An apparatus and a related method for performing particle agglutination reactions in a single, disposable probe tip are disclosed. The probe tip includes a sample cavity for sample acquisition, at least one flanking cavity for the capture of particles by centrifugation or other means, a transition zone for the mixing of the sample with reagents for agglutination and a detection zone for the optical detection of particle agglutination. A mechanism may be attached to the probe tip for the controlled movement of fluids through the internal volume of the probe tip. The probe tip is particularly useful for the automation of high-throughput agglutination-type as says.


In 1974, Anthropological Quarterly published a special issue on bride theft. Since then, considerable work has been published on the practice. Drawing on my fieldwork in the Kyrgyz Republic, I assess current understandings of the practice. I argue that although functionalist and symbolic approaches to kidnapping are still relevant, it is necessary to consider kidnapping in the context of intensifying discursive competition over marriage, gender roles, and authority. In my account, kidnapping is a practice that both supports and undermines existing systems of oppression. As such, it has become a powerful engine of social change.


In this paper, a Ka-band broadband reflect array consisting of three metal parallel dipoles is studied and simulated. The large phase range of 550° and the phase curve of almost linear reflection benefit from the fixed outer loop, which increases a suitable resonant point. A sample reflectarray of $48\times 48\mathbf{mm}^{2}$ is designed and simulated. The gain, side lobe level and cross polarization level of the proposed array are 23.7 dB, −15.1 dB and −35 dB, respectively. Its 1-dB gain bandwidth is about 11.7%, which is appropriate for 5G-n260 band.


Community service needs to be based on a sense of sincerity since it has become an obligation for students to serve the community by helping and providing services to the community. As is known that one of the functions of Tri Dharma needs to be achieved by every university in Indonesia. Students from Diponegoro University were moved to conduct a service activity on the topic "Diversification of Kolang-Kaling Processed Products in Jatirejo Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang". Diversification of the use of kolang-kaling aims to maximize the potential of Jatirejo Village as a tourist village known for the production of kolang-kaling. The service activities were held from June 2021 to August 2021, for 45 days of active implementation. The location of service is in Jatirejo Village and Kandri Village located in Gunungpati District, Semarang City. The service is carried out both online and offline. The implementation of service is divided into 2 stages, namely the Preparatory Stage and the Implementation Stage. The main result of this service activity is the diversification of kolang-kaling-based products such as KOLAKA, GELALING, BOBALING, Kolang-Kaling Soap, and Briquettes from Kolang-Kaling Skin Waste. Based on the results of the implementation of activities, the partners welcomed the idea of diversifying kolang-kaling products outside of food products. This is expected to be adopted by the people of Jatirejo to maximize the potential of the village as a producer of kolang-kaling as well as a producer of various products based on kolang-kaling, so that economic activities in Jatirejo's small-medium enterprises (SMEs) are expected to increase, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic has passed.


The aim of the present work was to recuperate Edovard Claparede's contribuition to the understanding of the importance of the game in the teaching-learning relationship. It consisted of na analysis of Claparede's book "The Functional Education", in which the methodological implication of the game in the child's formation where stressed. When discussing the learning process relatioship between the student and the teacher, Claparede advocates that education should be processed from the point of view of the child and not of the educator.


This paper introduces the characteristic, interface and BMP command mode of DPU-3445. It gives the data process source code of its driver with C language.


The management of knowledge (knowledge management) is very important in an institution or organization to acquire and share knowledge (knowledge sharing) in order to develop the human resource potential and manage the company's assets or intellectual institutions, thus becoming close attention of Badan Pemberdayaan Perempuan, Perlindungan Anak dan Keluarga Berencana (BP3AKB) Bekasi. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the influence of the knowledge management system of knowledge in the KB extension outreach activities, and building a knowledge management system application that can assist employees in planning extension activities online that can be accessed by android smartphone, which is expected to increase the productivity of employees . The method of this research is descriptive quantitative method which is supported by The Most Admired Knowledge Enterprise (MAKE), and a model of knowledge management system knowledge management system architecture using Amrit Tiwana. The results of this study based on questionnaires to the application of the android-based knowledge management system for employees that are on the 3:40 to 4:19 interval, the average value of the entire statement at 4:00 is well received. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Activity Counseling KB, MAKE, Architecture Knowledge Managemet System Amrit Tiwana, Android application.


AN U M B E R of c l i n i c a l 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and nonc l in ica l 5 , 6 , 7 investigations, includ• ing safety7 and abrasion studies,5 ,6 have been conducted to evaluate electric toothbrushes. The prevention or removal of dental plaque, removal of oral debris, trauma to soft tissue, effect on gingivitis and stippling, bleeding on instrumentation, and the effect on keratinization have all been used as a means of assessing the effectiveness of the electric toothbrush in clinical studies. One or more of such methods of assessment of electric brushes have been used in studies conducted on hospitalized patients,8 handicapped children9 and adults,2 mentally retarded children,1 0 normal children, 1 1 , 1 2 periodontal patients, 1 3 , 1 4 dental students and/or hyg ien i s t s , 1 , 3 , 1 1 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 edentulous patients,20 and "nondentally oriented" college students.4 Although these studies have provided valuable information, there appears to be no general agreement that any electric toothbrush is any more or less effective than the regular hand brush. Furthermore, no detailed assessment of the effect on periodontal disease, as represented by a comprehensive periodontal disease index, has been undertaken in any investigation. The purpose of this study was: (1) to compare the effectiveness of an electric toothbrush* and a regular hand brush in


The invention relates to a film for protecting the housing surface or the packaging surface of electrochemical energy stores from damage, in particular during production, during transport, or at the time of installation of such electrochemical energy stores.


Bettinger and Baumhoff proposed an explanation for the spread of Numic language groups in the prehistoric Great Basin by appeal to models of optimal foraging and the processes of adaptive competition. In an effort to continue their discussion, I offer comments on their selection and use of Great Basin archaeological evidence, and their use of optimal foraging models. Finally, I identify other problems amenable to their general perspective.


In south of China,coal resource is relative lack,but stone coal resource is very abundance?In order to comprehensively utilize stone coal resource,Stone coal and bituminous coal combined combustion experiment is proceeded on 1MW circulate fluidized bed in the article,detailed analysis is proceeded on Hg content in cinder、fume and fly ash,distribute characters on Hg content in cinder、fume and fly ash of stone and bituminous coal combined combustion are educed,necessary referrence for further promotion and application of stone coal is furnished.


. In this present study, rose hip and hawthorn powders were investigated against three pathogenic bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli și Klebsiella pneumoniae . The chemical composition and antiradical activity of the plant extracts were investigated. The antiradical activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of rose hip is 85.11 ± 0.02 and hawthorn - 80.27 ± 0.23% DPPH inhibited, which correlates with the high content of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds. The content of β -carotene and lycopene in the liposoluble extracts of rose hip is 14.85 times and 28.83 times higher than in hawthorn extracts. The rose hip powders show an antimicrobial activity pronounced to Staphylococcus aureus . In the case of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae antimicrobial activity of hips is on average 1.3 times higher than that hawthorn powders. The rose hip powders showed the best inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Gram-positive bacteria, followed by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae - Gram-negative bacteria. The investigated plant powders have shown promising antimicrobial potential against pathogenic microorganisms and can be used in the food industry to reduce the microbial contamination of raw materials and food.


This paper presents a recursive, radix two by two, fast algorithm for computing the two dimensional discrete cosine transform (2D-DCT). The algorithm allows the generation of the next higher order 2D-DCT from four identical lower order 2D-DCT's with the structure being similar to the two dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT). As a result, the method for implementing this recursive 2D-DCT requires fewer multipliers and adders than other 2D-DCT algorithms.


Considering the literature which demonstrates the high importance of investment in creating a competitive advantage for the economy and economic growth, an analysis was made of the structure of some elements of gross fixed capital formation in the Polish economy and few selected European countries. This made it possible to identify the situation of the Polish economy over the years in terms of the structure of investment, and to attempt in answering to the question of whether the rate of accumulation of fixed capital in Poland is sufficient to close, or reduce the distance of development in relation to highly developed countries. In Poland, the leader among the sectors which absorb the largest percentage of investments remains expenditures with construction assets, and the smallest expenditure with intellectual property products. Poland is one of the countries with high GDP growth over the years. However, along with GDP growth, a decreasing trend can be seen in the sphere of investment expenditures, which does not allow for the reduction of the development gap. The methods used include an analysis of the literature, data contained in statistical databases (GUS and Eurostat) and specialized reports (PARP). The period of analysis covers the years 2004-2020 due to the fact that Poland's accession to the European Union took place in 2004, which allows for accurate international comparisons.


Cross sections for evaporation residue formation have been measured for the systems 28,30Si+58,62,64 Ni in the energy range from about 0.9 up to 1.2 times the conventional Coulomb barrier. The fusion cross sections cover more than four orders of magnitude from approx.30 ..mu..b to approx.500 mb, and show isotopic effects which are interpreted in the frame of the model involving coupling of the entrance channel with positive and negative Q-value reaction channels.


