Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is the third most commonly reported nosocomial infection, accounting for 10%–40% of all nosocomial infections and is a major cause of postoperative morbidity. Knowledge of factors related to SSI can help in reducing its incidence and related morbidity, which in many studies is shown to account for 38% of all infections in surgical patients. Lack of extending nosocomial infection surveillance programme and prevention measures in countries like India is viewed as a major challenge for the future. Objectives: The aims of this work were (1) to study the SSI rate in patients undergoing both elective and emergency abdominal surgery and SSI with CDC, and NNIS risk index; and (2) to assess SSI along with body mass index (BMI), glycaemic status, smoking and duration of pre-operative hospital stay of patients. Materials and Methods: In total, 300 patients who underwent elective and emergency abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. SSI with CDC's NNIS risk index were analysed considering BMI, glycaemic status, smoking and duration of pre-operative hospital stay of patients. Results: In total, 300 cases of abdominal surgeries (elective and emergency) were analysed, out of which 60 cases were diagnosed to have SSI as per the criteria Conclusion: This study demonstrated that there is a significant increase in SSI with increasing NNIS score that is, the greater the NNIS score, the greater the risk of SSI. With an increase in age, BMI, glycaemic index and preoperative hospital stay, the risk of SSI increases. Smoking and associated comorbidities also increase the risk of SSI.


In this paper, we present a green, low‐cost carbon material derived from waste biomass (hazelnut shell (HS) and olive residue (OR)) to fabricate a binary TiO2/carbon composite for improving the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 under visible light. The synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic applications of the TiO2/carbon composite were performed. Hydrothermal carbonization was used to obtain the carbon support materials. A series of TiO2/carbon composite materials from waste biomass based on hydrochar, fullerene, and carbon nanotubes has been prepared for comparison purposes. Photocatalytic performances of all composites were measured by comparing methylene blue (MB) removal rates. The results show that waste biomass based hydrochar/TiO2 composites possessed superior visible‐light photocatalytic activity compared with high technology carbons/TiO2 composites such as fullerene and carbon nanotubes. The enhanced photodegradation capacity could be ascribed to the delocalized furanic conjugated system and functional groups of HS‐TiO2 and OR‐TiO2 composites.


Effective elite circulation is essential to the political stability in any society.The imperial examination system provided an effective way for the stability of China's feudal society.The reason why the dynasties changed without changing the feudal system in China's 2000-year feudal society was that the imperial examination system only solved the problem of elite circulation partly.The imperial examination system played a supporting role in strengtheing the function of the state and making the feudal system sacred.


1 The β‐adrenoceptor antagonist activity of propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol and butoxamine in anaesthetized cats has been measured and compared with the activity of four synthetic phenylethanolamine derivatives. 2 The effects of isoprenaline on four parameters in the anaesthetized cat: heart rate, blood pressure, soleus muscle contractility and airway reactance, were measured and the modification of the isoprenaline dose‐response relation by each of the antagonist drugs assessed. 3 Parallel shifts in log dose‐response curves for isoprenaline were caused by propranolol for all parameters, by metoprolol and atenolol for each parameter except blood pressure, and butoxamine for each except soleus muscle and heart rate. 4 Selectivity of action of the antagonists between different organs was measured by comparing DR 10 values, computed from isoprenaline dose‐ratios. 5 Propranolol was the most potent antagonist and showed slight selectivity of action on soleus muscle compared with heart. Atenolol and metoprolol were approximately equipotent and were cardioselective at low doses only. Butoxamine was the least potent antagonist and possessed non‐β‐adrenoceptor effects on the parameters measured. 6 Each of the new compounds, 4′‐bromo‐2′‐methyoxy‐N‐isopropyl phenylethanolamine, the 4′‐chloro‐ and 4′‐methyl analogues, and 4′‐methoxy‐N‐t‐butyl phenylethanolamine, was a potent antagonist but did not exhibit any selectivity of action. 7 The results suggest no clear separation of β‐adrenoceptors into β1‐ and β2‐ subclasses in organs of the cat. There is no apparent separation of β‐adrenoceptor‐mediated effects on skeletal muscle and airways.


We are as we are because we got that way. Kenneth Boulding Si monumentum requiris, circumspice was originally the epitaph for the architect of a great cathedral. After the Second World War the phrase was revived by the historian Alan Bullock as the epitaph for the architect of a world calamity. Bullock was contrasting the tyrannical ambitions of Adolf Hitler with the utter devastation of the fatherland in 1945: 'If you seek a monument, look around.' The same epitaph might be chiselled, though with a sense of paradox rather than irony, on a monument to the powerful ideas (and ideas full of power) that made us (global human society) what we are today. Together, and in order of appearance historically, patriarchy, proselytising religions, capitalism, sovereign statism/nationalism, race, and consumerist democracy conspired to construct a particular sociology of global human society; a world resulted that does not work for the majority, and in time will not work even for the privileged minority. Other powerful ideas have also played a part in this development, especially scientific and technological development, and, in the primordial search for security between political units, the theory of realism. Together, these world-constructing ideas have created an imperfect present and a future tense with danger. Poverty, oppression, war, misery, death, and disease are the everyday realities of life across swathes of humanity; then add fear, and stir.


Prediabetic teenagers have higher danger to endure diabetes mellitus in adulthood span of life. The function of calcium and Vitamin D admission in prediabetes hazard is easily proven wrong. The point of this study was to examine the relationship among calcium and Vitamin D admission and prediabetes in youths. The insightful observational study was utilized in this data analysis of approx. 200 cases, who matured a teen age and obtained from various educational institutions. Calcium and Vitamin D admission were acquired from the whole day food consumption survey for 3 exchanging days. Fasting blood glucose levels were estimated utilizing an enzymatic colorimetric strategy. Gathered information in this examination were examined utilizing the Fisher's careful and strategic relapse tests with an estimation as <0.06. Of 2.05% female youths had prediabetes. All teenagers had deficient calcium and vitamin D intakes as per the body needs. The normal of calcium and Vitamin D admissions was 232.950 ± 142.260 mg and 1.565 ± 1.785 μg, individually. Lower mean admission of calcium and Vitamin D was found in 56.5% and 63.9% teenagers, individually.


Cartography is dead, long live cartography! Ancients built a palace, moderns garrisoned it, postmoderns stole its furniture. Amid the ruins, historians are left with the fractured authority of a du...


Summary Generally substances are more stable in a crystalline than in a glassy state. Therefore, to form a glass, crystallization must be bypassed. Under certain conditions, the melts of many substances can be cooled to the glass state. Whether or not the melt of a given material forms a glass is determined principally by a set of factors which can be specified to some extent in the laboratory, namely, the cooling rate, - T, the liquid volume, v], and the seed density, ps and upon a set of materials constants: the reduced crystal–liquid interfacial tension, α the fraction, f, of acceptor sites in the crystal surface, and the reduced glass temperature, Trg . The glass-forming tendency will be greater the larger are - T and Trg and the smaller are v]. ps, and f. The number and variety of substances which have been prepared in a glassy or 'amorphous solid' form have been greatly increased with techniques in which the material is condensed from solution on to a surface held well below its glass temperature. T...


Abstract The reaction of heterofunctional condensation of 1,1-dichloro-1-sila-2-oxaphenantrene with α,ω-dihydroxydimethylsiloxane in the presence of pyridine has been investigated and card-type organosiloxane copolymers with regular arrangement of silaoxaphenantrene fragments in dimethylsiloxane chain has been obtained. It is shown, that at small length of linear dimethylsiloxane chain, besides the reaction of intermolecular condensation, intramolecular cyclization takes place with formation of bicyclic compounds. Thermogravimetric, DSC, GPC and X-ray analysis of the synthesised copolymers have been carried out.


Purpose – This exploratory paper investigates internal service from a service management perspective. The objectives were to identify the main internal barriers that are preventing improvements to external service within business‐to‐business (B2B) organisations, to explore the bi‐directionality of internal services provided between internal functions, to assess the quality of internal services provided between functions and develop a means of testing staff and managers for their level of internal versus external focus.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study was conducted involving structured interviews in two European countries with 20 staffs and managers from a large international express package delivery firm.Findings – Five findings emerged. First, six main internal barriers to improving external quality were identified. Second, the study found that the barriers in B2B organisations were the same as those in business‐to‐consumer (B2C) organisations. Third, it suggested that internal service, ...


Technology that is developing very rapidly today is no exception in the world of education, the convenience offered by technology cannot be denied by shifting the way children learn who were born and raised in the digital era. In the field of education, augmented reality technology has been widely implemented, such as applications that use augmented reality book aids. This study aims to create an alternative application as a learning medium for the introduction of traditional musical instruments with a multimedia development method by an elementary school educational institution. In this study, the augmented reality method used is Image Based Tracking, which uses images as markers. The tool that helps in making AR is the Vuforia SDK which is used as a storage area marker. By doing this research, the results were obtained in the form of an Augmented Reality Traditional Musical Instrument Recognition application that runs on the Android platform and respondent testing using the User Acceptance Testing (UAT) method with a value of 86%.


