Significance Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism of eukaryotic gene regulation. Deep RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) has become a powerful approach for quantitative profiling of AS. With the increasing capacity of high-throughput sequencers, it has become common for RNA-Seq studies of AS to examine multiple biological replicates. We developed rMATS, a new statistical method for robust and flexible detection of differential AS from replicate RNA-Seq data. Besides the analysis of unpaired replicates, rMATS includes a model specifically designed for paired replicates, such as case–control matched pairs in clinical RNA-Seq datasets. We expect rMATS will be useful for genome-wide studies of AS in diverse research projects. Our data also provide new insights about the experimental design for RNA-Seq studies of AS. Ultra-deep RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) has become a powerful approach for genome-wide analysis of pre-mRNA alternative splicing. We previously developed multivariate analysis of transcript splicing (MATS), a statistical method for detecting differential alternative splicing between two RNA-Seq samples. Here we describe a new statistical model and computer program, replicate MATS (rMATS), designed for detection of differential alternative splicing from replicate RNA-Seq data. rMATS uses a hierarchical model to simultaneously account for sampling uncertainty in individual replicates and variability among replicates. In addition to the analysis of unpaired replicates, rMATS also includes a model specifically designed for paired replicates between sample groups. The hypothesis-testing framework of rMATS is flexible and can assess the statistical significance over any user-defined magnitude of splicing change. The performance of rMATS is evaluated by the analysis of simulated and real RNA-Seq data. rMATS outperformed two existing methods for replicate RNA-Seq data in all simulation settings, and RT-PCR yielded a high validation rate (94%) in an RNA-Seq dataset of prostate cancer cell lines. Our data also provide guiding principles for designing RNA-Seq studies of alternative splicing. We demonstrate that it is essential to incorporate biological replicates in the study design. Of note, pooling RNAs or merging RNA-Seq data from multiple replicates is not an effective approach to account for variability, and the result is particularly sensitive to outliers. The rMATS source code is freely available at rnaseq-mats.sourceforge.net/. As the popularity of RNA-Seq continues to grow, we expect rMATS will be useful for studies of alternative splicing in diverse RNA-Seq projects.


Since the discovery of autism major gains have been accomplished in helping others understand what it is and helping those who are diagnosed. While there is no cure for autism there are a variety of treatments that are used today. Defined as a having "difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors."(Autism Speaks 2014) It seems that autism begins in the early stages of brain development. The most obvious signs tend to show from ages 2 to 3 years old. From the beginning researchers did not have a clue as to why it occurred recent research has shown that there isn't just one cause. Just like everyone individuals with autism are unique. They are known to have exceptional abilities in the areas of visual skills, music, and academic skills. Studies to date have involved music, animals, treatment used with medicine, exposure to different sensory techniques, and different diets. So with the many advances in technology and research concerning autism it is just a matter of time until the best treatments are pin pointed.


The work is devoted to modeling of acute pyelonephritis in laboratory animals. Experimental investigation was fulfilled on 40 outbred white rats. Acute pyelonephritis was modeled by original techniques. It was established that in animals of experimental groups both hematogenic and rectal infection with uropathogenic cultutes of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Escherichia coli followed by cold stress caused development of pyelonephritis that was confirmed by results of bacteriological and histological methods of investigation. The suggested experimental models can be used for development of pathogenetic therapy of acute urinary infection.


The article examines an incident during the UN operation in the Congo (ONUC) in which a company of Irish troops under siege at the isolated post of Jadotville was forced to surrender to the authorities of the secessionist province of Katanga. It looks at the circumstances leading up to the incident; the confusion surrounding the role of the UN force, and in particular, the problems arising from assigning military tasks to troops equipped only for peacekeeping duties. It argues that failure to learn the lessons of the incident led to many of the problems encountered by UN troops at Srebrenica and in Rwanda and Sierra Leone.


H array splicing system is an effective extension of splicing operation to images. A special class of these H array splicing system allowing only simple splicing rules is also considered. Test tube array system for picture generation has also been studied based on the splicing operations. Motivated by these models here we introduce and investigate a new generative model called Simple Test Tube Array System based on simple parallel splicing operations.


This paper introduces the characteristics and analysis IPX protocol structure,expounds the principle of data communication by using IPX protocol;a living example of the data communication is discussed.


Cutinases are enxymes with a molecular mass of 22-25 kDa that supposedly degrade ester bonds of the cutin polymer in the plant cell wall. They are serine esterases, also able to hydrolyse a wide variety of synthetic esters and triacylglycerols. As cutinase is an efficient catalyst both in solution and at the water-lipid interface, it is potentially suitable for fat-stain removal apllications. Its implementation as an ingredient in laundry washing is hampered by its unfolding in the presence of anionic surfactants. The structure, flexibility and the stability of Fusarium solani pisi cutinase have been studied extensively, which makes it particularly suitable to test new protein design strategies aimed at variants more suited for the laundry application. Zie: Summary


In this paper we present a preliminary analysis of one striking feature of the Australian political economy: the rise in private share-ownership. We note, first, that both political campaigners and corporate analysts have responded to this change in terms of the 'triple bottom line' of financial, environmental and social returns, then that this implies a unified rationality, and finally that this can be tested through environmentalism and the postmaterialism in Inglehart's theory of value change. On that basis we analyse questions on share-ownership in the 1994 National Social Science Survey. Finding a significant divergence between the results for environmentalism and postmaterialism, we conclude that it would be over-optimistic to look to the 'triple bottom line' for a resolution of intensifying disputes over corporate activity. We start with a puzzle. On one hand, events at Genoa and at earlier meetings on world trade confirm that disquiet over global corporate activity is becoming both more intense and more widespread. On the other, more and more individuals are participating in that activity by acquiring shares in the corporations involved. Further, while private shareownership has risen throughout the postindustrial world since the 1980s, the trend is particularly marked in Australia. After the wave of full and partial privatisations, especially of the Commonwealth Bank and of Telstra, and of demutualisations such as those of the AMP and the NRMA, a slight majority of Australian adults are now share-owners, and Australia has the world's highest levels of private investment in the stockmarket. In this paper we report a preliminary study of this rapid and extensive change in the political economy. After showing the rise in share-ownership and after comparing Australia with other countries through figures reported by the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), we briefly introduce one political-academic response to this shift in corporate ownership: accounts of the 'triple bottom line' of financial, environmental and social returns. To test it, we develop a four-phase predictive model from responses to questions on share-ownership in the 1994 National Social Science Survey (Kelley et al. 1996). We first model demographic variables and then compare the results with the actual demographic patterns that the ASX has reported. It seems that ownership is becoming more diffuse than our model predicts. Secondly, we model the two attitudinal variables of environmentalism and of the postmaterialism in Inglehart's theory of value change. Our assumption here is that all share-owners look for a financial return, whether in capital gains or in dividends, and that if


FC-40,newly developed by SINOPEC Fushun Research Institute of Petroleum Perochemicals(FRIPP),is a hydrocracking catalyst with high yield of middle distillate.Using the same kind of domestic and foreign catalysts as reference catalysts,the performance test results showed that,under the same condition,the operating temperature of FC-40 decreased more than 2 ℃ and the yield of middle distillate of FC-40 increased by more than 2 percentages with equivalent product distribution.The 2 000 hour life test showed that average deactivation rate of the catalyst is ≯ 0.14 ℃.With its good hydrogenation activity,high middle distillate selectivity,feedstock adaptability and quality target products,FC-40 catalyst meets the requirements of hydrocracking unit for processing various distillates to produce maximum middle distillate,while maintaining long stable operation.


THIS PAPER CHALLENGES DEFICIT assumptions about families in poor and socially marginalised communities who are often presumed to be providing inadequate language and literacy experiences for their children. We present data that show how families in a low socioeconomic community in northern Chile understand the importance of learning in the early years and provide a range of experiences at home to support their children's literacy learning. The data demonstrates the potential of sociocultural literacy pedagogies to form a basis for literacy learning partnerships which are currently under-utilised by educators working with poor and/or socially excluded families. We suggest that educators' increased recognition of how children develop understandings of literacy through their participation in family and community activities may strengthen the foundations for productive educator–family relationships.


Self-closing dispensing head for a pressurized container with a dispensing valve for dispensing media, particularly viscous, self-foaming and / or gel-like products, wherein the dispensing head to be opened can be closed by a closing member output port (3), an opening mechanism, through which, in the assembled state, the dispensing valve of the pressure vessel can, and has opening into a into the dispensing opening (3) channel for the medium, wherein the channel at least a first channel portion (4) and a second channel section (5), and wherein actuated by pressure on an actuating element (7) both the opening mechanism as also as a movable locking piston (6) formed on the closing element and the second channel section (5) are relatively moved such that the closure member is moved out while releasing a dispensing opening (3) from the discharge opening (3), wherein the closing element as a movable locking piston (6 ) m it with spacing from one another on its piston skirt surface provided with the locking piston (6) movable centering projections (6.2) is formed, between individual centering projections (6.2) Durchstromraume (6.3) are provided for the medium, and wherein on the side remote from the discharge opening (3) front end of the locking piston (6), an elastic spring region (9) is provided, the end projecting from the actuating element (7) in the connection head (10) is delimited, and wherein the head piece (10) has a rounded cross-sectional configuration of the actuating element ( 7) during the opening and closing movement of the closing piston (6) on the rounded head (10) in the opening and closing position along slides, and wherein the rounding of the head piece (10) to the path of movement of the actuating element (7) is adjusted and wherein the closing piston (6) with a molded-on seal (8) provided from a soft plastic material Ko pfstuck has and the second channel section (5) has a valve seat (3.1) in the closing piston (6) is fully inserted for taking the closed position with the sealing member (8).


