Life course refers to the transitions of a person's development as one moves from infant to older adult and through possible life stages such as spouse or parent (Singleton, 2013). As one enters and leaves different stages of the life course, leisure opportunities and behaviors may vary and change (Mannell & Kleiber, 1997). The seven papers in this theme issue give snapshots into some groups at certain life stages (college students, youth, Generation Y women, mothers, older adults) in various places around the globe (e.g., India, Taiwan, the United States), thereby enhancing our understanding of the complexity and variety of leisure throughout the life course. Using cluster analysis, Hartman et al. (2022) investigated the relationships between free time perceptions, well-being and identity development among emerging adults with an average age of 20.07 years who attended college at a university in the southeastern United States. The resulting four clusters differed significantly in their levels of free time awareness (cognitive perceptions) and boredom (affective perceptions). Lack of free time opportunities and higher levels of boredom were associated with mental health issues, while approaches to free time use reflected and affected identity formation which is central to the development of emerging adults. On the other side of the world in India, Deshbandhu et al. (2022) explored with qualitative interviews and co-playing observations the engagement of five youth, ranging in age from 21 to 28 years, in the game Pok emon Go. Using Soja's (1996) concept of "thirdspace," this paper suggests that in rapidly urbanizing India where there are fewer opportunities for physical play and social interaction, Pok emon Go creates hybrid habitats where participants generate their own meanings of leisure, youth, and gaming that facilitate empowerment and initiative among the participants. The next study, by Ho (2022), utilized the social exchange framework to investigate the social leisure activities of 18 urban Taiwanese women aged 28 to 37 who belong to Generation Y. Social leisure activities were motivated by both extrinsic motivations such as friendship and socializing and the intrinsic motivations of meeting one's emotional needs. Thus, social leisure activities characterized by positive emotion and commitment, in addition to being leisure settings, were contexts for enlarging social networks and relationships as well as nourishing the positive effects of happiness and satisfaction. In a study completed in North Carolina, MacNell et al. (2022) conducted interviews with 138 low-income mothers, with an average age of 34 years, to examine how motherhood shaped their decisions and capability to participate in physical activity during leisure time as well as to understand facilitators and barriers to this activity. Although participants tended to believe that physical activity was important for a healthy lifestyle, they identified several barriers to this activity including lack of access to physical activity places, the high cost of


There are some interesting historical links between Australia and South Africa, including the use of Cape Town as a re-victualling station by the First Fleet and many other ships moving between Europe, Australia and the Pacific. From Europe, Cape Town is halfway to Sydney. In both countries the indigenous peoples were displaced and traumatized by the colonists, and suffered government-sanctioned racism and discrimination. Many Australian country towns practiced a 'rough and ready kind of apartheid' and in 1971 Aboriginal activists supported anti- apartheid demonstrations wearing Springbok jerseys in defiance of the South African government.


The effect of the vestibular screen on naso-respiratory capacity over a period of four months was analysed in 29 children with increased oral respiration. Rhinoscopic and rhinomanometric examination showed severe to moderate nasal impairment in 51.7% of the cases, primarily due to nasal mucosal congestion and not to skeletal stenosis or adenoid enlargement.

Insertion of the screen provoked a nasal-vasomotor reaction, leading to reduction of the nasal air flow. This effect persisted, but at a reduced level, after four months of treatment. At the end of the study 34.5% of the patients showed a reduced nasal flow and 44.8% showed an increased nasal respiratory capacity.

Treatment with the vestibular screen is most likely to produce an increase in nasal air flow rate in children with severe nasal mucosal congestion who have a small nasal air flow rate at rest, increased potential for nasal mucosal decongestion, and a small reduction in nasal air flow rate after insertion of the appliance. Treatment of patients with mixed breathing but unimpaired nasal respiratory capacity with a vestibular screen may impair the existing nasal breathing.


This paper provides a literature review on the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth and development of the Ghanaian economy; by considering foreign direct investment contributions on employments creation and the allocation of registered projects to the various sectors based on the data collected from the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre, it was discovered that there was a decline in the number of projects registered by investors in 2015 and an increase in 2017. However, it was also revealed that the tourism sector performance toward the attraction of foreign direct investment and employment generating has been reducing indirectly between 2013 and 2017 of which the tourism sector did not create any employment in 2017. Conversely, there is much focus on manufacturing, service, building & construction and general trading sectors as majority of FDI inflows has been directed into these sectors. It is recommended that investors should enter the neglected sectors since there will be much benefit in these overlooked sectors, whereas the government of Ghana should provide incentives in these undermined sectors.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT The present paper was an attempt to establish the Relationship between Adjustment and Academic Achievement among 9 th Class Students in Visakhapatnam District. Various Indian and foreign studies were reviewed. Adjustment is a process by which a person maintains a balance between needs and situation. The variables are Home, Health, Social and Emotional etc. Adjustment of school children is primarily dependent on school variables as class in which they are studying, gender, locality, type of management, parental education and occupation. Present study is an attempt of authors to correlate adjustment with academic achievement Descriptive Survey method has been used in this study. The sample consisted of 100 students from Visakhapatnam district using stratified random sampling method. Questionnaire was constructed for the students to find out the opinions on Relationship between Adjustment and Academic Achievement among 9 th class students in Visakhapatnam district. The data were analyzed using various statistical methods like mean, SD, t-test and ANOVA by SPSS package. The score obtained by different groups are compared across the variables. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship was established between Adjustment and Academic Achievement of 9 th class students. The results are discussed in light of previous research studied; Implications and Recommendations for further research were also suggested.


We consider in this paper the problem of image inpainting in medical image analysis, where the objective is to reconstruct missing or deteriorated parts of an image. It is a good tool for such medical applications as vascular reconstruction, specular reflection removal for endoscopic images, MRA artefacts removing etc. Most inpainting approaches require a good image model to infer the unknown pixels. The proposed approach uses the modified exemplar-based technique. A novel approach combines mapping from image patches and pre-trained deep neural network. In our work, we exploit the concept of sparse representation, which takes a group of nonlocal patches with similar textures as the basic unit instead of a patch. Moreover, the color and multi-direction constraints are incorporated into the optimisation criterion to obtain sharp inpainting results. As a result, the proposed method provides plausible restoration while propagating information of edge for the target region. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the tasks of medical image inpainting.


It has long been known that the eggs of certain hermaphroditic plants and animals cannot usually be fertilized by pollen or sperms from the same individual, and this phenomenon has been termed self-sterility. Although it has been demonstrated in only one animal, Ciona intestinalis, the phenomenon has been shown to be fairly widespread throughout the plant kingdom. In 1895, Knuth listed 134 observed self-sterile species of Angiosperms belonging to 46 families, and East and Park ('17) estimated that 70 per cent of these observations proved definitely that the species were self-sterile. Hence, as early as 1895, at least 100 self-sterile species of Angiosperms had been observed. In Nicotiana, the primary difference between sterile and fertile combinations has been shown (East and Park, '18) to be the difference in rate of pollen-tube growth. In incompatible combinations, the pollen grains germinate but do not grow with sufficient rapidity to reach the ovary before the flower falls. They showed, through cytological studies of styles taken at successive twelve-hour intervals after pollination, that the pollen-tubes of fertile combinations exhibit an acceleration in their rate of growth, their growth curves when plotted being similar to those representing autocatalytic reactions. On the other hand, the pollen-tubes of sterile combinations maintain a constant rate of growth, showing no acceleration, their growth curves being straight lines. By virtue of the acceleration in the rate of growth, the pollen-tubes of compatible matings reach the ovary in less than 96 hours after pollination, whereas in incompatible matings they fail to reach the ovary within the life of the flower. 1 An investigation carried out at the Missouri Botanical Garden in the Graduate Laboratory of the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University and submitted as a thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington University.


Abstract : A theoretical study was made of the geometric kinematic and force characteristics of a planetary rolling mill with allowance for the reciprocal effect of planetary rolls simultaneously present in the reduction zone. A calculation procedure is presented for a case involving the simultaneous contact of more than one pair of rolls with the metal being rolled. The load on each work roll is considerably increased from the moment of entry of each subsequent roll into the deformation area. (Author)


(1) The population behaviour of the pine beauty moth, Panolisflammea (D & S), was observed to determine whether the association between outbreaks and trees growing in deep peat sites is due to the foliage of these trees providing a better source of food for larvae, resulting in better insect survival, than trees growing in other soils, and to ascertain why outbreaks are common on Pinus contorta (Douglas) but do not occur on Pinus sylvestris (L.) in Scotland. (2) In 1983 and 1984, the population size of Panolis flammea was manipulated by infesting with eggs 25-tree plots of lodgepole pine, (Pinus contorta) (Douglas), growing in different soils within the Elchies block of Speyside Forest. The subsequent survival of larvae and pre-pupae was monitored. In 1985 and 1986, natural populations were studied in larger plots. (3) The population survival of P.flammea on trees growing in deep peat was not higher than on other trees at any time during the study. (4) Larval mortality was higher on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.), than on lodgepole pine during the early instars when P.flammea numbers were high (in 1984) but was similar or lower during the later larval instars, and the pre-pupal stage. (5) These results refute the hypothesis that lodgepole pine trees growing in deep peat provide a better food source for P. flammea than lodgepole pine growing elsewhere, or Scots pine. Alternative hypotheses are discussed to explain the observed outbreak of P. flammea in Scotland.


