Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil and gasoline. Incomplete combustion of organic material results in emission of PAHs (ATSDR, 1996). These molecules consist of two or more aromatic rings fused in linear, angular or cluster arrangements (Fig. 1) and by definition are composed of hydrogen and carbon. PAHs containing up to six fused aromatic rings are often known as "small" PAHs while those containing more than six aromatic rings are called "large" PAHs. As pure chemicals, these compounds are colorless, white or pale yellow solids. Their physicochemical properties, vapor pressure and solubility vary according to their molecular weight. PAHs possess a highly characteristic UV absorbance spectra although some may be fluorescent (Fetzer & Biggs, 1994). PAHs are ubiquitous and persistent as a consequence of natural (forest fires and volcanic eruptions) and human activities (Jongeneelen, 2001). PAHs may distribute in water, soil and the atmosphere according to different weather and geographical factors. Although industrial activity such as coke manufacturing or asphalt production are major contributors to PAH emissions, incineration, power generation and several mobile sources also emit a considerable amount of PAHs. Significant sources of PAHs in surface waters include deposition of airborne PAHs, municipal wastewater discharge, urban storm-water runoff, and industrial waste. Food groups that tend to have the highest levels of PAHs include charcoal broiled or smoked meats, leafy vegetables, grains, and vegetable fats and oils (Yu, 2005). Therefore, workers of these industries and the general population are continually exposed to different concentrations of PAH mixtures. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has grouped 17 PAHs according to their health effects (ATSDR, 1996). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated 28 PAH compounds as priority pollutants (EPA, 2009) (Table 1). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified some these compounds as carcinogenic (group 1) or likely carcinogenic (group 2A) to humans, for example benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, respectively (IARC, 2010). Finally, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has created a classification of PAHs according to their symbols, molecular formulas, class and notation among other properties (NIST, 2010). The most common mechanism of carcinogenesis induced by PAHs is DNA damage through the formation of adducts. Alternatively, in the presence of reactive oxidative species, DNA


Trajectories of water droplets about an ellipsoid of revolution with a fineness ratio of 5 (which often approximates the shape of an aircraft fuselage or missile) were computed with the aid of a differential analyzer. Analyses of these trajectories indicate that the local concentration of liquid water at various points about an ellipsoid in flight through a droplet field varies considerably and under some conditions may be several times the free-stream concentration. Curves of the local concentration factor as a function of spatial position were obtained and are presented in terms of dimensionless parameters Re(sub 0) (free-stream Reynolds number) and K (inertia), which contain flight and atmospheric conditions. These curves show that the local concentration factor at any point is very sensitive to change in the dimensionless parameters Re(sub 0) and K. These data indicate that the expected local concentration factors should be considered when choosing the location of, or when determining antiicing heat requirements for, water- or ice-sensitive devices that protrude into the stream from an aircraft fuselage or missile. Similarly, the concentration factor should be considered when choosing the location on an aircraft of instruments that measure liquid-water content or droplet-size distribution in the atmosphere.


1. Essentials 1.1 Lorentz field 1.2 Clausius-Mossotti 1.3 Maxwell-Garnett 1.4 Bruggeman 1.5 Green's functions formulation 1.6 Summary and equivalence 2. Rigorous results 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Variational bounds 2.3 The concentric shell model 2.4 Spectral representation 2.5 Exactly soluble models 2.6 Reciprocity theorems 3. Dynamical theory 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Review 3.3 Macroscopic electrodynamics 3.4 Quasi-static regime 3.5 Displacement current and wave scattering 3.6 Mie scattering 3.7 Dynamical effective medium theory 3.8 Open problems 4. Limitations and beyond 4.1 Introductory remarks 4.2 Higher order terms 4.3 Percolation and criticality 4.4 Mie resonances 4.5 Multiple scattering 4.6 Competing interactions 4.7 Two body effective medium 4.8 Non-equilibrium 5. Related theories 5.1 Comments 5.2 Coherent potential approximation 5.3 Feynman diagrams 5.4 Localization of light 5.5 Classical theory of liquids 5.6 Density functional theories 5.7 Hubbard model, CPA and DFT 5.8 Summary 6. EMT applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Electric and magnetic properties 6.3 Optical properties 6.4 Granular high Tc superconductors 6.5 Hydrodynamics of suspensions 6.6 Mechanical properties 6.7 Nonlinear composites 6.8 Conclusions Appendices A.1 Stationery properties of UP and UR A.2 Evaluation of the last term in equation (2.18)


