Human trafficking and smuggling are the paradigm of contemporary criminal activity. While these crimes occur throughout many states in the U.S., Florida and the Tampa Bay area specifically are heavily targeted by both foreign and domestic persons. This region is subject to a substantial influx of humans who are transported across borders and within the state. This is caused by the large service industry, coastlines and airports, agriculture and other ports that allow for transportation. These humans may be woman, children and men. Most people who are trafficked are used for two main purposes, slave labor and sex. This paper presents research on human trafficking with the Tampa Bay region and surrounding areas. This review includes laws and policies that have been created within the state in order to prevent and protect citizens of our nation and others from being kidnapped and/or sold as slaves; laws that will cause new enhancements from affected agencies and organizations. Understanding the definition of the word "victim" with human trafficking and human smuggling in mind and who is punished in our legal system for both of these crimes, may be two different things. This review of policies and procedures in the U.S. and the state of Florida will also show who is the criminal and the victim within these cases. 2 McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 2 [2015], Art. 5 https://commons.erau.edu/mcnair/vol2/iss1/5 Introduction Trafficking in persons and human smuggling are believed to be two of the most prolific areas of contemporary international criminal activity.1 These networks of crime are of significant interest to U.S. homeland security and the international community as a serious human rights issue. This crime extends to all parts of the world with the U.S. at the forefront of controversy due to its large economic power and Florida is no different.2 Within the state of Florida, human trafficking and smuggling are hot topics. For the past decade, this realm of criminal activity has become a known problem openly discussed politically; a big step for this topic that took a long time to be recognized. Politically and legally, the rights and actions of the smuggled, smugglers, the trafficked, and the traffickers have been at the forefront of action taken. An in-depth look at the rise in the human trafficking and smuggling situation in Florida could give insight to some of the truths and mysteries that remain within these criminal networks and the attempt from our government and private agencies at hindering the processes behind human trafficking and smuggling. Within this paper I will be examining what human trafficking and human smuggling has amounted to over the past decade. By doing so, I will be looking into the development of what defines these actions, legal actions taken and the methods of entry into our country. Additionally, I will be attempting to uncover vulnerabilities in U.S. homeland security that could potentially be playing a large role in the assistance to the criminals behind these activities. Methodology Existing human trafficking literature is one-dimensional in focus, addressing only the circumstances of the victims and perpetrators of the crime of human trafficking. The data rarely points to the networks of crime that are involved, to the evolution of the policies and procedures or to the entrance into these criminal networks. My interest in this overlooked migrant corridor piqued my curiosity in the subject and the depth to which other scholars had previously covered it. When I began to understand how little attention is devoted to the policies and procedures surrounding human trafficking nationwide, I felt compelled to pursue research on human trafficking within the state of Florida. Over the course of my research, the interviews that were conducted proved to be the strongest areas of development for my work. I had the opportunity to interview some of the 1 Seelke, Clare Ribando, and Alison Siskin. "Definitions." In Trafficking in Persons U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress, 1-18. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2013. 2 Ibid: 1-3 3 Winebrenner: Human Trafficking and Smuggling in Tampa Bay, Florida: Processes, Published by Scholarly Commons, 2015 highest level officials in the state of Florida that deal with human smuggling and trafficking across multiple branches of the Department of Homeland Security, including the Transportation Security Administration and Immigration Customs and Enforcement. During the course of my research I have encountered a wide range of sources from interviews to existing literature and legal proceedings, and it has become increasingly apparent that the existing literature on human trafficking tends to bleed together the distinct issues of human trafficking and human smuggling. On the other hand, the interviews immediately placed emphasis on the differing factors between the two crimes. To illustrate, the interviewees almost unanimously reported on the U.S. homeland security vulnerability of the migrant visa process and the immigrants who are overlooked once they have reached the U.S.. While these victims may become human trafficking victims, they are first victims of smuggling and coerced into the criminal networks. The literature pertaining to human smuggling and human trafficking has some obvious gaps. Grievous vulnerabilities in the Department of Homeland Security go unrecognized and unaddressed. As the literature stands, there is a wide range of case studies on victims of human trafficking and smuggling. The life of these victims before, during and after these events occurred is the primary focus of the literature. However, there is an immense amount of uncovered topics that go overlooked. It is with this research paper that I only begin to understand these vulnerabilities and the evolution of the policies and procedures that affect these criminals and victims. Understanding human trafficking While it is widely known in the field of trafficking in persons that Florida is an active region for human trafficking and smuggling, there is still a variable that is not understood: where are these victims entering the state? As of 2013, it is estimated that Florida hosts 18,000 to 50,000 trafficked and smuggled people.3 While there continue to be laws written, task forces created and training provided, Florida is only gradually seeing results in the numbers of assisted victims.4 This may be due in part to the exact definition of human trafficking and the differences in each presented case. Defining human trafficking ranges dependent on the source that provides the definition. The variables of each human trafficking case may have some similarities or overlap but for the most part, each case is vastly different.5 Thus, understanding the complex 3 Ibid: 1-3 4 "National Data 2010." Human Trafficking Programs in Florida. September 19, 2010. Accessed January 11, 2015. 5 "Convention on Transnational Organized Crime." United Nations. October 10, 2004. Accessed January 15, 2015. 4 McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 2 [2015], Art. 5 https://commons.erau.edu/mcnair/vol2/iss1/5 layout of this crime and the operation of it, is vital. Within an immense understanding of the different systems human traffickers have built, finding the rings of trafficked victims is near impossible due to the fear, coercion and lack of control of the victims. Human Trafficking vs. Human Smuggling As mentioned in my methodology section, research and policies that relate to human trafficking are based on differences between two crimes: human trafficking and human smuggling. The difference between the two is found in the complex nature of each crime. Each scenario and criminal has a different set of circumstances and procedures that can vary so greatly from another criminal and case. Therefore, it is difficult to distinctly categorize these two crimes. It can be plausible for many cases to have grey areas that could fall under both categories. For instance, while the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime definition of human trafficking is not synonymous with human smuggling, one person may fall victim to both. 6 Human Trafficking according to the U.N. Office of Drugs and Crime: (a) "Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; (b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) have been used; (c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered "trafficking in persons" even if this does not involve any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article; (d) "Child" shall mean any person under eighteen years of age. 6 "United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime And Protocols Thereto." Trends in Organized Crime, 2004, 11-21. 5 Winebrenner: Human Trafficking and Smuggling in Tampa Bay, Florida: Processes, Published by Scholarly Commons, 2015 Human smuggling or "smuggling of migrants" according to the U.N. Office of Drugs and Crime: (a) The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a


We show, by an exact numerical simulation, how to prepare a non-spreading electronic wavepacket in Rydberg atoms, using the nonlinear interaction of the Rydberg electron with a circularly polarized microwave field. The wavepacket can be prepared by a mixed diabatic/adiabatic switching on of the microwave field, which is studied in detail for realistic conditions.


Over a decade has passed since Albrecht and Sack (2000) wrote their seminal report on the future of accounting education, and the conclusions they reached still ring true today; that we must 'add high value to our students as they prepare for careers in a fast-changing business world' (p. 59). The changing business world and the changing expectations of graduates' capabilities are perhaps particularly relevant for the teaching of auditing. The need to demonstrate not only subject-specific knowledge and skills, but also generic skills required for employment is a challenge that accounting educators need to address, but it is often harder to build in this required mix of skills in a technical subject such as auditing. In this context in particular, we are very pleased to be given the opportunity—as Guest Editors—to offer ways forward for the audit educator. Our first themed issue on audit education (see Accounting Education: an international journal, 20(2), April 2011) explored ways in which audit education could be improved. This, our second themed issue, focuses on ethical and technical situations drawn from experience, and presents a casebased issue offering a selection of methods to help audit educators provide real-world experiences to their students to enable them to assimilate the knowledge, which they have learnt in class. The first contribution (by Beattie, Fearnley and Hines) is a flexible case based on a typical and realistic audit situation. Using interviews with key players in the audit process as the main source of information, the case encourages students to consider the importance of behavioural aspects of an audit, whilst still firmly grounded in audit technique. It offers a flexible case that can be easily manipulated to cover a number of key issues and centres on encouraging generic skill development alongside a complex and messy auditing problem. This is followed by a case on performing agreed-upon procedures. Farewell and Debreceny present a case on XBRL filing; a topical area as regulation surrounding this is voluntary and is still a relatively new area. The case puts the student in the role of the engagement manager and it can be used to encourage students to consider the technical issues of XBRL filing, or it can focus instead on the more managerial processes underpinning this. Culminating in writing up the finding as a report to a client, the case also covers some of the more generic skills of client communication. The third case looks at substantive tests of inventory. Clikeman provides an impressively comprehensive set of accounting records and supporting documents to allow students to explore a variety of issues involving inventory testing. In particular, it focuses on the types of mis-statements that can occur within the inventory. The case materials are flexible and allow educators to introduce a range of issues that can occur in inventory testing. We finish with a contribution which discusses the implementation of a service learning project. This offers a real-life opportunity for students to engage actively in an audit context in a community-based project. The benefit of service learning is that both parties gain from the experience; the community-based project is audited and the students Accounting Education: an international journal Vol. 21, No. 2, 109–110, April 2012


This study aims to trace the main stages of the construction of resort villages on the southern coast of Crimea between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and their specifics and evaluate the contribution of Russian entrepreneurs to the development of resort business in Crimea. Based on the body of sources kept in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, it is established that the leading role in the formation and prosperity of the most popular Crimean resorts, Simeiz and Gurzuf, belongs to famous Russian entrepreneurs, i.e. representatives of the Maltsov dynasty and P. I. Gubonin, respectively. Thanks to their efforts and investments, once deserted and abandoned areas became villages with a developed infrastructure comfortable for living. Also, the involvement of a wide range of professionals in the construction of villages, such as architects, engineers, builders, managers, gardeners, etc. can be considered key to the successful functioning of resorts. The author singles out features of new places of rest: Simeiz developed because of individual development in accordance with the owners' tastes, and Gurzuf became a model of hotel business of the time. The author concludes that with the help of a flexible pricing policy, hotels, guesthouses, and cottages became available to wealthy visitors not only of noble origin. In its turn, the public vacationing in Crimea enthusiastically got acquainted with local attractions, which became the basis for the formation of the tourism industry in the region. Crimea ceased to be an elitist place of rest for the royalty and persons close to them at the turn of the twentieth century and turned into the "Russian Riviera", a popular resort in Russia, whose progressive development was interrupted by the events of October 1917 and the subsequent Civil War.