Multimedia databases are increasingly common in science, business, entertainment and many other applications. Their size and high dimensionality of features are major challenges for efficient and effective retrieval and mining. Effective similarity models are usually computationally far too complex for straightforward usage in large high dimensional multimedia databases. We propose efficient algorithms for these effective models that show substantially improved scalability. Our index-based methods for efficient query processing and mining restrict the search space to task relevant data. Multistep filter-and-refine approaches using novel filter functions with quality guarantees ensure that fast response times are achieved without any loss of result accuracy. 1 Multimedia Databases There is tremendous growth in multimedia data in application domains such as medicine, engineering, biology and numerous others. New technologies such as computer tomography or digital photography produce increasingly large volumes of data. At the same time, decreasing storage prices allow archiving large amounts of multimedia data at relatively low cost. For database technology, large multimedia databases require efficient and effective strategies for accessing and processing of multimedia data. Examples of typical multimedia content are illustrated in Figure 1: stock data time series, music, medical magnetic resonance images, shape and color images, as well as gene expression data. Traditional database management systems have established themselves as reliable and powerful techniques for archiving and retrieving textual or numeric data. Traditional meta data information, however, is typically not adequate for multimedia applications. For example, users typically search for images not with respect to their size on hard disk, but with respect to content related features like color or shape. Consequently, multimedia database systems should provide content-based access. Likewise, aggregating the content of multimedia databases is not straightforward. Traditional reporting tasks query databases for (aggregated) numbers. Aggregating multimedia objects, or, more precisely, their respective feature values, in such a way is not meaningful. Knowledge discovery techniques aggregate multimedia data with respect to type of media and application focus such that expedient summaries are formed. Multimedia databases thus should provide (1) content-based access, (2) knowledge discov-


Real-time broadcasts of operative surgery to your surgical trainees' computer screens may be as simple as you putting on a pair of glasses. Much enthusiasm has greeted the introduction of Google Glass, by surgeons in the United States and the United Kingdom, but there are some drawbacks and the inevitable sceptics. Google Glass is a form of wearable technology with an optical head-mounted display (OHMD). It is a device that is worn like conventional glasses, but that combines a computerized central processing unit, touch pad, display screen, high-definition camera, microphone, bone conduction transducer and wireless connectivity (Muensterer et al. Int J. Surg. 2014; 12: 281–9). It was developed by Google X, the facility within Google that focuses on technical advancements such as driverless cars. The prototype was developed in 2011 and weighed 3.6 kg, but the current model is lighter than the average pair of sunglasses. The 'Explore' edition was released in April 2013 and was evaluated by Explorer program, a group of beta testers numbering about 8000 across the United States, including members of the American College of Surgeons (ACS). After demonstrations at the 2013 ASC Clinical Congress, the ACS Health Information Technology Committee is developing a postgraduate course in surgical tele-mentoring (ACS Bulletin 2014; 99: 9–16). The advantages of this technology in the operating theatre are boundless. The OHMD facility allows the surgeon to simultaneously view and check diagnostic images uploaded into the device while operating, without changing his line of sight. Similarly, plastic surgeons can view images of the patient's requested and desired outcome while focusing on the job at hand. The World Health Organization surgical check checklist application can be displayed by simple voice activation, potentially reducing adverse events and avoiding wrong site surgery. Probably the greatest advantage of Google Glass is its video camera, perched just above the right eye of the wearer, allowing real-time transmission of exactly what the surgeon is seeing. Dr Rafael Grossmann from Bangor, Maine, reportedly conducted the first Google Glass-equipped operation, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, in June 2013, and has become an enthusiast for its realism and application for remote learning. This was demonstrated to great effect by Dr Shaphi Ahmed, a colorectal surgeon, a first for the United Kingdom, in May 2014. He was able to provide a broadcast in real-time streaming over the Internet of an anterior resection and excision of liver metastases watched live by around 13 000 surgical trainees, students and interested lay people, in 115 countries around the world, on computers, tablets or smartphones. Questions were sent to the surgeon into the chat box alongside the live feed. The queries appeared on the bottom left-hand side of the Google Glass, displayed away from the surgeon's main stream of vision so as not to impede the surgery, and he was able to address the questions. Ninety percent of the trainees surveyed wanted this type of learning to be part of their curriculum (RCS Bulletin 2014; 96: 223). Not all is smooth sailing with this device. Patient confidentiality is an obvious problem, and the need for 'media' informed consent. Google Glass needs an open Wi-Fi network or a Bluetooth connection to a tethered cellular phone to connect to the Internet. Patient data can be loaded into 'the cloud' without encryption or security messages in place. There are several technical limitations that will need to be overcome including: increasing battery life, sharper resolution, better optics and zoom function, improved Wi-Fi connectivity, and improved voice recognition capability. Some complain that the image are no better than one gets from an iPhone and the battery life may be as short as 1 h, necessitating the need for external battery packs, which add to its complexity and 'clunkiness'. There are safety and privacy concerns, outside the operating theatre when used by the general public. The police are concerned about road safety risks, and some restaurateurs are banning their clients from wearing the device wishing to protect the privacy issues of their other customers. Australia has not been left behind in the applications of Google Glass with the Australian Breastfeeding Association providing glasses to mothers. Breastfeeding counsellors, through the mother's perspective, can advise mothers struggling with breastfeeding (http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-0). Clearly, the ACS has taken a lead in the development of this technology and our own college, through the Division of Education, Development and Assessment, could evaluate its utility in skills laboratory simulations, similar to that used by Philips Healthcare (http://www.healthcare.philips.com). Only time will tell whether Google Glass will create a new dimension in surgical education or simply be another gimmick with security and privacy risks. Its potential advantages in the operating theatre, and the likely refinements of the technological glitches, tip the balance in favour of it heralding a new era in surgical education and safety.


In this paper, the energy flow model for functionally graded (FG) plates is developed to predict the high frequency dynamic behavior. The material properties of the FG plates are assumed to vary continuously in the thickness direction according to the power-law form. The dispersion relation for the bending wave in FG plates is derived and the wavenumber is obtained. The energy flow model for reverberant wave field is firstly derived based on the assumption that the wave field can be expressed as the superposition of the plane waves. Following the formation mechanism of the wave field in the two-dimensional structures, the wave field in FG plates is then separated to the direct wave field coming from the driving points and the reverberant field formed by the wave scattering on plate boundaries. The wave scattering and the perfectly reflected boundary conditions are used to link the direct wave field and the reverberant wave field and a ray tracing technology is used to derived the boundary condition for the energy flow model for reverberant wave field. The energetic response for the FG plates is obtained by accounting for both the direct wave field and the reverberant wave field. To validate the proposed energy flow model, the energy levels from the energy flow model are compared with those from the modal solution for different cases. Both good agreements and accuracy between the proposed model and the modal solution can be observed for all the cases, which are more apparent than those between the classical energy flow model and the modal solution. The results show that the hybrid energy flow model is suited to the high frequency analysis of the FG plate.


In this paper an approach for multi-criteria analysis of laser cut surface characteristics using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was presented. Laser cutting experiment was conducted based on Taguchi's L27 experimental design by varying laser power, cutting speed, assist gas pressure and focus position at three levels. Multi-criteria analysis was performed by using the weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) method while considering burr height, drag line separation, depth of separation line, surface roughness and perpendicularity of the cut as assessment criteria. Based on conducted experimental investigation the MCDM model with 27 alternatives (laser cuts) and five criteria was developed. The relative importance of criteria was determined by using pairwise comparison matrix and geometric mean method of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. © 2015 Published by Faculty of Engineering Corresponding author: M. Madić University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Serbia. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Experiments with gold–gold collisions at the RHIC have revealed (i) stronger suppression of charmonium production at forward rapidity than at mid-rapidity and (ii) the similarity between the suppression degrees at RHIC and SPS energies. To describe these findings we employ the model that includes nuclear shadowing effects, calculated within the Glauber–Gribov theory, rapidity-dependent absorptive mechanism, caused by energy–momentum conservation, and dissociation and recombination of the charmonium due to interaction with co-moving matter. The free parameters of the model are tuned and fixed by comparison with experimental data at lower energies. A good agreement with the RHIC results concerning the rapidity and centrality distributions is obtained for both heavy Au+Au and light Cu+Cu colliding systems. For pA and A+A collisions at the LHC the model predicts stronger suppression of the charmonium and bottomonium yields in stark contrast to thermal model predictions.


We have investigated the effects of atomic-scale surface morphology on the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) growth by using atomic step-structure-controlled SiO2/Si substrates. SWNTs initially extended randomly on the surface, and when they became longer than 3 μm, they followed the atomic step morphology with a height of 0.6 nm. This indicates that SWNT extension along the surface is greatly affected by the surface morphology of the substrate. The present results also explain why the SWNT orientation on a normal SiO2/Si surface is random. SWNTs extend along the surface morphology based on the roughness of the SiO2 surface.


