Proper protein destruction by the ubiquitin (Ub)‐proteasome system is vital for a faithful cell cycle. Hence, the activity of Ub ligases is tightly controlled. The Anaphase‐Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is a 1.2 MDa Ub ligase responsible for mitotic progression and G1 maintenance. At the G1/S transition, the APC/C is inhibited by EMI1 to prevent APC/C‐dependent polyubiquitination of cell cycle effectors. EMI1 uses several interaction motifs to block the recruitment of APC/C substrates as well as the APC/C‐associated E2s, UBE2C, and UBE2S. Paradoxically, EMI1 is also an APC/C substrate during G1. Using a comprehensive set of enzyme assays, we determined the context‐dependent involvement of the EMI1 motifs in APC/C‐dependent ubiquitination of EMI1 and other substrates. Furthermore, we demonstrated that an isolated C‐terminal peptide fragment of EMI1 activates APC/C‐dependent substrate priming by UBE2C. Together, these findings reveal the multiple roles of the EMI1 C‐terminus for G1 maintenance and the G1/S transition.


Steganography is the technique used for communicating secret data. It is used for security purpose. The data can be image, video, aud io or text. We have kept secret data(image) under the cover image. In this work, we have used two algorithm one is DCT (Discret Cosine Transform) and the other one is Wavelet Transform.In DCT based technique insertion of secret information over the cover image depends upon the DCT coefficients. The main aim of our paper is to compare the PSNR value for DCT and Wavelet Transform. It is found that the PSNR value for DCT is better than the PSNR value for wavelet.


INTRODUCTION In batch culture, the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (=Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries) produces the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) primarily during the stationary phase when cell division ceases due to limitation by silicate or phosphate. Here we show that P. multiseries is also capable of producing DA while growing in silicate-limited chemostat cultures. Two experiments were carried out to explore the apparent paradox of DA production by dividing cells in a continuous culture system. Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries was grown il1' nonaxenic silicate-limited chemostats at division rates of ca. 0.2, 004, 0.6, and 0.8 d'l. There was an inverse linear relationship (r' =0.998 and 0.949 for the two experiments) between division rate and DA per cell. Cellular DA values were 8.5 and 504 pg celrl for the slowest dividing CUltures, and 0.5 and 0.6 pg cell" for the fastest dividing cultures for Experiments I and 2, respectively. In Experiment 2, we reciprocally switched the dilution rates of the chemostats after 40 d. This resulted in the expected corresponding increase or decrease in cellular DA content, depending on the initial dilution rate of the culture. The results support the conclusion that DA is a secondary metabolite produced during conditions of stress due, e.g., to silicate limitation. The pennate .diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries (previously Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries [7]) was the source of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) that contaminated blue mussels Mytilus edulis in Cardigan Bay, eastern Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1987 [1], resulting in the first case ever of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning in humans [14]. Once P. multiseries was isolated from Cardigan Bay, the first physiological studies were carried out using cells grown in non-axenic batch culture. In batch culture, P. multiseries produces DA during the stationary phase when the cells stop dividing because of silicate or phosphate limitation [2]. Studies with axenic cultures also showed that bacteria play an important role in DA production by P. multiseries [3, 4, 5]. Laflamme [9] demonstrated that DA is produced by P. multiseries growing in continuous (chemostat) cultures limited by silicate or phosphate. This brings up an apparent paradox: how can DA be produced by cells that are actively dividing in a chemostat, while cells in batch culture produce DA only after they have apparently


The characteristics of nano-material and military equipment were introduced.The situation of study and application of high-intensity material,electro-magnetic interference material,anti-erode materi- al,invisible material were introduced.The existing problems of the application of nano-technology in ord- nance protection were summarized.


This work aimed to improve how the equipment of a grid-tied solar-wind system used the installed power of the storage battery while reducing the cost of electricity consumed by a local object from the grid. A method for calculating the parameters for a given load schedule is proposed, along with the value of the reduction in electricity consumption. Values for the power generation of a wind generator and photovoltaic battery are based on archival data. The possible power ratio of the wind generator and the photovoltaic battery is 1:8.33. The formation of the state of charge of the battery involves: a calculation of its value for the morning peak according to the forecast for the next day; adjustable discharge in the evening with full or partial compensation for the load consumption according to the forecast for the next day; a night charge with a given current value. At a one-tariff plan, one battery discharge cycle per day is used. A night charge from the grid is not used. With a two-tariff plan and the use of a night battery charge from the grid, one discharge cycle is used in the spring-summer-autumn period. The simulation confirms the possibility of reducing electricity costs by 2.9 times in winter, which corresponds to the set value, alongside a complete elimination of costs in summer.


The light-off time and working temperature are two main factors which affect performance of oxygen sensor. Influence of different setting position on exhaust pipe on above two main factors of a kind of unheated oxygen sensors for motorcycles with EFI system is respectively researched; a kind of cooling fin is designed and proved to be obviously effective on reducing working temperature of different parts of oxygen sensor by experiment,it is achieved that preventing oxygen sensor from overheating damage while ensuring normal light-off time.


Statistical Resolution Limit (SRL) is defined as the minimal separation to resolve two closely-spaced signals. It is a significant metric to quantify performance in parameter estimation problems. For SRL analysis, since the method based on the Generalized Likelihood Ratio test (GLRT) has the problem of high computational complexity, we put forward a Rao-test-based approach. It only needs to calculate the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of the unknown parameters under the hypothesis H0, which effectively reduces the computational complexity. This paper analyzes two dimensional SRL of two adjacent signals exploiting a Rao-test-based method. Simulations are carried out to compare the detection performance of this approach and the GLRT-based method. The simulation results verify the validity of the proposed method.


Five species of silk insects including Bombyx mori, B. manolarina, Philosamia cynthia, Autheraea pernyi and A. yamamai were analyzed by RAPD method using 40 arbitrary primers. In these primers, 27 of them could amplify clear and repeating bands. 536 fragments were obtained and the variable bands were 520. Each primer gave 11~28 bands and the average was 19.9. The length of the fragments is 0.29~2.67 kb. Some distinctive bands were found in every species. The genetic distance( D ) between bombyx mori and B. manolarina is 0.3760, which is the lowest. The highest D value is 0.7488, which between Bombyx mori and Philosamia cynhia. The D value was then used to construct a dendrogram by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical averages(UPGMA).


Aiming at the phenomenon that the residual stress induced by Laser Shock Peening (LSP) will relax and redistribute under various loads, temperature, cyclic load, and the dual treatment of temperature and cyclic load on the residual stress relaxation of FGH95 powder superalloy after LSP treatment were studied, and the analysis model of relevant residual stress relaxation was constructed. The purpose is to understand the strengthening effect and stability of the alloy under temperature and cyclic load after LSP treatment. With the increase of treatment temperature, the relaxation of residual stress became more and more obvious. Most of the residual stress relaxation occurred in the first 30 min of temperature treatment, then slowed down and stabilized after 1 h. The residual stress was initially relaxed in the first 50 cycles, remained roughly unchanged between 50 and 5000 cycles. The intensify of the cyclic load increasing, adding material yield level, further plastic deformation and residual stress relaxation rate increases. With the increase of load intensify and load ratio, residual stress relaxation was also increased. The residual stress relaxation rate after 600 °C and cyclic load treatment was 56.2%, both greater than that after 600 °C or cyclic treatment of 25 °C, but less than the sum of the two conditions. The results of this paper provide a reference for the LSP of the FGH95 powder superalloy turbine disk and other aero engine parts.


Introduction: Childhood ALL is the most common type of cancer in children. Although the survival rate is relatively high, there are significant clinical sequelae associated with treatment and little is known about the etiology of this condition. Family studies suggest a genetic component to ALL, and the peak incidence between 2 and 4 years of age indicates factors during pregnancy may influence risk. The folate metabolic pathway is a strong candidate for genetic epidemiologic studies due to its role in DNA synthesis and methylation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to conduct a case-parent triad analysis to assess both maternal and offspring genetic effects of the folate metabolic pathway on childhood ALL risk. Methods: We recruited pediatric ALL case-parent triads (n = 120) from Texas Children9s Hospital. DNA samples were genotyped in the Human Genetics Center at The University of Texas School of Public Health using the Sequenom iPLEX MassARRAY for 80 tagSNPs in six folate metabolic pathway genes (MTHFR, MTRR, MTR, DHFR, BHMT, and TYMS). Log-linear modeling was used to examine the associations between ALL and both maternal and offspring genotypes. Results: After controlling for the false discovery rate ( Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2649. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2649


The working principle of wavelet transform application to detection of signal singularity is presented,and a power system failure signal analysis method based on wavelet transform is proposed.The method makes full use of the advantages of using wavelet transform in failure signal analysis and at the same time gets rid of the shortcomings of traditional Fourier transform.An example case proves the method effective.


Optical lines using polymer materials fabricated on an organic substrate with metal lines and pads are proposed to realize fully optical interconnections among high performance LSIs. This optical line enable transmit high speed optical signals not only on a plane surface but to vertical direction. It has following four particular portions; (1) Curved parallel optical waveguide; (2) 45 degree reflection mirror; (3) Optical via hole with coaxial structure; (4) Optical joint between package and board. The optical line characterized by transmission loss and passed through eye diagram, and good optical signal transmission is confirmed to really use for optical interconnection between LSIs. Then on-board optical signal transmission is demonstrated by that VCSEL and PIN-PD are assembled using flip-chip technology on a circuit board with other electric devices of driving circuit, and also package-to-board optical joint are demonstrated by passing through solder reflow process.