Behavioural experiments were conducted to gather information on how competitive behaviour between the invasive gobies Ponticola kessleri and Neogobius melanostomus may affect the development of populations in the River Rhine. Short-term experiments that were designed to measure activity could not discern any consistencies, neither between species nor based on gender. Although both species needed time to adapt to laboratory shelters, N. melanostomus hid conspicuously more often than P. kessleri. Few directly competitive interactions between species were observed. However, when such interactions were observed, N. melanostomus was stronger and won most inter-specific conflicts, even when it was the smaller opponent. It was also revealed in long-term feeding experiments that N. melanostomus preferred gammarids over fish during direct competition, while the opposite was true for P. kessleri. Behavioural results of the present study show these two species to exhibit different strategies, giving some evidence that P. kessleri and N. melanostomus may occupy different niches that enable them to coexist in the River Rhine.


Here, we describe the prototype for precisely scaled temperature assisted magnetic recording scheme utilizing the characteristics of thermo-remnant magnetization (TRM) in bulk SmCrO$_3$ as a memory media. The TRM response can be exploited in completely reversible bipolar switching performances either by tuning the temperature only across a sharp thermal window $\Delta T_w$ = 10 K, or annealing isothermally with a single pulse of field $\ge$ 0.1 T by flipping the direction of magnetization from 0$^o$ to 180$^o$. The microscopic mechanism of TRM in SmCrO$_3$ is explored by means of diffuse scattering using high energy $\lambda = 0.4997\AA$ neutrons and thermal variation of coercivity in $T_N \pm \Delta T$ range. It is noticed that the huge heterogeneity reflected by the estimated average spin-spin correlation length of the fluctuations in microscopic spin configuration being $\le$ 90 $\AA$ and efficient domain wall pinning effect as the defect dimensions are approximately twice to the domain wall width, governs the peculiar characteristic of TRM in SmCrO$_3$.


The article is focused on the models of studies of the history of historical discipline in the pre- revolutionary Russia. The first one, shaped in 1920-30s saw this academic community in class terms and viewed it as an 'object of repression'. The second one was developed in the late 20 th – early 21 st cc. It places the studies of the academic community into anthropological paradigm. Heuristic potential of the 'new' model is emphasized.


The original Y,d11 connection transformer is replaced by the Y,y12 wiring transformers in a 35 kV substation,while the original microprocessor-based protection device of transformer is not changed. With the analysis of transformer differential protection wiring CT,this paper proposes secondary connection adjusting way of the Y,y12 differential CT and protection of the value of the entire set. And CT connection measure is described.


The reason the author examines this problem is, their competitors from PT.INDANA which has a larger brand names in Malang such as Nippon Paint which is also one of the leading paint. This study aims to determine how promotional strategies conducted by the Marketing Communications PT.INDANA in enhancing product branding.
Presentation of data presented by the concept of the promotion strategy described by Tjiptono namely the promotion is essentially a marketing communication, meaning that the marketing activities that seek to disseminate information, influence / persuade, or remind the target market for the company and its products to be willing to accept, purchase and loyalty to the product offered by the company concerned.
Methods This study used a qualitative approach. Determination of additional research subjects and informants using purposive sampling techniques to determine the subject of research based on traits and characteristics required. Subjects were Marketing Communications PT.INDANA, while informants are several divisions in PT.INDANA namely, Division Production Manager, Marketing Manager, Research and Development, Quality Control, Graphic Design, Painters and Creative Team. Data collection techniques in this study using three methods, namely, observation, interview and documentation techniques.
The conclusion from this research that promotional strategies conducted by the Marketing Communications PT.INDANA in enhancing product branding is a strategy that went directly to the public with the specification to the family. This is one step for his own brand of decofresh became a center of attention in the community at any time, because the position of the brand in the midst of society. In addition to using a separate program from the company, PT.INDANA also still accept other forms of cooperation EO which allows of such cooperation can bring the image of the product to the customer's eyes in the hope of an increase in product branding can be measured from the level of the campaign carried out.


advanced stage of adult WT still show a poor outcome. In a recent NWTS retrospective report, OS (with a mean observation time of 54 months) was only 20% for stage IV adult WT. The present patient initially presented with highly extensive disease, which was cured with multimodal therapy based on pediatric strategy. Because the patient's hematological toxicities were always serious, the interval between chemotherapy was thus prolonged. In addition, we also decided to use the minimum required radiation dosage and PBSC rescue. Furthermore, the patient's neurotoxicity secondary to vincristine was also serious, thus requiring the use of special equipment. This case demonstrated that WT observed in the adolescent and adult population, even when identified at an advanced stage, appears to be curable if multimodal treatment according to the established pediatric strategy is effectively performed. However, toxicity such as hematological toxicity and neuropathy may develop at a higher incidence and at a more severe grade. In this case the PBSC rescue may not have been needed, however this method should nevertheless be considered in patients presenting with severe hematological toxicity. Kalapurakal et al. pointed out the risk of veno-occlusive disease associated with an overdosage of ACD in adult patients. Therefore, such toxicities should be closely monitored in adult patients with WT. Moreover, prospective trials in both adolescent and adult patients with WT are warranted in order to establish the appropriate dosages and optimal schedule of chemotherapy, as well as to determine the ideal sequence and effective design of local treatments and supportive care.


In the early stages of a project, the participants pay little (if any) attention to the particulars of their contracts. The focus is on obtaining the work and then completing the job within the allotted time and budget. If all goes smoothly, the project may be completed without anyone ever pulling their contract from the pile gathering dust atop the file cabinet. When the project goes awry, however, the contract becomes the focus. Great attention is paid to the "fine print," often for the first time and often to the great surprise of one or both contracting parties. Analyse de quelques clauses contractuelles qui peuvent poser des problemes, a l'une ou aux deux parties liees par un contrat, lorsqu'un projet ne se realise pas comme il devrait. Ces clauses concernent les documents mis en reference dont il ne faut pas omettre de prendre connaissance, le paiement des sous-traitants que l'on a engage lorsque le commanditaire des travaux a du mal a payer, les indemnisations lies a differents risques et les penalites en cas de non-respect de la duree des travaux. Les differentes possibilites d'arbitrage des conflits, aux Etats Unis, sont decrites.


This paper presents the use of thematic collages as a methodological innovation to participatory photography as a research framework. Participatory photography was used to understand the subjective "off-script" motivations behind the full or partial adoption of Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) by members of women's self-help groups in Andhra Pradesh, India. The addition of thematic collages to existing participatory photography methods was developed as a mechanism to better support the dialogic generation of new Freirean "generative themes" for investigation by a group. Further, the use of thematic collages invites the integration of "renegade" or non-thematic images into participant group analysis. ZBNF is an agricultural practice that has become an extension priority in Andhra Pradesh. It emphasizes the use of defined chemical-free inputs and regenerative farming techniques as a holistic approach toward socio-ecological resilience. As part of an interdisciplinary research project, this participatory photography design was piloted parallel to a soil science experiment in three geographically distinct agroecological zones in Andhra Pradesh. We show how participatory photography, with the novel addition of thematic collages, can be integrated into interdisciplinary research as a method to discover the underlying motivations to adopt agricultural practices and participate in agricultural movements like Zero Budget Natural Farming.


The research was carried out in order to highlight the main problems that impede the increase in the competitiveness of Kazakhstani animal husbandry. The indicators of productivity (milk yield, shearing of wool from one sheep, etc.), as well as aggregated data (production volumes, indices of the physical volume of gross production) were used as criteria for assessing the development of the industry. In Kazakhstan, the share of beef pedigree cattle in 2019 accounted for only 11.5% of the total cattle population. The average live weight of cattle was 336 kg, the average slaughter weight was 175 kg, which is 2 times lower than world standards, the average live weight of 1 bird was 2.2 kg. The republic has a weak base for the production of basic feed for the fattening contingent, due to which its supply with such feed is at the level of 57.8% of the scientifically grounded norm. The share of breeding stock of dairy cattle (as of January 1, 2018) is 2.8%, birds of all types - 12.3% of the total livestock, sheep - 14.8%. In modern conditions, in order to increase competitiveness, it is necessary to focus efforts on solving such problems as providing highly productive breeding cattle and poultry; improving the fodder base by expanding the crops of corn, soybeans, alfalfa, chickpea; strengthening of preventive work against especially dangerous animal diseases; adaptation of scientific developments in the field of genetics, selection and fodder production to the current economic conditions in animal husbandry; accelerating the transfer of animal husbandry to new technologies; implementation of international standards for product quality and management


Abstract The crystal structure and magnetic properties of orthomanganitesA1−xMnO3+y(A=La, Eu;x≤0.2;y≤0.13) were investigated. It was shown that the increase of oxygen content leads to the transformation from the weak ferromagnetic to the ferromagnetic state in these compounds. The Curie temperatures of La1−xMnO3+yand freezing temperatures of magnetic clusters for Eu1−xMnO3+yin the samples with a deficit ofAcations are higher than those in parent compounds (withx=0). A mixed magnetic state involving ferro- and antiferromagnetic domains is suggested in the intermediate range ofx,yvalues. Arguments are presented to support the assumption that the magnetic properties in the lightly doped insulating regime are governed by superexchange via anions rather than by exchange via charge carriers.


The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a fuel cell electrode, comprising at least the following steps: (a) providing a substrate electrode; (B) the step of electroless plating in contact with the solution containing the suspension of the reducing agent, a metal precursor and a particulate material at least a portion of the electrode substrate; And (c) the metal from the metal precursor onto the contacting portion by electroless plating to erosion, provides a particulate material onto the contact portion of the electrode substrate of the electrode substrate by vapor deposition comprising the steps of: providing an electrode.


