A with minimal preload distortion, a maximum rigidity, to ensure maximum accessibility to the manufacturing process, to provide a device and method that can hold a workpiece. A using radiation-sensitive adhesives as binders, is an apparatus and method for coupling and separating the workpiece against manufacturing fixture. In the apparatus, during the loading to cure the adhesive within a few seconds, structurally weaken the adhesive bond within a few seconds during unloading. During the loading cycle of the workpiece, the load bearing light transfer surfaces, known as the gripping pins, the adhesive dispenser is to apply the radiation-sensitive adhesives. Then, transfer the workpiece, relative to the locator, and pressed against the gripping pins, by interposing an adhesive between the workpiece and the gripping pins, the radiant energy for curing the adhesive through the gripping pin and the adhesive is cured, to bond the workpiece to the fixture. After manufacture, in order to remove the workpiece from the fixture, structurally weaken the bond, or is separated.


A display apparatus according to the present invention comprises: a recognition unit which recognizes the gaze of a user; a controller which determines whether the recognized gaze is within a predetermined recognition region and controls entry into an interactive mode upon determining that the recognized gaze is within the predetermined recognition region; and a display unit which displays an image corresponding to the interactive mode. According to the present invention, the gaze of a user is tracked to enter into an interactive mode, thereby easily achieving entry into the interactive mode and performing more intuitive interaction. In addition, a multi-modal interactive mode including a combination of face recognition, voice recognition, and gaze recognition is performed, thereby performing a more extended interactive mode and accurately determining a user command. As a result, functions are correctly performed, thereby improving user convenience.


The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict began in 1988 after the regional Supreme Council declared the transfer of the region from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR. The full-scale war started in 1992 after the dissolution of the USSR and ended with the May 1994 armistice. In the following quarter century, a peaceful resolution of the conflict was mediated by OSCE's Minsk Group in a form of facilitative mediation. The warring sides have never reached a final solution and a new war started in the autumn of 2020. This paper examines how facilitative mediation was conducted by the Minsk Group and why it eventually failed. The conclusion of this paper is that the combination of the weak mandate and the co-chairs' separate and incongruous interests in the Caucasus resulted in the failure of the conflict resolution in Nagorno-Karabakh.


This paper reports a comprehensive study on the influence of nitrogen incorporation on high-k (HK) device performance and reliability. Two approaches including dielectric nitrogen annealing and interfacial layer (IL) nitrogen annealing are investigated. It is found the HK nitrogen annealing is a better solution for the trade-off between mobility and inversion oxide thickness than IL annealing. The positive bias temperature instability characteristic is improved by HK annealing. However, the HK nitrogen annealing lowers the barrier of dielectric and thus results in an abnormally high leakage current.


We perform a large-scale Monte Carlo simulation of the three-dimensional Ising model on simple cubic lattices of size L3 with L = 128 and 256. We determine the corresponding structure factor (Fourier transform of the two-point function) and compare it with several approximations and with experimental results. We also compute the turbidity as a function of the momentum of the incoming radiation, focusing in particular on the deviations from the Ornstein-Zernicke expression of Puglielli and Ford. PACS Numbers: 05.50.+q, 05.70.Jk, 75.10.Hk, 64.60.Fr Typeset using REVTEX


Recent re-evaluation of diffraction data from cubic spinel compounds has suggested that in many cases the crystal structure is properly referred to the noncentrosymmetrical space group F43m. This symmetry provides the possibility of antiferroelectric behaviour which may resolve previous theoretical difficulties concerning the very high dielectric constant observed at low frequencies with certain spinel ferrites.


The present invention discloses an intelligent warning system of running vehicle. The system comprises a contextual model selection module, an information acquisition module, a security warning inference engine module, a reasoning rule reducing and generating module, and a warning result output module. The contextual model selection module is used by the user for selecting the contextual model of driving; the information acquisition module is used for real-time reception of vehicle running information; the security warning inference engine module is used for reasoning the real-time driving security in the special contextual model, and judging the danger and the degree of danger; the reasoning rule reducing and generating module is used for reducing and generating the reasoning rules through the algorithm of rough sets; the warning result output module is used for transmitting the warning results. The intelligent warning system can select different warning pictures and warning sounds to remind the user according to different warning results. Thus the intelligent warning system can improve the comfortableness and security of driving, and has significant social benefits and economic benefits.


The explosion pressure and pressure rise rate caused by the different concentrations gas explosion are different.Using self-developed experimental system,gas pressure and pressure rise rate of different gas concentrations were studied.Through experimental research,the largest explosion pressure of gas explosion at constant volume,maximum pressure rise rate and other characteristic parameters were achieved.And relationship of quadratic function was obtained between gas concentration,the maximum explosion pressure of the gas explosion,and maximum pressure rise rate.At present,there is not a unified standard of gas explosion characteristics in China.Therefore,the study provides a basis for establishing gas explosion characteristics standards for experimental equipment and experimental methods.


Several signal processing techniques are presented and evaluated to filter/enhance SAR digital elevation models (DEMs). The results are compared to a topographic digital terrain model (DTM) in the context of 3D visualization and real-time rendering. Through the DLR X-SRTM DEM, the interest of InSAR data for such applications is illustrated.


Introduction: Gamma-ray spectrometers (GRS) are used on deep space missions to measure the elemental composition of planetary surfaces. Spectrometers based on high-purity germanium detectors offer the highest-resolution of any comparable technology. This resolution translates into superior sensitivity and higher science return. Germanium detectors have been successfully deployed in orbit around the Earth [1], the Moon [2], Mars [3], and Mercury [4]. However, germanium detectors only achieve this high resolution when cryogenically cooled to 100K or below. Cooling schemes have typically been bulky, massive, and/or consumed considerable power [2,3]. This has limited the widespread use of germanium in deep space. However, we have developed a germanium-based gamma-ray spectrometer for NASA's MESSENGER mission to Mercury that utilized innovative infrared shielding and suspension technologies. This allowed for low-power, low-mass operation of the detector and the science results helped shape our understanding of the formation and evolution of Mercury [5]. As a result, gamma-ray spectrometers based on high-purity germanium detectors are emerging as a powerful tool for a range of planetary science applications. Our group will be providing germaniumbased spectrometers for two new missions: the first to the asteroid (16) Psyche; and the second to the moons of Mars onboard JAXA's Martian Moons eXploration mission (MMX). In addition, NASA recently announced Phase A funding for the Drgaonfly mission that includes our technology on a dual-quadcopter that will explore Saturn's moon Titan. Although all the detectors for each mission are based on similar technology, each planetary body offers unique and interesting challenges and the instruments must be adapted accordingly. This paper discusses the challenges and technical tradeoffs of each mission. Mercury MESSENGER: The MESSENGER mission to Mercury carried a 5x5 cm coaxial germanium detector [4]. It was notable for being the first mechanically-cooled germanium in deep space, as well as for overcoming the challenge of deploying a cryogenic detector at one of the hottest places in the Solar System. The instrument was designed to be lowmass and low-power. However, the most important design constraint was the need for infrared shielding that allowed for cryogenic cooling in the harsh thermal environment found at Mercury. Figure 1 shows the IR shields and some of the components that comprised this instrument.


COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM June 2005/Vol. 48, No. 6 5 Senior Editor Andrew Rosenbloom's annual sojourn to SIGGRAPH always ends with a list of technological gems to editorially explore and ultimately share. Indeed, he's spent the past year cultivating a select group of articles inspired by the 3D hard copy technologies he's experienced over several conferences and will be a presence again at SIGGRAPH 2005 (July 31–Aug. 4 at the Los Angeles Convention Center; www.siggraph.org/s2005/index.php). The developing field of 3D hard copy takes a big step beyond 3D on-screen virtual imagery to rapid prototyping systems that make it possible to create a physical prototype, spare part, or scientific models. Such tangible copies are themselves complex visualizations, mathematical forms, sculptures, and industrial components. This section presents many of the pieces of this 3D puzzle, including 3D printing, solid free-form fabrication, 3D layered manufacturing, software challenges, and potential problems protecting proprietary physical designs from being copied and pirated (a part of the story that motivated this month's cover).


Pasania edulis Makino (Fagaceae), an evergreen oak, is rarely found in any natural plant-communities in western Kyushu, Japan, while its predominating coppices are well established on foothill areas of the same region as a substitute or secondary community from which fuelwood and charcoal were obtained in the past. In contrast to the natural evergreen broad-leaf forest community of the region, which is Symploco glaucae-Castanopsietum sieboldii, 14 to 17m tall and 50 to 100 cm d.b.h in canopy trees (Itow, 1977), Pasania-dominated coppices are on]y 6 to 10m high and 5 to 15 cm d.b.h even in wel] developed stands. Pasania-dominated communities have not been studied well as to its origin, eco]ogy and phytosociology, excepting the Vibu'"num japonicum-P. edulis community in southern Kyushu (Miyawaki et al., 1971) and reforestations in central Honshu (Miyawaki, 1972). The present study is intended to flll the gap, providing information of Pasania coppices from western Kyushu. I wish to express my thanks to Messers. H. Kawasato, H. Horita, Y. Ikezaki and M. Kamogawa for their help in field work and to Mrs. K. Nakanishi and Miss S. Fujisawa for their help in typewriting the table.


The theory behind how chemically reactive tracers are used to characterize the velocity and temperature distribution in steady flowing systems is reviewed. Kinetic parameters are established as a function of reservoir temperatures and fluid residence times for selecting appropriate reacting systems. Reactive tracer techniques are applied to characterize the temperature distribution in a laminar-flow heat exchanger. Models are developed to predict reactive tracer behavior in fractured geothermal reservoirs of fixed and increasing size.


