Techniques based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) have been proposed for digital watermarking of audio signals; however, the watermark is susceptible to MP3 compression. This paper presents an effective audio watermarking technique based on energy balancing of DCT coefficients to recover the watermark from signal processing, such as compression, without compromising the intended effect of the original signal. The presented technique needs to divide the audio signal into segments. Three parameters define the segment length, what segments are selected, and the frequency range of DCT of the selected segments for watermark embedding, respectively. The error-correcting code can be incorporated to improve the decoded watermark quality. Experimental results show that the technique is robust against compression and other operations. Furthermore, no original signal is required for decoding the watermark.


This paper presents three maps or extended metaphors of the human future: as a hemisphere, as a bamboo thicket , and as fish in a river. The hemispherical model, inspired by Inayatullah's Causal Layered Analysis, plots drivers of change on four levels of successively greater inertia: events, intentions, values, and worldview. The thesis here is that events are influenced by intentions, intentions by values, and values by worldview. Events change constantly; intentions change every few years; values change perhaps over ten years, and new worldviews, being a permanent characteristic of individuals, emerge once in a generation. Because each successive level changes more slowly, the general direction that a human future will take - if not its precise details - can be known in advance. The "bamboo thicket" map reveals the collectivity of human futures by displaying the interlinking of holonic systems. As the future of an entity is mediated through the future of its neighbours, studying the actors through which this mediation occurs is an aid to anticipating the entity's future. The "fish in the river" map places futures as three independent dimensions: time, uncertainty, and striving. An entity can be represented in this river-space in multiple ways, through the perceptions (actual or believed) of related actors or stakeholders. The implication of using this approach to multiple maps is that, by switching their attention between the different viewpoints illustrated in these maps, participants in futures workshops are helped to attain greater insight into the shared aspects of their futures.


Temperature measurement experiments with an intake port model and analysis of heat transfer phenomena in the intake port model were carried out, and the influence of the high temperature intake valve to the heat transfer phenomena and the unsteady effect to heat transfer coefficient were investigated. From the results of steady flow experiments with a high temperature intake valve which was heated by a small electric heater, it came to be clear that the change of valve temperatures had little influence to the change of Nusselt number but Nusselt number changed greatly by mass flow rate of gas, and the heat quantity transferred from the heated intake valve was much greater than that from inside wall surface of the intake port model. And the results of unsteady flow experiments, it became clear that the relationship between Nusselt number and Reynolds number was changed by the flow condition of accelerating gas velocity, but this difference was not observed in decelerating gas velocity conditions.© 2006 ASME


Particle detachment induced by a rotating wheel was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The developed theoretical models were used to reveal how the particle detaches from a wheel surface to the surrounding air. The corresponding experiments were carried out to validate proposed models. Two groups of spherical particles were considered, i.e. silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide particles. Different forces and force moments acting on individual particles were analysed. The criteria for the rolling detachment of particles were considered. The detachment diameters under various conditions were calculated. The results show that the particle detachment was dominated by the removal and resistant forces acting on particles, including the gravity force, adhesion force, hydrodynamic force and centrifugal force. Different relevant parameters can affect particle detachment through these forces, including surface roughness, wheel speed, particle size and properties. A higher wheel speed, larger particle sizes and higher wheel surface roughness were shown to have a conducive influence on particle detachment. The resistant and removal force moments could be affected by the particle properties at the same time; therefore, the detachment diameters of the aluminium oxide particles are similar to those of silicon dioxide. This study can contribute towards the estimation of particle emissions from vehicles.


The study of Dense-$3$-Subhypergraph problem was initiated in Chlamt{\'{a}}c et al. [Approx'16]. The input is a universe $U$ and collection ${\cal S}$ of subsets of $U$, each of size $3$, and a number $k$. The goal is to choose a set $W$ of $k$ elements from the universe, and maximize the number of sets, $S\in {\cal S}$ so that $S\subseteq W$. The members in $U$ are called {\em vertices} and the sets of ${\cal S}$ are called the {\em hyperedges}. This is the simplest extension into hyperedges of the case of sets of size $2$ which is the well known Dense $k$-subgraph problem.
The best known ratio for the Dense-$3$-Subhypergraph is $O(n^{0.69783..})$ by Chlamt{\'{a}}c et al. We improve this ratio to $n^{0.61802..}$. More importantly, we give a new algorithm that approximates Dense-$3$-Subhypergraph within a ratio of $\tilde O(n/k)$, which improves the ratio of $O(n^2/k^2)$ of Chlamt{\'{a}}c et al.
We prove that under the {\em log density conjecture} (see Bhaskara et al. [STOC'10]) the ratio cannot be better than $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ and demonstrate some cases in which this optimum can be attained.


The MAS model consists of several independents agents, and these agents has the ability to carry out a specific task and to make decisions. When working, these agents will share information with each other. Indirectly, this allows the system to get better predictions. When the constituent agents in a MAS model consist of classifiers, the resulting system is known as a multi-agent classifier system (MACS). In this project, our focus is about mutli-agent classifier system based on heterogeneous classifiers. This is because based on the previous analysis, previous MACS model that used homogeneous type of classifiers i.e., FMMs or EFMM have problem with noise effect and noise tolerance, where both classifiers have no mutant against noise. That could have a negative effect on the classification performance. In fact, learning with noise data can cause false knowledge which will be represented as noisy hyperbox in the topology of the classifier. In order to solve this problem we propose to use a heterogeneous classifiers with pruning strategy that have the ability to reduce noise effects. That could improve the MACS classification performance by overcomes the limitations of each classifier when handling different classification problems.


Road classification system is the first step for the determining the road function and design standards. Currently, roads are classified according to various indices including road location and function. Using various traffic indices, this study was to classify highway as well as to identify traffic characteristics for each type of road. To accomplish the objectives, factor analysis and cluster analysis were performed for classifying highway and analyzing traffic characteristics using traffic data that observed at permanent traffic count points in 2003. A total of 9 variables were applied : AADT, K coefficient, D coefficient, heavy vehicle proportion, day volume proportion, peak hour volume proportion, sunday coefficient, vacation coefficient, and COV. The results of factor analysis showed that variables were divided into two factors, which were factor related to the fluctuational characteristics of traffic volume and factor related to heavy vehicle and directional volume characteristics. According to the results of cluster analysis, a total of 306 permanent traffic count points were categorized into three groups : Group I (Urban highway), Group II (Rural highway), and Group III (Recreational highway). AADT were 28,000 for urban, 11,000 for rural, and 7,000 for recreational road. Group III was typical recreational road showing higher average daily traffic volume during Sunday and vacational periods. Group I showed AM peak and PM peak, while group II and group III did not show AM peak and PM peak.


Test data compression methods reduce the input storage requirements of a test set by storing compressed tests. To enhance the ability to reduce the input test data volume, earlier approaches use the same input test data to apply several different tests. This paper considers two methods that have not been used before for this purpose. The methods are considered in the context where a linear-feedback shift-register (LFSR) is used as part of the decompression logic, and tests are compressed into seeds for the LFSR. The first method complements a bit of a seed to obtain a different test than the one produced by the uncomplemented seed. The second method uses the same seed for different LFSRs to produce different tests. The two methods are used together to demonstrate the advantages of a hybrid approach where the methods complement each other. Experimental results for benchmark circuits are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of a hybrid approach.


1 The effects of analogues and stimulators of cyclic AMP on the 86Rb+efflux‐stimulating and binding properties of P1075, an opener of ATP‐dependent potassium channels, were studied in rat aortic rings. The increase in 86Rb+efflux stimulated by P1075 was taken as a qualitative measure of K+ channel opening. 2 Forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and dibutyryl‐cyclic AMP (db‐cyclic AMP), a membrane permeant cyclic AMP‐analogue, relaxed rat aortic rings contracted by noradrenaline with EC50 values of 0.06, 2 and 10 μM, respectively. 3 Forskolin, IBMX and db‐cyclic AMP produced concentration‐dependent increases of the 86Rb+efflux induced by P1075 (50 nM) by up to twofold with EC50 values of about 0.1, 1.7 and 81 μM. At these concentrations the agents had little effect on the basal rate of 86Rb+efflux. 4 The 86Rb+efflux produced by P1075 in the presence of the cyclic AMP stimulators was inhibited by glibenclamide, a blocker of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels. 5 IBMX (100 μM) induced a leftward shift of the concentration ‐ 86Rb+efflux curve of P1075 without increasing the maximum. The enhancements of P1075‐stimulated 86Rb+efflux produced by combinations of forskolin and IBMX were either additive or less than additive. 6 The protein kinase A inhibitor, H‐89, inhibited P1075‐stimulated 86Rb+efflux in the presence of IBMX significantly more than in the absence of IBMX, suggesting that the effect of increased cyclic AMP levels is mediated by protein kinase A. 7 At high concentrations, forskolin and IBMX slightly increased basal 86Rb+efflux and inhibited the tracer efflux induced by P1075. 8 Binding of [3H]‐P1075 to rat aortic rings was either unaffected or inhibited by forskolin, IBMX and db‐cyclic AMP. 9 This study shows that moderate stimulation of the cyclic AMP system potentiates the K+ channel opening effect of P1075 by activation of protein kinase A. The fact that binding of [3H]‐P1075 remains unchanged or is diminished favours the hypothesis that the K+ channel openers activate ATP‐dependent K+ channels by an indirect mechanism.