By using the methods listed below,the forest fire environment in Kunming area,middle-Yunnan Province was studied: 1.Analyzing and contrasting the average meteorological data of each month from 1980—2009,which were divided into three sections every ten years; 2.arranging and studying the information gathered from forest fires occurred recently in those areas; 3.then classifying the local forest fuel types combined with the characteristics of basic topography and terrains.The results were as follows.Firstly,the fire environment tended to be advantageous to the forest fires with the maximum month average temperature increasing and the relative humidity decreasing while the month average rainfall of March and April stayed the lowest during the 30 years,which was below 30 mm.And the arid lasted from 2009 to 2013 significantly influenced the occurrence of the forest fires.Secondly,the complicated terrains and topography,especially the steep slopes and cliffs,benefited the forest fire,too.They helped the forest fire to ignite more rapidly,spread faster and grow bigger.The last factor was the forest fuels,whose loads were very heavy. Among them,the main conifer species were Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus armandii,which were very combustible during the constant arid periods.


In agile software development methods such as Scrum, software is developed in self-organizing teams. In such teams, leadership should be diffused rather than centralized; also the team-members need to affect managerial decisions for achieving the benefits of a self-managed team. When the team and team leaders share leadership, leadership is rotated to the person with the key knowledge, skills, and abilities for the particular issues facing the team at any given moment. Therefore, we argue that the team leadership in Scrum should be divided among the Product-owner, Scrummaster, and the self-organizing team. If teams are to succeed at implementing shared leadership in Scrum, not only do the vertical (or traditional) leaders need training and development but so too do the team members themselves.


Smart metering and wireless communication technologies offer immense possibilities for scalable solutions to automated meter reading and energy production and distribution networks (smart grid). Around the world, researchers are working on methods for securing smart grid operations in general and smart metering in particular. Yet, their main focus remains on implementing and evaluating wireless communication technologies as an adequate solution to the smart grid. This paper proposes a security framework within the smart grid communication network. A new security profile called 'W' profile is introduced to cover all aspects of security protocols for Wireless M-Bus. Specifically, it aims to secure automated meter reading (AMR) using the Wireless M-Bus protocol within the Open Metering System (OMS) security standards in terms of authentication, integrity, and confidentiality.


This paper attempts to put forward the symbiosis theories of capital.Setting up the symbiosis unit,symbiosis interface,symbiosis foundation,symbiosis environment and symbiosis energy is the analytical frames of our core contents.We analyzed the function mechanism of symbiosis theories to the defense industry in china.At the end of the paper,we push the suggestion of the capital-symbiosis-strategic during the development of our defense industry.


Some history of science and technology terms have special "double status".Some of which hold two posts both in the ancient and the modern times,and some of which overlap in the ancient and modern times together which are created in the modern times to define the ancient science and technology.The article gives some examples of astronomic history to analysis and study the terms of history of science and technology which have "double status".And there are some new ideas of how to make the ancient terms serve the present.


The hydrological behavior of watersheds derives mainly from climate variability and land use. The 'Ribeirao Joao Leite' watershed is the main sourse of water supply in Goiânia city, and recently intense modifications were observed in the land use and availability of water. In this context, this work proposes to classify the land use between 1979 and 2005 and establish the association of the runoff with the land use and climate variability. For this, Landsat images from the years 1979, 1989, 1997 and 2005 were used as well as flow and rainfall data provided by the Agencia Nacional de Agua (ANA). The land use was marked by 17.8% of deforestation, expansion of the urbanization and agriculture corresponded to 6.6 and 15.2%, respectively, and by significant areas of pasture. A trend of reduction in flow was observed that could be explained, in part, by a reduction in the rainfall regime. However, due to the significant increase of water withdrawal and the lack of historical records, there was difficulty in qualitative association between the runoff and the land use in spite of generating linear regression models with coefficients of determination (R²) above 0.75.


the present electric power enterprise financial management exist some problems that both the external factors,also have internal causes formation.It has become the financial management short board,which negatively affect electricity enterprise financial management goal realization.Therefore,it is important to crack.In view of the different questions,take different measures of solving these problems,and find out the breach.


The globalization of information and increased awareness of plant resources of all kinds has spurred tremendous demand for a wide variety of plant materials. From specialty coffees to aromatherapy oils to medicinal plant remedies from faraway places, the world market shows a voracious appetite for plants. Indeed, the medicinal plant market is one of the most dynamic and rapidly growing sectors in the field of botanical resources. As people re-connect with natural health-based principles and shy away from expensive and potentially hazardous synthetic drugs, natural medicinal plants offer relief for a wide range of health needs. Today, 85 percent of the world's population, approximately 5.1 billion people, turn to plants as primary medicines. This tremendous demand for medicinal plants and their preparations opens rich opportunities for individuals, communities, and commercial entities along the chain of medicinal plant trade. Ironically, the economic demand for medicinal and aromatic plants may help preserve natural environments and indigenous cultures in situations in which value-based education efforts have failed. In a world that places more value on an individual's economic worth instead of intrinsic natural or humane merit, a scenario develops in which a hectare of aromatic or medicinal plants may yield more profit than can be derived from timber production, cattle grazing or mining. Equally, in this scenario, indigenous native people can participate and benefit from the cultivation, harvesting, and processing of botanical resources. From cultivation to harvesting, processing, and marketing, we have the chance to simultaneously provide safe, beneficial remedies for human needs and to preserve and promote environmental sustainability and indigenous native cultures. From shamans to store shelves, an examination of natural, plant-based medicines transition from the natural environment to the consumer marketplace, and how in the process can promote values and ideals which remain unfulfilled by other means. INTRODUCTION Ironically, economic demand for medicinal plants may help to preserve some natural environments and indigenous cultures, where value-based information efforts have failed. Today, every hectare of land and every individual is increasingly evaluated on the basis of economic worth instead of intrinsic natural or humane merit. In this scenario, a hectare of aromatic or medicinal plants may yield more profit than what can be derived from timber production, cattle grazing or mining. Indigenous native people can participate in, and benefit from, the cultivation, harvesting and processing of botanical resources. The medicinal plant market is one of the most dynamic and rapidly growing sectors in the field of botanical resources. As people re-connect with natural health-based principles, and as they shy away from expensive and potentially hazardous synthetic drugs, natural medicinal plants offer relief for a wide range of health needs. Today 85 % of the world's population, approximately 5.1 billion people, turn to plants as primary medicines. This tremendous demand for medicinal plants and their preparations fosters rich opportunities for individuals, communities and commercial entities all along the chain of trade. From cultivation to harvesting, processing and marketing, we have the chance to simultaneously provide safe, beneficial plant-based remedies to meet growing market Proc. XXVI IHC – Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Eds. L.E. Craker et al. Acta Hort. 629, ISHS 2004 Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA) 18 demand, and to preserve and promote environmental sustainability and the economic stability of indigenous native cultures. THE CASE OF JEEVANI Near the tip of the Indian subcontinent in the town of Palode, The Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute is home to a world-class collection of tropical plants, and a center of busy research into the medicinal applications of many south Indian species. I had heard about the Institute through a widely publicized project conducted by Dr. Rajasekharan, head of the Institute's ethnomedicine division. The project, which resulted in the marketing of a formula called Jeevani, was the first in India in which a percentage of sales went to natives from whose tradition the central herbal ingredient originated. In an area surrounded by verdant hills, singing birds and the fragrances of flower blossoms, the Institute sits like a lustrous jewel in the crown of that region. Dr. Rajasekharan shared the story of his collaboration with the Kani people, a hill tribe whose medicinal plant knowledge has led to the development of Jeevani (Rajasekharan, 1999). "Two of us from the Tropical Botanical Gardens were hiking in the Agastya Hills with a couple of members of the Kani tribe back in 1987. The conditions were a bit difficult, with steep climbing. We were finding it very difficult to keep going, but the tribespeople did not seem even the slightest bit fatigued. We asked them how they kept their energy going, and they showed us some small green berries which they said gave them energy. We had seen our guides chewing these along the way. I chewed a small handful, and right then I felt a sudden flush of energy and strength." Dr. Rajasekharan knew that the plant had real sales potential if it proved to be safe. The berries came from Tricopous zeylanicus , a plant the Kani call Aarogyappacha. The Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute researched the plant, which, to their ability to determine, grows only in the hills of Kerala province. Working with a company called Arya Veda Pharmacy, the researchers devised a tonic formula called Jeevani – which means source of life. "It took us eight years to research and develop a product that we knew was safe and effective for promoting energy and relieving fatigue," explained Dr. Rajasekharan. Jeevani contains ashwaghanda (Withania somnifera), black pepper (Piper nigrum), a couple of other herbs, and Tricopus zeylanicus, the green, energy-imbuing berry of the Kani tribe. The product comes in granules. You take a halfteaspoon of this, mix in hot water or hot milk, and drink. In accordance with a 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, the institute decided to share profits from the Jeevani product with the Kani tribespeople. "We knew that we were doing the right thing," says Institute director, P. Pushpangadan. Doing the right thing so flew in the face of common practice that the project made international news. In most cases, native people around the world are exploited for their medicinal plant knowledge, typically receiving little or nothing in return. For the Kani, pay day has already come, if modestly. The Kani received their first payment of $12,500 in 1999, with further proceeds following on an annual basis. MEDICINES OF THE TODA A few hours to the north of the Agastya hills lie the Nilgiri Hills. Also known as the Blue Mountains, the Nilgiris are the second oldest set of mountains in India. There Ooti is the site of the first Indian hill stations, a cottage-filled enclave established by the British to escape the suffocating heat of the plains during summer. The Nilgiri Hills cover 2542 square miles of hills, forests and lakes, with a high point, Dodabetta Peak, of just over 8500 ft. The hills are home to scenic views, lush tea plantations and aromatic eucalyptus groves. Our primary destination in Ooti was the JSS College of Pharmacy, where researchers are fulfilling the difficult task of chronicling the medicinal plant use of small groups of tribal hill natives. In doing so, they have become one of the most distinguished repositories of medicinal plant information in India. In the Nilgiri's, five tribal groups still live separate and distinct from the rest of integrated Indian society. The Todas, Kotas, Kurumbas, Irulas, and Paniyas, are virtually