OSBORNE and Mendel 1 were among the first investigators to demonstrate experimentally that some amino acids, although required only in a minimum amount, are essential to the life and development of animals. Their experiments were later confirmed by various authors, particularly Rose 2 and co-workers, 3 who established more definitely that of the twenty-two most important amino acids ten are absolutely essential to growing animals and eight are necessary for the maintenance of the nitrogen equilibrium in adult man. However, not enough attention was paid to possible structural involvement of the various tissues and organs in the absence of the specific amino acids. In more recent papers, Albanese and co-workers, 4 Buschke, 5 Maun and associates 6 and we 7 reported various structural changes associated with diets deficient in tryptophan, 8 lysine, 4b phenylalanine, 6a leucine 6b and histidine. 6c In the report on rats maintained on tryptophan-deficient diets, 7


Dr. Mueller used a four-point scale (4=excellent, 3=good, 2=fair, 1=poor) to assess stain quality for the purpose of diagnosis. Scoring was limited to the area under the coverslip. To keep the focus purely on H&E stain quality, in her observations Dr. Mueller ignored any extraneous tissue and stain effects that resulted from poor microtomy. She also disregarded residual keratin shed from the histotechnician.


Editor: STURDY, ANDREW, IRENA GRUGULIS and HUGH WILLMOTT; Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment; Reviewer: Kevin Ward; Editor: PRICHARD, CRAIG, RICHARD HULL, MIKE CHUMER and HUGH WILMOTT; Managing Knowledge: Critical Investigations of Work and Learning; Reviewer: Kevid Ward; Editor: BRYSON, JOHN R., PETER W. DANIELS, NICK HENRY and JANE POLLARD; Knowledge, Space, Economy; Reviewer: Peter Dicken; Editor: TEN RAA, THIJS and RONALD SCHETTKAT; The Growth of Service Industries: The Paradox of Exploding Costs and Persistent Demand; Reviewer: Jean Gadrey; Editor: DIEKE, PETER U.C.; The Political Economy of Tourism Development in Africa; Reviewer: Michael Tansey; Editor: WAI-CHUNG YEUNG, HENRY and KRIS OLDS; Globalization of Chinese Business Firms; Reviewer: John R. Bryson; Editor: TEO, PEGGY, T.C. CHANG and K.C. HO; Interconnected Worlds: Tourism in Southeast Asia; Reviewer: Victor T. King; Editor: METCALFE, JOHN STANLEY and IAN MILES; Innovation Systems in the Service Economy: Measurement and Case Study Analysis; Reviewer: Claudia Girardone


The process of melt crystallization of the material in a twin-roll mold is considered. An adjoin of heat conduction through variable thickness of wall "rolls wall - hard layer" with a convective heat exchange from two sides problem important for the chemical industry is solved using Fourier method and Duhamel theorem. A theoretical dependence of the thickness of a frozen layer on the physical parameters of the melt and technological parameters of the crystallization process is obtained.


Abstract The flow performance of a dual wall-mounted cavity in a strut-injector scramjet combustor in steady reacting flow conditions is computationally analyzed. A baseline configuration corresponding to DLR experiments and two proposed configurations with varying bottom wall cavity depth and fixed top wall ramp is considered. Steady-flow computations are performed using the 2-D Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes method with k-ω SST turbulence closure coupled and single-step reaction chemistry. The calculated flow patterns, density, pressure, and temperature fields are compared with shadowgraph and wall pressure measurements from DLR experiments. The cavity and strut are mounted downstream of the strut to analyze the shock patterns and their interference with the shear layer mixing features. The estimated flow patterns, density, pressure, and temperature fields are compared with shadowgraph and wall pressure measurements from DLR experiments. Incorporating cavity and ramp configuration provides earlier complete combustion compared to the baseline model, with a marginal rise in the total pressure caused by additional shock wave formation that emanates from the corners of the cavity and ramp. The combustion zone widens in the lateral direction as the cavity shifts the shock train downstream of the strut injector owing to intense shock shear layer interactions.


Objective To explore the influence of the salt iodization policy on the urinary iodine level in primary gestation.Methods We analyzed the datas of the urine iodine in 1 to 4 months gestation from 1995 to 2001.Result After implementing of the measures of salt iodization,the median urinary iodine level in 1997 to 1999 was higher than the other years and the proportion more than 500 μg/L had risen.The urine iodine level in 2000 and 2001 had descended when the density of salt iodine was adjusted.It showed the median of urinary iodine level was lower than 200 μg/L,the proportion higher than 500 μg/L had descended and the proportion lower than 100 μg/L had risen.Conclusions In order to eliminate Iodine Deficiency Ddisorders,when we strengthen salt iodization,we should develop the monitoring of urine iodine in gestation and the guide of healthy behavior should be given to popualtion especially pregnant women.


The crucial factors of urban traffic jam include long traffic distance so that traffic turnover is too big,and the fact that traffic for work takes about 80% of the flow in peak time.A new tactics of traffic demand management is given: subsidizing to housing near job.It will reduce urban traffic turnover and stimulate urban land to be used mixedly.An optimization model describing the tactics is set up.It provides an quantitative method for the practice of the tactics.


IThe 'Glorious Revolution' of 1688-89 has always been a subject of intense debate. Obviously, the understanding of it has continually been challenged by varying circumstances and discourses. Therefore, it is not surprising that important studies on the structure of political debates and legitimation strategies have already been published, for example, by John R Kenyon, Mark Goldie and Tony Claydon. These works focus particularly on the context of the Revolution of 1688 and its aftermath.1 According to these historians, the use of a certain vocabulary was instrumental in generating acceptance of the Revolution. They neglect, however, to question how and when the term 'Glorious Revolution' was invented, although the label that had been given to the event must be considered as an essential part of the way of talking about it. The terms employed helped to influence the imagination of the public and to create an idea of what had happened. The terminology surrounding the Revolution was therefore of vital importance for contemporaries as it is for historians attempting to understand how the image of it had been framed.2 It is well known that contemporaries already spoke of a 'revolution' when they referred to the events of 1688-89.3 Originally borrowed from astronomy, where it described a full circulation of celestial bodies, in the seventeenth century the term 'revolution' when applied to political events still had a restorative meaning.4 Thus, by its use, the event could be distinguished from the tumultuous years of the Civil War in the mid-century. Whereas the latter was depicted as unlawful rebellion, the Revolution (at least in the mainstream of political thought) was interpreted as a conservative and moderate measure to restore the ancient rights and liberties of England.5 In this sense, the word 'revolution' was used by contemporaries and carried positive connotations. But at what point did the Revolution become 'glorious'?Little research has been done on the first appearance of the term 'Glorious Revolution'. According to Gerald Straka, it had been coined immediately after the Revolution, or in his own words: Tt was called the "Glorious Revolution" from its onset'. But he provides no evidence for that assumption.6 Only one short article attempts to clarify the problem systematically. In that study, James R. Hertzler rejects Straka's claim and stresses that no historian in the eighteenth century ever spoke of a 'Glorious Revolution'.7 Moreover, Hertzler argues that the term 'Glorious Revolution' had not been in use at all until 1706.8 In his view, Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury and formerly one of the chief propagandists of William III, is the person most likely to have coined the term. Hertzler mentions a thanksgiving sermon by Burnet from 1706 in support of his claim.9 In fact, Burnet speaks of the events of 1688 as 'a Second Glorious and Happy 88' after the victory over the Spanish Armada in 1588.10 In the same year, however, Samuel Rosewell did use the term on the title page of his printed sermon on the Fifth of November.11 At the end of the first decade of the eighteenth century, according to Hertzler, the term was fully established.12 Eveline Cruickshanks, however, gives evidence that the term had already been used in 1689, albeit not in a published form.13 Lois Schwoerer reconciles this notion with Hertzler's argument by assuming that the term was used once at that time and then 'appeared again' in 1706.14 Thus the dating of the term 'Glorious Revolution' as provided by Hertzler can be seen as the established date in present research.15Following this assumption, the term had not been part of the propaganda during William's reign, but appeared during the intense debates of the reign of Anne. The so-called 'rage of party' was opened by the dispute between Benjamin Hoadly, Francis Atterbury and Offspring Blackall after 1705 about the issue of resistance in the Revolution and continued during the Sacheverell affair in 1709/10. …


Aim of the Study: The present study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from clinical specimens of Jordanian pediatric patients during a five year period from 2005-2009. A total of 1023 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were isolated from clinical specimens and tested for their susceptibility to different antimicrobial drugs. Main findings : Overall, high susceptibility rate was recorded for ciprofloxacin (90.5%), followed by norfloxacin (84.8%), imipenem (69.9%), nalidixic acid (66.6%), and cefixime (63.9%). Low susceptibility rate was recorded for ampicillin (16.6%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22.5%), tobramycin (28.6%), amikacin (31.4%), cotrimoxazole (37.3%), and aztreonam (39.3%), Conclusion: most of �-lactam antibiotics as well as tobramycin, amikacin, cotrimoxazole, and aztreonam, should not be used in treating infections caused by pathogenic K. pneumoniae and other related bacteria in Jordan. However, quinolone compounds and imipenem seem to be effective in treatment of infections caused by pathogenic K. pneumoniae in children.


Acute health events, including infections, can trigger the onset of functional neurological disorder (FND). It was hypothesized that a proportion of people with long COVID might be experiencing functional symptoms.


