The aim of the present study is to calculate the process of detonation combustion of gas mixtures in engines. Development and verification of 3D transient mathematical model of chemically reacting gas mixture flows incorporating hydrogen was performed. Development of a computational model based on the mathematical one for parallel computing on supercomputers incorporating CPU and GPU units was carried out. Investigation of the influence of computational grid size on simulation precision and computational speed was performed. Investigation of calculation runtime acceleration was carried out subject to variable number of parallel threads on different architectures and implying different strategies of parallel computation.


With the recently obtained vacuum configuration of the bilocal field, we have calculated the decay constant fσ of σ-meson in a quantum chromodynamics-based model field theory. From investigating the calculated result, it can be seen that the obtained value of fσ is quite reasonable.


The cultural heritage left by the Egyptian Pharaohs in the tombs of the Valley of the Kings represents some of the key elements of the Egyptian cultural and tourism wealth and standing monuments demonstrating the wealth and technology of the pharaohs. Furthermore, the Pharaohnic civilization is one of the oldest civilizations; hence, preserving its remaining monuments and collections should be the focus of international efforts. A major portion of this civilization, i.e. the tombs of the Kings, is intact in the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt. These tombs were prepared to bury the Kings' mummies and artifacts for eternal life. Many of the wall paintings identifying the various ancient rituals and life style are in good conditions as the tombs were only recently opened to the public. However, tourists' activities in these tombs have resulted, in many instances, to dramatic deterioration of the wall paintings due in part to excessive humidity. This could be clearly seen in King Tutankhamen tomb, where fungi and pests have attacked a majority of the paintings. In addition, the air flow, thermal and humidity patterns in the tombs are not appropriate for human comfort, as the tombs were built for the eternal resting place of the Kings and not for visitation. The current indoor air flow conditions and air quality in the tombs are quite alarming; hence, appropriate measures should be taken to preserve the tombs and their contents. This dilemma invokes the need for a proper ventilation system that stabilizes the air conditions as well as addresses visitor comfort level. Deterioration can be from lighting effects, high temperature and relative humidity. Pest infections, shock and vibration are also potential causes among pollution and visitors traffic. To design an optimum HVAC airside system that provides comfort and air quality in the air-conditioned spaces with efficient energy consumption is a great challenge. Air conditioning can be identified as the conditioning of the air to maintain specific conditions of temperature, humidity, and dust level inside an enclosed space. The levels of the air conditions to be maintained are dictated by the local environment, type and number of visitors and required climate and the required visitors comfort and property reservation. The comfort air conditioning is defined as "the process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort requirements of the occupants of the conditioned space".(ASHRAE(2005).For the present work, following similar work of AbdelAziz (2005)and Khalil(2006), a numerical study is carried out to define the optimum airside design of the tombs air ventilation and conditioning systems, which provides the optimum comfort and healthy conditions with optimum energy utilization. The present work made use of packaged Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) programs. The present paper introduces a description of the computational solver and its validation with steady state results of the previous properly related literatures. Basically, airside design types are considered here for the tomb passage of King Ramsis VII, Ramsis IV, Siti II and Bay including different visitors (obstacles) alternative positioning to introduce the capability of the design to provide the optimum characteristics. The full description of the parametric cases' parameters is discussed later. The primary objective of the present work is to assess the airflow characteristics, thermal pattern and energy consumption in the different tomb ventilation configurations in view of basic known flow characteristics. The paper ends with a brief discussion and conclusions.


The thesis presented is the result of a descriptive research, from a diagnostic study
aims to present the Montessori method, so it is applied and thus improve learning parvulo, while that teachers know other teaching techniques.

The diagnosis showed that teachers do not know the values, components and resources that the educator Maria Montessori applied and recommended in his books. In this research, a survey and observation educators working in early education levels was performed. also it carried out a theoretical review about the Montessori method, applications that have been conducted in schools in several countries, including Ecuador and the benefits obtained if applied on systematized educational journey…….


practice of including writers' and artists' dates of birth and death adds a wonderful encyclopedic dimension to the text.) In short, this book brings with it a real sense of occasion, so praise is also due its publisher, Camden House, for its boldness in publishing a volume of such immense scope. Signifi cantly, about a third of the contributions are from scholars based in Germany; and whilst this fact may refl ect Camden House's wisdom in recruiting the relevant 'leading experts', one might set it against Reinhart's confi dence that, 'despite the constant pragmatic tug of "actualizing" or "modernizing" curricula', the future of (Anglo-American) scholarship specializing in this period is secure (p. xi); in the UK context, at least, such optimism seems misplaced. Thus this book constitutes a call to its readers to discover a story even more remarkable than the conventional (and, in their own way, still instructive) accounts of threefold discovery in this period – by the Renaissance of 'subjective' self and 'objective' world (Burckhardt), by the Lutheran Reformation of the 'German national spirit' (Treitschke), and by the northern Baroque of 'Germanic' qualities (Wölffl in) (p. xiv) – and, in turn, to argue for continuing engagement with this period, without which 'modernism', 'postmodernism', or zweite Moderne cannot make sense. (It is surely signifi cant that 'the most fruitful impulses' for scholarship on the early modern period 'came out of the social research in the school of critical theory' (p. 6) – especially Horkheimer, Benjamin and Habermas.) For, of course, modernity begins a long time before modernity; which is why Pascal claimed that it is, in fact, the Ancients who were truly new ... It is only because of its weight that one cannot recommend clasping this book to one's breast; in every important respect, however, it is an instructive joy.


* Assistant Professor, College of Dental Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal ** Bacteriologist, Govt Medical College and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India INTRODUCTION Periapical pathosis is considered as an endogenous infection caused by oral microflora. Bacterial infection of dental pulp results in pulpal destruction and subsequently stimulates an inflammatory cell response and destruction of bone in the periapex. The relationship between bacterial infection of dental pulp and periapical lesions formation has been elegantly demonstrated in the classic studies of Kakehashi et al (1965).


METHODS: Ten healthy, active males (age: 23 ± 1 y, mass: 84.5 ± 4.5 kg, stature: 181.4 ± 2.5 cm) performed three, 5-s MVICs and nine, 5-s submaximal isometric step muscle actions at 10 – 90% of the MVIC in 10% increments (randomly-ordered). Bipolar surface electromyography (EMG) and NIRS were used simultaneously to record muscle activation and muscle tissue oxygenation, respectively, from similar adjacent locations of the vastus lateralis muscle. The following four variables from the NIRS device were quantified for 0.5-s epochs during the isometrics force plateaus: concentration changes (Δ μM) in oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) + myoglobin (Mb) (oxy[heme]), deoxygenated Hb + Mb (deoxy[heme]), total Hb+ Mb (total[heme]) and tissue saturation index (StO2, %). Difference EMG amplitude values were calculated for the same 0.5-s epochs and normalized to the MVIC. B-mode ultrasound was used to measure muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue thicknesses. RESULTS: The sample demonstrated homogenous muscle thickness (range = 3.8 – 5.6 cm) and subcutaneous adipose thickness (0.3 – 0.6 cm). MVIC torque values ranged from 129 – 308 Nm. As expected, EMG amplitude increased incrementally from 10% to 100% MVIC (p<0.001-0.021). Oxy[heme] and total[heme] decreased incrementally from 10% to 80% MVIC (p<0.001-0.05), while deoxy[heme] did not change (p=0.897), from 10% to 100% MVIC. StO2 remained unchanged from 10% to 60% MVIC (p=0.406-0.992), then decreased incrementally from 60 to 100% MVIC (p=0.001-0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Despite systematic decreases in vastus lateralis blood diffusion (total[heme]) from 10% to 80% MVIC, muscle perfusion (deoxy[heme]) remained unchanged across the force spectrum. Interestingly, vastus lateralis tissue oxygen saturation remained intact from 10% to 60% MVIC, but then systematically decreased to 100% MVIC from 71% saturation to 64% saturation. These findings suggest that non-fatiguing submaximal isometric leg extension muscle actions from 10% to 60% MVIC may allow for a steady maintenance of oxygen saturation, which is decreased at higher force production.


The application of calcium carbonate particles as a green lubricant additive for sheet metal forming processes has been evaluated. Different particle sizes were tested, along with different concentrations of particles in a lubricant that typically does not perform well by itself. The lubricant mixtures were tested under pin-on-disc, four-ball, and bending-under-tension test conditions. The results of the different tribological tests were compared to determine whether standard tests, such as the four-ball test, could predict lubricant performance under sheet metal forming conditions. The application of any concentration of particles was shown to be beneficial to the lubricant performance in terms of wear resistance even though friction increased when calcium carbonate particles were added to the base paraffin oil. Small particles (40 nm) exhibited better performance than large particles (2 μm).


Divisional secretariats are important public institutions in Sri Lanka that provide various public services. Service quality of divisional secretariats is very sensitive to the public that come to receive various services from them and most of time public has unfavorable response towards the service of those divisional secretariats. The divisional secretariat of Bingiriya also has the same issue. Therefore, it is vital for divisional secretariat of Bingiriya to know its service quality from the consumers' perspective in order to better understand their needs and hence satisfy them. Consequently, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensions of service quality of the services provided by the Bingiriya divisional secretariat and its impact on customer satisfaction. A research model was developed by investigating the previous literature in order to assess the impact of service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction. The quantitative research approach was applied in the study. Data was collected from a sample of 306 customers of Bingiriya division following convenience sampling method in order to assess their expectations and perceptions of service quality and the public satisfaction through structured questionnaire. The model consists of five dimensions such as tangibility, reliability, responsiveness assurance and empathy. The model was tested using the statistical tool of regression analysis. Data analysis revealed that only tangible, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy have a significant impact on customer satisfaction where reliability is the most influential dimension and empathy is the second dimension. Assurance dimension was unable to indicate impact on customer satisfaction in Bingiriya divisional secretariat.