Modulation of polarization is commonly employed in optical interferometry through the use of polarizers and quarter-wave retarders. Phase shifts between interfering beams can be easily controlled with such techniques. This communication describes some details of modulation of polarization which are useful in phase shifting interferometry applied to the study of phase objects. As an application, the case of a two-beam phase grating interferometer is discussed on the grounds of polarization analysis as an example. The configuration presented does not require micro-polarizer arrays or additional software to eliminate noise caused by vibration. This system does not use a double window, and generates two beams, the separation of which can be varied according to the characteristics of the grid used. Experimental results are also given.


and Vergil (105 [1990]: 1127)—makes the task of keeping Beowulf as the focus more difficult and more suspect. There is no clear evidence, for instance, for the influence on Beowulf of patristic literature or even Revelation, much less Vergil; only at the risk of special pleading can an argument about the vision of choice in Beowulf depend on such putative sources. Nor should such an argument depend on the more carefully substantiated linguistic connection between ceosan and gustare that Knowlton offers. As I have shown (and as Knowlton would no doubt agree), the linguistic basis is only a relatively small part of the picture with which I am concerned. There is certainly a need for a monograph documenting and explaining the intermingling of "choosing" and "perceiving" in medieval languages, if this subject is treated in its own right. There is also a clear need for a study of early patristic visions of choice, not as a determining "background" to Beowulf bol as an important topic in a rich body of material, which certainly lies behind Anglo-Saxon homiletic literature and also a large proportion of late-medieval vernacular poetry, with its explicit concern with such learned traditions. In my opinion, elucidating Beowulf should not be the "reason" for either kind of study. I would be pleased indeed not only to have helped open up new ways of looking at Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon poetry but also to have stimulated new questions to be put to other kinds of material that have come down to us from medieval culture.


This study explores the early experiences and offending patterns of men who have sexually offended against children. Qualitative interviews with the men have been analysed using Ward and Siegert's (2002) Pathways Model. The findings, while tentative, indicate that developmental trajectories or individual pathways may be forged by building blocks of behaviours and experience which have influenced patterns of adult sexual offending. The preliminary findings also suggest that the Pathways Model offers potential with respect to work with men who sexually offend against children.


We propose analogs of the classical Generalized Riemann Hypothesis and the Generalized Simplicity Conjecture for the characteristic pL-series associated to function fields over a finite field. These analogs are based on the use of absolute values. Further we use absolute values to give similar reformulations of the classical conjectures (with, perhaps, finitely many exceptional zeroes). We show how both sets of conjectures behave in remarkably similar ways.


Understanding mathematical models of chemical reactions is central to the fields of geology, geochemistry, and contaminant hydrogeology. Unfortunately, many students struggle with understanding the relations between the mathematics and the physical reality. Even upper-level undergraduate students often misunderstand fundamental concepts such as chemical equilibrium. To address the question of how to provide students with strong conceptual and quantitative reinforcement of systems in general and how to better understand chemical reactions in particular, we developed an exercise using STELLA to model a sorption-reaction system. STELLA enables students to build dynamic systems graphically from a physically based conceptual model independent of the governing differential equations. Using their STELLA models, students can gain insights into the system, observe relationships among model parameters and results, and discover new insights into what chemical equilibrium means and implies. Students can also explore ...


