coupled between the first transistor and the first output node.


In recent years, there has been a trend to develop and produce special products. Improving food technology through the use of hydrated oatmeal makes it possible to enrich fermented milk products with proteins, dietary fiber, trace elements and vitamins. Oat flakes were used as a nutrient medium for microorganisms in a fermented milk product. Lactobacilli and acidophilus bacillus produce organic acids which leads to the inhibition of the vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms. The use of hydrated oat flakes in an amount of 6% at the stage of fermentization at a temperature of 420 ° C has a positive effect on quality of the fermented milk product (yogurt) and development of lactic acid bacteria.


ocellated spots, some of which, in design, approach vermiculations. Smaller solid dark spots, a few of which are near or on the lateral line, are scattered between these ocelli. The blind side, uniformly reddish brown in isopropynol, probably is whitish in life. Small solid dark spots, resembling those on the eyed side of the body, mark some of the rays of the vertical fins. Other lighter spots are aligned in faint, irregular horizontal rows on the vertical fins. Forming vertical rows across the caudal, numerous dark spots are aligned on each caudal ray. Scattered among these on the proximal third of the caudal fin are larger, darker spots.


In this talk I will provide a brief introduction to the subject area of ergodic theory. We shall be going through key definitions and concepts such as invariant measures, recurrence, ergodicity, and rotation transformation on the circle and under which conditions is it ergodic. I will also briefly describe several important results in the theory such as the Recurrence Theorem and the Pointwise Ergodic Theorem (Birkhoff's Theorem). Finally we will prove the normality of most numbers (a set with full measure) and briefly describe some current open problems.


The current study was done at Shenno village, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. The results showed that the mean numbers of cotton leafworms larvae throughout the growing season 2017/2018 were 22.10, 16.57 and 12.25 larvae/ sample (30 plants) to the three plantations, respectively. In 2018/2019 season, the mean numbers of larvae/sample were 22.45, 16.14 and 11.25 larvae to the three plantations, respectively. Statistical analysis proved significant differences among three plantations in the two seasons In 2017/2018 season, the overall mean of reduction values in the larva numbers were 82.76,82.33,81.50,81.79 and 81.66% for Tac 48% EC, Diracomel 90% SP, Billy 25% WG, Kenzaban 50% EC and Marshal 20% EC, respectively. Also,the root yield of sugar beet were 21.666, 21.690, 21.642, 21.714 and 21.690 ton/faddan for the previous insecticides, respectively, as compared with 11.928 ton/fad., in the untreated plots. Whereas, the sugar yield were 4.008, 3.904, 3.919, 3.936 and 3.997 ton sugar/ faddan to the plots treated with above mentioned insecticides, respectively, as compared with 1.312 tons sugar/faddan in the untreated plots. In 2018/2019 season, the overall mean of reduction values were 87.00, 87.00, 88.00, 88.03 and 87.33% for Tac 48% EC, Diracomel 90% SP, Billy 25% WG, Kenzaban 50% EC   and Marshal 20% EC, respectively. Also, the root yield of sugar beet were 21.547, 21.452, 21.500, 21.404 and 21.428 ton/faddan for the treated plots with the previous insecticides,  respectively, as compared with 5.976 ton/faddan on the untreated plots. Whereas, the sugar yields were 3.878, 3.818, 3.913, 3.833 and 3.878 ton sugar/faddan to the treated plots with the above mentioned insecticides, respectively, as compared with 0.604 tons sugar/faddan in the untreated plots. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences among treated plots with all insecticides and untreated ones in reducing larva numbers, increasing root and sugar yields in the two seasons. Finally, these results indicated that the importance of insecticides in reducing cotton leaf worms larvae, consequently enhancing root and sugar yield of sugar beet crop.


Objective We aimed to investigate the perioperative nursing methods for patients who will suffer trans-sphenoidal approach operation to treat pituitary tumor,in order to improve the success rate of surgery.Methods Preoperative and postoperative nursing were supplied to 159 cases of patients who received transsphenoidal approach surgery to treat pituitary adenoma,especially for the postoperative complications and take corresponding treatment measures as early as possible,in order to improve the success rate of operation and promote the recovery of patients. Results All the 159 cases of patients were at good preoperative mental state and the operations were carried out smoothly. 5 cases of postoperative diabetes insipidus occurred,2 cases of low pituitary function,but these patients were cured after active treatment and nursing. Conclusions Targeted perioperative nursing for patients who will suffer trans-sphenoidal approach operation to treat pituitary tumor is the key to improve the success rate of surgery and promote the recovery of patients.


Ad hoc teamwork is a research topic in multi-agent systems whereby an agent (the "ad hoc agent") must successfully collaborate with a set of unknown agents (the "teammates") without any prior coordination or communication protocol. However, research in ad hoc teamwork is predominantly focused on agent-only teams, but not in agent-human teams, which we believe is an exciting research avenue and has enormous application potential in human-robot teams. This paper will tap into this potential by proposing HOTSPOT, the first framework for ad hoc teamwork in human-robot teams. Our framework comprises two main modules, addressing the two key challenges in the interaction between a robot acting as the ad hoc agent and human teammates. First, a decision-theoretic module that is responsible for all task-related decision making (task identification, teammate identification, and planning). Second, a communication module that uses natural language processing in order to parse all communication between the robot and the human. To evaluate our framework, we use a task where a mobile robot and a human cooperatively collect objects in an open space, illustrating the main features of our framework in a real-world task.


This literature review summarizes research on game-based learning based on the categories of research outcomes. The analysis include total of 25 research papers that are published in this decade. They are categorized into four parts: cognitive aspect, affective aspect, psychomotor skill aspect, and behavior. In spite of cross-aspect of each research, we found that more researches focus on the impact of games on cognitive and affective aspects as well as the observation on related behaviors, and less on psychomotor skill aspects. Continued study is needed to provide in-depth qualitative analysis on the theories, methods, and results of these researches, which conclusion might direct us to future trends of game-based learning researches.


Objective: Restricting alcohol outlets is being considered as a measure for preventing alcohol-related crashes. However, in many developing countries, alcohol availability is not regulated and its influence on motor vehicle traffic crashes is unknown. This study explores the association between traffic crashes and alcohol outlets in a Brazilian city. Method: Data were geocoded and exploratory analysis was conducted using the kernel density estimator. Two generalized additive models (GAMs) were implemented to predict the factors associated with alcohol-related crashes. Results: For 78 percent of the 3840 traffic crashes where the driver was a victim, there was at least one bar located within a 300-m radius. The median distances between an outlet were 124.4 and 130.7 m for a non-alcohol- and alcohol-related crashes, respectively (P =.13). The GAMs did not make evident any significant association between the outlet locations and alcohol-related crashes: the presence of at least one outlet was associated with alcohol-related crashes with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75–1.17). Alcohol crashes are more likely to be observed among males (OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.21–2.06), young drivers vs. those aged 50 years+ (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.79–6.43), and crashes with fatalities (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 0.98–3.04). Conclusions: Density of alcohol outlets was high all over the city and both alcohol- and non-alcohol-related crashes occurred near an outlet. The study helps to better understand the relationship between alcohol availability and traffic crashes in a middle-income country where licensing/zoning is absent and suggests that measures for restricting the physical availability of alcohol are necessary, even though further studies are still needed.


Author(s): De Lillo, Carlo; McGonigle, Brendan O | Abstract: Nine youngchildren and five tufted capuchin monkeys {Cebus apella) were tested on tasks involving a search for an object hidden within a set of plastic cups. As viewed, the sequences of displacements enabled subjects to eliminate some of the possible locations where the object lay hidden, thereby constraining the search space. Both species deployed principled modes of search, in contrast to a random selection strategy. However, no subject from either group proved able to fully constrain the search on the basis of all of the information conveyed over the full menu of tasks. The reasons for incomplete success are as yet unclear, however failures may be due as much to social limitations as to other forms of error. On that basis we conclude that new paradigms are necessary, designed specifically to evaluate competencies for socially based knowledge on the one hand and self-directed search on the other.


Random access codes (RACs) are an intriguing class of communication tasks that reveal an operational and quantitative difference between classical and quantum information processing. We formulate a natural generalization of RACs and call them random access tests (RATs), defined for any finite collection of measurements in an arbitrary finite dimensional general probabilistic theory. These tests can be used to examine collective properties of collections of measurements. We show that the violation of a classical bound in a RAT is a signature of either measurement incompatibility or super information storability. The polygon theories are exhaustively analysed and a critical difference between even and odd polygon theories is revealed.


C273 from powder diffraction data. Glycyl-L-tyrosine is known to crystallize as dihydrate from an aqueous-methanol solution [1]. Recently, we obtained the trihydrate from an aqueous solution, and carried out single-crystal structure analysis [2]. Humidityand temperature-dependent phase transitions of both hydrates were examined by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The dihydrate is stable at room temperature in the relative humidity (rh) range from 80% to 0% and the structural transition proceeds around 50 °C at 0% rh. On the other hand, the trihydrate loses a part of crystal water at 0% rh, and further dehydrates around 80 °C. At the first step, we have successfully determined the crystal structure of the dihydrate from powder diffraction data. The structure coincides with that determined by singlecrystal structure analysis. In addition the cell parameters of the partly dehydrated state of the trihydrate at 0% rh have been determined and structure analysis from powder diffraction data is in progress.