This article examines how international military finance operated in the Dutch Republic between 1688–1714. The region's unique urban geography in which the political and financial infrastructures crucial for military financing were geographically dispersed created stresses and strains. These inconveniences were overcome due to the Republic's excellent intra-urban infrastructure – creating fast and reliable communication between the different urban centers – and their reliance on (semi-)private agents, the solliciteurs-militair. As a result, the urban system created a level of flexibility: credit for military purposes could be found both in The Hague and Amsterdam, rather than having to rely on a single city as was the case in London. This focus on the urban has broader historiographical importance because recent scholarship on early modern war and state formation is increasingly questioning whether the focus on political and financial centralization is necessarily the best way to understand these processes.


In a paper the question of manufacture of large castings by a casting method on Lost-foam process is considered. For the purpose of obtaining of castings with the guaranteed quality examined possibility of an intensification of process of solidification of preforms by introduction in polystyrene model a sample piece of a reinforcing metal phase. Conditions and regularities heatweight transfer and hydrodynamics in systems "metalsample piece-implantat-shape" and "metal – a reinforcing phase – the shape", and also interaction of new systems making these are defined. It is determined that lead of a macroreinforcing phase in polystyrene model sample piece or it is direct in a mould cavity allows to create new molten constructions which possess a complex of functional properties earlier not to inherent traditional cast alloys, namely: heightened strength properties of molten constructions, hardening of a surface layer of molten constructions or heightening of its special performances. It is fixed that presence of a macroreinforcing phase creates conditions for increase in a freezing rate of an alloy to its directly proportional mass and with its increase concerning metal volume in shape thus does not augment quantity indicators on ejection of harmful substances in atmosphere. K e y w o r d s : moulding on Lost-foam process (LFP), large castings, polystyrene sample piece macroreinforcing phases (RMP), the molten reinforced constructions (MRC), heat-weight transfer.


A method based on QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection was described for the pesticides dichlorvos, disulfoton, ethoprophos, parathion methyl, fenchlorphos, chlorpyrifos, azinphos methyl and prothiofos in sapodilla. For all compounds studies, it was observed a strong matrix effect showing the need to use matrix matched calibration strategy. Method was validated, and good linearity (R > 0.99) was obtained for all pesticides studied with limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 mg kg -1 and 0.03 to 0.2 mg kg -1 , respectively. Recovery studies were performed at different levels (0.08, 0.10, 0.14, 0.20, 0.35 and 1.17 mg kg -1 ) and showed good results (between 70 and 120% with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 20%). A statistical test was applied to the coefficients of the analytical curves obtained in the sapodilla matrix. Analyses of commercial samples showed chlorpyrifos were detected in about 70 and 33% for fruit and pulps samples, respectively. It should be noted that chlorpyrifos is not permitted in sapodilla crops by ANVISA and EC guidelines.


ABSTRACT Background Therapeutic antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint are widely used in cancer therapy and are under active further development. Historically, the antitumor activity of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors has been evaluated using in vivo and ex vivo test methods; however, a simple in vitro assay method to evaluate antitumor activity accurately is needed for the efficient development of new therapeutic agents. In the present study, we attempted to establish a simple cell-based assay system to evaluate the modulating effect of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors on cytotoxic activity. Methods We established a new natural killer (NK) cell line stably transfected with the PD-1 and IL-2 genes and a new NK-sensitive target cell line stably transfected with the PD-L1 gene. Then, the assay system was established by co-cultivation of the established cell lines and measurement of the cytotoxic activities using the europium release assay. To confirm the performance of the established assay system, model therapeutic antibodies to block the PD-1/PD-L1 signal, nivolumab and atezolizumab were added to the co-culture system and the modulating effect on the cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Results Nivolumab and atezolizumab clearly showed a modulating effect on cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner in our assay system, whereas a human IgG isotype control antibody did not show any modulating effect on the assay system. Conclusion The newly established cell-based assay system can quantitatively evaluate the modulating effect of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors by measuring cytotoxic activity, playing an important role in antitumor effects as innate immunity.


Post-colonial political societies, where class and caste serve as important analytical categories for understand- ing nationalism, often reveal a different sort of nationalism than most Western countries. Classical theories of nationalism, however, tend to simplify or overlook such important determinants in the post-colonial world. This paper discusses the class nature of nationalism and nationalist politics in Sri Lanka by applying an alternative Marxist discourse on national- ism. The paper, which is the reflection of a survey of nationalist discourse in Sri Lanka of field research, which was car- ried out in Sri Lanka, argues that the nature of Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalism can only be understood when sufficient at- tention is paid to the class-based nature of politics in Sri Lanka. Only by applying such logic is it possible to unravel the role of nationalism in the country, as a powerful instrument for the political mobilisation of the Sinhalese faction of the ruling class.


The evolution of the forward density front of water-plasmas generated by ultrashort laser pulses on an air–water interface is investigated with optical diagnostics. The density front is found to move with supersonic speed at the beginning, as predicted by a hydrodynamics simulation. This plasma-expansion process is followed by a fluid mechanical process. The expansion rate gradually reduces to the acoustic speed in water.


Abstract China has become the largest producer of SO2 emissions in the world. Thus effective SO2 emission and acid rain controls are urgently needed. This paper designated the priority control zones for both SO2 emission and acid precipitation in China. The Control Zones were identified as an area of 1.09xl06 km2, about 11.4% of the China's territory and about 14 Million tons SO2 emissions. The Acid Rain Control Zones involved 14 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities, with 806000 km2, about 8.4% of the national territory. The SO2 Pollution Control Zones had 290000 km2, about 3% of the national territory. The policies against SO2 emissions were also formulated based on the coal life‐cycle assessment. In the short term, it was suggested that affordable countermeasures should be taken to reduce SO2 emissions from sources, mainly including shutdown or retrofit of high‐sulfur‐coal mines, coal processing, and utilization of desulfurizing technologies in power plants. In the long term, clean coal technologies should be developed to avoid SO2 emissions from sources. The Chinese Government has accepted the designation results and the corresponding control policies.


In fetal animals hypoxia of rapid onset causes cessation of breathing movements, electro‐ocular activity and decrease of muscle tone. These effects last several hours and are in contrast to the hypernoea and behavioural activation which occurs during hypoxia soon after birth and in the adult. Transection and lesion studies in fetal sheep suggest that hypoxia activates a descending inhibition of respiratory and other motor activities which either originates in the pons or is conveyed to medullary and spinal levels of the neuraxis by fibres through the pons in the region of the Kolliker‐Fuse nucleus. Recently, using FOS immunohistochemistry we have identified cells in the medial parabrachial complex which are activated by hypoxia in fetal sheep, but not newborn lambs. It is proposed that these cells have descending inhibitory connections with respiratory and spinal motor pathways, but the precise anatomy and neuro‐chemistry of such pathways is unknown. It is not known if the parabrachial cells are directly sensitive to low P o2 or receive input from other centres or peripheral receptors which monitor arterial P o2 in the foetus. Nor is it known why these cells are not activated by low P o2 after birth.


An experimental study focused on the radial scaling of HyBrID (Hydrogen Bromide In Discharge) copper vapor lasers has been carried out by using laser tubes (length 1.2 m) of inner diameter 40, 60 and 80 mm. The detailed parametric dependence on laser output power with each of the bore tubes is compared under the same operating conditions. 90 W of output power was obtained with both a 40 and 60 mm bore tube. By increasing the tube temperature, similar high output power can be produced with a 80 mm bore tube. Enlarging the tube bore results in a reduction of extractable average output power. It has been found that the output characteristics strongly depend on the tube temperature. Control of the tube temperature is crucially important for efficiently producing high output power. A discussion is presented in which the lasing performance under the differing tube conditions is compared.


Quantum dot arrays possess ground states governed by Coulomb energies, utilized prominently by singly occupied quantum dots, each implementing a spin qubit. For such quantum processors, the controlled transitions between ground states are of operational significance, as these allow the control of quantum information within the array such as qubit initialization and entangling gates. For few-dot arrays, ground states are traditionally mapped out by performing dense raster-scan measurements in control-voltage space. These become impractical for larger arrays due to the large number of measurements needed to sample the high-dimensional gate-voltage hypercube and the comparatively little information extracted. We develop a hardware-triggered detection method based on reflectometry, to acquire measurements directly corresponding to transitions between ground states. These measurements are distributed sparsely within the high-dimensional voltage space by executing line searches proposed by a learning algorithm. Our autonomous software-hardware algorithm accurately estimates the polytope of Coulomb blockade boundaries, experimentally demonstrated in a 2$\times$2 array of silicon quantum dots.