This paper gives a brief review on the study and development status of the greenhouse control techniques in China. The three different control modes which are widely in use and the different hardware commonly adopted in greenhouse control system are discussed. As an example, a computer control system in a controlled environment chamber was introduced to illustrate the basic features and functions. And some key techniques relevant to the greenhouse control were put forward for future research by the authors at the end of the paper. INTRODUCTION Greenhouse cultivation is a promising industry of agriculture in the world. The priority of greenhouse cultivation is that its environment can be largely controlled according to crop demands. So, high quality agricultural and horticultural products can be gained from that. And how to provide the optimal environment for the growing plants and what kind of control strategies being used to put the sensitive environment factors under control have become the limelight in greenhouse control strategy and tactics. Greenhouse cultivation in China is also a booming industry. Currently, there are 2.5 million hm various greenhouses, which have been playing a much more important role in modern agriculture. However, most of those greenhouse constructed in China are in poor conditions, especially lacking of control devices and techniques, only small amount of those are modern greenhouses, most of which are mainly imported from some developed countries. But the two evident problems have to be faced: firstly, the price is too high to be afforded for most farmers in China at present stage, secondly, those imported greenhouses and equipments can not perform very well as expected, to a great extent, because of different comprehensive conditions from the original country. Recent years, many Chinese scientists have been making their own attempts to develop more economical products in China. In this paper, the authors will introduce the development and progress of greenhouse control techniques that have been made in China, then the paper gives a brief review on control techniques and ways of hardware design in Chinese greenhouses. Furthermore, a computer system in a controlled environment chamber was described to illustrate the basic features and functions. Finally, some key techniques related to the greenhouse control are put forward for future research and development. GENERAL SITUATION OF GREENHOUSE CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN CHINA In China, computer application to general agriculture started in 1970s and to greenhouse management and decision support in the middle of 1980s. During the period, China imported some modern greenhouses as well as advanced accessories from the Netherlands,Israel, as well as other developed countries, it provided a lot of references for Chinese scientists to develop and localize this kind of techniques. Several decades passed, great progress in this related field have been made, although it still have long way to go to catch up with the developed countries. Proc. IC on Greensys Eds.: G. van Straten et al. Acta Hort. 691, ISHS 2005 854 Researches on Control Strategy Control mode is one of the decisive parts in control system design. According to the different control objectives as the requirement of control strategy, the research orientation can be classified into three categories. 1. Single Variable Control. This control mode is to isolate a key environment factor from others and takes it as the control variable ignoring interaction of other environmental factors to the crop (Yu et al., 1997), therefore it is only to optimize the key chosen environment factor. Usually the chosen control variable can be either the one that is difficult to be controlled (e.g. light intensity) or the one that is sensitive to crops and relatively easy (e.g. temperature) to be controlled. Evidently, in this mode only one major environment variable is taken into account while ignoring the effects of other environment factors. As a result, very little information of the plant can be included in control process due to lack of more communication between plants and the control process. From the viewpoint of cybernetics, this mode still belongs to a simple and rough control. However, because of easy realization, it has been widely used in greenhouse controls in China. 2. Model-based Control. In this mode, several environmental variables are chosen and integrated into a model. The computer communicates with the model to initiate its control actions. Through the model the correlations among those variables are carefully designed with respect to the plant's physiology (Sun and Chen, 2001; Tzortzios, 2003). Generally, models can be classified into following types: 2.1. Statistic Model. It is developed through mathematically statistic method according to experimental data. The advantage is that the model can be conveniently integrated into the control process, on the contrary, its precision relies on the amount of the data collected and can't reveal the real mechanism of the complicated system. 2.2. Fuzzy Model. It is developed by using modern mathematical tools, such as fuzzy logic and neuron network, which has strong ability in fuzzy reasoning and training. The model itself is a fuzzy logic set or a structural neuron network and still belongs to black box or quasi black box model (Kramers et al., 1998). The structure of the model is more complicated than those of the statistic model and contains more information of the plant. However, its precision is also limited by the amount of data collected and it is a little bit hard to be integrated into the control program because of its inexplicitness. Although a few successful cases can be found in practical application, but it is not widely used as a whole. 2.3. Crop Model. It also can be classified into statistic model and dynamic model. The former has been described as above, the latter is developed based on physiological process of plant, and can explains the whole process of the plant growth. Therefore, it is much necessary to develop a crop model for understanding physiological process, such as photosynthesis, dry mass accumulation and partition, organ development and respiration mechanisms, and their relationships (Pronk et al., 2003). The disadvantage is that the model has to include lots of variables, therefore, it results in much difficulty not only in model development (Reffye et al., 2003), but in model integration into control program. 3. Control Mode Based on Large Scale System Theory. This control mode takes the whole greenhouse as a large scale system. The large scale system can be divided into several sub control systems, for example, growth control, environment control, and cost objective control, and so forth. The large scale system theory is used to regulate the relationship among the sub systems and to optimize the energy consumption and the control effects (Gu et al., 2001). This mode is more likely used in a decision support system or a management information program, but it still needs further research for practical utilization in China. Researches on Hardware Implementation The researches on hardware implementation can also be sorted into several categories according to what controller is used and what goal is expected. 1. Industrial PC as Master Plus Data Acquisition Computer as a Slave. In this mode, the data acquisition controller is based on single chip, it usually be used for small or medium size greenhouse. All the terminal instruments(sensors, controllers) connect to the


Aims:  To obtain reliable transformation of a range of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strains and to express a Neocallimastix patriciarum xylanase gene in the recipients.


This paper addresses the role of incubators in supporting new venture creation. A mapping of four different types of incubator is proposed: corporate private incubators (CPIs), independent private incubators (IPIs), business innovation centres (BICs) and university business incubators (UBIs). This mapping is exemplified through case studies of one incubator for each of the four categories. The authors argue that one interpretative key to explain the dynamics of the incubation industry is the evolution of company requirements and consequently of the services offered by incubators. In this context, two different incubating models are described which provide incubators with useful indications as to how they should position themselves strategically.


The article considers the possibilities and limitations of blended learning technology for part-time students' self-study arrangement in the intersessional period. The authors present a model of foreign language teaching at the extra-mural department of the linguistic higher education institution developed on the basis of the collected statistical data analysis and the existing theoretical approaches to the structure of distance learning. The proposed model allows bridging the gap between the amount of expected self-study and the level of autonomous learning skills of students, their need for permanent feedback and amount of time provided for the teacher. The research results reveal the proposed model effectiveness for the development of educational and foreign-language communicative competence of students, as well


Abstract Rights are social conventions. Social actors appropriate and mould them to serve particular social purposes. One purpose which rights can serve is the buttressing of politically motivated claims about the just distribution of resources. This article analyses the manner in which rights have been moulded to serve a range of political purposes in South Africa's recent education funding reform process. After a detailed analysis of South Africa's education funding regime, the article argues that rights have been used (with some success) to criticise and effect reform in that regime. However, since invoking the right to a basic education seems to have held a merely instrumental appeal to reform advocates, the state has been able to reinterpret the same right to justify its own incremental, budget-friendly reform proposals in the face of trenchant criticism. The article concludes by suggesting that a progressive politics of rights ought to be organised around the idea that rights have intrinsic worth. Instrumental rights claims can result in a near zero-sum game in which social actors simply dress up their embedded interests in the language of rights, without considering what rights actually mean on their own terms.


Formulated systems based on epoxy resins are used extensively in electrical and electronic applications as either casting systems or electronic encapsulants. Among the principal attributes that such products provide is to facilitate the transfer of thermal energy that is generated within such devices to that of a heat sink. In such applications, it is necessary that these types of devices operate in a defined temperature range where dielectric losses are minimal and mechanical properties, including those of strength and thermal shock resistance, are maintained. This paper describes an epoxy system that has been formulated with highly thermally conductive inorganic fillers that is ideally suited for applications requiring good thermal management. This heat curing system features a thermal conductivity up to 2.7 W/m-k together with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion (12 ppm/k at 20/spl deg/C). It can be easily processed at moderate temperatures with good working life but can be cured rapidly at higher temperatures to a tough thermally stable polymer with excellent electrical and mechanical properties.


Hypotheses explaining the link between SES and preventive health care were tested; and a preliminary predictive modelfor preventive health behaviour was developed. Variables relating to childhood socialization, social participation, work self-direction, work constraints, powerlessness-planfulness, and health knowledge were included as were several demographic variables. Separately, none of the explanatory variables greatly accountedfor the influence of SES. Combined, however, they accountedfor about half of the variance of SES. Together, education, age, income, and social participation (in that order) were found to provide the most parsimonious set for predicting general preventive health behaviour.