This article has synthesized and evaluated trade and cross -border investment in the perspective of firms.Its starting point is firms that export and others that do not co - exist in the same industries,which contradicts with traditional and new trade theories.Until recently,main trade theories begin to explain on this and have changed with the development of heterogeneous firm models.Relevant literatures explain why firms that export are more productive,together with the reallocation of resources among firms.They point out a causal link between exportation and productivity and how heterogeneous firms choose ways to access to foreign markets.The empirical literature has more and extends across a large number of industrialized,transitional and developing countries.In the end,the essay concludes on a number of problems deserving attention in the field.


Abstract Thick glacifluvial sediments in the Brorfelde area, northwestern Sjaelland, are covered by a visually uniform till material. The till stratigraphic studies using i.a. till fabrics and fold analyses reveal evidence of two 'Young Baltic' ice advances correlated with the 'Belt Sea' advance and the readvance of the 'Belt Sea' ice. At the Brorfelde hills these two ice advances came from the S to ESE and the SW respectively. Statistical analyses of stone countings, grain-size distributions, CaCO3 analyses and till fabrics enable a separation of the seemingly uniform till material into three till units. Two of the units were most probably deposited during the 'Belt Sea' advance. The youngest till, deposited during the readvance of the 'Belt Sea' ice, is characterized by a high content of Palaeozoic limestone. The deposition of till material during the ice advance from the S to ESE is greater than indicated by the till fabrics. Prior to the statistical treatment of the lithostratigraphical data it was th...


Hemodynamic instability is frequently implicated in critically ill patients. Although cardiac dysfunction is a major concern by physicians, the venous return is equally important for the bedside management since the changes of venous return can greatly influence hemodynamics. Venous return can be affected by not only physiological factors but also by the etiology and treatments, and its changes may result in complex hemodynamic alterations. It is thus important to understand the impact of venous return on hemodynamics for adequate management at bedside.

Key words:
Veins return; Hemodynamics; Shock


Indirect constraints on the intensity of the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) were provided by recent studies of extragalactic sources emitting sub-TeV to multi-TeV photons. These constraints are provided thanks to the absorption of gamma rays by soft photons from the EBL (UV/optical/IR) via pair production by gamma - gamma interactions. This paper provides an overview of recent results that have led to substantially reduced uncertainties on the EBL intensity over a wide range of wavelengths from 0.1 to 15 micron.


The device comprises a first support (11) of tubular shape bearing on its outer surface means for attachment to a handling tool, a second support (18) of tubular shape mounted in coaxial and rotary position around its axis within the first support (11) and means rotating motor of the second support (18) within the first support (11). A flexible blade (55) carrying a control probe to one of its ends is engaged in supporting and guiding means carried by the second carrier (18) and having an end portion (65) pivotally mounted about an axis perpendicular to the axis (25) of the second support (18). The blade (55) is moved in translation in the axial direction (25), by displacement means (52, 53). Is carried out the control of the inner surface of the tubular part (3) by moving the probe attached to the end of the flexible blade (55) in rotation about the axis (25) and in axial translation, inside the annular space (8) between the sleeve (5) and the tubular part (3).


In the past decade, interest in hollow silica particles has grown tremendously because of their applications in diverse fields such as thermal insulation, drug delivery, battery cathodes, catalysis, and functional coatings. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy to synthesize hybrid hollow silica particles having shells made of either polymer-silica or carbon–silica. Hybrid shells were characterized using electron microscopy. The effect of hybrid shell type on particle properties such as thermal and moisture absorption was also investigated.


Though it has been widely predicted that in animals in which reproductive value declines with age, reproductive effort should increase toward the end of the lifespan, analysis of changes in reproductive effort are impeded by fundamental difficulties in measuring the costs of reproduction. Energetic measures may not reflect the effects of breeding on subsequent survival and breeding success, especially in organisms in which body size increases with age, while attempts to estimate reproductive costs directly are complicated by positive correlations between breeding success and parental survival. Though the long-lived birds and mammals are among the most promising organisms on which to test the theory that reproductive effort increases with age, measures of fecundity commonly decline with increasing maternal age. Some recent evidence suggests, however, that offspring survival may improve toward the end of the lifespan.


Nowadays, transportation is the most important thing to every person. In a
big city there�s so many kind of transportation, one of them is motorcycle. Many
people choose motorcycle in a big city because motorcycle can avoid some crowd
of traffic lights cause. And now, most of them use Fuel Injection System. Many
people choose Fuel Injection Motorcycle from the economical. Fuel Injection
System can make motorcycle at their best performance with less fuel. That�s why
this thing can be a good final project to lift up.
This final project is the result of research of the effect of Fuel Pump
Injection pressure to power and torque of the motorcyle machine. The type of
motorcycle was used for this final project is Yamaha Vixion 150cc. The extension
toll for this final project is inverter who can make the variety pressure of Fuel
Pump Injection. The power and the torque result was tested with Dyno Test. And
the economical fuel was tested manually.
After the dyno test and the economical fuel test with inverter we�ve got the
result from 220 kPa pressure of Fuel Pump that the power is 15,6 hp (when N =
8696 rpm) and the torque is 13,57 N.m (when N = 7920 rpm), from 240 kPa
pressure of Fuel Pump (STD) that the power is 15 hp (when N = 8549 rpm) and
the torque is 13.42 N.m (when N = 7338 rpm), and from 250 kPa pressure of Fuel
Pump that the power is 15 hp (when N = 8704 rpm) and the torque is 13.55 N.m
(when N = 7461 rpm). From the result we knew now that the pressure of Fuel
Pump was so affected to the power and torque of the machine.


We present a perceptually-based approach for compressing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. Key components of the approach are a multiresolution wavelet transform, a bit allocation mask based on an empirical human visual system (HVS) model, and hybrid scalar/vector quantization. Specifically, wavelet shrinkage techniques are used to segregate wavelet transform coefficients into three components: local means, edges, and texture. Each of these three components is then quantized separately according to a perceptually-based bit allocation scheme. Wavelet coefficients associated with local means and edges are quantized using high-rate scalar quantization while texture information is quantized using low-rate vector quantization. We assess the impact of the perceptually-based multiresolution compression algorithm on visual image quality, impulse response, and texture properties for fine-resolution magnitude-detected SAR imagery and find excellent image quality at bit rates at or above 1 bpp along with graceful performance degradation at rates below 1 bpp-


With conventional dosage forms, the drug is quickly dissolved in the gastrointestinal liquid, and builds up to a high concentration in the gastrointestine and decreases exponentially until the next dose. Because of the kinetics of absorption into- and of elimination out of the plasma, the plasma drug level alternates between high peaks and low troughs and the optimal therapy is scarcely attained. Controlled release dosage forms where the drug is dispersed through polymers deliver the drug in the gastrointestine with a low rate, leading to more constant plasma drug level. Two types of polymers are especially considered, with stable polymers through which the transport is controlled by diffusion, and with erodible polymers. The process of drug transfer is described, with the following stages : release of the drug out of the dosage form along the gastrointestinal tract time, absorption in the plasma and elimination. The plasma drug level obtained by calculation is in good agreement with the experimental data. The effect of parameters of interest, such as the gastrointestinal tract time, the dosage frequency, the pharmacokinetic rate constants on the plasma drug level is studied. Following this way the transport of drug through various tissues, such as the blister fluid, the lung tissue and bronchial secretion is estimated. Finally some emphasis is placed upon the time over which the dosage form could stay in the gastrointestine and the advantage of adhering the dosage form on the gastrointestinal wall.


As the urban population increases the urban density becomes denser. The first to be affected is the traffic, 30% of traffic is caused by vehicles cruising for parking. One of the solutions is to deploy a smart parking assisted by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), thus the cities can optimize parking re-sources and provide a transparent and smart services. Drivers can get real-time parking availability information through their smartphone. The aim of this paper is to introduce an intelligent parking system based on WSN by identifying their benefits, challenges and constraints while providing real-time availability information. We will focus on the WSN MAC layer and protocols proposed. We start with a state of the art of smart parking solutions based on WSNs and their politics to solve the current parking problems. Then we discuss the different solutions of MAC protocols proposed in real time service context and we finish with a comparative of these solutions to identify their strengths and limitations.