Objectives To assess the association between serum levels of desnutrin enzyme and the development of acne vulgaris. Background Acne vulgaris is commonly associated with hyperglycemia, which probably results in serum desnutrin suppression and abolishment of its function. Patients and methods A case–control study was conducted on 30 patients with acne vulgaris (group I) and 10 age-matched, sex-matched, and BMI-matched healthy volunteers who had no present and past history of acne as controls (group II). In all, blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum desnutrin were assessed. According to severity, patients were divided into three subgroups: group Ia included 10 patients with mild acne vulgaris, group Ib included 10 patients with moderate activity, and group Ic included 10 patients with severe activity. Results There was a significant statistical decrease in serum desnutrin level in patients with acne (41.56±9.35) than controls (208.38±61.87), with P value less than 0.001. Moreover, there was a significant statistical increase in fasting blood glucose level in acne patients (88.71±4.26) than controls (83.28±4.61), with P value=0.001. There was a nonsignificant positive correlation between serum desnutrin and each of acne severity and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion Serum desnutrin levels were significantly decreased in patients with acne vulgaris but were not correlated with acne severity and not affected by sex.


@TD_Economics http://economics.td.com The 2018 Federal Budget focused on gender-based analysis (or 'gender budgeting'). In its wake, clients have asked what it is and why do it? Put simply, it is the process of taking gender into account during the budget process. Beneath that simple answer is a full spectrum of potential processes and outcomes – there is no single approach to gender budgeting. This means that the impact will vary from government to government and from budget to budget. Gender-based budgeting (GBB) offers the potential for 'win-win' outcomes to correct structural biases and impediments, and simultaneously drive stronger economic outcomes for men and women alike.


i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii TABLE OF TABLES xi TABLE OF FIGURES xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii ABBREVIATIONS xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE THESIS 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Research dilemma 2 1.3 Personal background to the investigation 5 1.3.1 My improvising self 5 1.3.2 My teaching self 7 1.3.3 My research self 8 1.4 Scottish educational context 10 1.4.1 Curriculum for Excellence 10 1.4.2 Music curriculum for Early Years 11 1.5 Defining terms and my position 14 1.5.1 Music education and music pedagogy 14 1.5.2 Improvisation lessons or workshops? 15 1.6 Structure of thesis 16 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 19 2.


The Conclusion of Interdisciplinary Expert Council on the significance of testing of platelet functional activity in the prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy is presented. Indications for antiplatelet therapy, relation of platelet reactivity with the risk of adverse events, as well as factors that contribute to high residual platelet reactivity in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy are considered. The results of studies on the correction of antiplatelet therapy based on aggregometry data, indications for its implementation in clinical practice, as well as methods for evaluation of residual platelet reactivity are discussed separately.


Fruit of TAMU breeding line 830397 are green in contrast to the cream or orange fruit of commercial cultivars at the mature-seed stage (MS-S). Inheritance of this trait for green MS-S fruit color in Cucumis sativus was investigated. A new locus, gn, is proposed as well as the elimination of the C locus. MS-S fruit color is controlled by two major genes, R and Gn. Fruit is orange when the genotype is R_ _ and green when the genotype is rrgngn. The cream MS-S fruit color trait is incompletely dominant over green, as the genotype rrGnGn is cream while rrGngn produces mature fruit from cream to intermediate in color between cream-colored and green fruit. Spine color is pleiotropic with or very tightly linked to the R locus, but heavy netting from PI 165509 appears not to be linked with the orange genotype and is polygenic. The color of commercially grown cucumbers at maturity (35 to 40 days after anthesis) is orange with black spines or cream with white spines, the latter being more common. Hutchins (Hutchins, 1940; Pierce and Wehner, 1990; Robinson et al., 1976) was the first to study mature-fruit color in cucumbers. He noted four fruit colors: red, orange, yellow, and cream. These colors were controlled by two genes, R and C. F2 progeny from a cross between red- and cream-fruited cucumbers segre- gated in a ratio of 9 red: 3 orange: 3 yellow: 1 cream. Hutchins concluded that dominance at both loci (R_C_) produced red fruit, dominance at the R locus (R-cc) produced orange fruit, dominance at the C locus (rrC-) produced yellow fruit, and the double recessive (rrcc) produced cream-colored fruit. He also noted that mature fruit color was linked to both spine color and fruit netting. Breeding line 830397 (Texas A&M Univ.) was observed to have white-spined fruit that remain green at matu- rity. The color of immature fruit of TAMU breeding line 830397 was compared to that of 'Chipper' (Asgrow Seed Co., Kala- mazoo, Mich.), a white-spined pickling cucumber cultivar hav- ing cream mature-fruit color (Peterson, 1986). His results indicated that grade 3 (38- to 50-mm diameter) fruit of breeding line 830397 were darker green than those of 'Chipper'. TAMU 830397 may prove useful to improve the color of larger marketable- sized cucumber fruit and in breeding cultivars for Mexico and the southern United States, where high summer temperatures and light intensities result in production of lighter-green fruit than in other production areas. This paper reports the inheritance of a green mature seed-stage (MS-S) fruit color trait in cu- cumber. Materials and Methods Commercial cultivars and plant introduction accessions were screened for color types. Only orange and cream color types could be found in commercial cultivars. 'Chipper' was used as the mature cream-fruited parent and 'SMR58' (Asgrow) was used as the orange-fruited parent. No introductions from the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station in Ames, Iowa,


This letter is written to correct an oversight in a recentpaper thatwecoauthored(Hermanetal. 2002). The soil-degradation model described in the paper was not as novel as indicated. This model, and a putativemechanistic explanation for its Þt,wasdescribed previously in Gustafson and Holden 1990. While the models were derived and expressed in different ways, they are in fact the same model. We thank Dr. Gustafson for tactfully bringing this to our attention, andapologize forouroversightof this earlierwork.Dr. Gustafson and Dr. Holden (D.G, and L.H., personal communications) also indicated that they have discovered even earlier publications describing this approach applied to digestion and compartment models (Turner et al 1961, Turner 1963,Matis &Wehrly 1979, and Matis et al 1989).


For much of his professional career, Barry was not a contract theorist, and he relies on a number of elements from Scanlon's construction. His general approach is built on a distinction he sees in theories of justice between those that rely on the idea that justice is agreement to mutual advantage and those that rely on the idea that justice is a matter of impartiality. His own theory is impartialist, but dispenses with the device of the veil of ignorance. Instead the contracting parties are assumed to reason with one another about the constitutional terms of their association, and all are allowed to veto proposals if those proposals and unreasonable. Unreasonable proposals are those that fail the test of avoiding absolute deprivation, relative deprivation, or failing to make provision for public goods. His anticipated theory of economic justice never materialized, and his derivation of a Rawlsian difference principle is only partially successful. However, it is possible to use the practical syllogism in a Barry set-up to derive a case for social insurance. More importantly, his principle contribution to social contract theory is his sketch of the empirical method, a method on which the future of social contract theory can be built.


The free and open-source programming language and software environment R (R Development Core Team, 2010) is currently both, the most widely used and most popular software for statistics and data analysis. In addition, R becomes quite popular as a (programming) language, ranked currently (February 2011) on place 25 at the TIOBE Programming Community Index (e.g., Matlab: 29, SAS: 30, see http://www.tiobe.com). The basic R environment can be downloaded from the comprehensive R archive network (http://cran.rproject.org). R is enhanceable via packages which consist of code and structured standard documentation including code application examples and possible further documents (so called vignettes) showing further applications of the packages.


The light curing progress of epoxy acrylics under 532 nm laser beam was studied It was observed that the E c was the lowest when the photo initiator mass fraction was 4% The E c increased with the increase of the mass fraction of tertiary amine and organic pigments; when the laser power became stronger, the E c would be lower, but when the laser power was up to 400 mW, the effect of the increase of the laser power on E c was little


Wind turbines represent elastically coupled multi-mass systems. Dynamic load changes caused by a gust of wind lead to peaks in the shaft torsion torque and result into high stress for the system. This paper presents an opportunity to integrate a stress minimizing control strategy, which was presented in [7], on wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). To avoid extensive measurements during the operation of a wind turbine simple observer structures are used. Observer and control were implemented at a test stand.


In this paper, a general subagent model in managed object based on SNMP is presented which helps network management station to gather information of managed object and gives an alarm to network management station whenever errors occur.


The unprotective area is suitable for five-degree or six-degree air-raid projects for peacetime and warfare. Whether to set up the unprotective area is determined by the usual economic, social and environmental benefits. Meanwhile,the unprotective area and its proportion are also determined by the need and benefit for warfare and also by the need for fire-protection. The essay is, on the basis of the program design, construction and operation of Zhengzhou railway station square's underground project, to prove the necessity and feasibility of the unprojective area.