Freeform surface is one of the main advanced in lens design over the last two decades. These advances motivated by the new fabrication process and new equipment are now closed to maturity. Recently we start finding on the market more and more camera phone that claims to use freeform lenses. None of these suppliers explained how and why freeform lenses are required in details. In this presentation, we will dive into this to found answers. At the time of writing this abstract, we can identify three camera phones that use freeform lenses. The first one is the Huawei Mate 40 Pro+, which seems to be the first worldwide freeform lens used in a cell phone. Huawei uses the freeform to compensate distortion (they call it 'anti-distortion'). The lens is an f/1.8 for a 20MP sensor. A second one is the OnePlus 9 Pro, which uses an f/2.2, 7 plastics for a 50MP as an ultra-wide camera. Finally, Oppo Find X3 Pro is also using freeform lens (f/2.2) on an IMX766 50MP (Sony sensor). From all the publicity from those camera-phones, we can found that the freeform used to compensate distortion in the corner of the image. Somehow, we can ask if it is a freeform lens or not, is it only marketing? We will add to this discussion some laboratory results from the Huawei freeform lens as well as image taking with the various cell phone.


Kwench Library Solutions (Kwench), a Mumbai-based startup that offered library services to corporate clients (B2B2C model), looked anxiously for angel funding to establish itself and expand to other parts of India. The time — the first few months of the 2008–09 global recession — was bad. The angel investors who offered to provide INR 10 million valued the start-up at one-third of what the promoters had confidently expected. The valuation was unacceptable, but spurning the offer was fraught with additional risks. The promoters, who had given up high-paying corporate jobs and invested heavily in the start-up, had to find a way out.


The cooperation of a random sample of 190 children with an average age of 5 years (range 1–17 years), presenting with a dental emergency requiring tooth extraction under general anaesthesia, was evaluated using the Frankl Behaviour Scale. The results showed that 60% of the children cooperated in the operating theatre. Furthermore, removal of only one or two teeth per patient accounted for 40% of the cases. This survey has identified a group of child dental patients who might benefit from conscious sedation and local anaesthetic techniques.


Underwater acoustic communications in shallow water are essential for the transmission of data between AUVs and remote sensors. Shallow water communications remain a challenge due to factors like multipath propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong signal attenuation. To adress this problem, we propose a new chirp FSK scheme that enhances the data rate and is robust to noise. Using Gabor chirp spectra linear combination to describe the transmitted symbol and overlapping bandwidth, we obtain simulated transmissions at a peak data rate of 7 kbits/sec. Furthermore, simulation results reveal a very low bit error rate even with a low signal-to-noise ratio indicating that long ranges could be reached.


Based on sorption experiments up to 180 bar and 75 °C, the CO2 solubility in an ammonium-type ionic polymer, such as poly(p-vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate), is found to be much higher than that in an imidazolium-type ionic polymer, such as poly(1-(p-vinylbenzyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate), which points to a cation-type effect on the CO2 sorption in polymerized ionic liquids. These two polymers remain glassy in the temperature and pressure ranges studied in this work. The CO2 solubility increases with decreasing temperature and with increasing pressure, but it reaches a limiting value, beyond which it is insensitive to pressure.


A colloidal oil in water emulsion comprising: - a prostaglandin F2alpha, - an oil having an iodine value <= 2 - a nonionic surfactant, and - water, wherein the nonionic surfactant releases negative charges during manufacture of the emulsion, said emulsion has a negative zeta potential less than -10 mV, the nonionic surfactant is selected from poloxamers, tyloxapol, polysorbates, sorbitan esters, polyoxyl stearates or mixtures thereof, the amount of surfactant relative the total weight of the emulsion is between 0.0005 and 1% w / w; and said emulsion does not contain polyvinyl alcohol.


The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) provides detailed outcome and patient care information for a sample of seriously injured case occupants involved in motor vehicle crashes. NHTSA's National Automotive Sampling System-Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) provides a population-based sample of tow-away crashes that includes both non-injured and seriously injured occupants. This study combines the strengths of CIREN and NASS-CDS to produce predictive models that relate occupant and vehicle measures to treatment and occupant outcomes. Qualifying frontal impact cases from CIREN involving seriously injured driver and/or front outboard passengers were used to evaluate the significance of the relationship between vehicle crash/occupant parameters and hospital treatment/outcome. A subset of CIREN cases where event data recorder (EDR) information was obtained was also analyzed. Regression analyses were done to assess the significance of predicted variables with regards to the outcomes of interest. Using significant predictors, a set of functions were developed that predict the probabilities of an occupant going to the intensive care unit (ICU), experiencing invasive surgery (OR) within 12 and 24 hours of the crash, or fatality given serious injury. NASS-CDS cases meeting the same CIREN crash and occupant inclusion criteria were used to establish the probability of serious injury given a qualifying frontal impact. This study has shown that the NASS-CDS-based probability of serious injury and the CIREN-based probability of seeing various outcomes given serious injury can be combined to form models that estimate the joint probability that a case occupant involved in a qualifying frontal crash would see an outcome of interest (ICU, OR, or fatality). The full text of this paper may be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0538.pdf. For the covering abstract see ITRD E145407.


A statistical procedure for grouping pottery in provenance studies by chemical data is presented, which now is routinely in use in our laboratory. It is based on the Mahalanobis filter method and X2 -statistics, and can be used for both establishing groups and assigning single sherds to already known groups, thus replacing principal components analysis or cluster analysis and avoiding their problems in grouping pottery. The new method is able to consider correlations, uncertainties of measurement and constant shifts of the data in case of dilution. In particular, considering dilution effects results in both a better assignment to and separation of reference groups and is also equivalent to the compositional data approach, if log-transformed data are used. Other distortions of data (e.g., mixing of clays) can also be considered.


Using the high spatial resolution of focused laser beams, we probe the thermal properties of micrometer-sized single droplets and grains. Volumes as small as 0.5 nl are analyzed and possible improvements to picoliter are discussed.


In this paper we considered the bosonic string action in the presence of metric G µν , Kalb-Ramond field B µν and dilaton field Φ. The quantum conformal invariance is achieved if all three one-loop β -functions are zero. But, β Φ , β -function related to the dilaton field, can also be equal to some nonzero constant c , which is actually the central charge of Virasoro algebra. The anomaly contained in the Schwinger term of Virasoro algebra is canceled by adding Liouville term to the sigma model action and quantum conformal invariance is restored. The space-time action, which Euler-Lagrange equations of motion are quantum conformal invariance conditions with nonzero β Φ , is Einstein-Hilbert action with some matter and cosmological constant. The cosmological constant is obtained within landscape framework as linear function of the central charge of Virasoro algebra.


This study investigated the clothing selections for purchase of preschool and kindergarten-aged children in a midsized southern city. The theory of consumer socialization provided framework for the study. Seven hundred questionnaires were distributed to parents/ guardians of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children at public and private schools and preschools. A total of 314 usable questionnaires were completed by mothers, yielding a 45% response rate. T tests, ANOVA, and frequencies were used to analyze data. The effects of demographic variables were investigated in relation to three consumer socialization constructs. Findings indicated that consumer socialization of children begins at an early age and is related to selected demographic characteristics. Results of this study are important for those involved in the children's wear business, as well as for clothing and retailing educators. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


This paper is a unique documentation of a MCM thermal failure due to inadequate signal integrity of the test fixture used for at-speed testing. An accurate SPICE model of the rest fixture and MCM was developed utilizing TDR techniques and analytical representations of the test fixture elements. The SPICE analysis showed clearly that impedance mismatches within the fixture components and MCM carrier and test socket caused a significant increase in the RMS driver current and produced a 33% increase in power dissipation in each MCM I/O driver. The additional dissipation, in conjunction with the elevated temperature test environment caused the thermal failures observed during at-speed testing.


Editor,—Wen et al 1 should be applauded for their attempt to address the key question of whether or not condoms protect people from genital warts. However, some of the major study variables need clarifying, as they did not match up with my knowledge of the Sydney Sexual Health Centre (SSHC) database.

The article discussed the issue of "acquisition of genital warts" and was presented as an incidence study. Cases were defined as: "All patients with a new diagnosis of macroscopic genital warts who attended SSHC [in] 1996." However, many of these patients had been previously diagnosed with genital warts elsewhere while others had recurrent lesions. In Australia, most genital warts are managed by general practitioners.2 …


tag=1 data=The dismal science and our favourite drug. by Alex Wodak

tag=2 data=Wodak, Alex

tag=3 data=The Medical Journal of Australia,

tag=4 data=156

tag=5 data=11

tag=6 data=1 June 1992

tag=7 data=747,748.

tag=8 data=ALCOHOL

tag=10 data=Two recent report have emphasised the importance of the economic consequences of alcohol and drug use and the potential role of economic factors in decreasing alcohol-related harm. Provided by MICAH, Canberra.

tag=11 data=1992/4/12

tag=12 data=92/0807

tag=13 data=CAB


This work is related to the field of Physical Education and Social Sciences. Analyzes the presence of concepts relating to the Physical Education in critical sites of Environmental Organizations registered with the National Council on the Environment of the Ministry of Environment. By considering the Environmental Organizations relevant to the training reforms and transformations of social reality and understand the importance of physical education in cultural practices of sport and leisure is qualitatively analyze quantitative data on the presence of key terms about the theory and practice of Physical Education in these Entities.