Diabetes mellitus, with its complications, is now the third leading cause of death in the world: Nearly one third of the mortality in Diabetes (31%) is due to renal diseases. Till recently, the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) meant a death sentence, but with more insight into its pathophysiology, and advances in management, the picture is not that gloomy. The onset of DN is conventionally diagnosed when albumin is detected by the usual qualitative tests in urine. But the aim should be to diagnose it at an earlier stage, when the disease is still reversible. Overt continuous proteinuria, hypertension and declining GFR, represent a late stage of the disease. The natural history of renal involvement in diabetes, which has been better studied in IDDM, follows a characteristic pattern. Thus a series of stages in the development of renal changes in diabetes is recognizable. Stage .. (1) Early hypertrophy-hyperfunction Stage .. (2) Glomerular lesions without clinical disease. Stage ... (3) Incipient diabetic nephropathy. Stage... (4) Overt diabetic nephropathy. Stage ... (5) End stage renal failure.


The gelatin-film test for neutral proteinase activity (Gaddum & Blandau, 1970) has been applied to rodent spermatozoa in several laboratories (for details see Brown & Hartree, 1976). There is general agreement that activities are low in rat and mouse spermatozoa. More recently Erickson & Martin (1974) have concluded that the neutral proteinase in mouse spermatozoa is not acrosin. They used a sensitive trypsin assay based on the release of [3H]methanol from tosylarginine [3H]methyl ester and found that the very low hydrolytic activities in fractions from mouse spermatozoa were not decreased by inhibitors of acrosin. As far as we are aware this is the first report of failure to detect acrosin in mammalian spermatozoa. Since this finding is contrary to our experience we are giving evidence for the presence of acrosin in mouse spermatozoa.


Abstract Geoff Burnstock (1929–2020) discovered purinergic signaling in a fastidious research that started in early 1960 and culminated in a concept of purinergic nerves in 1972. Subsequently, Geoff developed the concept of purinergic transmission and demonstrated ATP storage, release, and degradation in the context of cotransmission, which was another fundamental concept developed by him. Purinergic transmission contributes to the most fundamental physiological functions such as sensory transduction, regulation of heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, bile secretion, endocrine regulation, immune responses, as well as to various pathophysiological conditions, including inflammation, cancer, neuropathic pain, diabetes, and kidney failure.


Background. Differences in health and health services use among different ethnic groups within populations have been always a major concern in democratic societies. Past research has documented the gaps both in health and in services utilization between the Israeli Arab and Jewish populations. Method. This paper studies the 1993 utilization of health services by a sample of 70,000 Arabs and Jews insured by the General Sick Fund (Clalit), the biggest sick fund in Israel, in the Jerusalem district. The Arab population consists of Palestinian residents of greater East Jerusalem and Israeli Arabs, offering a unique opportunity to study the health care use of the three population groups. Results. The results show that, while the mean annual cost of care per user is the same for Jews and Arabs, Arabs insurees are dramatically less likely to use medical services, controlling for age, gender, income, chronic conditions and settlement size. This was found true for both ambulatory and in-patient care and, in particular, for elderly persons. The Israeli Arabs are the most intensive users of care compared to the Jews and the Palestinians. Conclusion. The gaps in utilization can be attributed to differences in accessibility, traditionalism and social and cultural assets. Early findings following the implementation of the National Health Insurance Law in 1995 indicate that some differences in accessibility to and use of medical services between Arabs and Jews have been reduced. The founding of the Palestinian Authority Council will hopefully further enhance the use of medical care and the health state of the Palestinian population.


Immunotherapeutic strategies may promote T and/or natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. NK cells have the potential to exert a powerful anti‐leukaemia effect, as demonstrated by studies of allogeneic transplantation. We have previously shown that CD80/interleukin 2 (IL2) lentivirus (LV)‐transduced AML cells stimulate in‐vitro T cell activation. The present study demonstrated that allogeneic and autologous culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with CD80/IL2‐expressing AML cells also promoted NK cell cytotoxicity. Expression of the activation receptors NKp30, NKp44, CD244, CD25, CD69 and HLA‐DR significantly increased following allogeneic culture and a consistent increased expression of NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2D, NKG2C and CD69, and up‐regulation of the cytolytic marker CD107a was detected following autologous culture with LV‐CD80/IL2 AML cells. Furthermore, increased NK cell lysis of K562 and primary AML blasts was detected. The lytic activity increased by twofold against K562 (from 46·6% to 90·4%) and allogeneic AML cells (from 11·8% to 20·1%) following in‐vitro stimulation by CD80/IL2‐expressing AML cells. More importantly for potential therapeutic applications, lysis of primary AML cells by autologous NK cells increased by more than 40‐fold (from 0·4% to 22·5%). These studies demonstrated that vaccination of patients with CD80/IL2‐transduced AML cells could provide a powerful strategy for T/NK cell‐mediated stimulation of anti‐leukaemic immunological responses.


Energy autonomy for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a key to involve industry stakeholders willing to spend billions on the Internet of Things. By offering the lifetime of only a few years, traditional battery powered WSNs are neither practical nor profitable due to their high maintenance cost. Powering WSNs with energy harvesters can overcome this limitation and increase mean time-to-maintenance to tens of years. However, the primary challenge in realizing an energy neutral operation is to reduce the consumed energy drastically to match with the harvested energy. This dissertation proposes techniques to minimize the overhead of two main activities: communication and sampling. It does so by making a key observation: a plethora of applications can accept low accuracy of sensed phenomenon without sacrificing the application requirements. This fact enables us to reduce consumed energy by radically revising the network stack design, all the way from the application layer to underlying hardware. At the application layer, the relaxed requirements make it possible to propose techniques to reduce the data exchanges among the nodes, the most power hungry operation in WSNs. For example, we propose a simple yet efficient prediction based data collection technique called Derivative-Based Prediction (DBP) that enables data suppression up to 99%. With the remaining ultra-low application data rate, a full system-wide evaluation reveals that the dominating overhead of the lower layers greatly limits the gains enabled by DBP. A cross-layer optimization of the network stack is then designed specifically to strip off the unnecessary overhead to gain one order of magnitude longer lifetime. Although a huge saving in relative terms, the resulting power consumption is still much higher than tens of microwatts, the power usually achievable from a reasonably sized harvester deployed in an indoor environment. Therefore, we consider a novel combination of hardware components to further reduce power consumption. Our work demonstrates that using wake-up receivers along with DBP results in long idle periods with only rare occurrences of power hungry states such as radio transmissions and receptions. Low power modes, provided by various components of the underlying hardware platform, are adopted in the idle periods to conserve energy. In concrete real-world case studies, the lifetime is estimated to improve by two orders of magnitude. Thanks to the software and hardware features proposed above, the overall power consumption is reduced to a point where the sampling cost constitutes a significant portion of it. To reduce the cost of sampling, we introduce the concept of Model-based Sensing in which we push prediction based data collection as close as possible to the hardware sensing elements. This hardware-software co-design results in a system that consumes only a few microwatts, a point where even harvesters deployed in challenging indoor conditions can sustain the operation of nodes. This dissertation advances the state of art on energy efficient WSNs in several dimensions. First, it bridges the gap between theory and practice by providing the first ever system-wide evaluation of prediction based data collection in real-world WSNs. Second, new software based optimizations and novel hardware components are proposed that can deliver three orders of magnitude reduction in power consumption. Third, it provides tools to estimate the harvestable energy in real WSNs. By using these tools, the work highlights that the energy consumed by the proposed mechanisms is indeed lower than the energy harvested. By closing the gap between supply and demand of energy, the dissertation takes a concrete step in the direction of achieving completely energy neutral WSNs.


Introduction:
 Recent, age-adjusted stroke death rates declined greater in men than women. Whether this is related to gender differences in the atherosclerotic plaque response to therapy is not known. Postmortem coronary artery histopathology and post-surgical carotid endarterectomy studies demonstrate that women have less calcification and inflammatory cells, but more smooth muscle cells than men.

 Hypothesis:
 We hypothesized that gender differences exist in carotid plaque composition (CPC) in response to lipid lowering therapy (LLT) comparing living men and women.

 Methods:
 The CPC study is a prospective, randomized study evaluating the effect of LLT: 1) atorvastatin + placebo + placebo vs 2) atorvastatin + niacin ER + placebo 3) atorvastatin + niacin ER + colsevelam on CPC. Participants had coronary or carotid artery disease and ApoB levels ≥120 mg/dL. CPC was evaluated using MRI. The change over two years in % wall volume (PWV) [(wall volume/total vessel volume) х 100%], a measure of plaque burden that adjusts for variation in artery size, and % lipid rich necrotic core (LRNC) volume among slices with LRNC present were evaluated. Statistical analysis used Wilcoxon rank sum test, chi-square, and multivariate linear regression.

 Results:
 There were 40 women and 73 men in the study with both baseline and 2 year MRI scans. Women vs. men were older, mean±SD age 58±9 vs. 54±8 yrs. (p=0.009), had higher HDL-C, 49±14 vs. 40±11 mg/dL (p=0.002), and higher ApoA1 145±26 vs. 126±20 mg/dL (p<0.001). ApoB levels were not significantly different, 127±31 vs. 121±25 mg/dL (p=0.2). Adjusted for age, HDL-C (strongly correlated with ApoA1, r=0.89), ApoE, prevalence of MI and metabolic syndrome (statistically significant in the full baseline cohort), there were no statistically significant gender differences at 2 years with LLT in change in PWV, [[Unable to Display Character: ∆]] -0.1 (95% CI: -0.7, 0.6%) (p=0.8) or %LRNC among participants with LRNC, [[Unable to Display Character: ∆]] 0.5 (95% CI: -2.5, 3.5%) (p=0.7).

 Conclusions:
 We did not detect statistically significant gender differences in change in PWV and %LRNC in response to LLT. Although the results are consistent with no gender differences they remain inconclusive due to the small sample size. Further gender studies in the biology and treatment of arterial atherosclerosis are needed.