The hybrid steepest-descent method introduced by Yamada (2001) is an algorithmic solution to the variational inequality problem over the fixed point set of nonlinear mapping and applicable to a broad range of convexly constrained nonlinear inverse problems in real Hilbert spaces. Lehdili and Moudafi (1996) introduced the new prox-Tikhonov regularization method for proximal point algorithm to generate a strongly convergent sequence and established a convergence property for it by using the technique of variational distance in Hilbert spaces. In this paper, motivated by Yamada's hybrid steepest-descent and Lehdili and Moudafi's algorithms, a generalized hybrid steepest-descent algorithm for computing the solutions of the variational inequality problem over the common fixed point set of sequence of nonexpansive-type mappings in the framework of Banach space is proposed. The strong convergence for the proposed algorithm to the solution is guaranteed under some assumptions. Our strong convergence theorems extend and improve certain corresponding results in the recent literature.


A copolyester was synthesized using 2,3-butanediol as one of the diols with phthaloyl chloride as Diacid chloride. 2,5-ditertiary butyl quinol, was used as another diols for the synthesis of random copolymer. A formation of copolyester was confirmed using Ultraviolet (UV), Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) spectral techniques. Thermal studies were carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Hot Stage Optical Polarising Microscope (HOPM) was studied to confirm the existences of mesophase. Elemental analysis further confirms the formations for the copolymer. Morphology of the copolyesters was also characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results of the investigation confirms a relatively new entry copolymer in the family of liquid crystalline copolymers.

 Key words: Copolyester, thermo gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscope, characterization.


Landslides are one of the main causes of death caused by disasters in the world. In this study, methodologies to measure landslide costs and to assess vulnerability are presented, with the objective of applying them to landslide risk analyses. The methodologies were applied in a region of Serra do Mar, which is crossed by a highway. The analyses and mappings were implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Through the application of the methodology that considers both direct and indirect costs in the composition of total cost, it was established how much an m2 of a landslide would cost. The composition of direct costs encompassed the damages related to restoration or construction of the highways, infrastructures, unpaved roads, residential and commercial buildings, vegetal cover and agricultural areas. In indirect costs, the economic losses by victims, highway interdiction, and agricultural area profitability were calculated. In the methodology for vulnerability assessment, bodily injuries, structural damages, and functional disturbances resulted from landslides were analyzed. The risk assessment was performed through the junction of the maps of total cost, vulnerability and susceptibility. The results indicate that indirect costs were predominant in cost composition, corresponding to 87% of total costs, in comparison to 13% of the direct costs, stressing the importance of considering indirect costs in economic measurement studies. As a result, it is possible to conclude that studying landslide consequences as economic parameters supports the increasing need of performing risk quantitative analyses. It is also prudent to add that these studies help decision makers in projects of disaster risk mitigation strategies, by allowing the identification of regions with greater economic impacts in case of landslide occurrence.


Hans Max Hirschfeld. The Right Person in the Right Position...? Fennema's biography of H.M. Hirschfeld represents an interesting contribution to the debate on ethics and historiography. After all, Hirschfeld's central position in the Dutch economy during the German occupation raises some fundamental ethical questions. Should economic and material values prevail at all times or should other values – moral, humanist or Christian – carry just as much weight, if not more? As opposed to the situation in the 1930s and the post-war years, during the German occupation the technocrat Hirschfeld was not democratically accountable for his policy. The author of this article explains that Hirschfeld's biographer mistakenly assumes that it is not necessary to include a discussion of the ethical aspects of Hirschfeld's continuation in public office during wartime.


This paper presents an analysis of the effect of climate change on modifying the dredging cost to maintain the navigation channel at the actual capacity of the Parana waterway (Argentina). The Parana−Paraguay Rivers system is one of the most important inner navigation waterways in the world, where approximately 100 million tons of cargo are transported per year. Maintenance of the navigation channel requires continuous dredging by Hidrovía SA (limited liability company), which is responsible for ensuring the minimum water depth for navigation. A failure event occurred during January 2012 when a bulk cargo carrier ran aground, interrupting fluvial trading for 10 days. Numerical models were applied to simulate hydro-sedimentation processes at the Lower Parana River to estimate dredging costs for a given flow discharge. The resulting function relates the sedimentation rate (i.e. the dredging effort required to keep the present depth for vessel draft) to forcing hydrology conditions. This function and the statistical evaluation of climate scenarios were used to calculate the probability of failure for navigation and the associated cost of channel maintenance. The most appropriate dredging effort was estimated by detecting the minimum total cost (i.e. dredging plus failure) to varying the yearly average discharge and by analysing the sensitivity of the total cost to different degrees of economic impact.


Increasingly larger scale simulations are generating an unprecedented amount of output data, causing researchers to explore new `data staging' methods that buffer, use, and/or reduce such data online rather than simply pushing it to disk. Leveraging the capabilities of data staging, this study explores the potential for data reduction via online data compression, first using general compression techniques and then proposing use-specific methods that permit users to define simple data queries that cause only the data identified by those queries to be emitted. Using online methods for code generation and deployment, with such dynamic data queries, end users can precisely identify the quality of information (QoI) of their output data, by explicitly determining what data may be lost vs. retained, in contrast to general-purpose lossy compression methods that do not provide such levels of control. The paper also describes the key elements of a quality-aware data management system (QADMS) for high-end machines enabled by this approach. Initial experimental results demonstrate that QADMS can effectively reduce data movement cost and improve the QoS while meeting the QoI constraint stated by users.


Methyl farnesoate plays an important role in ovarian development of crustaceans. Methyl farnesoate in mandibles of sand worm was analyzed by HPLC, apollo silica column, one percent of diethyl ether in hexane was used as a mobile phase and detected using UV-Vis detector at 218 nm. The concentrations of MF in 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 months old of sand worm were 0, 0.77±0.55, 4.50±0.66, 2.49±0.75, 1.64±0.32, 3.65±1.04 and 7.71±0.20 ng/mandibles, respectively. The data showed that sand worm 9 months old produced the MF levels higher than 5 months old. However sand worm 5 months old was appropriate to feed for stimulating ovarian development in shrimp because short time culture


Navigation simulators have a very important role in the learning process to steer the ship's motion safely virtually based on the same shape and function as the original. However, the absence of a navigation simulator at the Aceh Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of the Capture Fisheries Study Program (PTK) is thought to be the cause of the non-optimal learning process so that a navigation simulator is needed. This study aims to facilitate the navigational science learning process so as to make this navigation simulator a teaching and learning tool in the classroom, both in theory and practice. The method of designing and building a mini fishing boat navigation simulator is carried out in three stages, namely the literature review method, the observation method and the field work method. The results obtained are a navigation simulator with compass, radar, electronic maps, steering, weather control, ship lights and sound signals. The building space for this fishing boat navigation simulator can be used as a learning tool to sail ships and can increase interest in learning.


The hydraulic excavator includes a vehicle body frame, the working oil tank cover, the locking member, the insert plate, the locking member receiving portion, a bolt. Working tank cover covers the side surface of the vehicle body frame. In the mounted state of the frame is attached to the vehicle body, the locking member is provided at an upper rear side of the working oil tank cap. In the mounted state is attached to the vehicle body frame, the insertion plate disposed at a lower side of the back cover of the hydraulic oil tank is disposed in a substantially vertical direction. The locking member is provided on the vehicle body frame, the locking member is engaged with the engaging member, the supporting hydraulic oil tank cap. Receiving portion is provided on the body frame, the insertion plate inserted into the receiving portion along a substantially vertical direction. In the mounted state, the fixed portion is located when viewed from the upper end portion of the outer cover position close to the vehicle body side, and the engaging member is fixed to the locking member.


We introduce and study the concept of $alpha $-semi short modules. Using this concept we extend some of the basic results of $alpha $-short modules to $alpha $-semi short modules. We observe that if $M$ is an $alpha $-semi short module then the dual perfect dimension of $M$ is $alpha $ or $alpha +1$. %In particular, if a semiprime ring $R$ is $alpha $-semi short as an $R$-module, then its Noetherian dimension either is $alpha$ or $alpha +1$.


In this paper is presented a statistical linearization method of Duffing oscillator under Gaussian white noise excitation. Duffing oscillator's dispersion response to various nonlinearities and spectral intensities is obtained by the statistical linearization method. A comparison is made between dispersions of displacement obtained by this method and Fokker-Planck method in terms of relative errors for different values of nonlinearities and spectral densities.


Circuit breakers are essential protective devices in power distribution systems. In reality, some power distribution systems are often-seen to be deployed in an outdoor environment, for example, outdated residential buildings and expeditionary power networks. Such complicated operating environment may cause the circuit breakers to be unexpectedly tripped, and endangers the power resilience of the power distribution system. In addition, used circuit breakers with loose mechanisms and/or oxidised contacts may have different tripping characteristics than when they were new. Such aging/worn effects may become more significant if a power distribution system is deployed outdoors and lacks routine maintenance, not to mention in some outdated residential buildings, substandard circuit breakers are not difficult to be spotted. In this paper, we propose a probability based systemic modeling method to estimate the actual tripping time of a circuit breaker under overload currents. With the consideration of aforementioned factors as input variables and the environment in the complicated operating conditions, this model could be used to predict the power outage and grid failure, especially for the outdated residential power distribution system.