The dependence of the hyper-acoustic wave velocity on characteristics of the optical fiber core is analyzed in this article and the values of Brillouin frequency shifts for different types of optical fibers at room temperature and without strain are presented. Having database of profiles of the Mandelstam — Brillouin backscattering spectrums for different type fibers and manufacturers allow to classify the optical fibers in the optical cables and detect damaged sections of fiber optical communication line.


The problem of appearance of childrens negative emotions, their influence on the psychosomatic illnesses development, interdependency of pathologies of internal and emotional sphere of ill children are given in the article. The feature of an emotional orb of children with a pathology of an internals which confirms the supposition about effect of emotions on function of an internals is revealed. Children with a pathology of an internals have a high level of personal uneasiness, the availability of pavors is typical of them. The emotional orb of children with a pathology of an internals is characterized by original features


The fusion of spectral–spatial features based on deep learning has become the focus of research in hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, previous deep frameworks based on spectral–spatial fusion usually performed feature aggregation only at the branch ends. Furthermore, only first-order statistical features are considered in the fusion process, which is not conducive to improving the discrimination of spectral–spatial features. This article proposes a global–local hierarchical weighted fusion end-to-end classification architecture. The architecture includes two subnetworks for spectral classification and spatial classification. For the spectral subnetwork, two band-grouping strategies are designed, and bidirectional long short-term memory is used to capture spectral context information from global to local perspectives. For the spatial subnetwork, a pooling strategy based on local attention is combined to construct a global–local pooling fusion module to enhance the discriminability of spatial features learned by a convolutional neural network. For the fusion stage, a hierarchical weighting fusion mechanism is developed to obtain the nonlinear relationship between both spectral and spatial features. The experimental results on four real HSI datasets and a GF-5 satellite dataset demonstrate that the method proposed is more competitive in terms of accuracy and generalization.


Purpose
Increased outsourcing and importation of drugs from different parts of the world to the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region result in the proliferation of substandard and fake medicines, posing a threat to public health. The presence of substandard and fake medications in LAC regions is a source of public health concern and causes an economic burden to the governments in these regions. Whereas testing and detecting medication quality can easily be achieved in developed countries, the situation is different in developing countries such as LAC. This paper aims to examine the public health challenges faced by LAC regarding substandard, fake and counterfeit medicines and how the region can tackle these challenges.

Design/methodology/approach
Databases such as Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, HINARI, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, unpublished data, conference abstracts and papers from World Health Organization, Pan-American Health Organization and electronic newspapers were searched concerning medicine quality and in LAC.

Findings
Drug treatment improves the quality of life while decreasing morbidity and mortality among diseased populations. Absence of or inadequate testing laboratories, old and ineffective legislature, lack of enforcement or willpower and lack of effective surveillance are challenges in LAC for the proliferation of substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs).

Research limitations/implications
The most significant limitation of this study was the need for the reviewers to have used articles written in other languages besides English. The LAC region has a large population in non-English-speaking countries, and many articles are written using local languages. Hence, excluding those articles is a limitation worthy of note in this review. The articles accessed needed to provide adequate information on SFM markets and illegal pharmacies or hospitals but did not. Future reviews may focus on providing illegal substandard and falsified medicines markets in the region and how they can be minimized or eliminated.

Originality/value
This review highlights the challenges faced by LAC countries regarding substandard, fake and counterfeit medicines. The sources, prevalence and consequences of substandard and falsified drugs were identified to suggest the measures needed to curb the infiltration of low-quality medicines in LAC.


Xu et al. (2016) recently demonstrated the existence of three ecosystem states in the tropics: forest, savanna and 'treeless'. Using remotely sensed tree cover and canopy height measurements, they conclude that 1) savannas and forest represent alternative states due to their climatic overlap in moist conditions (1,500-2,000 mm mean annual precipitation (MAP)), and 2) that 'treeless' and savanna ecosystems do not occur in the same MAP range, and that an abrupt shift from one ecosystem state to the other occurs at 600 mm MAP. While the first conclusion accords with existing studies (Hirota et al. 2011, Staver et al. 2011, Ratajczak and Nippert 2012), the second one contradicts our own observations from Africa and Australia as well as empirical data from published studies (February et al. 2007, Ward et al. 2013, Dohn et al. 2017), all of which indicate that savanna ecosystems certainly do occur within this dry rainfall range (<600 mm) and thus constitute an alternative ecosystem state to the 'treeless' one.

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Abstract: This research examines the relative efficiency of 11 major Chinese ports by using an innovative adopted version of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA is a non‐parametric approach to weigh the inputs/outputs and measure the relative efficiency of decision‐making units. This paper adopts an output‐oriented version of DEA based on financial ratios in which no inputs are utilized. The new adopted DEA model provides a rounded judgement on port efficiency taking into consideration multiple financial ratios simultaneously and combining them into a single measure of efficiency. The mathematical model is solved for every port, and the relative efficiency of each port is determined. The results of DEA show that the higher a port's efficiency ratio in relation to the corresponding ratio of another port, the higher the efficiency of this port. Finally, suggestions based on the data analysis are provided for managerial decision makers to improve the areas needed for port operating efficiency.


This report answers frequently asked questions about the London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR), which is an estimate of prevailing interest rates in London money market. In particular, it addresses the effects of individual institutions, in response to an admission by Barclays (a British bank) that the bank had submitted false reports to manipulate the index.


Abstract: In recent scenario, network intrusions are increasing exponentially which in result compromised the protection of data. To protect data, intrusion detection systems are utilized to monitor intrusions on the network. Machine learning algorithms and classification algorithms are utilized to construct "Intrusion Detection Models" which can divide the network traffic into malicious or normal traffic. Huge amount of network traffic can collect the inappropriate and redundant features that can affect the performance of IDS in terms of accuracy and training time. In the proposed work, combinations of feature selection methods i.e. filter and wrapper are utilized to select best features by considering 41 attributes from the intrusion dataset (NSL_KDD Dataset) using Boolean AND operator. Classifications have been carried out on relevant attributes using three classifiers IBK, IB1, Random Committee. A comparative analysis is done with existing work and it is observed that the proposed work gives higher accuracy.


The paper starts with the legal practice of "the case of unregistered brickkilns in Shanxi" and then conducts a natural analysis of "forced labor crime" of our Criminal Law.It holds that in our Criminal Law,forced labor law has some defects in that it makes a narrow regulation concerning subject of crimes,targets of crimes,ways to commit crimes,unitary measurement of penalty and imposing an irrational fine for crimes.It finally revises the defects.


At many mine sites, the implementation of planned closure measures will not result in the desired 'walk-away' scenario. After a mining company spends all their capital expenditures and completes their promised closure measures, they may still have ongoing liabilities and risks, which could vary from simple routine care and maintenance of the site to ongoing treatment of effluent to 'risk costs' associated with the potential for earthquakes or floods.
Where such liabilities continue to exist after closure, it will be necessary to make definitive arrangements for the ongoing management of the mine site in the long term, if not perpetually. Such site management will carry costs, so it will also be necessary to have sustainable financing in place. It is clear that mining companies do not last forever; therefore the management arrangements and financing must be sustainably independent of the existence of the mining company.
Many jurisdictions have provisions for closed mining properties to be 'returned to the crown'. Where this occurs, the responsible government will also have to make similar arrangements for the long term management and financing of a portfolio of returned sites.
This paper gives examples of post-closure liabilities and costs. It also discusses using risk modelling to estimate future costs and discusses alternative approaches for long term sustainable financing.