Based on big data, this paper plans to first collect information on the employment positions of students majoring in education in recent years, and then analyze the needs and technical requirements of different job groups for applied education professionals. The cultivation reform has been explored and practiced. Hbase and MySQL are used as multi-source heterogeneous data databases, combined with Storm and Elastic Search for real-time processing and retrieval, and some modules use MongoDB for storage. The basic idea of this website is to rely on the online video teaching platform to provide teaching and learning materials and career planning services.


Abstract : Static and pitch damping moment stability coefficients are presented for three candidate MK 82 Snakeye Bomb replacement configurations as functions of Mach number. The normal force coefficient slope, and the center of pressure are also determined for each design. All coefficients are measured at a Mach number of .13 in the subsonic tunnel of AFATL and at Mach numbers of .5 and .8 in the transonic pilot tunnel of the NSRDC. The restoring moment stability coefficient, normal force coefficient slope, and center of pressure of the fixed fin design are also measured at transonic Mach numbers at AEDC. The inflatable stabilizer retarder configurations are found to have more static and pitch damping stability than the fixed fin design.


T he past 2 decades have witnessed an explosion of knowledge about diabetes mellitus, including new insights about underlying pathophysiologic defects, the natural history of the disease, and responses to therapy. It has become clear that insulin deficiency is a major defect in both type 1 and 2 diabetes and that insulin replacement must be addressed in any treatment strategy designed to achieve normoglycemia and prevent complications. The challenge of insulin replacement is to construct as nearly as possible a physiologic regimen of insulin coverage, providing adequate insulin action for both meal-related and basal glucose levels. The availability of insulin analogs now makes it possible to provide both short-acting coverage in time frames that specifically cover meals, as well as longer-acting basal coverage. The decision to initiate the use of these insulin analogs is driven by the urgency for insulin replacement. For patients with type 2 diabetes who are not achieving treatment targets with oral antidiabetic agents, clinical trials have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of introducing insulin in different formulations and regimens. Results have indicated that supplementing oral antidiabetic drugs using either basal insulin or mixtures of rapidand intermediateacting analogs is effective, but the likelihood of achieving the glycemic target of A1C <7.0% is significantly greater when meal-related coverage is included in the regimen. This article will review the premises of insulin therapy and present options for introducing insulin into the treatment regimens of patients with type 2 diabetes.


The service is the fundamental experience that takes place in the contact between the organization and the customer. From the adequately perform of this relationship depends retention or loss of a customer. Therefore, it is imperative that organizations visualize the ser vice as the essential element in which lies the very meaning of their existence and relevance. The service in the organization essentially seeks to satisfy those needs that the client has, which is why we can say then that the lack of demand for services does not allow organizations to develop projects that revolve around it. Taking in count the service as an essential factor in the organization, various tools have been developed in order to have a continuous improvement in meeting the needs of customers, one of which is the CRM (Customer Relationship Management) that in this article is presented as an important tool to make an impact on the services provided by the organization.


Abstract We prove that if C ⊂ R N is an open bounded convex set, then there is only one Cheeger set inside C and it is convex. A Cheeger set of C is a set which minimizes the ratio perimeter over volume among all subsets of C .


The Global Positioning System (GPS) has moved toward becoming an amazing tool for ionospheric contemplates. The accuracy of coordination data for the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver by the GPS monitoring station ought to be expanded. The accuracy can be expanded by deciding the sources of the disturbances that have been delivered by all of ionospheric impacts. The ionospheric delay within the propagation of GPS signal is one among the primary sources of error in GPS precise positioning. The objective of this survey paper is to identify the common factors that affect the accuracy of GPS and identify an effective method which could mitigate or overcome most of those factors. The main objective is the improvement of the measurement accuracy by this correction of ionosphere delay.


Abstract : Partial contents: To Avenge or to Depend?; European Candling of SDI; SDI at European Capitals and NATO; Implications for NATO's Strategy; Potential for a Stable transition; and SDI's Bearing on NATO.


The small dwarf honey bee, Apis andreniformis, is a rare and patchily distributed Apis spp. and is one of the native Thai honey bees, yet little is known about its biodiversity. Thirty (27 Thai and 3 Malaysian) and 37 (32 Thai and 5 Malaysian) colonies of A. andreniformis were sampled for morphometric and genetic analysis, respectively. For morphometric analysis, 20 informative characters were used to determine the variation. After plotting the factor scores, A. andreniformis from across Thailand were found to belong to one group, a notion further supported by a cluster analysis generated dendrogram. However, clinal patterns in groups of bee morphometric characters were revealed by linear regression analysis. The body size of bees increases from South to North but decreases from West to East, although this may reflect altitude rather than longitude. Genetic variation was determined by sequence analysis of a 520 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit b (cytb). DNA polymorphism among bees from the mainland of Thailand is lower than that from Phuket Island and Chiang Mai. Although two main different groups of bees were obtained from phylogenetic trees constructed by neighbor‐joining and unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages programs, no clear geographic signal was present. Thus, while the minor group (B) contained all of the samples from the only island sampled (Phuket in the south), but not the southern mainland colonies, it also contained samples from the far northern inland region of Chiang Mai, other samples of which were firmly rooted in the major group (A).


In the present paper we focus on the application aspect of Krylov-subspace-based model order reduction. We present the software mor4ansys that allows us to directly apply model reduction to ANSYSTM finite element models. We show that, for many MEMS thermal and structural mechanics problems, model reduction is very efficient means to generate compact models for system-level simulation. Finally, we discuss on how one can use model reduction during the engineering design process.


Reactions of [Cp*(OC)3M]Li (Cp* = C5Me5, M = Mo, W) towards t-Bu2P-PCl2 lead to the formation of phosphanylphosphinidene dimers [Cp*(OC)3M(η(2)-t-Bu2P-P)]2 in fairly good yields. The formation of a tetraphosphorus ligand proceeds via reductive dimerization of t-Bu2P-P units. NMR, X-ray investigations and DFT calculations show that the resulting tetraphosphorus ligand has a structure of dication t-Bu2P(+)=P-P=P(+)t-Bu2.


Recirculating Aquaculture Systems are known to have its water quality conditions controlled, despite being common to have a simple control structure and a lot of human interaction to achieve that. To avoid long-term exposure to toxic levels of carbon dioxide and ammonia, its concentration needs to be monitored more often than manual measurements are available. In this work, we analyze the multilayer perceptron's ability to monitor water quality components that are important for the development of the fish. This alternative method for monitoring complements the current sensor structure and has the potential to substitute the laboratory procedures for manual measurement collection.


Abstract THE FORGOTTEN AGED: ETHNIC PSYCHIATRY AND SOCIETAL MINORITIES, edited by T.L. Brink. Binghamton: The Haworth Press, Inc., 1993, 116 pp., $24.95. Reviewed by TLB. ASSESSING OLDER PERSONS: MEASURES, MEANING, AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS, edited by Robert L. Kane and Rosalie A. Kane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-19-512915-6, $59.95. Reviewed by TLB. ELDERLY CHINESE IN PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES: SOCIAL SUPPORT AND INTEGRATION, edited by Iris Chi, Neena L. Campbell, and James Lubben. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2002, ISBN: 962-209-532-1, $25.00, paper. Reviewed by Gloria Solis.


Construction of Digital Campus has been the focused topic. But there are a series of problems during the process of construction. To settle these problems, the paper provide relative countermeasures covering macro programming, consolidated standard, enhancing leading, improving process and eluding risk.


The nonlinear analysis of the temperaturetime series at nucleation site in a typical nucleate boiling heat transfer experiment in different heat fluxes is presented.The threedimensional attractors of the temperaturetime series are reconstructed.Then,from the threedimensional attractors,the correlation dimensions,which reflect the complex character of the attractors,are calculated and the computation of the maximum Lyapunov exponents of the temperaturetime series is carried out in different heat fluxes.The calculation result of the maximum Lyapunov exponent,a parameter quantitatively estimating whether a physical process has the character of chaos,shows that the temperaturetime series at the nucleation site does have chaos characters.


The aim of this study was to examine factors that affect the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of university teachers, at Mizan – Tepi University (MTU), Ethiopia. Accordingly, the study employed the homeostasis theory of SWB as a theoretical framework and tested two major hypotheses. First, it was hypothesized that the homeostatic model of SWB (extraversion, emotional stability, experiential input, perceived control, self-esteem and optimism) would significantly predict the SWB of teachers. The second hypothesis was that Job- and organization-related factors (job satisfaction and organizational culture), as additional aspects of experiential input, would contribute significant unique variance in SWB above homeostatic model predictors. A sample of 162 teachers participated in this study by responding to questionnaires that included measures of the abovementioned variables. Hierarchical linear regression was used to test the hypotheses. According to the results, the homeostatic model of SWB was a significant predictor of teachers' SWB. In this case, perceived control and optimism made unique contributions while extraversion, emotional stability and self-esteem did not make unique contributions but shared variance with one another. Besides, Job- and organization-related factors were found to be significant predictors of teachers' SWB. Both job satisfaction and organizational culture contributed significant unique variance above the homeostatic model predictors. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that job- and organization- related factors join forces with homeostatic model factors in contributing to or affecting the SWB of teachers.