Our present research assessments are almost controlled by the research administrative sectors. The research administrative sectors, in view of their own operating features, set up the research assessment criterion which often draw support from other assessment intermediary, and are too simple, thus cause the research assessment to be partial and cause the researchers to pursue the research ″quantity″ and neglect to assess the ″quality″ of the research outputs. The varieties of international research evaluation system can be mainly categorized into three types of models, such as national ranking models, research block funding models and the mixed models of funding and assessment. Based on fairness, accountability and encouragement, the national magisterial research evaluation system has some characteristics such as the status of assessment institution neutrality, assessment criterion diversity, small peer evaluation, encouraging research cooperation and concerning research quality and impact. Drawing lesson from national magisterial scientific evaluation systems in the world, to fundamentally enhance the overall quality and social impact of China's scientific research, our scientific evaluation system would transform from administration leading to country leading.


Objectives Sino-nasal cancer (SNC) is a rare and potentially fatal disease with a high occupational attributable fraction, being wood, leather dust, metals and PAH's well recognised carcinogenic agents. The importance of occupational exposure is often underestimated with some authors that disputed its role in the pathogenesis of histological subtypes different from adenocarcinoma(AC), mainly squamous-cell-carcinoma (SCC). We quantified the etiological role of occupational exposure in a large hospital based cohort of SNC. Methods We systematically evaluate all cases after surgical treatment in Otorhinolaryngology department (period: Feb-2010/Feb-2011) through a standardised and validated questionnaire developed with the National Registry for SNC cases. Results We evaluated 48 cases (69% AC, 21% SCC, 10% other), 13 of them were women. Mean age at diagnosis was 63. A previous occupational exposure was recognised for 31 cases (65% of the total). The proportion of occupational cases was higher for AC (84%) than for SCC and for other histotypes (20%). For AC the more common risk factors were leather (47% of all cases) and wood dusts (32%). Conversely, SCC resulted exposed to a wider range of carcinogen factors (comprising formaldehyde, PAH, metals). Mean latency was 51y (range 30–65), mean duration of exposure was 26y (range 2–52). Conclusions Occupational exposure plays a key role in the aetiopathogenesis of SNC, not only for AC (with wood and leather dust that confirmed their impact in term of public health) but also for other histotypes with formaldehyde and PAH's as important and often misrecognised occupational factors.


An analysis is made of the noise produced by low Mach number turbulent flow over the serrated edge of a flat plate airfoil at zero angle of attack. The serrations are of sawtooth profile of wavelength λ and root‐to‐tip distance 2h. At frequencies ω satisfying ωh/U≫1 (where U is the velocity of the main stream) it is predicted that the intensity of the radiation is reduced relative to that produced by the same flow over an unserrated edge by at least 10×log[1+(4h/λ)2] dB. Predictions are contrasted with analogous results derived [M. S. Howe, J. Fluids Struct. 5, 33–45 (1991)] for smoothly varying serrations of sinusoidal profile, for which it was concluded that attenuations of order 10×log(6h/λ) dB are possible.


Most of the previous studies have analyzed the validity of Tradeoff and Pecking Order in the context of firms that are financially sound, not under financial distress. This study departs from that approach and analyzes the firms in financial distress to find empirical evidence on the issue as to whether the firms in financial distress follow a target debt ratio model or pecking order in adjusting their debt ratios. The findings show a weak support for the target adjustment model. Specifically, the firms in financial distress are found to be making a downward adjustment to the debt ratios, apparently due to potential increase in bankruptcy costs. Further, the study finds that transaction costs and bankruptcy costs influence the speed of adjustment towards the optimal debt ratio as well as the financing behavior of the firms in financial distress. The results are also supportive of the pecking order approach to capital structure adjustments by firms in financial distress.


The excitation dependent least squares estimator represents an alternative solution to the problem of parameter drifting in the parameter estimation of time-varying dynamic systems. In order to improve the technique's parameter tracking ability we incorporate to it a forgetting factor that depends on the chosen data block length. This makes the algorithm more suitable for real time applications. Simulation results that illustrate the capabilities of the new algorithm are presented.<<ETX>>


Vildagliptin is approved by USFDA in 2007. Vildagliptin s- l-[n-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl) glycyl] pyrrolidine-2- carbonitrile is associate degree oral antihyperglycaemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp-4) substance category of medicine. The present work categorical the new easy, accurate, precise analytical methodology for the determination of vildagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical indefinite quantity kind. Analytical techniques play a decisive role by providing solutions like improvement. This paper could be a review and classification of the various analytical techniques that are the foremost widely-used in determination common provision issues. Pharmaceutical analysis plays an awfully outstanding conspicuous role in quality assurance similarly as internal control of bulk medication and pharmaceutical formulations. Fast increase in pharmaceutical industries and production of drug in numerous components of the globe has brought an increase in demand for brand new analytical techniques within the pharmaceutical industries. As a consequence, analytical methodology development has become the essential activity of study. Recent development in analytical ways has been resulted from the advancement of analytical instruments.


The nonlinearity of a transmission fiber may be compensated by a specialty fiber and an optical phase conjugator. Such combination may be used to pre-distort signals before each fiber span so to linearize an entire transmission line.


In this study investigated on characteristics of decomposition of tetrabutoxysilane (TBOS) as a slow release substrate (SRS) by the reaction of hydrolysis and of TCE (trichloroethene) adsorption capacity onto TBOS modification activated carbon (TAC). In the first experiment, TCE adsorption by activated carbon (AC) and TAC was investigated. At AC and TAC sorbent, maximum adsorption capacities were calculated 343.10 mg/g and 278.34 mg/g from the Langmuir isotherm model. 1 M of TBOS transferred and producted 4 M of 1-butanol by hydrolysis reaction. The hydrolysis rate was in a range of 0.0117 day-1. This results showed that TBOS could be used a slow release substrate in the natural sites. The overall results indicated that TAC might be a promising material for enhancing biodegradation and adsorption for treating hazardous hydrocarbon (e.q. TCE).


HIV infection represents a serious medical problem, successfully approached by the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The chemokine receptor antagonists targeting both the CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 and CC chemokine receptor (CCR)5 co-receptors are presently under intense investigation, as some of the first generation of these compounds (AMD-3100 or TAK-779) showed potent antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo, but could not be developed for human use due to unacceptably high toxicity. In these three patents, AnorMed and AstraZeneca claim very interesting, improved compounds targeting these chemokine receptors, with efficacies in the low nanomolar range and apparently improved bioavailability.


As the health‐care industry undergoes major change, a method of "accounting for quality" has become a key factor in health services delivery and fiscal accountability. This article examines several aspects of health care that inhibit the development of common methods of defining and accounting for quality. Key issues and characteristics of the health‐care market are addressed and the article provides a synthesis of these obstacles to the process of deriving common measures and standards of quality that may be utilized by the health‐care industry for financial decisions.


The application of conventional learning models tends to make students passive when participating in teaching and learning activities in class. Therefore, teachers are required to be creative in designing fun and meaningful learning for students. One of the efforts that teachers can make to make the classroom atmosphere effective and active is by implementing the flipped classroom learning model. This study aims to determine the teacher's strategies and steps in implementing the fipped classroom learning model in the Islamic Cultural History subject at MAN 2 Tuban. The research method applied in this study is a descriptive qualitative research method to describe the strategies and steps of the teacher in implementing the flipped classroom learning model.


Traditional software development method is not suitable for Web application development because of characteristics of Web application such as frequent requirements change, different architectures and models and quick-to-market delivery. In this paper we propose a Web application development method adaptable to requirements change while we systematically model Web application using extended UML model. The metamodel is independent to specific languages and technologies because we define the metamodel using extended UML model. Proposed process is described by SPEM(Software Process Engineering Metamodel) profile. A process supporting tool execute and customize process. To model Web applications systematically and effectively, a navigation modeling and a component communication modeling tools are provided. In a case study, we show the usefulness of our process and model.


A method is presented for designing temporal derivative finite difference approximations that achieve specified accuracy in the frequency domain. A general average value approximation with undetermined coefficients is fitted in the spatial frequency domain to attain the desired properties of the approximation. A set of constraints to insure that the approximation convergences as the grid spacing approaches zero and satisfies the Lax Equivalence Theorem are imposed on the fitted coefficients. The specification of the underlying partial differential equation is required in order to replace the temporal frequency domain dependence of the approximation with an explicit spatial frequency domain relation based on the dispersion relation of the PDE. A practical design of the approximations is pursued using an heuristic zero placement method which results in a linear matrix formulation.


The teenage pregnancy results in physical and psychological transformations, generating emotional conflicts for the young mothers. In this study, it was aimed to describe the emotional factors of the adolescents from the moment they had discovered the pregnancy until the moment they became mothers. The descrip- tive and qualitative research had, as inclusion criterion, women who live in Favela do Moinho (Sao Paulo city, Brazil), whose the first gestation occurred in the period of 13 to 18 years of age. To be mother, for these girls, was seen as a dream coming true, although being not physically and emotionally prepared for the maternity, the familiar support is important so that they did not develop negative feelings due to their uncertain future. It was concluded that the pregnancy in the adoles- cence makes girls leave the school generating emotional upheavals and feelings that had varied of happiness to fear.