A simple and rapid method for the determination of such organic compounds as geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol(2-MIB) was investigated by chemiluminescence method. Luminol-hydrogen peroxidepotassium peroxodisulfate co-oxidation system in alkaline solution was adopted as chemiluminescence reaction. The chemiluminescence intensity was clearly decreased with an increase in concentration of geosmin and 2-MIB. The concentrations of geosmin and 2-MIB were measured by using the inhibitory effect on the CL reaction. The detectio8 limits for these compounds were 5.51O M for geosmin and 1.2x10 -11M for 2-MIB. The rel"jive standard deviations(n5) for 5.5x10 M geosmin and 1.2x10 M 2-MIB were 5.4% and 10/, respectively. words geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, luminol, chemiluminescence, environmental analysis The use of chemiluminescence(CL) in analyses for organic and inorganic species at trace levels has received attention mainly because of simplicity of the instrumentation, the low detection limits, and wide dynamic range. CL reaction based on reagents such as luminol, lucigenin, and lophine have been mainly utilized. CL methods for the determination of trace metals[1,2] and organic compounds[3,4] have been reported previously by several workers. In this study we investigated a simple and rapid method for the determination of geosmin and 2-MIB(Fig. 1) which were primary organic compounds implicated in the earthy odor. Earthy and musty odors, geosmin and 2-MIB, produced by microbiological communities and/or blue-green algae are a significant problem for domestic water supplies in many countries. For the determination of these compounds, luminol-hydrogen peroxide-potassium peroxodisulfate co-oxidation system was adopted as CL reaction. Generally CL intensity is enhanced by the presence of analytes such as metal ions or organic reductants. However, in this study the CL intensity was decreased in the presence of geosmin and/or 2MIB. We have made use of this phenomenon for the determination of these compounds. Moreover, the determination of such organic compounds as Lphenylalanin, L-aspartic acid, and tert-butyl alcohol were also attempted by this method. Fig, 1. Structures of geosmin and 2-MIB


This article explores the development of legal entrepreneurship culture in public universities through coaching. While the relationship between public universities and productive sectors in Brazil is limited, in the United States, this culture is more pronounced, having a global influence since the 20th century. Universities are hubs for knowledge production and professional advancement. However, depending on a country's political perspective, academic entrepreneurship can either be readily embraced or face cultural barriers. For instance, while the U.S. boasts a strong tradition of academic entrepreneurship, Brazil, despite progress, still finds this culture hindered by political and economic factors. Particularly in Brazil, debates about the state's role in the economy, especially education, are exacerbated by ongoing political and economic crises. This context raises questions about promoting entrepreneurship, specifically in the legal field, within public universities. How can coaching assist in this endeavor, bridging the gap between academia and productive sectors? This paper argues that entrepreneurship, prevalent in the business world, is vital in the academic setting, especially in the legal domain traditionally oriented towards public service. A further rationale for this study is the rising global significance of coaching and its benefits for human and institutional development. The article employs the inductive method by Francis Bacon, examining how coaching can cultivate an entrepreneurial spirit in academia, specifically at the State University of Bahia in Itaberaba.


Its'a principal task for the medical universities to foster advanced medical staff for the rural areas.Therefore,its' a must for all the medical professionals to consider how to foster different kinds of qualified medical staff catering to the various needs from the rural areas.This article is to illustrate how to achieve this goal from the following aspects,such as forming new concept in fostering qualified medical talents,innovating the mode to foster the talents and establishing the base for fostering the medical talents.It will promote the level of the medical staff in the rural areas by means of the establishment of the clinical education base and the radiant influence from the base.


Unstructured, outdoor play combined with character development instruction has shown preliminary associations with improved cognitive functioning and classroom behaviors. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate these components of the LiiNK Project (Let's inspire innovation 'N Kids) when including intervention and comparison school children. The intervention consists of four-15 minute recesses, scheduled throughout the day in combination with four-15 minute character development lessons taught weekly to improve the elementary classroom learning environment. The 2nd year of this longitudinal study included grades kindergarten through second grade students (N=405) from two demographically comparable private schools in the southwest region of the U.S. One school implemented the intervention while the other school maintained current protocols. The intervention teachers adhered to the four play breaks at a rate of 92% over the course of the intervention. Transitions from classroom to playground and back dropped from four minutes each way to less than one minute each way. The results of comparing the two schools showed classroom off-task behaviors such as fidgeting and moving around the room decreased significantly, while attentional focus improved significantly as a result of the intervention. LiiNK Project® results from grades kindergarten and 1 in the same schools last year are congruent with the results of this study. Next steps will include public school expansion to explore student diversity among rural, urban, and suburban environments with the play and character intervention.


A method of controlling driving a load (11) of the speed of the motor means, the speed controller (16) obtains the motor (13) speed command value and the difference between the detected value of the motor speed, and generates the motor based on the difference current command value. A current controller (19) a difference between the current of the motor based on the speed controller receives a current command value and the current value detection control. A torque detector (25) mounted on the motor shaft connected to a load (12), for detecting the torque acting on the shaft, an adder (26) by the torque detector detects the applied torque detection signal to the speed controller received by the current command value, the torque detection signal of the acceleration correction signal to control the motor torque.


A method is presented for generating the optimal control of a linear system from measurements of the system input and output. The systems considered are n-th order, time invariant or time varying forced linear systems which are restricted to be bounded and uniformly completely state reconstructible. The control is generated from an estimate of the state vector which is obtained from an observer. The observer dynamics are derived from an optimal estimation formulation which is closely related to the concept of observability. Asymptotic stability of the observer is demonstrated and the effects of initial errors are considered. The result is a practical method of estimating the state of a linear system from noiseless measurements of the input and output. Additionally, theoretical results are obtained concerning the existence of observers for time varying linear systems.


This study evaluates the impact of author self-citations on h index by exploring 583 authors whose works appear in key periodicals in environmental engineering. The findings show that authors' h values have high correlation with authors' article number, total cited count, and their rankings. There is also a high correlation with h index values and rankings of h values. The study indicates that self-citations have little impact on the values of h index and the h index rankings, whether or not articles with authors' self-citation are included. Further investigations reveal that, for authors with high values in h index, the two h index values are both highly correlated and with significant difference either with self-citations or without. A similar pattern is seen in authors with low h values. The results suggest that there is no need to deliberately exclude self-citations in analysing or evaluating research performance in environmental engineering.


: Malicious codes are inserted by the attackers to steal information such as cookies and credentials that appears on the web browser. These codes includes HTML tags and JavaScript functions. It becomes a tough task for the user to sanitize query from malicious code that could be hooked. Nowadays dynamic websites are designed to increase the interactiveness between services that are available over internet. However the features used by the browsers to support these resources increases the security risks and makes way for the new malicious code injection or Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). XSS stands in the top list of threats that are exposed to web applications in the recent years. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of the studies that are done on XSS vulnerabilities and attacks. Even though certain studies have addressed through the detection and prevention mechanisms, we have noted that many contributions addresses the dynamic analysis techniques. No single solution can effectively invade the intruders. More researches have to be conducted to detect new attacks and prevent them from affecting source code before it is deployed. We have also made a survey of the applications and limitations of the proposal that are taken for study.


INTRODUCTION: Gastric ischemia is a rare disorder due to the generous vascular supply of the stomach It most commonly is a consequence of severe sepsis, shock, or splanchnic vessel hypoperfusion In extremely rare cases, gas bloat syndrome may cause severe gastric dilation to the extent of causing gastric ischemia Gas bloat syndrome is a known complication of gastric fundoplication in which gastric dilation occurs from the impaired expulsion of trapped air from belching due to the compressive gastric wrap at the distal esophagus Partial fundoplication has led to decrease in the incidence of gas bloat syndrome as compared to the complete technique We present a patient with a history of achalasia treated with Heller myotomy and Dor fundoplication that developed a large gastric ischemic ulcer as a late complication CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: An 82-year-old female with history of peptic ulcer disease, gastroparesis, and type II achalasia presented to the hospital with coffee-ground emesis, dysphagia, epigastric pain, and early satiety Two years prior she underwent Heller myotomy and Dor fundoplication and has since complained of these progressively worsening symptoms On presentation, the patient's hemoglobin was 9 3 gm/dL and a pantoprazole drip was initiated CT abdomen revealed severe gastric wall thickening with no gastric volvulus The patient underwent an EGD the following day which revealed inflamed, necrotic, and ulcerated mucosa involving the fundus, gastric body, and antrum Biopsy confirmed ischemic features Doppler ultrasound of the abdomen ruled out an occlusive vascular disease Patients symptoms continued to improve over the next 48 hours and was discharged on pantoprazole, and a short course of a prokinetic and simethicone At discharge, a repeat EGD with Endoflip technique was scheduled at 8 weeks to evaluate the lower esophageal sphincter distensibility Unfortunately, this procedure was delayed due to the COVID pandemic and results are not available at the time of this abstract DISCUSSION: Failure to recognize gas bloat syndrome as a complication after fundoplication can lead to severe gastric distention and ischemia, especially if confounded with emptying disorders such as gastroparesis Endoflip is a promising tool to evaluate the distensibility of the lower esophageal sphincter Further research is needed to validate the use of this technique to evaluate the response to fundoplication and rule out severe tightening of the gastroesophageal junction (Figure Presented)


In this paper,a computational theory was proposed on the one-dimensional nonlinear P-wave across single joint.The theory was based on the nonlinear wave equation and nonlinear displacement discontinuity normal deformation behavior of rock joint(BB model).By varying the parameters of joint number,wave source,nonlinearity of rock and joint location,the study was focused on the effects of joint nonlinearity on the waveform,transmission coefficient and frequency spectra of nonlinear waves.For nonlinear waves,an attenuation of amplitude and a growth of duration for the transmission wave were found after the joint in this study.This phenomenon was more evidential with smaller initial normal stiffness of joint,bigger amplitude of P-wave,and higher frequency of P-wave.The transmission coefficient decreased when the distance between joint and wave source increased.And the decreasing rate of transmission coefficient accelerated with the raise of the amplitude and frequency of P-wave.When the distance between joint and wave source has reached a certain value,for the P-wave with bigger amplitude,the transmission coefficient is smaller.And this distance is in related to the wave source.The result also showed that a series of higher harmonics were generated in transmitted wave,which were caused by the interaction of rock and joint.