In persons with intellectual disabilities, mental health problems (behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders) are several times more common than in the general population. The more severe the intellectual disability, the more serious are the associated mental health problems. The main objective of this study was to investigate the existing forms of care and mental health problems of adults with intellectual disabilities in Zagreb County and the City of Zagreb, in order to introduce a modern, model-based integrative, developmental approach. The study was conducted in two samples of subjects: (a) 90 adults with intellectual disabilities (aged 21 years) living with their families; and (b) 93 adults with intellectual disabilities (aged 21 years) accommodated in an institution. The measuring instruments used were the scale for developmental-psychiatric diagnosis in persons with intellectual disability (SRPD; Došen, 1996); adaptive behavior scale (AAMD), part II (Igri ć , Fulgosi Masnjak, 1991); and a questionnaire on general information developed for this study. Study findings could be summarized as follows: 1) the incidence and type of psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems differed statistically significantly, depending on the degree of intellectual disability; 2) there was a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of psychiatric disorders between adults with intellectual disabilities living with their families and adults with intellectual disabilities accommodated in an institution; 3) there was a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of problem behaviors between adults with intellectual disabilities living with their families and adults with intellectual disabilities accommodated in an institution; 4) there was a statistically significant difference between the existing diagnosis of psychiatric disorders (traditional approach) and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders according to the developmental approach; and 5) in our conditions, there is a predominance of the traditional approach based on psychopharmacotherapy for mental health problems in adults with intellectual disabilities over contemporary (integrative, developmental) approach. In conclusion, our study results suggest that major changes are needed in mental health care for persons with intellectual disabilities. Life in the family is not in all situations and in all subjects a protective factor for the prevention of mental health problems, and there is an urgent need to improve living conditions and choices, along with the support services in the community.


We all know how it feels – that experience of finding ourselves, or perhaps better put, losing ourselves, in an uncanny or excessive space. On leaving the cinema, our surroundings, even when familiar, may take on a strangeness lent to them by the continuing presence of the cinema's imaginary spaces and places. Far from a loved one, we find ourselves neither where we, or they, are. These disorientating experiences demonstrate the competing material and psychical realisms of location. Where we are, and where we feel we are, may not coincide. These apprehensions of spatial dislocation and disjuncture can be triggered, asmyfirst example shows, by the cinema, aswell as by other immersive media. But they can be generated, too, by actual uprootings and relocations – by experiences of exiledom, refugeedomandmigration,when theactuality of our locationmay jarparticularly harshlywithwherewe feelwe are andwherewe long to be. The contemporary ubiquity of these distressing, unwelcome and forced disand re-locations, as well as the pervasiveness ofmore privileged and plannedmodes of global transit can appear to render long-term attachments to, and locatedness in place anachronistic. Along with these actual mobilities, the virtual mobilities of the digital realm can seem to render our place of home and its location, with all of its historical and affective dimensions, merely contingent and on the whole, irrelevant. That locatedness remains nevertheless utterly – though complexly – significant can be gleaned not only from the uneasy as well as pleasureable aspects of individual experiences of dislocation but from, for instance, the ever-expanding literature on nostalgia. Though a strong trend in this literature seeks to avoid associating migrancy and exiledom with an understandingof nostalgia as sufferingvictimhood, stressing, rather, nostalgia's capacity to aid in the construction of newhomes in new lands, this literature points, nevertheless, to the continuing significance of location, and, particularly, memories of 'home', for the meaning-making and affective dimensions of life in the present.


Abstract Modelling and forecasting petroleum products demand is a key input for energy use planning and policy formulation. This paper employs the Structural Time Series Model to estimate and forecast demand for two key petroleum products – gasoline and diesel in Nigeria. The STSM can account for structural changes in an economy through the underlying energy demand trend. STSM incorporate stochastic rather than deterministic trend which is more general and therefore argued to be more appropriate in this study. The result suggests that the demand for petroleum products in Nigeria is both price and income inelastic and fall within the range reported in the literature while the underlying demand trends were generally stochastic in nature. The demand models were forecast under three scenarios; reference case, low and high demand. The reference or base scenario describes the future based on current economic and policy environment, that is, without any specific policy shock. Under the reference case scenario, gasoline and diesel demand were forecast to reach 45.3 and 8.03 million litre per day in 2030 representing demand increase of 42% and 66% for gasoline and diesel respectively in the next fifteen years. This presents a significant challenge towards attaining self-sufficiency in meeting Nigeria's petroleum products demands through local refining. There is therefore urgent need for the government to revamp existing refineries and encourage private investors to build new ones in order to reduce dependence on product imports.


In the field of autonomous driving, multi-beam light detection and ranging (3D LIDAR) system and global navigation satellite system/integrated inertial navigation system (GNSS/INS) are widely used in high-definition map construction, localization and obstacle detection. As 3D LIDAR system and INS have their own coordinate systems, the calibration of the two mentioned systems is required. In this paper, a novel algorithm for calibrating the coordinate system of 3D LIDAR and INS is proposed, which consists of three parts. The first procedure is to project two point clouds to the world coordinate system based on the initial transform matrix between 3D LIDAR and INS with the real-time data from INS. Then optimal point-to-point correspondences can be found between two frames of point cloud data through registration method. Finally, the loss function is constructed with the sum of the Euclidean distances of the corresponding points and optimized by using perturbation model of Lie algebras, so as to obtain the optimal transform matrix. With different given initial calibration parameters, test results of both simulation and real experiments validate the proposed algorithm and quantify its accuracy and robustness.


Many of our social and employee benefit policies were designed for an era when people had shorter life expectancy and employers had a large cohort of younger workers to replace those retiring. In light of new demographic trends, this article examines work options for older Americans, provides an overview of benefits policy issues for an aging workforce and lists topics for further benefits policy analysis. The author also identifies policy options to facilitate work at older ages in a number of areas, including changes to employer retirement plans, Social Security, Medicare and disability policy.


The goal of this project is to design a reusable safety device for a waist tether which will absorb the kinetic energy of an astronaut drifting away from the Space Station. The safety device must limit the tension of the tether line in order to prevent damage to the astronaut's space suit or to the structure of the spacecraft. The tether currently used on shuttle missions must be replaced after the safety feature has been developed. A reusable tether for the Space Station would eliminate the need for replacement tethers, conserving space and mass. This report presents background information, scope and limitations, methods of research and development, alternative designs, a final design solution and its evaluation, and recommendations for further work.


ABSTRACT Strengthening by TaC is a possible way of improving Cr-rich Ni-based alloys at high temperatures. Unfortunately, in a Ni–Cr environment, TaC co-exist with chromium carbides and induces a significant decrease in refractoriness of the alloys. Adding cobalt may correct this problem, but it shows oxidation behaviour. Here, 14 and 27 wt-% were added in a Ni–25Cr–0.4C–6Ta reference alloy. The evolution of the microstructures and properties of these alloys were examined during a 170 h-long exposure at 1200°C in laboratory air. Cobalt limits the high-temperature detrimental morphologic evolution of the TaC carbides, but it effectively degrades the alloy towards a forthcoming loss of its chromia-forming behaviour, as suggested by the chromium contents and concentration gradients in the subsurface. However, even for the 27 wt-%Co-added alloy this did not occur, and no local catastrophic oxidation was noticed.


[Objective]To understand the present situation of sub-health among some immigrant workers in Zengcheng City,put forward the recommendations for improvement.[Methods]By using the Sub-health symptoms scale,400 immigrant workers from clothing industry in Zengcheng City were investigated.[Results]The prevalence rate of sub-health among immigrant workers was 54.22%,and the prevalence rate of physical sub-health,mental sub-health and social adaptation sub-health was respectively 100.00%,90.56% and 6.11%.There was no difference in prevalence rate of sub-health between men and women.Non-only-child and age were the risk factors.People over 40 year-old and had the education level of primary school were susceptible to the social sub-health,and people aged 20-29 year-old and had the education level of senior middle school were not susceptible to the mental sub-health.[Conclusion]The prevalence rate of sub-health among immigrant workers is similar to that among general population,and most of them have physical sub-health and mental sub-health.The sub-health are mainly related to social factors,so it is suggested that related departments should improve the working environment,strengthen health care,carry out the mental intervention,and give the guarantee at the level of system,policy and legal institutions.


If the only accomplishment of this new offering from McGill-Queen's University Press was to tell the story of Canada's first (and only) aboriginal television network, it would be a significant contribution. But Something New in the Air: The Story of First Peoples Television Broadcasting in Canada is much more ambitious. Canadian scholar Lorna Roth (professor in Communication Studies at Concordia University) sets out to accomplish three larger tasks (1) to position aboriginal media in the larger cultural studies context; (2) to demonstrate the importance of aboriginal media in Canada to international communications development discourse; and (3) to tell the remarkable story of how First Peoples in northern Canada transformed themselves from cultural object to cultural subject, and in doing so, organized the first indigenous national television network in the world. Roth succeeds with a compelling, informative and lucid account of the largely untold story of indigenous broadcasting in Canada. The book is based, in part, on Roth's PhD research, and her experiences as a media professional and activist in northern Canada with the National Film Board. The book is salted with the kind of personal and anecdotal stories that only someone "who was there" can tell, and which add a human dimension to an ambitious academic presentation. To be sure, the text is aimed at scholars and is scholarly – the writing is clear, formal in tone, and the research is thorough with ample notes and an extensive bibliography. Roth's personal relationship to the material and her observations offer


SUMMARY This paper assesses territorially-focused conservation practice from geographic perspectives, focusing particularly on the influence of cartography. Contemporary mapping technologies and practices can favour territorial conservation approaches, perhaps at the expense of other possibilities, and may condition the flexibility and types of conservation feasible. For instance, might mapping practices lead to an emphasis on certain species, ecosystems or conservation concepts over others? How appropriate is the static idea of a mapped conservation space for fluctuating environmental conditions and changing threats? Understanding that many of the challenges outlined here are acknowledged by conservation practitioners, this paper summarizes ways in which these concerns are currently addressed in the conservation biology literature. Advances in geography and cartography might offer further solutions that could assist in confronting conservation challenges. These critiques and potential solutions identify gaps and opportunities that would benefit from increased interdisciplinary engagement across conservation, geographic and cartographic fields.