According to the ISM (Interpretative Structural Model) method, this paper analyzed the hierarchical relationship between the main factors which affected the implementation barriers of demand response. 14 main influencing factors were divided into three levels based on the result of reachability matrix and the ISM: deep factors, middle factors and surface factors. Then, the influence of each factors was sorted in the light of analytic network process (ANP), so the comprehensive ranking of the indexes is determined. The conclusion was that the main factors affecting the implementation barriers of DR were mainly focused on regulatory system, cost recovery mechanism, market mechanism and promotion.


Melt pond fraction (MPF) on sea ice is an important factor for ice-albedo feedback throughout the Arctic Ocean. We propose an algorithm to estimate MPF using satellite passive microwave data in this study. The brightness temperature (TB) data obtained from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth observing system (AMSR-E) were compared to the ship-based MPF in the Beaufort Sea and Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The difference between the TB at horizontal and vertical polarizations of 6.9 and 89.0 GHz (MP06H–89V), respectively, depends on the MPF. The correlation between MP06H–89V and ship-based MPF was higher than that between ship-based MPF and two individual channels (6.9 and 89.0 GHz of horizontal and vertical polarizations, respectively). The MPF determined with the highest resolution channel, 89.0 GHz (5 km × 5 km), provides spatial information with more detail than the 6.9 GHz channel. The algorithm estimates the relative fraction of ice covered by water (1) over areas where sea ice concentration is higher than 95%, (2) during late summer, and (3) in areas with low atmospheric humidity. The MPF estimated from AMSR-E data (AMSR-E MPF) in early summer was underestimated at lower latitudes and overestimated at higher latitudes, compared to the MPF obtained from the Moderate Resolution Image Spectrometer (MODIS MPF). The differences between AMSR-E MPF and MODIS MPF were less than 5% in most the regions and the periods. Our results suggest that the proposal algorithm serves as a basis for building time series of MPF in regions of consolidated ice pack.


As any future spent fuel treatment facility is likely to be based on intensified solvent extraction equipment it is important to understand the chemical and mass transfer kinetics of the processes involved. Two candidate minor actinide separations processes have been examined through a programme of modeling and experimental work to illustrate some of the issues to address in turning these technologies in to fully optimized processes suitable for industrialization. (authors)


The behavioural present value is usually modelled as fuzzy subset in the real line. In following paper the behavioural present value is applied to explain financial market paradox of simultaneous buying and selling a financial instrument by investors, which occurs despite following the same information. The main goal of this paper is to present an numerical example in form of a case study, which explains the mechanisms of this paradox. Also, an algorithm modelling the transaction under financial imbalance and behavioural premises is described.


The experiment is to test the effect of Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl's extract on immunity in mice.The results show that the extract can significantly improve immune apparatus index,phagocytic index and E-rosette ratio.The experiment proves that the extract of Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl can enhance the immunity in mice.


The field of stress and strain near tip-crack is an important research problem of fracture mechanics because it controls the crack growth. There are many kinds of structures of crack –tip field [1-3] , that depend upon the material nature and the loading condition .All of the existing solutions to the crack tip fields are based on the singular analysis, i.e. either stress or strain possesses singularity at the crack tip. But the real behavior of materials does not permit the singular, at finite stress and strain the material always fails. Therefore, the singular solution is not valid when the crack tip is really approached. In order to reveal the true feature of the crack tip fields, we must consider the real character of materials. When strain reaches certain critical value, the strength of material will completely vanished, so that the concept of damage mechanics mast is introduced . There are continuous models of internal damage parameters, which can be incorporated into crack analysis. For instance, Bui and Ehrlachar Proposed a simple model to analysis the dynamic steady state propagation of a damage zone in elastic and plastic solids and got exact solutions for the small scale damage model in elastic material and for the strip problem, in mode III loading. There was not singularity in the solution of stresses and strains. With Krajcinovic's assume, Popelar and Hoagland discussed distribution of damage field of mode III crack ,where the relation of damage variable and strain is linearity. This paper is concerned with an infinite slab containing a semi – infinite crack, which is subjected to the


CLINICAL TECHNIQUE: Effective apical sealing in endodontic surgery requires a dry root-end cavity to insert the filling material. A number of procedures for controlling haemorrhage have been described in the literature. An improvement of these techniques is proposed in this paper: by using a mixture of surgical wax and fibres of calcium alginate. This device, easy to place, sterile and non-toxic, permits placement of a root-end filling under more favourable conditions.


The microstructure developed in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy with high Zn:Mg ratio following solution treatment and subsequent natural aging has been examined using a combination of conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopic imaging and selected area electron diffraction methods. When naturally aged for 2 hours, the mottled microstructure contains a uniform and fine distribution of previously documented spherical Guinier-Preston (G-P) zones, as evidenced by selected area electron diffraction patterns (SAEDPs). No other second phase structure could be detected by SAEDPs in the alloy under this aging condition. In the case of the alloy naturally aged for 2 days, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed a few 1 atom layer thick features lying on {111}Al crystallographic planes, in addition to the spherical G-P zones that dominated the microstructure. When naturally aged for 3 years, SAEDPs revealed characteristic diffraction spots due to spherical G-P zones (i.e. G-P I zones) as well as G-P II zones. The corresponding conventional transmission electron microscopic images distinctly revealed the presence of platelets lying on {111}Al planes. HRTEM revealed that the (i) plate shaped G-P zones nucleate independently in the matrix as well as on the {111}Al facets that develop upon the G-P I zones, and (ii) prolonged natural aging has the influence of typically producing 7 atom layer thick, fully coherent plate shaped G-P zones. The observation of characteristic diffraction spots due to G-P II zones from such plate shaped G-P zones point out that the G-P II zones nucleate and grow during natural aging.


Important characteristics of multi-functional land uses are: (i) the existence of multiple commodity and non-commodity outputs that are jointly produced; (ii) poorly functioning markets for public goods which constitute some of the non-commodity outputs [1]. Such characteristics are important for understanding processes observed in multi-functional forests in Europe, where the joint production (and consumption) of multiple ecosystem services may result in conflicts between stakeholder interests. Such interests are diverse in number, as is the range of stakeholders. A better understanding of stakeholder perspectives on forestry is important for informing the design of policies to promote the delivery of ecosystem services, and the identification of future opportunities and management practices. Ecosystem services are the benefits humans receive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [2] grouped ecosystem services into: supporting, such as nutrient cycling, oxygen production and soil formation; provisioning services of food, fibre, fuel and water; regulating services, including climate regulation, water purification and flood protection; and cultural/social services, such as education, recreation, and aesthetic value. The demand and supply of marketable forest commodities is analysed by economic models, with choices mediated by markets. Social expectations, preferences and needs for public goods place demands on valuation methods. Neo-classical axioms of consumer choice theory do not conform well to the accepted modes of human behaviour [3]. Such axioms have been challenged by those working in ecological and humanistic economics [4], socio-economics [5], post-Keynesian economics [6], and modelling behaviour (e.g. agent-based techniques [7]). Centre for Research on Settlements and Urbanism


A lifting and lowering load-carrying means (5) for mobile machines, in particular for an industrial truck (1), with at least two active light-emitting elements (14, 18) arranged on the load receiving means (5), is to be developed such that the forklift driver visually displayed, how far he can drive with the forks in a carrier and / or how far he has already retracted. For this purpose, it is proposed that a control device (19) for operating the light-emitting elements (14, 18) is provided, wherein the control device (19) is designed such that the light-emitting elements (14, 18) can be controlled individually.


Rock fractures are of great practical importance to petroleum reservoir engineering because they provide pathways for fluid flow, especially in reservoirs with low matrix permeability, where they constitute the primary flow conduits. In such reservoirs, understanding the spatial distribution of natural fracture networks is key to optimizing production. Fortunately, the presence of fractures can be inferred from variations in reflection amplitude as a function of azimuth and incidence angle. We present the application of a method for constructing a geologically realistic discrete fracture network (DFN), constrained by seismic amplitude variation with offset and azimuth data. Application is made to a fractured carbonate reservoir. The DFN realization is upscaled to compute the anisotropic permeability tensor, which is then compared with fluid flow anisotropy results.


We collected our samples from 6 stations in the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter 1391 performed to identify and evaluate the skeletal structure of sea cucumber species in tidal rocky northern coast of the Persian Gulf. Finally, after the study of morphological and microscopic species of sea cucumber Holothuria parva and Holothuria arnicola from Holothuriidea families were identified. Holothuria parva and Holothuria arnicola were the highest average of 13.4 and 1.47 person in 200 m, respectively. In terms of building calcareous skeleton that are important in the microscopic identification in five parts of body that include anterior, ventral, dorsal, ventral, and Tentacles; the results showed that there were clear differences between the two species. The most common type of espicules that observed in all parts of the button of H. arenicola was circle (often with a 3-hole pairs) but in the H. parva was any kind of barb bar. Diversity and abundance espicules in Tentacles of H. arenicola species was lesser than other sectors. In all parts of the various forms of bar espicules prickly thorn of H. parva there were differences in the number, location and size of spines. We determined the significance of skeletal microscopic structure in their taxonomy of these species.


The article analyzes the institutional design and effects of productive innovation policies implemented by the Argentinian government in the Province of Santa Fe in the period 2002-2012. In order to study the "design", the characteristics of the instruments, target population and their orientation are taken into account; whereas to consider the "effects", it is focused on the level distribution of benefits, the degree of geographical concentration, and the characteristics of the actors who actually have benefited. As a case study, it identifies the Argentine Technology Fund (FONTAR), and the analysis is focused on the period 2002-2012. The research results show that while the tools are demand-oriented instrument, with a design that conceives the population as homogeneous and have a competitive and horizontal distribution of benefits, they tend to concentrate on a few players with significant experience located in the economically more dynamic centers.