Efficiency is an important aspect for farmer that can be used as a measuring tools to make a decision regarding production among available options. The objectives of this research is to evaluate the technical efficiency of paddy farming, and to identify the factors that influence the technical efficiency of paddyfarms in Jawa and outside Jawa. To analyzed the data, data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and tobit regression were applied. Farmers were not use the the right amount of inputs as being recommended by the instructor, such as the use of seed, fertilizer NPK and urea. The use of Urea, NPK, and labor had the largest percentage of input slacks when compared to the other production inputs. Farmers in Jawa could reduce the use of urea by 6.75 kg, NPK by 14.96 kg, and labor by 7.45 HOK and farmers in outside Jawa could reduce the use of urea by 32.37 kg, NPK by 6.01 kg, and labor by 15.93 HOK  to make the paddy farm technically efficient. One of the factors that can greatly influence the improvement of farming technical efficiency is the socio-economic factors. Factors that affecting the technical efficiency of paddy farm in Jawa  were the age, the level of formal education, member of Farming group and the number of members in the household, and do not significantly affect the technical efficiency of paddy farm is acces formal finance, and ectention. Factors that affecting the technical efficiency of paddy farm in outside Jawa  were the age, the level of formal education, and member of Farming group and, and do not significantly affect the technical efficiency is the number of members in the household, acces formal finance, and ectention.


In this short report we present a preliminary assessment of the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status (25(OH)D), body mass index (BMI), ethnicity and other lifestyle factors in the first-reported UK Biobank COVID-19 positive cases (n 580) compared with negative controls (n 723). The COVID-19 cases include those who have been treated as a hospital in-patient as well as those who have not, and are from England only. Mean (SD) for age was 57.5 (8.7) in positive cases and 57.9 (8.7) in negative controls.


Thirty years of research suggests low doses of toxic substances may have positive health effects. If confirmed, hormesis will imply radical changes in risk assessment and management of existing industrial toxic sources (chemical and nuclear). Renn analyses risk communication issues and positions hormesis–largely unknown to the public today–as a hypothetical risk object in society. Our comments stress the necessity to consider hormesis first as a public health issue (versus an industrial regulatory issue), to consider the impact of managerial changes upon organizational safety culture, and to assess effects on public health from the 'bad news' of toxic exposure.


This paper provide a idea and theory Bais about expanding application of Transistor Curve-grapher and give some results of measurement in new application.


The energy saving renovation of existing buildings on campus sunshade design are analyzed from the aspects of shading on campus.in view of existing residential buildings in the reality, puts forward the corresponding the possibility of shading design method, and the study of different building parts for sunshade measures, so as to achieve the effect of shading design and value.


AbstractRobots have become increasingly pervasive in day-to-day life, simplifying several monotonous and mundane tasks in indoor environments. With increasing applications being developed for domes...


Terrestrial point cloud registration plays an important role in 3D reconstruction, heritage restoration and topographic mapping, etc. Unfortunately, current research studies heavily rely on matching the 3D features of overlapped areas between point clouds, which is error-prone and time-consuming. To this end, we propose an automatic point cloud registration method based on Gaussian-weighting projected image matching, which can quickly and robustly register multi-station terrestrial point clouds. Firstly, the point cloud is regularized into a 2D grid, and the point density of each cell in the grid is normalized by our Gaussian-weighting function. A grayscale image is subsequently generated by shifting and scaling the x-y coordinates of the grid to the image coordinates. Secondly, the scale-invariant features (SIFT) algorithm is used to perform image matching, and a line segment endpoint verification method is proposed to filter out negative matches. Thirdly, the transformation matrix between point clouds from two adjacent stations is calculated based on reliable image matching. Finally, a global least-square optimization is conducted to align multi-station point clouds and then obtain a complete model. To test the performance of our framework, we carry out the experiment on six datasets. Compared to previous work, our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on both efficiency and accuracy. In terms of efficiency, our method is comparable to an existing projection-based methods and 4 times faster on the indoor datasets and 10 times faster on the outdoor datasets than 4PCS-based methods. In terms of accuracy, our framework is ~2 times better than the existing projection-based method and 6 times better than 4PCS-based methods.


At present, the protection of Chongqing Celebrities' Former Dwellings during the Second Sino-Japanese War is mainly based on the restoration of buildings. There are some problems such as single protection method and lack of protection of architectural space environment. In order to make the Chongqing Celebrities' Former Dwellings fully present their historical environment during the Second Sino-Japanese War, this paper creatively applied virtual reality technology to the protection of them. The study takes Soong Tse-ven's Residence (Yi Yuan) as the object, based on detailed information data and historical data, using virtual reality technology and 3D real-life technology, through the "visitor guide" and "architectural protection guide" two design practice samples, to realize the all-round interactive display of the virtual environment and the real environment inside and outside the building, and achieve the purpose of "virtual restoration" of the building space and the indoor and outdoor environment. This paper explores a new method for digital protection of Chongqing's anti-Japanese celebrities' old residences, and explores a feasible path for the protection of historical buildings across multiple fields of architecture, art and technology. Taking the case of Soong Tse-ven's Residence (Yi Yuan) as the "catalyst", it promotes the dissemination of chongqing's Anti-Japanese War culture by improving the degree of visitors' participation and experience, which has strong academic and practical significance.


Euro barometer surveys show quite an astonishing change in Turkish opinion towards European Union. In 2004, 73 % of the population considered EU as a good thing. In 2008, only 49 % were of the ...


This paper proposes a vertical assembled sprayer for supplying water and liquid fertilizer. This proposed sprayer consists of both iron structure and hardware modules, including a microcon-troller, LCD, keypad, batteries, nozzles, and diaphragm pumps. The height of this proposed sprayer ranges from 1.5 to 4.5 meters so as to be adjusted by a user. The water quantity and the nozzle numbers can be specified by a user's demand. Moreover, either manual or automatic operations can also be selected by a user. The experimental results have been shown that the average spraying times for using 1 - 4 nozzles are equal to 95.2 sec, 48.41 sec, 32.3 sec, and 24.5 sec, respectively. Moreover, the average spraying times from the experiments are close to the calculated spraying time of microcontroller where the errors are less than 2%.


In this paper, the infl uence of solar radiation direction and intensity on thermal fl ux on passenger vehicle driver's body was analysed. The analysis was carried out on a virtual model of a vehicle cabin. The results showed that the highest heat fl ux caused by solar radiation could occur when the sun is shining in the front of the vehicle, as proposed in standard ISO 14505-2: 2008. Under these conditions, driver's chest is the segment with the highest heat fl ux. The unfavourable situation due to highly asymmetric thermal condition is also when the sun is shining on the left side of the cabin. From that reason, paying attention to solar characteristics of glass and to design of air distribution system in such way that air-conditioner vents can be directed to areas with the highest fl uxes is an effi cient way to reduce the driver's and passenger's thermal stress.


In this paper, we present a simplified design, characteristic performance evaluation and comparative analysis for a Carbon Nanotube-based Operational Amplifier (CNT-OPAMP), using a circuit-compatible compact model for the intrinsic channel region of the MOSFET-like single-walled Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNFETs). The study makes a simulation-based assessment on the design and performance analysis of a CNFET-based CMOS-OPAMP and compares the result to that of the conventional Silicon-based OPAMP for 32nm technology. The comparative analysis from our study shows a promising increase in operation Bandwidth by 33.8% and in Gain-Bandwidth product (GBP) by 105.7% for the CNFET-OPAMP, with a switching speed faster by over 200% and a huge reduction in power consumption by over 600 times. It also shows a considerably good noise performance with an increment of CMRR by a factor of two. The results obtained in our study suggest that the CNT-OPAMP has a promising potential for low-power high-speed applications in nanoelectronic circuits.


The absence of protease activators in the urinary tract is the physiological basis for the models of pancreas transplantation with exocrine drainage to the urinary bladder. The pancreatic proteases are secreted as inactive proenzymes, and they cause no harm to the mucous membranes of the bladder and urethra as long as they remain in this inactive form. Activated trypsin molecules, however, can start a cascade of autoactivation that also activates the other proteases. Moreover, the urinary epithelium has no natural resistance to these aggressive enzymes, and an activation causes an intense inflammatory reaction. Graft pancreatitis with hemorrhagic cystitis is an uncommon but serious complication after pancreas transplantation with exocrine drainage to the urinary bladder. Reoperation with enteric diversion has been reported to be necessary for management of the activated enzymes in the pancreatic secretion [3]. This complication, however, can be successfully treated in a conservative way, as illustrated in one of our patients with a pancreas graft. A 34-year-old male patient with juvenile diabetes mellitus received a combined segmental pancreas and kidney graft from a cadaveric donor in April 1986. The surgical technique for the pancreaticocystostomy has been described earlier [l]. For immunosuppression, a combination of cyclosporin A, azathioprine, and prednisolone was used. In addition, prophylactic rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG,


The Potentiality of 'Developmental States' in Africa investigates the potential role of the state in Africa in promoting development in this era of globalisation. Using Botswana and Uganda as case studies, the volume argues that it is not the amount of state involvement in the economy that matters, but the quality. This set of original studies compares and contrasts issues that distinguish the two countries' development record and style of activity of the state in promoting development.


Motivated reasoning posits that people distort how they process information in the direction of beliefs they find attractive. This paper creates a novel experimental design to identify motivated reasoning from Bayesian updating when people enter into the experiment with endogenously different beliefs. It analyzes how subjects assess the veracity of information sources that tell them the median of their belief distribution is too high or too low. A Bayesian would infer nothing about the source veracity from this message, but a motivated reasoner would believe the source were more truthful when it reports the direction that he is more motivated to believe. Experimental results show evidence for politically-motivated reasoning about immigration, income mobility, crime, racial discrimination, gender, climate change, and gun laws. Motivated reasoning from these messages leads people's beliefs to become more polarized and less accurate, even though the messages are uninformative.