Sustainable development is a concept recently proposed as a gUiding principle for economic development planning (IUCN 1980, WCED 1987). It is applicable in both developed and developing countries. The most widely promulgated definition of sustainable development is that given by the World Commission on Environment and Development: development is sustainable if it satisfies present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED 1987). Goodland and Ledec (1986) define sustainable development as "a pattern of social and structural economic transformations which optimises the benefits available in the present without jeopardising the likely potential for similar benefits in the future". In the above definitions, there is no direct or exclusive reference to the ecological viability of particular patterns of development. Implicitly, however, a major ingredient in the concept of sustainable development is the need to maintain yields from renewable natural resources over long periods of time. Ecosystems can thus be expected to play an important role in policies and planning aimed at achievement of the goal of sustainable development. This chapter gives a fuller interpretation of the concept of sustainable development, noting the economic significance of the biosphere in providing part of the economy's capital stock. From an economic viewpoint, key questions that must be answered include: what is the optimal size and composition of the economy's environment capital stock? how successfully can the tools of economic analysis be applied to environmental management? how should the problems of risk and uncertainty in ecological management be handled?


A new control approach for the robust position control of a brushless direct drive (BLDD) motor is presented. The linear quadratic controller plus load torque observer is employed to obtain the robust BLDD motor system approximately linearized using the field-orientation method for an AC servo. And the state space analysis is performed to obtain the gains systematically. In addition, the robustness is also obtained without affecting the overall system response. The load disturbance is detected by a 0-observer of the unknown and inaccessible input, and is compensated by the feedforward without requiring the noisy current information. All these designs are simply done in the state space. Finally, the overall system is controlled by using a microprocessor in the z-domain.<<ETX>>


Density-based spatial clustering algorithms, which have been well studied in database domains, are based on densities of geospatial data. Recently, the sizes and volumes of spatial databases have been increasing not only because of the popularity of geographical data, but also because of the popularity of geosocial media. Therefore the speedup for the processing of density-based spatial clustering algorithms is one of the most important challenges in many different application domains. In this paper, we propose a new parallelization model on a multi-core CPU using the spatial partition method for DBSCAN, which is one of the most fundamental algorithms for density-based spatial clustering. The new parallelization model utilizes a data replication technique and complex grids for the parallel processing of DBSCAN, in order to improve the speedup performance of parallel processing. The experimental results show that our new model outperforms a conventional data parallelization model.


Even if properly designed, crack formation in reinforced concrete structures is inevitable.
Cracks in the concrete cover considerably reduce the barrier property against corrosion-initiating substances.
Aggressive agents (e.g. chlorides) depassivate the reinforcement locally in the cracked area, which can lead to
macro-cell corrosion. To protect direct driven concrete surfaces against chloride ingress such as in multistorey
car parks, German Standards recommend the application of surface coatings.
In the course of a research project, the reinforcements' corrosion behavior in cracked concrete and the influence
of an applied surface protection system on the corrosion process is investigated. Therefore, basic electrochemical
parameters of corrosion and its boundary conditions are recorded. The paper presents results of the
short-time chloride exposure as well as first findings concerning the influence of an applied sealing on corrosion
activity. Chloride contamination led to active corrosion whereas the coating not always decreased macro-cell
corrosion.


Introduction. The annual increase in the number of identified administrative offenses requires more effective measures to administer payments. Improvement of the pro- cess of administering fines is relevant both for the development of internal affairs agencies and for the country's economy as a whole. The purpose of the paper is to identify the problems arising when administering fines for administrative offenses and to suggest ways to solve them.
Materials and Methods. A comprehensive approach to the problem under discussion was used together with the dialectical approach to the research results. The statistical and economic method, as well as the abstract-logical, monographic, calculation and construction methods of scientific research were also employed.
Results. It has been revealed that the administration of fines for administrative of- fenses by the subdivisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation following "their own" various methods has not been effective. Indicators have been determined that made it possible to improve the situation taking into account the passage of payments to budget accounts of the country's budget system. Problems with receipt of payments to the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation have been identified. Measures have been proposed to develop the mechanism for execution of payments of administrative fines imposed by the internal affairs agencies and to strengthen control over the reception of payments for administrative offenses.
Discussion and Conclusions. The annual increase in the number of administrative offenses requires more effective measures to administer payments as this greatly affects the level of revenues in all the budgets in the country. The measures proposed by the authors to centralize the reception of payments and strengthen control over their receipt will help to avoid numerous complaints of people and organizations concerning recording the facts of payment of fines, as well as to reduce the burden on administrators of budget revenues and reduce to minimum unidentifiable payments.


Background: With regard to the increasing number of antifungal-resistant dermatophytes, the requirement for precise identification of causative agents of infections and antifungal susceptibility test is vital. Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes plays a pivotal role in managing dermatophytosis. The current study aimed at determining antifungal susceptibility profile of 161 important dermatophyte species isolated from Iranian patients. Methods: The current descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted on 508 clinically suspected samples of dermatophytosis collected and identified by conventional methods. All dermatophyte isolates were identified using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The susceptibility of dermatophyte strains to two routine antidermatophyte agents (terbinafine and griseofulvin) was evaluated using micro-dilution method according to CLSI (the clinical and laboratory standards institute) M38-A2 guidelines. Trichophyton rubrum PTCC 5143 and Candida krusei ATCC 6258 were used as quality controls. Results: Among 161 dermatophyte isolates, T. interdigitale was reported as the most frequent species isolated from patients using PCR-RFLP and Microsporum ferruginum was the least isolated species. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of griseofulvin and terbinafine were ranged 0.0312 8 and 0.008 4μg/mL, respectively. The most susceptible and resistant species to griseofulvin were T. interdigitale (MIC = 0.0312 μg/mL) and T. interdigitale/T. rubrum (MIC = 8 μg/mL), respectively. The results indicated that T. verrucosum (MIC = 0.008 μg/mL) was the most susceptible species to terbinafine, whereas T. interdigitale and T. rubrum were the most resistant species to it (MIC = 4 μg/mL). Conclusions: The obtained results assist clinicians to monitor the trend and be able to choose effective medications to treat patients with dermatophytosis, especially in countries such as Iran, where dermatophytosis is still a public health problem.


The distribution patterns of Cyanophyta in two subtropical reservoirs,Xinfengjiang Reservoir and Qieyeshi Reservoir,in Guangdong Province were investigated bimonthly in 2004.A total of 18 genera were identified,and most of them were filamentous and colonial.The most common genera were Pseudanabaena,Limnothrix,Microcystis and Dactylococcopsis,and the Cyanophyta abundance was 4-249 cells·ml-1 in Xinfengjiang Reservoir and 1911-114228 cells·ml-1 in Qieyeshi Reservoir.In eutrophic reservoir,Qiyeshi Reservoir,the abundance of Cyanophyta was several orders higher than that in oligotrophic reservoir,Xinfengjiang Reservoir.In both of the reservoirs,the maximum abundance occurred in summer,and temperature was the possible factor controlling the seasonal variation of Cyanophyta abundance.In Xinfengjiang Reservoir,Microcystis was one of the dominant Cyanophyta species,which contributed 35%-97% of the total abundance,and its maximum abundance was found in summer.In Qiyeshi Reservoir,Microcystis abundance was one order higher than that in Xinfengjiang Reservoir,but its relative abundance was lower than 3%.Pseudanabaena and Limnothrix were the dominant Cyanophyta species,and contributed more than 50% of the total Cyanophyta abundance most of the time.The stability of water body and the underwater light condition driven by water transparence seemed to be the key factors inducing Cyanophyta dominated by different ecotypes of species in the two reservoirs.


In electron beam facilities like FACET-II and Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility (AWA), beams with highly asymmetric emittance are of interest because they are the preferred type of beam for linear colliders (LC). That is ultimately the motivation: building a plasma based LC. In the flat beam case, the blowout radius is no longer equal in the two transverse planes. Focusing is required to keep the particles within the tight apertures, and characterizing these accelerators shows the benefits of employing ultra low beam emittances. Beams with high charge and high emittance ra-tios in excess of 100:1 are available at AWA. If the focusing is not equal, then we will have different radiation signatures for the flat and symmetric beams in the plasma. We use Quick-PIC and OSIRIS particle-in-cell codes to compare various scenarios including a weak blowout and a strong blowout. Further, we determine the radiation generated in the system by importing particle trajectories into a Liénard Weichert code. We discuss future steps towards full diagnostics of flat beams using radiation.


This paper presents the result of a study on using protein foam agent to produce lightweight concrete for a prefabricated house. The cement sand ratio used in this study are two variations ratio of 2:1 and 1:2. While, the ratio of water-cement (w/c) are 0.5 and 0.4 with 25% foam by mass. The result show that the composition of cement sand ratio of 1:2 with w/c ratio of 0.5 result the optimum compressive strength. This optimum composition has a compressive strength of 25.2 MPa with density of 1822 kg/m3. After all, this optimum composition meets classification as a lightweight structural concrete and can be used as a structural element on prefabrication house.


