The attenuation-integral theorem shows that a limit exists to the power gain times bandwidth product when an ideal current generator drives a network having a finite capacitance in shunt with the input. This paper derives a comparable theorem which includes both capacitance and device behavior like the \alpha -cutoff effect in transistors. The result of the theorem is the familiar \pi/(2RC) when \alpha cutoff can be ignored. The result depends upon both capacitance and \alpha cutoff in general. The analysis is somewhat different from the classical method and hence can be considered to provide an alternate derivation of the attenuation-integral theorem. The results can also be interpreted to indicate the limitations of general amplitude equalization by means of a single network driven from a current source. Specific nonminimum-phase networks suitable for equalizing output networks when the (transistor) current source behaves as \delta/(p + \delta) are the subject of the second half of this paper. Both networks and convenient design relations are given, as well as a specific example which increases \delta -cutoff bandwidth by a factor of 10.


Backgound : It is almost two decades since laparoscopic surgery was first introduced in Kenya. This study was aimed at evaluating the transition to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) with analysis of patient demographics and other relevant data. Methods : This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of records of 448 patients who underwent cholecystectomy in Nairobi from 2001 to 2010. Data entry was done using epidataV 1.4.2 and analyzed using STATA version 11.0 and comparative analysis performed. Results : 80% of all cholecystectomies performed in Nairobi were  laparoscopic, 80% of the patients were females and40% of allpatients were under 40years of age. Ultrasound (USs) is well established for diagnosis and with detailed reporting but laboratory investigations at the public hospital(PH), were rare, especially Liver Function Tests (LFT), done in only 55% of the patients. The conversion rate of 4% was similar to that in other studies. Conclusion : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now established in Nairobi with good USs reporting. However the lack of adequate laboratory  investigations noted in the records needs improvement. Key Words :Transition, Open, Laparascopic, Cholecystectomy


Abstract
Purpose
While corporations may embrace the concepts of social and environmental responsibility, numerous examples exist to show corporations claiming to act sustainably and responsibly, while simultaneously showing disregard for the communities in which they operate and causing considerable environmental damage.

This chapter argues that such activities illustrate a particular notion of Baumol's (1990) criminal entrepreneurialism where both creative and constructive compliance combine to subvert environmental regulation and its enforcement.

Design/methodology/approach
This chapter employs a case study approach assessing the current corporate environmental responsibility landscape against the reality of corporate environmental offending. Its case study shows seemingly repeated environmental offending by Shell Oil against a backdrop of the company claiming to have integrated environmental monitoring and scrutiny into its operating procedures.

Findings
The chapter concludes that corporate assertion of environmental credentials is itself often a form of criminal entrepreneurship where corporations embrace voluntary codes of practice and self-regulation while internally promoting the drive for success and profitability and/or avoidance of the costs of true environmental compliance deemed too high. As a result, this chapter argues that responsibility for environmental damage requires regulation to ensure corporate responsibility for environmental damage.

Originality/value
The chapter employs a green criminological perspective to its analysis of corporate social responsibility and entrepreneurship. Thus, it considers not only just strict legal definitions of crime and criminal behaviour but also the overlap between the legal and the illegal and the preference of governments to use administrative or civil penalties as tools to deal with corporate environmental offending.