Invited Papers: Tikhonov regularization for large scale problems (GH Golub & U von Matt) Numerical stability of some fast algorithms for structured matrices (RP Brent) The role of coordinates in accurate computation of discontinuous flow (WH Hui) Regularized blind deconvolution using recursive inverse filtering (MK Ng et al) Solution of linear systems arising in nonlinear image deblurring (CR Vogel) and other papers. Contributed Papers: 3-D Jacobi rotation method for eigenvalue problems of matrices (DY Cai & WM Xue) Wavelets, signal processing and textile surfaces (H Kraus) Efficient image compression scheme using tree structure wavelet transforms (JM Li & JS Jin) A note on adaptive restarting procedure for pseudo residual algorithms (T Nodera & T Inadu) Adaptive mthods for singular pertubation problems (T Tang & DM Sloan) Image recontruction from projections based on wavelet decomposition (JH Yin) and other papers.


A diode-pumped solid state laser is used to deliver excitation at λex = 671 nm. The beam is expanded by a pair of relay lenses (f1 = 30 and f2 = 50 mm) to 3 mm diameter, filling the aperture of a fluid light cable that is coupled to a Hopkins II rigid endoscope. Near-infrared fluorescence images are collected by the endoscope and transmitted by another set of relay lenses onto a CCD detector that has dimensions of 8.7x6.9 mm2 (1388x1040 pixels). A zoom lens system (F#1.6-16 aperture) with a tunable focal length (20-100 mm) magnifies the image to fill the dimensions of the CCD. A band pass filter allows fluorescence with spectral range λem = 696 to 736 nm to be collected. The system achieves a resolution of 9.8 μm and field-of-view of 3.6 mm at a distance of 2.5 mm between the distal end of the endoscope and the tissue. Images are collected at a rate of 10 frames per second. A filter wheel is incorporated into the handle of the instrument housing to rapidly switch between reflectance and fluorescence images. Cy5.5-labeled peptides were delivered through the 1 mm diameter instrument channel in the endoscope. Near-infrared fluorescence images demonstrated specific peptide binding to spontaneous adenomas that developed beginning at 2 months of age in a genetically-engineered mouse with mutation of one allele in the APC gene. This integrated methodology represents a powerful tool that can achieve real time detection of disease in the colon and other hollow organs.


Comparative observation of the cytopathology of rice plants infected respectively by RDV Yunnan and Zhejiang isolates,using ultrasection and TEM(Transmission electron microscope) techniques.In the rice leaves infected by RDV Yunnan isolate,the distribution of cells full of virus particles formed a belt which was a center of infection and multiplication of virus,around the cells full of virus particles were some cells with the different extent of lesion as follows: disappearance of membrane system of chloroplasts,there were virus particles in some chloroplasts,and some single or assembled virions in the mitochodria or cytoplasma but not in nuclei,and intact subcellular structure in the cell far away from the infected center;In the rice leaves cell infected by Zhejiang isolate,some cells were full of virions,but the distribution of cells didn't form the belt,other cytopathological characters were similar to the cells infected by Yunnan isolate.The distinct cytopathological characters in the cells infected by different isolates were not observed,and more research on the pathogenic variation should be worked on.


The present invention relates to a method and a device for grouping servers, and a recording medium. The device for grouping servers, according to the present invention, comprises: a collecting unit for collecting or capturing a plurality of packets transmitted and received by a plurality of wireless terminal devices and a plurality of servers via a communication network; a pre-processing unit for connecting and mapping the packets, which the collecting unit collects and captures, and time information on packet collection or capturing, to identification information of each wireless terminal device and address information of each server, which are main agents and objects for packet transmitting and receiving; an aligning unit for aligning address information on a plurality of servers connected to each wireless terminal device, with respect to said mapped packets, according to the time of packet collection or capturing; an extracting unit for connecting, by using aligning information of said aligning unit, a first server, a second server, and an n(n=3, 4,..., n) server connected by a wireless terminal device, within a pre-determined time, by the time of packet collection or capturing, and counting the number (N) of wireless terminal devices having the same connection between each server or the number (N) of time ranges occurring due to the wireless terminal devices having the same connection between each server; a processing unit for grouping a plurality of servers, comprising a connection between each server wherein the number (N) counted by said extracting unit is bigger than the pre-determined number (N'), into a group of servers corresponding to a single service or a single application.


The destructive diseases of the erythron which fall for consideration under this heading show many points of general similarity although individual variations are frequent


One of consequences of population aging is the increase of health care utilization by elderly population. Student nurse who will work as a professional nurse in the future are expected to be able to communicate effectively with elderly patients, in order to delivering high quality care. This research aimed at exploring communication challenges with older adult patients experienced by students nurse during clinical practice in Indonesia. In-depth interview conducted among 6 final year students nurse, who selected using purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory. There are four categories of participant's experience communicating with elderly patients were emerged from the data analysis: 1) "less functioning"; 2) "kromo' language as a symbol of respect; 3) "bridging the gap" and 4) "intimate connection". The present findings revealed that communication challenges could be either from patient or nurse's students. Improving communication skills by learning the basics of elderly first language (Jawa "Kromo") are necessary to students nurse for an effective communication with elderly. Developing constructive view to elderly is also pivotal for successful intergenerational communication.


In this issue of Quality and Safety in Health Care , there is a paper that should stimulate considerable debate (see page 99) ;1 indeed, we have published three commentaries alongside the paper2–4 to initiate this and a further response from the authors (see page 90) .5 Despite major initiatives to improve patient safety, there is a perception that attempts to improve safety have made slow progress. Hence, Coiera and Braithwaite argue for the implementation of market based control mechanisms as an incentive to promote patient safety. Their proposal is modelled on the "cap and trade" approach to creating a market in emissions trading, a key component of the Kyoto protocol that allows organisations that are successful in reducing carbon emissions to sell credits to organisations that have been less successful.

The parallel between emissions trading to improve the environment and patient safety event trading to improve healthcare safety is fascinating; each of our commentators is intrigued by the proposal. However, each of them believes that the model, while intriguing, is unlikely to be implemented or effective. Coiera and Braithwaite have responded to these commentaries with a further …


The remarkable small body size of the latest Cretaceous dinosaurs of Transylvania has long been regarded as an example of dwarfing on islands. Adult individuals of the ornithopods Zalmoxes and Telmatosaurus, the ankylosaur Struthiosaurus and the sauropod Magyarosaurus are smaller than their closest relatives (estimated body length approximately 2.5-3 m in Zalmoxes robustus and Struthiosaurus transylvanicus, about 5 m in Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus and no more than 6 m in Magyarosaurus dacus) from elsewhere. This downsizing may have involved heterochronic alterations of growth processes, but alternative explanations (e.g., taphonomic and sampling biases) have also been suggested. A review of the arguments used for and against the hypothesis of insular dwarfism in latest Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe indicates that the available data are not conclusive enough to support the suggestion that the above mentioned taxa (with the possible exception of Zalmoxes) are true heterochronic dwarfs in the paedomorphic sense. The discovery of additional fossil material, in particular complete ontogenetic series, and the development of osteohistological studies may help to solve the problem.


This study contributes to the patterning debate in the routine dynamics literature by examining the emergent nature of pattern emergence and its relation to multiplicity. Building on a longitudinal study in the pluralistic setting of an emergency care unit, we illustrate the emergence of a pattern up to its first performance and show the limits of understanding-based patterning mechanisms in contexts in which the multiplicity is such that no shared understandings emerge. Taking the relational lens of actor-network theory, we observe and theorize that the emergence of patterns of action may be conceived of as driven by the ongoing enrollments and disenrollments of heterogeneous actors and subsequent transformations of the espoused pattern over time, as generated by different mechanisms of negotiation and reframing, depending on the degree of multiplicity among actors. Our findings advance current understandings by exposing the emergent nature of the patterning process and by proposing underlying generative mechanisms of patterning which build on multiplicity.


Modal logics reason about properties of relational structures, and such properties are often characterized by axioms of modal logics. This connection between properties of relational structures and axioms of modal logics are called correspondence, and has been investigated well in the classical setting. The problem we consider is an intuitionistic version of this correspondence. In particular, this paper considers which part of the correspondence results known in classical setting is true for intuitionistic one. We first define the notion of robustness of axioms so that an axiom is robust if and only if its corresponding properties in classical and intuitionistic semantics are the same. Next we give a syntactically defined class of axioms, and prove that all axioms in this class are robust. This result is an analogue of the classical result by Sahlqvist, and its proof is partly based on a known proof of his theorem.


The complexities of fibrous proteins in their native states often preclude the use of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy, particularly those utilizing multiple dimensions. In this study, the application of solid-state 13C−1H heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy with frequency-switched Lee−Goldburg decoupling (FSLG-HETCOR) to an unenriched sample of native elastin is reported. These 2D experiments on lyophilized and hydrated elastin illustrate that individual contributions to the overall profile in the aliphatic region of its 13C spectrum may be resolved. As a result, details of side-chain packing in the hydrated and dehydrated elastin are elucidated. Generally, the HETCOR data show that the removal of water produces a compact state in this protein.