Social movements often want their protests to gain media attention, yet most media coverage negatively portrays activists. Many assume that this negative coverage of protesters precludes substantive coverage of the movement, but our research is the first to test this assumption. Using content analysis of 754 television news reports about the Global Justice Movement and the Tea Party Movement, we find that frames that marginalize the protesters are often coupled with in-depth, factual coverage of social movements. Contrary to common assumptions, the results show that the presence of negative framing is not necessarily bad publicity for social movements. Instead, we find that the news segments that provide unflattering descriptions of protesters are more likely to provide in-depth information about the movement and the activists' grievances and demands.


An experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase supplementation in broilers diets with different levels of inorganic phosphorus on the growth and serum minerals in chicks.A total of 1 500 broilers were assigned randomly to five experimental treatments.A diet adequate in inorganic phosphorus without phytase,was used as control,and four dicalcium phosphate levels of 75%,50%,25% and 0,of the control were tested.Dietary Ca: Tp ratio between 1.2 and 1.4 was controlled in all treatments.In the present experimental condition,the ADG of 50% dicalcium phosphate gave the highest weight gain of 63.7 g/d.The results demonstrated that feed intake and ADG of the 0 dicalcium phosphate group(111.4 and 56.7 g/d),were significantly lower than the control(P0.05).Serum inorganic P and calcium concentrations were not significantly different among treatments.Serum ALP activity of the inorganic P group was highest by 2667.80 U/L in all groups.Serum Cu and Zn contents were not significantly different among treatments.The study indicated that serum ALP activity was more sensitive in measuring dietary Ca and P than serum Ca and inorganic P.Broiler growth was improved with phytase addition,but it did not replace dicalcium phosphate completely and the 50% dicalcium phosphate group appeared to provide the best efficacy.


Summary form only given. We report a new type of optically induced, transient diffraction grating in a multiple quantum well (MQW) semiconductor. The grating is formed by the spatial modulation of the electron spin orientation within a uniform excess carrier distribution and allows the measurement of the in-well electron mobility. We present four-wave mixing results for spin-gratings in a GaAs/AlGaAs MQW semiconductor using picosecond laser pulses and compare the diffusion coefficients determined from spin and amplitude gratings.


Since mid-1995, much progress has been made against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with the dramatic effects of antiretroviral therapy. Provocative speculation about the eradication of HIV virus is based on the assumption that cellular reservoirs have a short half- life and aggressive intervention through antiretrovial therapy prevents de novo infection of cells (Volderding & Deeks, 1998). The possibility of experiencing undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels, through combination therapy (antiretrovirals and protease inhibitors) is real and dramatic. As the medical profession focuses on advancing the viral suppression of HIV, mental health professionals attempt to provide services for clients who are dealing with a wide range of effects made by medication. Treatment of HIV through antiretroviral therapy, however, is costly and requires adherence to complex regimens and careful monitoring. Inequitable distribution of medical resources, in particular, new medications, excludes the poor, minorities and women. The mental health profession, while facing the challenges of the psychological effects of immunological improvements among some, must be careful not to allow the needs of the most vulnerable groups among the HIV infected to become obfuscated and neglected. Women continue to represent the fastest growing number among the recently diagnosed HIV infected (CDC, 1996). It is anticipated that advances in antiretroviral therapy may create a shift among women, who have over the history of HIV epidemic, presented long delays in being tested for HIV. These changes present formidable challenges for mental health practitioners, especially among the brief treatment community. Brief therapies such as cognitive and cognitive-behavioral treatments hold much promise in providing gender-specific and culturally-sensitive treatment for newly- diagnosed women during this period towards immuno-improved living.


The contents of nitrate, nitrite and vitamin C in different edible parts of 6 wild vegetables collected from Chaozhou were determined for the first time.According to the evaluation standards for nitrate and nitrite pollution at home and aboard,the quality of 6 wild vegetables were discussed as follows:The leaves of Gnaphalium affine D.Don.and Solanum nigrum L.,and the all edible parts(leaves and tender stem)of Amaranthus tricolor L.belong to the first class edible wild vegetables and they can be eaten anyway (in fresh state,after salting or cooking).The tender stem of Gnaphalium affine D.Don.belongs to the second class wild vegetable,and can be eaten after salting or cooking.The tender stems of Solanum nigrum L.and Sauropus androgynus Merr.Belong to the third class wild vegetables,they can be eaten after cooking.The tender stems of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC.And Dicliptera chinensis L.Ness were inedible.The leaves of Sauropus androgynus Merr.And Gynura divaricata (L.) DC.were inedible too,because of their high content of nitrite.


ABSTRACT Alaboratory investigation was conducted to study the hydraulic effects of compression deformation of microirrigation drip-tape. Four different tapes were used — two of the double chamber, orifice emitter type and two of the single chamber, capillary emitter type. Tape lengths of 30 m were compressed uniformly from circular to elliptical shapes. Head loss and flow measurements agreed closely with values predicted by the Darcy-Weisbach formula incorporating the Blasius friction factor. Compression produced significant head loss in the main chamber as well as some reduction in average emitter flow rate. Results indicated that to maintain a desired pressure variation the lateral's length must be shortened in correspondence to the degree of deformation.


Nitazoxanide , a nitrothiazole derivative, was tested in 22 patients infected with Taenia saginata and 18 infected with Hymenolepis nana. A single 25 mg/kg body weight dose was effective against T. saginata, while twice this dose level (50 mg/kg), also as a single dose, was required for treating H. nana infection. Tolerance of the drug was good at both dose levels used.


Clinical leadership The role of the clinical leader is to provide a climate which encourages nurses and therapists to work together and be knowledgeable and autonomous. A pilot project is currently underway to change the focus of care delivery on a ward predominantly comprising patients with psychopathic disorder. Change is being encouraged through personal development plans to increase nurses' knowledge and skills.


After exploring the development and the problems existed on the current convergence of triple Networks, a kind of brand-new network architecture based on the three in one of the connection is raised. In order to overcome the existing problems, three fields are illustrated in detail. It includes flat three-tier network model, the layer define and work division of the functional structure model ,and the role of functional entities and their connections .It can be concluded that this is a feasible scheme of convergence and deserves further study.


The invention generally relates to a biosensor in the form of a microchip for optically detecting analytes, and to a method using said biosensor. The invention especially relates to biosensors for detecting an analyte by means of time-resolved luminescence measurement, and to a corresponding method.


The author examines the museum as a valuable resource for providing professional development within informal learning environments, especially in the area of science instruction and curricular methods. A distinct need for quality professional development in the area of science instruction for all educators has been identified by recent reform documents such as the National Science Education Standards (National Research Council, 1996) and independent researchers (O'Brien, 1992). In working within urban areas, like the community surrounding the museum at the focus of this study, Huinker (1996) further highlights the difficulties faced by these educators who cite a lack of appropriate professional development as one reason why the science programs at their schools suffer. Neatherly (1998) asserts informal learning institutions can assist with this challenge by providing educational resources for classroom instruction and "valuable knowledge" for use in developing science lessons (1998, p. 44). This support is shared by national science organizations such as the National Science Teachers' Association which recently issued a statement acknowledging informal learning sites as providers of quality professional development (National Science Teachers Association, 1998). In addition to supporting classroom science instruction, and pedagogical theory, in-services held in museums can serve to prepare educators for field trips they may take later with their students. Research has shown that field trips can be better utilized when educators receive training prior to coming with their classes (Smith, McLaughlin, & Tunnicliffe, 1998) and thus maximizing the learning experience of all involved. Cox and Pfaffmger (1998) suggest that museum educators and teacher educators should be partners in presenting in-service training to assist educators with using informal sites with their students. Kubota ( 1997) speculates that it is a lack of this collaborative modeling that often leads a teacher to "close their doors to their colleagues, ignore the rich resources outside the classroom" (p. 138). This is in direct opposition to the National Science Education Standards that advocate "good science programs require access to the world beyond the classroom" (p. 220). While a number of different natural history museums do cater to educators, offering a pathway into this "outside" world of science, research in this area is limited (Melber & Cox-Petersen, 2005) and would benefit from further study. Changing Models Reflect Changing Priorities With the focus on basic skills, and primarily literacy, occurring nationwide, the professional development needs of area educators are constantly changing. Contradictory to Howe and Stubbs (1996), who emphasize the importance of educator in-services serving as vehicles for empowerment, rather than skill development, professional development activities at the time of this study and within the community surrounding the museum, were becoming more focused on intense methods instruction. This was primarily true in the areas of language arts and math. In the district from which study subjects were drawn, principals were under strict orders that "all professional development activities that do not support literacy and mathematics will be discontinued" (Cortines, 2000, p. 1) leaving little room for an in-service focused on elementary science methods. This decree came after two of the four in-services had already been conducted, lending a natural situation for comparative study. Theory does support the importance of clear integration between science in-service content and classroom expectations (Desimone, et.al. 2003). Thus, in line with this research base, district policy and specific request of the organizing principal, an alternative model emphasizing language arts/science integration was implemented for the final two of the four scheduled in-services. The issue at the focus of this study is whether or not this adherence to district policy- though it may fall outside the area of expertise of the in-service provider- is in the best interest of the participating educators and whether without this change, the in-services are sufficiently supportive of educator needs. …