Cervical diseases, specifically cervical cancer (CC), are among the leading causes of death around the globe, imposing a significant challenge to scientists and healthcare providers dealing with cervical disease patients. None of the existing solutions can detect various cervical diseases, which would lead the experts to accurately detect the early stages of cervical diseases due to the equipment limitations and the type of medical detection tests used in those solutions. New technologies have been developed to enable more rapid and sensitive cervical cancer screening using deep learning algorithms. This study proposes a predictive model using deep learning (DL) algorithms and colposcopy images to detect different classes of cervical diseases, including different stages of cervical diseases. This offers the medical sector an opportunity for early-stage diagnosis of cervical diseases. Four rounds of experiments were conducted in this research to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. According to the results, the proposed model can detect classes (stages) of cervical diseases while it obtains high accuracy. The rate of accuracy in the training stage was above 92%, and the highest achieved accuracy was 99% in the third experiment. Also, in this round of the experiment, the model could achieve the highest performance results in accuracy, and sensitivity with values of 98% and 98%, respectively. Notably, the third and last experiments achieved a perfect specificity value of 1.


Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication systems enable vehicles to communicate with each other and use the shared information to make safety related decisions. However, the safety improvement of the current V2V systems only benefits V2V-enabled objects in the V2V network. The Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking System (PAEB) can utilize onboard sensors to detect pedestrians and make safety related actions so it benefits the individual vehicle and the pedestrians detected by its PAEB. To further improve pedestrian safety, the idea for integrating the capabilities of V2V and PAEB (V2V-PAEB) has been proposed, which allows the information of pedestrians detected by onboard sensors of a vehicle to be shared in the V2V network. A V2V-PAEB enabled vehicle uses not only its onboard sensors, but also received V2V messages from others to detect potential collisions with pedestrians and make better safety related decisions. In this paper, a Matlab/Simulink based simulation model of V2V-PAEB system is presented for demonstrating the proper architecture and information processing processes, and for providing the quick start of developing a better simulation model of V2V-PAEB. The proposed model has also been tested in PreScan simulation environment.


Soil compaction is one of the major activities in geotechnical engineering involving earthworks. The compaction curve is used to find the optimum water content that maximizes dry density. Since its introduction by Proctor in 1933, several researchers have provided qualitative explanations for the inverted parabolic shape of the compaction curve. However, fundamental research on the compaction process and the evolution of compaction characteristics are limited, particularly from a quantitative sense. In order to understand the driving mechanisms of soil compaction, this paper investigates the effect of soil suction, stiffness and pore air pressure on the shape of the compaction curve, from an unsaturated soil mechanics standpoint. This paper presents an approach to predict the soil compaction curve during undrained loading. Particular attention is focused on the derivation of the compressibility coefficient due to net stress. Model predictions of the compaction curve are compared with some experimental results from the literature.


We show that THz chiral metamaterials consisting of large regular arrays of metal–semiconductor microhelices can be manufactured from strained heterofilms by directional rolling. We also report the results of an experimental study of the electromagnetic properties of such arrays.


We study interpolation properties of anisotropic of Nikol'skii-Besov spaces Bprαq(Td) and we obtain limit embedding theorems for anisotropic Nikol'skii-Besov and Lorentz's spaces.


Executive Overview When an older, more experienced member of an organization takes a junior colleague "under his or her wing," aiding in the organizational socialization of the less experienced person and passing along knowledge gained through years of living within the organization, a mentoring relationship is said to exist. Both principals in this type of relationship benefit in ways which have often been discussed and, accordingly, many companies have instituted formal mentoring programs. In this article, the authors examine the benefits which flow, not strictly to the individuals involved, but to the organization that fosters mentoring relationships. Principal benefits are the transmission of corporate culture and the provision of a "deep sensing" apparatus for top management. The design of mentoring programs, choice of mentors, and potential pitfalls of mentoring are discussed.


The rapid development of digital technology demands a simple learning resource that can be used by students in learning and understanding Physics learning independently. But in reality, the teacher and students still use printed teaching materials that are still dominated by the teacher in explaining the material without students being directly involved in solving a concept. The use of electronic modules and learning models and the appropriate approach is expected to increase students' understanding of the concept of physics. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of electronic module development using the model Inquiry based learning (IBL) with the approach Contextual Teaching And Learning (CTL) on Physics material. Respondents selected in this study were students of class X of SMA 1 and SMA 2 Pariaman. Based on observations, it was seen that students were not active and creative and had difficulty understanding the concepts in physics learning. Whereas for competency, attitude is very good, but for competence, knowledge and skills need to be improved. The results of the analysis be a reference the development of electronic modules using the model Inquiry based learning with the approach Contextual Teaching And Learning (CTL) to physics learning in class X high school.


Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is thought to significantly participate in the pathway of cholesterol esterification that underlies the pathology of artherosclerosis. This enzyme is a membrane protein known to be preferentially bound within the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells, from which location it esterifies cholesterol derived from low density lipoprotein. Cultures of insect cells were separately infected with baculovirus containing the gene for green fluroescent protein (GFP) and with baculovirus containing tandem genes for GFP and ACAT. These infected cultures expressed GFP and the fusion protein GCAT, respectively, with maximum expression occurring on the fourth day after infection. Extraction of GFP- and of GCAT-expressing cells with urea and detergent resulted in recovery of fluorescent protein in aqueous solution. Fluorescence spectra at neutral pH were identical for both GFP and GCAT extracts in aqueous solution, indicating unperturbed tertiary structure for the GFP moiety within GCAT. In a cholesterol esterification assay, GCAT demonstrated ACAT activity, but with less efficiency compared to native ACAT. It was hypothesized that the membrane protein ACAT would lead to differences in localization of GCAT compared to GFP within the respective expressing insect cells. The GFP marker directly and also within the fusion protein GCAT was accordingly used as the intracellular probe that was fluorescently analyzed by the new biophotonics technique of hyperspectral imaging. In that technique, fluorescence imaging was obtained from two dimensional arrays of cells, and regions of interest from within those images were then retrospectively analyzed for the emission spectra that comprises the image. Results of hyperspectral imaging of insect cells on day 4 postinfection showed that GCAT was preferentially localized to the cytoplasm of these cells compared to GFP. Furthermore, the emission spectra obtained for the localized GCAT displayed a peak blue shift from 518nm obtained in neutral aqueous solution to 505nm obtained in localized regions within the cells. This blue shift indicates change in the fluorescence coupling of the GFP moiety of GCAT. It is hypothesized that change in tertiary environment of GCAT, coincident with intracellular deposition of GCAT, follows from intracellular trafficking of GCAT leading to membrane interactions with the ACAT moiety, and/or self-assembly of GCAT, that alters the chromophore environment of the GFP moiety of GCAT. These findings introduce a new technique of biophotonic imaging to studies of intracellular protein trafficking and interactions. This technique of hyperspectral imaging could contribute to advancing the emergent field of proteomics. Because of the noninvasive nature of this technique, kinetic processes associated with intracellular protein trafficking, and interactions of proteins within cellular domains, can be considered for investigation within a single cell as well as a cell population.


This article focuses on studying biotechnologies for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals to determine further the most effective methods for cleaning soils from the action of toxicants with their subsequent implementation in practice. The soil restoration methods were analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages were identified, making it possible to establish that biological methods are the safest and most environmentally friendly. The expediency of using biological methods lies in the possibility of breeding strains of microorganisms that destroy soil toxicants. However, the efficiency of microbial cultures is not equally high due to a narrow range of favorable conditions for functioning, the risk of manifestation of the phenomenon of degeneration of microorganisms until the required level of soil purification is achieved. This confirms the prospects for the further development of this direction and the search for ways to eliminate certain disadvantages of biological methods. For an integrated biotechnological solution to soil remediation, a scheme of aerobic plants was developed, which is characterized by two stages: aerobic soil cultivation with biocomposite and a phytoremediation stage for additional purification and control of the content of toxicants in the soil.


This paper presents a study of microstructures and properties of pure copper and copper–fullerene-soot (Cu-FS) composite materials produced by mechanical milling followed by hot pressing. The electrochemical etching method was successfully applied to reveal the fragmented structure of the specimens produced by high-energy ball milling. It is shown the carbon nanoparticles are involved in the composite microstructure formation. Copper–fullerene-soot composite materials have a complex microstructure with a bimodal grain distribution. Both recrystallized (average 3 μm) and polygonized (155 nm) grains are observed in the microstructure. Thus, in the case of pure copper, due to the absence of carbon nanoparticles, only recrystallized grains are observed in the microstructure. The Cu-FS composite has a hardness up to 160 HV and thermal stability up to 700 °C.


ABSTRACT Modern scholars generally agree that in Geoffrey Chaucer's sound system, [e:] and [ε] were both full phonemes, a situation paralleled with the back vowels [o:] and [ɔ:]. Unfortunately, Chaucer's verse fairly frequently rhymes words that should have /e:/ (according to diachronic criteria) with words in which one expects /ε:/. The prevailing explanation for their occurrence insists that Chaucer created the faulty rhymes neither through ignorance nor poetic license; instead, he liberally employed common variant pronunciations from fourteenth-century London English. This paper argues that the study of rhymes has been heavily determined by a belief that this literary artifice, studied in a context informed by the knowledge of historical phonology, may permit us to recover facts of Chaucer's pronunciation that otherwise would be irretrievable. The connections between this presupposition and Derrida's critique of the spoken versus the written are revealed, suggesting that rhymes possess their own unique written properties. In a three-stage analysis, scholarly attention is redirected toward rhymes as a graphological phenomenon.