The goal of this study was to create an evaluation tool that would be the new standard for evaluating clinical competencies of interns in the field of orientation and mobility (O&M). Using results from previous research in this area, specific competency skills were identified and the O&M Clinical Competency Evaluation Matrix (CCEM) was developed. O&M university faculty were surveyed to gather content evidence. After revisions were made to the O&M CCEM, the evaluation tool was piloted with O&M clinical internship supervisors and validity and reliability evidence was examined. The combination of all the validity evidence supported the intended inferences. The content evidence showed that experts in the field agreed that the O&M CCEM as a whole was representative of the content area. The internal structure evidence showed that scores on the O&M CCEM could be interpreted as measuring clinical competency in relation to standard teaching skills, O&M specific skills, and advanced O&M instruction skills. The external structure evidence showed that scores on the O&M CCEM are related to scores on the ACVREP evaluation form. The practicality evidence showed that the tool is useful for measuring clinical competence. In addition, the internal consistency reliability evidence showed that there was consistency in ratings within dimensions and the inter-rater reliability evidence showed there was moderate consistency in ratings between supervisors.


To address the ability of Jechunjun(JCJ) to induce cell death, we investigated the effect of JCJ on cell viability. Seventy-two hours later, loss of viability occurred following 10mg/ml JCJ exposure in a time-dependent manner. The treatment of JCJ, a commonly used oriental medicine in Korea, Japan and China, caused a decrease in cell viability. Caspase-3, -6, -8, and -9 were activated in JCJ-treated HeLa cells. Cell cycle proteins, Cyclin D 1, 2, 3, and E, were decreased in JCJ -treated HeLa cells. JCJ alone induced an increases in Bax protein. SB203580, p38 MAPK inhibitor, reduces JCJ-induced cell death in HeLa cells. JCJ also activates p38 and ERK 1, 2 MAPK pathway in HeLa cells. Our data show that JCJ induces apoptosis in HeLa cells.


To evaluate low-intensity exercise training induced changes of mitochondrial metabolism in dystrophic skeletal muscle, oxygen consumption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and antioxidant enzymes were measured in control (C57BL/10) and dystrophic (mdx) mice at 10 (young) and 22 (adult) weeks of age. Dystrophic and control mice were either kept sedentary or daily exercised on a treadmill (480 m/day, exercise training was initiated at 4 and 16 weeks of age for 6 weeks' duration). Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was significantly lower in skeletal muscle from exercised young compared to sedentary young dystrophics. Whereas oxygen consumption was unchanged in exercised adult dystrophics, exercised adult controls exhibit a significant increase vs. sedentary adult controls. Contents of TBARS and lipofuscin were increased (+48%, +24%), while α-tocopherol concentration tended to decrease (p > 0.05) in exercised vs. sedentary young dystrophics. Compared to sedentary groups, glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased in exercised young dystrophic muscle (–12%), but increased in exercised controls (young controls +60%, adult controls +47%). In conclusion, adaptation to exercise-induced formation of ROS was limited in young dystrophic skeletal muscle but regained in that of adults.


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 State and national initiatives have repositioned elementary teachers' emphases.  These mandates increase the frequency with which teachers utilize informational texts and students' exposure to diverse perspectives of the same event or era.  In short, history and social studies content will likely have a more prominent position within the incorporated literature in English/reading class.  Teachers will intentionally supplement age-appropriate, engaging tradebooks with relevant, interrelated informational texts, like primary source material.  To guide interested elementary teachers, we focused on tradebooks that centered on Native Americans, an oft-included topic in elementary curricula.  We evaluated the tradebooks for their historical representation (and misrepresentation), located germane primary source material, and proffered discipline-specific activities.


What i s th e p lac e of th e ory in the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL)? And what does 'theory' mean, especially when the question concerns the humanities? This special issue of Arts and Humanities in Higher Education is dedicated to exploring key conceptions of theory that are emerging in work by humanists as they study their own classroom pedagogy. At stake, we suggest, are the capacity for other instructors to evaluate, learn from, and improve upon classroom-based pedagogical work in the humanities; the potential of the humanities to contribute to interdisciplinary collaborations in the scholarship of teaching and learning; and the power of pedagogical reflection in the humanities to improve the conditions in which students learn. The impetus for this collection, described in our introductory article, was a sharp rebuke to the whole SoTL movement delivered by a higher education specialist to 700 assembled participants at the 2006 annual conference of the International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning.Audience members were accused of some combination of bad faith and shoddy practice for presuming to conduct pedagogical inquiry without sufficient knowledge of or reference to the theoretical armature of education and other learning science fields. While few in the room would have denied the value of this body of work, many scholars – perhaps especially in the humanities – have a different view of theory and its role in pedagogical inquiry and reflection. Instead of understanding theory as a 'foundation level of "generic" education Wissenschaft' (as AHHE editor Jan Parker has aptly called it), the scholarship of teaching and learning has always carried with it a more situated view of 'theory,' as emerging from, engaging with, connecting to, and underwriting wide-rangingly different disciplinary styles of inquiry and interpretation.


Hyperfine parameters obtained from experimental techniques such as electron paramagnetic resonance contain a wealth of information about defects in semiconductors. Detailed structural information can only be extracted, however, if accurate calculations are available with which the experimental quantities can be compared. We show that reliable values for hyperfine parameters can be obtained from first-principles calculations based on spin-density-functional theory and pseudopotentials. We present a method that overcomes the complication that the wave functions in the core region are not directly available in a pseudopotential formalism


"The road to paradise" is an ethnographic fiction, situated somewhere in the space between ethnographic data and literary writing. The first part is a story about a Pakistani migrant family in Denmark that explores the complex, con-tradictory and often forbidden feelings we may be confronted with when a close family member is struck by serious illness or, as in this case, grow old and experience failing physical abilities and dementia, and therefore needs to be cared for. The second part is a staged interview in which the author, Mikkel Rytter, explains his text and writing tech-niques and discusses the potentials of ethnographic fiction in anthropological knowledge production – but as the interview proceeds, the reliability of the author becomes a central theme.


Multiple‐component regulatory protein systems function through a generalized mechanism where a single regulatory protein or ligand binds to a variety of receptors to modulate specific functions in a physiologically sensitive context. Muscle contraction is regulated by the interaction of actin with troponin I (TnI) or myosin in a Ca2+‐sensitive manner. Actin utilizes a single binding domain (residues 1–28) to bind to residues 104–115 of TnI (Van Eyk JE, Sönnichsen FD, Sykes BD, Hodges RS, 1991, In: Rüegg JC, ed, Peptides as probes in muscle research, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer‐Verlag, pp 15–31) and to myosin subfragment 1 (S1, an enzymatic fragment of myosin containing both the actin and ATP binding sites) (Van Eyk JE, Hodges RS, 1991, Biochemistry 30:11676–11682) in a Ca2+‐sensitive manner. We have utilized an anti‐TnI peptide (104–115) monoclonal antibody, Mab B4, that binds specifically to TnI, to image the common binding domain of actin and thus mimic the activity of actin including activation of the S1 ATPase activity and TnI‐mediated regulation of the S1 ATPase. Mab B4 has also been utilized to identify a receptor binding domain on myosin (residues 633–644) that is recognized by actin. Interestingly, Mab B4 binds to the native protein receptors TnI and S1 with relative affinities of 100‐ and 25,000‐fold higher than the binding affinity to the 12‐residue peptide immunogen. Thus, anti‐peptide monoclonal antibodies prepared against a receptor binding domain can mimic the ligand binding domain and be utilized as a powerful tool for the detailed analysis of complex multiple‐component regulatory systems.


The simulation of realistic multiphase ∞ow problems in petroleum reservoirs requires means for handling the complicated structure of the reser- voirs such as complex boundaries, faults, fractures, and horizontal wells. A numerical reservoir simulator has recently been developed to be able to handle these features for a wide range of applications. This fully implicit simulator is based on a three-dimensional, three-phase black oil model. It can also be used to solve a dual-porosity, dual-permeability black oil model in a fractured reservoir. The space discretization method used in this simulator is based on a block-centered flnite difierence method with harmonic averaged coe-cients (equivalently, a mixed flnite element method). In this paper we report an application of this simulator to a problem involving injection and production from horizontal wells in a reservoir where a coning tendency is important, and present a benchmark comparison with other simulators by fourteen petroleum organizations.


Background The anatomical tachycardia circuit of sinoatrial node reentrant tachycardia (SANRT) has not been well clarified. This study aimed to elucidate the tachycardia circuit of SANRT. Methods and Results Exit and entrance of the intranodal sinoatrial node conduction (I‐SANC) of the reentry circuit were identified in 15 SANRT patients. After identifying the earliest atrial activation site (EAAS) during the tachycardia (EAAS‐SANRT), rapid atrial pacing was delivered from multiple atrial sites to identify the entrainment pacing site where manifest entrainment and orthodromic capture of the EAAS‐SANRT were demonstrated. Radiofrequency energy was then delivered starting at a site 2 cm proximal to the EAAS‐SANRT in the direction of the entrainment pacing site and gradually advanced toward the EAAS‐SANRT until tachycardia termination to localize the I‐SANC entrance. The EAAS‐SANRT was orthodromically captured by pacing delivered from the distal coronary sinus (n=7), high posteroseptal right atrium (n=2), low posteroseptal right atrium (n=2), low anterolateral right atrium (n=2), or coronary sinus ostium (n=2). Radiofrequency energy delivery to the entrance of the I‐SANC, 10.4±2.8 mm away from the EAAS‐SANRT, terminated tachycardia immediately after onset of energy delivery (3.4±2.3 seconds). The successful ablation site was located further from the EAAS during sinus rhythm (EAAS‐sinus) than the EAAS‐SANRT (12.8±4.5 versus 7.2±3.1 mm; P<0.0001). Conclusions The reentry circuit of SANRT was composed of the entrance and exit of the I‐SANC being located at distinctly different anatomical sites. SANRT was eliminated by radiofrequency energy delivered to the I‐SANC entrance, which was further from the EAAS‐sinus than I‐SANC exit.