This research has a twofold purpose: First, to introduce a notion of brand equity profile based on the idea that consumer-based brand equity is a construct composed of various components. The utility of this concept stems out of the idea that brands can be differentiated not only by a degree of perceived value, but can also be characterized through value profiles depending on the combined


ABSTRACT This systematic review investigates the effects of foreign language programmes in early childhood education and care (ECEC), which are increasingly popular. Foreign language ECEC centres familiarise very young children with a foreign language, and in general also expose them to the majority language. This review synthesises research on the effects of foreign language ECEC on children's development of the foreign language, majority language, first language, and wellbeing, as well as programme-related and child-related factors that influence language development and wellbeing. The reviewed studies indicate that foreign language ECEC fosters foreign language development, without negatively impacting the majority and first language. Children can experience positive wellbeing in these programmes, but only if programmes are play-based and if the language policy is not too strict. Some studies report that programme characteristics, such as input quantity, language policy, and teacher strategies, modulate the effects of foreign language ECEC on language development and wellbeing. Few of the reviewed studies examined child characteristics, but the available findings indicate that children's age, as well as their temperament and in-class behaviour, are related to foreign language learning. However, these findings need to be interpreted with caution, because research into foreign language ECEC is still in its infancy.


Abstract Plant compounds affect insects in many different ways. In addition to being a food source, plants also contain secondary metabolites that may have positive and negative impacts on insects. The influence of these compounds on sexual behavior, in particular, has been the focus of many recent studies. Here, we review the existing literature on the effects of plant compounds on the sexual behavior of tephritid fruit fly males. We put special focus on polyphagous species whose males congregate in leks, where females exert strong mate selection. We first summarize the main findings related to plant compounds that increase male signaling behavior and attraction of females and consequently increase mating frequency, a phenomenon that has been recorded mainly for species of Anastrepha and Ceratitis. In other tephritid species, males are attracted to phenylpropanoids produced by plants (such as methyl eugenol or raspberry ketone) that, upon encounter, are consumed and sequestered by males. These compounds, or metabolic derivatives, which normally have negligible nutritional value, are included in the pheromone and also confer advantages in a sexual context: enhanced female attraction and improved male mating success. These phenomena have been reported for several Bactrocera species as well as for Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Because many tephritid species are serious pests, the effect of plant compounds on male behavior has been explored for potential incorporation into control strategies such as the sterile insect technique (SIT). We conclude noting several factors, such as age and nutrition during larval and adult stage, that modulate the effect of plant compounds on male mating behavior as well as some prominent gaps that preclude a thorough understanding of the plant-mediated enhancement of male sexual performance and hence limit our ability to effectively utilize phytochemicals in pest control strategies.


This research investigates the rising new role of mileage system as private e-money in a exploratory study. The key research questions are "How does mileage system evolve with expansion of e-business and what are the cases for real experiences in 'money-like' mileage and their implications?" This research focuses on the proposition that mileage points created in commercial transactions as a royalty program are observed to serve a new role as payment tool. In an attempt to identify factors that determine mileage system as private money, we employ three factors: confidence, transaction cost, and monetary freedom. Also, this research proposes a direction for further research and follow-up studies to establish legal and institutional issues and the relevant architecture, all of which are essential elements to make the mileage points global money with a certain trade ratio in the near future.


Summary
Electrophoretic variations within four enzyme systems (α-esterase, acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase and leucine amino peptidase), were studied for various garden and field populations of Chenopodium album. A correlation was found between the degree of polymorphism for the electrophoretic traits and environmental conditions. The amount of phenotypic polymorphism is very high in gardens, intermediate in an untreated and, low in herbicide-treated fields and nil for a triazine resistant population in a maize (Zea mats L.) monoculture. Furthermore, the tetraploid versus hexaploid ratio is higher within garden populations. Higher variability in garden populations is due, in part, to a high proportion of polymorphic phenotypes, and in part to a low effect of selection pressure in such types of habitat. Although there is a difference between phenotypes of populations from acid soils and those from more basic ones, we cannot be sure that the variation of polymorphism is due only to selection.


Movement of water from agricultural fields and into adjacent riparian areas is an important process in
minimizing pollution for a large percentage of agricultural lands. Models have been developed for upland agricultural
areas and for riparian zones. Creating a flexible structure for linking two different models is both desirable and needed
for complete analysis of the systems. Since water is the primary mechanism for pollutant transport, creating a system
which manages both surface and subsurface water movement is a first priority. An integrated model system was
developed for joining the hydrologic portions of GLEAMS and REMM in a cascaded format to determine the fate of
surface and subsurface water leaving an upland cultivated area and traversing a riparian forest. Data was managed
within a GIS to aid in inputting and manipulating both spatial and nonspatial model parameters. Transfer of subsurface
flow from the upland model to the riparian model was achieved through Darcy's equation. Partitioning of the flow was
based on the hydraulic conductivity of the different layers and the depth of the water table. The model system was able to
account for saturated zones encountered in the riparian area by raising the water table. The model system responded as
would be expected under relatively extreme changes in precipitation for both shallow groundwater levels and runoff. The
model system also exhibited expected behavior under different leaf area index (LAI) parameters within the forest. The
shallow groundwater levels and runoff were not drastically affected, but the levels of response were within the range of
expectations.


As an amateur bookbinder I have long wondered why a hard-covered book is traditionally about twice the price of the paperback version. For example, the hardcover books advertised by Cambridge University Press on p68 of June Physics World range from 2.5 to 2.9 times the prices of the corresponding paperbacks.


In flexible long arm operation, residual vibration due to excitation degrades working efficiency. Input Shaping method decreases residual vibration in flexible systems by filtering the reference command with sequence of impulses known as input shaper. The principle of Input Shaping is very simple, but it is necessary to consider implementation hardware, especially in the space system. In this paper, ground experimental setup of an 8m long space robotic arm is constructed, and the effect on vibration suppression using Input Shaping is considered. The results of the ground experiment are discussed.


The riblet plates with different dimension are inserted in the smooth plate respectively. Based on the comparison between the distributions of velocity and turbulent intensity over the smooth plates down stream and up stream of the riblet plate and those over the riblet plate, it is found that both the thickness of viscous sublayer and the integral constant C in log law have larger values for riblet surfaces, and this implies that the local friction of the flow is reduced. Moreover, the local drag reduction characteristics is discussed in detail.


Abstract:This essay examines character development toward an extreme marginalization through the lens of eccentricity in the form of the "Licenciado Vidriera" as compared to the treatment of marginalized cultural phenomena of the B7st-century. The Cervantine character, Tomás Rodaja, represents a literary figure who is used to point out societal absurdities by dint of his madman worldview. The examination of this character in parallel with B7st-century phenomena unearths the theatricality of cultural norms, thereby signaling a fluidity in ideological understandings of society and culture. Key to this understanding is the theoretical underpinnings of the study, which take the form of Slavoj EiFek's observations on the unknown knowns of ideology.


The prospects for realization of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) -based integrated optic (IO) devices and modules for applications in RF signal processing and communications have already been firmly established. For example, the planar waveguide acoustooptic (AO) Bragg cells are now widely used in the development of IO modules for spectral analysis and correlation of wideband RF signals. A variety of electrooptic (EO) devices that utilize parallel channel waveguides and crossed channel waveguides have also been developed into compact modules for wideband communications and switching as well as high-speed analog to digital conversion of RF signals. While advancements on the IO device modules for communications and signal processing are continuing, serious attemps on realization of device modules for computation of both analog and digital data have also been started recently (1-4).


Objective: To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of combination of Puerarin and Metformin(P-M, 2:1) on di abetic mice. Methods: Diabetes model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan(ALX) at a dose of 200 mg/kg.Then diabetic mice were divided into 5 groups at random, namely P-M high, medium and low dose groups(400, 200 and 100mg/kg, respectively), model group and normal group. All mice were orally administered for seven and fourteen days, respec-tively. After weighed, the blood of all groups was collected to determine the level of glucose. In addition, the glucose toler-ance was determined. Results: Administration of P-M combination improved polydipsia and polyphagia in diabetic mice. Mice in medium and low dose groups weighed more than the model group(P0.05). At the same time, P-M significantly reduced the blood glucose of ALX-induced mice and improved the impaired glucose tolerance at day 14 in medium and low dose groups(P0.01). Conclusion: P-M combination can provide good hypoglycemic effect on mice with diabetes.


Singapore country report on recent developments in the rule of law, based on indicators developed by the Human Rights Resource Centre. It charts the evolving approach taken towards the rule of law by Singapore's political, judicial, and civil society actors.


The structure and performance features of the disc buffers that are fairly common in international market are described generally. The performance parameters and design thought of the disc buffers exported to Pakistan are put forward.


The thermal treatment of infectious waste is essential to ensure an environmentally correct disposal and security for employees that handle it, considering that some pathogenic micro-organisms can remain viable in the soil even for periods of up to 180 days. This work presented here aims to determine the effectiveness of decontamination of infectious waste generated in public health laboratory responsible for diagnostic and monitoring of reportable diseases, after pretreatment by autoclaving method. This work also aims to observe the management of these wastes within the institution. To achieve the proposed objectives a field research was conducted based on the analysis of two case studies. Those studies were conducted at the Central Laboratory of Public Health of Minas Gerais, which has described and approved a Plan for the Management of Health Services Wastes (PGRSS) that obligates that the preliminary treatment of infectious residues should be achieved by autoclaving. The residues were subjected to the autoclave at 121°C for 40 minutes and 127°C for 30 minutes. To investigate the effectiveness of decontamination we used a bioindicator – a Bacillus stearotermophilus ATCC 7953 spore suspension - a heat resistant microorganism that, if correctly used, permits a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the efficiency of the decontamination process. In the first study we evaluated the decontamination of infectious waste (subgroup A1) of all microbiology laboratories packed in plastic bags resistant to high temperatures. Subsequently we investigated only wastes containing the pathogenic microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (subgroup A1) put up in stainless steel containers. The main results obtained in the first case studies indicate that 62.5% of infectious wastes had not been properly decontaminated and that this fact was associated with the volume of waste packaged in the bags. In the second study, in which the residues were placed in metal boxes, there was 100% efficiency. It was also found that during key stages of the management of the health solid waste there are points of weakness such as inadequate segregation for all the plastic bags checked and packaging (38.7%). As regards to the internal management of hazardous wastes there is a failure in accomplishing PGRSS standards established by the institution. These factors may have contributed negatively to the effectiveness of treatment. In order to improve waste management process performance some policies have been proposed: handling modifications, incentive to minimize waste generation, continuing education of technical staff.