The digital economy has significant economic structural transformation effects and income distribution effects. This article analyzed the impacts and mechanisms of digital economy development on the efficiency of dual-economic factor allocation and the urban–rural income gap from a theoretical perspective, empirically tested by using China's provincial panel data from 2008 to 2017 and a bidirectional fixed effects model. It was found that the development of the digital economy has significantly improved the efficiency of factor allocation in the dual-economy, which has a significant improvement effect on the allocation efficiency of capital and labor. The development of the digital economy alleviates the problem of surplus labor factors and insufficient capital input in the agricultural sector by promoting nonagricultural employment and the flow of capital factors to the agricultural sector. The development of the digital economy can significantly reduce the urban–rural income gap by improving the efficiency of factor allocation in the dual-economy. The main contribution of this article is verifying that the flow of production factors triggered by the digital economy has a configuration efficiency improvement effect and further extending the economic structure effect of the digital economy to the field of distribution, examining the feasible path of optimizing the income distribution pattern of the digital economy.


Isolation of the first macroscopic quantities of endohedral holmium metallofullerenes (principally Ho@C{sub 82}, Ho{sub 2}@C{sub 82}, and Ho{sub 3}@C{sub 82} by LD-TOF mass spectrometry) has been accomplished by carbon-arc and preparative HPLC methodologies. The detailed procedure for production and isolation of the metallofullerenes includes a new technique whereby holmium-impregnated electrodes are prepared simply by soaking porous graphite rods in an ethanolic solution of Ho(NO{sub 3}){sub 3}.xH{sub 2}O. Monoisotopic {sup 165}Ho offers a unique combination of advantages for neutron-activation studies of metallofullerenes, and purified samples containing {sup 165}Ho@C{sub 82}, {sup 165}Ho{sub 2}@C{sub 82}, and {sup 165}Ho{sub 3}@C{sub 82} have been activated by high-flux neutron irradiation ({Phi} = 4 x 10{sup 13}n cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}) to generate {sup 166}Ho metallofullerenes, which undergo {beta}{sup -} decay to produce stable {sup 166}Er. Chemical workup of the irradiated samples, followed by re-irradiation, has been used to demonstrate that observed decomposition of holmium metallofullerenes is due mainly to `fast` neutron damage rather than to holmium atom nuclear recoil (E{sub max} = 200 eV). This implies that metallofullerene damage can be minimized by using neutron fluxes with the highest possible thermal component. 60 refs., 4 figs.


Tillage has itseffect onsoil physical properties, such asstructure, bulk density, compaction, porosity, infiltration, among others thatare a part of the indicators ofsoil quality andare of importancein the development ofa culture.Three tillage systemswere evaluated, LT traditional tillage, tillageLM tillage LO andZeroTillagein thequinoaand the apparentdensity betweenthe physical properties ofsoil and its relationshipwithroot developmentandyield weredeterminedintheCochapambacommunity, Colta, ChimborazoProvince, Ecuador, during the2014growing seasonBCAdesignwas usedinsplit-plot, the data were analyzedby statistical tests, conventional tillagesystemhasa 35cmdepth tillagea criticallevelofapparentdensitywhichaffectsroot developmentinquinoa.


Tool path generation for sculptured surfaces that contain many concave and convex features involves gouging and undercut problems. Past research has paid little attention to tool path generation for hard materials, which require careful and precise planning. In this paper, a comparison is made between traditional unit machining operation (UMO) and rest milling-based tool paths for the various machining steps (roughing, semi-finishing and finishing) of a car's rear door, designed by NURBS surfaces. The experimental work involves the machining of two dies in a 3-axis CNC machine. Each die comprises two parts: punch (convex) and die (concave). Various tool path patterns (contour, zig-zag, zig, concentric zig-zag) are generated and compared via NX8 software. The results show a great saving of time and less tool consumption by using a rest milling technique over UMO techniques.


The primary role of the rail fastening system is to position and fasten the rails to sleepers and transfer the vehicle load from the rails to the track substructure. The type and characteristics of the fastening system are usually chosen depending on the required elasticity of the track, the design load, and the type of rail. The rail fastening system has also a significant effect on the emission of noise and vibration that occurs during the operation of rail vehicles, so the right choice of fastening system contributes to noise and vibration mitigation. Worldwide, there are many types of rail fastening systems, which differ in design, construction and technical characteristics. The most used rail fastening systems are W-clip, E-clip, Nabla clip, etc. Various types of fastenings are a result of effort of both independent institutions, rail equipment manufacturers and a significant number of research centres of the developed railway authorities. When optimizing the railway track, it is necessary to choose the right properties of the fastening system, which will ensure safe and reliable operation of railway vehicles with a minimum of noise and vibration emission. The characteristics of the fastening clip and the rail pad have the greatest influence on the mechanical behaviour of the fastening system. The Faculty of Civil Engineering of the University of Zagreb cooperates with DIV d.o.o., a manufacturer of railway equipment, on an R&D project "Development of the elastic fastening system DIV". With the aim of developing a new fastening system, this paper primarily analyses the properties of existing fastening systems. A meaningful evaluation of the rail fastening systems requires the understanding of the geometry, materials, mechanical properties and the utilisation of the clip and the rail pad. The new fastening system should meet the requirements defined in the standards EN 13146 and EN 13481.


Objective: To study the effects of a computerized educational information program on anxiety of parents whose children were undergoing cardiac catheterization. Materials and methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. The sample comprised parents of children who were admitted for cardiac catheterization at Songklanagarind Hospital during November 2005 to May 2006. They were selected by purposive sampling. Forty parents were assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Twenty parents in the experimental group received the computerized educational information program and those in the control group received conventional information. The parents' anxiety in the experimental and control groups were compared pre-post receiving the information. The reliability of the State Anxiety (Form X-I) in this study was 0.83. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and t-test. Statistical significance was set at p-value Results: The mean anxiety scores at pre- and post-receiving information in the control group were not different, whereas the mean anxiety scores in the experimental group post-receiving information were significantly decreased. The mean anxiety scores in the control and the experimental groups post-receiving information were significantly different. Conclusion: The computerized educational information program can reduce the anxiety of parents whose children are undergoing cardiac catheterization.


Oral pharmaceutical dosage form containing at least two medicaments, in which form the medicaments on the one hand are brought together in a leakproof and in-vivo water soluble wrapping and on the other hand are separated so that the active principle of the combined medicaments cannot come into contact with one another, at least one of the medicaments being selected from the following therapeutic classes: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), proton pump inhibitor (PPI), beta-blocker, statin, conversion enzyme inhibitor (CEI), biguanide, myorelaxant, calcium inhibitor, corticoid, antidepressant, benzodiazepine, non-atropine-like intestinal transit retarder, intestinal antibacterial, and the following therapeutic molecules: spironolactone, propranolol, clarithromycin, amoxycillin, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid, potassium, clopidogrel.


Abstract : This report describes an analysis of the impact of reducing the quantization level on the altitude error produced by the aircraft's altimetry system. Specifically, the mean and the standard deviation of the altitude error at the output of the aircraft's onboard quantization device are derived assuming altitude error at its input is normally distributed. The formulae derived are very general, exact, and applicable to all ranges of input statistics and quantization levels. A computer program has been written to evalute the impact of reduced quantization levels. Additionally, a comparison is made between the commonly used and approximate uniform distribution model method and the exact formulae derived in this report for calculating the quantized altitude error. Keywords: TCAS(Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems).


: Thermoplastic, polysaccharide-based plastics are environmentally friendly. 22 However, typical shortcomings include lack of water resistance and poor mechanical 23 properties. Nanocomposite manufacturing using pure, highly linear, polysaccharides 24 can overcome such limitations. Cast nanocomposites were fabricated with plant 25 engineered pure amylose (AM), produced in bulk quantity in transgenic barley grain, 26 and cellulose nanofibers (CNF), extracted from agrowaste sugar beet pulp. 27 Morphology, crystallinity, chemical heterogeneity, mechanics, dynamic mechanical, 28 gas and water permeability, and contact angle of the films were investigated. Blending 29 CNF into the AM matrix significantly enhanced the crystallinity, mechanical 30 properties and permeability, whereas glycerol increased elongation at break, mainly 31 by plasticizing the AM. There was significant phase separation between AM and 32 CNF. Dynamic plasticizing and anti-plasticizing effects of both CNF and glycerol 33 were demonstrated by NMR demonstrating high molecular order, but also non- 34 crystalline, and evenly distributed 20 nm-sized glycerol domains. This study 35 demonstrates a new lead in functional polysaccharide-based bioplastic systems. 36


The interactions between reactive fluids and solids are critical in Earth dynamics. Implications of such processes are wide ranging: from earthquake physics to geologic carbon sequestration and the cycling of fluids and volatiles through subduction zones. Peridotite alteration is a common feature in many of these processes, which—despite its obvious importance—is relatively poorly understood from a geodynamical perspective. In particular, although frequently observed in nature, it is still unknown how rocks can undergo 100% hydration/carbonation. One potential explanation of this observation is the mechanism of reaction‐driven cracking: that volume changes associated with these reactions are large enough to fracture the surrounding rock, leading to a positive feedback where new reactive surfaces are exposed and fluid pathways are created. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative roles of reaction, elastic stresses, and surface tension in alteration reactions. In this regard, we derive a system of equations describing reactive fluid flow in elastically deformable porous media, which we apply to a model of serpentinization in a subseafloor environment. The stoichiometry of the serpentinization reaction predicts net volume reduction of the multiphase system, which, according to our numerical simulations, can lead to failure in tension. We also explore a parameterization of surface energy in the model, which allows fluid to infiltrate regions of dry peridotite, significantly changing the stresses and potentially leading to growing crack fronts.


We decompose the Danish business cycle into ten structural shocks using an open-economy DSGE model with infrequent determination of prices and wages which we estimate with Bayesian techniques. Consistent with the Danish monetary policy regime, we formulate an imperfect peg on the foreign exchange rate and analyse the resulting monetary transmission mechanism. We find that the Danish business cycle is dominated by stochastic movements in the labour supply in the long term, while demand shocks play a major role in the short term. Remarkably, the role of technology is negligible, and foreign factors only contribute little to the Danish business cycle, especially in the long term. With respect to the estimation, we generally find believable estimates although the degree of price stickiness is remarkably high.