The essay deals with the electoral systems of the Chambers in Republican Italy. The first part of the essay offers an historical overview, explaining the reasons for which a proportional system was initially adopted, and remained in force for many decades. Subsequently, it sets out the reasons that led to the 1993 transition to a predominantly majority system. The second part deals with current events. Starting from the very important decision of the Constitutional Court n. 1/2014, which declared unconstitutional the electoral system of the Chambers introduced by a 2005 Act, the Law 52/2015, which introduced the new electoral system of the Chamber of Deputies (the Italicum). The essay concludes with some reflections on the Senate election system, envisaged by the constitutional reform in progress, and on the hypothesis of a further change in the electoral system. This change, according to some, would be necessary since the Italicum is not be suitable to today's Italian political system, which is characterized by the presence of three major political parties (Democratic Party, Movimento 5 Stelle, and the center-right alliance).  Published online : 29 December  2016


The invention relates to a Power Line Communication (PLC) device supporting secure data exchange. The power line communication device includes a processing module, memory, a Wireless Local Area Network interface (WLAN I/F), and a PLC communication interface (PLC I/F). When operating as a client device, the PLC device establishes communications with a premises communication device via the PLC I/F, requests WLAN service from the premises communication device via the PLC I/F, receives WLAN access credentials from the premises communication device via the PLC I/F, and accesses a WLAN via the WLAN I/F using the WLAN access credentials. When operating as a premises communication device, the PLC device establishes communications with a client device via the PLC I/F, receives a WLAN service request from the client device via the PLC I/F, validates the client device for WLAN service, and transmits WLAN access credentials to the client device via the PLC I/F. The PLC device may also support backchannel operations such as financial transactions, key exchanges, encryption support, all via the PLC I/F.


From the Publisher:
In functional programming, logical concepts are evident and programs are transparent so can be written quickly and cleanly. The authors introduce the subject via examples and explain what programs compute and how to reason about them. They show how the ideas can implemented in Caml, a dialect of ML, and give examples of how complex programs from various areas can be developed in close agreement with their specifications.Many exercises and examples are included throughout the book; solutions are also available. An appendix gives all the code used in the book in Standard ML.


SUMMARYAmulti-centre open clinical study, mostly in General Practice, investigated the efficacy and safety of nadolol in the treatment of hyper tension in 10,711 patients. Nadolol dosage was between 40mg and 240mg, both without and with concurrent diuretic, taken once daily over a mean period of 10 weeks. Stabilisation of blood pressure was achieved in 6,527 (660/0) of patients, the dose level of nadolol being bet ween BOrng and I60mg daily in 3,925 (92.89%) patients on nadolol alone, and 1,993 (86.57%) patients on nadolol plus diuretic. Standing heart rate decreased from a mean of 80.S beats per minute at entry to trial, to 68 beats per minute at stabilisation, evidence of adequate beta-adrenergic blockade. Clear differences between age groups in pre treatment blood pressure levels and responses to treatment are shown. In all cases a significant downward trend in blood pressure levels is shown through each treatment review period to stabilisation. Side effects reported were typical of beta-adrenergic blockade, the low lipid solubility of nadolol being reflected in the low incidence of central nervous system side effects. The Investigators' opinion of clinical


We study the influence of propagation direction on the transmission of polarization entanglement in a channel affected by modal loss and decoherence. We demonstrate symmetric entanglement reduction and asymmetric nonlocal compensation.


been arrested by terramycin became reinfected after a week's interval, and was not seen again until he had begun to whoop. These cases show that pertussis arrested by treatment may not be followed by immunity. Group 11 consisted of 14 children treated early in the paroxysmal stage. Paroxysms continued for periods ranging from 6 to 33 days. Their total duration of cough ranged from 12 to 46 days. In one case segmental pulmonary collapse was noted after treatment. Group III consisted of 11 cases of pertuissis given no antibiotic. Four failed to develop a paroxysmal stage and their total duration of cough ranged from 21 to 40 days. In the seven paroxysmal cases paroxysms occurred for periods ranging from 4 to 31 days, and the total duration of cough ranged from 30 to 49 days.


The invention discloses a method for processing inapplicable tobacco leaves by musca domestica larvae to prepare a biological protein feed, and belongs to the technical field of environmental protection. The method for processing the inapplicable tobacco leaves by the musca domestica larvae to prepare the biological protein feed comprises the steps of: crushing fresh inapplicable tobacco leaves until the grain size of the crushed leaves is 1-5mm; adding bran, mixture of rice chaff and husk, feather meal and spray-dried animal blood cells to prepare compost; and inoculating housefly eggs at the surface of the compost, cultivating the housefly eggs for 5 days at 25-35 DEG C, collecting the compost containing the musca domestica larvae, drying and preparing the biological protein feed. The method disclosed by the invention is strong in handling capacity, small in floor area, and low in energy consumption in the processing process, achieves the resource utilization of the inapplicable tobacco leaves, changes waste into precious resources, improves the environmental health, simultaneously produces the biologic protein feed, and has a good application prospect.


Title of thesis: WOMEN'S MEANING MAKING OF CERVICAL CANCER CAMPAIGNS: USING A CULTURAL APPROACH TO REDEFINE WOMEN'S INVOLVEMENT WITH THEIR HEALTH Jennifer Eileen Vardeman, Master of Arts, 2005 Thesis directed by: Associate Professor Linda Aldoory Department of Communication The purpose of this study was to understand how women from different racial and ethnic backgrounds make meaning of cervical cancer communication. In this exploratory cultural study, the situational theory of publics provided the theoretical framework to investigate to what extent women consider cervical cancer a problem, how they feel connected to it, and what factors constrain them from seeking information. The study used qualitative focus groups and one-on-one, in-depth interviews with African American, Hispanic, and White women. Findings suggest that women feel differentially involved to cervical cancer, and the distinctions are primarily based on age. Furthermore, women tend to group reproductive health issues together rather than separating them. This study expanded the situational theory of publics as well as a public relations theory for women's health. Practical implications include cues to action and suggested factors communicators can employ to improve culturally competent communication campaigns and messages. WOMEN'S MEANING MAKING OF CERVICAL CANCER CAMPAIGNS: USING A CULTURAL APPROACH TO REDEFINE WOMEN'S INVOLVEMENT WITH THEIR HEALTH by Jennifer Eileen Vardeman Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2005 Advisory Committee: Associate Professor Linda Aldoory, Chair Assistant Professor Monique Mitchell Turner Professor Elizabeth L. Toth ©Copyright by Jennifer Eileen Vardeman 2005


Conventional aircraft generally employ mixing algorithms or lookup tables to determine control surface deflections needed to achieve moments commanded by the flight control system. Control allocation is the problem of converting desired moments into control effector commands. Next generation aircraft may have many multipurpose, redundant control surfaces, adding considerable complexity to the control allocation problem. These issues can be addressed with optimal control allocation. Most optimal control allocation algorithms have control surface position and rate constraints. However, these constraints are insufficient to ensure that the aircraft's structural load limits will not be exceeded by commanded surface deflections. In this paper, a framework is proposed to enable a flight control system with optimal control allocation to incorporate real-time structural load feedback and structural load constraints. A proof of concept simulation that demonstrates the framework in a simulation of a generic transport aircraft is presented.


Accumulation of mutant huntingtin aggregates in the brain tissues of HD patients and transgenic mouse is a hallmark of Huntington's disease. Although it is unclear that the mutant huntingtin aggregates is toxic or beneficial for neuronal cells, the accumulation of aggregates in cortical and striatal neurons leads to neuropathological features. Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for clearing misfolded proteins. We next aimed to assess the role of HAP40 overexpression on UPS. Results revealed that HAP40 overexpression caused accumulation of UbG76V-GFP, indicating an impairment of UPS. Our previous studies showed that HAP40 overexpression induced autophagic flux by an mTOR-independent manner and promoted mutant huntingtin aggregates formation. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin activates autophagy. Therefore, we wondered effect of rapamycin treatment on amount of mutant huntingtin aggregates induced by HAP40 overexpression. Results showed that amount of aggregates decreased upon rapamycin treatment. The aggresome pathway coordinated by HDAC6 is activated when proteasomal functions are impaired. Inhibition of HDAC6 deacetylase activity increases tubulin acetylation and promotes the recruitment of motor proteins to microtubules. Hence, we wondered how treatment of tubastatin A modulated HAP40-induced mutant huntingtin aggregates formation. Results demonstrated that tubastatin A was able to reduce amount of aggregates. Since the function of HAP40 is largely unclear, we then identified proteins that interact with HAP40. We found that HAP40 interacts with huntingtin but the interaction of HAP40 with other proteins has not yet been found.


In the Pacific Northwest (PNW), concern about the impacts of climate and land cover change on water resources and flood-generating processes emphasizes the need for a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between forest canopies and hydrologic processes. Detailed measurements during the 1999 and 2000 hydrologic years were used to modify the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for application in forested systems. Major changes to the model include improved representation of rainfall interception and stomatal conductance dynamics. The model was developed for the 1999 hydrologic year and tested for the 2000 hydrologic year without modification of the site parameters. The model effectively simulated throughfall, soil water content profiles, and shallow soil temperatures for both years. The largest discrepancies between soil moisture and temperature were observed during periods of discontinuous snow cover due to spatial variability that was not explicitly simulated by the model. Soil warming at bare locations was delayed until most of the snow cover ablated because of the large heat sink associated with the residual snow patches. During the summer, simulated transpiration decreased from a maximum monthly mean of 2.2 mm day21 in July to 1.3 mm day21 in September as a result of decreasing soil moisture and declining net radiation. The results indicate that a relatively simple representation of the vegetation canopy can accurately simulate seasonal hydrologic fluxes in this environment, except during periods of discontinuous snow cover.