The purpose of this study was to investigate what Sodra together with the entrepreneurs can do to improve their profitability and increase their efficiency. To get that information, five contractors whom have worked at least a year for Sodra were interviewed.
The most important factor is what items Sodra provides their contractors. If you manage to become better at giving entrepreneurs objects with the right conditions to maintain a higher productivity per hour, the contractor's financial situation will achieve this. To improve, Sodra should follow up the conditions necessary to improve a higher productivity per hour and then give the information to its field personnel. Contractor`s relocation compensation must be raised because it has too much impact on the result. If relocation compensation is raised the contractors do not need to get large objects to reach profitability and hence comes the geographical area to be reduced for the contractors. If the number of plants with mechanized planting increases Sodra should develop a plant and a packaging system that is more suited for mechanized planting.


Six grass species of Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench, Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen. ex Boiss, Poa annua L, Festuca arundinaceae Schreb, Aegilops cylindrica Host and Hordeum murinum L. were investigated for their foliar micromorphological and palynological characters through light and scanning electron microscope for their taxonomic importance. Different foliar micromorphological characteristics i.e. silica bodies, macrohairs, microhairs, stomatal number, size, stomatal shape, stomatal density (SD), epidermal cell number, epidermal cell density (ECD), subsidiary cells, short and long cells were examined and observed on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces. The pollen characters i.e. pollen type, polar and equatorial view and diameter along with some other characters were also observed. These foliar morpho and palynological characters were found significant in the delimitation of these species


Is creativity domain-specific? We describe the value of latent class analysis for appraising domain generality, and we report two studies that explore the latent class structure of creative accomplishments (using Carson, Peterson, and Higgins's Creative Achievement Questionnaire; n = 749) and creative self-descriptions (using Kaufman and Baer's Creativity Domain Questionnaire; n = 3,534). For creative achievements, clear latent classes were found: the majority of people belonged to an ?uncreative? class, and smaller classes were found for visual arts and performing arts. For creative self-descriptions, however, latent classes were not found: people's views of themselves as ?creative people? varied quantitatively but not qualitatively. Implications for the assessment and analysis of creativity are considered.


We have developed a liquid-phase magnetic immunoassay using SQUID. In this method, the antibodies, which specifically bind with antigen, were labeled with magnetic marker. In order to generate the signal from magnetic markers, it is necessary to apply strong external field. However, it causes the aggregation of magnetic markers, which results in the noise of the free markers. In order to solve this problem, we investigated a new method for magnetic field application. In the new method, a strong field was applied for a short time for excitation of markers, while a weaker field was applied during the measurement. It was shown that this two-step application of the external field prevents aggregation of magnetic markers and effectively reduces the noise from the free markers. We demonstrated the detection of 4.7~11.9 femto-mol/l of biotin with this method.


The development and validation of a high-fidelity dynamics model of an electric vehicle is presented. The developed model is comprised of two subsystems: i) the vehicle dynamics model, and ii) the electrical powertrain subsystem consists of the alternating-current (AC) induction motor, the 3-phase pulse-width-modulation (PWM) inverter, and the motor controllers. At each stage of the development, the developed models are verified by studying their simulation results. Also, vehicle testing is performed using a reference electric vehicle and experimental powertrain data is measured from the vehicle's electrical powertrain controller area network (CAN) bus. The experimental motor torque-speed curves are used to tune the AC electric motor model parameters. Once the individual components are developed and validated, the high-fidelity electric vehicle system model is created by assembling the MapleSim vehicle dynamics model and the electrical powertrain subsystem. The simulation results, such as the vehicle's longitudinal speed and developed motor torque and currents, are presented and studied to verify that the electric vehicle system can operate under different driving scenarios. The high-fidelity electric vehicle model will be used in future work to test and validate new power management controllers.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


First published in the English language, in slightly different form, under the title Death of a doll ; Signet thrillers ; A Signet mystery D3722


A regulated power converter can cause instability issues at its terminals with its input filter or the source. The Generalized Nyquist stability Criterion (GNC), when applied to the product of the source impedance and load admittance in the dq frame, can be used to analyze the stability of balanced three-phase ac systems. This paper presents the influence of the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) on the input admittance of three-phase Voltage-Source Converters (VSC) for open loop, current-feedback and voltage feedback control conditions. Analytical results show that the PLL introduces a parallel admittance to the open loop admittance of the VSC, and that the current and voltage control loop have additional effects on it. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify this analysis. The possible instability due to different PLL design is also shown.


Breeding is energetically costly and, if energy-limited, birds may alter their time budgets, spending less time engaged in some activities and more time in others. Investigators who have provided breeding birds with supplemental food have noted changes in time budgets, but the extent and types of changes have been found to vary among species. Our objective was to determine how food supplementation might influence the time budgets and paternity status of male Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea). We studied Indigo Buntings from 8 May to 15 August 2009 in Madison County, Kentucky. Territories of male Indigo Buntings (n=30) were randomly assigned as either food supplemented (n=8) or controls (n=22). During time-budget observations, all behaviours were noted. To determine paternity status, blood samples were collected from adults and nestlings at 16 nests. Males with feeders in their territories spent significantly less time foraging and more time vocalising (chip notes) than males without feeders. Time spent singing and mate guarding by treatment and control males did not differ. Differences in the proportion of extra-pair young did not differ between nests in territories with and without supplemental food. Our results suggest that, when provided with supplemental food, male Indigo Buntings spend less time foraging and more time engaged in other activities. However, neither the presence of supplemental food nor differences in the behaviour of males in food-supplemented versus non-supplemented territories affected rates of extra-pair paternity.


The zinc oxide (ZnO)-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) matrix has established shape memory characteristics. But hitherto little has been reported on two-way programmed 3D-printed ZnO-reinforced PLA functional prototypes (prepared on commercial fused deposition modelling (FDM) set-up). This article reports the effect of 3D printing process parameters on tensile, thermal, morphological and two-way programmed shape memory characteristics of ZnO-reinforced PLA-based functional prototypes. It has been ascertained that the maximum strength at peak (14.32 MPa) and maximum strength at break (12.89 MPa) were observed for sample printed at 80% infill density, four number of perimeters with triangular pattern. Maximum Young's modulus (233.68 MPa) was observed for samples printed at 80% infill density and three perimeters with honeycomb pattern. Also, the maximum modulus of toughness (0.883 MPa) was observed in case of sample printed at 80% infill density, five perimeters with rectilinear pattern. Further based upon thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry, it has been ascertained that there is no significant effect of FDM process parameters on normalized heat capacity of functional prototype. As regards to two-way programmed specimens, it has been observed that the porosity of functional prototypes increase with 30 min immersion in water as stimulus at 70°C and it again decreases (regain) after 30 min exposure at atmospheric temperature. Contrary to this, the samples' porosity values decrease with 30 min immersion in water at 10°C and regain after 30 min exposure at atmospheric temperature. Further some effect of shape memory has been noticed on functional prototypes volume and weight at two different temperatures.


The concept of IT governance culture is relatively new. In this paper, the authors develop an IT Governance culture model based on Detert et al's (2000) framework involving eight dimensions of culture. Each dimension is described in terms of how they relate to the implementation of IT governance initiatives. The authors' contribution is to illustrate the utility of the framework by linking the eight general cultural dimensions to propose a normative model of ITG values and beliefs, that they argue, represent the 'ideal organisational culture' of successful ITG implementations. By doing so, they present a necessary step in developing the dimensions of the concept of ITG culture and moving products such as COBIT5 towards a more comprehensive framework based on systemic empirical research.


Guinea pigs injected intraabdominally or subcutaneously with relatively large amounts of the combined globulins of types I and II antipneumococcic horse serum and kept at a room temperature of from 20°C. to 25°C. for about 48 hours, did not respond to an intravenous injection of combined specific carbohydrates of types I and II pneumococci at the end of this period. Guinea pigs injected by the same routes with these globulins in an amount which ordinarily led to no characteristic response, were sensitized to the specific carbohydrates so that fatal anaphylactic shock occurred in a large per cent of the cases, if the animals had been exposed for the same period after injection of the antiserum, to environmental temperatures of 7°C. or from 38.5°C. to 42°C. Guinea pigs which had been starved at room temperature before and after the subcutaneous injection of this amount of the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum, were not sensitive to injection of type-specific carbohydrates. Guinea pigs injected with the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum and kept at ordinary room temperature for about 48 hours, could be fatally shocked with the type-specific carbohydrates if the animals were injected with a solution of quinine hydrochloride about one hour before the injection of the specific haptens. There appeared to be some relationship between the degree of loss in weight of guinea pigs exposed to a low environmental temperature, and the degree of passive sensitization to typespecific carbohydrates following the injection of the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum. The rate of metabolism of the animals seems to be important in passive sensitization with antipneumococcic horse serum.


When using scattered waves for high-resolution imaging of a medium, the sensitivity of these waves to the spatiotemporal distribution of heterogeneities is undoubtedly a key factor. The traditional principle behind using scattered waves to detect small changes suffers from an inherent limitation when other structures, not of interest, are present along the wave propagation path. We propose a novel principle that leads to enhanced localization of wave sensitivity, without having to know the intermediate structures. This new principle emerges from a boundary integral representation which utilizes wave interferences observed at multiple points. When tested on geophysical acoustic wave data, this new principle leads to much better sensitivity localization and detection of small changes in seismic velocities, which were otherwise impossible. Overcoming the insensitivity to a target area, it offers new possibilities for imaging and monitoring small changes in properties, which is critical in a wide range of disciplines and scales.