Abstract : This report consists of an analytical survey of information and abstracts presented in six sections as follows: Flight Control Subsystems (Sec. A); Hydraulic and Pneumatic Subsystems (Sec. B); Anti-Icing Subsystems (Sec. C); Cabin Pressurization, Cabin Thermal Control, and Oxygen Subsystems (Sec. D); Electrical and Fuel Subsystems (Sec. E); and Fire Extinguishing, Emergency Escape, Landing Subsystems, and Stands for Testing Aircraft Instruments (Sec. F). (Author)


Objective To explore the feasibility of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy(LPN) in the treatment of renal hilar tumors. Methods Clinical data of 290 patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy from January 2013 to August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, including 27 patients with renal hilar tumors and 263 patients with non-hilar renal tumors. Perioperative data and follow-up results were compared between the two groups. Results Tumor size in Group A is smaller(2.97±0.88 vs 3.55±1.46,p<0.05), R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score of Group A is higher(8.4±1.3 vs 6.5±1.7,p<0.01).The operation time, WIT and intraoperative blood loss in the Group A were slightly higher, but with no statistical difference (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in intraoperative ultrasound rate, collection system repair rate, drainage time,postoperative hospital stay, and eGFR changes (p>0.05).The median follow-up period was 40 months. One patient with postoperative pathologic report of angiomyolipoma was found tumor recurrence and was currently undergoing regular reexamination. Conclusion Three-dimensional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal hilar tumors is safe and feasible after detailed preoperative evaluation of the tumor and selection of appropriate surgical strategies.


Boys aged 8-12 years old, with malocclusion and related speech, living in Tyumen, DuBois, Mosteller formula, Haycock, Gehan and George Boyd, Fujimoto, Takahira calculations of the surface area of the body. Shows that as they grow older, the boys have been physiologically based age increased the surface area of the body. In addition, regardless of the formula, the age value of body surface area boys were practically identical.


OBJECTIVE:To investigate the influence of solid-state fermentation on five anthraquinones in Cassia obtusifolia.METHODS:HPLC method was adopted to determine the contents of aleo-emodin,rhein,emodin,chrysophanol and rheochrysidin.Diamonsil C18-ODS(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) column was used with methanol-0.1 % phosphoric acid as mobile phase(gradient elution) at the flow rate of 1 mL·min-1.The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm.RESULTS:After fermentation,the content of free anthraquinones in C.obtusifolia took on a rising trend.Considering the contents of unfermented ingredients as 100%,after fermentation,the five ingredients were changed to 104.6%,102.2%,93.4%,215.6% and 134.8%.The contents of aleo-emodin,rhein and emodin had no obvious changes,but chrysophanol and physcione were raised up to 2.15 times and 1.34 times.Fermentation could increase the content of anthraquinone aglycone in C.obtusifolia.CONCLUSION:After fermentation,the contents of active components-anthraquinone aglycone in C.obtusifolia will increase.


Abstract Despite the rapid and global increase in popularity and media focus of eSports, many issues remain, not least in terms of how the media portray eSports (players). Considering Flanders (Belgium) has been relatively slow to follow this global uptake, this article adopts an inductive framing approach to analyze exhaustively how eSports are portrayed in 103 Flemish newspaper and magazine articles. Results indicate eSports were represented via eight frames spread across the categories 'game/industry' and 'players'. On the one hand, the Flemish printed media legitimize eSports via comparisons with traditional sports and its applicability to capitalist frameworks such as the sport-industrial complex. On the other hand, player representations remain largely permeated with 'softer' stereotypes of laziness as well as with neglecting reference to female players. Subsequently, greater investments by the Flemish government could raise the national prominence of eSports, benefit competitive development, and help tackle issues of stereotyping in the media.


In our work various variants of range detection of forest grouse species during the autumn routing count are considered as well as how they influence on density calculation and finally on number of birds.


S Band standing wave electron linacs have got wide ranging application for industry non destructive testing and formed varied kinds of products. X band electron linac for NDT has been developed by Schonberg Company USA in 1985. Because of bigger structure of S-band linac and difficult machining of X Band linac, an C band portable linac for NDT has be developed in CIAE at present, a whole sealed vacuum accelerating tuber will be given here. It consists of 4 cavities, the phase velocity of the first two cavities is 0.5 and 0.9, respectively, and that of the second two cavities is 1. The high power testing proved that the design of the accelerating tuber is good for 1.5MeV electron linac for NDT.


Technical programs at the higher education level play an important role in the journey of economic development. Technical institutes in Taiwan have been facing challenges while the Taiwan economics rapidly changes in the recent years. Nowadays, the fast revolution of technology and socioeconomic structures just challenges the efficiency and quality of technical institutes. In order to meet the society needs, it is necessary to reevaluate the functions of technical institutes. This study was conducted to identify the functions and qualities of technical institutes in Taiwan by surveying students' perspectives. Students' self-rating questionnaires were adopted in this study. Finally, this study drew several conclusions based on the research findings. Some suggestions were provided at the end of this study.


Abstract The embryonic development of the bertha armyworm is traced from the time of oviposition until blastokinesis. The following are described: the egg; fertilization and cleavage; formation of blastoderm, serosa, and amnion; the germ band; formation and differentiation of the lower layer; germ layers and derivatives; blastokinesis.


The energy band structure and surface characteristics of nano-TiO2 were systematically discussed in the paper. The mechanisms of surface modification, as well as the main modifying agents and modification process, were emphatically introduced. In addition, the methods of nano-TiO2 surface modification were also explained.


This article is to show the role of Hungary in international migration as a result of its geographical location. This former migrant sending country turned recently into a migrant receiving country. Since the turn of the millennium, more detailed, more reliable, internationally comparable and regionally detailed data are available for analysis. The authors aimed at identifying, besides the individual characteristics, the regularities of international migration that can be found here too. Hungary has been a destination country for nearly two decades and its migration strategy shifts towards a skills‐based immigration policy. At micro‐regional level domestic needs based integration objectives can be developed by using the input derived from databases of Hungarian Office of Immigration and Nationality on distribution of migrants. This article is to analyze those utilitarian elements, e.g. the age and employment distribution of foreigners, the propensity to pay taxes, the selection of where to settle down whose demographic‐economic effects, are important in respect of how integration takes place in micro‐regions and settlements.


Independent evaluation of qualification is intended to be the tool of formation of the national qualification market. However, the «independent evaluation of qualification» term is still not widespread in domestic practice due to high theoretical and methodological and methodic uncertainty. The article reveals the signature features of the prevailing educational programs market and developing qualification market on the basis of the analysis and generalization of the normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, the authors treatment and interpretation of architectonics of the system of independent evaluation is given.


This article describes and analyzes the desperate situation of Korean first-generation divided family members who are still separated from their relatives nearly 70 years since the end of the Korean War (1950–1953). I aim to provide the reader with a reasonable quantification of the problem and make projections as to this first generation's likely future survival. The elements of the approach adopted to resolve the issue of family separation by the humanitarian bodies charged with addressing the problem, the Red Cross Societies of the two Koreas are described, and suggestions are made for improvement. The reunion program's successes and failures are critically assessed as is the key role played by the Red Cross Talks in the history of inter-Korean relations. Finally, conclusions are drawn as to the practical measures which may contribute to a resolution to the problem before the final disappearance of Korea's first generation of aged, separated family members.


Effective simulations of semiconductor superlattices are presented in the paper. The simulations have been based on the Wannier function method approach where a new algorithm, inspired by Büttiker probes, has been incorporated into determining the Green function procedure. The program is of a modular structure, and its modules can either work independently, or interact with each other following a predefined algorithm. Such structuring not only accelerates simulations and makes the transport parameters possible to initially assess, but also enables accurate analysis of quantum phenomena occurring in semiconductor superlattices. In this paper, the capabilities of type I superlattice simulator, developed earlier, are presented, with particular emphasis on the new block where the Fermi levels are determined by applying Büttiker probes. The algorithms and methods used in the program are briefly described in the further chapters of our work, where we also provide graphics illustrating the results obtained for the simulated structures known from the literature.


The problem to be solved is formulated precisely and the introduction of quasi-Newton methods is motivated by considering the classical Newton and secant methods and their properties. Three highly successful quasi-Newton methods are surveyed: Broyden's method for the solution of general nonlinear equations, and the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell and Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno procedures for unconstrained minimization. Finally, the properties of these methods are compared to those of Newton's method and UHMLE in potential applications to maximum-likelihood estimation of parameters in mixture distributions.


Abstract:Background. This study investigated the demographic characteristics, service use patterns, and needs of people who were high users of the homeless services, Cook County Jail, or hospital systems in Chicago, Illinois. Methods. Definitions of "high users" in each system were based on number of stays and days. K-means cluster analysis was performed on the subset of individuals who interacted with all three systems and were high users of at least one system. Results. Cluster analysis was conducted on 1,232 individuals and revealed three profiles. The largest cluster (N=1,059; 86%) consisted of older single individuals exhibiting high rates of disabling conditions and health issues. A second cluster (N=124; 10%) distinguished a particularly vulnerable subgroup with the highest rates of medical and mental health needs. The final, smallest cluster (N=49; 4%) consisted of predominantly younger Black women with children who exhibited the lowest rates of behavioral health issues, but high hospital use.