Thispaperdealswithimplementation ofvector controlled induction motor drive(VCIMD) usingDSP TMS320F240 anda comparison betweenproportional integral (PI)andfuzzypre-compensated proportional integral (FPPI) speedcontrollers. Thepowercircuit consists ofa three-phase IGBTbasedvoltage source inverter (VSI)feeding athree-phase squirrel cageinduction motor.Thecontrol circuits consist of sensing circuits, interfacing circuits andcontrol software. The sensed speed(0r) andthesensed winding currents intwoofthe threephases(ias andibs) areusedasfeedback signals forthe closed loopcontrol structure. Testresults arepresented fordrive starting, speedreversal andloadperturbation modesusing PI andFPPIspeed controllers respectively andtheadvantage ofpre- compensation isdemonstrated indetail.


Abstract This brief paper provides a concise overview of the historical development of European research systems. Although social science has recently discovered national science and research systems as a topic of study, the historical origins of different national systems is as old as European science itself. The article provides a condensed tour of the major historical developments that have contributed to shaping the present European research landscape. These historical developments, which began with the establishment of the first European university in Bologna, show that the evolution of the European research system has been marked by forces pulling in opposite directions: on the one hand, the universalistic nature of science has forged co‐operative relations across national boundaries; on the other hand, the national orientation of research systems embedded in nation‐states has led to fierce competition. The article shows that this ambivalent historical legacy has shaped structures and practices in t...


Several misconceptions in electrochemistry have been identified in the literature. No concrete suggestions for remediation of these misconceptions have been proposed. A concrete teaching model for electrochemistry is presented here. It addresses many common student misconceptions about current flow by demonstrating what is occurring at the microscopic level in an electrochemical cell. Both the scope and limitations of the model are discussed. The model was piloted on grade 12 school pupils before being tested on university students. A questionnaire consisting of eight items was administered to three classes of chemistry I students at the University of the Witwatersrand prior to their seeing the model. The dangers of multiple choice questions as a means of determining student understanding of chemical concepts were exposed. The model was then demonstrated to two of the classes. Statistical analysis using a 1-tailed Z-test showed that the use of the model led to significant improvements (0.000 < p < 0.002) ...


The fatigue strength is the important performance of machine part and the fatigue strength of many parts had to be tested.The characteristic of the tube fatigue strength test system is analyzed in this paper and a tube fatigue strength test controlling system is designed and implemented by using PC as host computer,PLC as hypogenous machine and as communications between PC and PLC.The application of this system shows that this system is simple and reliable.


New method based on HR-LIPSS for diffraction grating formation on preliminary fabricated p-n junction on Si substrate are suggested. This allows to produce surface plasmon-polariton photodetectors based on periodically corrugated thin metal plasmon-carrying films.


Diffusion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in Nature and a key idea in almost all branches of science that quantifies irregularity of motion. The latter can arise from two main sources. First, the dynamics of the system can be deterministically chaotic. Second, irregularity in the motion occurs due to the unavoidable presence of random fluctuations or noise in any real setup. It is expected that the motion becomes even more irregular if without random fluctuations the deterministic system is chaotic. Here, we consider a nonequilibrium system consisting of a driven Brownian particle diffusing in a periodic potential. Typically diffusion is normal in the asymptotic long time regime and the corresponding diffusion coefficient $D$ increases with temperature $T$. However, there are regimes in which initially $D$ increases as $T$ grows, passes through its local maximum, next starts to decrease reaching its local minimum for some temperature and finally it again increases with $T$. We reveal the mechanism responsible for such temperature suppressed diffusion and demonstrate how thermal fluctuations can be harvested to control chaotic motion of the particle leading to nonmonotonic dependence of the diffusion coefficient on temperature. Since chaos exists in many natural as well as artificial systems representing almost all areas of contemporary knowledge, the described mechanism could be potentially discovered in a wealth of various contexts. In particular, we propose an experiment using cold atoms in deep optical lattices where this other form of anomalous diffusion could be observed.


The formation of values is an integral attribute of organizational culture, setting the vector of social and psychological adaptation of new employees, maintaining a professional interest in work among experienced civil servants. A diagnostic study of the value orientations of civil servants will reveal possible key problems in the motivational sphere that complicate the process of their professional adaptation or adversely affect the efficiency of work. The study identified an important direction in the work of the personnel service of state institutions: the development and implementation of a set of measures aimed at forming a socially active position among employees. The respondents' expectations and values in the professional sphere are not limited to material remuneration, as well as career growth and achievement of status in society. A favorable factor for the adaptation process of young specialists is the perception by civil servants of the value of professional interest in researching new, project and creative activities.


This is an essay based on an article published in Educacao e Pesquisa, by Danilo Streck and Telmo Adams, titled Pesquisa em educacao: os movimentos sociais e a reconstrucao epistemologica num contexto de colonialidade [T.N.: Research in Education: Social Movements and Epistemological Reconstruction in a Context of Coloniality.] (2012). According to these authors, in order to be consistent, this epistemology has to deconstruct the coloniality that has marked us over centuries. In the present essay, we resume a few of the arguments of Streck and Adams, and step onto this ground of epistemological de-coloniality – very slowly. We argue that there is a paradoxical mixture in the proposals of participatory research, popular education, and decolonization movements: the mixture of the copy which we already are, the anthropophagy we did to what was imposed on us. The idea of copy and repetition is presented as though in the experience of an artificer: the action of making and remaking produces the artwork and, therefore, learning. The attempt here is to think of singular ways of seeking/producing/creating knowledge in the perspective of Latin American education.


A new species, Ropalidia narendrani sp. nov. is described from Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The affinities of the new species are also discussed.


The present invention relates to a machine of the field of plastics for shaping objects by thermoforming or thermo compression from films, sheets or plates mono material or composite referred to as "semi-product", said machine performing the heating operations , forming, heat sealing and cutting in a single position, said machine is composed of a platen press equipped with an upper heating plate, a mold carriage and a carriage lower heating plate incorporating on its underside cutting means heated by conductivity of said lower hot plate. The device and method according to the invention is intended for the production of mechanical machines and simplified automation using a contact heating mode


Background : The efficacy of infliximab in ulcerative colitis (UC) and indeterminate colitis has been poorly assessed and preliminary results are conflicting.


This account article describes the synthesis of a cyclic benzenoid system, [10]cyclophenacene, using a one-step deca-fold addition reaction to [60]fullerene, and a double-decker buckyferrocene comp...


Highly biosynthetic cancer cells produce proteins at a rate that may exceed the capacity of protein folding machinery, resulting in an accumulation of misfolded proteins that are poly-ubiquitinated and clustered into phase-separated 'ubiquitin-rich' condensates. These condensates are the initiation point for a form of autophagy called aggrephagy, which maintains cancer cell homeostasis by degrading the misfolded protein condensates via the lysosome. Aggrephagy is a cancer cell vulnerability, yet its mechanisms are poorly understood, particularly the mechanisms by which autophagy machinery recognizes the ubiquitin-rich condensates to initiate aggrephagy. Among 15 core autophagy proteins, ATG9A is the only multi-pass transmembrane protein and is essential for all known forms of autophagy. Recent evidence indicates that ATG9A is a lipid scramblase, in complex with ATG2A, that channels lipids to a growing autophagosome, which ultimately engulfs the ubiquitin-rich condensate. However, the mechanism of ATG9A recruitment to these condensates is not understood. Our data indicate that genetic or chemical manipulations of cells that cause ubiquitin-rich condensates to accumulate causing a corresponding accumulation of ATG9A. Furthermore, the induction of artificial ubiquitin-rich condensates, composed of chains of M1-linked ubiquitin, is sufficient to recruit ATG9A. Using a CRISPR knockout and reconstitution approach, we show that ATG9A is essential for assembling other autophagy machinery at ubiquitin-rich condensates. Together, our data support a model in which ATG9A recruitment is the initiating step for aggrephagy. Furthermore, our data suggest a signal or molecular pattern within the condensate promotes ATG9A recruitment to initiate aggrephagy. Our current work focuses on identifying features of ATG9A and components of the ubiquitin-rich condensate that cooperate to recruit ATG9A to these sites of aggrephagy initiation.
 Citation Format: Deshan Madhusanka, Colton McEwan, David Broadbent, Jens Schmidt, Joshua Andersen. Mechanisms of ATG9 mediated aggrephagy initiation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1383.


We have developed an interface for narrowcasting (selection) functions for a networked mobile device deployed in a collaborative virtual environment (CVE). Featuring a variable number of icons in a "2.5D" application, the interface can be used to control motion, sensitivity, and audibility of avatars in a teleconference or chatspace. The interface is integrated with other CVE clients through a "servent" (server/client hybrid) HTTP TCP/IP gateway, and interoperates with a heterogeneous groupware suite to interact with other clients, including stereographic panoramic browsers and spatial audio backends and speaker arrays. Novel features include mnemonic conferencing selection function keypad operations, multiply encoded graphical display of such non-mutually exclusive attributes, and explicit multipresence features.