1. Introductory remarks The evolutionary pace of the Palestinian Arab nationalist movement has quickened considerably since the Arab-Israeli war of June 1967. Despite setbacks, the movement has done much to increase the level of international awareness concerning the plight of the Palestinian refugees, and has managed, more than ever before, to make consideration of Palestinian nationalism fundamental in any hopes for resolution of the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict. On the other hand, the failure of Palestinian nationalism to achieve political sovereignty and territorial expression remains the single most encumbering element in the Palestine question. The absence of Palestinian sovereignty characterizes the Arab-Israeli conflict in all facets and ultimately determines much of the behavior of those states and parties involved in the conflict. The Palestinians, for reasons discussed below, have been unable to muster the international support needed to realize the goal of sovereignty. The behavior of militant Palestinians, determined in large measure by the inability of the movement to garner international support, further alienates Palestinian Arab nationalism from those parties whose influence is essential to realization of nationalist objectives.' The Palestine conflict, in which two movements of differing cultural, historical, and ethnic backgrounds confront each other over the same piece of territory, is novel in the annals of nationalism. The culmination of Zionist nationalism in the State of Israel in 1948 aborted the nationalist movement of the Palestinian Arabs and, in a sense, drove it underground to function in quasi-national exile and in the realm of terrorism, circumstances not unlike those which Zionists themselves endured prior to 1948. As a result, Zionist nationalism in the form of Israel is represented in the international community of sovereign states while Palestinian nationalism is not, except in the rather capricious policies of some of the established Arab states. The unequal status of Zionist and Palestinian Arab nationalism since 1948 renders dialogue between the two virtually impossible, and is responsible for the transferral of the conflict onto the level of established states in the region. Thus elevated, the Arab-Israeli confrontation attracts major powers, which widen the scope of the conflict and its inherent dangers. After a quarter century of these circumstances the question of the Palestinian Arab community is liable to become obscured by the preoccupation of the established states with the consequences of the conflict to themselves.


oxidative stress in the vasculature involves chronically elevated, uncontrolled levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is thought to contribute to vascular dysfunction associated with many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis ([5][1]). This point notwithstanding,


Objective To understand the status of live ascaris lumbricoides egg contamination in farmland soil and its causing factors in Yunnan. Methods The survey was conducted in 892 administrative villages from 45 counties in Yunnan,and 892 soil samples were collected according to the Technical Scheme for Monitoring the Project of National Rural Environmental Health in 2013. Live ascaris lumbricoides egg was detected by the method of floating egg with saturated nitrate. All data were analyzed by SPSS 17. 0. Results The detection rate for ascaris lumbricoides egg was 46. 5% in all samples,the average count of ascaris lumbricoides egg was 1. 7( 0. 5,4. 3) / of positive soil samples,and the detection rate for live ascaris lumbricoides egg was 30. 9% in all samples,the average count of live egg was 1. 0( 0. 3,3. 0) / gram of positive soil sample. Chi-square test showed that the mode of collecting domestic wastes,the texture of soil,whether a system on environmental health management has been established,if any special plan on environmental health has been done,whether the health education has been carried out,and the presence or absence of investment on environmental health were related to the detection rate of live ascaris lumbricoides egg in farmland soil( P 0. 05),but the humidity,p H of soil and plant roots in soil were not considered relating with the detection rate of live ascaris lumbricoides egg in farmland soil( P 0. 05). Multiple stepwise Logistic regression analysis showed that the mode of collecting domestic wastes and whether a system of environmental health management has been established were significantly negative correlated with the detection rate of live ascaris lumbricoides egg in farmland soil( P 0. 05). Conclusions The detection rate of ascaris lumbricoides egg and live ascaris lumbricoides egg in farmland soil in Yunnan was still high. The detection rate of live ascaris lumbricoides egg was decreased with establishing a system on environmental health and unified collecting domestic garbage; so the work on creating 'Advanced Sanitary Model Villages' should be vigorously promoted in rural areas.


This study was based in the article Functions from IR to IR: a study in nonlinearity by Nicolau C. Saldanha and Carlos Tomei and in other works [2] and [3] of these authors together with Iaci P. Malta. The goal of this study is to develop a global sense of how functions from the plane to the plane behave. In the case of functions from the real line to the real line, the standard practice is to compute critical points (i.e. maxima and minima) then use these points to infer geometric information about the function as a whole. We extend this approach to functions from the plane to the plane. Using topological tools we combine local theory of the function at singularities and regular points to obtain a global picture of how the function behaves. As we shall see the image of the critical set and the locations of its preimages are highly structured. This gives us detailed information concerning the number and location of all preimages of any given point. This article also provides a description of a method for finding the roots of such functions, which may be applied to solving sistems of two equations in two unknowns. We then compare the method described herein for obtaining roots to methods employed by such standard mathematical packages as Maple and Mathematica. This paper is organized as follows: In Sections 2 and 3 contain several definitions and results that are prerequisite to our study. Also in Section 3 we prove lemmas that we need for Section 4, where we describe a method to find preimages of a given point.


From the early 1990s, the study of Taiwan has flourished into what is almost a field in its own right. Yet, despite this growth, Taiwan Studies remains an unstable and inchoate area of scholarship. Beyond key issues like democratization, national identity and the "miracle economy," it has no dominant problematics, discursive structures or proscribed methodologies. And, unlike Chinese Studies, it is too small a field to be clearly demarcated into sub-fields. As a result, the study of Taiwan is unusually open to any and all possible topics for study. Indeed, the free play of the range of subjects in Taiwan studies is one aspect of the continuing establishment and consolidation of the meaning of "Taiwan" itself, and of a Taiwanese identity, over the last ten to 20 years. The Minor Arts of Daily Life: Popular culture in Taiwan is in the first instance an excellent contribution to this developing field, but it is also indicative of the challenges to producing legitimate academic knowledge of Taiwan. The book begins with a review of Taiwanese history, which, even now, is a necessary opening step to establish the discursive boundaries of a scholarly project on Taiwan. The introductory chapter presents what has become a received history of Taiwan, organizing it by ruling regimes over the last four centuries. This history was established most clearly in English by the work of Thomas Gold in the mid-1980s and here it is filled out with much detail and nuance. The body of the book is divided into four sections organized into generalizing categories: religion, the public sphere, economic life and popular entertainment. The methodologies include social history in Morris's chapter on baseball, anthropology in Katz's work on chicken-beheading rites, and media studies in Chu's chapter on talk-back television. Simon's work on gay and lesbian identity and Chin-ju Lin's chapter on Filipino domestic workers in Taiwan also add important critical dimensions.


I come to the notion of whig ethnology through further reflection on the life and writings of Lewis H. Morgan. The central project of Morgan's life emanated from his astonished discovery of the profound differences between the Iroquois kinship system and his own. I continue to believe that the great comparative study through which he sought to illuminate that difference, Systems of Consanguinity and Afjinity (1871), is a work of rare originality, even of genius, that played a decisive role in consolidating anthropology by defining, indeed inventing, kinship as an object of study. It is one of the few works of nineteenth-century anthropology that remains a living text-bis League of the Iroquois (1851) is another-and it still has much to teach us. The special quality of Morgan, as it seems to me, is that the originality of that work is contained within a life and body of writings many aspects of which appear


In this article, I discuss the implications of postmodernism on religious thought, with special reference to Islamic thought. Firstly, I discuss the nature and characteristics of postmodernist thinking, and the different schools of thought/'postmodernisms' that fall under that rubric. My contention is that postmodernism is a response to modernism rather than religion, although it has implications on religious thought. Secondly, I examine and compare the points of contention between modernism and post-modernism. I then argue that the differences are largely due to the privileging of nature and reasoning of modernists and the privileging of human/social and psychology of postmodernists. These, in turn, have implications on their metaphysics and epistemology, respectively. Thirdly, I provide an Islamic perspective on the modernist-postmodernist discourse, showing that the Islamic perspective transcends the natural-social divide, and how the tripartite relationship between God, man and nature, informs the discourse. The philosophy of language is also brought up in the discussion, where I suggest that Islam accepts the dual role of languages, that is, conveying the meaning in its literal sense (aka modernist), as well as being a symbol and an indirect reference (aka postmodernist). Finally, a close comparison is made between postmodernism and Islam, where both their incompatibilities as well as possible points of convergence are discussed.


A new Cryptobatrachus Ruthven, 1916 (Anura: Cryptobatrachidae) from the Venezuelan versant of the Sierra de Perija Abstract. A new marsupial frog of the genus Cryptobatrachus (Anura: Cryptobatrachidae) from the venezuelan versant of Sierra de Perija, is described. This new taxon is the first Cryptobatrachus from Venezuela. The new species can be distinguished from the other two previously known by the following combination of characters: size moderately large; head as wide as long, or slightly wider than long; tympanum 1/3 to near 1/2 to the eye diameter in females, and 1/2 to 3/4 in males; 10-13 vomerine tooth; distal subarticular tubercles on fingers III-IV very large, protuberant and with pads (considered synapomorphy of the genus); hands and foot without supernumerary tubercles; foot extensively webbed; females carrying 16-45 eggs on the back; dorsal coloration ground greenish with reddish tonalities, and a brown interorbital band; venter yellow greenish; iris pale golden; horizontally crossed by a red band wider than pupil, and a red triangle on the inferior portion. Cryptobatrachus nicefori Cochran et Goin, 1970, is not considered a Cryptobatrachus and remain as "Hyla" (incertae sedis) nicefori.