The society has entered the era of big data, computer network technology has improved people's living standards to a new level, and continues to progress toward the direction of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is one of the three major scientific and technological achievements of the 20th century, and mathematics is its key theoretical foundation. Taking artificial intelligence in the era of big data as the research object, this paper analyzes the application of traditional mathematical operations in artificial intelligence in the field of computer science and technology in the future from the perspective of mathematical thinking. This paper mainly introduces the typical mathematical basis of artificial intelligence, including linear algebra, probability theory, mathematical statistics, discrete mathematics and mathematical modeling, and prospects the development trend of mathematical basis of artificial intelligence, hoping to provide some reference for the application of artificial intelligence in computer network technology.


Evaluation of Pinus sp. stakes as bait-trap with se veral periods of exposure to subterranean termites. This study aimed to evaluate stakes of Pinus sp. as bait-trap for several periods of exposure t o subterranean termites in areas of different florist ic compositions in the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ). Bait-traps were previously immersed in distilled water for 0, 24 or 48 hours. They were buried in three areas of JBRJ for monthly with drawals in groups with exposure of 1 to 12 months on the species of subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) and Heterotermes longiceps (Snyder). We observed statistical difference on ex posure time of the bait-trap,but no difference for the period of immersion in water. We concluded that the bait-trap are naturally attractive to subterranean termites and do not requ ire immersion in distilled water previously in orde r to increasing their softness. The exposure time of the bait-trap in soil should not exceed 3 months to C. gestroi , under conditions of prolonged effect of sunlight and scarce availability of organic matter, while for H. longiceps the exposure time can be extended to 12 months und er conditions of low incidence of sunlight and high availability of orga nic matter, facts that must be considered on termit es control programs.


The Department of Defense (DoD) has pursued acquisition reform for decades in an effort to address persistent cost and schedule growth across major programs. Although countless reforms have been proposed and implemented, headline-grabbing incidences of waste, fraud, and abuse continue to attract the attention of Congress and the American public. In light of emerging threats and increased budgetary pressure, problems within the defense acquisition system may grow deeper. The time to act is now. Failure to make needed changes will have lasting negative impacts on our armed forces and national security policies. Defense acquisition can be viewed from four distinct perspectives: 1) what goods and services that are acquired, 2) how these goods and services are acquired, 3) who acquires them, and 4) from whom the goods and services are acquired. Over the course of several decades, reform efforts have been concentrated in one area, often to the exclusion of the others. While some reforms have had a meaningful impact, many others have proven transient. The fact remains that significant reforms must be made in each of these areas if the DoD is to achieve its objective: the rapid, affordable acquisition of systems, capable of meeting current and future challenges. The current defense acquisition system is a product of decades of reform initiatives, legislation, reports, and government commissions. Major reform efforts began in earnest in the 1960s with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. His main reform efforts centralized control within the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and created the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS) for resource allocation. Throughout the latter half of the 20th century, each administration left its own mark on defense acquisition, focusing primarily on the acquisition process itself and DoD management. However, many ideas were recycled as various administrations shifted decision-making authority between the services and OSD, realigned oversight and accountability responsibilities, and altered the process (adding and removing milestones, phases, and so forth). Major changes in DoD acquisition management culminated with the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. Based largely on the recommendations of the 1985 Packard Commission, Goldwater-Nichols codified the acquisition chain-of-command. Following the end of the Cold War, and the subsequent military drawdown, the focus of acquisition reform shifted to requirements generation, the resource allocation process, and the composition of the acquisition workforce. Many of the 1990s reform efforts, led by Secretary of Defense William Perry, sought to streamline the acquisition process by …


In the note, we prove that in a ring R only having left unit elements there is a onetoone correspondence between the set of the left unit elements and the set of all the left annihilators in R, and that the quotient ring of R by the ideal of all the left annihilators has no nilfactors, if the annihilators are the same for any nonzero element in R.


This paper presents an experimental investigation on the optimization and the effect of the cutting parameters on Material Removal Rate (MRR) in Plasma Arc Cutting (PAC) of EN-45A Material using Taguchi L 16 orthogonal array method. Four process variables viz. cutting speed, current, stand-off-distance and plasma gas pressure have been considered for this experimental work. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been performed to get the percentage contribution of each process parameter for the response variable i.e. MRR. Based on ANOVA, it has been observed that the cutting speed, current and the plasma gas pressure are the major influencing factors that affect the response variable. Confirmation test based on optimal setting shows the better agreement with the predicted values. Keywords—Analysis of variance, Material removal rate, plasma arc cutting, Taguchi method.


After the initial isolation of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) from infants with respiratory tract illnesses (RTIs), a plethora of studies involving the pediatric population have demonstrated that, in this population, hMPV infection accounts for 5%–25% of reported RTIs. Among infants hospitalized for RTI, hMPV is often the second most detected pathogen after human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). The clinical signs induced by both infections in patients of all ages are similar and range from mild upper RTI to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Primary infection with hMPV does not induce lifelong immunity; several studies have shown that reinfection can occur during adult life, possibly because of waning immunity. Studies among adults have shown that clinical signs related to reinfection are usually restricted to the upper respiratory tract, but respiratory viruses, such as hMPV, hRSV, and influenza virus, have been associated with influenza-like illness, bronchitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations of both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the adult population [1]. This was illustrated in a study among patients of all ages, where Boivin et al. [2] detected hMPV not only in young children with RTI but also in immunocompromized individuals, adults, elderly adults, and institutionalized elderly adults. In adults with underlying disease, in particular, it has been demonstrated that hMPV is a major causative agent of RTI and, in some cases, is associated with fatal outcomes. Only limited studies of hMPV infection,


The FASEB Journal • Essay Ion Channels under the Sun Geoffrey W. Abbott* ,1 and Geoffrey S. Pitt † *Bioelectricity Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; and † Departments of Medicine/ Cardiology and Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA In late june 2013, scientists from all corners of the globe gathered in Nassau, Bahamas, for the Sixth Biennial FASEB Science Research Conference (SRC) on Ion Channel Regulation. Afternoons were spent enjoying snorkeling, diving, sailing, or relaxing amid palm trees swayed by the gentle trade winds; mornings and evenings were all business, as the latest research in the burgeoning field of ion channel regulation was debated. Ion-conducting proteins are thought to account for 1% of human genes, are essential for the function of all living cells and for electrical activity in living organisms, and underlie such diverse processes as fluid homeosta- sis, volume regulation, muscular contraction, nervous signaling, gastric acidification, and endocrine function. Although ion channels have historically been under- represented as therapeutic targets, ion channel dys- regulation is a key feature in some of the most pervasive threats to 21st century public health, including diabetes and other metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. In an era in which the study of membrane proteins is arguably defined and dominated by atomic-level in- sights into structure and the molecular correlates of function, regulatory processes might, at first, seem a side-note not worthy of an entire conference. However, as the speakers and attendees at the FASEB SRC on Ion Channel Regulation demonstrated, nothing could be further from the truth. High-resolution, structural stud- ies have afforded us an unprecedented understanding of how ion channels and transporters operate, answer- ing some long-standing questions and fleshing out hypotheses and theories generated by earlier functional studies. Yet, in an era when our tools allow us to address the biomedical relevance and translational ramifica- tions of basic research, as physiologists and channelolo- gists, we are, more than ever before, seeking to discover how ion channels function in native systems and how they misbehave with consequences for human health. As physiologists, we have historically always broken things to help understand how they work. This natu- rally yields information as to what happens in ion channelopathies (diseases involving disruption of ion channel function) and consequent therapeutic op- tions. When Hodgkin and Huxley (1) analyzed sodium and potassium ion fluxes in the squid giant axon, eliminating the sodium influx by removing external bath sodium, as they pieced together the ionic ele- 0892-6638/14/0028-1957 © FASEB FASEB SRC on Ion Channel Regulation, June 23–28, 2013, Nassau, Bahamas. Conference logo, depicting an ion channel selectivity filter in the form of twin coconut palms (designed by G. W. Abbott). Image Copyright Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. ments of action potentials, they set the groundwork for manipulation of ionic currents to stem abnormal elec- trical activity to prevent or treat disorders, including epilepsy and chronic pain. Their work inspired use of pharmacologic agents to inhibit specific sodium or potassium channels to probe their contribution to the axonal action potential (2, 3), experiments that mir- rored what is now known to occur unintentionally in drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias, in which drug-in- duced ion channel blockade predisposes to life-threat- ening ventricular arrhythmias (4). Similarly, any scien- Correspondence: 360 Medical Surge II, Dept. of Pharma- cology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com doi: 10.1096/fj.14-0501ufm


Hornibrook (1939) described a liquid medium for the propagation of Hemophilus pertussis having a casein hydrolyzate base to which were added various salts, starch, cysteine, and nicotinic acid and which was capable of growing recently isolated strains. Because of the potential advantages of such a medium, it has been studied by many investigators. Their work has confirmed Hornibrook's original observations but it has also revealed several disadvantages in the medium. Modifications of the original formula stated to prevent precipitation, simplify preparation, decrease the granularity of growth, and increase the final bacterial count have been suggested by Verwey and Sage (1945), Wilson (1945), Farrell and Taylor (1945), and Cohen and Wheeler (1946). It is the purpose of this report to describe further the medium that has been developed in our laboratory and to define the cultural conditions that seem optimal for the growth of H. pertussis in this medium. Some observations concerning the antigenic properties of the liquid medium cultures are included.