Editor—Given his own flirtation with the media over the IVOX device (a little known research cul de sac), Tom Treasure was being disingenuous in his implied unhappiness over our public enthusiasm for our contributions to innovation in cardiac surgery.1 Why, in purporting to review recent advances, did he disregard recent evidence that was certainly available to him—wringing his hands meanwhile over its alleged absence? What, if any, was the significance of his parting shot at the results of our initial efforts at ventricular reduction? The …


A facile and practical protocol was developed for the synthesis of glycosyl iodides using AlI3 generated in situ from cheap aluminum metal and molecular iodine. Furthermore, in combination with iodine-catalyzed per-O-acetylation, sequential synthesis of per-acetylated glycosyl iodides, per-acetylated thioglycosides, selenoglycoside, and O-glycosides from unprotected reducing sugars was also achieved with complete diastereocontrol in a one-pot version. Supplemental material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry to view the free supplemental file.


A solitary wave is found in a stratified, compressible fluid in a uniform gravity field. This wave depends for its existence on the compressibility of the medium no matter how small, although the speed of propagation is of the order of an internal gravity wave. The analytical discussion is carried out most fully for small compressibility. Another case, more appropriate for atmospheric problems, is solved by a numerical approach. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb01447.x


The purpose of these abstracts is to provide reference facilities in the management field. These abstracts have been sponsored by the Indian Council of Social Science Research. These abstracts cover books and articles on empirical studies, experiences of people involved in the management process, and concepts and theories besed on Indian data and environment written by l·ndian or foreign authors and published in India or abroad. The following areas of management are covered: Financial Management Management Accounting, and Control Marketing Organization and Administration Personnel Management and Industrial Relations Production Management. Computers, and Operations Research General Management: Environment, Policy, and Planning. Books and articles published after January 1974 are covered in Vikalpa. Abstracts of publications between 1970 and 1973 have been published in two volumes by the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Vikalpa, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 7979 Financial Management Management Accounting, and Control 64. Chakraborty, S.K.; and Prabha, P.T.B., "Finance versus Non-Finance Personnel in Indian Organizations: A Preliminary Study of Interrelationships," Decision, 4(3), 1977, pp. 231-62. This is a cross-sectional study of managers from diverse organizations, investigating the reciprocal relationship between accounts and finance personnel and other functional personnel. Data were collected from 58 finance executives and 149 non-finance executives with the help of a questionnaire consisting of 24 different kinds of attributes. The conclusion is that the self-perception of the finance group and the perception about the other group's attributes are internally consistent. 65. Garg, S.C., "Financing New Corporate Enterprises," Vikalpa, 4 (1 ), 1979, pp. 15-25. This paper enunciates some of the fundamental principles of financial planning. While planning for finance, principles of financial leverage should be kept in mind. Financial leverage is most advisable for increasing earnings per share. Absence of leverage shows poor financial management while too much dependence on it shows a risky financial policy. In most Indian enterprises, the debt to equity ratio is 1.8: 1. Financial institutions such as lOBI, ICICI, and I FCI provide most of the finance. 66. Jhaveri, N.J., "Impact of High Capital Cost on Cash Flows of Industrial Units," Economic and Political Weekly, 12(33), 1977, pp. M95-1 00. This paper quantifies in certain hypothetical cases incremental requirement of funds in the form of depreciation and debt servicing on the


Daniel Dennett has never been one to shy away from big topics in philosophy. He is perhaps best known for his 1991 classic Consciousness Explained, a controversial book that lies at the center of—and to some extent, drove— the resurging interest in consciousness, making it once again a topic worthy of study. Although few think that, as the title suggests, the problem of consciousness had been resolved—in fact, it is widely held that Dennett doesn't believe that consciousness exists—he nonetheless has generated an enormous amount of gravitational pull in philosophical circles toward his way of thinking. Dennett's next major book, aimed toward an increasingly wide lay audience, was Darwin's Dangerous Idea. This lucid discussion of evolutionary theory takes into account a wide variety of scientific thought, and there is a religious implication throughout: Darwin's theory, says Dennett, acts like a universal acid, dissolving a host of traditional ideas—including, notably, religious ones—about our origins, values, and behavior. All this to provide a backdrop for Dennett's latest book, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon. In this work, Dennett continues down the path he laid out in previous books, this time taking on the topic of religion directly. He makes clear his personal beliefs on the matter, a candor that should not surprise us by now. He is a die-hard atheist who considers belief in a god to be intrinsically irrational. His questions about religion stem mainly from a naturalistic position of puzzlement as to why religion exists at all. Why a belief in God? Why the underlying "belief in belief" that supports this conviction? Viewed with a wide lens, has religion done more good than harm, or more harm than good? Does religious belief provide an evolutionary advantage to the believer?


A subgroup H of G is said to be weakly s-supplemented in G if G has a subgroup K such that HK=G and H∩K≤Hs G,where Hs G is the largest s-permutable subgroup of G contained in H.In this paper,by using the properties of weakly s-supplemented subgroups,two new sufficient conditions are obtained under which a group is supersolvable.


The stability of stochastic delayed cellular neural networks(DCNNs) is investigated in this paper. Under the help of Lyapunov functional and the semimartingale convergence theorem, some sufficient criteria were obtained to check the almost sure exponential stability of the DCNNs.


Abstract Intonation is a fundamental music concept that has a special relevance in Indian art music. It is characteristic of a rga and key to the musical expression of the artist. Describing intonation is of importance to several music information retrieval tasks such as developing similarity measures based on rgas and artists. In this paper, we first assess rga intonation qualitatively by analysing varṇaṁs, a particular form of Carnatic music compositions. We then approach the task of automatically obtaining a compact representation of the intonation of a recording from its pitch track. We propose two approaches based on the parametrization of pitch-value distributions: performance pitch histograms, and context-based svara distributions obtained by categorizing pitch contours based on the melodic context. We evaluate both approaches on a large Carnatic music collection and discuss their merits and limitations. We finally go through different kinds of contextual information that can be obtained to further improve the two approaches.


The results obtained in our laboratory on the characterization of two families of ionically-conducting membranes, i.e. poly(ethylene oxide)-based and gel-type polymer electrolytes, are reviewed here. Particular attention is devoted to the description of the conditions of the lithium electrode interface and to the approaches which may be undertaken to improve its stability. The most promising applications of the two classes of polymer electrolytes are also outlined. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry


Debates about the social, in other words the structure and nature of society – its constituent parts, their relationships and how they are explained – are not unusual in the histories, sociologies ...


I'd like to speak from the standpoint of view in both recently applicable diagnosis of coagulofibrinosis, hepatic fibrosis and hepatitis-related virus markers and the therapy of abnormal coagulofibrinolysis, plasma aminoacids, also as of Interferon.The coagulofibrinolysis-related tests ought to be more highly appreciated from the pathophysiological standpoint of diagnosis, prediction of severity and prognosis of liver diseases (eg. DIC). Such as thrombomodulin, thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasmin-plasmin inhivitor (PIP) are included.As to the therapy, methyl gabexate (FOY®) which has both pharmatheutical effects of antithrombin and anti-plasmin is better to be used to prevent the development to severe liver damage from the earlier stage.Prolyl hydroxylase, procollagen typeIII peptide (PIIIP), typeIV collagen are excellent parametersto reflect directly the hepatic fibrogenesis and fibrosis, instead of ZTT, γ-globulinIn cases of severe liver diseases, aromatic aminoacid (AAA) is decresed, on the other hand branched amino acid (BCAA) is increased, resulting to decrease in BCAA/AAA ratio. BCAA is synthesized to glutamine in the muscle and metabolized to alanine and ammonia. BCAA administration improves the plasma aminoacid unbalance, albumin, Ch-E, total cholesterol and levels conciousness disturbance in chronic severe liver diseases.The effects of Interferon on chronic B, C-hepatitis are influenced with the factors of virus copies, genotype, variation (hypervariable region) from virus side, and from host side, hepatic tissue stage, age, immunological responce.On the administration, above mentioned factors shoud be taken into a consideration comprehensively.


Abstract This special issue focuses on refugees' experiences and displaced people across a diverse set of ethnicities and circumstances. The growing number of refugees and displaced people and the work and life difficulties they face are central social issues in the world today. This special issue will explore how refugees and displaced people in Brazil can be fully integrated, socialized, engaged, embraced, and affirmed into the workplace and society. Research is presented on the experiences of refugees and displaced people, a growing but under-researched segment of the world's population. Little is known about refugees' career experiences and displaced people and how organizations, leaders, and policymakers can assist them in finding work, maintaining employment, and creating positive life outcomes. There are 12 articles included in this special issue. They focus on three areas of refugees in the workplace. The first area explores biases in the perceptions of refugees based on factors such as skin complexion, countries of origin, and race. The second area presents research that elaborates on the theme of displacement of refugees and barriers to integration, inclusion, social recognition, and belonging. The third area examines ways in which refugees have been integrated and acculturated into Brazilian society, often through the assistance of NGOs or through the efforts of managers in the workplace. It is our hope that the research presented in this special issue will increase interest in this important topic and lead to additional future research related to reducing barriers to integration and acculturation that refugees and displaced people face.


Valve‐in‐valve (ViV) procedures for failing bioprostheses carry a certain risk for device malfunction. We herein report a case of a failing Evolut R in a deteriorated Mitroflow, treated with a Sapien 3.


When the receiver does not have color reception performance, if converted into a monochrome image and a color image transmission, a monochrome image is sent against the wishes of the user. Thus, when transmission of a color image, the control information transmission process according to the setting state relating to the color reception performance of the partner apparatus and the color / monochrome conversion permission switch to send a color image, send a color image into a monochrome or cancel image transmission.