Characteristics of electrochemomechanical deformation (ECMD) of polypyrrole films using ionic liquids are reported. The PPy film prepared by electrodeposition in an ionic liquid (1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluorometylsulfonyl)imide, BMPTFSI) was compact and high density. The other film prepared from LiTSFI/methyl benzoate and dimethyl phthalate mixed solvents was porous and low density. Both films demonstrated a stable ECMD in the ionic liquid. The strain of ECMD was 3-5% and superimposed on a creeping, showing a typical behaviour of cation movement. The Strains of ECMD in both films operated in a mixed electrolyte of BMPTFSI and propylene carbonate were enhanced up to 17- 25 %, showing anion movement. However, the large strain decreased upon several electrochemical cycles. The results were discussed in terms of swelling of the PPy film by solvents and loss of electrochemical activity.


A rotating ensemble of conducting bodies with angular periodicity about the axis of rotation scatters an electromagnetic wave to produce a spectrum of frequency components characteristic ot the structure. The spectrum and its properties are predicted through electromagnetic scattering theory. Many predictions have been confirmed by computation using the NEC program.


The coastal plain between Benicassim and Borriana is formed by several alluvial fans and old lagoons completely filled up. These areas are flooded in a recurrent way and differents types of floods are identified depending on terrain morphology and human activity. The most important factors causing the floods are: the disappearance of the streams ?northern of the Millars River?, the insufficient cross-sections ?Riu Sec of Castello?, the human occupation of bed streams? southern of the Millars River?and the concavity of the marshes. The interference between natural factors and human activity constitutes a recurrent flood model in the Valencian coastal plains. The agricultural, industrial and urban transformation, have originated the disappearance and the alteration of the natural beds, modifying and amplifying the flooded areas.


This article describes the current status of biracial youth in the United States. A major purpose is to enhance readers' awareness of the existence of this population and its increasing numerical significance. Models of identity development are presented and relevant sociocultural issues are discussed. In addition, examples of biracial-specific strategies and interventions are offered for consideration by helping professionals.


Objective To investigate the trends of prevalence rate condition of nosocomial infection,the usage of antibiotics and important pathogens detecting,analyze the influence factors for improving the prevention and control measures of nosocomial infection. Methods The investigation for nosocomial infection prevalence rate was performed in 2009 and 2010;two survey results were compared and analyzed. Results There were 1650 persons to be screened,but in fact,1630 persons were screened,the screening rate was 98.79%;the prevalence rate was 3.68%.The first three infection sites were lower respiratory tract infection(55.39%),urinary tract infection(13.13%) and upper respiratory tract infection(11.28%);the first three departments for infection rate were comprehensive ICU(28.57%),neonatology department(15.97%) and surgical department(6.11%) in 2009,then in 2010 there were comprehensive ICU(50.00%),internal medicine(5.18%) and surgical department(4.45%);the infection rate of neonatology department dropped from 15.97% to 0.The use rate of antibiotics in 2009 and 2010 was 65.7% and 46.5% respectively,single drug achieved 76.5% and 70.28% respectively.The preventing medication dropped from 34.38% to 25.58%,the acinetobacter baumannii infection increased from 4.55% to 35.71%. Conclusion The nosocomial infection control has achieved certain results and the usage of antibiotics is basically reasonable;but need to strengthen the monitoring of acinetobacter baumannii infection,postoperative pneumonia,urinary tract infection and gastrointestinal infection.


The invention discloses a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic substituted pyrrolidine formyl thiomorpholin DPP-IV inhibitor, a preparation method therefor and use thereof. Specifically, the invention relates to a compound shown in a formula (I), a stereisomer thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof mentioned in the description. The invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, use of the compound in preparing drugs for treating and/or preventing diseases or illnesses associated with DDP-IV excessive activity or DPP-IV overexpression and a method of treating associated diseases by using the compound. The compound disclosed by the invention has the effect of effectively inhibiting the activity of DDP-IV. The FORMULA is shown in the description.


Eutrophication is manifested by increased primary production leading to oxygen depletion in near‐bottom water and toxic cyanobacteria blooms. This is an important contemporary problem of the Baltic Sea and many other coastal waters. The present eutrophication is mainly ascribed to anthropogenic activity. To compare the present trophic state with that during past millennia, two sediment cores (50 cm long and ~400 cm long covering ca. 5,500 years) were taken from the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). The core subsamples were analyzed for phytoplankton pigments (chlorophylls and their derivatives, and carotenoids). In addition, carbon (Ctot, Corg, and δ13C), 14C dating, grain size, diatoms, and selected metals in the cores were analyzed to determine conditions in the depositional environment. The results indicated that there were high primary production periods in the past, during the Littorina Sea and the Roman Climatic Optimum, accompanied by oxygen deficiency in the near‐bottom water, most probably caused by climate warming. The ratio of 132,173‐cyclopheophorbide‐a enol, a labile degradation product of chlorophyll‐a, to the sum of other chloropigments‐a (CPPB‐aE/ΣChlns‐a) is proposed as a new paleoredox proxy. Heterocystous cyanobacteria blooms of an intensity similar to or even greater than at present also occurred in past millennia and were connected with climate warming. Hence, eutrophication must have occurred in the past, which means that natural factors have a substantial influence on it.


A combined hospital and community study was made of childhood malnutrition in Zaria, northern Nigeria. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical information was recorded on 1516 malnourished, 462 unselected village children, 205 selected wellnourished and 467 outpatient controls. The data demonstrated an association between malnutrition and poverty, rurality and common childhood infections. No influence of high fertility and of formula feeding on nutritional status was apparent. It is suggested that co‐ordinated locally planned study of the ecology of child health will facilitate planning of action against child poverty and malnutrition.


‡An airfoil electro-thermal anti-ice system operatin g in a running wet regime was mathematically modeled and simulated. The results were compared to experimental data and results from other numerical codes. For the reg ions wetted by the water film, the present model predicted airfoil solid surface tempe ratures within experimental error margin and smaller deviation from experimental data than the other codes. The heat transfer characteristics, runback water flows and water film ending point position were evaluated and compared to other numerical codes results and experimental data. The model predicts the convection heat and mass transfer effects, i.e. , wet and dry convection parcels, between the non-isothermal surface and the gaseous flow aro und the airfoil satisfactorily for engineering purposes as well as the influence of th e runback water flow on the anti-ice system thermal performance.


The analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) signal is an important tool for studying the autonomic nervous system, as it allows the evaluation of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart rhythm. Time-frequency analysis of HRV makes it easier for us to evaluate how this balance varies with time. Heart disease occurs eventually in majority of patients with diabetes mellitus and to be the outstanding factor in over all diabetes morbidity and mortality rates. Thus the timely detection of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and the use of effective means to improve autonomic nervous system function become of almost significance. In this work Electrocardiogram (ECG) data of 20 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and 20 normal control volunteers were recorded and autonomic nervous system activity is quantified by means of frequency and time domain analysis. Time domain measures, Standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN), Successive NN intervals differing more than 50ms (NN50) , Percentage value of NN50 count (pNN50), HRV triangular index, show a lower variation in the DM patient group compared to normal subjects and p value <0.01. The frequency domain measures indicate significant differences in very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF) power and high frequency (HF) power.


And an object of the present invention is stable at room temperature, at the same time not in the case of having a sharp heat-sensitive coagulation, in particular impregnation processing or coating the fiber substrate processing according to the heat-sensitive coagulation by steam, also migrate and uniformly filled in the fiber substrate, and to form a uniform porous layer after drying, and soft equivalent solvent-based, that is, a fiber base material that stick feeling stiff and soft, in particular of a suitable water-based urethane resin composition for a synthetic leather, a water-based polyurethane fiber sheet using the resin composition composite in the leather-like sheet obtained by the production method and the production method. Water-based urethane resin composition of the present invention 1) made of a water-based urethane resin and a heat-sensitive coagulation temperature is 40~90 ℃, 2) associated type thickener. In the production process of the fiber sheet of the present invention complexes (A), the aqueous urethane resin composition, (B) by impregnating or coating the fibrous material substrate, (c) then heat-sensitive coagulation with steam.


Organizational forms differ according to structure, processes and resourcing with the majority of such forms having existed for many years. However, engineering systems and technologies are becoming ever more complex and the question arises: Are there any new organizational forms emerging? Further, if there are any, what are their characteristics? This paper will attempt to answer these questions through examining the case for open innovation and crowdsourcing, which are currently two of the most high-profile technology and innovation business models being pursued. The paper will report on the findings from an exploratory investigation of open innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and crowdsourcing in the product design sector. Supporting literature has been reviewed as well as background data and information available on these two industry applications of open business models. The pros and cons for each of the industrial applications have been identified as well as examination of the underlying features. The findings from the initial research study are that both these industry applications of open innovation and crowdsourcing do potentially represent new organizational forms, which offer significant benefits but also carry certain risks and challenges.