In-situ synthesized TiB_2/Ni metal-ceramic composite coatings with different compositions were fabricated on the medium carbon steel using laser cladding. The cracking behavior in different coatings was studied by (microanalysis.) The results show that the cracks formed in the coating with high content of ceramic phases are mainly the following: the transcrystalline cracks in the bonding metal matrix, the high density cracks at the edge of the coating, micro-cracks on the interface of the matrix and the hard ceramic phases and in the vicinity of the bonding (interface) in the heat-affected zone, etc. The cracks in the coating are mainly caused by the thermal stress induced by the difference of the thermal expansion coefficients of the coating materials and the metal matrix, and the (trans-)(formation) stress plays an important role too. The good quality coating can be obtained by optimal laser parameters and coating compositions.


Australian wether trial data were used to assess bloodline interactions and the environmental regression of fleece weight on fibre diameter. The magnitude of bloodline by region interactions indicate that bloodlines perform very predictably in different environments for fibre diameter and reasonably predictably for clean fleece weight. The significant interaction of bloodline with age for clean fleece weight indicates that knowledge of the across age regression of fleece weight may be useful to bloodline assessment. There was a strong environmental regression and correlation of clean fleece weight with fibre diameter. However, the spatial variation of individual environments from this regression indicates that phenotypic benchmarking can only be used as a rule-of-thumb method for flocks of substantial genetic superiority or inferiority for those two traits in combination.


Hepatic damage is associated with distortation of t he metabolic functions of liver. Thus liver diseases remain as the serious health problems. The present study was aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Tectona grandis leaf. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, amino a cids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extrac  of Tectona grandis leaf was carried out at two dose levels 300 mg/Kg and 600 mg/Kg. Carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxic model was followed for investigation of hepatoprotective activity of Tectona grandis in wistar rats. The biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) in rat serum were found to be increased in CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity model. Hydroalcoholic extrac of Tectona grandis leaf was found to decrease the biochemical paramet ers (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) of rat serum at the doses of 300 mg/Kg and 600mg/Kg. Hydro alcoholic extract of Tectona grandis leaf significantly (p≤0.05) and dose dependently produced hepatoprotectiv e activity at the doses of 300 mg/Kg and 600 mg/Kg.


In the present study, numerical techniques for the calculation of radiative heat transfer in w'symmetric flowfields are developed and applied to the simulation of hypersonic reactive flows. The present approach removes the need for simplified models such as the OneDimensional Slab theory, and can be easily extended to three-dimensional flow problems. Preliminary results are presented for the Mach 47 flow past a sphere, and the predictions obtained from the axisymmetric algorithm are compared with those given by simplified radiative models. A non-negligible difference is found in the predicted values of heat flux a t the stagnation point. 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N In recent years, the need for accurate predictions of aerothermodynamic heating loads, and of radiative heat transfer in particular, has been spurred by interest in aerospace applications, such as the manned mission to Mars, and the re-establishment of human presence on the Moon'. Moreover, the design of thermal protection systems for the Aeroassisted Orbital Transfer Vehicle (AOTV), and for planetary probes such as Pioneer (for Venus) and Galileo (for Jupiter), is almost entirely driven by predictions of radiative heat transfer'. There are two major techniques utilized for the simulation of gasdynamic problems that include radiative heat transfer. Several investigators use an uncoupled approach, whereby the thermodynamic state of the flow is determined from a solver without radiative heat transfer, followed by a post-processing phase where the radiative field is e ~ a l u a t e d ' ~ ~ ~ ~ . On the other hand, the fully coupled approach is advocated by because the decoupling can significantly overestimate both radiative and conductive heat fluxes. Other factors that can play a significant role in the accuracy of radiative heat transfer predictions include: the need for detailed emission and absorption models, the importance of thermo-chemical non-equilibrium phenomena, t Research Assistant, Student Member AIAA Assistant Professor of Aerospace Engineering, Member AIAA Copyright @ 1993 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 the possibility of ablation, and the presence of threedimensional effects away from the stagnation point5. The numerical simulation of hypersonic flowfields in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium without radiative transfer has been successfully attempted by Candler and MacCormack', and uncoupled calculations have been presented by Candler and Park*. Moss and Simmonds', and Gupta et aL9 have used the viscous shock layer equations to solve axisymmetric reentry problems with fully coupled radiative heat transfer. However, the previous analyses employ the OneDimensional Slab approximation, which is valid in the stagnation region only. Hartung3 compares the 1D Slab model to a Modified Differential Approach, and shows that the former is a potential liability if used away from the stagnation point. Several researchers have developed fully coupled hypersonic/radiation simulations, but in all cases the 1D Slab approximation is In a related paper6, the writers have successfully attempted truly two-dimensional numerical solutions to the radiative heat transfer equations, fully coupled with an existing thermo-chemical non-equilibrium flow solver'', co-developed by the second author. The a p proach is compatible with existing spectrographic information and/or radiative models, which can be used as input in order to predict coupled radiative, conductive and diffusive heat transfers over relatively complex geometries. Preliminary results obtained for the inviscid flow over a cylinder at a freestream Mach number of M , = 47 indicated that there is a significant difference between predictions obtained by means of the 1D Slab theory and fully two-dimensional radiative heat transfer calculations. Moreover, the inadequacy and inaccuracy of uncoupled approaches at that high Mach numher was graphically demonstrated. In the present study, the techniques developed for two-dimensional flowfields are extended to axisymmetric problems. The approach chosen has the distinctive advantage of being readily portable to threedimensional problems as well, with a reasonable increase in computational requirements for the radiative source term at a point. Due to the computational costs associated with the development and testing of the new model, two simplifying assumptions are employed: a grey gas approximation has been used for the absorptivity coefficient, although provisions for multi band models are included; and thermodynamic equilibrium b d has been assumed. Although it would be necessary to lift the above simplifications in order to obtain quantitatively accurate predictions of radiative heat transfer for geometries of practical interest, it is necessary to stress at this point that the objective of the present study is to develop the numerical tools for the simulation of axisymmetric flowfields via the inclusion of a truly multi-dimensional radiative source term. In the following, the mathematical and physical foundations for the study of flows in chemical nonequilibrium, including radiative heat transfer effects, will be briefly outlined. A discussion of the numerical techniques employed for the discretization of the flow equations and the determination of the source term due to the presence of a radiation field will follow. A few preliminary results, both viscous and inviscid, will be presented in order to assess the performance of the present algorithm when compared with one-dimensional approximations. w' 2. GOVERNING EQUATIONS 2.1. Thermodynamic Model In the following, a gas mixture composed of N thermally perfect species is considered. The thermal equation of slate will be given by Dalton's Law, whereby the mixture pressure, p, is the summation of u' partial pressures


Background and aim: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive age, with unknown etiology and a variable clinical presentation. Recognizing polycystic ovary syndrome in women presenting with oligo-ovulation and hyperandrogenism offers an important opportunity to begin a life-long conversation about prevention and treatment of a condition that has a multi-system impact on affected women. Recognition offers the chance for providers and patients to engage in discussions about prevention and early treatment of metabolic derangements. This review aims to review the polycystic ovarian syndrome and the approach to the metabolic complications such as insulin resistance and associated hyperinsulinemia. Methods: It was performed a research on PubMed database of English and Portuguese publications (2004-2015), using the terms: "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome", "Dermatological manifestations" and "Diabetes Mellitus". Review: Hyperandrogenism occurs in 60% to 80% with PCOS and presents with the following: hirsutism, acne and androgenetic alopecia. Metabolic complications are common, such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure. Thus, lifestyle modifications are essential and metformin or thiazolidinediones can be used. The combined hormonal contraception is the first-line treatment, being more effective with progestins with anti-androgenic activity. Antiandrogens may be used, too. Metformin and weight loss can improve ovulation rate. Conclusion: It emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment, in order to prevent metabolic complications and the emotional impact associated with skin manifestations. The family doctor plays a key role in early diagnosis and managing the recommended multidisciplinary approach, including dermatology, endocrinology, obstetrics-gynecology, nutrition and psychology.


The J-PARC Hadron Facility is designed as a multipurpose experimental facility for a wide range of particle and nuclear physics programs, aiming to provide the world highest intensity secondary beams. Currently three secondary beam lines; K1.8, K1.8BR and KL together with the test beam line named K1.1BR come into operation. Various experimental programs are proposed at each beam line and some of them have been performed so far. As the first experiment at the J-PARC Hadron Facility, the Θ + pentaquark was searched for via the pion-induced hadronic reaction in the autumn of 2010. Also experimental programs to search for new hadronic states such as K − pp have started to perform a physics run. The current status and near future programs are introduced.


The Constellation Program has initiated the first new flight suit development project since the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was developed for the Space Shuttle Program in the 1970s. The Constellation suit system represents a significant challenge to designers in that the system is required to address all space suit functions needed through all missions and mission phases. This is in marked contrast to the EMU, which was designed specifically for micro-gravity space walks. The Constellation suit system must serve in all of the following scenarios: launch, entry and abort crew survival; micro-gravity extravehicular activity (EVA); and lunar (1/6th-gravity) surface EVA. This paper discusses technical efforts performed from May 2006 through February 2007 for the Constellation space suit system pressure garment.