Objective To observe the changes of the N methyl D aspartate receptor expression in cerebral cortex of piglet models, undergone cardiopulmonary bypass surgery of hypothermic low flow status(DHLF)and to investigate the possible mechanism of the cerebral insult after DHLF. Methods Eighteen piglets were divided into three groups: the control group and the other two groups with a flow of 25 ml·min -1 ·kg -1 and 5 ml·min -1 ·kg -1 ,respectively .The cerebral cortices were taken out at the beginning(A),one hour after DHLF (B) and 2 hours after being rewarmed to 36°C (C) respectively. Results The expression of the N methyl D aspartate receptor in the group with the flow of 5 ml·min -1 ·kg -1 increased significantly at C as compared with the beginning value and that of the control group concomitently. No difference was shown in the group with the flow of 25 ml·min -1 ·kg -1 at B and C. Conclusion After the long duration perfusion of the deep hypothermic low flow status,the expression of the N methyl D aspartate receptor increases significantly, thereby initiating the secondary cerebral damage.


Electrosurgical tissue joining is an effective way to create hemostasis, especially in surgical procedures performed in the minimally invasive manner. The quality of tissue joints and potential thermal damages to the surroundings are the two main concerns when using electrosurgical tissue joining tools. A more robust method for quality control is still needed. The goal of this study is to characterize the joining process using dynamic impedance and energy efficiency. Three joining times (4, 6, and 8 s) and three compression levels (80%, 90%, and 95%) were used to join porcine arterial tissues while the process parameters including voltage, current, and impedance were monitored. Tensile tests were performed to evaluate the quality of tissue joints. A new index, the strength-energy coefficient (mmHg/J), which is defined as the tensile strength divided by the consumed energy, is introduced to evaluate the energy efficiency of the joining process. Strength-energy coefficient offers a new way to estimate the required joining time to achieve sufficient joining strength while minimizing the energy consumption to reduce thermal damages. The 95% compression level has the highest strength-energy coefficient for 4- and 6-s joining times. This indicates that the 95% compression level has higher energy efficiency and can form a good tissue joint with less energy and time in comparison with those required by a lower compression level. The progression of the tissue joining process was characterized by the real-time impedance measurement, which can be used as a tool for quality control.


Studies of galactic circumnuclear environments is important to our understanding of the feeding and feedback of the central super-massive black hole and in turn the global evolution of the host galaxy. We present an observational overview of the circumnuclear environment in M31 and a tentative understanding of its regulation. Notes on selected open issues, as well as on a comparison with the Galactic Center and other extragalactic circumnuclear environments, are also presented.


This paper provides three versions of May's theorem on majority rule, adapted to the one-dimensional model common in formal political modeling applications. The key contribution is that single peakedness of voter preferences allows us to drop May's restrictive positive responsiveness axiom. The simplest statement of the result holds when voter preferences are single peaked and linear (no indifferences), in which case a voting rule satisfies anonymity, neutrality, Pareto, and transitivity of weak social preference if and only if the number of individuals is odd and the rule is majority rule.


Tsunami resonance in the bays/harbors and the continental shelf leads to amplification of the wave heights and extends the duration of wave activity. Therefore, for the early warning systems and emergency response, it is important to understand the resonance behavior and mechanism. Tsunami resonance is caused by reflection and interference of tsunami waves from the edge of a harbor or continental shelf. The resonance over continental shelf is controlled by the bathymetry characteristics, and the bay/harbor resonance is mostly due to the features of the coastline. However, quantifying the impact in Japan from transpacific sources has not been systematically conducted. In this study, we assess the tsunami resonance processes from transoceanic and local sources in the ports of Japan. We first analyze the characteristics of the resonance behavior based on past events and also generate a set of ruptures like the 1730 Valparaiso earthquake to forecast these effects in Japan for a future event along the central Chilean margin. With the synthetic earthquake sources, we are able to further characterize the area using a larger number of tsunami events.


In a field experiment with a late cultivar of Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.) the relation between flower initiation and the onset of redistribution of stem reserves and rapid tuber filling was studied. The treatments were designed to vary the duration of the vegetative plant stage or to alter the pattern of dry matter distribution. During the vegetative stage, tub er growth proceeds at a slow rate (about 20 kg ha" 1 day -1 ) and inulin accumulates in the stems. With the plants that were kept vegetative by prolonging daylength, the tuber growth rate remained at that low level until final harvest. At the beginning of September the plants in all other treatments showed flower initiation at the apices and thereafter tuber filling rates were much higher. From the similar growth rate per tuber, with crops differing considerably in tuber number per unit area, it is concluded that total tuber growth depends on the storage capacity. Tuber number appeared to be linearly related to a cumulative temperature. The changes in relative sink strength of stems and tubers over the growth period are discussed as well as the metabolic costs and economic risks of the temporary inulin storage in the stems.


English-language sources available to them. The broad scope of Harrison's work and the rich insights of Arnold's are likely to provide the starting-point for much useful future work. Questions that came to me after reading their books were, for instance, to ask how western medicine (and not just epidemic disease control measures) interacted with other, better-established means of medical treatment. What was the potential market for western medicine among Indians, and how, by whom, and to what extent was this market realized? What western drugs became important in home-based selfmedication, for example, and what choices had Indian patients made in order to conclude that a visit to a western-trained physician was in order? What demand was there for the private, Indian-run schools of western medicine mentioned so tantalizingly by Arnold in his introduction? It might also be useful to problematize the amazing popularity of homeopathic medicine—another western import —in India, or to examine the ways in which western representations of the body and of disease were assimilated to existing interpretative frameworks. For even today, western-medical ideas and therapies coexist with many alternative medical systems and beliefs. The most useful focus of future work in the history of imperial medicine is therefore likely to be on sources that better reveal the motives and concerns of local actors. Arnold's use of vernacular newspaper reports and local rumours represents a very welcome lead in this respect, and both books will be indispensable resources for historians of medicine in India for some time to come. University of Cambridge B. J . ANDREWS


This paper presents details of the model and results of the Austrian macroeconomic study of the employment implications of information technology, Microelectronics: Applications, Diffusion and Effects in Austria. The inadequacies of conventional econometric modeling and the political problems of policy implementation are emphasised.


The author, with reference to sources of personal origin unique letters from the front-line of 1942, recreates the everyday life of soldiers during the war and their relatives in the rear, reflects on the perception of the war conflicts by different generations and emphasizes the important role of family education in preserving the continuity of generations, patriotism and loyalty to the memory of their ancestors.


The decay width and mass of the D s 1 ð 2536 Þ þ meson are measured via the decay channel D þ s 1 ! D (cid:1)þ K 0 S using 385 fb (cid:2) 1 of data recorded with the BABAR detector in the vicinity of the (cid:1) ð 4 S Þ resonance at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy electron-positron collider. The result for the decay width is (cid:2) ð D þ s 1 Þ ¼ 0 : 92 (cid:3) 0 : 03 ð stat : Þ (cid:3) 0 : 04 ð syst : Þ MeV . For the mass, a value of m ð D þ s 1 Þ ¼ 2535 : 08 (cid:3) 0 : 01 ð stat : Þ (cid:3) 0 : 15 ð syst : Þ MeV =c 2 is obtained. The mass difference between the D þ s 1 and the D (cid:1)þ is measured to be m ð D þ s 1 Þ (cid:2) m ð D (cid:1)þ Þ ¼ 524 : 83 (cid:3) 0 : 01 ð stat : Þ (cid:3) 0 : 04 ð syst : Þ MeV =c 2 , representing a significant improvement compared to the current world average. The unnatural spin-parity assignment for the D þ s 1 meson is confirmed.


Some definite integrals involving powers of inverse trigonometric functions that are found in the chapter 9 of Ramanujan notebooks (Part-I) are evaluated through elementary methods. Further, we present some identities connecting integrals with some infinite series and infinite products.


It has been shown using an Al–4.0mass%Cu alloy as a demonstration material that hot extrusion with the use of a specially–designed die leads to grain re nement and improvement in ductility. The specially–designed die is called in this study the "heteromorphic die" and it consists of two plates and one spacer. One plate is called the "strain–giving die" and has six small round holes of 5 mm in diameter, while the other plate is called the "shape–giving die" and has one big rectangular hole of 9 mm × 15 mm. The spacer separates these two plates at a distance of 10 mm and provides a space between them. The Al–Cu alloy billet was hot–extruded through the six small round holes of the strain–giving die to produce six thin round rods, and after lling the space between the two dies, the six rods passed together through the shape–giving die to form a thick rectangular bar or plate. Tensile tests of the plate were conducted at room temperature, and the results were compared with those of the un–extruded billet and the extruded plate produced by conventional hot extrusion method, that uses only the shape–giving die. The elongation values of the three different tensile specimens produced from (1) the un–extruded billet, (2) the plate extruded by the conventional method and (3) the plate extruded with the heteromorphic die were 21, 35 and 57%, respectively. Most signi cant elongation was found in the sample extruded with the heteromorphic die, which is most probably due to the nest grain structure observed in this sample. It is suggested that the recrystallization is induced by a large strain generated in the heteromorphic die due to the friction on the large contact area between the extruded metal and the die ori ce wall of the "strain–giving die." [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2016005]


Current trends in research towards the teaching of geometric suggest a constructivist approach. Student experimentation dealing directly with student misconceptions through repetition of examples in many contexts to confront conflicting reasoning allow students to construct definitions with their experiences and observations. Developing the scientific method of observation, prediction/experimental design, conducting experiments and repeating is reinforced with these techniques. Cataloguing student misconceptions and redesigning course material and laboratory experiments in their context has only recently begun. Use of technology has also been shown to increase student interest in course material and 3D printers have recently become common tools in schools. Additionally, experiments that lend themselves towards computer modeling are sought after as an interface to reconcile conflicting reasoning in student misconceptions. An apparatus and set of experiments is described that deal with student misconceptions in iterative experiments. Overall cost of the system is decreased by 3D printing expensive optical components. The system highlights complex interactions of propagating light waves and seeks to explain the effects of media on image formation.