The objective of this research is to develop a cost model for the implementation of ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 single acceptance sampling plans in multi-stage inspection processes. The cost model is developed based on the concept of cost of quality. The developed cost model is used to select parameter values n and c of the ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 sampling plans at each inspection step to optimize total cost of quality. The results are that the proposed cost-based sampling plans provide 6.19% cost saving, equivalent to 8,809,611 Baht per year. Keywords— acceptance sampling plan, cost of quality, cost model, multi-stage inspection


Poor pasture persistence and ingress of weedy species are major concerns for farmers. The seedbank gives an indication of what weedy species may establish in pastures and compete with sown species. It was hypothesised that the above-ground composition reflects the seedbank. The seedbank was sampled and botanical assessments were undertaken during October-November 2009 in Northland, Waikato, Taranaki and North Canterbury. Above-ground botanical composition did not reflect the weed seedbank composition in any of the regions assessed. While cover of grasses was greater than legumes and herbs above-ground, weedy herbs were most dominant in the seedbank, followed by grasses then legumes. There was no emergence of sown grass from the seedbank, highlighting the lack of a persistent sown grass seedbank, which may contribute to poor pasture persistence.


Abstract Eric Olson argues that the dynamic view of time must be false. It requires that the question 'How fast does time pass?' has an answer. But its only possible answer, one second per second, is not an answer. I argue that Olson has failed to identify what is wrong with talk of time's passage. Then I argue that, nonetheless, he is right to reject it. To say that time passes is analogous to saying that space is dense, and to ask about the rate of time's passage is analogous to asking how dense space is. Since the questions are on a par the dynamic view of time, which requires that they are not, is mistaken.


In recent years, floods have often occurred in Indonesia. The impact of floods must be mapped and informed to reduce the impact of flood victims. The technology used to obtain flood information is a wireless sensor. Uneven wireless sensor distribution and wireless sensor resource conditions make the information obtained sometimes inaccurate. Several studies have conducted research on wireless sensors in uneven distribution. This study develops information on potential flooding in flood-prone areas. This study uses wireless sensors that are scattered along potential flood rivers as data senders. Data sent in the form of rainfall data, river water discharge, and river water level. These data are processed using the hybrid Artificial Intelligence algorithm, namely the k-NN algorithm and the Naive Bayes algorithm. The results of this data processing are in the form of three prediction conditions, namely floods, early warnings, and not floods. The results of the implementation of the system with the hybrid algorithm obtained prediction accuracy rate of 93,4%. This system has an error of 6,6% when the system cannot predict wireless sensor data.


: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important crop in the world. People all over the world depend on potato for their daily food requirements. Although Solanum tuberosum L. is a good source of nutrients like carbohydrates, flavonoids, potassium and magnesium, there is a need for enhancing the iron and calcium contents as well to reduce the nutritional (elemental) deficiencies prevailing in the populations. The present work studies the effect of elicitors like carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), starch, pectin, NaCl, KCl,CaNO 3, casein and casein hydrolysate on the iron and calcium contents of in vitro plantlets of Solanum tuberosum L. Among the selected elicitors, CMC (150mg/L) treatment showed increased iron (Fe) content (1.75±0.01 mg/100g), while casein (200mg/L) treatment showed increased calcium content (19.62±0.13 mg/100g) in the in vitro plantlets of Solanum tuberosum L. as compared to the iron and calcium contents of the control in vitro plantlets (Fe - 0.06±0.01 mg/100g and Ca – 0.46±0.08 mg/100g).


The unique value of charge inversion reactions in mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) for direct characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in untreated solvent-refined coal is demonstrated. The positive ion MS/MS spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recorded for each of several molecular ions precursors, M/sup -/, M/sup +/, (M-H)/sup -/, and (M + H)/sup +/, show profiles which are distinctive and valuable in recognizing these compounds. Conventional electron impact mass spectra show a smaller number of fragmentations, including loss of C/sub 2/ moieties in high relative abundance. The striking differences between electron impact spectra and the various forms of MS/MS are being explored. These data demonstrate that a number of complementary reactions can be used as the basis for obtaining MS/MS spectra of polycyclic aromatics. Individual transitions in these spectra can be used to quantify PAHs in intact coal liquids. The detection limits and optimum analysis method for a series of PAHs commonly found in SRC-II at parts-per-million levels are currently being evaluated.


Operational Transconductance Amplifier is an important module in the analog circuit,which always determines the performance of the whole system.A low-voltage fully-differential folded-cascode OTA is designed for high-order Sigma Delta modulator in the paper.The OTA uses classic folded cascode structure.Auxiliary feedback amplifiers and the switched capacitor common mode feedback circuit are employed.The OTA is fabricated on SMIC 0.18μm CMOS mixed signal process.The simulation result of whole circuit in Spectre,shows that the open-loop DC gain is 72dB,the unity-gain bandwidth is 91.25MHz,the phase margin is 83.35°,the slew rate is 35.1V/μs at a driving load of 5pF,and the total power consumption of the device is only 1.41mW.A low-voltage supply 1.8V is adopted in the design,and the parameters of circuit are optimized to achieve well performance in this low-voltage supply.This amplifier is suitable to the application for high resolution Sigma Delta modulator.


In his dramatic monologue, Spalding Gray recounts his participation in the 1985 movie The Killing Fields from a very narcissistic viewpoint. The performances relies on two main strategies : first, the empowerment of his own voice thanks to a consistent self-posturing as a naive, helpless character ; second, recurrent references to the problematic relationships between reality and illusion, history and its depiction. The strategies echo and appear contrapuntal to Gray's own dramatic pursuit in the performance ; by conflating his real persona and his character persona, he constantly displaces the ostensible locus of his own authenticity and engineers a questioning on the reliability of representation, including the validity of his own self-representation and of his autobiographical narrative


This study is aimed at: (1) describing the weaknesses of the existing
Sociolinguistics teaching model, (2) developing an inquiry model for teaching
Sociolinguistics, and (3) describing the effectiveness of the inquiry model. The
result of this study is expected to accomplish the inquiry principles especially for
teaching of Sociolinguistics in the university level.
This is a research and development study which was carried out at UNISKA
Kediri in the fifth semester of the academic year of 2012/2013. It is oriented on
the product development in the form of teaching guideline. The interview was
conducted to obtain the qualitative data, and then the data were analyzed
descriptively. Meanwhile, observation, questionnaire, and document analysis were
conducted to obtain the quantitative data which were then analyzed by using
simple statistics formula. Firstly, the findings on the exploration study show that
there were weaknesses on the existing Sociolinguistics teaching model, they are:
(1) the existing model was less appropriate; (2) the existing model was less
effective; (3) the existing model less support the goal of learning; (4) the existing
model had less syntax; (5) the existing model was less supported by the
environment; and (6) the existing model had less management system.Based on
the weaknesses, the researcher proposes a suitable teaching model that is inquiry
model.The chosen inquiry model shows that the model can increase the students'
abilities in solving social problems. Then, the researcher developed a prototype of
the inquiry model. Before it was tried out in the field, the prototype was validated
by an expert. After being tried out, the developed inquiry model is effective and
ready to be applied as the Sociolinguistics teaching model in the university level.
The result of the data analysis of the tryout shows some benefits of the
developed inquiry model: (1) the developed inquiry model was appropriate
enough; (2) the developed inquiry model was effective enough; (3) the developed
inquiry model supportedenough the goal of learning; (4) the developed inquiry
model had good enough syntax; (5) the developed inquiry model was supported
enough by the environment; and (6) the developed inquiry model had good
enough management system. Finally, it can be concluded that this developed
model is effective to be applied as the Sociolinguistics teaching model since it
provides improvement to all of the weaknesses of the existing teaching model
found in the exploration study.
Keywords: Inquiry Model; Sociolinguistics; Research and Development


In the clinic of traumatology and pediatric surgery of the Chuvash University named after I. N. Ulyanov, from 1973 to the present, 704 patients with uncomplicated compression fractures of the spine (NCF) in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions have been treated. Of these, 126 (18%) patients underwent surgical fixation of the posterior section of the damaged area of the spine. The patients were aged 16 to 60 years.


Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a vital mechanism in modern economic development. In many transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe FDI is particularly seen as the main source of catching-up with more developed countries of European Union. This paper contributes to the methodology of evaluating the impact of FDI on the host country by taking into account the impact of FDI both on technical and efficiency change of domestic firms. The empirical analysis of the economic development with regard to FDI in Ukraine suggests that foreign presence has positive impact on the efficiency change of domestic firms in the same industry in Ukraine. The impact on the technical change of domestic firms, however, remains negative and significant.


Accurate estimating error-dimensionality relationship is important for gene-expression-based cancer classification. Here, we introduce an effective method to deal with this problem. To obtain a good performance of the estimator, we also propose a novel feature (gene) selection approach that aims to minimize the estimated error with respect to dimensionality. The experimental results for a gene expression data set, i.e. the liver cancer data set, substantiate the effectiveness of the estimator and the feature selection method as well.