The free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH is a user facility delivering photon pulses down to 4 nm wavelength. Recently, the second FEL undulator beamline 'FLASH2' was added to the facility. Operating in self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) mode, the exponential amplification process is initiated by shot noise of the electron bunch resulting in photon pulses of limited temporal coherence. In seeded FELs, the FEL process is initiated by coherent seed radiation, improving the longitudinal coherence of the generated photon pulses. The conceptual design of a possible seeding option for the FLASH2 beamline envisages the installation of the hardware needed for high-gain harmonic generation (HGHG) seeding upstream of the already existing undulator system. In this contribution, we present the beamline design and numerical simulations of the seeded FEL.


The plaster cast model (PCM) needs to precisely reproduce the patient's dentition to ensure optimal fit of the surgical splint; However, transporting physical models entails a risk of fracture of cusps, brackets or entire models. This study evaluated whether clinically significant differences (>1 mm) exist between the patient's dentition and the PCM, and whether additional fractures occur from transportation from Odense, Denmark, to Rockhill, USA. This prospective study enrolled 10 orthognathic surgical patients. Three digital models were produced per patient: A direct intraoral scan, a scan of the PCM in Odense, Denmark, and a scan of the PCM at 3D Systems, Rockhill, USA. Primary outcome was distance between 2 sets of digital models. Primary predictor was transportation. The study found only 2 patients with no differences above 1 mm. Fractures occurred more often on brackets compared with teeth (Odds ratio: 5.4; P < .001). Fractures of brackets occurred twice as often on maxillary models (P = .045). Fractures occurred equally often during the 2 transportations. In conclusion, surgical splints produced from PCM could incorporate inaccuracies primarily related to the orthodontic appliances. Therefore, it is recommended to minimize model transportation before digitization and preferably use intraoral scanning to minimize errors. Key words: Orthognathic surgery, Surgical splints, dental models, digital occlusion, intraoral scanner, plaster cast model.


A survey of all the experiments carried out over the past decade to verify theoretical predictions for the observation of solar neutrons is presented and discussed. The conclusions drawn from this discussion are: (1) the Solar Probe Mission is important in order to discover the low energy neutrons of solar origin; (2) this discovery is likely to carry very useful information about the nature, the locale, the lifetime and the mode of operation of the acceleration processes in the solar atmosphere; and (3) this information will lead to a rapid development of the science of solar meteorology and the more rapid forecasting of solar activity, on a long-term basis.


A m anifestly N = 2 supersym m etric cosetform alism isapplied to analysethe"ferm ionic" extensions of N = 2 a = 4 and a = (cid:0) 2 K dV hierarchies. Both these hierarchies can be obtained from a m anifest N = 2 cosetconstruction.Thiscosetisde(cid:12)ned asthe quotient ofsom e localbut non-linear superalgebra by a d U (1) subalgebra. Three superextensions of N = 2 K dV hierarchy are proposed,am ong which one seem s to be entirely new.


Myeloid differentiation in blasts is distinguished by the presence of one or more needle‐shaped crystalline structures called Auer rods. Auer rods manifest either alone or as faggot cells (containing bundles of Auer rods) in various types of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN). Their presence largely portends a better prognosis in AML (as markers of maturation/differentiation) and upstages cases of MDS and MDS/MPN. Observation of these rods in residual blasts in treated cases of AML indicates an absence of remission. This article traces their historical discovery and examines their pathogenetic intricacies, as well as our current understanding of their relevance in myeloid neoplasms. Studies evaluating their prognostic impact in AML and MDS are catalogued. We also discuss a variety of other hematological and non‐hematological neoplasms where structures potentially mistakable for Auer rods have been described. Even as the diagnostic approach to hematological malignancies has evolved from a morphology + cytochemistry + immunophenotyping‐dependent one in the last century to a predominantly molecular genetics‐based classification currently, and even as high‐throughput sequencing and structural variation detection techniques surpass morphology in detecting clinically‐relevant sub‐categories of similar‐appearing tumours, we review these curious microscopic structures that have withstood the test of time with respect to their diagnostic relevance.


Increasing concentration of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is leading to the prompt shifts in climate across the globe. Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC) has listed six gases namely carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride [1]. Among agriculture sector, enteric fermentation is the single largest source of methane emission [2]. Livestock contribute up to 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions in the form of methane [3]. Livestock are annually emitting about 90Tg of methane due to the enteric fermentation [4]. The contribution of Indian livestock to global enteric methane emission is 9.25Tg per year [5]. Methane is listed as one of the important greenhouse gases not because of abundance, but also due to its global warming potential. Due to the massive negative environmental impacts and reduce animal feed efficiency, a search for developing suitable and effective methane mitigation strategy in ruminants is underway. Since last two decades, many strategies have been developed and tested for the reduction in enteric methane emission; however, most of them could not be implemented at the field level. The factors such as variable reduction, cost of test materials, transitory effect, impact on host animal and denizen microbes pose hindrances in the adoption of such approaches at the farmer's doorstep [6]. For example, ionophores such as monensin and lasalocid have been largely used for the reduction of enteric methane emission; however, the results always Crimson Publishers Wings to the Research Research Article


The dependence of switching rate on the crystal thickness has been measured by Merz and explained by him in terms of a surface layer which has a low dielectric constant, and is about 10−4 cm thick. While not explicitly stated in Merz' original arguments, the layer must have a reversible polarization. If a layer without a reversible polarization is assumed, instead, and the discontinuity of the normal component of polarization at the interface between the layer and the bulk is taken into account, then a much thinner layer (∼1 atomic thickness) will explain the thickness dependence. This layer can be taken to be very lossy, so that it has a relaxation time (for the disappearance of electric fields) short compared to the switching time, and yet the layer will still be completely effective in slowing down domain wall motion.


A high-purity yttrium, purity excluding rare-earth elements and gas components is more than 5N, Al, Fe, high purity yttrium and high purity yttrium sputtering target, characterized in that Cu is 1wtppm or less, respectively. The material of the crude yttrium oxide purity following 4N excluding gas components, and molten salt electrolysis at a bath temperature 500 to 800 ° C. to obtain a yttrium crystals, then the yttrium crystal, desalting treatment, after washing with water and drying , and electron beam melting to remove volatiles, the method of producing a high-purity yttrium, characterized by the purity excluding rare earth elements and gas components and more 5N. And to provide a technique which can provide efficient and stable thin film for metal gate mainly comprising sputtering target and high purity yttrium composed of high-purity yttrium.


Dr. Hanks is Professor of Philosophy, an Affiliate Professor of Materials Science, Engineering, and Commercialization, and a member of the Steering Committee for the Interdisciplinary Program in Sustainability Studies at Texas State University. His book "Technology and Values" (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) is in revision for a second edition, and his new book "Technological Musings" is forthcoming, with "Technology and Transcendence" in development. He is a member of the editorial board for Philosophy in the Contemporary World, and an editor for the book series Philosophy of Engineering and Technology (Springer). During 2013 and 2014, Professor Hanks is a Co-PI on a National Science Foundation Grant with colleagues from Texas State (Dr. Jitendra Tate, Ingram School of Engineering, Mr. Satyajit Dutta, Ingram School of Engineering) and University of Texas at Tyler (Dr. Dominick Fazarro, Human Resource Development and Technology). The purpose of the grant is to develop introductory and advanced curricula that address social, ethical, environmental, health, and safety issues of nanotechnology.


In recent years public health problems caused by indoor air pollution, known as 'Sick Building Syndrome in housing', or 'Sick House Syndrome' in Japan, have been drawing strong public concern. After conducting extensive exposure assessment, government authorities have taken effective measures to solve the problem. However, as a result of diversification and increase in quantities of industrial chemicals, existing regulations do not cover enough ranges of various potential hazardous chemicals. Hence, the regulations seek to be changed from hazard‐based regulation to a risk‐based one. Good indoor air quality (IAQ), which does not pose unacceptable health risks from all pollutants affecting indoor air, should be ensured for all public people. The objective of this study is to clarify the remaining issues to be solved urgently, related to the regulations to ensure a good IAQ. We reviewed enormous numbers of the existing governmental and industrial voluntary standards and/or guidelines, literature and documents concerning IAQ research in the past 40 years. Our results showed six subjects from those remaining issues. Based on these subjects we created a new scheme to control the IAQ; we especially regarded a comprehensive labeling system as one of the important strategies.


This thesis explores the theoretical debate regarding the pursuit of weak versus strong sustainability (SS). It is argued that the choice between these paradigms needs
better scientific information plus knowledge of citizen preferences in order to be resolved.
The novelty of this research lies in providing an empirical test of Aldred (2002) and Turner (2007) who claim that investment in social capital such as schools and hospitals may be an adequate compensation measure when environmental damages occur. Following Pearce et al. (2006) and Atkinson et al. (1997) the benefits of preserving natural capital are also analysed through a contingent valuation (CV) study
in which environmental damages of different sizes and consequences are depicted. The main research questions are: Are the views of elites and citizens as regards
sustainability similar? Do citizens exhibit strong sustainability preferences with regards to compensation schemes? Can the use of CV help substantiate the case for strong sustainability? These research questions are answered undertaking a mixed methodological approach. Elite interviews, focus groups and a survey explore expert
and non-expert views on sustainability. Statistical analyses confirm Aldred's (2002) and Turner's (2007) claim. However, a significant number of respondents choose natural capital as the preferred compensation option. Multinomial logit models used show the main characteristics that determine the likelihood of choosing a given compensation option. Answers to the compensation question leads to the expectation that respondents to the valuation question will pay significantly more to avoid larger environmental damages. This expectation is confirmed by the statistical analyses undertaken. Interval data models provide information on the variables that determine willingness to pay. The results are encouraging as they signal scope sensitivity but doubts remain over whether CV can adequately capture preferences when evaluating environmental losses as willingness
to pay amounts are not proportional to the damages described.