Embodiments of the present invention, from the volume of the workpiece, in a manner that optimizes the simulation of machining of the workpiece carried out by removing a set of swept volumes, volumes are divided into a set of cells comprising the steps of: associating a subset of the distance fields representing a subset of the swept volume crossing the cell in each cell, at least part of the subset of the swept volume and associating to form a composite surface of the cell, a step of applying a set of light rays incident from at least one direction in the cell to the cell, by selecting a distance field of a subset of the distance field, a step of including the optimal subsets associated with the cell, distance field volume that is swept represented by The boundary, the method comprising the step of including selected intersecting the at least one light beam at the intersections located on the composite surface.


There are a number of mathematical models to  nerve pulse propagation in biomembranes, as Hodgkin--Huxley, FitzHugh--Nagumo and Heimburg--Jackson models, see, e.g., [1,2]. However, these models do not describe  adequately all observed phenomena.Recently in [2], generalized Boussinesq equation with quadratic--cubic nonlinearity is proposed  as an improvement of the well-known Heimburg--Jackson model.In this study we prove  analytically  the orbital stability and instability of solitary waves to the improved Heimburg--Jackson model (1). The results depend on the relationship between  all parameters of the model. For the set of data, obtained experimentally, our theoretical results are in full agreement with the numerical simulations, presented in [3].References:[1] T. Heimburg, A.D. Jackson, On soliton proprgation in biomembranes and nerves, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 9790--9795, 2005.[2] J. Engelbrecht, K. Tamm, T. Peets, On mathematical modelling of solitary pulses in cylindrical biomembranes, Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 14 159--167, 2015.[3] B. Lautrup, R. Appali, A.D. Jackson, T. Heimburg, The stability of solitonsin biomembranes and nerves, Eur. Phys. J. E  34 1--9, 2011.


Peste des petits ruminants virus,a Morbillivirus in family Paramyxoviridae,is the etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants,which is an acute,virulent and highly contagious viral disease.It has posed a heavy threat to goat and sheep breeding industry.In this paper,we take an overview about peste des petits ruminants from the aspects of epidemiology,diagnosis and vaccine,which provides a beneficial reference to prevent and control this infectious disease.


The objectives of this research are to describe the compound and identify its kinds in
Basemah language. Compound is words formed by combining roots, and the much smaller
category of phrasal words, that is items that have internal structure of phrases but function
syntactically as words. Compounds cannot be connected by conjunction (McCharty, 2002).
This research employed a qualitative research design, as suggested by Sugiyono that
qualitative is an artistic method because the process of the research is about art and it is
called interpretive method because the result of data research is about interpretation of data
which are found in the field (2013:7-8). Therefore, this study uses a descriptive method in
describing the finding of the data. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative
method. The result of this research shows that compounding in Basemah language is
distinguished based on its structures: noun-adjective, noun-noun, noun-verb and compound
with certain words that relate to Endocentric compound, exocentric compound and
copulative compound.


P- and n-type higher manganese silicide (MnSi1.7) films are characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The relationship between Auger chemical shift and electrical property of the film has been established. Compared with pure Mn, the peak positions of Mn [MVV] Auger spectra in p- and n-type MnSi1.7 films move to higher energy regions with +2.0 and +7.0 eV, respectively. New peaks around 50 eV in the Mn [MVV] Auger spectra, and 600, 654, and 705 eV in the Mn [LMM] Auger spectra appear in MnSi1.7 films prepared by magnetron sputtering. These new peaks are considered to arise from iron impurities which are unintentionally introduced from the Mn–Si alloy target and during the magnetron sputtering process. The intensities of these new peaks are much stronger for the n-type MnSi1.7 film. Compared with pure Si, the peak positions of Si [LVV] Auger spectra move to higher energy regions with +1.0 eV for both p- and n-type MnSi1.7 films. However, the peak positions of Si [KLL] Auger spectra in p- and n-typ...


P2P lookup protocol based on DHT has become a hot-spot field. Focusing on the problem of hot spots and inefficient routing, a new tree-based lookup protocol Treed is presented. Treed introduces landmark in order to divide nodes into different regions, and constructs lookup tree according to landmark region. The experimental results show that Treed is highly effective in distributing routing traffic, and significantly reduces lookup latency.


This paper analyzes the impact of imposing anti-dumping duty on national welfare for a given country from the economic perspective and makes a comparison between anti-dumping duty and the new concept of anti-dumping subsidies. Within a standardized analytical framework, the paper studies several cases under different assumptions and reached the following main conclusions: first, the use of anti-dumping subsidies will bring more welfare improvement to a given country compared with the case of anti-dumping duty; and secondly, the use of anti-dumping subsides can effectively prevent the abuse of an anti-dumping system.


This paper describes a comparative study of the adsorption of methylparaben onto commercial activated carbon and olive stones activated by calcination at 300 °C and treatment with 1 M HCl. The influence of the initial concentration of methylparaben, adsorbent dose, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption capacity of methylparaben on both adsorbents was studied. To find out the isotherm model, the kinetic model and the mechanism that best describe the adsorption process on each adsorbent, the experimental equilibrium data were analyzed using six isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, Temkin, Jovanovic and Dubinin–Radushkevich), and the experimental kinetic data were analyzed using four kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and Avrami) and two mechanistic models (Weber–Morris and Boyd). For both adsorbents, the Langmuir model best describes the adsorption equilibrium, the kinetics of the process follow a pseudo-first-order model and boundary layer diffusion is the step that mainly controls the adsorption process. The adsorption capacity of methylparaben on activated carbon is about four times higher than that of activated olive stones. The addition of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide to both adsorbents increases their methylparaben adsorption capacity, to a greater extent in the case of graphene oxide, being that increase more important in activated carbon than in activated olive stones.


Near-field microscope (100), which is intended for a near-field optical measurement on a sample (1) and comprising: - has a mirror optics (10) with a reflector (11) in the form of a paraboloid with a Paraboloidachse (12) and a focus (13), which can be illuminated by a first illumination beam path (I) and at least one edge cutout (14) in such a way that the focus (13) via a second illumination beam path (II) can be illuminated, which differs from the first illumination beam path (I), and - a near-field probe (20).


This paper is an update to the 2007 SAS Global Forum Paper "Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks"—a compilation of tips for producing desired PROC REPORT output with SAS 9.1.3. This paper offers tips and tricks for getting desired PROC REPORT output with the new functionality and enhanced features that are specific to using SAS ® 9.2, such as: • exploring the new SPANROWS option for repeating group and order variables on a continuing page • using the ODS TAGSETS.RTF statement with PROC REPORT • using the new border control for creating gridlines in all destinations • changing nodes in an Output Delivery System (ODS) PDF bookmark by using the DOCUMENT procedure Other new topics include: • conditionally executing a LINE statement • changing the style attributes of spanned headers • adding text at the end of a report, even with a PAGE option • taking control of across variables Sample code and output are included with each topic. The examples presented in this paper assume an advanced knowledge of PROC REPORT.


This paper investigates the relationship between mutual fund age and performance, and what this might imply about the track record that investors should require when evaluating mutual funds. While this relationship has been explored mostly through the lens of performance persistence, primarily by Berk and Green (2004), the age/performance relationship alone is still relatively unexplored, particularly in regard to new funds. This relationship has significant implications for the decisions of mutual fund investors. If age and performance have a negative correlation, then waiting several years for a mutual fund to establish a track record before investing may be unwise, as the fund's best performance will already be behind it. In this paper, I utilize data from the CRSP mutual fund database to quantify the age/performance, age/risk, and age/risk-adjusted performance relationships for Morningstar's listed U.S. equity funds. I conclude that in general, older funds are riskier, but this relationship reverses for very young funds, which exhibit more risk. I also find that older funds have slightly lower risk-adjusted returns, but this relationship again reverses for very young funds. Though both of these relationships are somewhat weak, my results imply that investors may not want to flock to new funds in the hope of outsized riskadjusted returns—requiring a track record does not come at a significant cost and may, in fact, help investors avoid undue risk.