Recent studies have begun to explore alternative ways to support social interaction in threaded discourse. This dissertation extends this research by exploring how a Like button, much like Facebook's, can provide students with a low-cost mechanism to interact with each other's discussion posts. I explore how this ubiquitous social media tool was integrated into an experimental academic online learning environment, Pepper, to support student discussion from multiple perspectives. The research suggests that the Like button was adopted in threaded discourse as an indirect speech act, the meaning of which varies because of how it is used by students. There are four studies that explore how the Like button was used by students enrolled in graduate-level online discussion-based courses at a leading Canadian institute of education. Both quantitative and qualitative data were used to explore student interactivity to better understand the role of the Like button as a social scaffold in threaded discourse. Social constructivism and speech act theory were used as frameworks for the project. Collectively, the findings suggest that the Like button in threaded discourse was an effective social interaction tool used by students to engage in a shared learning experience. Recommendations to expand the Like button into additional low-cost social and learning scaffolds and to provide environment users with integrated support on the availability and function of these tools is provided. The findings of my research act as a starting point for integrating more low-cost mechanisms into


FIELD: physics. SUBSTANCE: proposed device comprises at least two regions, each incorporating surface prism structure that forms the array of, in fact, flat faces. Each area form reflector due to full internal reflection for at least first angle of observation and is transparent for at least second angle of observation. Said first angle of observation of one region differs from at least one first angle of observation of the other area. EFFECT: authentification of various substrates to due ability of complex switching of optical image. 63 cl, 40 dwg


Current research on federated learning mainly focuses on joint optimization, improving efficiency and effectiveness, and protecting privacy. However, there are relatively few studies on incentive mechanisms. Most studies fail to consider the fact that if there is no profit, participants have no incentive to provide data and training models, and task requesters cannot identify and select reliable participants with high-quality data. Therefore, this paper proposes a federated learning incentive mechanism based on reputation and reverse auction theory. Participants bid for tasks, and reputation indirectly reflects their reliability and data quality. In this federated learning program, we select and reward participants by combining the reputation and bids of the participants under a limited budget. Theoretical analysis proves that the mechanism satisfies computational efficiency, individual rationality, budget feasibility, and truthfulness. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the mechanism.


Polymer composites consisting of polypyrrole doped by uranyl complexing polyanions [i.e., poly(2-acrylamidoglycolic acid) and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)] were electrochemically synthesized. Bulk material and thin layers strongly adhering to inert supporting electrodes were prepared. These composites were used to precipitate uranyl ions from simulated radioactive wastes. Among different experimental techniques used for the analysis of uranium immobilized in the composites, the Rutherford backscattering of a particles proved efficient in thin layers. Leaching tests confirmed the persistence of the uranium complexation in the solid composites.


With the high-speed development of social economy,the university students have already become a huge consumption community day by day.In the era with the fierce competition and the personality,university student's pay more attention to living tasty and quality as well as high-grade and high-quality competition life to understand life and select material consumptions.This paper mainly pays attention to the college students' consumption condition,analyzes their consumption structure and understands the development trends of college students' consumption to seek countermeasures of guiding their consumer concept and values to train their ability of financial quotient.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to provide clinical recommendations in fostering positive well-being among Cambodian refugee women living in the United States. We first present a brief overview of Cambodian refugee women's history and cultural background to highlight their experiences of shared and gender-based trauma, as well as their process of recovery. Next, as informed by the posttraumatic growth model and evidence-based practices, we provide clinical recommendations with an emphasis on trauma-informed components and interventions influenced by feminist and narrative perspectives in facilitating the process of surviving trauma and thriving post-migration. Finally, we present a composite case illustration, highlighting cultural considerations to aid mental health providers in fostering posttraumatic growth in Cambodian refugee women.


Ceramics such as silicon nitride and silicon carbide are currently receiving a great deal of attention as potential materials for advanced gas turbine engines. The primary advantage offered by ceramics is their high temperature capability, which can result in turbine engines of improved efficiency. Other advantages when compared with the nickel and cobalt alloys in current use are raw materials availability, lower weight, erosion/corrosion resistance, and potentially lower cost. The use of ceramics in three different sizes of gas turbine engines - large utility turbines, advanced aircraft turbines, and small automotive turbines - is discussed. Special considerations arising from the substitution of ceramics for high temperature alloys, unique to each of these applications, are outlined.


In the last two decades the search for neutrinoless double beta decay has evolved into one of the highest priorities for understanding neutrinos and the origin of mass. The main reason for this paradigm shift has been the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which clearly established the existence of massive neutrinos. An additional motivation for conducting such searches comes from the existence of an unconfirmed, but not refuted, claim of evidence for neutrinoless double decay in $^{76}\text{Ge}$. As a consequence, a new generation of experiments, employing different detection techniques and $\beta\beta$ isotopes, is being actively promoted by experimental groups across the world. In addition, nuclear theorists are making remarkable progress in the calculation of the neutrinoless double beta decay nuclear matrix elements, thus eliminating a substantial part of the theoretical uncertainties affecting the particle physics interpretation of this process. In this report, we review the main aspects of the double beta decay process and some of the most relevant experiments. The picture that emerges is one where searching for neutrinoless double beta decay is recognized to have both far-reaching theoretical implications and promising prospects for experimental observation in the near future.


Each day, 15,000 tons of sludge solids are removed from U.S. wastewater treatment plants. A combination of events has caused disposal of this sludge to build up to a major problem for an increasing number of communities. Municipal sanitary wastewater contains about 0.35 pounds of dry solids per person per day. Added to this load are various commercial and industrial wastes. Ever-greater quantities of sludge are being produced as a result of increasing construction of wastewater treatment plants-and the fact that advanced wastewater plants produce more sludge than their predecessors. In addition to presenting more and more sludge solids for disposal each year, wastewater treatment plants are energy-intensive. The more complex and advanced the plant, the more energy it consumes. The current problems of energy-intensive industries need not be explained. Many conventional sludge disposal practices are becoming less available to municipalities. Spreading solid sludge on the land, and landfilling, are hampered by the lack of suitable sites. Ocean dumping is being phased out. Incineration has become unattractive because of its energy-intensive nature.


Since the 1970s, the world has been swept up in a wave of economic liberalization. The financial sector is no exception, particularly the economic liberalization of several developing countries, the scope, extent and speed of which constitutes some of the most dazzling of international economic policy changes. In the financial sector, financial liberalization is primarily based on the theory of financial deepening. In this chapter, we will introduce the theory of financial deepening and the basic content of financial liberalization.


1504 Background: Oral anticancer drugs have proliferated in recent decades. These drugs are increasingly approved based on provisional data via the FDA's accelerated approval pathway and have high prices, motivating payers to closely monitor how they are used. We assessed use of prior authorization (PA) of oral cancer drugs for Medicare Part D beneficiaries and assessed the impact of PA on delays in prescription fills. Methods: Using Medicare Part D formulary and claims data from 2010-2019, we described trends in Part D plans' use of PA for oral oncology drugs, identified using the Oncology Care Model drug list (excluding hormonal therapies). We then examined changes in access to imatinib after the introduction of a new PA. We focused on imatinib because it is a highly effective first-in-class drug with a generic entrant in 2016. We compared Part D beneficiaries continuously enrolled in a plan with a policy change (new PA introduced) or a control plan (no change) in the 120 days before and after the policy change or equivalent date (control) and had at least three 30-day imatinib fills in the pre period. This restriction aimed to identify individuals filling regularly and plausibly expected to continue the drug. For each index fill in the post period, we calculated predicted fill (date of previous fill + days supply received). Our outcome variable was the difference (in days) between predicted and observed index fill date, censored at 120 days for post-period observations without an observed fill. We used an event study to model predicted vs. actual time to first fill following a policy change (new PA) relative to the controls (no change), adjusting for patient age, sex, low-income subsidy, average number of days between pre-period fills, year of fill, and plan type (standalone or Medicare Advantage). Results: The proportion of oral anticancer drugs requiring a PA increased from 52.8 to 96.3% from 2010 to 2019. For imatinib, PA increased from 65% to 89% from 2010-16, the year generic imatinib entered. PA for generic imatinib was 95% on market entry. In the imatinib event study sample, there were 1,354 index fills for patients. Unadjusted mean delay in index fill was 40 days for new PA and 15 days for controls; median difference was 4 and 3 days, respectively. Discontinuation was comparable: 9.3% (new PA) vs. 9.5% (control). The adjusted difference between predicted and actual fills for new PA was 20.3 days (95% CI 6.5-34.2, p<0.004). Conclusions: Use of PA for oral oncology drugs has increased substantially over 10 years. In the setting of high prices and provisional outcomes data, PA may be appropriate. However, PA may delay fills, even for high-value drugs like imatinib. Oral anticancer drug adherence is an NCI priority; further study is warranted to identify opportunities to reduce administrative burden of PA and lessen barriers in access to effective medications.