The emergence of mobile apps (e.g., location-based services, geo-social networks, ride-sharing) led to the collection of vast amounts of trajectory data that greatly benefit the understanding of individual mobility. One problem of particular interest is next-location prediction, which facilitates location-based advertising, point-of-interest recommendation, traffic optimization, etc. However, using individual trajectories to build prediction models introduces serious privacy concerns, since exact whereabouts of users can disclose sensitive information such as their health status or lifestyle choices. Several research efforts focused on privacy-preserving next-location prediction, but they have serious limitations: some use outdated privacy models (e.g., kanonymity), while others employ learning models with limited expressivity (e.g., matrix factorization). More recent approaches (e.g., DP-SGD) integrate the powerful differential privacy model with neural networks, but they provide only generic and difficultto-tune methods that do not perform well on location data, which is inherently skewed and sparse. We propose a technique that builds upon DP-SGD, but adapts it for the requirements of next-location prediction. We focus on user-level privacy, a strong privacy guarantee that protects users regardless of how much data they contribute. Central to our approach is the use of the skip-gram model, and its negative sampling technique. Ourwork is the first to propose differentiallyprivate learning with skip-grams. In addition, we devise data grouping techniques within the skip-gram framework that pool together trajectories from multiple users in order to accelerate learning and improve model accuracy. Experiments conducted on real datasets demonstrate that our approach significantly boosts prediction accuracy compared to existing DP-SGD techniques.


For a class of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) networked control systems (NCSs) with distributed time-delays and uncertainties, a continuous time model of the NCSs is proposed. Based on Lyapunov stability theory combined with linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique and S-procedure, some new delay-independent stability criteria are derived in terms of LMI. With these criteria, the delay-independent asymptotic stability for uncertain NCSs with multiple time-delays is analyzed. Compared with other methods, the proposed method is more effective and computationally convenient. Numerical example and simulation show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Nowadays, with the purpose of fulfilling the increasing demands for emerging extensive and ubiquitous accessibility to modern intelligent transportation systems (ITS), the conventional vehicle-to-everything (V2X) paradigms are progressively evolving into the Internet of vehicles (IoVs). As of now, substantial enhancements in IoV technologies have been witnessed, particularly in the era of vehicular data secure exchange and user privacy protection. On the other hand, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are envisioned to provide scalable and adaptive stereoscopic service coverage for IoV implementations. However, the existing approaches intended for the common scenarios mainly rely on the well-established local IoV infrastructures, whereas the specific infrastructure-less IoVs with dysfunctional edge facilities have not been properly investigated. Additionally, the related UAV-assisted IoV schemes still fail to independently perform the secure vehicular data transmission but rather as the auxiliary strategies due to the dependence on the assistance of local edge deployment. Therefore, the practical requirements of reliability and scalability in real-world IoV circumstances cannot be satisfied. In this paper, an efficient UAV certificateless group authentication mechanism is developed in order to facilitate the secure data transmission of infrastructure-less IoV. The proposed design deploys the tethered UAV (TUAV) as the specific mobilized base station so that the active edge IoV infrastructure is not needed. The security analysis regarding the key security features are presented first, followed by the performance evaluation. According to the comparison results with the existing designs, improvements in terms of computational cost and communication overhead for different phases can be demonstrated.