In order to study the relationship between leaf tissue structure and cold resistance of pineapple,the cold resistance ability of three cultivars of pineapple(Comte de Paris,Australian cayenne,Tainong No.17) which suffered cold damage in 2009—2010 were investigated,in the experiment field of Guangdong Ocean University,and their leaf tissue structure was examined with paraffin section.Results showed that cold resistance ability of Comte de Paris and Tainong No.17 were the grade 1,and that of Australian cayenne was the grade 2,Comte de paris,Tainong No.17 with large leaf cuticle thickness and epidermal cell thickness and with small fiber bundle,vascular bundle,xylem,phloem diameter,gas chamber of xylem and phloem had the stronger cold resistance.Australian cayenne was in the opposite.The leaf tissue structure characteristics can be used to evaluate cold resistance of pineapple.


Third-party architectures for data publishing over the Internet today are receiving growing attention, due to their scalability properties and to the ability of efficiently managing large number of subjects and great amount of data. In a third-party architecture, there is a distinction between the Owner and the Publisher of information. The Owner is the producer of information, whereas Publishers are responsible for managing (a portion of) the Owner information and for answering subject queries. A relevant issue in this architecture is how the Owner can ensure a secure and selective publishing of its data, even if the data are managed by a third-party, which can prune some of the nodes of the original document on the basis of subject queries and access control policies. An approach can be that of requiring the Publisher to be trusted with regard to the considered security properties. However, the serious drawback of this solution is that large Web-based systems cannot be easily verified to be secure and can be easily penetrated. For these reasons, we propose an alternative approach, based on the use of digital signature techniques, which does not require the Publisher to be trusted. The security properties we consider are authenticity and completeness of a query response, where completeness is intended with regard to the access control policies stated by the information Owner. In particular, we show that, by embedding in the query response one digital signature generated by the Owner and some hash values, a subject is able to locally verify the authenticity of a query response. Moreover, we present an approach that, for a wide range of queries, allows a subject to verify the completeness of query results.


1. The reflex responses to stretch were studied in single motor units and the surface electromyogram in human masseter. 2. Controlled stretches of the isometrically contracting jaw‐closing muscles evoked short‐latency (10‐15 ms) and long‐latency (35‐70 ms) excitatory reflex responses in the masseter surface electromyogram. 3. The majority (65%) of tonically active masseter motor units were excited in both short‐ and long‐latency phases of the reflex. The timing of the stimulus determined whether the unit discharged in the short‐ or long‐latency phase. If a non‐tonically active motor unit was recruited by the stimulus, it invariably discharged in the long‐latency phase. 4. Although short‐latency responses were strongly time‐locked to the stimulus, there was very little shortening of interspike intervals (ISIs) in this phase of the reflex. The shortening of ISIs was more prominent and prolonged during the long‐latency phase, which explains why this phase produces most of the reflex force changes following the stretch. 5. Within pairs of concurrently active motor units there was a tenfold range in the size of the short‐latency response to the same stretch. 6. A substantial proportion (35%) of the twenty‐two masseter motor units tested had no statistically significant short‐latency reflex response. 7. In contrast to other human muscles, there was no functional connection between a population of Ia afferents and some masseter motoneurons. There are two possible explanations for this result. The short‐latency, presumably monosynaptic, Ia afferent inputs may not be uniformly distributed to human masseter motoneurons. Alternatively, these inputs may be subject to tonic presynaptic inhibition that is not uniformly distributed throughout the masseter motoneuron pool.


The heavy ion fast-cycling synchrotron SIS100 is the "workhorse", of the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI in Darmstadt. The main lattice parameters of the accelerator have been defined now, so the main engineering problems of the new superferric magnets can now be analyzed and solved as well. We present the results of finite element calculations and compare the data with related calorimetric measurements on model magnets, to predict the expected AC losses of the full length quadrupole prototype.


An enantioselective total synthesis of untenone A and plakevulin A has been achieved. Construction of a cyclopentene derivative, the key intermediate in this synthesis, was carried out by using a ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis reaction of a divinyl compound, prepared from octadecanal in several steps including the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation to generate a chiral quaternary carbon center.


We evaluate self-interaction effects on the quantum correlations of field modes of opposite momenta for scalar theory in a two-dimensional asymptotically flat Robertson-Walker spacetime. Such correlations are encoded both in the von Neumann entropy defined through the reduced density matrix in one of the modes and in the covariance expressed in terms of the expectation value of the number operators for each mode in the evolved state. The entanglement between field modes carries information about the underlying spacetime evolution.


PURPOSE: To obtain a high-mol.-wt. high-quality N-vinylformamide homopolymer. CONSTITUTION: N-vinylformamide is purified by fractional distillation in the presence of formamide in a column under 0.5-30 mbar by a method in which the distillation is controlled so that N-vinylformamide contg. 0.1-15 wt.% formamide is obtd. as the distillate. Thus purified N-vinylformamide is polymerized to give an N-vinylformamide homopolymer which has a K value (by Fikentscher's method, in 5% salt water, at 25°C, and at a polymer concn. of 0.1 wt.%) of 200 or higher. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO


Abstract 2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl azide reacts efficiently with polymer‐supported triphenylphosphine and various acid chlorides to yield glucopyranosyl amides with retention of the β‐gluco stereochemistry.


Abstract : Data are reported on the sizes of clearings broken in a lake ice sheet 20 to 30 inches thick, as a result of each of 45 explosions. The charge weights varied from 1 to 42 lbs, and the charge positions varied from 20 ft below to 2 ft above the ice layer.


The article is devoted to the analysis of legislation, also legal doctrine in the sphere of the organic crop production. The authors dwell on the analysis of the provisions of Ukraian Laws of September 3, 2013 «On production and circulation of organic agricultural products and raw materials» and July 10, 2018 «On basic principles and requirements for organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products».They indicate positive and negative characteristics of these Laws and note that the legislation in thein the sphere of organic production of agricultural crop products is in the process of formation and needs further improvement, including the requirements of EU legislation. Given the fact that in the scientific literature organic crop production is considered as an integral part of organic production, without disclosing its special features, special attention is paid to the definition of the features of the first type of activity.An analysis of Ukrainian legislation allows the authors to conclude that the concept of organic crop production includes not only crop production as a traditional branch of agricultural production, but also the procurement of such organic objects of the plant world as wild plants, algae and mushrooms. This indicates about impossibility of reducing this activity exclusively to organic farming. Keywords: organic production, organic crop production, plant growing, food security, agriculture, agricultural products, food quality


There are two major paradigms involved in applied ecological research on rangeland ecosystems: the equilibrium paradigm and non-equilibrium paradigm. The former idea posits that communities will respond in a sequential and predictable manner to the environment and disturbances such as grazing. The latter idea has minimized ecosystem regulation and stability and placed greater emphasis on external factors such as climatic variability and episodic events, implying that ecosystems are less predictable than indicated by the equilibrium concept. Previous literature has suggested that both equilibrium and non-equilibrium paradigms must be incorporated into rangeland management perspectives if the solid science of rangeland ecology is to continue to underpin them. However, the current state-of-the-art in rangeland management appears to be progressing at the extremes of the equilibrium–non-equilibrium continuum. Consequently, there is uncertainty as to whether the current knowledge is the key to successful environmental management of rangeland ecosystems. Here, I have synthesized the extensive debates on rangeland ecology from a rangeland management perspective, and merged the two major paradigms by placing the idea of ecological thresholds at the core of the study framework. The clear implication is that both equilibrium and non-equilibrium paradigms must be incorporated into vegetation management in rangeland ecosystems. Effective vegetation management based on both paradigms can prevent adverse changes in states before ecological thresholds are reached, while maintaining or enhancing the ecological resilience of rangeland ecosystems.


Document-level contextual information has shown benefits to text-based machine translation, but whether and how context helps end-to-end (E2E) speech translation (ST) is still under-studied. We fill this gap through extensive experiments using a simple concatenation-based context-aware ST model, paired with adaptive feature selection on speech encodings for computational efficiency. We investigate several decoding approaches, and introduce in-model ensemble decoding which jointly performs document- and sentence-level translation using the same model. Our results on the MuST-C benchmark with Transformer demonstrate the effectiveness of context to E2E ST. Compared to sentence-level ST, context-aware ST obtains better translation quality (+0.18-2.61 BLEU), improves pronoun and homophone translation, shows better robustness to (artificial) audio segmentation errors, and reduces latency and flicker to deliver higher quality for simultaneous translation.