This article draws attention to the difference between interest and relevance in science education while recognising both can be considered components of intrinsic motivation – motivation for learning coming from students themselves. Research has shown the importance of intrinsic motivation and this study seeks an approach to enhance this through taking examples from everyday life. The approach, citing PARSEL, a project promoting relevance and interest in science education for scientific literacy is to initial the learning through everyday language and to guide the students to recongise their lack of science conceptual learning for considering the everyday isse or concern being considered. The science learning is consolidated by a further stage which attempts to bring the science gained into the everyday issue being discussed.


In the field of arithmetic in mathematics education, there has been lack of fine-grained investigations addressing the relationship between students' construction of division knowledge with fractional quantities and their whole number division knowledge. This study, through the analysis of part of collected data from a year-long teaching experiment, presents a possible constructive itinerary as to how a student could modify her unit-segmenting scheme to deal with various fraction measurement division situations: 1) unit-segmenting scheme with a remainder, 2) fractional unit-segmenting scheme. Thus, this study provides a clue for curing a fragmentary approach to teaching whole number division and fraction division and preventing students' fragmentary understanding of the same arithmetical operation in different number systems.


Lessons learnt during the design, integration and commissioning of the Southern African Large Telescope's Fiber Instrument Feed and its guidance probe are presented along with initial on-sky performance results. Advances over the original design include enhanced target acquisition efficiency by including an imaging camera directly on the fiber-positioning stage, use of linear optical encoders on all motion stages, thermally compensated designs, a guidance probe optical design with much improved throughput as well as a new non-contact metrology process to accurately model the guider. The system has since been successfully used in commissioning the SALT High-Resolution Spectrograph.


Introduction:
 There are few modifiable risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes in congenital heart disease. We assessed the Residual Lesion Score (RLS), a quality improvement metric that assesses residual lesion severity following congenital heart surgery (CHS), as a predictor of ND delay.

 Hypothesis:
 We hypothesized that RLS would be independently associated with ND outcomes.

 Methods:
 This was a single center, retrospective review of patients who underwent CHS from 01/2011-12/2019 and received post-discharge ND evaluation between the ages of 12 and 42 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3
 rd
 ed. (BSID-3). RLS was assigned at discharge per previously published criteria: Class 1, no residua; Class 2, minor residua; Class 3, major residua or in-hospital unplanned reintervention. Associations between RLS and BSID-3 scores (at the first ND evaluation) were evaluated using linear regression, adjusting for baseline patient risk, the Childhood Opportunity Index, and maternal education level. Linear mixed effects models assessed trends in ND outcomes over time.

 Results:
 Of 477 patients with mean age at ND testing of 21.2 ± 6.1 months, 282 (59.1%), 132 (27.7%), and 63 (13.2%) patients had RLS 1, 2, and 3 lesions, respectively.
 Table 1A
 shows BSID-3 outcomes by RLS. On multivariable analysis, Class 3 patients had significantly lower cognitive, receptive and expressive communication, and fine and gross motor scaled scores, compared to Class 1 patients, with the largest difference observed in the cognitive domain (
 Table 1B
 ). In a subset of 191 patients with more than one ND evaluation, Class 3 patients made fewer gains in skills from the first to the last evaluation in the cognitive and language domains, compared to Class 1 patients (both p<0.05).

 Conclusions:
 Patients with major residua (RLS 3) are at increased risk for ND delay, warranting closer ND follow-up and greater developmental support for cognitive, communication, and motor skills.


of bleeding complications, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, physical and emotional negative impact with hysterectomy [5]. So, long-term prophylaxis with Haemate-P thought to be ideal treatment for our VWD patient, and during the 6 months, the clinical response was rated as excellent/good. Hospitalizations, outpatient visits, requirements for other drugs were reduced, and the patient s work activities and quality of life were also significantly improved thereafter. In general, women with VWD and heavy menstrual bleeding who have not completed child bearing should be managed with hormonal or haemostatic therapy, whenever possible [2,3,5]. As a result of the rarity of type 3 VWD, there is relatively little information on the type and severity of bleeding manifestations in Iran. Also, there are limited data regarding the efficacy of VWF/FVIII prophylaxis for VWD patients. Therefore, further studies in a large scale using secondary prophylaxis are recommended.


Provided is a movement auxiliary arm which can constitute a small and inexpensive movement apparatus capable of moving stably on a movement surface having unevenness. Also provided is the movement apparatus which is provided with the movement auxiliary arm. At least one movement auxiliary arms (10), which are used for the movement apparatus moving on the movement surface, are installed so as to project from at least one end portion of the moving direction of the movement apparatus (1), thereby stabilizing the movement of the movement apparatus in contact with the movement surface. Therefore, the movement apparatus gets longer substantiallywith the movement auxiliary arms, thereby being capable of moving stably even on the movement surface having unevenness such as stairs. Moreover, the movement apparatus itself excepting the movement auxiliary arms is small and the movement auxiliary arms have a simple structure; thereby the movement apparatus including the movement auxiliary arms can be inexpensive.


One of the authors of this manuscript has reported a resistance anomaly of very thin Nb–Si films. The anomaly is marked by a sudden drop in the resistance by a factor of ∼103 at a temperature (TD) ∼180K. This behavior bears many resemblance to that of a superconductor. It became apparent to us that the presence of oxygen during sputtering remarkably improved the stable yield of the films with this anomaly and the highest TD obtained is ∼250K. These might be attributable to that in the ceramic superconductor.


In this paper, the First Integral Method and the Sine-Cosine Method are being used in constructing optical 1-soliton solutions of Triki-Biswas Equation that plays a vital role in the study of soliton dynamics of sub-pico-second optical pulses in mono-mode optical fibers with non-Kerr law nonlinearity and subsequently some soliton and non-soliton solutions are formally obtained.


In the past vector borne diseases represented a major public helath concern in most tropical and subtropical areas, but today they are an emerging threat for continental and developed countries. Vector borne zoonotic diseases occur when vectors, animal hosts, pathogens and susceptible human population exist at the same time, at the same place. Global climate change is predicted to lead to an increase in vector borne infectious diseases and disease outbreaks. It could affect the range and popultion of pathogens , host and vectors, transmission season, etc. Reliable surveilance for diseases that are most likely to emerge is required. It is expected from veterinarians to play a fudamental role in first of all prevention and then treatment of vector borne diseases in dogs. Canine vector borne diseases represent a complex group of diseases including anaplasmosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, dirofilariosis, erlichiosis, leishmaniosis. Some of these diseases cause serious clinical symptoms in dogs and some of them have a zoonotic potential with an effect to public health. During a four year period, from 2009-2012, a total number of 236 dog samples were analysed for vector borne diseases (borreliosis, dirofilariosis and leishmaniasis) in routine laboratory work. The analysis were done by serological tests - ELISA for borreliosis, dirofilariosis and leishmaniasis and modified Knott test for dirofilariosis. This number of samples represented 52,91% of total number of samples that were sent for analysis for different infectious diseases in dogs. Annually, on avarege half of the samples brought to the laboratory to analysis for different infectious diseases are analysed for vector borne diseases. In the region of Vojvodina, the folowing vector borne infectious diseases have been found so far in dogs: borreliosis, dirofilariosis, leishmaniasis, erlichiosis and anaplasmosis.


Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) have been described from all human chromosomes with different sizes and shapes. However, it is difficult to know the clinical manifestations associated with them, because such knowledge depends on the size, presence of euchromatic material, degree of mosaicism and/or uniparental disomy (UPD).A case report of a familial small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) through a structural and a segregation study is reported.


This study aims to reveal the characteristics of circular migrants from Java with focus on migration intentions in the future, predicted by variables such as wage, age, length of stay, and level of education. The analysis was done by using binary logistic regression models. The results showed that wage, age, length of stay, and level of education together have a significant effect on the migration intentions of circular migrants from Java. Variables such as wage and education level have a positive effect, while age and length of stay in the destination have a negative effect.


Besides the development of the gene for gene resistance, one can observe a limitation of the infection by the installation of a resistance of more or less high level called partial resistance. The mechanisms of partial resistance are poorly understood despite its importance for the breeding programs. We used the rice/Magnaporthe grisea system to decipher the mechanisms involved in partial resistance. We hypothesised that some preformed defence could explain some parts of partial resistance. The expression of more than 20 regulatory and classical defence genes was measured in a set of well-characterized cultivars (japonica and indica) representative of rice diversity and partial resistance. We demonstrated that preformed defence as measured by the expression of these genes accounts for almost 50% of partial resistance, in particular in japonica type of cultivars. The indicatype of cultivars seem to use a different set of genes and regulation systems to control partial resistance. The OsMAPK6 negative regulator of defence gene expression could be a major regulator of this phenomenon. A quantitative analysis of constitutive expression of defence genes allowed the identification of eQTLs representing regions of the rice genome involved in the control of constitutive expression of several defence genes. In contrast, salicylic acid levels did not correlate with constitutive expression of defence. This work demonstrates that constitutive defence has been underscored in the past and opens new opportunities for breeding programs. (Texte integral)


A computer program has been written which employs an implicit Euler method to solve directly the complete set of coupled differential equations which result from an analysis of polymerization kinetics. The program was written to make full use of the speed and power of modern supercomputers, and is suited to the solution of very large stiff systems of differential equations. The benefit of treating each propagation step as a discrete reaction is that information on the evolution of the molecular weight distribution is obtained directly without the need to make perhaps unjustified assumptions such as the steady-state approximation. For illustrative purposes, the method has been applied in the kinetic simulation of 'quasi-living' radical polymerization to assess the effect of experimental variables on the molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and rate of polymerization. The calculations show that 'quasi-living' radical polymerization can produce polymers with polydispersities approaching those obtained with anionic 'living' polymerizations. Some necessary conditions for the formation of polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution are defined.