Abstract 2549 Introduction: Given the emerging importance of sirolimus as a therapuetic for graft-versus host disease (GvHD), it is critical to rigorously define the mechanisms by which this agent impacts T cell immunity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Therefore, we have used our novel rhesus macaque model of haploidentical HSCT and GVHD to probe the mechanisms of sirolimus-mediated GvHD prevention when given as a monotherapy. The insights gained from this study will facilitate the rational design of sirolimus-containing combinatorial therapies to maximize immunosuppressive efficacy. Methods: Transplant recipients were prepared with 8Gy total body irradiation and were then infused with MHC-mismatched donor leukopheresis products(n=3, avg. 6.5×108 TNC/kg, 3.4×107 total T cells/kg). Recipients received sirolimus monotherapy (serum troughs 5–15 ng/mL) alone as post-transplant immunosuppresson. Clinical GvHD was monitored according to our standard primate GvHD scoring system and flow cytometric analysis was performed to determine the immune phenotype of sirolimus-treated recipients compared to a cohort of recipients (n= 3) that were given no GvHD immunoprophylaxis. Results: Sirolimus modestly prolonged survival after MHC-mismatched HSCT compared to no immunosuppression (>19 days versus 6.5 days in the untreated cohort, with GvHD confirmed histopathologically at the time of necropsy). We found that sirolimus significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in transplant recipients: The ALC remained suppressed post-transplant (eg ALC of 0.46 × 106/mL on day 15 post-transplant versus 4.3 × 106/mL pre-transplant, with recovery of other leukocytes: WBC=5.1 × 106/mL, ANC=2.6 × 106/mL). These results suggest that sirolimus can have a profound impact on lymphocyte proliferation, inhibiting GvHD-associated lymphocyte expansion by as much as 200–300-fold compared to untreated controls. Sirolimus had a similar impact on CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulation expansion. Thus, while CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells expanded by as much as 300-fold and 2000-fold, respectively, without sirolimus, the expansion of these cells was significantly blunted with sirolimus, with maximal expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells being 4- and 3.6-fold, respectively compared to the post-transplant nadir. Sirolimus-treated recipients also better controlled the upregulation of the proliferation marker Ki-67 on CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Thus, while untreated recipients upregulated Ki-67 expression by as much as 10-fold after engraftment, (with >80-98% T cells expressing high levels of Ki-67 post-transplant versus 5–10% pre-transplant) sirolimus-treated recipients better controlled Ki-67 expression (17-40% Ki-67-high CD4+ and CD8+ T cells post-transplant). While the impact of sirolimus on T cell proliferation was profound, it failed to completely inhibit activation of T cells, as measured by both Granzyme B and CD127 expression. Thus, when effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cell cytotoxic potential was measured by determining expression levels of granzyme B, we found that sirolimus could not downregulate this key component of immune function and GvHD-mediated target organ damage: Granzyme B expression in both CD4+ and CD8+ CD28-/CD95+ effector T cells was unchanged despite sirolimus monotherapy. Down-regulation of CD127 expression, which identifies activated CD8+ T cells in both humans and rhesus macaques, also demonstrated resistance to sirolimus treatment. Thus, while a cohort of recipients that were treated with combined costimulation blockade and sirolimus maintained stable CD127 levels post-transplant, and untreated animals demonstrated total loss of CD127, up to 60% of CD8+ T cells in sirolimus-treated recipients down-regulated CD127, consistent with breakthrough activation of these cells despite mTOR inhibition. Discussion: These results indicate that while the predominant effect of sirolimus during GvHD prophylaxis is its striking ability to inhibit T cell proliferation, sirolimus-based immunosuppression spares some cellular signaling pathways which control T cell activation. These results imply that therapies that are combined with sirolimus during multimodal GvHD prophylaxis should be directed at inhibiting T cell activation rather than proliferation, in order to target non-redundant pathways of alloimmune activation during GvHD control. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The SLC9 family is made up of nine isoforms of sodium hydrogen exchangers (NHE) which regulate pH by exchanging an intracellular proton for an extracellular sodium ion. Isoform 1 (NHE1) is ubiquitously expressed and plays a vital role in multiple cellular processes in addition to regulating pH such as cellular migration and proliferation, control of cell volume, and stress fiber formation. Additionally, NHE1 is a scaffolding protein that organizes protein complexes to regulate various signaling pathways within the cell. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors contributing to NHE1 regulation as maintenance of these critical cellular functions is vital ensure a healthy cell. Regulation of NHE1 occurs onthe large intracellular C‐terminus where binding partners and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) influence the exchanger in both short‐ and long‐term manners. Phosphorylation and palmitoylation are both dynamic reversible posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that regulate proteins to influence critical cellular processes. Multiple studies have shown phosphorylation and palmitoylation can work together in a barcode to regulate proteins and alter cellular functions. Previous work in our lab has shown NHE1 is regulated by palmitoylation and that inhibition of palmitoylation in cells expressing NHE1 decreases NHE1 activity, as well as NHE1 associated cellular functions such as stress fiber formation and cell migration. NHE1 is regulated by phosphorylation of multiple sites through various kinase pathways. To better understand the relationship between palmitoylation and phosphorylation on NHE1 we used various stimuli known to regulate multiple kinase pathways that impact NHE1 phosphorylation and measured the impact on NHE1 palmitoylation. Using lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phorbol 12‐myristate (PMA) to increase NHE1 phosphorylation leads to increased palmitoylation of NHE1, while activation of the NHE1 phosphorylation with insulin leads to decreased NHE1 palmitoylation. Furthermore, we have shown that using these stimuli NHE1 activity increases with NHE1 palmitoylation and this can be attenuated by irreversibly inhibiting palmitoylation using 2‐bromopalmitate (2BP). Using this information, we have begun to understand how the presence or absence of palmitoylation and phosphorylation in a coordinated manner contributes to a barcode that dictates a regulatory outcome and cellular response involving the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1). Future studies will target specific kinases involved in these pathways to further explore the mechanism through which palmitoylation is altered.