This study investigates the day of the week effect in the Shanghai Stock Market.The ARMA-GARCH-M?EGARCH-M and FIGARCH-M modeling strategy employed allows for simultaneous examination of the day of week effects in market return and market variability.Empirical findings show that the day of the week effect is present in both return and volatility equation.In the same time the long memory effect exists in the volatility process and trading volume.The mixed distribution hypothesis(MDH) is employed to explain this phenomenon,with information as one potential important reason.


Patterns of spatial variation of precipitation and runoff have been studied at the annual time scale for Costa Rica. Stochastic interpolation using data from the meteorological and hydrological networks were used to produce digital precipitation maps, as well as runoff maps. In the latter case the basin area has been taken into account. The maps were produced by integrating along the rivers to achieve basin-average values. Linking these estimated basin values for the two studied variables assists in developing the water balance constraints. It proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool for data in an exploratory phase of studying patterns of variability. The development of the maps assisted in gaining insight into the basic processes such as systematic underestimation of precipitation in areas with cloud forest due to horizontal precipitation, local patches of very high precipitation or of rain shadow as well as basins with leakage to deep groundwater.


Matlab has powerful data processing and graphics display capabilities,but its execution efficiency is very low,and programs developed based on Matlab platform can not run away from their own environment.VC++ can develop user interface powerfully and execute fast,but its programming is very tedious.It can design the powerful application system quickly through combining the advantages of both.To solve the problem that how to combine both of them,study programming by combining Matlab with VC++ based on Matcom,and give an example about curve fitting to show the specific steps.The conclusion shows that the method that combined programming of Matlab and VC++ is not only simple,but also can give full play to the advantages of both to shorten the development cycle.


Climate plays very important role in architecture designing. It has so many parameters to govern the climate as a whole. The resultant after applying the climate parameters is quite different than normal architectural design. While in architectural designing, the architects have to consider all the parameters together to achieve sustainable energy efficient and green building.


This study began in 1958 as an investigation of the adjustment problems of Mexican-Americans in a highly visible barrio on the outskirts of Racine, Wisconsin. It was believed that an understanding of the process of value assimilation would explain their success or lack of success in adjusting to Anglo society. However, as we have come to see it, and as does anyone who has seen the research reports, motivation, education, and experience play a smaller part in determining how far people rise than is usually considered to be the case. When the study began, no one considered it a project encompassing the problems of people in the Negro community (Negroes were not interviewed until 1960) as well as in the Mexican-American community, nor had anyone considered the possibility of reintervieving everyone 10 years later, as has been done. While the research now includes the problems of both the Mexican-American and Negro communities, it also focusses on the organization of the entire city and how this organization affects the relative economic absorption and cultural integration of its most recent immigrants. The researchers now perceive the social and economic status of Mexican-American and Negro immigrants as a matter of concern to the entire community rather than as an adjustment problem of the residents of the barrio or the inner city--and a problem related to the organization of individuals. (Author/61M) Lyle W. Shannon et al. 'ST t)i. HIF ALTO, 1.11.P,«Tn Agt .*.A* q "4 :4 LC) X% kV. . , 4.,110


A facile method to synthesize WO3·H2O square nanoplates via a mild aging (50°C) of ion-exchanged precursor was developed. The ion-exchanged precursor was prepared by passing the sodium tungstate solution (Na2WO4) through a protonated cationexchange resin, and used as impurity-free acidified solution (H2WO4) for synthesizing WO3·H2O nanoplates. No shape-directing additive was employed. It was observed that the yellow particles were precipitated under aging at 50°C. After aging for 8 h, the precipitated particles were characterized as the WO3·H2O nanoplates, and their morphological evolution to square platelet proceeded with an increase of aging time. After aging for 24 h, the WO3·H2O square nanoplates were predominantly synthesized. The square nanoplates consisted of a few or several stacked thin layers (thickness, 310nm/layer), and provided the well-defined {010} facet for two dominantly exposed surfaces and {101} side facets. Their lateral dimension reached several hundreds of nanometers. It is thus demonstrated that the mild aging (50°C) of the ion-exchanged precursor is a simple and impurity-free synthetic route for WO3·H2O square nanoplates. In addition, the monoclinic WO3 nanoplates were successfully obtained by dehydration-induced topochemical transformation of the WO3·H2O nanoplates. ©2013 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved.


In search of improved design, Reliability Based Design Optimization using probabilistic constraints has evolved as a powerful tool, however extensive computational efforts necessary for RBDO being one of the biggest challenges in this field. In order to evaluate probabilistic constraints, single loop and double loop strategies have been successfully used, the number of function evaluations being a decisive comparison criteria. However, when applied to complicated functions, above techniques lead to much higher number of function evaluations. Efforts to make RBDO technique computationally feasible have generated superior single loop strategy presented in this paper, dealing with the approximated form of the original functions. At the same time, improved Most Probable Point search algorithm has been used providing modified gradient information for fast convergence of the constraints. Above method is successfully tested on some problems, and results are compared with those obtained from other standard methods of RBDO dealing with original functions.


A method is proposed for synthesis of antenna arrays consisting of narrow strip-dipole antennas printed on a thin dielectric substrate. Approximately antiresonant dipoles (i.e., dipoles about one wavelength long) are considered, because by moderate variation of their width and length their impedance can be varied in a wide range. A method for analysis of such arrays is described first, in which the printed strip dipoles are replaced by approximately equivalent circular-cylindrical dipoles with coaxial magnetic coating, using recently proposed generalization of equivalent radius of thin cylindrical antennas. An interactive optimization procedure is next applied for synthesis, which enables arrays to be obtained having array radiation pattern and, particularly, dipole impedances close to the desired.


A new poly(vinyl chloride) membrane based electrochemical sensor containing synthesized triazole compound, that is, bis-(4-N-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkane (BAMTA) as an electroactive material was prepared and investigated as a chromium(III) selective sensor. The optimum composition of the best performing membrane contained triazole, sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB), nitrophenyl octyl-ether (NPOE), and polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) in the ratio 10 : 2 : 50 : 38 w/w. The sensor exhibited near Nernstian slope of  mV/decade of activity in the working concentration range of  M. It displayed a stable potential response in the pH range 3.4–5.2. The sensor exhibited a fast response time of less than 10 s and could be used for at least 6 weeks without any considerable divergence in potentials. The proposed sensor showed very good selectivity over most of the common cations including Li


A convenient method for synthesis of novel 1-[pyrimidinyl], 1-[1,3,5-triazin-2-carbonyl], and 1-[thiazol-5-carbonyl] derivatives of 3-thioxo-diaziridine , , , and from corresponding hydrazides, CS2, and KOH is elaborated. The highest reaction yield was observed when these initial reagents were taken in molar ratio of 1:1.7:2.0, respectively. By alkylation of compounds , , , and that proceeds exclusively at sulfur atom, the 3-sulfanyl derivatives of 1-[pyrimidinyl]-, 1-[1,3,5-triazin-2-carbonyl]-, and 1-[thiazol-5-carbonyl]-diazirines , , , and were formed. The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectra (MS), and elemental analysis. The fungicidal activities of S-substituted derivatives were studied. Data of preliminary biological tests testify that these compounds can be of interest in search for new fungicides. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).


This study attempts to estimate the rate of inflation in Pakistan through stochastic approach to index numbers which provides not only point estimate but also confidence interval for the rate of inflation. There are two types of approaches to index number theory namely: the functional economic approaches and the stochastic approach. The attraction of stochastic approach is that it estimates the rate of inflation in which uncertainty and statistical ideas play a major roll of screening index numbers. We have used extended stochastic approach to index numbers for measuring inflation by allowing for the systematic changes in the relative prices. We use CPI data covering the period July 2001--March 2008 for Pakistan.


Let K be a real abelian field with conductor a, an odd prime, and let /i/< denote its class number. A result by Jakubec (1993) gives a criterion for the divisibility of li/< by an odd prime p. We state an analogous result for p = 2 and prove it by using the 2-adic class number formula. An application concerns the parity of li/


In recent studies, public spaces are defined as living organisms that are subjected to continuous change. These changes affect the different uses of the urban space, its composition and design aspects, in order to cope with the users' changing needs. Rather than that, users intervene in the space formation either formally, by including the community and stakeholders in the design process fully or partially; or informally, by small or big actions done by the space users in order for the space to satisfy their current needs. Several spaces in Cairo are dealt with as leftovers of the buildings design and construction process. These spaces have passed through several changes that affected and was affected by the Cairines (Cairo citizens) and their culture of dealing with public spaces to accommodate their changing needs. The deficiency in public spaces in Cairo urban spaces is reviewed. And the inability of the formal designed/planned spaces to respond to the spaces' users with their changing needs is investigated throughout the research. In order to focus on a public space in Nasr city district in Cairo, sequential mapping to the area over different ages is carried on, examining the changes -formally and informally- in the space to cope with area users. That is accompanied by surveys and questionnaires that aim to determine the needs of the users in the space and whether they are met or not. The questionnaire also aims to measure the level of intervention and satisfaction of the users in this space, to explain how its users intervene in adapting to the existing formal design, and to find out how these interventions shape and affect directly and indirectly the dynamism of the space as a formal planned public space.
The paper aims to review and find out theories and practices that provide solutions for dealing with non-designed open spaces development in terms of users changing needs and contributions. The results from the study show some development considerations that need to be respected in Cairo public spaces with more concern for people's usage and interaction with the space.