The present invention relates to a method for preparing the particle size of the tin-copper-nickel-cobalt alloy negative electrode material asymmetrical current control. A copper plating film was sintered in two steps. 1 is a plating solution NiCl 2 : 50-260g, CoCl 2 : 8-100g, H 3 BO 3 : 2-40g, distilled water 800-900mL. Plating solution 2 is Na 2 SnO 3 · 3H 2 O: 30-95g, NaOH: 10-100g, CH 3 COONa: 10-50g, distilled water 800-900mL. Asymmetrical current waveform used was asymmetric square wave, triangle wave, sine wave, pulse plating, a sawtooth waveform or in combination. After plating placed in a tubular furnace into an inert gas stream, heated to 100-380 deg.] C range, incubated 24h, allowed to cool to obtain tin-copper-nickel-cobalt alloy negative electrode material. Discharge capacity up to 400mAh / g active materials or more, good cycle characteristics, initial irreversible capacity is less than 15%.


This work evaluates the impact of process variations on the electrical behavior of a set of combinational cells considering different transistor sizing techniques: minimum sizing, logical effort and delay-optimized sizing. The optimization is done by a transistor sizing tool that employs geometric programming. The main point is to observe how transistor sizing techniques could be explored for the FinFET standard cells design. Results show that cells sized accordingly logical effort technique are more sensible to process variability when compared with minimum transistor sizing. The best process variability robustness is achieved by adopting the delay-optimized sizing technique.


Experimental investigation is carried out to study the behavior of Metakaolin reinforced concrete in comparison to fly ash reinforced concrete with and without steel fibers on compressive strength and under shear strength. The weakness in tension of conventional concrete is overcome by incorporating steel fibers into the matrix while the Metakaolin and Fly ash can increase many properties of concrete and also reduces the cementing consumption. 12 beams of length 1500mm, breadth 150mm and depth 200mm having 4-12mm diameter bars as tension reinforcement and 2L, 8mm diameter bars spaced at 130mm c/c as stirrups were casted and cured for 28 days and tested under two point loading applied at 1/3 span points.


Palm frond waste is a lignoselulose material that is abundant availability in Indonesia. The material has potential to be used as raw material for wood plastic composite material (WPC). The purpose of this reseach was to study the effect of levels of treated palm frond (TPF) and maleated polypropylene (MAPP) compatibilizer to the properties and morphology of the palm frond-based WPC. As thermoplastic component was used polypropylene (PP). Extractable components from palm fronds removed with water washing and drying. The WPC samples were prepared by mixing PP, TPF, MAPP and paraffin in the internal mixer at temperature of 170°C and rotor speed of 80 rpm for 15 minutes. The mass ratio of PP/TPF was varied with 50/50, 60/40 and 70/30 w/w. The MAPP levels was varied with 0%, 4% and 5% w/w. Paraffin was used as a palsticizer with a level of 2% w/w. The testing included tensile and flexural properties by using universal testing machine (UTM) according to ASTM D-678 and ASTM D-790 standards, respectively. Other testing also conducted for morphology by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water adsorption test. The result indicate that the best properties of the WPC sample obtained at PP/TPF mass ratio of 60/40 w/w and MAPP level of 5% w/w, with tensile strength of 156 kgf/cm2 and flexural strength of 598 kgf/cm2 with water adsorption of 1.4% w/w.


Type I interferons, a protein family of multiple IFNαs and a single IFNβ, initially identified on the basis of their antiviral activities have recently been attributed important roles in bacterial and parasitic infections. To assess the cellular sources of IFNβ, the IFN produced first in most situations, we created an IFNβ reporter-knockin mouse, in which yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is expressed from a bicistronic mRNA linked by an internal ribosomal entry site to the endogenous IFNβ mRNA. This YFP expression allows spatiotemporal tracking of the initiation of the type I IFN response on a single-cell level. In vitro bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦs) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) show IFNβ production from distinct cell subpopulations in response to defined pathogen compounds. A subpopulation of GMCSF-derived BMDCs produced IFNβ after poly(I:C), 3′5′-cytidylylguanosine (CpG), or LPS treatment, whereas Flt3-L-cultured plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) responded mainly to CpG. After poly(I:C) injection in vivo, IFNβ-producing cells localize to the splenic marginal zone and the lymph node subcapsular sinus. Infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) induces IFNβ/YFP expression exclusively in few activated pDCs at the T cell/B cell interface of the splenic white pulp. This IFNβ/YFP reporter mouse represents a reliable tool for the visualization and characterization of IFNβ-producing cells in vitro and in vivo.


The experience economy concept is based on the assumption that the experience value of a product has become a key factor, influencing consumers' decision making. On the one hand, this fact is a reason for the emergence of fierce competition for theme parks with other industries which are not considered to offer experiences but rather certain commodities. On the other hand, the changes in consumers' behavior provoke the search for new management strategies and approaches to keep market share and competitive advantage. The study focuses on Action Theme park's customers and on the practical implementation of a new management approach. An in-depth analysis of literature concerning the experience economy concept, the possible approaches to its challenges and the current situation in theme parks industry was executed in the literature review. The primary research included questionnaires of Action Theme park's visitors to discover their expectations, satisfaction and motives for future visits. The aim of these personal conversations was to gather in-depth information on the acquaintance of managers with new management approaches and their possible practical application. The main finding of the research is that customers are satisfied with Action theme park's product but they need new attractions and experiences to be introduced in order to re-visit the park.


I am an identical twin. The connection I share with my twin sister is intense and immediate. But now, we live over 800 miles apart. This Is My Attempt To Hold On serves as a visual metaphor for the longing for the undiluted rapport we have when we are together, and the frustrations of communicating with her through a digital device. I am constantly dissatisfied with my attempts to connect with her. I watch myself, my words, and my thoughts become diffused through the pixels. The work exists as composites of various mediums, creating a dialogue between photography, printmaking, sculpture, video and performance.


The changeover piece should be placed in neutral conductor when DC motor assembled,but the center of commutator bars only align with the center of shocks of the rotor in the torque motors for its special construction.Assembled with three kinds of different structural brushgear for a certain DC torque motor,by contrast experiments,result proofing adjust the position of the brushgear to the stator can make up this kind of blemish,insuring the performance of motor satisfy the request.


A preliminary flowsheet for the recovery and decontamination of residual actinides in spent HTGCR fuel has been designed. A calculation method for the multicomponent liquid-liquid extraction system H{sub 2}O - UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} - Th(NO{sub 3}){sub 4} - Be(NO{sub 3}){sub 2} - TBP - Kerosene using the limited equilibrium data available is described. The flowsheet which has been designed incorporates a novel 'split contactor' concept which is necessary to prevent third phase problems (auth)


Developing dielectric ceramics with high energy storage performance (ESP) is essential for miniaturizing and integrating high‐power pulse capacitors. Sr2NaNb5O15‐based tungsten bronze ferroelectric ceramics have been highly investigated for dielectric energy storage applications recently. However, the difficulty in concurrently obtaining large polarization and strong relaxor characteristics greatly hinders the ESP improvement. In this work, Bi3+ and Ti4+ ions were introduced into the Sr2NaNb5O15 ceramic, aiming to modulate the ferroelectric polarization and relaxor behavior synergistically. An excellent recoverable energy density (Wrec ∼ 4.08 J/cm3) and a high efficiency (η ∼ 84.59%) were concurrently attained in the Sr1.85Bi0.15NaNb4.85Ti0.15O15 composition due to the boosted polarization and enhanced relaxor nature. Moreover, this ceramic also exhibited a high current density (863.06 A/cm2) and a large power density (94.94 MW/cm3). All these characteristics demonstrate that the Bi3+ and Ti4+ ions co‐doped Sr2NaNb5O15 ceramics possess great potential for dielectric capacitor applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved


A milling cutter is one of the most important parts of machine tools. Its working status significantly influences the precision of workpiece. Due to the complex wear mechanism, the single sensor may be difficult to acquire the complete degradation information of milling cutters. Therefore, in this article, a feature learning based method is proposed to automatically extract features from multisource data and predict the remaining useful life of cutting tools in real time. First, a statistic-based method is constructed to detect and delete the outliers hidden in the monitoring data. Second, the clean data are input into a multiscale convolutional attention network (MSAN) to learn features and fuse multisource data. At last, the fused data are used to predict the remaining useful life of cutting tools in a regression layer. Compared with traditional tool life prediction methods, the proposed method is able to fuse multisource data through an attention feature learning model to conduct the life prediction of tools. Additionally, the data cleaning and model optimization methods are also proposed to promote engineering practicability. To validate the effectiveness of such method, the life testing experiments on milling cutters are conducted to obtain run-to-failure data. In those experiments, multisensor monitor data are acquired, which are used to conduct validation experiments testing the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results indicate the superiority of the proposed method in remaining useful life prediction milling cutters.


What criteria should be applied to the evaluation of performance measures? How consistent are the results from performance measures and norm-referenced achievement tests? How can we ensure fairness and credibility in performance measurement?


Sometimes, invoking a single causal relationship to explain dependency between variables might not be appropriate particularly in some economic problems. Instead, two jointly related equations, where one of the explanatory variables is endogenous, can represent the actual inheritance inter-relationship among variables. Such typical models are called simultaneous equation models of which the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models is a special case. Substantial progress has been made regarding the statistical inference on estimating the parameters of these models in which errors follow a normal distribution. But, less research was devoted to a case that the distributions of the errors are asymmetric. In this paper, statistical inference on the parameters for the SUR models, assuming the skew-normal density for errors, is tackled. Moreover, the results of the study are compared with those of other naive methodologies. The proposed model is utilized to analyze the income and expenditure of Iranian rural households in the year 2009.