In the 11 th edition of the World Social Forum held in Senegal on Feb. 6-11, 2011, parallel to the 2011 World Economic Forum held in Davos, Bolivia's leftist President Ivo Morales spoke of a dying capitalism in the face of people's rebellion, referring to the strife in the Arab world particularly in Tunisia and in Egypt. He said that capitalism is suffering a financial crisis and an energy crisis bringing the world a food crisis, and that it is the poor who must pay for this crisis. 1


PURPOSE: A boiling heat-conducting wall with promoted boiling heatconductivity, adapted to provide different diameters for a number of holes connecting tunnels with the outside, fixing each functional part for escaping-out of steam bubbles or for flowing-in of liquid to smooth both functions. COPYRIGHT: (C)1977,JPO&Japio


The technology and information development growing so fast nowday. In this time. One of implementation was starter motor vehicle automatically. Most of them use a mechanically conventional key to start motor vehicle�s engine. But with the developed technology, we can make a starter motor vehicle that use voice to start the engine. Voice gives us the solution while a lot of crime about stealing motor vehicle which the starter system is damaged.
This system uses module EasyVR which acts as a receiver from given voice and the control of this system uses Arduino Uno. DC motor is used as a prototype of engine (on/off engine). And LCD is used to display the notifications. In this module EasyVR, is used two calls, Trigger and Password. Trigger is used to trigger the system with which the voice input is given to call Password. The Password is called again with voice input. The voice data is sent from module EasyVR to Arduino and is processed to executed the circuit of prototype starter digital motor vehicle.
Based on the test result obtained from that voice commands can be used as input to the motor starter switch prototypes. Input the command given can also be changed on the trigger and a password for extra security as not to stagnant for the voice input but can to be variated the word for input voice commands.


Analysis method for modal frequency of stay cable-damper system considering cable sag is put forward in order to reduce even eliminate the influence of additional damper on the measure precision of cable when frequency method is used. Several factors on modal frequency of cable are studied, including relative height of damper location, damp coefficient, the calculation length of cable, and so on. The method is studied to eliminate the influence of additional dampers on the measure precision of cable. The work shows that there is great influence of additional dampers on modal frequency of cable. With the increase of relative height and damp coefficient, the effect of dampers on modal frequency of cable also increases greatly. When damp coefficient increases to some degree, modal frequency of cable is close to that when damp coefficient is infinite. The proportion factor of equivalent length, λ, is introduced. For long cable, the calculation length can be simplified simply. While for medium or short cable, the value of λ should be determined appropriately by the length of cable and damp coefficient of dampers. This method is validated reasonably by three representative cables in practical.


The objectives of this study were (i) to provide further evidence of a positive correlation of stand density with early growth of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii); (ii) to determine when after planting the positive growth response occurs and how long it lasts; and ( iii) to use stable isotopes of carbon to test whether the mechanism(s) responsible for the positive growth response to density are related to variables affecting photosynthesis, such as nutrient or moisture availability. We measured annual height (h) and diameter (d) growth (retro- spectively) of 8- and 12-year-old trees in initial planting densities of 300, 1360, and 2960 trees/ha. Both height and di - ameter growth increased with density through the fifth year after planting and decreased with density by year 7. Diameter squared ◊ height (d 2 h) was used as a volume index to assess increase in tree volume. Second-year increase in d 2 h for the high-density treatments was 300% of that in the low-density treatments. The δ 13 C values of wood cellulose from annual rings of the second and third years after planting were not significantly different among densities, suggest - ing either (i) no significant differences in the effects of water availability, nutrient availability, or source air on photo -


as antistatic coatings, touch display panels, solar cells, flat panel displays, and optical coatings. We have studied the electrical and optical properties of InSnZnO thin films. The InSnZnO thin films were deposited on glass substrates by using the RF magnetron sputtering method and a target composition of In:Zn:Sn = 20:48:32. The thin films were post-annealed at 350 C for 1 hour in air. The resistivity, carrier concentration, and mobility of the InSnZnO thin films were measured by using the van der pauw method and Hall measurements. The optical properties of the InSnZnO thin films were investigated by using an UV spectrometer. After post-annealing at 350 C, the resistivity of the InSnZnO thin films was decreased, but the carrier concentration was increased, which showed that the annealing had play a crucial role in increasing the carrier concentration. The average optical transmittance of the InSnZnO thin films was greater than 80% in the visible light region. These results show that InSnZnO thin films may be useful for transparent thin-film semiconductors.


This paper describes the setup and the use of a flow cytometric method for monitoring Sf9 insect cell infection by a recombinant baculovirus expressing the human α1,3/4 fucosyltransferase Fuc‐TIII. Using side scattered light coupled to green fluorescence detection after immunolabeling of the recombinant protein, this method made it possible to monitor baculovirus infection of Sf9 cells grown in batch cultures and infected at different cell densities and multiplicities of infection. The method was able to precisely assess the extent of infection of the insect cells from 60 h postinfection. In asynchronously infected Sf9 cell cultures, the two‐step infection process (primary and secondary infection) was well‐characterized using this technique. Finally, a reduced sensitivity to baculovirus infection was observed for cells infected at the end of the growth phase compared to the cells infected during exponential growth phase.


This article starts from the freudian comprehension about fe- male psychic constitution and hysteria as psychological destiny, for this, the article focuses on Madame Bovary, character extracted from Gustave Flaubert's novel published in France in 1856, the same year that Freud was born. Considered the founder and principal exponent of the literary school of realism, Flaubert created Madame Bovary, a female character with a series of conflicts that portray the European bourgeois customs of the second half of the nineteenth century, as well as make clear the place reserved for women in this cultural context. The little woman - as Flau- bert will call the central character during the preparation of the novel - is an important representative of the feminine desire for transforma- tion, but it is possible to realize thesedesires are excessive, which places Madame Bovary in the field of psychopathology affectation. The realism with which Madame Bovary is presented made it widely discussed over


THE REGULATION of air pollution has followed a perplexing path. Theorists have long urged the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to adopt principles that would lead to the most efficient ways of achieving cleaner air. The regulators, however, have insisted upon a seemingly more straightforward scheme: if the goal is to improve air quality by, say, 10 percent, the obvious thing to do is to require the use of pollution controls that reduce emissions at each and every source by 10 percent. This approach has formed the basis for national air quality policy for almost a decade. Thus, in accordance with the mandate of the Clean Air Act of 1970, EPA established national standards for six pollutants and required the states to impose so-called technology-based standards to be met uniformly at every smokestack or other emission source, no matter how many of these sources a given facility had. Finally, EPA came to recognize the inefficiency of the source-standards approach. In December 1979, one year after endorsing an experimental "bubble" policy (see "Blowing Bubbles at EPA," Regulation, March/April


ABSTRACT Salt lakes are significant landscape features in Australia. The three studied lakes, in particular, are recognized as being of national (Gnotuk) and international significance (Keilambete, Bullenmerri) for their ecological, social, and scientific values. The lake levels have been declining since the mid-1800s, the likely cause being a natural climate-driven decrease in precipitation and increase in evaporation. With the prospect of human-induced climate change further altering regional climate, this article presents a framework and results for assessing the impacts and risks of climate change on lake levels and salinity. A lake water balance model was applied with the inputs of climate observations and modeled future climate variables. The latter are generated from 14 general circulation model simulations used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. The resulting scenarios represent the range of likely outcomes of regional climate under enhanced greenhouse conditions to year 2100. Models project that all lake levels are likely to continue to decline, with the declines for Bullenmerri expected to exceed those of the other two lakes. The salinity in the lakes is likely to increase, with the rate of increase likely to become more rapid over time. Some implications of these findings are discussed.


To evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) in diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis in rabbits.


Recently, several novel therapeutic drugs (NTDs) were found to have therapeutic potential in treating chronic heart failure (CHF). This network meta-analysis aimed to compare and rank different NTDs in patients with CHF. We searched Medline/PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library of Clinical Trials database through February 9, 2021, for RCTs comparing the NTDs with standard of care (SOC) in adult patients with CHF. Trials of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, ivabradine, non-steroidal mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), soluble guanylate cyclase (SGC) stimulators and cardiac myosin activators (CMA) were included. We performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis to indirectly compare the mortality, HF hospitalization and adverse events of the NTDs. Thirty-three studies enrolling 63614 patients were included in this analysis. The results showed none of the NTDs was associated with a significant superiority in reducing all-cause mortality, composite outcome of cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization and HF hospitalization alone. For cardiovascular mortality alone, ARNI was superior to ivabradine and CMA, while SGLT2 inhibitors were superior to CMA. For adverse events, SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of serious adverse events than ivabradine and CMA. ARNI and SGLT2 inhibitors were recommended as better choices in reducing CV mortality, while SGLT2 inhibitors performed better regarding serious adverse event.