IntroductionIt is commonly accepted that females face strong discrimination in society. In fact, gender discrimination is culturally rooted and dates back hundreds of years. Anecdotal evidence comes from numerous proverbs that can be found in various cultures and societies around the globe:A Hindu proverb (1): "They who are full of sin beget only daughters."An English proverb (2): "Two daughters and a back door are three errant thieves."A Japanese proverb (3): "Having three daughters is a sure way to stay poor"In a society where women are traditionally of less social value, parents treat sons better than daughters, as the former is a better economic investment into the household's future. Not surprisingly, several comparative studies have reported intra-household allocation biases with regard to vital resources such as foodstuff and medicine (4,5). In a worldwide meta- analysis, boys were found to be more often sent to doctors and hospitals than their female peers: in 26 studies, sons were more often treated during illness compared to only 14 surveys where daughters more frequently received medical care (see table 1). In a similar vein, boys more often received food from their parents than girls: in five studies, preferential treatment of foodstuff was given to sons, whereas in only two surveys, daughters were more often fed.Food intake and care of illness ratios (see table 1) are both common input indicators of human welfare, generally understood as proxies for gross nutritional or gross health status. Another common way to assess gender bias regarding the intra-household allocation of resources by parents is by examining output indicators of human well-being, notably net nutritional or net health indicators such as height (and sometimes weight). This is because children become stunted in stature if they consume a lesser quantity and quality of food, and outbreak of disease leads to human growth retardation as energy input is first allocated to the immune system. At the same time, many diseases such as tuberculosis are nutritionally related, implying that patients would have not been infected if they had been consuming a proper diet. In a meta-analysis on stunting according to gender, previous research found that actually more boys than girls were stunted (see table 1). This paradoxically means that parents might have preferred daughters (35 studies) as opposed to sons (six studies) regarding the intra-household allocation of medical and nutritional resources. This is a disturbing finding that fundamentally contradicts the anecdotal evidence indicated in the proverbs mentioned above. More importantly, it also opposes evidence from input indicators based on food intake and care of illness (Table 1), both of which demonstrate a bias in favor of sons.In this paper, worldwide gender disparities are reassessed by conducting another meta-analysis of gender-specific stunting rates. Therefore, this paper introduces a new, more comprehensive and global data source for this purpose. The descriptive analysis of the new data pays special attention to the identification of regional patterns in gender discrimination. Second, statistical regression analysis is conducted to identify which factors might have impacted male versus female stunting ratios around the globe. Lastly, some logical explanations are given for the paradoxical finding that sons were more often stunted than daughters, even though men seem to be historically privileged and receive more food and medical provisions within the household.MethodsSince the 1970s, child undemutrition has been commonly measured by three indicators: height-for- age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height (6). This research focuses on height-for-age as an indicator of undemutrition among pre-school children. Unlike weight-for-age or weight-for-height indicators, which are sensitive to environmental changes in the short mn, height is an indicator of chronic malnutrition and overall underlying living conditions (6) since growth deficits in height accumulate over longer periods of time. …


In this study, we investigate the differential geometry of contact pseudo-slant submanifolds of a (LCS)n -manifold. The necessary and sufficient conditions for contact pseudo-slant submanifolds of a (LCS)n-manifold are given.


This study, Palestine & Israel through the eyes of the Swedish newsmedia, has examined how four Swedish newspapers framed the Israel-Palestine conflict between the years 2008-2018, as well as h ...


On the basis of the practice on work of extra-insufficient control and the subsidence of vault and the earth's surface,cases of engineering surveying techniques applied in the construction supervision in tunnels are discussed.


Comparative literature came into being early in the Nineteenth century when the discourse of national literatures arose to vital prominence. It shows the value and importance of encountering literature from outside one's own culture. The paper tries to trace the portrayal and significance of the theme of death in selected poems of both Christina Rossetti (1830-1894) who was one of the leading female poets of the Victorian era in English literature and Mahwee (1830-1906) who is regarded one of the most outstanding Kurdish poets from Kurdistan of Iraq.
       Accepting death as a part of life is explicitly depicted in the selected poems, especially since the two poets are Muslims and Christians and believed in the afterlife besides their dwelling on intellectual and religious pursuits, and contemplating the soul and the eternal hereafter. Thus, the study hypothesizes the existence of resembling and close thematic scenes of death showed by both poets, who nearly lived in the same century, in spite of their different religions, nations, and cultures. Also, it adopts the form of the literary theorist Ihab Hassan (1925-2015) concerning the American school for comparative literature to tackle the topic following MLA system of documentation, and it ends up with a conclusion and list of works cited.


In this issue of PACE, Goldsher et al. describe the safe scanning of a patient requiring a cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shortly (hours) after implantation of a pacemaker.1 Why publish another case report of a patient with a pacemaker undergoing MRI? At once, this case report provides insight into a number of important issues; namely, the evolutionary and difficult process of "expert"-driven guidelines as well as the need for clinicians to "step outside the boundaries" of what these guidelines suggest is advisable. Finally, at the very least, this case report reminds us again of the urgent need to develop pacemakers (and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators) that are fully MRI safe and compatible. And while this case report is important insofar as it shows (again) that pacemaker-dependent patients can be safely scanned, it also helps dispel the myth that newly implanted pacemaker patients need to wait for an extended length of time prior to MRI to allow lead and pulse generator encapsulation. Despite this, the safe MRI of the patient described by Goldsher et al. should not further the magical thinking of those who believe that "modern" devices are MRI safe. Recent publications in both the medical literature and the lay press have called attention to the intellectual pedigree of medical guidelines, noting that there are "plenty of guidelines, but where's the evidence,"2 and that their creation is often "idiosyncratic and error prone."2 The recent European position paper on "MRI imaging in individuals with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices" recommends "devices must have been in place preferably for at least 4–8 weeks prior to MR imaging."3 This position is echoed by a recent publication from an experienced center outlining "how to perform MRI on cardiac device patients."4 No doubt, these recommendations are largely based on the perceived need for the system to encapsulate, preventing movement of the system and perhaps dislodgement of the lead when exposed to the powerful forces of the MRI's static magnetic field.


This paper discusses the conditions for realizing the potential of future technologists at the educational level of secondary vocational education in the process of teaching chemistry: organization of the learning process, taking into account the characteristics of chemical training of students; use in the educational process of techniques for creating a situation of success. Contributing to the realization of the potential of students, it is possible to achieve good results in their professional training.


Single atom catalysts (SACs) with the maximum atom utilization, well-distributed active sites, and various metal-support interactions have been proven to be new frontiers in electrocatalysis. A suitable support is usually...


It is shown that there are two equivalent field potentials for massless spin‐2 fields in (3,2)–de Sitter space; a symmetric two‐tensor and a three‐tensor of mixed symmetry. Each theory carries two inequivalent Gupta–Bleuler triplets, which correspond to the two helicities. They differ in their behavior at spatial infinity. All four fields appear when writing linear conformal gravity in de Sitter space. Two of them describe the unitary conformal gravitons, and two describe part of the conformal ghost.


This is a short survey of some geometrical and categorical approaches to the representation theory of several algebras related to Hecke algebras, including cyclotomic Hecke algebras, double affine Hecke algebras and quiver-Hecke algebras. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). 06B15.


In this paper, the author reviewed his mathematical analysis with FDTD simulations on metamaterial perfect match layer (PML). It was demonstrated that a unixial medium with specifically designed permittivity and permeability values could produce the desired PML and permeability values could produce the desired PML behavior.The interesting aspect of this was not only the originally developed two-time derivative Lorentz material (2-TDLM) ABC, but the 2-TDLM model itself and a restricted version, the 1-TDLM model. These novel material models enabled the development of ABCs that were perfectly matched to lossy dielectric materials. Moreover, the 2-TDLM model and its proposed realizations were one of the precursors to artificial media that we now call metamaterials.


Middle Island Resources Ltd managing director Rick Yeates has left the door open for a potential move away from the gold-rich region of West Africa.


This article examines the linguistic and ethnographic nature of taboos and euphemisms as one of the topical issues of lexicology and stylistics of the Kazakh language. The question of the origin and spread of taboos has been studied in detail. The classification of taboos and euphemisms of the Kazakh language is given. Taboos and euphemisms that arose at an early stage of language development due to religious beliefs, as well as customs that once existed among the people, are studied. Forbidden words and euphemisms that arose on a different social basis, which includes etiquette, established moral norms, etc., are classified, techniques and language means of euphemization are identified. The role and function of taboos and euphemisms in changing the meaning of words and enriching the vocabulary and developing the culture of speech are defined.