"The press becomes corrupt when it tolerates what it knows to be false and becomes an apologist for what it itself has condemned as wrong." Quis custodiet custodiens or "who guards the guardians" is a conundrum which open societies claim to have resolved. Although the press may be an imperfect, excitable and at times incompetent watchdog, its commitment to editorial independence and to the integrity of the public realm remains in theory one of the safeguards of liberal democracies. In theory again, it is market forces which help guard the press from abusing its own powers. It is the competition between the variety of published and broadcast media that serves as protection against the abuses of any individual press organ. To surrender credibility undermines commercial viability. Thus, a newspaper jealously guards its good name not simply for altruistic motives, but to survive in a crowded marketplace. The substance of that good name--journalistic standards--varies from country to country. Ethics and their, violation are concepts tinged with the problems of relativism: one society's backhander is another's cargo cult. Yet, as a journalist, my own prejudice is that the issue of corruption in the media contains the key to its own complexity. Newspapers and television stations can be judged by the standards that they use to judge others. A common axiom for journalists is that to engage in half-truths, even in pursuit of the common good or national interest, is to risk peril. The starting point for my discussion about the press in Turkey is that the public realm, like public land or public contracts, is a common resource. That resource can be put to good use if market forces are allowed to compete openly and fairly under reliable and transparent public supervision; it can be abused if those same forces can engage in under-the-table collusion with officialdom. There is also a larger issue pertaining not just to Turkey, but to the entire world concerning the reliance on the market as the ultimate regulatory authority and the increasing commercialization of the media. There is a tendency for news to slip down-market or simply reflect the concerns of the most prosperous communities. Most correspondents brush up against the problem of cognitive dissonance. Whatever the declared premium on "scoops" and sensational revelation, it is hard to report in way that surprises the reader, let alone in a way that offends the prejudices of one's editors. In the case of Turkey, reporting on Kurdish issues has been circumscribed as much by conservative public opinion--which simply does not want to confront certain issues--as by official pressure. However, my concern in this article is much simpler and has less to do with the market than the dictates of a distorted market that operates sub rosa. Contrary to what was stated above, market forces do not always keep the press in line. An alliance between proprietors--who pursue their own non-press interests--and the state--which controls the flow of information--is an unholy one. The resulting distortions create a vicious circle that mitigates against organizations competing solely on the quality of the news. The profusion of newspapers and recent proliferation of private television channels is often cited as proof of the underlying vigor of Turkish democracy. This would be less questionable if these organizations were profitable in their own right, rather than because of the economic clout press ownership bestows. The quality of the public realm, as patrolled by the nation's media, is an issue at the very heart of the criticism proffered by Turkey's Western allies--that a neglect of individual liberties and rights of expression acts as a drag on the growth of civil institutions and on Ankara's ambitions to exercise regional leadership. Within Turkey, there is a sense that the country must now engage with a set of structural reforms that will improve the responsiveness of its democratic institutions and deal with serious problems. …


Introduction: Sedentary postmenopausal women living in North Queensland have lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, higher resting blood pressure, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio (Barnett, 2009), which are all risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In addition, 3.3% of Australians have osteoporosis, with the condition more common in females (5.3%) compared to males (1.2%) (ABS, 2012). Postmenopausal bone loss is a risk factor for osteoporosis and hip fracture.

Exercise has been suggested as an effective intervention strategy for the reduction in the rate of bone loss for postmenopausal women and for the attenuation of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Previous research has found that sedentary postmenopausal women of North Queensland perceive a number of barriers to exercise, however when given the opportunity to exercise they perceive it as a positive experience (Barnett, 2013).

The aim of this study was to determine whether an eight-week aerobic and resistance group-based exercise intervention had an effect on the health status and QoL of postmenopausal women living in North Queensland.

Methods: Thirty three women volunteered to take part in the intervention consisting of a 60 minute group-based circuit style session undertaken three times per week. The circuit included a combination of aerobic & resistance exercises to music. Pre and post-intervention measures were taken. Primary outcome measures included anthropometric profiles, blood lipids, peripheral bone density, cardiorespiratory fitness, upper & lower body strength. Secondary measures included exercise self-efficacy and menopausal quality of life.

Results: Twenty-six women completed the eight-week program. Significant increases were found in cardiorespiratory fitness (p=.00), upper body strength (p=.00), lower body strength (p=.00), exercise self-efficacy (p=.00) and the Menopause Quality of Life psychosocial (p=.01), physical (p=.00) and sexual (p=.01) domains. Waist girth (p= .01) and triglycerides (p=.02) significantly decreased. A downward trend was also found in cholesterol (p=.07). No difference was found for bone density.

Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that an eight-week aerobic and resistance group-based exercise intervention can improve the health status and QoL of postmenopausal women living in North Queensland. It is suggested that a longer duration may be required for positive changes in bone density to be seen.


Introduction: Uterine myoma is a benign tumor of the uterus and clinically apparent in up to 25% of reproductive-age women. Emerged silent uterine bleedings are commonly seen with myoma. Although therapies via surgical and radiological way are frequently used for the management of the tumor, medical therapies are considered as initial treatment. When the anemia diagnosis cannot be made and cannot properly treated; it is not only reduces the patient's life quality, but also threatens the patient's life. Case Report: In this case report; we aim to present a rare case of the lowest hemoglobin level in the literature by a value of 1.2 g/dL hemoglobin due to anemia resulted myoma uteri patient admitted to the emergency department by walk. All c ase with severe anemia at a level lower than 4 g/dL is rarely seen in the hospital emergency. Sometimes there are complaints of dysphagia, fragile nails, relative impotence, fatigue and cramps in the calves on climbing stairs, which are disproportionate to their anemia. Conclusion: In contrast to all recent reports, our case had the lowest hemoglobin levels reported ever, without a noisy clinical table indicating anemia.


AbstractKnowledge of flow pattern and water age distributions in service reservoirs is of the utmost importance for ensuring water quality supplied to the customers. In this article, a balancing reservoir was first investigated as a benchmark case. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method coupled with dynamic meshes, the flow pattern and water age distributions in the reservoir were simulated under actual service conditions. The calculated flow pattern indicated the migration and evolution of flow recirculation regions in the reservoir, which would lead to nonuniform lateral and vertical distributions of the water age, and therefore residual chlorine concentration. A passive flow control method, by adjusting the original circular nozzles to elliptical nozzles, was explored to enhance the water quality. It was found that using elliptical nozzles could assist fluid mixing in the reservoir. The water in the modified reservoir with elliptical nozzles had 5% lower age values than those of the origin...


The ovarian structure and reproductive health of short mackerel, Rastrelliger brachysoma in the upper Gulf of Thailand from non-breeding (October to November 2013) and breeding seasons (December 2013 to February 2014), were examined by histological and histochemical techniques. The results revealed that the ovary in this species was enclosed by the tunica albuginea. It was considered as an asynchronous type, which could be classified into seven stages based on its histological characteristics. These seven stages were oogonium, chromatin nucleolar, perinucleolar, oil droplet and cortical alveolar, early, late and post vitellogenic stages. During the oogenic processes, the change and characterization of inclusions including lipids, cortical alveoli and yolk granules were detected by histolochemical techniques. The ovarian histopathology in R brachysoma was detected. This includes ovarian degeneration, ovarian atrophy and atresia in different stages (oogonia, previtellogenic stages and vitellogenic stages) as well as melano-magcrophage centers. Atretic follicles and ovarian atrophy were also observed and could negatively affect the reproductive health of the species, which could lead to population declines in R. brachysoma as well as threaten other marine fishes connected through the food web in Thailand.


ecological roles Here, we four broad of by pollination and seed dispersal, regulation of pest species, ecotourism, and maintenance of soil quality. Although researchers have suggested diverse links between animal personality and ecosystem function, very few have examined this association. We outline a four- step process for quantifying and validating these linkages, to application for conservation practitioners, and conclude by recommending that accounting for behavioral variation should be incorporated into the management of


The mesospheric nightglow in the infrared region corresponds to the emission lines photochemically produced by OH radicals, O 2 and atomic oxygen. We develop a model with the intention to reproduce the climatology of the OH nightglow and perform comparisons with observational data. 25 species and more than 80 reactions are used describing most of the atmospheric chemical processes but also the photolysis of a few molecules. The different excited vibrational levels of OH are taken into consideration, as well as the excited state of O 2 . A broad wavelength range with various widths allows an accurate expression of the photolysis coefficients. The first step is to validate a 0D photochemical model with most of the kinetic reactions updated. Sensitivity tests are performed to appreciate the importance of specific reactions. We also observe the nightglow response to density variations. A spectrum of the OH nightglow is developed using the concentrations calculated and is exploited to estimate the mesospheric temperature. The spectrum will also be propagated to the ground for comparisons with observations. The 0D nightglow model will be the basis of a global 3D model which will include the main dynamical processes and latitudinal variations.


By the methods of literature review, expert interviews and empirical analysis, this paper analyzes the process of volunteer work during the previous Olympic Winter Games and explores the best service behavior and influencing factors of the volunteers during the Olympic Winter Games. It reveals the internal relationship between the volunteer work and treatment and explores the key link of the effect of volunteer service at the winter Olympics. Thus, the paper concludes the theoretical support for the volunteer service behavior of the 2022 Beijing Olympic Winter Games, and provides reference for the implementation of volunteer work. Although the volunteer's behavior has the nature of social dedication, we should not ignore the interests behind the volunteer's behavior. Otherwise, there will be inevitably a negative impact on the volunteer's behavior. The facts also show that the comprehensive consideration of scientific management, effective training, spiritual encouragement and material assistance provided by the organizing committee for the Winter Olympic Games is an effective guarantee to ensure the safety, enthusiasm, professionalism and efficiency of volunteers. These will provide useful reference for the smooth development of voluntary service of 2022 Beijing Olympic Winter Games in China.


Among the third-generation Al-Li alloys, AA2198 stands out for its lower density, formability and increased stiffness, being suitable for use in aircraft fuselage sheets and other inner structures in order to reduce weight and improve performance. An important topic related to damage tolerant structures is the development of techniques to retard fatigue crack propagation, such as the localized heating by a laser source. The aim of the present work was to find the most suitable parameters for the production of laser heating lines in 2198-T851 alloy sheets in order to reduce the fatigue crack growth rate in this material. Laboratory tests using C(T) specimens under two loading conditions (R = 0.1 and 0.5) provided a useful dataset on the laser heated material. The experimental results indicate a 200 W laser beam power at treatment speeds of 1 and 10 mm/s was sufficient to retard crack growth in the current setup. The more expressive results were obtained for 200 W laser power with a speed of 1 mm/s and cyclic loading with stress ratio R = 0.1.