Open source hardware has made it significantly easier to build custom scientific instrumentation, in particular in the recent wake of open-source 3D printing technology (Jones et al., 2011). The main advantages of DIY scientific instruments include (i) significantly lower instrumentation costs, (ii) possibility for open-ended special purpose functions to address research-specific problems, (iii) deeper understanding of the scientific problem under investigation as the instrumentation is designed simultaneously, as well as (iv) providing an excellent student learning tool. We present the ChemBot: a programmable liquid handling robot, which is able to realize a series of desired functions and processes. The goal is to build an inexpensive, open source, open hardware, liquid handling robot capable of automated chemical, biophysical or molecular biology/biochemistry experiments including photochemical reactions. Ideally, it should be programmable for multiple parameters and parallel experimentation, including implementation of evolutionary search algorithms; and also incorporate optical observational capabilities to document, survey and analyze experiments. Features of the ChemBot include deposition of liquids that are pre-loaded into a syringe by semi-automated action; it is capable of simultaneous delivery of up to three different liquids into single micro wells on a 96-well plate, and agitate the contents of the individual wells. Programmable/automatic surveillance by photographic documentation is possible via a microscope. A LED array is present for individual illumination of the wells from below with UV, blue, and white light. The design is highly hackable (easily modyfiable and adaptable) and uses syringe pumps ranging from 1 to 20 ml syringes. The control software can be adapted to most experimental design processes. Preliminary results. Delivery of volumes as small as 80 nl has been tested and reliability has been observed with volumes as small as 0.5μl (0.5‰ of a total syringe capacity of 1 ml water). Precision and reliability of liquid delivery is the first challenge to overcome (Gilson, 2007). Combinatorial design of experiments. The ChemBot is designed to support Predictive Design Technology (Caschera et al., 2010), an iterative procedure to efficiently discover desired experimental properties by means of visual (microscope) inspection in extremely large experimental-parameterspaces.


In this paper we analyze a principal's optimal monitoring strategies in team environment. In doing so we study the interaction between formal monitoring and informal (peer) monitoring. We show that if the technology satisfies complementarity, peer monitoring substitutes for the principal's monitoring. However, if the technology satisfies substitution, the principal's optimal monitoring is independent of the peer monitoring. We also show that if the technology satisfies complementarity, then the principal in the optimal contracts will monitor more closely than in the case of substitution. Teamwork is widespread in both for profit and non-profit organizations. Osterman [9] estimates that self-directed teamwork is present in 54 percent of American organizations. Team production implies a variety of technological characteristics that differ from other structures of organization. One of the ∗We wish to thank Mike Borns for his excellent editorial work. †Gershkov, Department of Economics and Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and School of Economics, University of Surrey, address: Center for the Study of Rationality, Givat Ram 91904, Jerusalem, Israel, email: firstname.lastname@example.com; Winter: Department of Economics and Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Department of Economics, University of Leicester, address: Center for the Study of Rationality, Givat Ram 91904, Jerusalem, Israel,email: firstname.lastname@example.com. The authors would like to thank three anonymous referees for their comments. This work was financially supported by German-Israel Foundation Grant #1123 and by the Google Inter-university center for Electronic Markets and Auctions.


This paper mainly discusses the conditions under which the N+V word-bunch being the phrase(attribute and center).This restriction relates to syllable,syntax and lexeme.The noun and the verb in the N+V phrase(attribute and center)are usually the words with two syllables,the character of the verb is week,the lexeme relation between the noun and the verb is the following,object and action,relevance/concern and action,subject and action, time and action,location and action,tool and action,manner and action,etc.


LISA has unique needs that argue for an aggressive modelling effort. These models ultimately need to forecast and interrelate the behaviour of the science input, structure, optics, control systems and many other factors that affect the performance of the flight hardware. In addition, many components of these integrated models will also be used separately for the evaluation and investigation of design choices, technology development, and integration and test. This paper presents an overview of the LISA integrated modelling effort.


ABSTRACT Charybdis hellerii is an invasive swimming crab widely disseminated in the western Atlantic. This species became a threat to colonized ecosystems, competing with local species for resources. The extension of distribution and increasing population size of C. hellerii has been associated with the scarcity of indigenous predators and cases of predation report octopuses as the main native predators. In this study, we present the first evidence that native fish can consume C. hellerii. 53 individuals of the goldspotted snake eel, Myrichthys ocellatus, were collected at seagrass and macroalgal beds in Pernambuco State, Brazil, and had their stomach contents analyzed. Three juvenile C. hellerii were found along with native prey. Myrichthys ocellatus feeds mainly on small crabs, thus C. hellerii individuals were consumed before reaching sexual maturity. Oppositely to octopuses and other crab predators, M. ocellatus is of little fishing interest and is commonly found in macroalgae beds, seagrass meadows and sandy areas near reefs. Our results suggest that a higher number of carcinophagous taxa may prey on this invasive crab and we emphasize that the conservation of these species is paramount for controlling C. hellerii populations in invaded areas.


We describe for the first time a multi-antisera applicator to be used on cellulose acetate membranes with immunoelectrophoresis on a solid support. The new procedure overcomes previous shortcomings of immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes and permits rapid analyses of 11 samples on single "standard"-size membranes with a substantial saving in antisera, cellulose acetate membranes, and time.


Abstract Objective: To assess in pediatric residents the effects of a case-based educational exercise about child neglect and parental alcoholism on their knowledge and attitudes. Design: Quasi-experimental controlled trial of a standardized educational intervention and qualitative analysis of residents' reactions. Setting: Resident continuity clinic conferences at a large pediatric teaching hospital. Participants: Convenience sample of pediatric residents (n=37). The residents in the control group received no intervention at all, while residents in the intervention group received the educational intervention. Intervention: A structured, 40-minute case discussion ("The Silent Cry") facilitated by trained faculty. Main Outcome Measures: Learner ratings of materials and methods. Pre/post change in scores on a knowledge quiz and attitude scale. Codes and themes generated from qualitative analysis of focus group transcripts. Results: Intervention group residents rated the experience highly. The two groups did not differ significantly in mean pre-post change on the knowledge quiz or attitude scale. Focus group discussions revealed feelings of frustration and powerlessness when dealing with child neglect and parental alcoholism. Conclusions: While this standardized educational intervention was well received by residents, more time is needed for discussion and multiple teaching sessions may be required. Discussion of emotional responses should be included as a standard part of the educational experience.


In the present paper, an attempt has been made to measure the consequences for the quality of life of working with a part-time and/or temporary contract. Quality of life has been defined in a utilitarian and a liberal way. In the utilitarian definition, the quality of life is determined by the extent to which one is happy or satisfied with his or her life. In the liberal definition, it is not happiness which is the chief human end, but living according to one's own, freely formed, conception of the good life. The liberal definition used in this paper builds on the works of John Rawls and Amartya Sen. In the estimation, cohort effects, the gender-dimension and education-differentials are taken into account. The main conclusions of the research are (i) that temporary work arrangements either on a full-time or on a part-time base decrease the life-satisfaction and, in addition, decrease the capabilities for freely living according to one's conception of the good-life; (ii) in most cases working part-time increases the life-satisfaction and the capabilities for a high quality of life in the liberal sense. This holds especially for women. Keywords: Life-satisfaction, well-being, quality of life, conceptualisation, measurement, nonstandard work-arrangements.


The literature and the interest of health professional on health information has grown rapidly during the last few years, but theory guiding this growth is lacking. The purpose of this article is to describe a developed model on Health Literacy, Information and Social Capital (HELISC) Model.

 HELISc Model was based on the idea of a world of interrelated connections from virtual and traditional life without separation. Social capital represents the degree of social cohesion that exists in communities, furthermore social capital is recognised as the establishment between people of networks, norms, and social trust, and facilitate co-operation for mutual benefit. In evaluating the level of health-seeking information with social networks, it emerged that individuals, after obtaining the information requested, established ties with other individuals, similar to the development of social capital.

 The combination of interrelated connections from virtual and traditional life without separation leads to conscious action. This conscious action of health is given by the sum of antecedents (individual and environmental), by the formulation of the informative needs, by the reference information channels (offline/online), which leads to a conscious action. While the information-seeking activity can be labeled as a conscious action, the cohesion among individuals derived by the information exchange in the form of social support and social capital is unconscious. This model shows that there is not only the individual's interest in obtaining the information sought, but the development of a parallel mutual support leading to the development of social capital.

 This model considers how virtual social network could be potentially considered as a new way to develop mutual support despite geographical distance and differences between individuals. More research is needed to support with evidence this model.

 Social capital and virtual health information, a new discover. Without Helisc model we don't understand influence of health information.


ABSTRACT This article provides a contrasting perspective between populist and servant leadership. We propose four key differences based on distinct views on people centricity, the role of the people in the leadership process, the problem solving approach and the preferred leader role. Given the key function that meaning plays in leadership discourse, in particular during times of uncertainty and change, we further propose that populist leaders make use of simplistic meaning-making systems that emphasize monistic and over-simplified views around polarized options, while servant leaders in contrast use complex meaning-making systems that emphasize pluralist and reconciled views towards shared problem solving. Considering that populist leadership often makes references to serving, humility and self-sacrifice in defence of the people, we find it important to distinguish it from servant leadership. We advance, in fact, that servant leaders can function as an antidote to populism, being a genuine people centred approach with a reconciliatory and pluralist view and an adequate (but surely not perfect) response to many of our societal problems.