There exist relatively little emphasis on assessment in the preparation and professional development of teachers. In light of this and current demands for comprehensive evaluation amidst contemporary theories of learning and motivation, this article attempts to establish the rationale for the use of formative and summative assessment in educational enterprise. The paper delved into the concept and typology of assessment, validity, reliability and manageability of assessment, purposes and uses of assessment and the relationship between formative and summative assessment. The paper concludes that both formative and summative assessments are necessary tools in every educational system because through them administrative decisions such as ability streaming, selection and certification are taken. Keywords: formative assessment, summative assessment, appraisal, evaluation


Real-time photosynthetic rate monitoring is crucial for managing crop cultivation in greenhouses. Nederhoff and Vegter (1994) accordingly presented a canopy photosynthesis measurement method that enabled the accurate estimation of the greenhouse CO2 balance. The photosynthesis of cultivated plants in a greenhouse is directly related to the ventilation rate, which also affects the air temperature and humidity. Takakura et al. (2017) proposed a method for directly estimating the canopy photosynthetic rate by introducing the ventilation rate, determined from the greenhouse environmental parameters, into the CO2 balance equation. The ventilation is very complex as it is the result of the heat transfer processes of conduction, convection, and radiation occurring in a naturally ventilated greenhouse. Additionally, the ventilation rate has been found to be influenced by the presence of crops as well as the structure and design of the greenhouse, and has been observed to constantly fluctuate throughout the day (Mashonjowa et al., 2010). Therefore, it is necessary to continuously measure the ventilation rate in greenhouses used for cultivation. Various ventilation rate measurement techniques have been studied extensively, such as the tracer gas (TG), heat balance (HB), and water vapor balance (WVB) methods. The TG and HB methods are the most widely adopted for greenhouse ventilation rate measurement (Fernandez and Bailey, 1992). In previous research, the TG method has exhibited highly accurate air exchange rate measurement under leakage conditions (i.e., with the window apertures closed) and with the smallest window apertures (Fernandez and Bailey, 1992; Nederhoff et al., 1985; Baptista et al., 1999; Muñoz et al., 1999). Other studies have shown that the HB method achieves high accuracy with larger window apertures (Fernandez and Bailey, 1992; Baptista et al., 2001). However, the WVB method was found to estimate the ventilation rate more accurately than the TG method with small window apertures (Boulard and Draoui, 1995) and has been applied in a greenhouse used to cultivate mature plants (Harmanto et al., 2006). It is important to note that the TG method is not suitable for long-term, continuous ventilation rate measurement (Sherman, 1990) because it requires that a considerable amount of the TG be present in a greenhouse under cultivation, and SF6, which is often used as a TG, is quite expensive. Meanwhile, the HB technique requires numerous variables to measure the ventilation rate even when it is possible to do so continuously (Baptista et al., 1999). There are also several challenges associated with the WVB method related to the i) direct measurement of the transpiration rate parameter using a lysimetric device (Kittas et al., 2002); ii) overestimation of the ventilation rate at night (Mashonjowa et al., 2010); and iii) evaluation of the error


The frontal glands of Bothromesostoma personatum were examined using transmission electron microscopy. These glands have two types of rhabdoid gland cells; one type produces rhabdites and the other a different type of rod secretion (rhabdoids). The ultrastructure of the latter type is described, together with their origin. Long necks containing the rhabdoids emerge from the rhabdoid gland cell bodies and extend to the anterior end of the animal, where they release the rhabdoids. The rhabdoids are compared with the rhammites of other rhabditophoran species on the basis of their dye affinities, formation mechanism, and ultrastructure.


Background: On time diabetes diagnosis dramatically reduces the many injuries and damage in the community. Diabetes is a disease that requires a lot of care in addition to prevention, such as prediction the correct level of blood sugar fluctuations. The most important complications of such disease are anesthesia, coma and even death at final. Today, in these patients, determining the correct dose of insulin is based on the experience and knowledge of physicians along with the interaction of patients with them, although human error is inevitable. Methods: This study includes 124 patients and 188 healthy suspects were examined based on 21 features which hold by 7 features for diagnosis and 14 features for predicting insulin dose. The proposed system was presented to identify or diagnose the disease at first, and finally the correct doses of insulin for patients have been determine. The proposed system has two stages (which include diagnosis and prediction) and several subsystems. In the diagnosis phase, some sub systems such as the Fuzzy system for the purpose of accurately estimating the disease progression in patients and the decision tree (DT) for the preparation of rules in the fuzzy system (the process of mapping the attribute space (individuals) to the output (the diagnostic result)) have used. Also, in the prediction phase of insulin dose, the BPSO algorithms are used to select the best features. Classification algorithms (SVMs) are used to categorize effective to non-effective and adaptive artificial neuropsychological (ANFIS) systems for ultimate patient prediction have used. Results: The proposed system, based on the best features in the provided data base in the form of the combination and interaction, succeeded to achieve a 95.1% precision, of course due to comparing by other commonly used methods and its performance the proposed method have high precision. Conclusion: The results were significantly improved compared to previous studies. Also, in comparison with the results of physicians, it is indicative of good performance in predicting the accuracy of the time series of glucose concentration because the proposed system succeeded in predicting blood sugar levels for up to 48 hours.


The primary action of human chorionic gonadotrophin, which stimulates both growth and steroido-genesis in ovary, could be control of production and distribution of energy in mitochondria. The presence in the ovary of a dual cytochrome system (a normal respiratory chain and a cytochrome P-450-containing chain), such as that described by Cammer & Esta-brook (1967a) for the adrenal gland, could enable controlled distribution of energy between ATP production and steroidogenesis. This work aims to establish whether such a system exists in rat ovary and to determine the effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on the cytochrome concentrations.


T HERE is no disease which has been such an alluring field for investigation to the enthusiastic therapeutist as has pneumonia. This is readily explained by the fact that it is a selflimited disease of short duration and that it is apt to run its course quite independently of what the clinician strives to do. Provided we follow a few elementary rules of nursing, the pneumococcus and its host carry on the battle, cooly ignoring the pin pricks and the irritations of the anxious and over-zealous practitioner of medicine. Up to the past decade all therapeutic measures have been symptomatic, and as these are no doubt still important, we propose to discuss them first. It must be understood that we are speaking of the primary lobar pneumonia, and not those secondary to some other disease, as typhoid fever, influenza or one of the terminal pneumonias of the chronic maladies as cardio-renal insufficiency. As Means has recently well said, the symptomatic treatment of pneumonia has chiefly to do with the supply and demand of pulmonary ventilation. I think Means' attitude is the expression of the teachings of Haldane and his school, who have always insisted that "the physiology of to-day is the medicine of to-morrow." There is an increased demand for ventilation because of the following factors: (1) An increase in metabolism. (2) The existence of acidosis. (3) The presence of anoxemia. (4) A deficient blood flow. (5) Superventilation of the lung; and (6) Restriction of the vital capacity, due in part to the consolidation of the lung and in part to tympanites. The increase in metabolism can only be checked by combating the pneumococcus itself through the use of specific sera, but no doubt its effects can be restricted by supplying sufficient calories in the diet and by keeping down the fever by an ice bag and cooling sponges. The acidosis present is usually slight but may be of a marked degree. When such is true, as indicated by the usual laboratory tests of the urine and blood, we have followed the practice of Litchfield2in using intravenous glucose solution in high concentration (25%). The amount given is 500 cc., which is repeated in 12 to 24 hours, if necessary. Further, soda bicarbonate may be added to this solution as well as given in full doses by mouth and per rectum. The anoxemia or deficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood is an important factor according to Meakins3. Haldane, writes Barcroft4, believes "anoxemia not only stops the machine but wrecks the machinery." Decreased alveolar C02 and hyperpnoea are often associated with a condition of oxygen deficiency, according to MacLeods. Increase in H-ion concentration of the artdrial blood on account of the appearance of unoxidized acids has been considered as the possible cause for the symptoms of anoxemia. The only possible treatment is to raise the tension of the oxvgen in the alveolar air sufficiently to force some into solution in the plasma. There is probably no therapeutic measure that


NdxFe84-xB16(x=4,6,8,10) alloys were prepared by melt-spun and were annealed.Effect of heat treatment on magnetic properties of NdFeB alloys were researched.The results showed that the synthesized magnetic properties of Nd10Fe74B16 alloy was the best in four melt-spun samples at the same annealing condition;that the magnetic properties of Nd10Fe74B16 alloy annealed at 700 ℃ after 3 min was the best in all annealing condition.


Road verge remnant native vegetation often provides a last refuge for many endangered plant species. However, the value of road verge populations is often questioned because their relatively small size and isolation is expected to reduce both their reproductive potential and their genotypic diversity. We assessed the fitness, genetic variability and links with other populations of small, disjunct and highly disturbed road verge populations of the rare Australian shrub Grevillea barklyana. We found that a set of three road verge populations produced significantly more inflorescences and seed than three nearby nonverge populations. Using three random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers, we detected similar levels of genetic variability within and among road verge and nonverge populations. We detected a total of 23 polymorphic marker bands, which allowed us to assign a unique phenotype to each of 60 surveyed plants. AMOVA revealed that only 3.3 per cent of the total variability detected was attributable to variation between the two groups of populations. The majority (80 per cent) of variation occurred among individuals within populations, and 16.7 per cent occurred among populations within each population type. Surprisingly, this pattern of variation is similar to results reported for obligatorily outcrossing species. We conclude that our three road verge populations of G. barklyana have relatively great conservation value, as all were apparently as fecund and as genetically diverse as conspecific nonverge populations.