Background:  Occlusive plastic applied immediately after birth to reduce evaporative heat loss has been proven effective in preterm infants <28 weeks' gestation. However its effectiveness on preterm infants >28 weeks' gestation has not been shown. This study aimed to determine the effect of occlusive wrap at birth on the temperature at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission among infants of greater than or equal to 24 weeks' and less than 34 weeks' gestation.


The eastern Shandong area is a typical place where the Jingshan group and Fenzishan group(JFG for short) of Palaeoproterozoic formation outcrop,and it is famous for the gigantic reserves of talc,magnesite and graphite deposit.There has been a lot of controversy over the tectonic setting of JFG,with mainly three types of controversial academic view points: rift basin,active continental margin area and subduction-accretionary complex.After synthetical analysis of the above view points,this work discusses the tectonic setting of JFG through its stratigraphic sequence,rock assemblage,deformation,metamorphism,palaeotectonic environment and the changes of structure location and intensity during its evolutionary process.The article concludes that the JFG probably formed in the back-arc basins along continental margin.Both Jingshan group and Fenzishan group are all exposed to the paleoproterozoic collisional orogeny.The former probably formed in back-arc basins environment,with the same characteristics as ancient island arc or back-arc extension.The latter probably formed in back-arc basins subduction-accretionary complex.The high-pressure metamorphic granulite facies rocks of Jingshan group probably resulted from the plate subduction and collision.


This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of type 2 diabetes in non‐obese subjects to compare their cardiometabolic markers to those without diabetes.


The active FSS absorber which contains a conducting back-plane has been investigated in this paper. The reactive layer of the FSS absorber is a perfect conductor. Lumped-element devices are loaded symmetrically on the periodic units. Resonant frequency of the absorber depending on the lumped-element resistance could shift in a specified frequency band. The bandwidth of the absorber with reflection loss below -20dB can cover from 6GHz to 12GHz. The reflection and transmission characteristics of the FSS absorber loaded with lumped-element is insensitive to the oblique incident angle. The incident wave will be eliminated when meeting the FSS absorber which is much thinner than traditional ones.


The behavior of a frozen layer (or ''freeze coat'') on the surface of a chilled flat plate traveling with a constant velocity through a warm liquid bath is studied analytically. A perturbation technique is employed to solve the equations governing the shape and temperature of the freeze coat, taking full account of the axial variation of the plate temperature and heat convection from the warm liquid to the moving object. Unlike the case of an isothermal plate where the freeze-coat thickness increases monotonically along the axial direction, here the freeze coat is found to grow only within a limited distance from the inlet. Beyond this distance, the freeze coat begins to decay through remelting. The location at which remelting occurs and the maximum freeze-coat thickness are determined displaying the principal effects of three controlling dimensionless parameters. Criteria for selection of the optimum freeze-coating operation conditions are established and discussed.


With many transportation professionals soon reaching retirement age, the industry is facing challenges. A key component to the success of the profession is recruiting new employees with the technical and managerial skills to take on future challenges. This paper outlines how one civil engineering school addressed the challenge of declining enrollments by working cooperatively with industry to meet three goals: to increase the visibility of civil engineering as a career, to expand coordination with employers, and to enhance recruitment of students. To meet the goals, a number of strategies were pursued; these included expanding activities for freshmen, participating in K–12 outreach programs, revising the civil engineering career course, expanding the career fair to include a freshman showcase, facilitating civil engineering internships for freshmen, designating a single point source for industry communications, enhancing tools for coordination with employers, increasing opportunities for student employment, updating recruiting materials, using students and alumni as ambassadors, and fostering student interaction through activities. The recruiting activities discussed in this paper not only brought in new students but also fostered cooperation with industry and the engagement of existing students, which may contribute to enhanced retention. Many activities described in this paper can be implemented at other colleges, and some of the strategies identified are appropriate for employers seeking to enhance the effectiveness of their activities on campus.


This paper investigates the factors that determine educational attainment in Ghana. The following specific questions are addressed: 1) What are the relative impacts of economic growth and improvements in school quality on educational attainment? and 2) What policy variables are most effective for reducing the gender gap in educational attainment? We find that economic growth will play the most significant role in raising the school attainment in Ghana in future years. Continued economic growth should also reduce the gender gap substantially. In addition to economic growth, provision of blackboards and repairing of leaking roofs will significantly raise school attainment.


The gas lift in the offshore M field will be performed with high CO2‐content associated gas, but the change of wellbore temperature and pressure during the injection process will lead to the change of phase and physical parameters of associated gas, which has a great impact on the design of gas lift. To ensure the smooth implementation of gas lift in the offshore M field, this paper conducts a study on the physical parameters of associated gas considering the change of CO2 phase state. We obtained the density, viscosity, compression factor, constant pressure specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and Joule Thomson coefficient at each temperature and pressure by Hysys calculation, and regression analysis to obtain the regression model of the physical parameters; finally, the regression model was compared with the flash experiment and Hysys calculation results. The results show that the CO2 phase change has a large influence on the physical parameters; R2 > 0.8, which indicates that the regression model has sufficient reliability; the results of the comparison show that the empirical formulas of all physical properties have sufficient accuracy and superiority except Joule–Thomson coefficients. In addition, the empirical formula of the Joule–Thomson coefficient also has good accuracy and superiority at the pressure not exceeding 22 MPa. The study of phase changes and physical parameters of associated gas with high CO2 content provides a basis for subsequent gas lift design in the offshore M field and multiphase flow calculations in the wellbore during the gas lift. Although this study is only applicable to this sample, it also provides a feasible research method for other samples.


Each species pertains to a given functional niche, depending on its relationships with others species and its interactions with the abiotic environment. Understanding inter-specific interactions is critical to know and predict ecosystems' structure, functioning and dynamics, but also their response to anthropogenic impacts. Predator-prey relationship is one of the main biotic interactions as it both determines the survival of the prey and the predator and is the keystone of food webs. Unraveling the determinants of predator-prey relationships or, in other terms, the reason why a given predator catches a given prey is therefore of primary importance. Fishes are characterized by a remarkable diversity of shapes which can be associated by their feeding and predation abilities. Body morphology may affect their movements (swimming) and their predation strategy (benthic search, active hunting, ambush…). This study aims at assessing whether, besides the simple size ratio, a predator fish's morphological shape is related to its diet composition, based on four different fish species from the Eastern English Channel.


We find that a sizable portion of current city-level variation in unionization was set in place during the 1930s, and that this exogenous unionization has a real impact on city-level economic outcomes today. First, we show that the driving factor behind these city-level differences was random, and a result of substantially different rainfall levels during the Dust Bowl. We find that individuals in drought - ridden areas were significantly more likely to migrate to close-by cities. Workers in these cities - facing an influx of rural migrants - then became far more inclined to unionize than those facing less competition for their jobs. Using this rainfall (and the resultant crop failures) in surrounding counties to generate exogenous variation in city migration inflows, we show that random differences in the drought-laden 1930's rainfall predict migration patterns, and variation in union formation rates that persist through today. These exogenous events explaining a sizable percentage of cross-sectional geographic variation in current unionization challenges explanations of unionization as a necessary response to work-place conditions. Furthermore, and importantly, we show that this exogenous unionization that persists through today predicts variation in key city-level economic outcomes such as level of education, establishment growth, and the presence of high-value industries.


This article analyzes the relevance of social class as a social marker for management students and how the students define social class, using for this the culturalist analysis approach of class. In order to do so, questionnaires were carried out and focus groups were conducted with a semi-structured script of interviews among undergraduate students of management, and the data produced were analyzed through content analysis. It is concluded that, although authors declared class death as a social marker, class is a social marker of identity in the studied context, thus producing hierarchies and economic, cultural and social inequalities. In a culturalist analysis, management students define class considering both objective and subjective aspects, declaring the relevance of class in less developed societies and evidencing the high level of social stratification present in Brazilian society.


ABSTRACT The idea that helping others and practicing gratitude are associated with lower selfishness among members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is discussed in AA literature, in AA meetings, and among AA members. Despite an existing link between these constructs in psychological research and a strong emphasis on all 3 topics in AA literature, the relationships between these concepts have not been examined. AA helping behavior, gratitude, and selfishness were measured in 113 members of Alcoholics Anonymous in long term recovery (M = 7.63 years, SD = 9.17 years) over a period of 7 days. Multi-level modeling analysis confirmed that on days when AA members helped more people in AA, they were less selfish compared to days when they helped fewer people. Further, on days when AA members felt more grateful, they were also less selfish than on days when they felt less grateful. The associations remained regardless of gender, recovery time, or sponsor status. The study findings provide empirical support for the importance of helping behavior for members of AA and contribute to the rapidly growing body of literature on the benefits of gratitude for people in recovery.


Fault reactivation subsequent to hydrocarbon charge is a primary risk to seal integrity. In the Timor Sea, fault reactivation related to late Tertiary collision of the Australian continent with the Banda Island Arc is thought be responsible for the common occurrence of breached traps. Quantification of fault reactivation risk by analysing the in situ stress tensor has been reasonably successful in explaining patterns of leakage in the region (Castillo et al., 2000; de Ruig et al., 2000; Hillis, 1998; Mildren et al., 1994). However, these analyses rely on the assumption that the contemporary stress field has not changed significantly since the onset of hydrocarbon charge.