Among the 140 Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene mutations associated with ALS, only D90A, the most prevalent mutation in Europe, has been clearly shown to cause recessive and dominant ALS. Here we first describe two, apparently sporadic, Italian ALS patients heterozygous for the D90A mutation. One patient experienced early sensory involvement, confirmed by nerve biopsy. We review sensory symptoms in SOD1 ALS and discuss its possible origin in D90A heterozygous patients.


In recent years, the Hangzhou bio-medicine industry makes fast progress. But there are many problems to be solved. For example, the growth rate is smaller than the city's industrial economy growth. The number of leading enterprises is few. And the development of leading enterprises gradually opens the gap. Because of the market demand and government policies, bio-medicine industry is becoming a hot spot for investment. Facing the stricter drug monitoring and increased global competition, the government should increase supportive strength,introduce technology and talent, perfect technological innovation system, improve the technological innovative capabilities of enterprises, in order to further promote the development of bio-medicine industry.


A mRNA differential display was established to allow the isolation and identification of genes induced during chili fruit ripening grow under normal conditioned. Twenty eight PCR-fragments from the differential display were identified using twenty four primer combinations. Only four cDNA fragments were successfully cloned and sequenced. Database searches revealed that CUKMD 1 encodes §-carotene desaturase and CUKMD2 was identified as encoding O-methyltransferases. The fragment CUKMD3 shares 100% homology at amino acid level to catalase isolated from Capsicum annuum. While CUKMD4 showed considerable homology with an amino acid transporter. These studies showed that mRNA differential display is a powerful tool to facilitate the isolation and identification of genes induced during chili fruit ripening.


The harmonic problem is as a consequence of nonlinear power electronic devices in powering industrial distribution systems. A filter is a necessary equipment in the power system to reduce or eliminate harmonics.In this paper, the optimal design of filters to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) has been investigated using the Matlab/Simulink. Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) is applied as optimization technique takes into account the total filter size due to the reduction of THD. Single tuned and double tuned filters are considered, and their passive elements are derived to obtain the strength of both filters in the reduction of distortion. The BCO results are much better than conventional harmonic filter design methods and the distortion has been decreased.


Fencing is a sport which involves a high need for tactical thinking. In this paper we propose a set of smart watches that can be used in epee and foil training to practice counterattack actions, one of the main tools used by fencers in their tactical plan. The watches communicate with each other through a Wi-Fi connection. The idea is innovative and has as design objectives obtaining a low-cost fencing training device.


The use of categorical diagnostic labels prescribed in P.L. 94--142 with children below school age is examined in this article. National practices relative to categorical labeling are reviewed, and questions are posed concerning the consequences of categorical labeling for children from 3 to 6 years old. Data from the state of New Hampshire concerning the frequency of usage for specific categorical labels are presented and are found to be consistent with national trends. Data are presented on the number of children who transition from noncategorical early intervention programs serving children birth to 3 years into categorical preschool programs for children 3 through 5 years. Almost one-third of all children served in early intervention are found not to be eligible for preschool services because of the requirement for a categorical label. The roles of demographic factors related to place of residence, age, and local school policies in deciding who is eligible for services and what diagnostic category is assigned, were considered. Finally, the consequences of categorical labeling for children, parents, and programs are discussed.


This research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Change Chairs Game in increasing student's mastery in grammar especially future conditional sentence. It was done especially for the ninth grade of SMP N 3 Purwokerto. It consisted of 60 students. Two classes were selected as an experimental and control group and both classes got different treatment. Each group consisted of 30 students. The use of Change Chairs Game as a technique of treatment was implemented in the experimental group, while in the control group the treatment was conducted in a conventional way.
The data were gained from tests (pre-test and post-test), which were administered to the experimental and control group. In the pre-test, the mean of experimental group before getting treatment using Change Chairs Game was 60.4 (fair), while the control group's mean was 63.06 (good). In the post test, the mean of experimental group after getting treatment was 85.86 (very good) while the mean of control class was 78.53 (good). It can be seen that the students' grammar score in experimental group was significantly higher than the control class. Then, it was also supported by t-test computation result. The t-obtained was16.798with t-value at the level of significance 5% for N 60 which has score 2.042 and the degree of freedom 58. Thus, it could be concluded that the hypothesis was accepted, since t-obtained was higher than t-table (16.798>2.042).


The increased growth of building complexity confronts the limited device resources, especially for lightweight personal digital devices. The research of handling these complex buildings with limited resources has become a pivotal research topic. This paper explores the task of lightweight indoor path planning in complex building information modeling (BIM) buildings. Both the environment modeling and path searching are important addressed through indoor path planning with a lightweight web‐based approach. A lightweight framework is designed in which the complex indoor path planning of a whole BIM building can be simplified into many local path searching of the building's interior spaces and all the online computation is decreased within no more than two simpler ones. In addition, an automatically indoor environment modeling method is proposed to partition the BIM building into many local interior spaces, constructing their spatial relationship and local grid map in a multilayered network. In the end, a heuristics optimized A star algorithm is implemented to speed up the shortest local path searching for the case of the path ends in a narrow corner. The final experiment shows that the online computational cost can be reduced greatly and dynamically to an average of 2 s when searching for the shortest path in a complex BIM building.


Many Ti-alloys were designed by introducing iron (Fe) as an alloying element to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the cost of the alloys. Therefore, new (α+β) titanium alloys, Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe were developed through complete replacement of vanadium (V) by iron with major composition modifications of Ti–6Al–4V, which is commonly used for aerospace applications. Ti-Al-Fe alloys were melted through vacuum arc melting technique followed by hot rolling. This study aims to investigate the effect of Fe addition on the microstructure and hardness of emerging (Ti-Al-Fe) alloys in comparison with Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Results reveal that the microstructures are typical lamellar structures, and the hardness ranges from 32 to 40.7 HRC. The hardness of the investigated alloys increases with increasing Fe content.


Occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius and the foramena of Luschka and Magendie results in an abnormal dilatation of the fourth ventricle, because cerebrospinal fluid produced in the fourth ventricle collects excessively within it. This dilated fourth ventricle, i.e., isolated fourth ventricle, is easily diagnosed by computed tomography and is curable by shunting of the ventricle. The isolated fourth ventricle has recently been recognized as a new clinical entity, but its pathophysiology is not fully understood. In this communication, two cases with isolated fourth ventricle are reported and the relevant literature is reviewed.


PURPOSE: To provide a real time system for generating a shading picture. CONSTITUTION: In the device and method, the colors or intensity of respective vertexes of a polygon are calculated. Then a series of tests are executed in order to define an equation of degrees to be used for the interpolation of colors or intensity along the polygon between the vertexes. In the case of using the method, a polygon (i.e. shading with the most simple format) having only a slight curve or no curve and an infinite light source uses an extremely high speed and low order equantion in order to execute interpolation along the polygon. Although a polygon having a large degree of a curve and one or more finite light sources requires much more calculation time as necessity, a higher order equation is utilized as compared with the attainment of required shading. COPYRIGHT: (C)1992,JPO


SUBTITLE: BIOMETRIC ID SOLUTIONS SUPPORT A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO AVIATION SECURITY, WHERE THE PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES SURROUNDING DOCUMENTATION ISSUANCE AND AUTHENTICATION ARE AS IMPORTNAT AS THE DOCUMENTS THEMSELVES.


Epiphytes are important structural elements of the forest and on sandbank s occur in great diversity and abundance, making this environment similar to tropical forests. We analyzed the richness, the floristic composition, the community structure and the vertical dis tribution of vascular epiphytes, and verified if there occurs influence of the phorophytes on the community distribution on a sandbank forest located in Palmares do Sul (30° 22.2 '27 "S and 50 ° 20.6 '82', 11 m am.), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Forty phorophytes, divided into four height zones, were analyzed. The importance value ( IV ) was calculated from the relative frequencies in phorophytes and in zones, as well as the cover note. We registered 24 species, 17 genus and five families. Orchidaceae was the richest family (nine sp ecies) and Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. showed the greater IV ( 16 %). The zone 1 was poor in epiphytes and the average richness of the zone 4 was statistically equivalent to 2 and 3. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) indicated floristic heterogeneity among all zones and in general among phorophytes of the same species


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether general anesthesia (GA) in conjunction with regional anesthetic (RA) techniques are associated with favorable pulmonary outcomes versus GA alone among patients undergoing lobectomy by either video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or open thoracotomy.

DESIGN
A retrospective cohort (2014-2017).

SETTING
The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

PARTICIPANTS
Adult patients undergoing lobectomy by either VATS or open thoracotomy.

INTERVENTIONS
Two groups of patients were identified based on the use of GA alone or GA in conjunction with RA (RA+GA) techniques (either neuraxial or peripheral nerve blocks). Both groups were propensity-matched based on pulmonary risk factors. The authors' primary outcome was composite postoperative pulmonary complication (PPC), including pneumonia, reintubation, and failure to wean from the ventilator.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
A total of 4,134 VATS (2,067 in GA and 2,067 in RA+GA) and 3,112 thoracotomies (1,556 in GA and 1,556 in RA+GA) were included in the final analysis. Regional anesthetic, as an adjuvant to GA, did not affect the incidence of PPC among patients undergoing lobectomy by VATS (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% CI 0.81-1.43, p = 0.622), as well as in those undergoing lobectomy via thoracotomy (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.93-1.51, p = 0.174). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of readmission rates, length of stay, and mortality at 30 days.