Investigations were made on the dislocation distribution near the crystal surface parallel to the crossslip plane of weakly deformed copper single crystals whose axial orientations lie on the great circle, (110)-(112), using an etch pit technique. The dislocation density was highest at the crystal surface. It rapidly decreased near the crystal surface (surface hardened layer) and then gradually in the interior with the distance from the crystal surface. The surface hardened layers in two crystals which were led just to the yielding point


Compression springs are one of the most important mechanical parts using in cars, airplanes, trains, machines and many other applications because of their flexibility. In this study, the investigation includes a comparison between two compression helical spring materials, the first made of "chromium-vanadium steel" and second made of "low carbon structural steel" to choose the optimum design. This study provides the designer with the possibility to choose the suitable springs in suspension systems and other uses in terms of wire diameter, a number of turns, deformation, shrinkage and coil diameter. Modelling by the Solidworks-17 has been done. As well as the use of ANSYS-16.1in the analysis. Where appears the variance in total stresses and total deflection of the spring for choosing the materials.
 Keywords: Helical compression spring, Deformation, suspension system.


Objective: To investigate the evidence-based care in neurosurgery practice in pressure sore prevention and its significance.Methods: Methods of evidence-based care in neurosurgery to prevent pressure sores in nursing practice,comprehensive evaluation.Results: None of the results of neurosurgical patients with pressure sores occur.Conclusion: The practice of evidence-based nursing care guidance to ensure the quality of care,improve the overall standard of care.


In this study, a new distributed fault estimation observer (DFEO) design method is proposed based on unknown input observer (UIO) for interconnected systems with external disturbances. The coupling terms among interconnected subsystems are utilised to construct DFEO. At the same time, according to the characteristics of UIO, external interference is completely decoupled to improve the robustness of fault estimation. Furthermore, the authors propose a multi-constraint design with robust H
 ∞
 and regional pole configurations to analyse and design gain matrices of DFEO, which can be calculated using linear matrix inequalities. Furthermore, asymptotic estimation of sensor faults is discussed with the help of DFEO. Finally, a simulation of the interconnected system is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.


Each machine's marginal product will be impacted by exogenous cyclical and temporal changes in demand. A capital stock measure holds the exogenous cyclical effects fixed, so they fall into its "shadow" price. But if technical change improves the productivity of labor using newer vintages, the stock will not be homogeneous and the cyclical impacts will be proportionally greater for older models. An alternative aggregate capital measure is devised that simply weights each machine by its contemporaneous marginal product. The new measure, which is a supplement to traditional capital measures rather than a replacement, varies flexibly with demand, and dramatically reduces the pro-cyclical volatility of Solow's [1957] residual. Quality adjustment assumes durable goods prices reflect marginal products, at odds with the neoclassical axiom that prices reflect discounted streams of future rents. The exogenous temporal effects of obsolescence will likely depress future rents of the oldest models fastest. This will be reflected in goods prices and may lead to an overstatement of quality change.


Examination at a clinical laboratory is highly varied among others hematology and clinical chemistry. One of clinical chemistry examination is uric acid. There is a time when samples are not directly worked on. Samples that experience delays may influence examination results. According to the Regulation of the Minister of Health serum samples can be stored under the temperature of 4o C for 5 days because on that temperature the level of uric acid in 4°C stored serum stays intact. The aim of this research is to figure out the difference between the examinations results of uric acid levels with the samples of fresh serum and stored serum under the temperature of 4° C. This scientific research is compiled based on the experimental data conducted in the Clinical Laboratory of Setia Budi University towards 30 samples of fresh serum and stored serum for 5 days under the temperature of 4°C and supported by published literatures. This examination on the levels of uric acid was done using TBHBA method (2,4,6-tri bromhydroxyl benzoid acid). The results of examination indicated elevated levels after the serum are being stored for 5 days under the temperature of 4°C. Statistical test Paired sample T Test resulted p= 0,000, which shows that there is a significant difference between the levels of uric acid on fresh serum and stored serum under the temperature of 4°C. Key words: Uric Acid, Fresh Serum, 4°C Stored Serum


The Italian Labour Force Survey belongs to the framework of the European Union Quarterly Labour Force Survey and satisfies completely all the EU Regulations. It has a 2-2-2 rotating sample, thus, given a quarterly sample, 50% of the households are interviewed again after 3 and 12 months. By matching the records associated to the same individual for the different quarters, it is possible to build longitudinal datasets and transition matrices. Longitudinal data allow an accurate evaluation of the level of labour market mobility, in particular at a time of economic recession when dynamics result markedly accentuated. This paper, thus, presents the complete framework to produce gross flows estimates consistent with the quarterly estimates already disseminated.


In computational experiments with cellular automaton models of affective solutions, where chemical species represent happiness, anger, fear, confusion and sadness, we study phenomena of space–time dynamic of emotions. We demonstrate feasibility of the affective solution paradigm in example of emotional abuse therapy. Results outlined in the present paper offer unconventional but promising technique to design, analyze and interpret spatio-temporal dynamic of mass moods in crowds.


W e review standard holographic derivations of the scalar glueballspectra and em phasize com putationalassum ptions which rely strongly on the originalAdS/CFT correspondence,and those which are m ore arbitrary. In the soft-wallm odel, we show explicitly that the dualof the spectralm assconstraintin the K (cid:127)allen-Lehm ann representation ofthe 2-pointscalargluonic correlatorisan eigenvalueconstrainton them otion equation ofthebulk (cid:12)eld corresponding this correlator.


The invention relates to a monitoring terminal of an intelligent video, which comprises a video collecting module which is used to receive a video stream of the CAM and switch a simulating video signal into a digit signal, a video encoding module which is used to receive a video stream signal of the video collecting module and carrying out encode, a network transmission module which is used to receive the video encoding module and realize communicating with the outside, and a detecting module which is used to check the motion target of a video picture in the video encoding module. Since the detecting module which is used to check the motion target is adopted by the video monitoring terminal, the terminal can not only realize the encode of the video in the monitoring terminal, but also check the motion target of the monitor spot, transmit the alarm information and the video pictures of the monitor spot by the network together, realize intelligentized video monitor, and not only fasten the check of the motion target but also improve the depth of the monitor.


The invention discloses a fusidic acid eye drop. The fusidic acid eye drop comprises the following components in weight per volume: 0.5 to 2 percent of fusidic acid, 0.2 to 2 percent of a thickener, 0.5 to 8 percent of an osmotic pressure regulator, 0.01 to 0.05 percent of a preservative, 0.02 to 1.0 percent of a metal ion chelating agent, 0.05 to 0.3 percent of a PH regulator, and water for injection. Moreover, the invention further provides a preparation method of the fusidic acid eye drop. Compared with the prior art, the fusidic acid eye drop and the preparation method thereof have the advantages that the fusidic acid eye drop achieves high quality stability, small and uniformly distributed medicinal particles, elimination of eye irritation, and good patient compliance; the preparation method is simple in technique, is applicable for industrial production, and can better reduce the production cost and guarantee the product quality.


Magnetic field draping occurs when the magnetic field lines frozen in a plasma flow wrap around a body or plasma environment. The draping of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) around the Earth's magnetosphere has been confirmed in the early days of space exploration. However, its global and three‐dimensional structure is known from modeling only, mostly numerical. Here, this structure in the dayside of the Earth's magnetosheath is determined as a function of the upstream IMF orientation purely from in‐situ spacecraft observations. We show the draping structure can be organized in three regimes depending on how radial the upstream IMF is. Quantitative analysis demonstrates how the draping pattern results from the magnetic field being frozen in the magnetosheath flow, deflected around the magnetopause. The role of the flow is emphasized by a comparison of the draping structure to that predicted to a magnetostatic draping.


As a subtype of Chinese imperative sentences, the "(N)bu V" sentence has a particular function of "soft persuasion", which includes the intimate attitude towards the listener, the arousing of the initiative of the listener, and the moderate demanding to the listener. The function comes from the mental and emotional congeniality the speaker tries to achieve with the listener. This kind imperative sentence is the result of empathy.


The ROBINSCA (Risk Or Benefit IN Screening for CArdiovascular disease) trial is a large-scale population-based randomized controlled screening trial with the aim to investigate whether screening for a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by means of either the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) model or coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring followed by preventive treatment is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). This study shows the results of the CVD risks as assessed by the two screening tools.

 Based on the Dutch population registry, 394,058 men aged 45–74 years and women aged 55–74 years received an information brochure, an invitation to participate in the trial, a baseline questionnaire with waist circumference tape and an informed consent form. Eligible individuals with an expected high CVD risk were randomized (1:1:1) into a control arm (n=14,519), intervention arm A (n=14,478) or intervention arm B (n=14,450). In the control arm, usual care was continued. In intervention arm A, participants were screened for a high risk of CVD using the SCORE model based on traditional risk factors. In intervention arm B, CAC scoring after computed tomography scanning was used for screening. After screening en risk communication, preventive treatment according to the Dutch guidelines is advised for high risk persons.

 Screening uptake was 84.2% in intervention arm A and 89.6% in intervention arm B. Of the screened participants, 48.7% was female, median age at screening was 62 (Interquartile Range 10), 35.2% was high educated, 19.6% was baseline smoker and 41.4% had a positive family history of myocardial infarction. The assessed CVD risk status according to SCORE screening was stratified into three risk categories; 45.1% was at low risk (SCORE<10%), 26.5% was at intermediate risk (SCORE 10–20%), and 28.4% was at high risk (SCORE ≥20%). According to CAC screening, 76.0% was at low risk (Agatston <100), 15.1% was at high risk (Agatston 100–399), and 8.9% was at very high risk (Agatston ≥400). Associations between baseline variables and increased CVD risk will be analyzed soon and will be available in summer 2019.