Mass media campaigns, creative condom marketing programs, and the right messages from friends and coworkers have succeeded in slowing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the AIDS virus, around the world, a new analysis by the World Health Organization (WHO) reports. In a review of 15 HIV prevention projects carried out in 13 countries, physicians and scientists from the WHO Global Program on AIDS have confirmed the effectiveness of a handful of approaches in producing significant changes in people's sexual behavior. The specific projects found effective by WHO include the promotion of condom use in Zaire and Thailand, an educational program aimed at longdistance truck drivers in the United Republic of Tanzania, person-to-person AIDS prevention messages in Zimbabwe, and mass media campaigns in the Philippines and Switzerland. In addition, young military recruits in Rwanda and female prostitutes in Zaire


In order to solve the difficulties of multiobjective optimization problems (MOPs) such as high dimensionality and complex calculation, this paper designs a multiobjective optimization algorithm of multi-subpopulation coevolution. In this paper, the MOPs is divided into several sub-problems, and multiple sub-populations are used to optimize the sub-problems separately, and an information exchange strategy is designed for coevolution among multiple subpopulations; Aiming at the problem of multiobjective particle swarm optimization easily falling into local optima, an adaptive Cauchy mutation is designed to enhance the diversity and convergence of the algorithm.


Currently, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks remain among the most critical threats on the Internet. Ironically, although a major objective of Internet protocol design was to prevent DoS attacks and to maintain network connections in order to provide essential services to the masses uninterruptedly, the Internet is suffering significantly from distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks at present. In recent years, numerous research studies have focused on this topic. However, after deliberately analyzing the proposed defensive measures and supposedly secure systems, we figure that most are themselves extremely vulnerable to DoS/DDoS attacks. This paper contributes a detailed analysis of various existing and proposed defensive measures, as well as their vulnerabilities.


: Teaching and learning process is a process that contains a series of actions of teachers and students on the basis of reciprocal relationships that take place in educational situations to achieve certain goals. The interaction between teacher and student is a major requirement for the ongoing learning process. Interaction in the learning process has a broader understanding not only the relationship between teachers and students but in the form of educational interaction. In this case not only the delivery of messages in the form of subject matter, but rather the inculcation of the students' learning attitudes. Islam as a religion in line with the human nature, of course, emphasizes the importance of education / coaching in order to explore positive personality that is in each individual. Individuals developed in a democratic climate tend to have personality traits: more active, more social, more self-esteemed, more intellectual in want, more original and more constructive than children developed in an autoritarian climate. The role of teachers in education has a very important role in the creation of a series of interrelated behavior undertaken in a situation of progress changes in behavior and development of students who become its purpose. It is intended that the students will have a knowledge based on a strong foundation, so it is not easily carried away by the unaccountable currents. So from the teacher of religion that must instill good values to the students. The method used in this research is analytical descriptive method. The research approach uses Qualitative approach. The model formed is further tested to determine the ability to explain real events. This method to describe an event that occurs in situations and conditions that are not the same, because this method is done to describe the systematic facts or characteristics of a particular population or field in a factual and accurate. From the results of research and discussion about the Role of Teacher Personality Competence in growing Akhlaq Students at SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi, the writer can draw some conclusion that, Teacher Personality at SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi Regency is categorized quite successfully, because of the question instruments distributed to respondnnen , which always answers as much as 73.17%. Thus, the Teacher Personality at SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi Regency, is said to be quite successful with the amount of 73.17%., Akhlaq Students at SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi Regency, said quite influential, because of the question items distributed to respondents who answered always as much 71.64%. Thus that Akhlaq Students at SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi, categorized very influential on morality students with a percentage of 71.64%. As well as the role of Teacher Personality in growing Akhlaq Students at SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi, categorized quite successfully, this is evident from the results of the recapitulation of questionnaire assessment distributed to the respondents of 41 students SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi, who answered always as much as 72.40%. Thus it can be concluded that the Teacher Personality in growing Akhlaq Students at SDN Cibuntu 05 Cibitung Bekasi, categorized quite successfully with the percentage of 72.40%.


9.98% of all gynecological surgical interventions made at the Clinic in Zabrez from 1965 to 1971 were for ectopic pregnancy. 157 cases of ectopic pregnancy were chosen at random for clinical analysis. Microscopic examinations of the excised oviduct were made in order to establish the cause of tubular implantation. The cause was determined in 45.6% of all the cases. Causal factors were chronic salpingitis (33%), endometriosis (11.4%), and tuberculosis (1.2%). In the formation of acute salpingitis (54.4% of these cases) a major incidence of passed spontaneous and artificial abortion was revealed. It is felt that postoperative examination of material should cover not only the presence of the fetal ovum but also the microscopic appearance of the oviducts' walls. In this manner it is thought that the cause may become more evident, making prophylaxis of ectopic pregnancy more possible.


The present invention discloses a process for the production of bio-organic fertilizer using the dregs, the steps are as follows: First, the material is comminuted; two ingredients; Third, high temperature fermentation equipment; IV aging; five, then the ingredients; six, granulated; seven drying; eight or cooling; IX products. The present invention utilizes the traditional Chinese medicine production dregs waste as raw material, after aging fermentation, formulation and then preparing the final organic and inorganic fertilizer, the fertilizer not only solve the problem of resource waste and environmental pollution caused by discarded dregs, while agricultural production provides an excellent biological fertilizer; the above-described high temperature fermenting strains suitable for industrial production; NPK dregs by itself contains organic and inorganic NPK fertilizer can be reduced investment, while the organic matter and inorganic NPK chelation, can reduce the loss of nitrogen potassium fertilizer prolonged period, increasing the activity of phosphorus, phosphorus reduce soil fixing elements.


Abstract Contributions to the philosophical genre of popular culture and philosophy aim to popularize philosophical ideas with the help of references to the products of popular (mass) culture with TV series like The Simpsons, Hollywood blockbusters like The Matrix and Jurassic Park, or popular music groups like Metallica. While being commercially successful, books in this comparatively new genre are often criticized for lacking scientific rigor, providing a shallow cultural commentary, and having little didactic value to foster philosophical understanding. This paper discusses some of these methodological and didactic objections and seeks to encourage a constructive discussion of concerns with the genre. It shows how the genre similar to previous attempts to foster public understanding of philosophy and that it is a methodologically viable approach to reach a broad range of readers with diverse informational preferences and educational backgrounds. Considering what makes this approach to the popularization of philosophical thinking successful will shed light on some of the criteria for popularization of philosophy in general.


This work presents the analysis of damage assessment for dangerous industrial objects of acoustic emission method. Samples of low carbon and low alloy steels were researched. The aim of this work is to experimentally determine damage assessment for the state of developed and unacceptable sources of acoustic emission. Cracks of various lengths have been obtained by low-cycle loading. According to research, it is necessary to use several criteria simultaneously to increase the reliability of inspection of each growing crack.


Context-aware recommendation became a major topic of interest within the recommender systems community as the context is crucial to provide the right items at the right moment. Many studies aim at developing complex models to include contextual factors in the recommendation process. Despite a real improvement on the recommendations quality, such contextual factors face users' privacy and data collection issues. We support the idea that context could be expressed in term of item attributes rather than contextual factors. To investigate that hypothesis, we designed an online experiment where 174 users were asked to describe the context in which they would listen the proposed songs for which we collected 12 musical attributes. We make available all the material collected during this study for research purposes and non-commercial use.


Bioinformatics has been a hot topic in Pakistan to be a separate and vital field of study. There has been a sudden increase in the Bioinformatics courses for both undergraduate and graduate degrees. The courses selected in this study four years bachelor degree and two year master degree of full-time study, each of these courses dissecting into six categories as: Bioinformatics, Biological Science, Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science and Elective subjects, to determine where the differences lie. This study reviews state-of-the-art Bioinformatics education in Pakistan, compares it with global standards and initiatives and proposes a set of recommendations to be integrated in the national educational framework of curriculum and policy making.


How important is it to have a measles vaccination in South Africa? Measles is highly contagious and a leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in children, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a 92% decrease in measles-related deaths in the WHO Afro region from 2000 - 2008. 1 The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) reported an increase of laboratory-confirmed cases of measles 2 in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, and the Northern Cape and Western Cape from six in 2013, to 49 in 2014. Distribution of the disease is presented in Table I. Earlier in 2015, the Mail and Guardian reported on these statistics under the heading, Measles threat puts Ebola to shame. 3 Unlike Ebola, measles is much more pervasive in its spread.


Introduction Sediment and nutrients flow into estuary with runoff, and then influence the estuary ecosystem. Much work has been done for investigating the response of water quality and species group (eg. phytoplankton or zooplankton) to the runoff from upstream, while few research has been taken to evaluate the response of the whole ecosystem. Methods Food webs of different seasons and regions were established based on stable isotope analysis and Bayesian mixing model. The influences of upstream runoff and sediment transport on the estuarine food webs were analyzed. Results Food web in estuary had highly spatial-temporal variability. The stable isotope values of organisms were higher on the northern shore than that on the southern shore. The area with high-turbidity freshwater inflow nurtured more terrestrial- organic- matter (TOM) relying species. And the contribution of TOM to food web was higher in flood season than that in non-flood season. The trophic levels of major consumers in the non-flood season were generally higher than that in the flood season. Significant differences in the average TP of species between two shores appeared during the non-flood season (P < 0.05). Expect for the C value, all of the topological indexes of food webs on the northern shore were higher than those on the southern shore, and they were higher in the flood period. Discussion The input and diffusion of sediment and nutrients carried by runoff led to the changes in the dietary structure of estuarine organisms and the decrease in trophic levels of major consumers. At the same time, flow pulse with high sediment also aggravated the spatial differences of the structure of food webs. The higher contribution of TOM to consumers increased the link density of food web on the southern shore, making it a more robust system. However, the high diversity of food sources and aquatic species made the food web more complex on the northern shore.