Mothering: Ideology, Experience and Agency Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Grace Chang and Linda Rennie Forcey, eds. New York: Routledge, 1994; 387 pp.Reviewed by Brenda L. Beagan Department of Anthropology and Sociology University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C.andBethan A. Lloyd Vancouver, B.C.In the introduction to this collection, Evelyn Nakano Glenn argues that debates about the universalizing theories of Nancy Chodorow and Sarah Ruddick are overblown, and "do not sufficiently 'decenter' the dominant model" (p. 5). What is needed is attention to variation, rather than a search for universals; we need to shift what has been on the margins to the centre. This collection of articles does just that. Glenn's clear and succinct introduction provides a comprehensive map for the many complex interdisciplinary perspectives contained in the collection. Focussed on the editors' goals -- "to draw attention to [the] diversity of mothering and of the contexts in which people mother, to restore agency to a central place, and to raise questions" (p. 26) -- she invites readers to engage critically and reflectively with the material. In our opinion, the editors more than met their goals. We give the collection a resounding 9.5/10. As White women, as mother and non-mother, as transplanted Maritimers and women 15 years apart in age, the volume made us, the book's reviewers, think, rethink, ponder, reflect, argue, and question.The first section of the book directly challenges universalism, examining "Diversity in Mothering." As Patricia Hill Collins states, "Racial domination and economic subordination profoundly shape the mothering context, not only for racial ethnic women in the United States, but for all women" (p. 45). Collins' article branches out from her powerful work concerning Black mothering in Black Feminist Thought (1990) to include Native American, Hispanic, and Asian - American experiences. With her consistent proviso that theorizing about any experience, including mothering, "will not be helped by supplanting one group's theory with that of another; for example, by claiming that women of color's experiences are more valid than those of white, middle - class women" she proves that "examination of motherhood and mother - as - subject from multiple perspectives should uncover rich textures of difference" (p. 62).A second article in this section, Sau - ling C. Wong's "Diverted Mothering: Representations of Caregivers of Color in the Age of 'Multiculturalism'," proved that rich textures of similarity also arise between interdisciplinary perspectives. One of the reviewers read this book in the midst of analyzing research that includes the critical reflection of staff in employability enhancement programs for single parents receiving social assistance. Wong's key concepts of "diverted mothering" and "ideological caregiving" provided an essential component for interpreting some of the contradictory feelings expressed by Black frontline staff who work with White women program participants.The second section of this collection examines ideologies and the social construction of motherhood, and how those ideologies can be used to keep people in their place. Ann Kaplan adds a unique twist to the debates about reproductive technologies, by exploring fetal images -- and the displacement of mothers by fetal images -- in visual media, such as the popular comedy "Look Who's Talking."Part three focusses on the "decomposition" of mothering. These articles attempt to deconstruct the binary oppositions that shape dominant constructions of motherhood, to show how the oppositional elements in fact gain their meaning through the contrast, and thus are interdependent. Though all of the articles succeed in their deconstructive efforts, one is quite strikingly successful. Margaret K Nelson's study, "Family Day - Care Providers: Dilemmas of Daily Practice" is a fascinating exploration of the contradictions for women who promote an ideal of at - home mothering while providing a service they do not believe in: caring for other people's children so that those mothers can go out to work -- contributing to a redefinition of mothering in a direction these daycare providers do not themselves support. …


The effects of the addition of waste tyre products have been extensively investigated in dilative quartz sands, but little is known about their effect on the behaviour of compressive, crushable sands. Rubber granules and fibres were introduced into a decomposed granite in two different proportions, 10 and 30% by weight. It was found that a critical state framework could be successfully applied to the behaviour of the mixtures and that a 30% fibre content gave a significant strength increase, whereas a 10% fibre content and both 10 and 30% granules did not. The paper examines the interacting effects of the rubber and particle breakage in causing volume change. Although the change to the compression index through the addition of rubber was not large, the overall compressibility does increase significantly as a result of increased compression before the normal compression line is reached, giving a downward movement of the line. Similarly the most significant change to the critical state line location in the ...


This feature describes the emerging active living movement, explains the potential health benefits that can result from a transportation system that supports walking and bicycling, articulates the role transportation professionals can play in improving public health and recommends what can be done to create and support an active transportation system. It identifies significant relationships between the built environment and travel choices, progress in building healthier communities and a need for better methods, data and improved multidisciplinary collaboration and decision-making. Following is a summary of a white paper presented at the ITE 2003 Technical Conference and Exhibit, held March 23‐26, 2003 in Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.


In general surgical practice, foreign students often neglect the ability to learn and operate. The reasons include defects in teaching system, insufficient practical ability, poor language communication, etc., which leads to the failure of foreign students to improve their surgical skills and poor teaching quality. As a result of the reform of teaching system and emphasis on practice, a high-level teaching team has been created, the quality of international students has been improved, and the practice quality has been gradually improved.


In the literature on product line pricing, consumer choice is often modeled using the max-surplus choice rule. In terms of this concept, consumer preferences are represented by so-called reservation prices and the deterministic decision rule is to choose the product that provides the highest positive surplus. However, the distribution of the reservation prices often seems somewhat arbitrary. In this paper, we demonstrate how reservation prices can be obtained using discrete choice analysis and that these two concepts are not as different as often perceived in the literature. A small example illustrates this approach, using data from a discrete choice model taken from the literature.


Modern temperature measuring instruments are implemented on microcontrollers. In this case, the thermometer is used not only to measure the room temperature, but also to measure and regulate the temperature of water in incubators, refrigerators, aquariums, etc. Can be applied in places. Temperature measurement schemes are also built on modern chips and microcontrollers. Because these circuits have digital output, the measurement error is reduced. Here, the value of the sampling period is 2 seconds. Among these devices, we can also show an analog-to-digital converter with high traction capacity, which, when used in conjunction with a computer, has a sampling time of 30 ms. RT-type regulators are used to regulate the temperature in water and steam water heaters and refrigerators. Key words: temperature transmitter, microcontroller, temperature measurement, voltage converter, seven-segment indicator


Taking No.2 unit of Yangquan No.2 Power Plant as an experimental unit,two kinds of load shedding methods have been proposed the generator power measuring method and the conventional method.The first is the most direct method to determine the dynamic characteristic of regulating system,while the second is the indirect method.Comparision of the load shedding test by the two methods are given.