"With regards to storing thermal energy, latent heat storage are the matter of growing attention over the past years due to their straightforward design, affordable production and maintenance costs, as well as universal applicability. The phase-change materials (PCM) are well-known for their widespread use in aforementioned systems primarily because of their high thermal storage density. Many studies concerning analysing and optimising the design of latent heat storage systems (LHHS) have been carried out in the last years. In relatively recent researches, different research teams have investigated different types of LHHS, using mathematical models of different levels of complexity. The wide variety of different approaches to the mathematical modeling (including different methods, algorithms and applications from different field of pure and applied research) sometimes make it challenging to choose and implement a proper system of equations and criteria without excessive complicacies. This very paper describes and elaborates on the system of equations that can and will be applied to the mathematical modeling of charging/recharging process in PCM-based LHHS for commercial vehicles. After a brief review of previous models, author presents the model and asses its accuracy and possibilities for further development and exploration. "


Abstract Forest drainage networks are open ditches excavated for lowering the groundwater level in wetland areas to improve growing conditions for the trees. This procedure creates longer discharge surfaces for input to groundwater and shorter pathways for groundwater and overland flow to the channel system, which in turn, changes the basic runoff processes in the catchment. The hydrological effects of forest drainage have been the subject of studies for many years but the conclusions reached are conflicting because of the diversity of conditions as well as the constraints of data availability and the limited accuracy of the methods applied. This study applied three techniques (the control basin method, as well as conceptual and distributed models) for examining whether or not forest drainage increased peak flows. Small basins were investigated, and estimated parameters were transferred to a larger basin. This paper briefly presents the case study areas, the research concept and the methods applied. The c...


This paper is devoted to the existence of at least one positive periodic solution for generalized Basener-Ross model with time-dependent coefficients. Our proof is based on Manasevich-Mawhin continuation theorem, Leray-Schauder alternative principle, fixed point theorem in cones. Moreover, we obtain that there are at least two positive periodic solutions for this model.


A description of phonon dynamics and charge response of the $n$-doped high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) NdCuO is presented based upon a microscopic modeling of the electronic density response. This is accomplished starting from the insulating state via the underdoped strange metallic to the more conventional metallic state by consecutive orbital selective incompressibility-compressibility transitions in terms of strict sum rules for the charge response. The approach proposed in this work for the $n$-doped HTSC's modifies the modeling recently applied to the $p$-doped compounds and expresses an electron-hole asymmetry introduced by doping. A qualitative physical picture consistent with our modeling of the electronic state in the cuprates is given in which a sufficiently broad set of orbital degrees of freedom, i.e. Cu3d/$4s$ and O$2p$ is essential. Within the framework of linear response theory we calculate full phonon dispersion curves in the different phases. In particular, the strongly doping dependent anomalous high-frequency oxygen bond-stretching modes (OBSM) found experimentally in the $p$-doped HTSC's and also recently for $n$-doped Nd$_{1.85}$Ce$_{0.15}$CuO$_{4}$ are investigated and compared with experimental results from inelastic neutron scattering and inelastic x-ray scattering, respectively. We calculate an anticrossing scenario for the OBSM in $n$-doped NdCuO which is absent in the case of $p$-doped LaCuO and relate it to the different crystal structure. Phonon-induced electronic charge redistributions of the anomalous OBSM due to nonlocal electron-phonon interaction effects of charge-fluctuation type giving reason to dynamic stripes are also studied.


This document summarizes recent work performed by the Waste Dislodging and Conveyance technology development program to provide assistance with the retrieval of wastes from the Hanford single-shell tanks (SSTs). This work is sponsored by the Underground Storage Tank-Integrated Demonstration (UST-ID) Office with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Technology Development. A baseline technology of high-pressure water-jet dislodging and pneumatic conveyance integrated as a scarifier is proposed as a means of retrieval. The tests and studies described were performed to demonstrate that at least one robust technology exists that could be effectively used with low water-addition arm-based systems. These results are preliminary and do not represent an optimized baseline. The Waste Dislodging and Conveyance work thus far has demonstrated that waterjet mobilization and air conveyance can mobilize and convey SST waste simulants at the target rates while operating within the space envelope and the dynamic loading constraints of deployment devices. The recommended technologies are well proven in industrial applications and are quite robust, yet lightweight and relatively benign to the retrieval environment. The baseline approach has versatility to continuously dislodge and convey a broad range of waste forms, from hard wastes to soft sludge wastes. The approach also hasmore » the major advantage of being noncontact with the waste surface under normal operation.« less


Domesticating Zika virus Why hasn't Zika virus (ZIKV) disease caused as much devastation in Africa, its continent of origin, as it has in the Americas? Outside of Africa, this flavivirus is transmitted by a ubiquitous mosquito subspecies, Aedes aegypti aegypti, which emerged from the African forerunner subspecies A. aegypti formosus and acquired a preference for human blood and a peridomestic lifestyle. Now, this subspecies colonizes many intertropical cities, aided by climate change and human trash. Aubry et al. tested 14 laboratory mosquito colonies for their relative susceptibility to ZIKV. Quantitative trait locus mapping showed differences on chromosome 2 between mosquitoes from Gabon and Guadeloupe. Mouse infection experiments revealed that African mosquitoes transmitted a smaller virus inoculum than the South American insects. Increased susceptibility coupled with the ability of A. aegypti aegypti to breed in any discarded object containing water has amplified the problematic nature of this virus as it has circumnavigated the world. Science, this issue p. 991 "Domestication" of mosquitoes was accompanied by an increase in their innate ability to acquire and transmit Zika virus. The drivers and patterns of zoonotic virus emergence in the human population are poorly understood. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major arbovirus vector native to Africa that invaded most of the world's tropical belt over the past four centuries, after the evolution of a "domestic" form that specialized in biting humans and breeding in water storage containers. Here, we show that human specialization and subsequent spread of A. aegypti out of Africa were accompanied by an increase in its intrinsic ability to acquire and transmit the emerging human pathogen Zika virus. Thus, the recent evolution and global expansion of A. aegypti promoted arbovirus emergence not solely through increased vector–host contact but also as a result of enhanced vector susceptibility.


Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common mesenchymal tumors of gastrointestinal tract which comprise <1% of all primary gastrointestinal malignancies. These tumors show mutations in the KIT gene or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-A gene and usually stains positively for CD117. Very few cases of extragastrointestinal GIST (EGIST) have been reported in literature which originate from omentum and mesentery as per our knowledge. Here, we report a case of EGIST arising from omentum with no connection to gastrointestinal tract organs in a 60-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain for 2–3 months. Intraoperative findings showed the presence of multiple globular masses and nodules in the peritoneal cavity. Microscopically, the spindled tumor cells were arranged in interlacing fashion. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for CD117 and negativity for smooth muscle actin (SMA). Thus, EGIST should always be considered as a differential diagnosis for nodular mesenteric masses.


J.A. Mangan and Colm Hickey, in articles in 1999 and 2008, argued that the motivation of teachers promoting elementary-school football in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was mainly athleticism. In 2000, 2005 and 2009, I expressed my reservations about their claims. Most recently, articles by Gerry P.T. Finn in Soccer & Society in 2010 and by Hickey and Finn separately in the International Journal of the History of Sport in 2011 have argued against my reservations and offered what they consider further evidence for athleticism in elementary-school football. In response, the present article examines the evidence for the claims of athleticism in elementary-school football and concludes that it was only through failing to engage with the vast majority of sources of this kind of football, in particular the records of Schoolboy Football Associations and the sporting and local press, that the claims of Mangan, Hickey and Finn for the extent of the influence of athleticism in elementary-school football could be sustained.


Renowned Yemeni poet and freedom fighter Muhammad Mahmood Al-Zubairi, also known as the father of freemen, born in Sanna in 1910 in a middle class family. He was one of  the Yemeni iconic revolutionaries who opposed the Imamate. He took part in the revolution in 1962, bringing about Yemen's transition from a monarchy to a republic. He was one of the founders of the movement of liberals and the leader of opposition against the Imam's rule. This led to his persecution and he suffered destitution and exile outside his country, settling finally in Pakistan where he had opportunity to translate the poetry of Pakistan's national poet, Muhammad Iqbal into Arabic.Finally, in 1962, when the revolution against the Imam erupted in Yemen, he went back to his country and became the minister of education. He fallen victim to the royalist forces in 1965 and has been regarded since as one of the Yemen's most acclaimed martyrs. Al- zubairi published several collection of poetry.in 1978, a volume of his collected poems was published entitled Diwan al-zubairi. His work  reflects a real originality of themes, ideas and method of treatment. This article discusses the literary work  of Abu Ahrar Muhammad Mahmood Al-Zubairi.


We demonstrate the effect of femtosecond laser structuring of titanium substrates to increase the absorption, photoconversion, and overall photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC) performance compared to pristine metal substrates, independent of any additional top coat layers. The influence of ultra short laser pulse patterning on PEC efficiency is investigated toward spectroscopic (UV‐Vis), microscopic (SEM), crystallographic (XRD), and compositional (XPS) properties. The beneficial effect of a periodically patterned substrate is attributed to enhanced specific surface area and improved in‐plane light trapping when compared to flat surfaces. Photoanodes for water splitting experiments fabricated by titanium and iron oxide films on laser pre‐patterned Ti substrates are also found to show enhanced PEC efficiency (0.057 mA cm−2) when compared to unpatterened substrates (0.028 mA cm−2). The lower absolute PEC efficiencies are due to extreme thin films.