Synchronization and channel estimation are two of the most critical issues in ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems. Conventional transmitted-reference (TR) UWB avoids the stringent synchronization and channel estimation requirements. In this work, we utilize transmitted reference technology to add reference pulses between data pulses in Chirp UWB transmitter. And in Chirp UWB receiver, a synchronization scheme based on interference mitigation mechanism to recover symbol timing is developed. Moreover the proposed algorithm performs joint timing and channel estimation through storing and averaging reference pulses. The principles of the proposed algorithm are presented and the system performance of a synchronized receiver is investigated by computer simulations. Our researches show that the proposed scheme can offer good system performance at the cost of low complexity.


The interference of Sb in determination of Se and Bi in antimony powder and antimony compound has been studied in different acidity, it is found that the interference of antimony has been reduced apparently in high acidity. Simultaneously, according to the difference of hydride generation reaction between Sb5+ and Sb3+, a sensitive and rapid method has been developed and used to determine Se and Bi in real samples. The recovery of the method is 95%-105% for practical samples. Detection limits are 0.00004 x 10(-2) (content) for Se and 0.0001 x 10(-2) mg.L-1 (content) for Bi respectively. The relative standard deviations of Se are 2.4% (content = 0.00169 x 10(-2) mg.L-1) and 5.4% (content = 0.00056 x 10(-2) mg.L-1). The relative standard deviations of Bi are 5.0% (content = 0.00024 x 10(-2) mg.L-1) and 1.3% (content = 0.00229 x 10(-2) mg.L-1). The method has been applied to determination of Se and Bi in practical samples with satisfactory results.


I N his Thomas Vicary Lecture on 'The Under Greek Influence the Roman Empire Early Development of Hospitals (before possessed great and well-equipped hospitals 1348),' delivered before the Royal College for the well-to-do. But, as Professor B. of Surgeons of England in 1927, the late Farrington has pointed out, Greek medicine Dr. George Parker said セ 'The earliest beginpandered to the comfort of a leisured class. nings we know of can be traced to about The hospitals were not for the working the sixth century B.C. in places far apart, population, whether slave or free. Parker both in the West and distant East, ,and held that Roman hospitals, valetudinaria, on hospitals do not appear in earlier times or the contrary catered for the poor and slaves outside a certain group of countries, with the as well as for the rich. In Rome from the time one exception of Mexico. Thus there is no of Augustus there were excellent and wellevidence of them in Assyria, Babylon, early arranged military hospitals. Egypt or China, in spite of the medical skill' When the social world of Rome became and civilization there existing.' disturbed between A.D. 100 and 300, muniHe then describes Buddhist hospitals cipal and possibly other hospitals fell into springing up quickly in the Buddhist world decay. Allbutt states that Constantine in soon after the death of Gautama in 543 B.C. A.D. 335 decreed thatall public hospitals These hospitals from before 500 B.C. were should be closed and their staffs dismissed, perpetually being built (1) by victorious though later on he allowed some to be rerulers, (2) by monasteries, (3) by individuals. opened. This was the first recorded 'fall' of They were formed to calry out the precepts hospitals. Yet even in the time of Constantine of the religion, and Dr. Parker found no there was some measure of' revival,' for it evidence that they were copied from any became customary for a Christian bishop to previous institutions. Some of them were set up a hospice with beds for the sick close military hospitals, as distinct from the to his own house and cathedral. Sometimes religious foundations. They existed before the bishop managed it personally, but always Alexander's invasion of India and were in it was under his control. Parker's opinion prior to any Greek influence. Parker quotes notable instances of episIn Greece hospitals had a dual origin. The copal hospitals at Caesarea in 370, at Merida, temples of Asklepios were buildings to which at Constantinople, Ephesus, and Hippo. the sick came for the healing ritual of templeIn a later age they were found in Paris, sleep. In addition to the effects of merely Chalons, Tours, Rheims, Cologne, Bremen, sleeping in the sacred precincts ('incubation') Constance, and in England at Worcester, and being touched by the harmless snakes, Lincoln, Canterbury, and Winchester. other remedies were employed: drugs, ointJustinian made the bishops guardians and ments, baths, massage, bleeding, and operapublic trustees of all charities, hospitals intions, so that the Asklepieia may be regarded eluded. They were given power to administer as true hospitals. The second origin was from charitable bequests, to visit all institutions, the public medical service which flourished and correct abuses. This power of visitation in Greek cities as early as 600 B.C. All doctors, and protection of charities lasted through the public and private, had iatreia or dispensaries, Middle Ages up to the Council of Trent in and in some of these were beds for in1545. The Bishop's Council of Durham patients from the fourth century B.C. announced in 1217, 'Those who wish to


In their pursuit of public health goals, policymakers increasingly turn to innovative apps to complement existing health measures. However, findings from previous research in non-IT health contexts indicate that individuals may compensate for new interventions (e.g., start exercising) by reducing existing preventive health behaviors (e.g., eating fewer healthy foods). However, the findings are inconclusive, and it is unknown when people tend to engage in behavioral compensation. Building on this observation, we draw on rational choice theory to substantiate the subjective rationality of compensation behavior and develop a utility maximization model that suggests circumstances under which adoption of technological innovation may lead to users reducing existing preventive health behaviors. This research provides evidence from a multi-wave study on COVID-19 contact-tracing apps that confirms the existence of what we term the technology-behavioral compensation effect: Individuals who perceive the app to be highly useful or actively use it reduce other preventive health behaviors (e.g., social distancing) after app adoption. Ironically, this technology-behavioral compensation effect indicates a hitherto-overlooked tension between two established IS design goals (i.e., perceived usefulness and active use) and the successful exploitation of technology to support users' health. We expand research on dark side effects of IS use by revealing a previously neglected type of unintended consequence and elaborate on its implications for research well beyond the health context. Our findings also will help policymakers make decisions on the design of societal technologies.


The increasing amount of telematic and other electronic systems in the modern motor vehicle demands high performance and reliability in ever decreasing space. The automotive connector is well known to be the weak link in electronic systems due to the multi-environmental conditions seen in the motor vehicle. These conditions of large temperature changes, high humidity, and corrosive atmospheres have significant and varied affect upon the connector. Sample signal and power automotive connectors which are currently undergoing road testing, are being monitored to evaluate stress levels during real operation. Environmental conditions such as, temperature, humidity and vibration levels of these connectors are being monitored in situ. Connector temperature data from vehicles operated in the United Kingdom is presented in this paper. An empirical model is also presented demonstrating some of the general features of connector temperature behaviour. Scanning electron micrographs, elemental analysis and contact resistance measurements are also taken to determine the level of degradation of these connectors. Evidence of fretting corrosion was found at the contact interface on tin plated terminals from sealed and unsealed connectors; however gold terminals exhibited minimal wear.


The effluent samples from 3 different textile dyeing and bleaching industries E(1), E(2) and E(3), were characterized for their pollution potential. The concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) were found to be 3785, 4500 and 4210 mg/L for the industries1, 2 and 3 respectively. The BOD's and COD's were 342.8 and 642.4 mg/L for E(1), 223.2 and 424.6 mg/L for E(2) and 456 and 838.4 mg/L for E(3). The pH of the effluents were 7.36, 7.8 and 7.6 for E(1), E(2) and E(3) respectively. This implies that the effluents were not in acidic region. The nitrate, nitrite and phosphate concentrations were 21, 37 and 30 mg/L, 0.5, 0.8 and 0.8 mg/L and 25, 36 and 20 mg/L fir E(1), E(2) and E(3). The levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for effluent discharge. This shows that the textile effluents have severe pollution potentials since the parameters measured have values above the tolerable limits compared to the world health organization (WHO) standards even if the industries promise their treatment. The results also showed that the ratio of COD:BOD were 1.87, 1.90 and 1.84 for E(1), E(2) and E(3) respectively, indicating that the effluents may not be able undergo up to 50 % substrate biodegradation, thus biological processes may not be feasible for the treatment of these effluents. The high values obtained for the parameters assessed, especially those of the concentrations of the solid and of the oxygen demands, call for a pretreatment of the effluent before its discharge into water body. Also, the high conductivity observed shows that sufficient ions are present in the effluents, thus suggesting that the chemical method of coagulation and flocculation may be an ideal treatment method.


This study aims to measure the effectiveness of internal factor proxies from the aspect of efficiency as measured by the ratio of operating costs and operating income (BOPO), liquidity as measured by the loan-deposit ratio (LDR), bank size as measured by total assets, and aspects of bank capital that measured by the capital buffer and external factors using the Repo Rate, and inflation on non-performing loans in the ten largest banking industries in Indonesia. The sample consists of the 10 largest banks in Indonesia with the criteria of having total bank assets of the total national banking assets above 2%. The data used are annual data from 2011 to 2020. The results show that from the bank's internal factors, BOPO has a positive and significant effect on the NPL. LDR, and variable capital buffer, a negative and significant on NPL. While the size of the bank obtained results that are not significant to the NPL. From external factors, the results obtained where interest rates have a significant negative effect on NPLs while inflation is not significant for increasing NPL.