The CMS experiment has implemented a sophisticated two-level online selection system that achieves a rejection factor of nearly 105. The first level (L1) is based on coarse information coming from the calorimeters and the muon detectors while the High-Level Trigger combines fine-grain information from all sub-detectors. During Run II, the LHC will increase its centre-ofmass energy up to 13 TeV and progressively reach an instantaneous luminosity of 2×34 cm−2s−1. In order to guarantee a successful and ambitious physics programme under this intense environment, the CMS Trigger and Data acquisition system must be consolidated. In particular the L1 calorimeter trigger hardware and architecture will be modified. The goal is to maintain the current thresholds (e.g., for electrons and photons) and improve the performance for the selection of tau leptons. This can only be achieved by designing an updated trigger architecture based on the recent microTCA technology. Racks can be equipped with fast optical links and latest generation FPGAs can be used. Sophisticated object reconstruction algorithms as well as online pile-up corrections can thus be envisaged. The plan to consolidate the CMS trigger system will be presented as well as the recent hardware and firmware developments. Algorithms to select efficiently electrons and photons, will also be presented along with the expected performance.


This paper deals with stochastic control problem with stopping time under jump-diffusion process.Stochastic control problem with stopping time in general function under the jump-diffusion model is established.Dynamic progressing equation is obtained by martingale approach.Necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the solutions to this problem are studied,and the optimal stopping time is derived.


The innate immunity, utilizes a battery of broad‐spectrum antibacterial cationic polypeptides (3 ‐ 5 kDa) named α‐ and β‐defensins. Several β‐defensins have been isolated and shown to play a role in the defense of various tissues. Herein, we report the expression pattern of two rat β‐defensins, rBD‐1 and rBD‐2, in liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and brain using RT‐PCR. To study polymorphism and verify gene identity, all cDNA products were sequenced. rBD‐1 was expressed in the kidney, lung, brain, but not in spleen or liver, whereas rBD‐2 was expressed in the lung, but not in the kidney or spleen. In addition, rBD‐2 was expressed in the brain and liver. No polymorphism was found in the genes encoding rat β‐defensins. These findings demonstrate a different expression pattern for rBD‐2 than what has been reported. We conclude that the rat may be a useful model to investigate the function and contribution of β‐defensins to host defense. IUBMB Life, 57: 41‐43, 2005


We describe a global optimization technique using "basin-hopping" in which the potential energy surface is transformed into a collection of interpenetrating staircases. This method has been designed to exploit the features that recent work suggests must be present in an energy landscape for efficient relaxation to the global minimum. The transformation associates any point in configuration space with the local minimum obtained by a geometry optimization started from that point, effectively removing transition state regions from the problem. However, unlike other methods based upon hypersurface deformation, this transformation does not change the global minimum. The lowest known structures are located for all Lennard-Jones clusters up to 110 atoms, including a number that have never been found before in unbiased searches.


Deng Xiaoping's Viewpoints on the change of the ownership pattern represent comprehensively the evolution of the definition for china's pluralistic ownership patterns, establish a wider branch for the study of socialist market economy theory, and offer a promising prospect for us.


Digital investigations of the real world through point clouds and derivatives are changing how curators, cultural heritage researchers and archaeologists work and collaborate. To progressively aggregate expertise and enhance the working proficiency of all professionals, virtual reconstructions demand adapted tools to facilitate knowledge dissemination. However, to achieve this perceptive level, a point cloud must be semantically rich, retaining relevant information for the end user. In this paper, we review the state of the art of point cloud integration within archaeological applications, giving an overview of 3D technologies for heritage, digital exploitation and case studies showing the assimilation status within 3D GIS. Identified issues and new perspectives are addressed through a knowledge-based point cloud processing framework for multi-sensory data, and illustrated on mosaics and quasi-planar objects. A new acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation and ontology-based classification method on hybrid point clouds from both terrestrial laser scanning and dense image matching is proposed to enable reasoning for information extraction. Experiments in detection and semantic enrichment show promising results of 94% correct semantization. Then, we integrate the metadata in an archaeological smart point cloud data structure allowing spatio-semantic queries related to CIDOC-CRM. Finally, a WebGL prototype is presented that leads to efficient communication between actors by proposing optimal 3D data visualizations as a basis on which interaction can grow.


Previous studies have demonstrated that development of the metabolic syndrome is associated with impairments to the bioavailability of endothelium derived nitric oxide, vascular reactivity and skeletal muscle microvessel density. The present study used 7 week old lean (LZR) and obese Zucker rats to determine if chronic exercise training (9 weeks of treadmill running, 1 hour/day) would alleviate these impairments. Following completion of the exercise regimen, OZR experienced significant improvements in body weight, mean arterial pressure, insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia as compared to their sedentary counterparts. Associated with these improvements in the indices of the metabolic syndrome were significant increases in the levels of vascular nitric oxide bioavailability under resting conditions and in response to challenge with acetylcholine. Vascular dilator reactivity in response to acetylcholine and prostacyclin was improved, and hyperconstrictor responses to adrenergic agonists were lessened. Gastrocnemius muscle microvessel density was improved in trained OZR, although not restored to the levels in LZR. As a result of these improvements in vascular structure and reactivity, functional hyperemia of in situ gastrocnemius muscle was improved in trained OZR as compared to sedentary animals. These results suggest that chronic exercise training can improve vascular function and skeletal muscle perfusion in OZR, and that this is correlated with an improvement in the indices of the metabolic syndrome. (NIH R01 DK64668; AHA 330194N)


1 Male cats were anaesthetized with alphaxalone‐alphadolone and breathed spontaneously following tracheotomy. Using coloured microspheres, muscle blood flow was measured at rest and during two periods of contraction elicited by simultaneous stimulation of the left sciatic and femoral nerves at 3 Hz for 10 min. In one group, the hindlimb blood flow was allowed to increase during muscle contraction and in another group the perfusion of the hindlimb was limited by a stenosis on the left external iliac artery. 2 In the absence of flow restriction, soleus muscle blood flow increased from 18.9 ± 3.8 to 30.4 ± 3.3 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1 (n= 6; P < 0.02) and gastrocnemius muscle blood flow increased from 24.8 ± 5.9 to 61.6 ± 12.8 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1 (n= 6; P < 0.01) during contraction. The bradykinin (BK) antagonist HOE 140 (1 mg kg−1, i.v.) did not affect the response in either the soleus (37.7 ± 7.3 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1; n= 6; n.s.) or the gastrocnemius (62.9 ± 7.9 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1; n= 6; n.s.) muscles. 3 In the stenosis group, soleus muscle blood flow increased from 9.8 ± 2.3 to 22.9 ± 4.9 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1 (n= 6; P < 0.01) and gastrocnemius muscle blood flow increased from 15.8 ± 3.4 to 36.4 ± 5.5 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1 (n= 6; P < 0.01) during contraction. Following administration of HOE 140, functional hyperaemia in the soleus muscle was unaffected (blood flow, 17.8 ± 2.2 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1; n= 6; n.s.) whilst blood flow in the gastrocnemius muscle was reduced to 21.8 ± 6.0 ml min−1 (100 g tissue)−1 (n= 6; P < 0.05). 4 The results show that BK does not contribute to functional hyperaemia associated with twitch contraction at 3 Hz when blood flow is unrestricted, but may contribute up to 40 % of the vasodilatation of predominantly glycolytic muscle groups such as the gastrocnemius when flow is restricted. BK plays no role in hyperaemia associated with twitch contraction of oxidative muscle groups such as the soleus.


Summary form only given. The operational life of high power gyrotrons is adversely affected by peaks of heat dissipation density which exceed the capability of the cooling system. Such peaks cause adsorbed gases or vapors to be released, disrupting the operation of the gyrotron, and reducing its operational life.


I systematically examine how constraining the degrees of freedom during organizational search affects performance. I label such constraints as "enabling," reflecting the fact that constraints may channel the collective search toward a better performance. In prior research, constraints in the search process that are imposed by strategy or organizational structure are typically associated with tradeoffs. For instance, constraints may improve average performance at the expense of discovering radical new solutions. Modeling enabling constraints as emerging from imperfect strategies that guide agents in the search process, I show a more refined view in which the tradeoffs apply only to a portion of the parameter space. When organizations focus on large problems relative to the expertise of individual agents and the problems are also complex, then constraining the search improves both average performance and the likelihood of discovering radical improvements. For simple and small problems, unconstrained collect...