This paper documents the presence, characteristics, and distribution of folk silos (crop storage structures) in the southern portion of the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Known locally as trojes or silos, these silos are constructed in circular and rectangular plans from adobe and local plant materials. Circular silos are used primarily to store com, while a wider variety of crops, including potatoes, peanuts, wheat, and barley are stored in the rectangular silos. A review of the literature on crop storage structures in the Andean region suggests that the design and use of these present-day silos is likely of Inca origin.


Using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), we have investigated surfaces of a commercial titanium plate in air. We found that the tunneling current depends nonlinearly on the voltage. In order to interpret such a nonlinear dependence, we proposed a model that a tunneling process between TiOx and W contributes to the tunneling current in addition to that between Ti and W. We found also the tunneling-voltage-dependence of the STM image which was consistent with the proposed tunneling model.


ABSTRACT Introduction: New low-cost strategies and enhancement of the already described methods to manufacture peptide molecules on an industrial scale are highly requested, particularly for peptides such as octreotide, which, along with goserelin and leuprolide, dominate the global peptide market. A number of patents related to the production of octreotide can be found, concerning both solution and solid-phase synthesis. Thus, there is a need to revise the existing synthetic approaches in order to organize them in a more comprehensible way. Area covered: The octreotide patent landscape could help improvement of the methods for manufacturing of octreotide in industrial scale, leading to the appearance of innovative approaches. Expert opinion: The pharmaceutical value of octreotide can be seen from its high market percentage among other peptide drugs. The complex chemical structure of octreotide represents the main challenge for its industrial production. Two synthetic steps are crucial in the preparation of octreotide: (i) threoninol attachment or on resin formation working in solid-phase and (ii) disulphide bond formation to achieve cyclic structure. Analysis of various patents filed to date allows us to see the trend in simplification of the synthetic approaches from the labor intensive syntheses in solution to the more versatile and rapid solid-phase methods.


A 5,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)-15,20-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)porphyrin (cis-TIPSTEP) was synthesized by using phenylethynyl dipyrromethane and triisopropylsilylpropynal through scrambling of the ethynyl substituents. X-ray crystallographic structures of cis-TIPSTEP, 5-phenylethynyl-10,15,20-tris(triisopropylsilylethynyl)porphyrin, and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)porphyrin were determined in order to study the packing structure; cis-TIPSTEP exhibited good π-overlap and parallel π-stacking structures. 5,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)-15,20-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)porphyrinato magnesium (II) (Mg-cis-TIPSTEP) was synthesized for the use in small molecule organic solar cells, which gave power conversion efficiency of 1.5% with short-circuit current density of 4.5 mA/cm2, open-circuit voltage of 0.83 V, and fill factor of 0.39. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of using computers to obtain information on the farm household's production and consumption based on a field survey of farm households in the northern China.

Design/methodology/approach
The most important methods applied are instrumental variable (IV) method and propensity score matching (PSM) method. Estimators of IV, PSM and nearest neighborhood matching approaches are considered together to check the robustness of empirical results.

Findings
This paper careful impact evaluation results suggest that the use of computer not only improves the size of arable land rented in but also reduces family labor input intensity and the probability of selling agricultural outputs at farm-gate markets. Moreover, it also stimulates transportation, garment, housing and insurance expenditures per capita.

Research limitations/implications
The database of this research comprises cross-section data, which does not support a cross-time comparison.

Practical implications
These results imply that it is vital to expand the coverage of computer use in rural areas. This may suggest that the importance of improving computer access is crucial for stimulating rural consumption increase. Furthermore, the need for the expansion of internet network coverage in western areas is also of importance.

Originality/value
First, the authors directly estimate computer usage impacts on a broader range of production and consumption indicators by including land-relative investments, variable investments, labor input and household's expenditure and provide rigorous impact evaluations on the impact of access to computer. Second, the authors use IV and PSM methods to correct self-selection bias, going beyond the single equation approach in other studies. This enables us to identify the causal relationship between computer usage and farmer's production and consumption decisions.


The article outlines the main motivations for the Guise Theory and its intriguing theses concerning identity, predication, existence, and fiction. The second part of the article is devoted to an assessment of Castaneda's theory. It discusses the most influential critiques of the Guise Theory, as well as Russell's objection (important from a historical point of view) to theories of nonexistent objects. The last section of the article contains a comparison of the Guise Theory with the Meinong's Theory of Objects, and points out that despite various similarities, we should draw a distinction between original and moderate versions of Meinong's theory. The main motivation for this distinction are differences between accounts of predications, which allow us to call the Guise Theory "quasi-Meinongian" rather than just "Meinongian". This is because one of its main claims is taken from the work of Meinong's pupil Ernst Mally, and not from Meinong himself.


Counting statistics of α particles from three sources, one containing 241Am; one containing 239Pu, 241Am, and 244Cu; and a source containing 148Gd, were determined over periods of 1–4000 min. In pa...


The initial impact of comparable worth legislation on male and female earnings is estimated using five public sector comparable worth studies. We find that women would earn an average 17 per cent more if a comparable worth policy were implemented and men would earn an average 1 per cent more. In addition, about half of the earnings gap between women and men in the sample jurisdictions would be eliminated. We also discuss the limitations of previous analyses by examining Aldrich and Buchele's recent empirical work.


This sThe idea of this study came from the significant gap between theory and practice of quality assurance in educational institutions in developing countries. due to the predetermined rigid standards of quality and accreditation which may frustrate the institution or may push the institution to work against its convictions, and transfer all efforts just to show that it can fulfill the minimum requirements of accreditation.


This article examines the dual literary identity of the Mexican poet, narrator and essayist Manuel Gutierrez Najera. He appears, on the one hand, as a Romantic epigone in Latin America asid yet he also shows an intuitive approach to what became known later in his life as "fin de siecle Modemism". Produced during a time of cultural asid literary transition, Gutierrez Najera's work displays a sense of ambivalence— the usual shift perceived at every tuming point in history.


The Maine Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics was a recipient of the "Health Care for Children and Youth in Foster Care Chapter Project" in May 2016. The Foster Care Committee was formed and objectives were outlined for the …


scribing. Too mnany clinicians go into print on insufficient evidence when they have a single case. These are taken up and perpetuated by those who write articles on MAOIs as fact. A confused situation is being compounded by inaccurate and nmisleading evidence where factual and clear authoritative reporting is required for the guidance of both the doctor and the paticnt. -I am, etc., JOHN M. MCGILCHRIST Medical Director, William R. Warner and Co., Ltd. Eastleigli, Hants


This paper presents a numerical wave tank based on the overset mesh approach. Overset mesh is favourable to the moving mesh method owing to its ability to represent complex geometries whilst maintaining a good quality mesh, especially for large amplitude body motions. The numerical wave tank is developed by integrating a generic overset mesh functionality with an efficient wave generation library in OpenFOAM R ©. A series of benchmark test cases, including 2D regular waves interacting with a floating cylinder and boxshaped body with superstructures, 2D water entry of a rigid wedge and a ship hull section as well as the heave decay of a point absorber wave energy converter and the lifeboat motion in regular waves, are carried out to evaluate the capabilities of the developed numerical wave tank. The computed solutions agree well with the experimental data and other reference results reported in the literature, which demonstrates the capability of the numerical wave tank for modelling flow around structures with complex geometries under various wave conditions. The parallel efficiency of the solver, effects of the overlapping area on the solution accuracy and comparisons with the results from a dynamic mesh are also discussed.


A study of Romany ideas of kinship, personhood and development drawing on representations of a timeless present. How is it possible to conceive of society without generation/s?


This article explores the ways members of pregnancy loss support groups in the US use material culture to deal with the 'realness problem' of miscarriage, stillbirth, and early infant death. I examine goods purchased or made for the child-to-be during pregnancy; goods given from the child-to-be during the pregnancy; goods given to, or in the memory of, the 'baby' after its death; and things acquired to memorialize the child within the family. Through the buying, giving, and preserving of things, women and their social networks actively construct their babies-to-be and would-have-been babies as 'real babies' and themselves as 'real mothers', worthy of the social recognition this role entails.


The behavior of prosecutors and juries with respect to the decision to impose the death penalty is examined. Using data on 968 first-degree murder convictions in Tennessee from 1977 to 2006, models of prosecutorial and jury behavior are constructed with a focus on the role of the defendant's race and the victim's race. Once significant controls are introduced, neither the race of the defendant nor that of the victim is a significant predictor of prosecutors' decisions to seek the death penalty. Nor is the race of the victim a significant predictor of the jury's decision to impose the death penalty. The defendant's race is a significant, albeit weak, predictor of jury behavior, but only because white defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death. While a number of other variables are significantly related to both prosecutorial and jury behavior, much of the variance in these decisions remains unexplained.