Cothordoluminescence (CL) detection system was built up for a transmission electron microscope with scanning units, which enable us to take high-resolution CL images of crystal defects together with crystallographic information. Luminescence or non-luminescence centers localized at dislocations in III-V compound semiconductors, diamond and magnesium oxide were observed using this system. Their natures were studied through the analyses of the TEM and monochromatic CL images and spectral information of the CL light.


Objective To investigate the relationship between serum uric acid level and retinal atherosclerosis.Methods During the physical examination,295 cases were selected and divided into two groups: normal serum uric acid(n=150) and hyperuricemia(n=145).The oculal fundus were examined in all subjects undergoing carotid Doppler ultrasonography to measure the intimamedia thickness(IMT) of carotid artery and the extent of plaque formation.Results The incidence of retinal atherosclerosis in hyperuricemia group was higher than that of normal serum uric acid group(P0.05).The level of serum uric acid had positive correlation with retinal atherosclerosis(r=0.893,P0.05).Conclusion Retinal atherosclerosis result from hyperuricemia is highly correlated with macrovascula atherosclerosis.Retinal atherosclerosis may predict the incidence and the degree of coronary atherosclerosis.Ocular fundus examing has important value for monitoring the changes of hyperuricemia patients' clinical conditions.


A number of studies suggest that dietary in- take of onions is of benefit to cardiovascular health. Onion juice inhibits in vitro human platelet aggregation. To study the in vivo effect of onion on platelet aggregation, 11 dogs were prepared with mechanically damaged and stenosed coronary arteries. Periodic platelet-mediated thrombus for- mation followed by embolization produced cyclic flow re- ductions (CFR). In five dogs, 0.09 6 0.01 mL/kg onion juice administered intravenously abolished CFR within 20 min. This was followed by a 60 6 14% (P 5 0.002) reduction in collagen-induced ex vivo whole-blood platelet aggregation. Six dogs were given 2.0 g/kg raw onion homogenate intra- gastrically. CFR were eliminated within 2.5-3 h in five of the dogs. This was accompanied by a 44 6 24% (P 5 0.04) reduction in ex vivo aggregation. These findings suggest that the consumption of raw onion may help prevent plate- let-mediated cardiovascular disorders. However, in vitro incubations of onion juice demonstrated that the platelet inhibitory response was significantly greater in dog blood than in human blood. J. Nutr. 131: 2619 -2622, 2001.


Authors of obfuscated malicious code generally use the code obfuscation counter technology to improve the difficulty of being reversely analyzed for programming and hide critical code, data and program logic. The detection for malicious code of code obfuscation has become one of the popular topics being researched both domestically and abroad. In this study, a method for detecting the obfuscated malicious code with behavior connection is proposed. In this method, malicious acts are described based on the extended control flow graph to improve the descriptive power of self-modifying and obfuscated code. Furthermore, interference from malicious code brought by shell adding and obfuscation is eliminated by combining the method of stain diffusion and symbolic execution. Then malicious codes are extracted and detected based on behavior connection feature. As a result, accuracy of detecting the obfuscated malicious code is enhanced.


Diffusion washing for unbleached kraft pulps from eucalypt wood (Eucalyptus globulus, E.grandis and E.regnans) was studied. Lignin removal during washing was characterized by UV absorbance measurement at wavelength 205 nm. The pulps were washed from an initial Kappa No. in the range 13.0/6.2. The diffusion washing was highly temperature dependent. UV absorption and COD measurements of the wash filtrate were strongly correlated. The linear relationship between these two parameters indicated that washable lignin was the main contribution to the COD of the wash liquor Correlations between UV absorption and conductivity were not linear but depended highly on temperature and fibre type. Washing curves (UV absorbance versus time) are different for each type of pulp but the normalized washing curves showed similar trends in the washing of E.globulus and E.grandis. The rate of washing of E.regnans was slower.


Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) play a significant role in improving road traffic safety and efficiency. Primary use cases rely on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. In C-ITS, the safety of vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians, mo-torists and other users with reduced mobility is being increasingly considered. A warning system, where VRUs actively send and receive messages instead of being passively monitored as road traffic objects, can play an important role in detecting risky situations and allowing the warning of vehicle drivers. However, in a dense urban traffic scenario with closely moving vehicles and pedestrians, the communication network can face severe resource constraints. Considering Cellular-V2X communication systems, the user equipments (UEs) may have to use the unmanaged mode of the sidelink interface. This paper analyzes the limitations of the existing radio resource allocation mechanisms and proposes adaptive strategies to ensure fairness in the distribution of radio resources between vehicles and VRUs. In addition, this work addresses the question about the situations in which VRU safety, being subject to a resource-constrained Cellular-V2X network, can be ensured.


User expectations for dependable distributed computing follow a growing trend. Atomic broadcast is at the core of problems such as reliable commit, atomic transactions, and group membership that must be tackled in distributed systems in the presence of various types of failures. However, for many applications, the usual specification of fault-tolerant atomic broadcast is inadequate, as it does not define the behaviour of faulty processors. The purpose of this work is to present the reason why previously published algorithms fail to achieve the properties sought (e.g. atomicity, total order). Hence, eight of the most significant atomic broadcast protocols are analyzed according to five properties which appear to be necessary in a reliable distributed system.<<ETX>>


In the past, many studies were developed to discover useful knowledge from rich data for decision-making in wide applications in Internet of Things and Web of Things, such as smart manufacturing. Utility-driven pattern mining (UPM) technology is famous in knowledge discovering domain. However, one of the biggest issues of UPM is the setting of a suitable minimum utility threshold (minUtil). The higher minUtil is, the fewer interesting patterns are obtained. Conversely, the lower minUtil is, the more useless patterns are discovered. In this paper, we propose a solution for discovering top-k profitable patterns with average-utility measure, which can be applied to manufacturing. The average-utility of a pattern, w.r.t its corresponding length, can be used to fairly measure the pattern. The proposed new upper-bounds on average-utility are tighter than previous upper-bounds. Moreover, based on these upper-bounds, the novel PPT algorithm utilizes merging and projection techniques to greatly reduce the search space. By adopting several threshold raising strategies, the PPT algorithm can discover correct top-k patterns in a short time. We also implemented the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm on real and synthetic datasets. The experimental results reveal that the algorithm not only get a complete set of top-k interesting patterns, but also works better than the state-of-the-art algorithm in terms of runtime, memory consumption and scalability. Especially, the proposed algorithm performs very well on dense datasets.


(Argentina) for valuable comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimer applies. Pedro Moncarz is grateful to The Leverhulme Trust for financial support under Programme Grant F114/BF. Financial support from the EULALIA Red under the ALFA II Programme of the European Union (contract N° AML/B7-311-97/0666/II-0058-FA) is also acknowledged. Abstract The effects of the liberalization of international trade are analyzed in a New Economic Geography model of a country with an asymmetric distribution of housing between regions. Labour is mobile between regions but not between countries. Trade liberalization tends to reduce inequalities in the distribution of population between the two regions, although population is always more unequally distributed than housing. Results are similar when there is a bias in preferences towards home-produced varieties of manufactures. If consumers care relatively little about housing and transport costs are high enough, an agglomerated equilibrium becomes stable.


This paper presents the design and dynamic modelling of a hybrid power system for a house in Nigeria. Thermal modelling of the house under consideration is carried out using BEopt software to accurately study the heat loss through the walls, windows, doors, and roof of the house. The analysis of this thermal model is used to determine hourly load data. Design of an optimum hybrid power system for the house is done with HOMER Pro software. The hybrid power system is made up of a diesel generator and a stand-alone PV system. The proposed PV system consists of PV arrays, DC–DC boost converter, MPPT controller, single-phase full-bridge inverter, inverter voltage mode controller (PI controller), and single-phase step-up transformer. Dynamic simulation of the proposed PV system component of the hybrid power system is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment to study the power quality, harmonics, load impact, voltage transients, etc. of the system, and the simulation results are presented in the paper.


BACKGROUND
Dry eye disease (DED) is common; its prevalence around the world varies from 5% to 34%. Its putative pathogenetic mechanisms include hyperosmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface and lacrimal gland. Dry eye is clinically subdivided into two subtypes: one with decreased tear secretion (aqueous-deficient DED), and one with increased tear evaporation (hyperevaporative DED).

METHODS
This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective PubMed search and on the authors' own clinical and scientific experience.

RESULTS
The diagnostic evaluation of dry eye disease should include a detailed patient history, thorough split-lamp examination, and additional tests as indicated. Few randomized controlled therapeutic trials for dry eye have been published to date. Artificial tears of various kinds are recommended if the symptoms are mild. Lid hygiene is helpful in the treatment of hyperevaporative dry eye, while collagen or silicon plugs can be used for partial occlusion of the efferent lacrimal ducts to treat severe hyposecretory dry eye. The benefit of long-term topical anti-inflammatory treatment of moderate or severe dry eye disease with corticosteroids or cyclosporine A eye drops has been documented in clinical trials on a high evidence level. Orally administered tetraycycline derivatives and omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids are also used.

CONCLUSION
The treatment of dry eye has evolved from tear substitution alone to a rationally based therapeutic algorithm. Current research focuses on pathophysiology, new diagnostic techniques, and novel therapies including secretagogues, topical androgens, and new anti- inflammatory drugs.