The present study examined associations between self-reported social anxiety (SA) and patterns of pupillary response to emotional faces that provided feedback to college student participants (n = 59) about their performance on a reaction time task. I hypothesized that selfreported SA would predict pupil dilation profile (peak, duration, and latency) in response to feedback stimuli of varying intensities (i.e., low vs. high intensity happy and angry). Results showed no evidence of significant associations between peak and sustained pupil diameter measures and SA; however, at 0.5 seconds post-stimulus onset, SA and pupil diameter were negatively associated, such that smaller pupil diameter was associated with higher levels of SA. This pattern could be consistent with a blunted autonomic response to affective cues; examination of concurrent eye-tracking data would provide a test of this possibility. The present study lays crucial groundwork for future assessments utilizing pupil diameter as a parsimonious tool. INDEX WORDS: Pupil dilation, Social anxiety, Face feedback, Face stimulus intensity ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PUPILLARY RESPONSE PATTERNS TO EMOTIONAL FACES AND SELF-REPORTED SOCIAL ANXIETY


An aircraft version of the Polder instrument flew over the Straits of Dover to observe coastal waters. Atmospheric corrections are a critical issue for ocean color. The measurements reported here clearly indicated that the usual atmospheric inversion schemes are not applicable. The encountered aerosol models did not correspond to the usual standard models. BRDF POLDER measurements indicated that a local and monodispersed aerosol mode was predominant. Ground-based measurements of the sky radiances and of the degrees of polarization confirmed the POLDER observations. POLDER polarized radiance analysis is expected to improve the aerosol model knowledge in order to correctly retrieve the water leaving radiance.


Quaestus (Asturianella) incognitus subgen. n., sp. n, and Quaestus (Speogeus) mermejaensis sp. n. are described from caves located in the eastern foothills of the Sierra Mermeja (Asturias, Spain). Both taxa are included in the section Quaestus (sensu Salgado, 2000). Keys for a better, more precise placement of the new taxa are also given as well as biogeographical observations and a study on colonization by the species captured in the four caves examined in this paper, in comparison with other morphologically similar species or those living in neighbouring areas.


The studies conducted are devoted to the study of the sorption capacity of water-soluble polysaccharides with respect to plumbum (II) cations and the establishment of the kinetic characteristics of the process. Fractions of water-soluble polysaccharides derived from the herb Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. (Asteraceae) of two different varieties "Dazzler" and "Purity". Raw materials were harvested during the flowering period of the plant in the Botanical Garden of the Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute. As a result of the research, the adsorption capacity of the obtained water-soluble polysaccharides to lead ions was studied.
The chemical composition of Cosmos bipinnatus is not well understood. Phenolic compounds (the presence of chalcones, aurones, phenolic acids, flavonoids) and essential oils have been studied, while information about the carbohydrate composition has hardly been found, although often this group of compounds plays a significant role in pharmacological action. The physicochemical properties of polysaccharides are practically not studied. In this study, we established a rather high sorption capacity of water-soluble polysaccharides obtained from cosmetically doubly-circular two different grades "Dazzler" and "Purity" relative to plumbum (II) ions (90 and 92.5%, respectively). The concentration of lead ions was determined at different time intervals by complexometric titration. The process of complexation proceeds in the first order.
The analysis of the obtained data allows us to conclude that it is possible to use the VRPS obtained from the cosmetically doubly-circular "Purity" and "Dazzler" varieties to extract plumbum (II) ions, and as natural detoxicants.


Windward and leeward positioning on carbonate system gives significant effect on structure formation. Since the location of oil and gas reserve is affected by the position, it is important to establish the relation between surface and subsurface carbonate geometry. An experimental approach using flume tank modelling was performed to replicate the natural process which formed the windward and leeward geometry. The model was based on actual recent atoll with ideal characteristics, scaled down spatially and temporally to lab-sized experiment. The effect of windward and leeward positioning was replicated successfully and the density difference between the sediments used in the experiment was proven not to give any observable effects on geometry formation. Given the same ocean condition between the present and the past, the model gives insight to the shape of subsurface carbonate geometry found by seismic imagery.


India has a well -developed intellectual property management system.In this paper,Indian intellectual property legislation system,administrative agencies and patent announcement channel were introduced,and the intellectual property policy of Indian research organizations and universities was reviewed.


Colorectal cancer was infrequently diagnosed several decades ago. Nowadays, it is the world's fourth most deadly cancer with almost 900,000 deaths annually. Colorectal cancer had a low incidence several decades ago. However, it has become predominant cancer and now accounts for approximately 10% of cancer-related mortality in western countries. The 'rise' of colorectal cancer in developed countries can be attributed to the increasingly aging population, unfavorable modern dietary habits and an increase in risk factors such as smoking, low physical exercise and obesity. New treatments for primary and metastatic colorectal cancer have emerged, providing additional options for patients; these treatments include laparoscopic surgery for primary disease, more aggressive resection of metastatic disease (such as liver and pulmonary metastases), radiotherapy for rectal cancer and neoadjuvant and palliative chemotherapies. However, these new treatment options have had a limited impact on cure rates and long-term survival.


The invention discloses a method for detecting a flight time of an ultrasonic wave in flow speed measurement and belongs to the technical field of detection of an ultrasonic wave instrument. The technical scheme of the method is as follows: the flight time of the ultrasonic wave is calculated by a method of double-frequency ultrasonic wave phase detection so as to effectively increase the range of instrument measurement. In addition, the method for detecting the flight time of the ultrasonic wave in the flow speed measurement is different from other multi-frequency ultrasonic wave measuring methods, and a solution under a condition that the phase drifting exits in a sensor is provided, so that the method has better practicability in the detection of the flow speed or the flow rate of the ultrasonic wave.


Incoherent scatter measurements in the main ionospheric trough show that F-region ion temperatures and horizontal drift speeds increase together. Temperatures and drift speeds correlatc better with local magnetic activity than with planetary activity. Coincident neutral temperatures were obtained optically. the difference between ion and neutral temperatures increases with horizontal ion drift speed. It is concluded that F-region ion temperatures are increased in the presence of an enhanced horizontal ionospheric electric field. The heating mechanism for the ions is probably Joule heating by the Pederson current associated with the electric field.


Commentary on: AndrewsRCCooperARMontgomeryAA. Diet or diet plus physical activity versus usual care in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the Early ACTID randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;378:129–39.


ABSTRACT Water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes] is a widely available natural fiber and used in many applications in recent years. Eco friendly plasma sputtering technique has been employed to get Copper (Cu) coat on Water hyacinth fibers. The effects of working pressure, power and working time have been considered to optimize the best possible output on Cu coated fibers. Functional group of the coated and uncoated fibers has been analyzed by XRD and ATR-FTIR. The Surface morphology is analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope and the hydrophobic nature of the fiber is measured by Water Contact Angle measurement. The antibacterial properties and behavioral change of the material has been discussed. It shows that the Cu coated fiber acquires greater antibacterial activity against Escherichia Coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) than the raw fiber. The Changes in the moisture content of Cu deposited fibers are characterized quantitatively using Thermo Graphic Analyzer.


The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom(1851-1864) has carried out a policy that the widow can get remarried,which has,to certain extent,promoted the women's liberation.After a careful study we find,however,that the widows' remarriage policy is just a natural continuity of a long lasting remarriage customs of the Hakkas and the Zhuang Nationality.From people's regional and cultural psycho,the policy is widely recognized because it agrees with the social phenomenon of remarriage in the south areas of Yangtze River.But the fact is that Hong Xiuquan and his Kingdom clang to feudal moral code,demanding that a woman should remain chaste and faithful to her husband or betrothed,even after his death.Therefore,we cannot take the widows' remarriage policy as an evidence to prove that the Kingdom has devoted to the women's liberation.


In western civilization, the knowledge of the elasmobranch or selachian fishes (sharks and rays) begins with Aristotle (384n322 B.C.). Two of his extant works, the lHistoria Animaliumr and the lGeneration of Animals,r both written about 330 B.C., demonstrate knowledge of elasmobranch fishes acquired by observation. Roman writers of works on natural history, such as Aelian and Pliny, who followed Aristotle, were compilers of available information. Their...


State educational loan is an important measure to promote the reform of higher education system and increase the equal educational opportunity,which has obtained great effects.However,because of the system defect itself,there are some difficulties during the practice of educational loan.This paper introduces the system defect of our state educational loan.From the point of view of system economics,the paper presents some ways to optimize educational loan through improving the systems of repayment restriction and risk compensation,designing flexible systems of paying loan back and so on.


The purpose of this research is to know the description of the tax area now and to find out how the tax potential of Regions in an attempt to increase Revenue of the original South Kalimantan.The object of this research is in the province of South Kalimantan. Type of this research is quantitative in nature, i.e. data-shaped figures or numbers. The data used in this research is secondary and the data in this study using the method of estimation is to figure out how big the tax potential of regions of the province of South Kalimantan belong to Original income area.            The results of this research the potential tax areas of the province in the form of motor vehicle Taxation (PKB), the motor vehicle fuel tax (PBBKB), Customs Tax behind the name of motor vehicle Tax (PBBNKB), surface water (PAP) and taxes of cigarettes owned South Kalimantan very high against the original Revenue areas.Key words: local tax Revenue and the original Area.