In Memoriam: Ezra Mendelsohn 5 Ezra Mendelsohn, a distinguished historian and cultural figure, and the Rachel and Michael Edelman Emeritus Professor of European Jewry and Holocaust Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, died in May of cancer at the age of seventy-four. Born in New York City's Upper West Side in 1940 to a prominent family, he came to academic life naturally. His father, Isaac Mendelsohn, was a professor of Semitic languages at Columbia 10 University; his mother was a teacher of remedial reading. His sister Ora Mendelsohn Rosen was a research scientist at Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center before her demise from the disease she studied. Shortly after receiving his Ph.D from Columbia in 1966, Mendelsohn went to Israel, then basking in the post–Six Day War euphoria, to join the faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He taught there for most of his career, 15 twice chairing the Institute of Contemporary Jewry. For more than a quarter-century he served as co-editor of Studies in Contemporary Jewry, and he co-edited Zion from 2007 until his death. He is the author and editor of seminal works in Jewish history and culture, and had the most diverse interests: art and music, history and politics, sport, class struggles, Eastern Europe, and Russia both Imperial and Soviet. 20 Mendelsohn was a widely sought-after speaker, and was a visiting professor at the University of Michigan, UCLA, and NYU; upon retirement from Hebrew University he taught for four years at Boston University. His work in Holocaust-related subjects includes The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (co-editor) and Studies in Polish Jewry (coeditor, special issue of Polin). His work on art includes a co-authored study of the Soyer 25 Brothers, and is perhaps best represented by his co-edited volume Painting a People: Maurycy Gottlieb and Jewish Art. He was particularly interested in the role of art in Jewish history, and Jewish-Polish relations. He also published widely on the Jews in the Russian Empire during the revolutionary years of the early twentieth century and into the Soviet period. Mendelsohn sustained his early interest in Jewish politics in several impor30 tant works. His last published project was Against the Grain: Jewish Intellectuals in Hard Times, which he co-edited with Hebrew University colleagues in honor of Steven Aschheim. One issue of Studies in Contemporary Jewry explores the role of sports in modern Jewish history. Sports have been crucial in forging national and ethnic identities, yet there have been few explorations of the topic in Jewish studies—even though physical 35 culture had a particular resonance in the Zionist movement, and participation in sports had the important effect of undermining stereotypes. Mendelsohn's place in Jewish intellectual life was widely recognized. The National Foundation for Jewish Culture honored him with its Lifetime Achievement Award in Jewish Scholarship, and in Israel he received the Bialik Prize for his work on Gottlieb. He 40 was a featured speaker at YIVO's conference "Jews and the Left," and was assigned the unenviable task of summarizing its proceedings. Although his scholarship was rooted in the


By slightly exciting one of two colliding bunches in LEP, it is possible to enhance the eigenfrequencies of the resonant system of the two bunches coupled by the space charge force. The LEP Qmeter has been adapted to detect, among these excited frequencies, the so called - and - modes, whose distance is proportional to the luminosity. A real time display of these quantities provides the Operators with an effective way of finely optimizing the luminosity.


11086 Background: Primary systemic therapy (PST) is standard therapy for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and increasingly used for early-stage operable disease. Clinical and pathologic...


A 3.3 kJ pulsed plasma focus device (NX2) was used to deposit magnetic CoPt nano-particles on Si (100) substrates at a low charging voltage of about 8kv. The hydrogen was used as filling gas at different gas pressures (2, 4, 6, and 8 mbar) to investigate the morphological, structural and magnetic properties of nanostructure thin films, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), for 25 focus shots depositions. It was observed that the nano-particles become more and more uniform and the particle-size decreases significantly with the increasing filling gas pressure. Magnetically hard fct phase CoPt nanoparticles, with high uniformity and narrow size distribution, were successfully synthesized by plasma focus device which may find application in high density data storage.


The existence of the lacking region in the Doppler weather radar velocity field is one of the most important factors impacting the accuracy of the velocity products.Under the assumption of the actual wind field in the linear distribution,application of the actual Doppler velocity field data,a test is processed by filling the lacking area artificially created in types of random discontinuous cumulative 10°—180° of the missing gap and continuous cumulative gap of lacking 10°—180° by using the VAD technique and the iterative filling method.The analysis shows that the iterative method is suitable for the continuous cumulative gap in 160° for relatively complete Doppler velocity field,In the range of 160°,the average absolute error is in about 3 m/s compared with the original data.The iterative method is suitable for the continuous cumulative gap in 100° for the Doppler velocity field existing more lacking region because of the blocking angle or no-echo itself.The average absolute error is in about 3 m/s compared with the original data.The average number of iterative filling method can meet the actual needs.In the condition of random discontinuous cumulative gap in 180°,even though the actual Doppler velocity field exists more no-echo region itself,the Iterative filling precision have no significant correlation with the gap.The average absolute error is in about 3 m/s compared with the original data,and less number of iterative filling method can meet actual business needs.


In building the mechanism to develop democracy of basic level in rural areas,the most important thing is to determine the object involved and to well know the democratic environment there.Based on the study of subjective and objective condition as well as democratic environment in rural areas,the author claims that the following measures should be taken in order to build such a mechanism: first,to enhance the sense of democracy and protect the right of democracy;second,to arose people's enthusiasm and strengthen their self-management;third,to deepen systematic reform and improve the accessing channel so as to promote the healthy development of democracy.


Influenza is an acute self-limited febrile illness caused by infection with influenza type A or B viruses, and has been causing cyclical epidemics of febrile respiratory disease for centuries. It occurs in outbreaks in almost every winter season in northern and southern hemispheres. The attack rates vary during these outbreak cycles but have been reported as high as 20% to 40% during the peak period of influenza activity (1). Influenza continues to be associated with significant morbidity in the general population, with the elderly, the very young and patients with comorbid illnesses being particularly susceptible. Significant increases in mortality are often seen during influenza epidemics and the excess mortality is not only a direct result of pneumonitis but also of other cardiopulmonary diseases that may be exacerbated by the influenza virus infection. It has been reported that more than 20,000 influenzaassociated deaths occurred during each of nine different epidemics between 1972 and 1992 (2), although this figure has been adjusted to an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year due to influenza in the United States during 19901999 based on different modelling (3). In the past, Health Canada has reported that, on average, 500 to 1500 deaths per year are due to influenza or pneumonia occurring as a complication of influenza. It is acknowledged that many more deaths may occur in people with underlying medical conditions complicated by influenza. After using new modelling, however, Health Canada estimates that the figure may actually be from 700 to 2500 per annum (4). Given the early and somewhat unexpected onset to this year's influenza season, and the reappearance of avian influenza in Asia, it is timely to briefly review the current epidemiology of influenza, particularly with respect to the influenza A Fujian strain which is predominant this season. Influenza A and influenza B viruses are the two types of influenza viruses which cause human epidemic disease. Influenza A viruses are found in many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses and seals. Influenza B viruses circulate widely only among humans. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two antigens on the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). There are 15 different H subtypes and nine different N subtypes identified to date, all of which have been found among influenza A viruses in wild birds. The H antigen acts as a site of attachment of the virus to host cells to initiate infection and also to erythrocytes from which its name originally was derived (5). The H antigen contains common and strain-specific antigens and demonstrates antigenic variation. The N antigen contains subtype-specific antigens and also demonstrates antigenic variation between subtypes. The N antigen (also known as sialidase antigen) is a surface glycoprotein possessing enzymatic activity essential for viral replication in both influenza A and B viruses. The N antigen enables the release of newly produced virions from infected host cells, prevents the formation of viral aggregates after release from the host cells, and prevents viral inactivation by respiratory mucous (6,7). It is thought that this enzyme may also promote viral penetration into respiratory epithelial cells and may contribute to the pathogenicity of the virus by promoting production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor from macrophages (8-10). Wild birds are the primary natural reservoir for all subtypes of influenza A viruses and are thought to be the source of influenza A viruses in other animals. Most influenza viruses cause asymptomatic or mild infection in birds; however, the range of symptoms in birds varies greatly depending on the


This first-hand communication from Giuseppe d'Amato appears to have been written originally in Italian. It was translated for publication in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1833, although the translator's name is not provided. However short this account, it provides valuable detailed information mining in royal Burma as well as a few hints concerning Chinese traders in Upper Burma.


This paper presents a high-voltage driver in nanometer-scale, low-voltage SOI CMOS technology well beyond the voltage limits of standard devices. The drive level is near the voltage-tolerance limit of the body insulator. A novel, bidirectional, switched-capacitor output stage that combines both voltage-conversion and pulse-drive is introduced. The two-level driver is implemented in 45-nm SOI CMOS technology and uses only process-compliant devices. It achieves a maximum output drive of 44 V and occupies an area of 600 μm × 350 μm. The output drive resistance depends on the pumping frequency and is equal to 36 KΩ at a current consumption of 28 mA drawn from a 1.5-V supply.


The unemployment insurance system of our country presents the problems of a narrow range of coverage, a low level of security, a single channel of fund source and an irrational structure of fund expenditure. To deepen the reform and establish the perfect socialist market economy system, there is an urgent demand for the reform, and improvement of the unemployment insurance system of our country such reform and improvement are also badly needed to deal with the increasingly severe unemployment situation we are facing. The main measures to reform and improve the unemployment insurance system of our country are to enlarge the range of the unemployment insurance system's coverage, to broaden the channel of raising the unemployment insurance funds, to raise the level of the unemployment insurance security adequately and to strengthen the construction of the unemployment insurance legal system.