CONCLUSIONS
The RA techniques were not associated with a lower incidence of pulmonary complications in lobectomy surgery.


Linking an Intranet to the Internet to enable electronic commerce is the focal point of activity at thousands of companies. Only a handful of organizations provide Intranet access to their business partners, according to various surveys, but close to half are moving in that direction. While an Intranet allows employees access to proprietary information, an Extranet uses the same technology to allow access by trading partners. Extranets will increase revenues, reduce time to market, improve customer service, and otherwise fulfill every CEO's income-statement dreams, according to proponents. A host of equally compelling internal opportunities also awaits Intranet managers and users with vision. 2 Success at reducing costs and improving customer service has made these applications indispensable, but the systems haven't been managed that way. The emerging wave of applications require features, such as daily backup, increased reliability, and robust security that business units are not equipped to deliver. This paper will analyze the security and business issues involved in the movement from Intranets to Extranets from a technological perspective. Also, current technologies will be examined and needs outlined. Finally, final conclusions will be drawn about the future of security in the Intranet/Extranet arena. Winkler, Opportunities Knock Winkler, Opportunities Knock Korzeniowski, Intranet 100 Description of Technology An Intranet is a private Web site that only allows access by the internal members of an organization. It is built on Internet technology, using the TCP/IP protocol. The content of an Intranet ranges from static pages to a highly interactive site that provides a Web browser front end to legacy applications. Empowering employees by providing them access to the vast databases within an organization is a high-priority opportunity for many companies. Web browsers, HTML editors, and other Intranet tools are the ideal front end to defuse the complexities of multiple incompatible data sources that comprise most data warehouses, reports Thomas Murray, integrated solutions marketing manager at the King of Prussia offices of Lockheed Martin Corp. in Pennsylvania. As many as 20 front-end data-warehouse projects are under way at the aerospace giant, Murray says. 4 In its most basic form, an Intranet is made up of just three pieces of software: a Web server, Web browser, and firewall to keep unwanted visitors out. Servers Web servers are the system software that usually reside either on Windows NT or Unix boxes. To deal with today's much more open Internet environment, such security features as IP address and domain-name restriction, secure transaction capabilities, and firewall proxies are available in commercial Web servers. Various forms of encryption are also available, such as public key, MD2 and MD5. Aside from the main Web and Internet services, servers must also support a number of ancillary capabilities, including support for SMTP, POP3, MIME file types, FTP, gopher, newsgroups, and chat rooms. 5 Web Browsers Web browsers, which provide the user interface for all Intranets and Extranets, are applications that translate the HTML code to graphical Web pages. Web browsers are rapidly becoming commodities, with the two main suppliers, Microsoft in Redmond, Wash., and Netscape in Mountain View, Calif., giving them away for free, or nearly so. 6 Firewalls "A firewall is a process that filters all traffic between a protected 'inside' network and a less trustworthy or 'outside' network." 7 There are three types of firewalls that perform different functions: screening routers, proxy gateways, and guards. Screening routers examine the addressing information contained in the packet header to determine if the packet is allowed onto the network. Data is split into packets for transmission. Each packet has a few bits for the purposes of addressing information. Proxy gateways, on the other hand, look at the data inside the packets. A proxy is a type of software that resides on a server and controls the entry and exit of data to and from the network. A proxy gateway accepts incoming packets as if it was the Winkler, Opportunities Knock Bharadway and Rodriguez, untitled Orzech, Software: The Dream Team Pfleeger, Security in Computing intended application in order to determine if the packet can continue onto the actual intended application. A guard is a sophisticated proxy firewall in that it contains more complex code than a proxy does. The guard makes security decisions based on "some quality of the data of the communication." 8 The biggest problem with firewalls, according to consultants and users, is that they're too hard to manage. "Lots of users shoot themselves in the foot trying to administer their firewall," says Michael Zboray, VP for network security at Gartner Group Inc., an IT advisory firm in Stamford, Conn. What's needed, he contends, is foolproof firewalls that require practically no administration. Given the pace of product development, he believes, improved packages should be available by late 1997. 9 Reacting to this threat, an increasing number of network administrators are installing state-of-the-art proxy-servers, or application-level firewalls as barriers against outside attacks. These gateways provide a choke point at which control and audit can be imposed. They allow access to resources on the Internet from within the organization while providing controlled access from the Internet to hosts inside the private network. 10 Security Functions in Intranets and Extranets Before the widespread interest in the Internet, most network administrators were concerned about internal attacks on their networks from disgruntled workers. But with most organizations now connecting to the Internet, the motive for mischief from outside is growing rapidly and creating a major security risk to enterprise networks. According to the Gartner Group, "Given the greater perceived risk of using the public Internet, private networks or Intranets will be the dominant approach to using Internet technology to access confidential information for the next two years (0.8 probability)". 11 Traditionally, security in computer systems is based on three areas: secrecy, integrity, and availability. This section will explain their relevance to Intranet and Extranet technologies. Secrecy Secrecy is especially crucial in Intranet/Extranet applications because a company (the host) will have many different parties entering their system to obtain data. Secrecy is the prevention of unauthorized access. In order to prevent unintended access, the host company must create security plans for access control. Access control determines what data, applications and other resources an authenticated user can reach. Companies must identify and classify the types of users that will be accessing their system and assign roles based on those classifications. Therefore, controls can be set up through role-based security enforced through the application and database. Describing this idea in reference to Netscape server products, Andreessen, VP of that company, says: Pfleeger, Security in Computing Orzech, Software: The Dream Team EDGE Publishing, NEC's Internet Business Unit Now Shipping PrivateNet 2.0 Gartner Group, Electronic Commerce Infrastructure "You can have a global directory that gets replicated to all the different servers that you are running. You can say 'Here are all the directory entries and access control info for people in my company and here is a separate section of the directory for people who are at one of my suppliers.' Those people literally come into your network and they literally log into your directory. They authenticate themselves to your directory so they are just like your internal users and they have access to only a subset of resources." 12 Also, audit trails should be used to help track user activity. Where secrecy is the hiding of data from unauthorized users, data confidentiality is the prevention of in-transit security breaches. This type of security is typically provided by encrypting the data, particularly when transmitting it across a network. Web technology can support encryption of transmitted data through the use of SSL or S-HTTP. 13 hese issues will be highlighted in the discussion of transport security. Integrity Data integrity guarantees that data has not been changed since its last official update. Encryption techniques use a hash function to develop a digest, which functions like a check digit. A hash function uses a hash algorithm, which protects data against modification. "If you want to protect the data against undetected modification, you would compute the hash algorithm result" of the data before it is sent and again after it is sent. 14 Comparing the two will let you know if the data was altered. Given the potential for tampering by hackers, the use of a hashing algorithm should be strongly considered. 15 Once the data's integrity is assured, proof of the identity of the sender and receiver should be maintained. This function is especially important in Extranets, since proprietary data is transmitted between parties. Because business decisions and relationships rely on this data, it is crucial to identify the parties. Nonrepudiation is handled by a set of protocols that either prohibits the recipient of a message from denying having received it, or prohibits the sender from denying having sent it. 16 Nonrepudiation is accomplished through the use of digital signatures and certification authorities. Availability Availability describes the time, in percentage form, that the system is actually accessible to the intended users. Guaranteeing reliability is usually a numbers game. One way to increase availability is to maintain a backup system that will operate if the main system is breached or Kanellos, Interview with Marc Andreessen Gartner Group, Electronic Commerce Infrastructure Pfleeger, Security in Computing Ga


This paper introduces a symbolic (non-arithmetic) algorithm for finding all the shortest paths in a dimted or undirected graph, multigraph. or pseudograph from any specified initial vertex to any specified final vertex or to all other vertices. Dubbed SASP (Symbolic Algorithm for Shortest Paths), this breadth-first backtracking algorithm is bad on a syntactical representation of the edges and vertices as a grammar in Backus Naur Form. Extending the algorithm from equal-length edges to edges of arbitrary length rryuires the quantization of each edge length to a user-specified precision that is deemed to provide sufficient accumcy for a specific application. The formal proof of the correctness of the SASP algorithm has not yet been derived, but extensive trials under a variety of classically difficult condtions have never revealed a failure. The time complexity of the algorithm is approximately O(e log v), where e is the total number of edges and v is the total number of vertices. THE ALGORITHM The SASP algorithm can be applied to any combination of bidirectional, unidirectional, and nondirectional edges in cyclical, acyclical, connected or unconnected graphs, multigraphs, and pseudographs, with or without self edges [2. Chapter 91. The following explanation of the 4-step beadth-first backtracking SASP algorithm is ammpanid by a simple but non-trivial example, the pseudogmph shown in Figure 1.


Crystal structure parameter of Cr1−xMxAs (M=Ti, Fe, Co, and Ni; x≤0.1) have been precisely determined as a function of temperature from 77 to 320 K. Discontinuous changes of lattice parameters have been observed at a special temperature. By this temperature the Neel temperatures TN of Cr1−xMxAs have been determined because the anomaly of magnetic susceptibility has not been observed for them. The substitutions by the M atoms generally make TN of CrAs decrease remarkably. For the Fe, Co, and Ni substitutions, a nonmagnetic state is expected for a concentration more than 5%, 6%, and 9%, respectively. Dependence of TN on the substituent concentrations has been determined by taking account of the crystal volume effect on TN.


A concept, coupling screening, has been put forward and the method of the coupling screening is proposed based on the analysis of solo particle kinematics on flat vibrating screening and rotary screening. The kinematics model of coupling screening about solo particle has been constructed. The structure design of coupling screening machine has been done too. Eventually, with analysis of influence factors on relative geometric feature of material is carried out.