Mismatched acoustic transmission channels are known to cause degradations in reliability of automated speaker recognition. The problem becomes significant in the presence of non-trivial ambient noises and acoustic reverberation. Channel equalization, i.e. the removal or reduction of the channel effects, to some extent, mitigates the mismatching problem at the cost of added distortions to the vulnerable speech signals themselves, and therefore its effectiveness is limited. Conversely, this paper proposes to estimate noise and reverberation and incorporate them into individual training examples to create virtually matched channels. A "fine tune" training procedure is performed before final decision making. The paper details the proposed method, presents the results and discusses the potentials and limitations.


In the recent years Intelligent Transportation Systems and associated technologies have progressed significantly, including services based on wireless communications between vehicles (V2V) and infrastructure (V2I). In order to increase the trustworthiness of these communications, and convince drivers to adopt the new technologies, specific security and privacy requirements need to be addressed, using Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). To maintain VANET′s security and eliminate possible attacks, mechanisms are to be developed. In this paper, previous researches are reviewed aiming to provide information concerning matches between an attack and a solution in a VANET environment.


We have investigated optical properties of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs (100) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy, by means of photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. InAs QDs were grown by using In interruption growth technique, in which the In flux was periodically interrupted by a closed In shutter during InAs QDs growth. The shutter of In source was opened for 1 s and then closed for 0, 9, 19, 29, or 39 s. This growth sequence was repeated 30 times during QDs growth. For each sample, the total amount of In contributing to the growth was the same (30 s) but total growth time was varied during the InAs growth. As the In interruption time is increased from 0 to 19 s, the PL peak position of the QDs is red-shifted from 1096 to 1198 nm, and the PL intensity is increased. However, the PL peak is unchanged and the intensity is decreased as the In interruption time is increased further to 39 s. The PL decay times measured at the PL peak position for all the InAs QDs are independent on the QD growth conditions and showed about 1 ns. The red-shift of PL peak and the increase of PL intensity can be explained due to increased QD size and the enhancement in the migration of In atoms using In interruption technique. These results indicated that the size and shape of InAs QDs can be controlled by using In interruption growth technique. Thus the emission wavelength of the InAs QDs on GaAs substrate can also be controlled.


Abstract : The report describes the development and application of a theoretical model developed to manually predict the RF interference that a radar receiver may be subjected to and the effect this interference input might have on the Common Digitizer. The RF portion of the prediction is made in two steps. A rough cull is accomplished utilizing essentially power and distance to eliminate as many equipments as possible from consideration and then more detailed calculations are accomplished on only those emitters which are potential interference sources. A series of curves have been plotted and are furnished so that propagation loss may be determined without laborious calculations. Solved examples are presented as illustration of the application of the model developed. The Common Digitizer portion of the prediction examines the effect of interference from two aspects. First the total amount of interference is examined to determine the effect on the probability of detection. Curves have been plotted showing that as the amount of interference increases the probability of detection decreases. The effect is much more pronounced for targets with small signal-to-noise ratios. The effects of interference whose PRF is nearly equal to or almost harmonically related to the operating rate of the Common Digitizer is examined. (Author)


ABSTRACT The timing of spring phenology marks the start of the growing season and the beginning of the carbon-uptake period. In order to accurately calculate carbon budgets across different vegetation types, reliable start-of-season data over relatively large areas is necessary. However, in-situ phenological observation networks are generally restricted in their geographical extent and limited to a small number of species, typically dominant trees. Satellite remote sensing can provide spatially extensive phenological information but requires validation with in-situ observations. Here, we examined trends (1968–2016) in the timing of leaf-unfolding (LU) as well as growing-season-length (GSL), derived from in-situ observations, of a suite of deciduous trees, at three rural sites and one urban site in Ireland, all of which are within the International Phenological Gardens network. We compared in-situ trends with satellite derived phenometrics, including start of greening increase and GSL, based on two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2) from a combined AVHRR and MODIS time-series over the time period 1982–2016. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of satellite remote sensing in capturing LU and GSL as determined by in-situ observations from sites dominated by varying land cover types. The timing of LU (DOY 111) at the urban site was significantly (p < 0.000) later than all rural sites, apart from one (1982–2016). The significantly (p < 0.000) longer (2–5 weeks) GSL (217 days), at the urban site, was thus driven by delayed leaf fall (LF). Satellite derived Start of Season (SOS) was consistently earlier than LU across all sites (RMSE 25–52d; MBE −5 to −50 d) whereas EVI2-derived GSL was consistently longer than in situ data (RMSE 65–102d; MBE 45 to 96 d). Overall, the discrepancies reported here between the timing of in-situ spring phenology and satellite-derived phenometrics at these sites were possibly due to a combination of factors including differences in scale between the two methods, the small number of cloned trees being monitored, which does not appear to represent the broader landscape vegetation, the heterogeneity of the landscape and technical differences between the satellite sensors used to construct the EVI2 time-series. Addressing these issues is challenging but engaging citizen scientists to monitor local vegetation would increase the spatial coverage of the in-situ observation network while also incorporating a broader range of species some of which would undoubtedly represent native vegetation.