This paper deals with design of rotor shoe in salient-pole synchronous machine and analysis of no-load electromagnetic characteristics with variations of shoe. Width and off-set of shoe are designed which highly affect flux density and path such like permanent magnet of PM synchronous machine. Each factor is changed, and no-load electromagnetic characteristics are calculated using 2-d finite element methods. Besides the results are analyzed and models are designed which make sine or square wave. Various applications possibility of salient-pole synchronous machine is confirmed.


The paper presents the low-cost design of the table CNC milling machine. It describes the structure of the machine suitable for domestic modeling. In the continuation the tests and checking of static rigidity, positioning accuracy and repeatability are discussed. Further, the control of the machine is presented. In the end the description and presentation of the manufacture of the test product and findings follow.


We report on a pronounced redistribution of the local electronic density of states at the graphite surface, which is induced by the presence of low energy hydrogen-ion induced point defects. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals standing waves in the local density of states, which are due to backscattering of electron wave functions at individual point defects. The superstructure thereby formed is directly related to the pointlike structure of the Fermi surface of graphite. For high defect density interference patterns are observed which sensitively change structure on the relative positions of the defects. These patterns could be reproduced by tight binding simulations of various defect distributions.


This article examine on the mutual influence between trade and economic growth in Korea. For this purpose, we employ the vector-autoregression method, impulse response function and variance decomposition, Granger causality test using monthly data on the KOSPI and the trade industry price index in Ko...


This paper presents the experimental and numerical investigations on the cold-formed steel beam-column members under bi-axial loading. In this study, the lipped channel crosssection of members are considered for the investigation on the cross-sectional and global buckling effects on the strength of the member. Experiments are conducted by applying an eccentric compression to create axial load and a moment gradient. Carefully designed experiments are carried out so that the member will be subjected to uniform and non-uniform moments throughout the member. The influence of varying moment on the various buckling behavior is examined. The use of moment correction factor (Cb) in the case of FTB and distortional buckling is discussed. The study presents the influence of moment amplification factor (Cm) on the strength prediction. A study is also carried out using ABAQUS, which is then validated with the experimental results. The numerical model is extended to study the behavior of a spectrum of axial and bending combinations. The results from the experiment and numerical model are compared with the code specification AISI S100-16 for DSM design both for the linear interaction (LI) framework and the non-linear interaction (NLI) framework. The results show that the LI framework predicts strength conservatively by 30 to 90% for biaxial bending. The details of the study is presented in this paper.


Let SH,K = {SH,K(t), t ? 0} be a d?dimensional sub-bifractional Brownian
 motion with indices H ? (0, 1) and K ? (0,1]. Assuming d ? 2, as HKd <
 1, we mainly prove that the renormalized self-intersection local time ? t0 ? s0 ?(SH,K(s) ? SH,K(r))drds ? E [?t0 ?s0 ?(SH,K(s) ? SH,K(r))drds]
 exists in L2, where ?(x) is the Dirac delta function for x ? Rd.