The research goal was to develop an automatic food administration system for a "tilapias farm. This system is a prototype that monitors and controls several devices using wireless technology. The control functions are for food administration and monitoring functions use scada software in real time for each remote device. If necessary, the operator can use a command to modify the operation of the device in the control tab. The coorclinator's device, the one that controls the rest of devices of the red let see status from a computer using the scada and communicates with each remote device to give the food and configure its parameters.


This article addresses issues in the spatial structure and typology of Poland's population after 1990. The study of the spatial structure takes into account distribution, density and concentration of the population. The part dealing with the spatial demographic typology contains, in addition to presenting the method of typological research used in the study, an analysis of the research findings.


The MTV-G project was started in 2011 to explore a strong gravitational field at a nuclear scale in an electron double scattering experiment, utilizing an experimental technique of the MTV experiment, which searches a electron's T-Violating transverse polarization in nuclear beta decay at TRIUMF-ISAC. In addition to this new experiment, we have also performed a re-analysis of spectroscopic data of exotic atoms, in a gravitational point of view. From these two studies, we set new constraints on possible new Yukawa interaction at sub-mm scale, as a test of gravitational inverse square law.


Cholera toxin (Ctx) and the closely related Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (Etx) not only act as mediators of diarrhoeal disease but also exert potent immunomodulatory properties on mammalian immune systems. The toxins normally exert their diarrhoeagenic effects by initiating receptor‐mediated uptake into vesicles that enter a retrograde trafficking pathway, circumventing degradative compartments and targeting them to the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) and endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we examine whether receptor‐mediated binding and cellular entry by the toxin B‐subunits also lead to concomitant changes in uptake and trafficking of exogenous antigens that could contribute to the potent immunomodulatory properties of these toxins. Treatment of the macrophage (J774.2) cell line with Etx B‐subunit (EtxB) resulted in EtxB transport to the TGN and also led to the formation of large, translucent, non‐acidic, EtxB‐devoid vacuoles. When exogenous antigens were added, EtxB‐treated cells were found to be proficient in both internalization of ovalbumin (OVA) and phagocytosis of bacterial particles. However, the internalized OVA, instead of trafficking along a lysosome‐directed endocytic pathway via acidified endosomes, persisted in a non‐acidic, light‐density compartment that was distinct from the translucent vacuoles. The rerouted OVA did not co‐localize with the endosomal markers rab5 or rab11, nor with EtxB, but was retained in a transferrin receptor‐positive compartment. The failure of OVA to enter the late endosomal/lysosomal compartments correlated with a striking inhibition of OVA peptide processing and presentation to OVA‐responsive CD4+ T‐cells. CtxB also modulated OVA trafficking and inhibited antigen presentation. These findings demonstrate that the B‐subunits of Ctx and Etx alter the progression of exogenous antigens along the endocytic processing pathway, and prevent or delay efficient epitope presentation and T‐cell stimulation. The formation of such 'antigen depots' could contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of these bacterial virulence determinants.


Clustering is one of the most important techniques in machine learning and data mining tasks. Similar documents are grouped by performing clustering techniques. Similarity measuring is used to determine transaction relationships. Hierarchical clustering model produces tree structured results. Partitioned based clustering produces the outcome in grid format. Text documents are unstructured data values with high dimensional attributes. Document clustering group ups unlabeled text documents into meaningful clusters. Traditional clustering methods require cluster count (K) for the document grouping process. Clustering accuracy degrades drastically with reference to the unsuitable cluster count. Document features are automatically partitioned into two groups' discriminative words and nondiscriminative words. Only discriminative words are useful for grouping documents. The involvement of nondiscriminative words confuses the clustering process and leads to poor clustering solution in return. A variation inference algorithm is used to infer the document collection structure and partition of document words at the same time. Dirichlet Process Mixture (DPM) model is used to partition documents. DPM clustering model uses both the data likelihood and the clustering property of the Dirichlet Process (DP). Dirichlet Process Mixture Model for Feature Partition (DPMFP) is used to discover the latent cluster structure based on the DPM model. DPMFP clustering is performed without requiring the number of clusters as input. Discriminative word identification process is improved with the labeled document analysis mechanism. Concept relationships are analyzed with Ontology support. Semantic weight model is used for the document similarity analysis. The system improves the scalability with the support of labels and concept relations for dimensionality reduction process. The system development is planned with Java language and Oracle relational database. Keywords― Database management; Dirichlet Process Mixture Model; Document Clustering; Feature Partition; SemiSupervised; Text mining


In order to improve the quality of clinic special nursing rounds,adopted evidence-based nursing method to combine scientific research evidences,clinic experiences and patients' needs organically,which not only greatly improved nursing rounds quality,but also ensured scientific,reasonable and effective nursing care.


The aim of this article is twofold: first, it provides a basic introduction to the theory of corpus linguistics and shows why corpus linguistics is relevant and interesting not only for language theorists but also for practitioners. To illustrate how corpus linguistics can directly contribute to classroom teaching, the article introduces the reader to datadriven-learning (better known as classroom concordancing), which empowers language learners to become their own corpus researchers. Secondly, the article provides some resources for instructors who might consider using corpus linguistics in their own classrooms. To that end, the last section of the paper points out some introductory readings about corpus linguistics and classroom concordancing, and refers the reader to software, corpora and tutorials. As many of our colleagues work in teaching contexts where money is tight, all corpora and software referred to in this paper are available on the Internet free of charge.


Jenni Mattila examines the role of a water broker and poses some questions for sellers and buyers to ask when choosing a water broker.


A Fourier-Bessel series method is presented to compute the linear lossless acoustic field. The method provides a new technique to model and manipulate the propagated ultrasound field by describing the field to a set of zero order Bessel beams, which have good nondiffraction feature. Based on the studying, a new method for designing ultrasonic transducer to get a desired field is presented, by which the weight values of Bessel beams can be calculated according to some desired sound pressures of fixed space position predefined. Then the distributing of sound pressure in the border could be fitted to get a desired transducer.


This paper investigates the fundamental coupling between loads and locational marginal prices (LMPs) in security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED). Theoretical analysis based on multi-parametric programming theory points out the unique one-to-one mapping between load and LMP vectors. Such one-to-one mapping is depicted by the concept of system pattern region (SPR) and identifying SPRs is the key to understanding the LMP-load coupling. The SPR identification problem is considered from a market participant's viewpoint. Built upon the characteristics of SPRs, this paper proposes a data-driven approach to identifying SPRs. It is shown that even without the knowledge of system topology and parameters, the SPRs can be estimated by learning from historical load and price data. Visualization and illustration of the proposed data-driven approach are performed on a 3-bus system as well as the IEEE 118-bus system.


New instruments appeared recently on the narrow market of geodetic metrology, bringing replacement or complementary facilities to our specific problems related to the alignment of the components of accelerators (experiments included). Before entering hastily the fatal cycle old ≅ classical ≅ obsolete, it would be judicious to make an objective inventory of our major tools old and new with their actual capabilities, limitations, drawbacks, etc.


Mobile distributed applications are becoming increasingly important. The tuple space is a convenient mechanism for exchanging data in a distributed application, and JavaSpaces, a part of the SUN Jini technology, is a leading implementation of the tuple space concept. Unfortunately, due to Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) limitations, it is not possible to access JavaSpaces from a mobile phone. This paper describes MobileSpaces - a system that brings JavaSpaces-like API to mobile phones. MobileSpaces follow the Jini Surrogate Architecture. A surrogate acts as an intermediary between a mobile phone-resident application and JavaSpaces


Dynamic web service invocation without special client software may help the adoption of service-oriented architectures on the consumer stage. Ad-hoc usage of services requires a powerful set of concepts to visualise the service input and output messages in a user-friendly, ergonomic and extensible way. Such concepts are collected in a research effort named Web Service Graphical User Interface and are presented in the paper in combination with an algorithm to combine the concepts into one imaginary GUI creation engine, for which a proof-of-concept implementation exists. Extensibility is achieved by using implicit and explicit GUI generation hints in addition to inference mechanisms based on the message structures.


We define a language L and show that is cannot be recognized by any two way deterministic counter machine. It is done by fooling any given such machine; i.e. showing that if it accepts L' @@@@ L, then L'-L @@@@ &fgr;. For this purpose, an argument stronger than the well known crossing sequence argument needs to be introduced. Since L is accepted by a two-way deterministic pushdown automaton, we consequently show that one pushdown stack is more powerful than one counter for deterministic two-way machines.


The novel air-flow impacting (AFI) synthesis technology for mechanochemical synthesis of MOFs (ZIF-67) was first reported. AFI was an improvement of the traditional mechanochemical synthesis method. The results indicated that ZIF-67 was successfully synthesized after 30 min at a rate of 60 kg h−1. The as-prepared ZIF-67 was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder x-ray diffraction (P-XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. The kinetic analysis of the reaction mechanism was carried out by detecting the P-XRD patterns of the products with different reaction times. The synthesis belonged to the one-dimensional diffusion-controlled model.


Tricritical behavior in lasers is reviewed briefly. Threshold behavior in the laser with a saturable absorber is interpreted in terms of first- and second-order phase transitions within the framework of Landau theory (mean field). The intersection of the lines of first- and second order phase transitions in this system provides an example of a non-equilibrium tricritical point. By varying the operating parameters of a He:Ne laser with an intracavity Ne absorber it was possible to operate the laser near the tricritical point. Experimental results are compared with the predictions of mean field theory.