A probabilistic definition of saliency is given in a form suitable for applications to image matching. In order to make this definition, the values of the pixels in pairs of matching regions are modeled using an elliptically symmetric distribution (ESD). The values of the pixels in background pairs of regions are also modeled using an ESD. If a region is given in one image, then the conditional probability density function for the matching region in a second image of the same scene can be calculated. The saliency of the given region is defined to be the Kullback-Leibler divergence between this conditional pdf and a background conditional pdf. Experiments carried out using images in the Middlebury stereo database show that if the salience of a given image region is high, then there are few background regions with a better match to the given region than the true matching region. Salient Regions for Image Matching S.J. Maybank 1st December 2011 Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK. firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract. A probabilistic definition of saliency is given in a form suitable for applications to image matching. In order to make this definition, the values of the pixels in pairs of matching regions are modeled using an elliptically symmetric distribution (ESD). The values of the pixels in background pairs of regions are also modeled using an ESD. If a region is given in one image, then the conditional probability density function for the matching region in a second image of the same scene can be calculated. The saliency of the given region is defined to be the Kullback-Leibler divergence between this conditional pdf and a background conditional pdf. Experiments carried out using images in the Middlebury stereo database show that if the salience of a given image region is high, then there are few background regions with a better match to the given region than the true matching region.


The curtain has been raised on new century. Prior to discussing the present status and trends of power semiconductor devices, allow us to briefly review Fuji Electric's history with power devices. The semiconductor device was invented and developed in the latter half of the 20th century. When Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen invented a transistor in 1948, they did not think that this transistor could control a current large enough to turn a motor, we suppose. Transistor devices began as small signal devices and later developed into ICs, and then broadened their range of application to power devices. These new power devices gave birth to new control technology and developed into new power electronics technology. Fuji Electric has been developing power devices and their control technology ever since the early stages, including the power transistor in 1972, and has continued as a leader and developer of this industry. In the 1980s, the highly anticipated MOS (metaloxide-semiconductor) gate power device was introduced. Next, the power MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor) was invented and was soon followed by the IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor). Production of the power MOSFET utilized the cutting-edge semiconductor technology of those days. Though it was a power device, it required production in a clean room where the cleanliness level was on par with that of necessary for LSI (large-scale integrated circuit) production. Figure 1 shows the progress of device design rules over time. The design rule for LSI memories is also shown for comparison. When the design rule for LSI memories was on the level of several microns in the latter half of the 1970s, the design rule for the power devices of thyristors and bipolar transistors was on the level of several tens of microns. However, when MOS gate devices such as MOSFETs and IGBTs appeared in the latter half of the 1980s, the difference in design rules between these and LSI chips rapidly decreased. In 2000, both achieved device design with sub-micron rules. At present, power devices and LSI chips are produced using equivalent level clean rooms and production equipment. In the "Special issue on MOS gate power device technology" (Vol. 63, No. 9) of the "Fuji Electric Journal" issued in 1990, Dr. Uchida described the MOSFET and IGBT in an article entitled, "Progress of MOS-gate power device technology." At that time, Fuji Electric was marketing 2nd generation IGBTs and was promoting the development of 3rd generation IGBTs. We predicted future development of the IGBT through improving the characteristics, adding intelligence and increasing capacity. The capacity of power devices has also undergone great changes. Figure 2 shows the progress in capacity of Fuji Electric's power devices over time. Power devices started as discrete transistors in the 1970s, then changed to transistor modules, and then to IGBT modules in the latter half of the 1980s. In 2000, a flatpackaged IGBT device rated at 4.5kV-2kA appeared. Please refer to the separate article in this special issue for details of this flat-packaged IGBT. In the "special issue on power semiconductor devices" (Vol. 72 No. 3) of the "Fuji Electric Journal" issued in 1999, Dr. Shigekane described the year of 1998 as a historical year for the research and development of power devices in "Present status and trends of power semiconductor devices." He cited the ISPSD (International symposium on power semiconductor devices & ICs) tenth anniversary symposium held in Kyoto as the reason for its historical importance. The


BACKGROUND

There is a lack of knowledge in Scotland about models of multidisciplinary ways of working and the formation of Multidisciplinary Teams (MDT) which requires the exploration of a new and different approach for providing health and social care services. As part of our collaboration with Health and Social Care Moray, through the Moray Integration project, The Innovation School at GSA worked with staff to scope a project which focused on explore multidisciplinary working.

AIM

The project aimed to explore how care could be provided at home or close to home by informing the development and way of working of the Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) in Forres. The process aimed to support all stakeholders to build a shared understanding of the MDT and model of care in Forres.

The process supported participants to be open to possibility in terms of how care could be provided at home or as close to home as possible in the future. By collecting different perspectives on the current places and forms of care, lived experiences, and ideas for future ways of working, stakeholders were enabled to creatively explore future opportunities for sustainable change.


Xanthomatosis, lipoid granulomatosis or cholesterol granulomatosis, is a disease having apparently to do primarily with a disturbance of the reticulo-endothelial system. The manifestations of the disease have been grouped into several syndromes, some of which are found in the literature, dignified as diseases. To my mind they all are syndromes or symptom-complexes, and the grouping of symptoms depends entirely upon the particular location of the underlying disease.


ABSTRACT The in vivo efficacy of the novel polymeric guanidine AKACID Plus was evaluated in a guinea pig model of experimental skin infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Topical application of AKACID Plus at concentrations of ≥0.5% was as effective as mupirocin 2% cream in the treatment of superficial skin infection with MRSA.


Experimental research indicates that self-distancing helps vulnerable individuals to cope with negative experiences. However, whether these fi ndings generalize outside the laboratory is unknown. Here, we report the results of a proof-of-principle study ( N = 111) that assessed whether teaching people how to self-distance during a brief (i.e., ∼ 1 hr) computer-delivered, in-laboratory training session would facilitate adaptive coping in the short term and over time compared to a no treatment control and active control (relaxation) condition. Ten days following the intervention, vulnerable participants in the self-distancing group (but not the active control or no treatment control groups) displayed levels of rumination and negative affect that were on par with their less vulnerable counterparts. At 3 and 6 months after the training, vulnerable participants in both the self-distancing group and the active control group reported lower levels of depressive symptoms (but not rumination) compared to vulnerable participants in the no treatment control group. These fi ndings provide preliminary evidence indicating that training vulnerable individuals to self-distance is bene fi cial. Future research is needed to replicate these fi ndings with larger samples and to examine whether they generalize to clinical samples.


Borehole image logs from 3 horizontal wells in the Barnett reveal significant variability in natural fracturing, faults and drilling induced fracture distribution along their laterals. The presence or absence of drilling induced transverse and longitudinal fractures can be directly linked to the changes in frac gradient and proppant placement during the fracture treatments and flowback response. A geomechanical study of all three wells identified the geometry of critically-stressed fractures and faults. Variation in differential stress along the lateral and changes in the geometry of critically-stressed fractures and faults can significantly alter the induced hydraulic fracture response (complex vs. planar fractures) in these stages, ultimately governing production response. We developed criteria to use drilling induced fracture patterns from horizontal borehole image data to optimize the fracture stage design, custom fitting the stimulation to lateral changes in stress anisotropy. From production histories, we show that stage-by-stage modification of the pump-ins, accommodating image derived information, improved frac efficiency and EUR, even in highly fractured laterals.


Dark Tea is a main industry of Hunan.In recent years,dark tea market grows fast in inland area from its previous limit market in only border area.This article studied the basic recognition,consumption tendency,brand awareness and product demand through the analysis of surveying papers.Countermeasures were also put forward to solve the existing problems.


The study compared two models in this research, there are : Altman and Olhson. This study aims to financial ditress prediction and determine the financial distress prediction model with the most suitable in its application to pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia.Comparisons were made by analyzing the level of accuracy of each model. The samples used were seven pharmaceutical company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2013-2017. In hypothesis testing using different test engineering analysis tools paired sample t-test, the results show that there are differences between the two models in predicting potential bankruptcy. The most suitable model applied to pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia and has the most appropriate value accuracy is 85% is a model Ohlson.
Keywords : Industry Pharmaceutical, Financial Distress, Predicting potential

Penelitian ini membandingkan dua model penelitian dalam penelitian ini yaitu
Altman dan Olhson. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi
kebangkrutan pada perusahaan sub sektor farmasi serta mengetahui model
prediksi financial distress yang paling cocok dalam penerapannya pada
perusahaan farmasi di Indonesia. Perbandingan dilakukan dengan menganalisis
tingkat kesamaan prediksi tiap-tiap model. Sampel yang digunakan adalah
delapan perusahaan farmasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode
2013-2017. Dalam pengujian hipotesis menggunakan alat analisis teknik
uji beda paired sampel t-test. Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa
terdapat perbedaan antara kedua model dalam memprediksi potensi
kebangkrutan. Model yang paling sesuai di terapkan untuk perusahaan
farmasi di Indonesia dan memiliki nilai yang paling tinggi yaitu 85% adalah
model Ohlson
Kata Kunci : Industri Farmasi, Kebangkrutan, Model prediksi


The greater Dhaka area was hit by flood in the year 1998 which affected more than 30 million people and resulted to economic damage amounting to nearly 3 billion dollars (US) and in Bangladesh disaster management activities relating to flood involving structural and non structural measures were implemented by different agencies like Bangladesh Water Development Board and other ministries. Floods in Bangladesh have important social dimensions where poorer sections of society bear the brunt of the hazard and many suffered heavily due to loss of employment, housing and property.


In this paper, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition on irreducibility of the polynomial Ln*(x),which is induced by Lucas polynomial.By using these results,we establish the followings: (1)Asufficient condition of cos kx/π irrational, k = 1,2,…,n-1;(2)The recursive formula of Sk = ∑p/2i=1cosk(2iπ/p),where p is prime.