 Using different screening tools resulted in reclassification of the CVD risk. CAC screening caused a substantial shift to more low risk individuals. This might, when screening is found to be effective, lead to less overtreatment in prevention of CVD events. Future 5-year follow-up data should provide evidence about whether population-based screening with subsequent preventive treatment is (cost-)effective in reducing CHD-related morbidity and mortality.


Abstract The secondary phosphonate ester endo-2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 6 was prepared in stereoselective fashion for the first time by hydrogenation of 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 1. The precursor vinylphosphonate 1 was prepared by two different routes. Of these, the direct preparation of phosphonate 6 from norbornene in 76% overall yield proved to be the most convenient. Treatment of 6 with PCI5 at 105 °C gave exclusively endo dichloride 7. This same reaction at 120–140 °C gave a 3:1 ratio of endo- to exo-phosphonic dichlorides 7 and 8, respectively. When pure 7 or 8 were exposed to PC15 at 120–140 °C isomerization of each occurred.


This note shares our understanding about the 'non-cognitive' domain (as it is traditionally called) within the ambit of school education. It discusses what this domain entails and how it can be nurtured in children. It explores the means through which schools and teachers adapt processes and practices to nurture these essential capacities and dispositions in students. Finally, it proposes the Personal and Social Well-Being Framework, which provides a way for schools and teachers to ensure comprehensive development of children.


Six soils from the Colorado oil shale area were exposed to different concentrations of mercury vapor from elemental mercury and red HgO for periods of up to 13 months. These exposures were at room temperatures and under field conditions similar to those in the Piceance Creek basin. Large quantities of mercury were adsorbed by all soils at room temperature. Moderate quantities were adsorbed under field conditions, the amount being influenced by soil characteristics and temperature. Seasonal decrease in temperature or removal of samples from mercury exposure resulted in mercury loss. The most important soil parameters controlling mercury adsorption are amorphous oxides in the clay-sized fraction, reducible iron and manganese, and surface area.


We suggest in this article a dynamic reduced algorithm in order to enhance the monitoring abilities of nonlinear processes. Dynamic fault detection using data-driven methods is among the key technologies, which shows its ability to improve the performance of dynamic systems. Among the data-driven techniques, we find the kernel partial least squares (KPLS) which is presented as an interesting method for fault detection and monitoring in industrial systems. The dynamic reduced KPLS method is proposed for the fault detection procedure in order to use the advantages of the reduced KPLS models in online mode. Furthermore, the suggested method is developed to monitor the time-varying dynamic system and also update the model of reduced reference. The reduced model is used to minimize the computational cost and time and also to choose a reduced set of kernel functions. Indeed, the dynamic reduced KPLS allows adaptation of the reduced model, observation by observation, without the risk of losing or deleting important information. For each observation, the update of the model is available if and only if a further normal observation that contains new pertinent information is present. The general principle is to take only the normal and the important new observation in the feature space. Then the reduced set is built for the fault detection in the online phase based on a quadratic prediction error chart. Thereafter, the Tennessee Eastman process and air quality are used to precise the performances of the suggested methods. The simulation results of the dynamic reduced KPLS method are compared with the standard one.


The present invention is followed for the subsequent coating with hwangcheung describes a polymer-coated fertilizer, such as the addition of a polymer coated urea. Preferably, the polymer coating is formed by direct copolymerization of the site on the polymer component and the sulfur coated fertilizers. The composition provides good slow release, and steel to wear and impacts and provides a more economical than production substantially in surface than the polymer coated fertilizers. The improved polymer-sulfur-polymer-coated fertilizers


Cohesive software development teams are the most valuable engineering units in IT. However, the search of these teams is complicated by the need to analyze development artifacts, assess the found teams, and order them via the rating. The article describes the newly proposed rating system which allows estimating teams' quality. The rating is built upon the system of fuzzy inference due to the fact that usually the teams' efficiency may be estimated only by experts. The article contains the reference to the previous research when the search algorithm was designed and implemented, the joint section between the previous and current study, the description of the rating system, and why the fuzzy logic is applicable, the tests of a rating system.


The association of emotional illness with disturbances in water balance has been recognized for almost 50 years. In a large and well-controlled study published in 1936, Sleeper and Jellinek 1 first observed that many schizophrenics excrete abnormally large volumes of urine. They also found that the polyuria ceased when drinking was prevented and postulated that it was due to excessive water intake. This conclusion was fully substantiated by subsequent investigators, especially Barlow and de Wardener, 2 who described in detail the psychologic and antidiuretic function of nine patients with varying kinds of emotional illness. These investigators showed convincingly that the polyuria was not due to neurogenic or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and labeled the condition "compulsive water drinking," noting that these patients usually gave reasons other than thirst to explain their polydipsia. Barlow and de Wardener 2 also found that, in most compulsive water drinkers, plasma osmolality remained in the normal


This work opens a series of studies on the water complexes of adenines. We use a similar approach as used in our earlier studies of cytosine−water complexes (i.e., first we investigate the IR spectral manifestations of hydrogen−bonding at selected interaction sites of the stable amino N9H tautomeric form of adenine by studying simpler model molecules which have only a single or a very few selected hydrogen-bond interaction sites typical for adenine). The present study concerns the first two of such model molecules, benzimidazole and 1-CH3−benzimidazole. IR vibrational spectra of matrix-isolated benzimidazole, 1-CH3−benzimidazole, and their complexes with water are analyzed and assigned by comparing the experimental spectra with the IR frequencies and intensities computed with the use of ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods. When the DFT/B3LYP/6-31++G** monomer frequencies are scaled with three different scaling factors, the mean differences between the experimental and calculated frequenc...


The sum-peak method was applied for a measurement of radioactivity of a 60 Co source by an 80 cm3 Ge(Tl) detector. A correction factor for the angular correlation effect between two cascade γ-rays from the 60 Co source was determined to be about 9% in the present experimental setup by a Monte Carlo simulation.


The Nelson model describes a quantum particle coupled to a scalar Bose field. We study properties of its ground state through functional integration techniques in case the particle is confined by an external potential. We obtain bounds on the average and the variance of the Bose field both in position and momentum space, on the distribution of the number of bosons, and on the position space distribution of the particle.


The purpose of the investigation presented in this paper is to obtain the optimal restructure of radial distribution system under the impact of contingencies, with and without the scope of distributed generation. Firstly, solution to occurrence of contingency is proposed by finding out the best switching sequence of a specified number of tie lines and sectionalizes with an objective to improve the continuity of power flow in radial system. Secondly genetic algorithm (GA) has been used to find the optimal location and size of embedded distribution generation (DG), to improve voltage profile and to reduce losses for given load demand. The outcome of the proposed study is illustrated through simulations of loaded 69-bus radial distribution system. The obtained results suggest that the investment is distribution generation is attractive when reconfiguration is used to minimize load curtailment.


The esterification reaction is one of the most important reaction in organic chemistry, and the development of scalable continuous flow conditions is of high interest. Here we describe a scaling-up study of benzoic acid alkylation by MeI in the presence of superbases from a capillary reactor (282 mg·h–1 at 75 °C) to a low flow reactor (LFR, 6.82 g·h–1 at 80 °C). First, the optimization of the base demonstrated that 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) was a good compromise in terms of basicity and price. A comparison between batch and LFR reaction showed similar kinetic rates. We also observed a maximum reactivity for a flow rate of 3 mL·min–1 which corresponds to an optimum mixing of the entering fluids. A colorimetric study permits to show a visual change in the flow regime (dispersed to stratified) by varying the flow rate with a maximum conversion obtained at 3 mL·min–1 corresponding to a 105 s residence time, demonstrating that the studied reaction is sensitive to mixing conditions and that LFR ...


Spatiotemporally continuous global river discharge estimates across the full spectrum of stream orders are vital to a range of hydrologic applications, yet they remain poorly constrained. Here we present a carefully designed modeling effort (Variable Infiltration Capacity land surface model and Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge river routing model) to estimate global river discharge at very high resolutions. The precipitation forcing is from a recently published 0.1° global product that optimally merged gauge‐, reanalysis‐, and satellite‐based data. To constrain runoff simulations, we use a set of machine learning‐derived, global runoff characteristics maps (i.e., runoff at various exceedance probability percentiles) for grid‐by‐grid model calibration and bias correction. To support spaceborne discharge studies, the river flowlines are defined at their true geometry and location as much as possible—approximately 2.94 million vector flowlines (median length 6.8 km) and unit catchments are derived from a high‐accuracy global digital elevation model at 3‐arcsec resolution (~90 m), which serves as the underlying hydrography for river routing. Our 35‐year daily and monthly model simulations are evaluated against over 14,000 gauges globally. Among them, 35% (64%) have a percentage bias within ±20% (±50%), and 29% (62%) have a monthly Kling‐Gupta Efficiency ≥0.6 (0.2), showing data robustness at the scale the model is assessed. This reconstructed discharge record can be used as a priori information for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission's discharge product, thus named "Global Reach‐level A priori Discharge Estimates for Surface Water and Ocean Topography". It can also be used in other hydrologic applications requiring spatially explicit estimates of global river flows.