THE interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders of the lower respiratory tract characterized by derangements of the alveolar walls and loss of functional alveolar capillary un...


As a graduate student at the University of Vermont, I have conducted research on an array of programs that routinely take middleand high-school students onto the open water for educational purposes. Before I began my formal research, I had worked on large sailing vessels (on the Hudson River and elsewhere) and also as a kayak-trip leader (for the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum), both involving environmental education with teenagers. For my study, I have observed a half-dozen programs, interviewed several program directors, and received over 25 responses from around the nation to a mail survey of Open-Water Environmental Education programs.


As a RAP tool,Delphi has powerful functions in interface design and database programming,and it is a powerful tool in MIS's development.However,Delphi has certain limitation in dynamic report,and offers flexible print which is very important function for MIS system.This paper uses Delphi Excel components,and makes good use of the prior Excel report template to implement some complex irregular reports and then to improve the flexibility of the system.


This paper discusses two new features for speech activity detec-tion(SAD), using a multi-layer perceptron(mlp) trained to predict phoneme from acoustic features. The first feature is based on the difference between speech and noise histogram of certain phonemes. A scoring mechanism is formulated to score the softmax probabilities of the frames of a phoneme. The second feature is based on the correlation between softmax probabilities of the edge frames for certain phoneme transitions. A probabilistic approach is formulated to score the phoneme transition. Relevant datasets are used to prove the robustness of the proposed features in terms of speech activity detection.


Abstract 4619 Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that has significant activity in B cell lymphomas that express the cell surface protein CD20. The mechanism of its antitumor effects in vivo are not clear but include direct apoptotic effects, complement mediated cytotoxicity (CMC), and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Previously we initiated a clinical trial of SAHA (vorinostat), cladribine, and rituximab (SCR) in patients with CD20+ B cell malignancies. In addition to its cytotoxic effects, recent evidence suggests that 2-CdA has hypomethylating properties. A 65 year old patient with newly diagnosed blastic,leukemic, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) was initiated on the SCR trial. He responded promptly with normalization of his blood counts and resolution of his splenomegaly. A PET/CT scan performed prior to cycle 3 was consistent with a complete metabolic remission. He developed cytopenias prior to cycle 5 that met criteria for removal from the study. Imaging and blood studies were compatible with florid relapse of his MCL including CNS disease. At post mortem analysis, cells in the CNS were CD20 positive and cells in the blood, marrow, and lymph nodes were CD20 negative by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. CD20 mRNA analysis by qRT-PCR demonstrated marked reduction in CD20 mRNA. A cell line was derived from the patient9s blood. The cells are cyclin D1 positive and expresses Sox 11 with ∼50 times less CD20 mRNA and appropriate sized protein. This 353 cell line has been grown in continuous culture for > 1 year and remains CD20 negative, CCND1 positive and contains the t(11;14). Analysis of the CD20 promoter and coding region demonstrated no evidence of a deletion or point mutation. Chromatin immunoprecipation (ChIP) assays were performed to access epigenetic changes at the CD20 promoter. First, we showed that the CD20 promoter in Granta MCL cells treated with cladribine contain decreased amounts of methylated histones H3K9 and K27, consistent with an epigenetic mechanism of action of cladribine involving histone methylation. Decreased DNA methylation at the CD20 promoter was also observed. ChIP analysis of the patient9s cells before and after treatment with cladribine and vorinostat in vivo demonstrated decreases in CD20 promoter DNA and histone (H3 K9 and H3K27) methylation, consistent with the known epigenetic properties of these agents. The 353 cell line reported here will be of interest in studying epigenetic mechanisms of resistance to rituximab by silencing of CD20 gene expression. Experiments to overexpress exogenous CD20 to resensitize 353 cells to rituximab are in progress and will be reported. Future experiments will also aim at identifying a cDNA or drug that can overcome epigenetic resistance in vitro in 353 cells. These experiments could lead to improved treatments to overcome epigenetically mediated resistance to rituximab. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


In this report, first we analyze experimentally the electrode movement as the pneumatic machine system of the spot welding machine using the high speed motion camera, and make clear the relations of the electrode movement with the electrode stroke, the pressures of the upper and lower air chambers and time.Next, it is proved that the damping oscillation of the upper and lower electrodes begins from the instant of the impact of upper electrode with the lower part.Then, we study the effects of this impact on the surface properties of the weld piece, for example, the contact area, and contact resistance between the weld pieces.Putting the above facts together, knowledge to select the squeeze time under various conditions in the spot welding is obtained.


Meat is exposed to heat and acid pH during technological processing and digestion, respectively. Both treatments affect the molecular structure of meat proteins. In order to characterize separately the effects of heating and acidic treatments, infrared (IR) spectra of treated meat were analyzed. IR spectra of muscle fibers were obtained from histological sections of raw and cooked meat which were incubated in 0.9% NaCl solution adjusted to pH 2, 3.5 and 5 using a transmission IR microscope. Despite the low thickness of the sections (6 μm), the Amide I and II bands' signal were saturated: There is the possibility of having a poor linearity in quantifying these band intensities. From this reason, the spectral region of the amide vibrational modes (1700-1500 cm–1) was excluded from the data analysis. Another fingerprint region (1500-1000 cm–1) was applied to the analysis. Results showed that the band corresponding to the protonation of Aspartic acid highlighted the effect of pH separately from the effect of cooking. However, bands which can well explain the cooking effect were not found in this spectral region.


A neural network method is applied to microwave tomography to reconstruct the image of complex permittivity in this paper. Although the technology of microwave tomography has developed much over the past two decades, it still positions at its experimental stage because it is necessary to solve the inverse scattering problem, which is ill-posed and nonlinear. In order to improve its ill-posedness and deal with the nonlinearity, we introduce a proper regularization and employ the neural network method to solve the problem. A numerical simulation is presented to show the efficiency of the method.


Combing the potential reduction method and steepest-descent algorithm,we establish a new steepest potential-reduction method,which not only improve the iterative speed,decreasingcomputation,but maintain the convergence result.


To study the tribological properties of the piston ring-cylinder liner in liquid-solid lubrication, the experiment is carried out on a modified piston ring-cylinder liner tester. Two kinds of liquid-solid lubricants are used, one with ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) nano-particles suspending in pure lubricant, the other with micro-sized M0S2 particles. The particle concentrations are 0%, 0.02% and 0.1% by weight. The experimental temperature is 30℃ and 75℃ respectively. The results show that with the presence of ultra-dispersed diamond particles, the load when scuffing failure occurs is increased.For the lubricant contains MoS2 particles, the scuffing load is decreased. The liquid-solid lubricant also affects the thermal behavior of piston ring-cylinder liner. The surface bulk temperatures of cylinder liner specimen are measured. It has been seen that liquid-solid lubricant used in this research tends to improve the thermal properties generally and the measured friction forces also decreases with the presence of UDD nano-particles. The surface bulk temperature when scuffing occurs is also measured. The results show that the size effect and environment temperature have obvious influence on scuffing load and scuffing temperature. With some new findings, this work is an important complement to the existing research on particle effect on lubrication, because the existing results only show one aspect of this problem.


Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) has been recently proposed as a simple and efficient method to separate a polydisperse mixture of particles based on particle size. The separation device consists of a shallow rectangular channel filled with a periodic lattice of micrometer-sized obstacles, whose principal direction forms an angle with the channel walls. Particles are dragged by a carrier flow stream through the device. Experiments have shown that particles larger than a critical size depart from the average direction of the carrier flow, as they are systematically deflected by the obstacles while being dragged downstream. Theoretical models based on the geometric structure of the Stokes flow through the obstacle lattice have been proposed to predict the average direction of particle current flux. Besides, little is known about the dispersion of diffusing particles about the average particle current. In this article, we show that the interaction between the deterministic and stochastic components of particle motion results in a large-scale, possibly anisotropic, convection-enhanced dispersion process, which may hinder separation far beyond what could be predicted from the value of the bare particle diffusivity. The prediction of dispersion regimes results therefore essential for an optimal design of DLD devices. Copyright © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The integration of 5G networks with cognitive radio (CR) technology enables the software‐defined networking (SDN) infrastructure to support emergency applications. In future, CR can be integrated with 5G and many wireless networks like Wi‐Fi, WSN, and MANET for efficient spectrum utilization with higher data rate and lower latency. This CR technology allows unlicensed users to access the licensed spectrum, whenever it is free. In this paper, an efficient SDN architecture with cognitive ability for emergency network is proposed in which the SDN controller prolong communication between disaster victims and first responders and so the first responders can arrive at the spot directly and rescue the victims. The SDN controller has cognitive ability so that the victims can utilize the vacant licensed band to communicate with the first responders, thereby improving the spectrum utilization of the network. Another two main challenges during emergency are the occurrence of interference and link failure. The proposed dynamic handover algorithm with interference cancellation (DHAIC) cancels the interference between the nodes inside the network and performs dynamic handoff, whenever link failure occurs between the cluster head (CH) and the controller. An optimum throughput and minimal delay is achieved to ensure the network performance.