Copper-silicide precipitates in silicon obtained after copper diffusion and quench in different liquids were studied by transmission electron microscopy and capacitance spectroscopy techniques. A correlation between the quenching rate, geometric size, and deep level spectra of the copper-silicide precipitates was established. The unusually wide deep level spectra are shown to be due to a defect-related band in the bandgap. The parameters of the band are evaluated using numerical simulations. a positive charge of copper-silicide precipitates in p-type and moderately doped n-type Si is predicted by simulations and confirmed by minority carrier transient spectroscopy measurements. Strong recombination activity of the precipitates due to attraction of minority carriers by the electric field around the precipitates and their recombination via the defect band is predicted and confirmed by the experiments. The pairing of copper with boron is shown to be an important factor determining the precipitation kinetics of the interstitial copper at room temperature.


Based on the Biot's consolidation theory,the dynamic response of a spherical cavity in viscoelastic fractional derivative type saturated soil is investigated in the frequency domain.The stress and strain constitutive relation of the soil skeleton is described by the fractional derivative type viscoelastic model.By utilizing a stress coefficient depending on the porosity of soil,the values of the inner water pressure in lining and in pore water are determined,respectively.Based on the continuity conditions at the interface between the soil and the lining,the steady-state dynamic response of the spherical cavity in fractional derivative type viscoelastic saturated soil subjected to the inner water pressure is obtained.The influences of physical parameters on the response amplitudes are studied,and it is revealed that their influences on the system response are remarkable by the viscosity of soil,the characteristics of materials and the relative permeabilities of the pore flexible lining and saturated soil.


Geochemical measurements have been widely used for understanding geophysical dynamic systems. Fluid mechanics and box models are quantitative tools for testing the reliability of these interpretations. We present here the connection between these two methods, especially in the case of the Earth's mantle. We show that box models implicitly assume a chemical diffusivity inversely proportional to the number of boxes. From fluid dynamics considerations we suggest that at least 15 boxes should be used to model the mantle. Then, we compare the results of a simple convective geochemical model with box models to illustrate a way to incorporate dynamical constraints in them.


Increases in the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) in the coming years will require a workforce capable of addressing this health epidemic. The National Institute on Aging has introduced Research Education Components (RECs) to "support research educational activities to complement the training of a workforce to meet the nation's research needs in AD and related dementias." By recruiting and training promising researchers, the goal of RECs are to increase the pool of researchers dedicated to studying ADRD, advance the mission of translating research advances into improved diagnosis and care, as well treating and preventing ADRD.


In this study, the characteristics of low specific speed centrifugal water pump are presented. The characteristics are evaluated by studying the relationships among the impeller eye diameter, vane exit angle and width of the blade at exit. As these pumps are of Non-positive type, the discharge is greatly affected by any resistance to flow, outlet conditions and design parameters of impeller and casing. Therefore it is necessary to find out the design parameters and working conditions that yield optimal output and maximum efficiency with lowest power consumption. This paper is devoted to the performance evaluation of a centrifugal pump for the given specification. Different pump models are developed by varying critical design parameters to different levels. Response surface method is used for Experimental Design (DoE). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out on the developed models to predict the performance virtually and to verify with the experimental result of the pump. Optimal pump design is formulated using Response surface method. The objective functions are defined as the total head and the total efficiency at the design flow-rate.


Online shopping platforms often highlight reviews to aid consumers' decision-making process. The current research proposes that highlighted review should match between the reviewers' and the browsing consumers' purchasing goals (profiles). Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), an unsupervised machine learning method for topic modeling, we uncovered the hidden profiles that show a reviewer's original purchasing goal, whether utility-oriented or hedonic-oriented. Subsequent analysis revealed that utility- and hedonic-oriented reviewers differ in certain review-writing and rating behaviors. The paper contributes to the literature by suggesting a new way to understand reviewers' profiles from text data and resulting review behaviors. We also make a practical recommendation for shopping platforms in highlighting more relevant reviews.


Metformin HCl (MH), is an oral anti-diabetic drug with less bioavailability, and a BCS class III, short plasma half-life as well as narrow absorption window. The objective of this research work is to obtain better delivery of MH to the upper part of GIT by increasing the mean residence time (MRT) in the stomach. For this, Gastroretentive swellable and floating sustained release tablets were prepared to prolong the gastric emptying that provides maximum drug at the site of absorption. Different formulations were prepared by wet granulation with the help of hydrophilic polymers like different grades of hyroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), xanthan gum (XG), sodium alginate (SA), carbopol 940; hydrophobic polymer like ethyl cellulose (EC); swelling agent like crospovidone (CP) and gas generating agent sodium bicarbonate (SBC). The formulations were evaluated for pre and post-compression characteristics; the formulation F5 gave the optimum result along with >24 hrs floating time and an in vitro release profile very near to desire release. Release kinetic studies showed that all batches followed Super case II transport mechanism and first order kinetics. The optimized formulation F5 also subjected to 40°C and 75% relative humidity for stability test and remained stable during the period of 3 months. INTRODUCTION: Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are used for maximizing therapeutic index (TI) of the drug and also for the reduction in the side effects. The most preferred route is the oral route especially for the administration of therapeutic drugs because low cost of therapy and ease of administration leads to higher level of patient compliance 1 . Drug that are easily absorbed from the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) and having short half life are eliminated quickly from the systemic circulation. Frequent dosing of the drugs is required to achieve suitable therapeutic activity. To avoid this limitation, the development of oral sustained release (SR)-controlled released (CR) formulation is an attempt to release the drug slowly into GIT and maintain an effective drug concentration in the systemic circulation 2 . QUICK RESPONSE CODE DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(4).1590-02 Article can be accessed online on: www.ijpsr.com DOI link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7 (4).1590-13 The efficiency of DDS depends majorly on release of drug substance from the system and absorption of this moiety in GIT. Factor such as stability of the product in GIT, release rate absorption region and localization time of the drug substance induce variability on bioavailability of DDS. The transition time of the dosage form is an important parameter for a complete absorption of drug substance in GIT 3 . However, oral route has several physiological problems including an unpredictable gastric emptying rate that varies from person to person, a brief gastrointestinal (GI) transit time (812 h) and the existence of an absorption window in the upper small intestine for several drugs 4, 5 . Drugs that have narrow absorption window in the GIT will have poor absorption. For these drugs Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDSs) have been developed. Oral sustained release dosages form with prolonged residence time in the stomach helps in absorption of drugs which are less soluble or unstable in the alkaline pH and those which are absorbed from the upper GIT 6 . Several


A field experiment was carried out at the Vegetable Research Station, Kalpa, to study the performance of three pollinizer cultivars grafted on M9 clonal rootstock under high-density plantations in the cold temperate region of Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, situated at an altitude of 27,000 meters. The high-density plantation of apples in Kinnaur district is still in the inception stage and it is important to aware the farmers of the area about pollinizer cultivars improve the production of temperate fruits. Sufficient and judicious incorporation of pollinizer cultivars is indeed an important aspect in the enhancement of productivity, keeping in mind that this trial was carried out to benefit the farming community in the coming years. The experiment evaluates three apple cultivars 'Gale Gala/M9', 'Redlum Gala/M9', and 'Auvil Early Fuji/M9', planted in the year 2016 as a feathered plant at a spacing of 2.5X1.0 meters in Randomized Block Design (RBD). Most of the growth and fruiting characteristics were found to be non-significant and significant results were obtained only in the Number of fruits, Fruit Size, Length and fruit weight. However, Maximum, shoot extension growth (13.86 cm), plant height (219.50 cm), Total Number of flowers Number (1211 / tree), Number of fruit set /tree (64.25), Number of fruits/tree (30.17), Yield (3.79 kg/tree) and Productivity (15.14 MT/Ha) were recorded with Redlum Gala on M9, whereas, trunk diameter (30.50 mm), plant spread N-S (120.83 cm), fruit diameter (81.21 mm), percent fruit set (23.06 ) and Fruit Size (Length, 73.77 mm; Breadth 77.68 mm) were observed in Gale Gala on M9. Further, higher Plant Spread E-W (125.00 cm) and fruit weight (218.23 g/fruit) were observed in Auvil Early Fuji. Studies have shown that all three pollinizer cultivars performed similarly with a non-significant difference, yet Redlum Gala/M9 performed better amongst the cultivars studied and it may be recommended to grow under high-density plantations in cold temperate conditions of Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh.


The traditional image of nineteenth-century European students presents the liberal French revolutionary mounting the barricades or the romantic German drinking or dueling to protect his honor. Many of these images were deceptive, and historians in the last ten years have worked to find the true significance of the student subcultures in Europe, and the manner in which these students were socialized for their future roles in society. Robert J. Smith has argued that students at the Ecole Normale Supérieure drew progressive political lessons from their education, which contributed greatly to defining the characteristics not only of French education, but of the Third Republic itself. McLachlan and Rothblatt have demonstrated that when nineteenth-century students at Princeton or Oxford and Cambridge were dissatisfied with the official curriculum of those institutions they were quite capable of taking the initiative and establishing much of their own social and intellectual life. Konrad Jarausch has emphasized the role of voluntary student organizations in the neutralization of liberal impulses in German higher education, and has stressed the importance of student subculture for the shift from left-wing to right-wing nationalism in Germany. In general, Jarausch has pointed out the importance of traditional student organizations, which "socialize the future elite toward adult roles and form a safety valve for sporadic outbursts of violence, sexual license, etc."