The study examines the mysterious Slavonic term prometaya found in 2 Enoch 34 arguing that it could represent a very early, rudimentary form of the name «Metatron»


Existing historiography presents women as victims rather than perpetrators of violence. It is true that typically a minority of violent offenders, between ten and twenty per cent, were female. Yet privileging victimhood over agency is an interpretative matter. The low incidence of women's violence relative to men's has been considered a consequence of biology, of prescriptive social roles, of the internalisation (by either or both sexes) of patriarchal ideology. Whatever the case, the upshot is the same: female violence was typically perceived as 'same-sex violence', 'rather trivial' and inconsequential. Feminine violence that by conventional standards was 'serious' – when women killed, for instance – is sensationalised as an aberration from 'normal' gendered behaviour. 'Unnaturally' violent women are either (like infanticidal mothers) casualties of oppressive gender codes or (like those who impersonated male highway robbers) rejecters of them. This interpretative model of men's violence as 'normal' and women's as numerically and thus culturally insignificant is inadequate. I am not contesting the fact that women were a minority of those prosecuted for violent crimes. I am suggesting, however, that exploring women's violence in its own terms may prove more fruitful for the historian than simply dismissing it as an anomaly. MODES OF WOMEN'S VIOLENCE Household concerns One well-rehearsed explanation for the low incidence of women as sole assailants cites women's 'more dependent and passive' nature, and their reliance upon men, especially their husbands, to settle their quarrels for them.


This article explores the perspectives of immigrant student-parents who pursued post-secondary education at one community college in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Drawing from interviews with 10 women who had immigrated to Canada as adults, this analysis focuses on the experiences and pathways of the immigrant student-mothers into career preparation programs at the college. The accounts of these women illuminate tensions among the multiple identities that they navigated in the process of making a new life in Canada. Key themes I explore from their accounts include narratives of job downgrading and underemployment; the gendered complexity of navigating post-migration employment and child-rearing; and the emotional weight of navigating multiple identities as college students. Ultimately, this analysis highlights the emotional labor undertaken by immigrant mothers in a larger system of inequities in immigration, employment, and education.


Based on the principle of radio frequency for measuring syrup concentration,the syrup concentration measuring circuit was designed,and the phase-locked loop principle was applied to the syrup concentration sensor system for signal modulation and demodulation.The experiment results show that the application of the phase-locked loop in sensor signal processing has the advantages of better test results,less external components,stable performance,powerful function and so on.


The invention discloses a method and system for updating a report cycle of an MTC (machine type communication) device and an MTC device which is applicable to a UTRAN (UMTS terrestrial radio access network) and an E-UTRAN (evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network). In the invention, either the MTC device or the network side can modify and determine the report cycle of the MTC device, and the one modifying and determining the report cycle of the MTC device notifies the other one by using a message carrying the report cycle. The network side modifies and determines the report cycle of the MTC device according to the reported data through a core network or MTC device server; or the core network or MTC device server determines the report cycle of the MTC device according to a request for modifying the report cycle of the MTC device; or the MTC device determines the report cycle. Through the invention, the report cycle of the MTC device can be flexibly configured and updated in real time, the MTC device reports data according to the updated report cycle, the electric energy can be saved, and the normal working time of the MTC device can be prolonged as much as possible.


This article searched for how to get a successful integration of traditional and clinical methodologies in the upcoming graduate-level Korean law school education. There is a compelling need to change legal education in Korea in significant ways. Until now most Korean undergraduate-level law schools are not committed to preparing students for practice. It is generally conceded that most law school graduates are not as prepared for law practice as they could be and should be. The author strongly encourages Korean legal educators to do the following jobs. First, teaching 'think like a lawyer' is not enough, but giving a complete lawyering skills ('act like a lawyer') to the students would not an easy job for the time being in Korea. Instead the primary goal of legal education should be to develop competence, that is, the ability to resolve legal problems effectively and responsibly. Second, The program of instruction should integrates the teaching of theory, doctrine, and practice. Legal educators should integrate the teaching of theory, doctrine, and practice. They should recognize the value of both as important subjects for teaching and scholarship. They must avoid being too narrow, devoting too much time to honing the ability to analyze doctrine and too little to developing other abilities. Blending of traditional and clinical methodologies should occur in all areas of the law. Third, Law schools should help students acquire the attributes of effective, responsible lawyers including self-reflection and lifelong learning skills, intellectual and analytical skills, core knowledge and understanding of law, professional skills, and professionalism. Fourth, Outcomes-focused education is becoming the norm throughout higher education. Law schools should shift from content-focused programs of instruction to outcomes-focused programs of instruction that are concerned with what students will be able to do and how they will do it, as well as what they will know on their first day in law practice Fifth, the author contends that theories should be drawn from real world phenomena. Theorists should attempt to devise solutions that have some chance of success given existing political and economic conditions. The common sense jurisprudence calls upon theorists to explain or package their works so as to make them accessible and useful to practicing attorneys.


The current study investigated the validity of a locally-developed university-level English as a Second Language (ESL) speaking placement test using a mixed-methods design. We adapted Messick's integrative view of validity (1996) and Kane's interpretation argument framework (2013) and focused on two sources of validity evidence: relations to other variables, and consequences of testing (AERA, APA, and NCME, 2014). We collected survey data from 41 student examinees and eight teacher examiners, and we also interviewed the teacher examiners about their perceived validity of the test. Results from the study provided positive evidence for the validity of the speaking test. There were significant associations between student examinees' speaking test scores, their self-ratings of speaking skills, and their instructors' end-of-semester ratings of student examinees' English language proficiency. Both the examinees and examiners also perceived the format and questions to be appropriate and effective. However, the results also revealed some potential issues with the clarity of the rubric and the lack of training for test administration and scoring. These results highlighted the importance of norming and calibration in scoring for the speaking test and entailed practical implications for university-level ESL placement tests.


We describe an experiment which has detected light emission from a plastic scintillator due to neutron-induced recoil protons with initial energies as small as 410 eV. The velocity of such protons is smaller than that expected of grand-unified-theory magnetic monopoles. Searches for these exotic particles will therefore not be limited by kinematic or adiabatic constraints at velocities in excess of 9 x 10/sup -4/c.


Serum IL6 levels of patients with RA have been associated with disease outcome, The T cell derived cytokine IFN-alpha is also produced by natural killer cells (NK cells) and is involved in nearly all phases of inflammation and in the regulation of inflammatory responses. It has effects on macrophage, B cell, and neutrophil function. The inhibition of IFN-alpha, as seen in this study, might be the result of inhibition of DHODH, which impairs T cell function with, as secondary effect, inhibition of monocyte/macrophage function. This is supported by the inhibition which occurs at concentrations of active metabolite present in patients with RA .


LIMITED DISTRIBUTION NOTICE This report has been submitted for publication outside of IBM and will probably be copyrighted if accepted for publication. It has been issued as a Research Report for early dissemination of its contents. In view of the transfer of copyright to the outside publisher, its distribution outside of IBM prior to publication should be limited to peer communications and speciic requests. After outside publication, requests should be lled only by reprints or legally obtained copies of the article (e.g., payment of royalties). Abstract We deene courteous logic programs, a variant of extended logic programs. Courteous logic programs constitute a kind of prioritized default reasoning that is computationally tractable, fairly powerful expressively, and commercially applicable to the creation of rule-based intelligent information agents. Priorities are, in part, speciied explicitly: within the locale of each predicate's \deen-ition", i.e., between rules mentioning the same predicate in their consequent. (Recall that extended logic programs represent classical negation as well as negation-as-failure. Hence a rule having consequent p may connict with another rule having consequent :p.) In addition, priorities are, in part, speciied implicitly: based on inferential dependency depth between the diierent predicate locales, as in the usual semantics for negation as failure in stratiied logic programs. Syntactically, a courteous logic program is an extended logic program augmented with a prioritization sub-program. In this paper, we restrict our attention to the non-recursive Datalog case. We show not only that there always exists a unique answer set, but also that the answer set is guaranteed to be consistent, unlike in the previous concept of extended logic programs. We give a tractably-computable reduction of courteous logic programs to extended logic programs. We show furthermore that the entire answer set can be computed in time polynomial in the size of the courteous logic program. We illustrate with examples the representational adequacy and intuitive behavior of courteous logic programs for several interesting scenarios of prioritized default reasoning. Courteous logic programs provide a method to resolve connicts in authoring (specifying), updating, merging, and advice-taking during the creation of rule-based intelligent agents. Their prioritized default avor enables a more common-sense style of speciication, especially important for non-technical authors. In current work, we are implementing courteous logic programs as the fundamental knowledge representation for commercial intelligent agent applications such as personal-ized information ltering and workkow, e.g., cf. the Globenet+RAISE system for networked newsgroups and customer service support at IBM. …


A high resolution printer includes a printhead having optimized features including 12 to 14 micron diameter orifices spaced apart from adjacent orifices by a distance of between 76 to 94 microns. The orifice plate is electroformed and plated to a thickness ranging from 20 to 25 microns. A polymeric barrier layer secures the orifice plate to a printhead substrate.


This article considers English middle-classness in terms of identity, dispositions and manners, in the context of a project of middle-class self-distinction from the aristocracy. Taking as a case study broadsheet press coverage of the break-up of the relationship between Prince William and Kate Middleton, it examines the ways in which such coverage uses the concept of 'class' in two senses: as an artificial system, and as a (naturalized) property of the person. These two meanings of class slide into each other, so that class contempt can be used against persons who are seen to lack the appropriate, 'natural' qualities. Using Bourdieu's concept of habitus and its related notion of 'generative forgetting', I argue that the naturalization of middle-classed dispositions is an important means through which class is deployed in contemporary England. When (as in this case study) some challenge is seen to be mounted to this naturalization, a whole symbolic economy of taste and manners is seen as being undermined and the anxieties around middle-class existence are revealed.


Thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part are listed theoretical base developments of pre-writing skills with the communicational model of elimination of illiteracy, factors of reading and writing, elements of emerging literacy and also the meaning of games at said.
In the second part are presented public kindergarten which work on the Curriculum for kindergartens and Montessori kindergarten. Both concepts of upbringing and education are presented apart and compared to each other. More objectives from Curriculum for kindergartens and Programme of Montessori kindergarten are exposed. They are also compared to each other especially on areas which are important for development of pre-writing skills (sensomotorical, motorical and cognitive functions, language and behavior). Some of targets are similar, others are even identical, third completely different. Some researches about Montessori kindergarten are given.
In the last part follows the research which was conducted in public kindergarten»Mladi rod«, Angela's Montessori kindergarten and House children in Maribor (Montessori kindergarten). The governess of mentioned kindergartens were filling in questionnaire for profiling from a 5 to 7 year old child before entry or by entering to primary school. Sample included sixty children: forty of four-years and twenty of six-years; fifteen children were from Montessori kindergarten and forty-five from public kindergarten. In research were included both gender.
Our objective was to determine if there are any statistical important differences in connection to preacademical skills by 5 and 6 years old children who are visiting public and Montessori kindergarten; and also if there are any statistical important differences respecting preacademical skills by children from public and Montessori kindergarten. The research found out that in sample of 5 and 6 year old children there are no statistical important differences but by children from public and Montessori kindergarten there are statistical important differences.


Populist radical-right parties (PRRPs) were once considered "fringe parties" condemned to permanent opposition. Their electoral success, so it was argued, would be short-lived, especially once in office, when the party would face complex policy challenges and become accused of overpromising. However, PRRPs have now joined coalition governments in many countries, without suffering voter losses. This raises the question of how PRRPs managed to break through this "glass ceiling." In this conceptual paper we review research seeking to identify a "winning formula." We argue that in order to make progress we need to avoid unhelpful "either-or" thinking, and capture the interplay between demand-side factors (reasons why voters become attracted to PRRPs) and supply-side factors (the things PRRPs do to increase their electoral appeal). More specifically, we propose a new integrative analytical framework, one that enables us to study the way in which supply- and demand-side factors interact and reinforce each other. We conclude this paper by emphasizing the importance of accounting for the interaction between supply and demand. It is only in this way that we can enhance our capacity to account for the powerful ways in which PRRP leaders persuade voters that they alone can solve society's most pressing problems.


A picosecond neodymium glass laser system was developed using slab-shaped active elements ensuring a relatively high repetition frequency of the operating cycle. The parameters of the amplifying system were optimized; the energy of pulses of ~3 psec duration at the output of the amplifying stages was ~40 mJ and the efficiency of energy conversion to the second harmonic reached 40% at a repetition frequency of 1 Hz. The system could have applications in absorption spectroscopy with selective excitation and probing.


EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) on the management of cholestatic liver diseases define the use of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive modalities, including non-invasive and invasive procedures, in the management of patients with cholestatic liver diseases. They are intended to assist physicians and other healthcare providers as well as patients and interested individuals in the clinical decision-making process by describing a range of generally accepted approaches for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of specific


Do times of personal economic hardship affect the individual's decision to vote? Using individual panel data from the Swedish Election Studies for the eight elections 1985-2010, and a subjective ev ...


Ubiquitous intelligence empowered internet of vehicles (UIIoV) is an emerging paradigm where network entities such as mobile vehicles, edge/cloud servers, and intermediate nodes interact to achieve effective data sensing and make intelligent decisions based on artificial intelligence techniques. Unlike the conventional internet of vehicles, artificial intelligence is introduced to improve the ability of data processing and analysis, and further enhance the accuracy of decision-making. In this article, we study the architecture of UIIoV, and the security, privacy, and reliability challenges it confronts. To be specific, we start by describing the overall infrastructure, exploring the security, privacy, and reliability demands of UIIoV, and further give state-of-the-art solutions to enable security guarantees, privacy protection, and prediction reliability. Finally, this article presents several promising future research directions to hopefully attract more attention to this emergent field.


A synthesis of (±)-2-pupukeanone (4) is described in which the pupukeanane skeleton is assembled by means of intramolecular cyclization of tosylate 11 and then the attachment of an isopropyl group at the appropriate position of the tricyclic ring system. The key intermediate 11 was constructed via a sequence begining from readily available ketone 5 and proceeding through bicyclo[3.2.1]ketone 8 by regioselective ring expansion.


Relevance of research is associated with the national task to increase the hydrocarbon reserves based on innovative technique of interpreting old GIS data. The goal of the research is to demonstrate the value of data on the second- ary processes (pyritization and kaolinitization), their intensities in the sand intervals calculated using GIS information. The geochemical criteria of hydrocarbon accumulation and their cutoff values are selected for Tomsk Region. The research is based on the results of formation test using well historical data as well as innovative statistical interpretation of well logging to reveal low-resistivity hydrocarbon saturated formations and intensities of the secondary geochemical processes. Results of statistical interpretation of GIS information are presented for tested hydrocarbon-saturated and water-saturated sand intervals (wells of Tomsk Region and Samotlor oil field) where the search criteria of aban- doned hydrocarbon deposit are defined. The study outlines a mathemati- cal tool to estimate the perspective of redeveloping abandoned hydrocar- bon fields based on the results of GIS information interpretation. Conclusion The intensity of secondary processes is an indicator of hydrocarbons and may serve as a criterion of their presence. Cutoff values of empirically determined geochemical criteria can change depending on the research area. Paragenesis of the superimposed processes of pyritization and kao- linitization in the sand intervals has shown their hydrocarbon saturation. Application of multiplicative intensity parameter of such epigenetic pro- cesses as pyritization, kaolinitization, and carbonization in Jurassic for- mations allows for study in saturation of Paleozoic formation.


Keratins are intermediate filament proteins that are important for epidermal strength and protection from desiccation. Keratin genes are highly duplicated and have diversified by forming two major clusters in the genomes of terrestrial vertebrates. The keratin genes of lungfishes, the closest fish to tetrapods, have not been studied at the genomic level, despite the importance of lungfishes in terrestrial adaptation. Here, we identified keratin genes in the genomes of two lungfish species and performed syntenic and phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, we identified keratin genes from two gobies and two mudskippers, inhabiting underwater and terrestrial environments. We found that in lungfishes, keratin genes were duplicated and diversified within two major clusters, similar to but independent of terrestrial vertebrates. By contrast, keratin genes were not notably duplicated in mudskippers. The results indicate that keratin gene duplication occurred repeatedly in lineages close to tetrapods, but not in teleost fish, even in species adapted to terrestrial environments.


The OsO 4 -catalyzed dihydroxylations of a monosubstituted allylic amine and γ-amino-α,β-unsaturated (E)-esters with bulky alkyl groups showed a high anti-selectivity. Since the acyclic conformation of N-acyloxy protected allylic amines was efficiently controlled by a bulky t-Bu or OBO ester group, the anti diastereoselectivity of > 12.5:1 was obtained without applying a chiral reagent. The synthetic utility of the present method was demonstrated by a stereoselective and efficient synthesis of an α-glucosidase inhibitor 15 from commercially available N-Cbz-L-serine 6 in 11 steps and 31 % yield.


This essay tried to describe the social relationship between Malay and Chinese in Malaysia nowadays. Malay and Chinese are the largest ethnic group in Malaysia. These groups influence development of nation building. Their character, values and life perpective were implemented into their social life. Political journey and political economy of the state are resultant of cooperation, contestation, and conflict between these groups. According to official report, media and political discourse, both groups are based on different based and eventually located separatedly in almost every aspect of social life. However, the gap has not broken a stability and development of the state from agricultural to industrial . The social change is demonstrated into economic development, bussiness, economic share and ethno-religion management for a peace, stability, and development. Since a social change is very incremental and evolutional instead of reformation, revolution and ethnic war, scholars and social observer are missed to observed behind ethnic, culture, ethnic gap, familiarity and life perspective. Although they are different ethnic, in aspect of perspective, attitude and character, it is exhibited getting close each other instead of different and separated. Kata Kunci : perhubungan etnik, pembangunan bangsa, pembangunan Negara, perubahan social


This dissertation was divided into two parts, they are as follows: The first part represents to study the chiral auxiliary mediated diastereoselective N-H insertion by using the modified derivative from N-phenyl camphorpyrazolindione (110). The reaction was carried out in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature, by using the α-diazocarbonyl compound (123) as the starting material and catalytic amount of rhodium acetate (5 mol%) generate metallocarbene intermediate. This was followed by addition of amine source (124). In this process N-H insertion products were obtained in high yield up to 65% yield and with up to 88:12 diastereoselectivity. The newly generated chiral center of the major product shows R configuration was confirmed by H-NMR studies and X-ray crystallographic data. On the other hand, the chiral auxiliary was successfully removed, and the recovered yield of 110 up to 98% and amino alcohol 131e was obtained in 80% yield. In the second part, the Michael additoion ofα,α-disubstituted aldehydes (198, 228) to β-nitroalkenes (136, 147) have been developed. The Michael addition is efficiently catalyzed by the pyrrolidin-camphor derivative (230) as bifunctional organocatalyst producing Michael adduct in moderate to good yield and stereoselectivities. The reaction was carried out in MeOH under room temperature by using β-nitrostyrene and 4 equivalents of donor aldehyde as starting material and 20 mol% of catalyst 230. The Michael adduct achieved with best result is 62% yield with 88:12 diastereoselectivity and 52% enantioselectivity.