Armed with the great potential for business value and social networking, social media have generated great interests in academia and practice. Rare studies investigated the impact of social psychological factors on the usage of Facebook and the formation of quality relationship. The objective of this paper is to examine the key social psychological factors to better explain the formation of quality relationship. Our proposed theoretical model combined the theories of social influence, social identity, and social presence to capture the essences of the relationship quality between users and Facebook. We conducted a survey to collect data and empirically test our proposed model. Overall, our findings provide theoretical insights to explain the influence of social psychological factors on the usage of Facebook and quality relationship. These findings also help practitioners to plan marketing strategies in better utilize social network sites.


In 1986 the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) entered its second decade of nation-building since its establishment on 2 December 1975 under the present government of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). In many respects, the first decade of post-war reconstruction has not been smooth or easy for the LPDR. Politically, the LPDR's close alignment with Vietnam and the Soviet Union has caused it to become more isolated from the non-socialist world. Socially and economically, after ten years of post-war reconstruction, it is still one of the poorest and least developed countries in the region. In political terms, 1986 was a significant year as it marked the holding of the Fourth Party Congress and the launching of the country's Second Five-Year Plan.1 Largely as a result of the relative lack of economic and social progress, the preparation for the Fourth Party Congress became an occasion for the Party to assess past policies and establish guidelines for its future development. Originally rumoured to be scheduled in April, the Congress was postponed several times before it was finally held from 13-15 November. This postponement was necessitated by the thoroughness with which the state bureaucracy had to be prepared for the event, and was indicative of the intensity of the debates which went on within the Party before a consensus was finally reached.


Background: Portosystemic shunt and atrial septal defect (ASD) are generally congenital diseases in dogs. Rarely, dogs with congenital vascular anomalies could be related to other vascular anomalies. Case Description: A 1-year-old male Maltese dog, neutered and weighing 1.7 kg, was brought in for an additional assessment of a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS). CPSS was diagnosed as portocaval shunt by computed tomography. Surgical attenuation was performed. Although prognosis after CPSS attenuation was good, the dog was presented with exercise intolerance 1 year after the operation. Thoracic radiographs observed generalized cardiomegaly. Echocardiography revealed pulmonary hypertension and right-to-left shunting ASD. Conclusion: The present study reports a rare case of CPSS concurrent with ASD in a dog. As dogs with CPSS might have been associated with other vascular anomalies; therefore, echocardiography is recommended for early diagnosis of other cardiovascular anomalies.


Background: Transactional analysis (TA) was developed by Berne and Dusey, and egogram analysis has been performed for long. It has 5 egos including Critical Parent (CP), Nurturing Parent (NP), Adult (A), Free Child (FC) and Adapted Child (AC) and has been utilized in Japan as Tokyo University Egogram (TEG). Authors have continued to educate university students concerning egogram for years. The lecture has been useful and significant for their psychological development in adolescence period.
Protocol and Results: Enrolled subjects were 250 university students. They answered TEG questionnaire, calculated and discussed the personality trait. TEG has 29 typical personality pattern which is acceptable in Japan. We analyzed the results of 250 cases. There are six types with higher prevalence in the students than the standard value. They are a) dependent 10.0%, b) hot-tempered 13.2%, c) conflict 6.0%, d) good-hearted 6.8%, e) playboy 4.4%, f) pessimism 6.8%.
Discussion and Conclusion: From the point of 5 egos, possible reason for higher ratio was speculated. Some trends were found including low A, CP> NP, AC> FC, in relation to current way of thinking in young generation. This result would become the basic data and would develop further research in this psychological field.


Abstract By expressing infinite series in terms of definite integrals, we shall establish four formulae of BBP-type modulo 6 with an extra free parameter. Several new BBP-type formulae are consequently deduced.


Indonesian Presidential Election 2019 sees a rematch between Prabowo Subianto and President Joko Widodo. The threat by intolerant Islamics elements that are deeply rooted within the political mainstream, has not only posed Indonesia's democratic downturn. Opposition pressure at national level had also contributed to this phenomena. The Jakarta 2017 Gubernatorial election has been the decisive specimen applied in the 2019 Presidential Election. The Presidential election has witnessed the repurpose of the Jakarta Gubernatorial political campaign techniques namely the sectarian mobilisation polarizing the public opinion, and the politics of the religious identity . Prabowo Subianto-Sandiaga Uno Presidential Election Grand Campaign on April 7, 2019, was very different from any other grand campaign on Indonesian election history. Adapting the qualitative methods, the researcher conducted interviews to 4 editors from trusted online media in Indonesia. Media framing and othering are important in this discussion, as it can describe how online media journalists implemented their professional work to cover and deliver the Prabowo Subianto-Sandiaga Uno presidential election grand campaign on April 7, 2019. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE


The porcess of manufacturing high B S MnZn ferrite from the refined iron mine powders and Mn\-3O\-4 is studied.The influence of the composition and sintering temperature on magnetic properties is researched.Possible ways of making further study are put forward.


Abstract Objective To assess for differences of intended meaning in the description of reflux‐related symptoms among otolaryngology patients and clinicians. Study Design Cross‐sectional survey‐based study. Setting Five tertiary, academic otolaryngology practices. Methods Between June 2020 and July 2022, a questionnaire consisting of 20 common descriptors of reflux‐related symptoms within four domains (throat‐, chest‐, stomach‐, and sensory‐related symptoms) was completed by patients. Attending otolaryngologists at five academic medical centers then completed the same survey. The primary outcome was to assess differences in patient and clinician perceptions of reflux‐related symptoms. Differences based on geographic location was a secondary outcome. Results A total of 324 patients and 27 otolaryngologists participated. Patients selected a median of six terms compared with 10.5 for otolaryngologists (p < .001). Otolaryngologists were more likely to select sensory symptoms (difference: 35.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.2%, 52.4%), throat‐related symptoms (32.4%; 21.2, 43.6%), and chest‐related symptoms (12.4%; 8.8, 15.9). Otolaryngologists and patients were equally likely to consider stomach symptoms as related to reflux (4.0%, −3.7%, 11.7%). No significant differences were identified based on geographic location. Conclusion There are differences between otolaryngologists and their patients in the interpretation of the symptoms of reflux. Patients tended to have a narrower interpretation of reflux with symptoms primarily limited to classic stomach‐related symptoms, while clinicians tended to have a broader definition of reflux that included extra‐esophageal manifestations of disease. This has important counseling implications for the clinician, as patients presenting with reflux symptoms may not comprehend the relationship of those symptoms to reflux disease.


Professor Rugg has adapted to the use of education some of the methods of rating which were used during the war in the rating of soldiers. One of the important modifications which he has introduced is that of arranging the material in such a way that the rating cards may be used by the individuals who are being rated. We are very glad indeed to give currency to the announcement in some detail of the material which he has prepared and of the method of distribution which he has arranged. A series of rating forms available for the judging of high-school students and teachers is now ready for distribution.


Environmental issues, especially global warming due to the greenhouse effect, have become more and more critical in recent decades. As one potential candidate among different alternative "green energy" solutions for sustainable development, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has received extensive research attention for many years for energy and transportation applications. However, the relatively short lifespan of PEMFCs operating under non-steady-state conditions (for vehicles, for example) impedes its massive use. The accurate prediction of their aging mechanisms can thus help to design proper maintenance patterns of PEMFCs by providing foreseeable performance degradation information. In addition, the prediction could also help to avoid or mitigate the unwanted degradation of PEMFC systems during operation. In this paper, an advanced self-adaptive relevance vector machine (RVM) has been developed and demonstrated to predict the performance degradation of PEMFCs. In order to prove the versatility of proposed RVM method, the predictive results are experimentally validated using two different PEMFC stacks aging data under different operating patterns. Furthermore, the obtained results are compared with results from both classic support vector machine and original RVM methods in order to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed self-adaptive RVM method with a modified design matrix. A comparison between single-step-ahead and multiple-step-ahead predictions of the proposed method is also given and discussed. The results show that the proposed novel RVM method is powerful and effective for PEMFC degradation prediction.


This application relates to a decorative article (10) to be applied to the skin, comprising a flexible carrier (11) having a first face (12) is flocked, a second face (14), opposite the first, being coated with an adhesive layer (15) one face of which, opposite the support, is intended to be brought into contact with the skin. According to the invention, the support (11) is permeable to the adhesive used for flocking said first face (12).


The spectral emission from a dc pulsed helium discharge for pressures from 5 to 30 Torr has been investigated during the early afterglow using a spectrometer with gated photomultiplier and from the early afterglow through the late afterglow using interference filters with gated photomultiplier. The afterglow spectrum was predominately that of molecular light which was attributed to the collisional‐radiative recombination of molecular ions. The time‐decay of molecular light at late times indicated ambipolar diffusion control by an ion with a Dap of 710±10 cm2/sec, which corresponds to a μ0 of 16.4±0.2 cm2/V·sec, in good agreement with values reported for the helium molecular ion employing other techniques.