War crimes and genocide are as old as history itself. So are regulations and laws that protect individuals during time of war, whether they be combatants or civilians. The Chinese philosopher Sun Tzu wrote in the fifth century BCE that it was important to treat "captured soldiers well in order to nurture them [for our use]. This is referred to as 'conquering the enemy and growing stronger.'" Yet several centuries later, Qin Shi Huangdi, China's first emperor, committed horrible atrocities during his military campaigns to unite China. Eric Yong-Joon Lee adds that it should be remembered that the Qin emperor also created that country's "first managed international legal order." But, according to Robert Cryer, it was the West, not Asia, that created the world's first "international criminal law regime." This "regime," R. P. Anand argues, was, in many ways, a form of "Victor's Justice" or "ruler's law," since it was forced on Asia and Africa by the West in the nineteenth century.


After the water flood development of low permeability reservoir,water cut increased sharply,production decreased rapidly and caused low recovery because of the natural fracture.For the purpose of further improving oil recovery,reducing water cut and stabilizing oil production rate,a laboratory experiment of water alternating gas immiscible displacement is carried out.The influence of recovery on injection module,gas liquid ratio and temperature is analyzed.The results show that the injection of nitrogen flooding,water alternating nitrogen has a better effect.The improvement of recovery ratio is obvious with the gas liquid ratio increasing when the gas liquid ratio ranges from 1:1 to 3:1.The temperature is inconspicuous to the sweep efficiency of water alternating gas immiscible displacement. Therefore it is advisable to implement water alternating gas immiscible displacement in fractured low permeability reservoir and is value to extend and apply.


Background and Aims: The P300 event‐related potentials (P3ERP) have been recently advocated for detection of cognitive disturbances in early encephalopathy. However, no systematic follow‐up study has been conducted to understand the clinical significance of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) detected by this or other methods. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the diagnostic usefulness of auditory P3ERP in the detection of SHE, to compare it with that of the number connection test (NCT), and to investigate the clinical outcome of patients with SHE in terms of progression to overt encephalopathy.


The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in 2109 females inhabiting five cities of Colombia was determined. Of the 49.2% with an HPV infection, 59.8% were infected with more than one viral type. Species 7 (of the the genus Alphapapillomavirus) was associated with multiple infections. Analysis of the socio-demographic data revealed a statistically significant protective effect associated with the status of civil union (civil recognition of cohabitation without marriage), and indigenous ethnicity proved to be a risk factor for HPV infection. This is the first study comparing HPV infection among women from geographical regions of Colombia with different socio-cultural structures.


The tourism model adopted by the Agadez region in Niger, which is built around a series of pioneering and sometimes unique products, has had a rough ride for two decades and today is in crisis.The region has reached an impasse as a result of a situation of generalized insecurity in the Sahel-Saharan sub-region and in northern Niger in particular. This chronic insecurity, resulting from several political crises (two rebellions in Niger, crises in Libya and Mali, the Boko Haram movement in northern Nigeria) since the 1990s, has revealed the extreme weakness of a tourism model in an area whose geopolitical situation, once considered an asset, has become a major constraint on the flowering of an activity that contributes both to the livelihood of a whole region and the cultural development of an entire people. This insecurity has obliged different local stakeholders to develop adaptation strategies ranging from the exercise of multiple activities to a sort of conversion from tourism towards other sectors of activity. The change in the economic situation has different consequences depending on the stakeholders and their level of dependence on tourism.


During the past decades, computer visualizations have been frequently used in urban e-Planning and research. The question arises of whether the degree of experience with the computer during leisure time can have an influence on the assessment of computer-visualized outdoor environment scenarios using visualizations comparable to computer games. We used a computer-animated choice model to investigate the influence of computer game experience on respondents' preferences for an urban recreational trail. Static and animated representations of use scenarios were produced with 3-D computer animation techniques. Three social factors were investigated: number of trail users, user composition, and direction of movement: The scenarios were presented to respondents (N = 149), segmented into groups with different computer game experience. The results indicate that the individual experience with computer gaming and the presentation mode influences the evaluation of trail scenarios. Animated trail scenarios seem to be more useful than static ones.


Water Resources Research was established as a multidisciplinary journal largely to satisfy needs perceived by a committee headed by the late Walter Langbein in 1962. The papers in volume 1, number 1, set the tone and high standard of scholarship for all subsequent issues; we are all in debt to the founding co-editors, Allen Kneese and Walter Langbein, for their leadership and vision. Most research workers consider this journal to be a highly desirable forum to share their ideas and findings with colleagues. What has served the community well for twenty-five years may or may not be the most appropriate medium as we enter the era of multimedia and multisensorial display of the information from which we distill our knowledge.


Practical guide to all aspects of pottery making for beginners and the more experienced potter. 1,000 plus easy to follow instructional diagrams.


Content based image retrieval, in the last few years has received a wide attention. Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) basically is a technique to perform retrieval of images from a large database which are similar to image given as query. CBIR is closer to human semantics, in the context of image retrieval process. In a typical CBIR system, image low level features like color, texture, shape and spatial locations are represented in the form of a multidimensional feature vector. The feature vectors of images in the database form a feature database. The retrieval process is initiated when a user query the system using an example image or sketch of the object. The query image is converted into the internal representation of feature vector using the same feature extraction routine that was used for building the feature database. The proposed framework initially selects pertinent images from a large databases using color moment information. Color information can be extracted from the image by both global and local techniques. consequently local binary pattern(LBP) and edges detection methods are used to extract the texture and edge features respectively from the query and resultant images of initial stage of this framework .The texture information is often estimated locally from the gray-level representation of an image and ELM for machine learning classifier is designed for unfussiness and speed.


Acidic drainage is the largest single environmental problem facing the world's metal mining industry today. Technologies to prevent, or substantially reduce, acidic drainage from occurring in waste rock piles and tailings sites, and on the walls of open pits and exposed mine workings, need to be improved and demonstrated. These new technologies will substantially reduce the long term care and maintenance needs at operating and at closed mine waste sites. The Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) program continues to develop knowledge and technology that will reduce the concerns and the actual environmental problems caused by acid mine drainage. However, it is not probable that a 100 % solution to the problem will be found, but rather a substantial reduction will be achieved in the negative impact on the environment and on economic activity by the mining industry. Research and development on acid mine drainage sponsored by MEND has produced some important and successful technology improvements including: Improved predictive techniques for tailings and waste rock; Design procedures and innovative dry covers for tailings (e.g. fine tailings for covers) and waste rock; Confirmation of water covers and subaqueous disposal as the best technique to prevent acidic drainage; New, and potentially more economical waste disposal technologies (e.g. sulphide separation); The mineral processor is playing an important role in the prevention of acid generation from sulphide‐containing mine wastes. In addition to sulphide separation, the addition of alkalinity, and the engineering of tailings characteristics on discharge are playing important roles in the design of waste management areas that produce little acidity. For example, the use of fine, moisture‐containing tailings holds considerable promise in the production of affordable dry covers. Gravity techniques, such as cycloning or sedimentation sizing, long used to prepare backfill are important techniques that can produce the fine fractions needed for a "dry" cover. Water covers is the most technique for disposal of acid‐generating wastes. In order to get a complete water cover, the mill operator must match tailings densities with that required by the underwater disposal system. *Manager, MEND Secretariat, CANMET ** Coordinator, Prevention and Control, MEND Secretariat, CANMET


Abstract This study analyzed empirically difference of purchase intention about price raising of luxury brand according to consumer characteristics such as consumption value, prior knowledge. and perceived risk. Fist, groups according to consumption value showed obvious differences. Group of pursuing uniqueness and ostentation value and group of pursuing quality and pleasure value showed positive purchase intention but group of pursuing social recognition value showed negative purchase intention. Second, groups according to perceived risk. didn't show difference and groups according to prior knowledge showed obvious difference. group of high prior knowledge showed positive purchase intention but group of low prior knowledge showed negative purchase intention. Third, analyzed result about interaction effect of consumer characteristics, Classified group of pursuing uniqueness and ostentation value, expressing high prior knowledge and Classified group of pursuing quality and pleasure value, expressing high perceived risk only showed positive purchase intention, The results of this study present implication to domestic companies aiming luxury brand that performing differently strategy of product and price according to target characteristics is more effective way in differentiating oneself from existing luxury brands and expanding market.


Although Goodyear has been publicising tyre inflation pressure for the last two decades, one of its managers states that under-inflation is still the biggest problem for vehicle fleets and the biggest single cause of premature tyre failure. Tyre maintenance costs are typically 20% of a fleet's budget. Judging by recent evidence from two recent surveys conducted by Goodyear, many lorry drivers are insufficiently aware of the need for adequate tyre inflation. In one of them, 85% of the rubber in 2000 roadside pieces of tyre tread that were examined had an inflation-related failure, and 50% of damaged pieces were from new tyres. In the other, Goodyear checked the pressure in 1300 semi-trailer tyres, and found the best tyre pressures at the lorry front and the worst at the back. The most cost-effective way to increase tyre life could be to display a large sticker inside every lorry cab, to remind drivers to check their tyre pressures every day. Ability to calculate the true cost of ignoring tyres could help to change the negligent attitude of many hauliers. Goodyear has developed its "Tools to manage your fleet" CD-ROM to assist fleet tyre management; this Windows-based software includes the Tyre Vehicle Tracking System (TVTrack) package, which analyses individual tyre performance in terms of wear, inflation pressure, tyre damage, tread depths, wheel conditions and valve caps.