Monoclonal antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof inhibits binding to its activity CD47, the monoclonal antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that competes with the former being provided for binding to CD47. Moreover, any combination of the above are also provided. Such antibodies compound 1) organ preservation and transplantation situation, pulmonary hypertension, sickle cell disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and IRI tissue in other surgical and / or trauma cases an element of pathogenesis in the treatment of ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), 2) in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and 3) toxic to sensitive cancer cells, their phagocytic uptake and elimination promote (increase) to and / or as an anti-cancer agent for such cells is a direct killing, be widely effective.


congested. Frequently, a general tumefaction and ulceration involves the muscular tissue, and suppurating points dip down to the cartilages. By no unaided effort of the patients in the extreme paroxysm will the membrane be thrown off. "In striking contrast, the croupous cast is semitransparent, delicate, and tender to handle, somewhat gelatinous, and of a pale yellowish colour, easily separable from the subjacent surface as an imperfect cast of the part on which it is formed. It is only after the death of the patient that it is seen to be opaque, and composed of more than one layer. It is generally thrown off dluring a violent fit of coughing, when the patient finds almost immediate relief from the more urgent symptoms. It is never found so intimately connected with the subjacent mucous membrane as to cause bleeding. It is simply a clean cast of the superficial epithelial layer, closely resembling the cast-off skin shed by some of the lower animals-the growing amphibia, for example. "The histological differences are much more strongly marked. Diphtheritic membrane requires a good deal of teasing out to fit it for microscopic examination. A powmer of 350 diameters reveals an aggregation of granular matters, nucleated epithelium, fat-molecules, and minute crystals, held together by interspersed bands of connective tissue. AMuco-puruient corpuscles often entangle foreign bodies ; and in throat-affections, the spores of the oldium albicans are rapidly developed. The mnembrane is, in short, a laminated fibroid mass of the superficial and deeper seated structures, in a later stage involving the submucous tissues, muscles, glands, and cartilages. In sections made fromn various preparations, portions of all these structures have been well seen, and sometimes I have found considerable hypertrophy of the connective and fibrous tissues. "A portion of a croupous cast, however, examined under the same power, consists of numerous cylindrical and pavement epithelial cells, granular matter, fat-corpuscles, and mucus, with some occasional foreign bodies, as particles of food entangled in a protoplasmic homogeneous matrix. The columnar epithelial cells retain their cilia, and are filled with clear sarcode, and nucleated. It is, therefore, surmised that these casts are not long retained; probably they are thrown off soon after their formation. Fungus-spores are rarely found entangled in these films, which are characterised by an excessive cell-proliferation rather than a transudation or true exudation. Although some of the croup casts differ a good deal in colour and consistency, connective or fibrous tissue never enters into their composition." These facts, which have been established by Mr. Hogg by repeated demonstrations under the microscope, and verified by Dr. Greenfield of St. Thomas's hospital, account, in the most satisfactory manner, for the therapeutic value of emetics in croup, and their utter uselessness in diphtheria. In a letter I have received from Mr. Jabez Ilogg on this subject, dated September 15th, 1875, he adds to his previous observations *"11My friend I)r. Greenfield's observations and microscopic examinations were founded upon five wvell-marked cases of diphtheria ; and he appears to confirm me in almost every particular. He found that 'the inflammatory action extended to the larynx and trachea; and that the false membrane removed consisted of a stratified network of tissue, giving the reactions of fibrin, in the meshes of which were entangled altered layers of epithel imuii-cells and blood-corpuscles. The membrane throughout was partly catarrhal, weith condensed epithelium and a true fibrinous exudation, with, in one case, the spores and fungus-mycelium intermixed. The inflammatory mischief extended and penetrated deeper about the pharynx than it did about the trachea, where there leas, however, always a considerable amount of destruction of tissue. He was unable to say whether the fungus was an accidental or a potential agent in the inflammatory process.' There is no doubt, something yet to be learnt in the history of the specific diphtheritic zymosis, which, unlike croup, is of a contagious poisonous nature: often an outgrowth of unsanitary conditions. Wiith regard to croup, there is always one point in its etiology which appears to me not to have received much attention; and yet it is of some importance, as seeming to separate it very widely from diphtheria. I refer to its peculiar hereditariness. I have seen several well-marked instances of this ; and I am now attending a family for an affection (strumous) of eye, in which croup has gone down to the third generation, affecting the males of the family in particular. No one ever heard of diphtheria having been transmitted from father to son, or from mother to daughter, that I am aware of." I might have entered into this subject much more fully, but I cannot venture to trespass further on the space of the JOURNAL ; and I think I have said enough to show that croup and diphtheria are distinct, not identical. Two recent cases of diphtheria in my practice confirm me in this belief, and fully corroborate Mr. Hogg's observations. A COMMENTARY ON DR. PATRICK BLACK'S THEORY OF ASPHYXIA.


In the 1970's, flight safety professionals became profoundly concerned about the prevalence of crew-caused accidents and incidents, and the role of human error in flight operations. As result, they initiated a change in the flight safety culture which has grown to significant proportions today. At the heart of the evolution were crew concepts such as flightdeck management, crew coordination, and cockpit resource management, concepts which seemed to target critical deficiencies. In themselves, the concepts were not new but their incorporation into training as a direct means of changing the flight safety culture was an untried, almost 'grassroots' approach. The targeted crew concepts and skills were not an integral part of the typical training program; the methods, curriculum, media, and even course content itself, would have to be developed and implemented from the bottom up. A familiar truism in the pilot culture is that you should 'Train the way you fly; Fly the way you train'. In short, training was expected to provide the pilot with practical operational skills that were consistent with the performance standards they were required to maintain and the operational demands they met on a daily basis. In short, one could not simply command crews to use good CRM; one would have to research and define these skills operationally as well as develop and implement a consistent and effective training program. Furthermore, one would need active support and collaboration among the research, industry and government communities in order to ensure acceptance and continued commitment. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.


This paper proposes a priority based AOI management model as a method to effectively process message traffic for collaboration in virtual environments. Where message traffic reaches the maximum capacity of the message replay server in DVE, some of the events might be delayed to be updated at the remote clients. Because existing AOI models depend only on the occurrence time of events, they have a problem that more important events in the context might be processed later than less serious ones. Close Interactions with other participants are relatively more important than simple events which happen at a distance from the participant. This study classifies the priorities of events according to the degree of interest, and proposes a method to reduce processing delay time of events highly interested by a user. The proposed model offers a way to effectively utilize limited capacity of a server using a priority queue mechanism, which is able to handle different kinds of events. To prevent from starvation of simple events and to give fairness to the proposed algorithm, event occurrence time is also considered as well as degree of interest when processing events.


This article describes the platform's drive mechanisms and control methods which is a new type of composite high-speed servo driver platform.The servo motor drives and controls the feed table's location and its positioning accuracy by the ball screw assembly;and it adds a set of auxiliary hydraulic control system drived by servo tank between the slide platform and the feeding table.By coordinating and controlling mutually between the two drive sets,it will improve the ball screw's stress situation and wear situation in the case of high-speed feeding movement,and then improve its feed positioning accuracy.


Packing problems, which ask how to arrange a collection of objects in space to meet certain criteria, are important in a great many physical and biological systems, where geometrical arrangements at small scales control behavior at larger ones. In many systems there is no single, optimal packing that dominates, but rather one must understand the entire set of possible packings. As a step in this direction we enumerate rigid clusters of identical hard spheres for $n\leq 14$ and clusters with the maximum number of contacts for $n\leq 19$. A rigid cluster is one that cannot be continuously deformed while maintaining all contacts. This is a nonlinear notion that arises naturally because such clusters are the metastable states when the spheres interact with a short-range potential, as is the case in many nano- or microscale systems. We believe that our lists are nearly complete, except for a small number of highly singular clusters (linearly floppy but nonlinearly rigid). The data contains some major geometric...


The book is centred on the USA but Cuno styles himself an 'internationalist' (p. 65). A diffusionist too, he likes that topical word, 'hybridity'. He is right to detect nationalism; but, although it may be a mere 'accident of geography' (p. 146) that finds are made in particular jurisdictions, he is largely mistaken to argue that jurisdiction is what preoccupies archaeologists and to imply that 'host nations' still depend heavily on foreign expeditions. Much worse, he barely allows that, for most finds – including the Elgin Marbles, his opening example – it is no accident that they come from particular sites. To overlook context is either disingenuous or ignorant.


Amyris jorgemeavei from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, is described and illustrated. The new taxon is compared with A. carterae and A. madrensis , species with similar morphological characteristics. It is however easily differentiated from these two by having glabrous leaves and floral parts, a lobed nectar disc, and it is known only from southwestern Mexico. A comparative table and a distribution map of the three species are included.


A self-consistent linear-combination-of-Gaussian-orbitals band-structure calculation for paramagnetic chromium employing a local exchange approximation has been performed. The density of states, Fermi surface, and x-ray form factors have been obtained and compared with available experimental data. New interpretations of some of the neutron scattering data are made, with good agreement in general for all the data. The Compton profiles and the optical conductivity have also been obtained using the full matrix element $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ dependence in Brillouin-zone integrations. Comparison with experiment is made for both, and correlation with experiment is good if appropriate angular averages or lifetime effects are included.