This paper draws on the EU-SILC dataset to investigate changes over the period 2004 to 2014 in the trends and dynamics in poverty for social risk groups in selected European countries representing different welfare regimes (Social democratic, Corporatist, Liberal and Southern). Social risk groups differ in the challenges they face to their capacity to convert resources (such as capital and skills) into desired outcomes (goods and services). They include lone parents, adults with a disability, young adults, children, older adults and the reference group of other working-age adults. The comparative element of the project allowed us to assess whether certain welfare regimes were better at protecting more vulnerable groups. We address three research questions: Do the same social risk groups face higher risks of poverty (and greater persistence of poverty) in all countries? Is the 'social risk gap' – the difference in poverty across groups – larger in countries like Ireland than in Social democratic countries like Sweden? Did the recession lead to polarisation between the vulnerable social risk groups and other working-age adults?
We find that lone parents and families of working-age adults with a disability experience higher deprivation and poverty rates across all countries. Ireland, along with the other Liberal regime country, the UK, stood out as having poorer outcomes for the vulnerable groups, especially in terms of material deprivation. There was some evidence of polarisation over time in Ireland and the UK to the detriment of the vulnerable groups. This was not a pattern found across most countries, however.


The theory of Chinese drama written by Li Yu include some parts:"structure being cardinal","theme being backbone of article","the plot should be linked tightful","shaking off the yoke",and the langugage is plain and easy to understand. The theory is meaningful for the present writting theory.


This paper examines control measures for improving food safety in the dairy chain, using an integer linear programming model. The chain includes feed (compound feed production and delivery), farm (dairy farm) and dairy processing (transport and processing of raw milk, delivery of pasteurised milk) blocks. Results show that 65 per cent of the maximum possible food safety improvement can be achieved at relatively low extra cost per ton of milk (4.27), fairly evenly distributed across the blocks. Higher safety levels can be attained by increasing the farm block's contribution, but at much higher extra cost (44.37 for the maximum attainable).


The robustness of the permutation and the Mann-Whitney U tests was explored and compared through simulation for several violation degrees of the variances equality assumption. Samples were obtained from the approximation to beta, logistic and double exponential distributions by means of the


Summary Data From Scheduled Spoiler Removals (Sixth Year) Spoiler NOI Failure Strength Stiffness Time in Flight- Flight identification Airline load, number[J::> results %OLL change, % change, % service hours cycles -1 S/N 0012 Lufth,n" }Il::> Clear Not tested 73 months 14187 17287 22 days -1 SIN 0024 Aloha See text 209 -15 No change 71 months 10810 29396 19 days -2 S/N 0047 Frontier }C!> Clear Not tested 78 months 16221 23379 o days -2 S/N 0059 VASP See text 240 -17 No change 72 months 13718 15856 10 days -3 SIN 0087 "', Now } See text 214 -11 No change 74 months 13682 18626 Zealand [t>. 17 days -3 SIN 0103 Piedmont Upper skin Not tested 72 months 15609 22931 blister 7 days Q:::>- -1 units use Union Carbide T300/2544 graphite-epoxy prepreg skins [t> Ref. 7 -2 units use Narmco T300/5209 graphite-epoxy prepreg skins @::::> Included this report -3 units use Hercules AS/3501 graphite-epoxy prepreg skins


Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on three single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) reinforced epoxy resin composites were conducted to study the influence of SWCNT type on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites. The composite matrix is cross-linked epoxy resin based on the epoxy monomers bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) cured by diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). MD simulations of NPT (constant number of particles, constant pressure and constant temperature) dynamics were carried out to obtain density as a function of temperature for each composite system. The Tg was determined as the temperature corresponding to the discontinuity of plot slopes of the density vs the temperature. In order to understand the motion of polymer chain segments above and below the Tg, various energy components and the MSD at various temperatures of the composites were investigated and their roles played in the glass transition process were analyzed. The results show that the Tg of the composites increases with increasing aspect ratio of the embedded SWCNT


Abstract Research on the international comparison of productivity has gained significant interest throughout several previous decades. Relatively little work has however been done in the real estate sector. This paper aims to develop a new productivity measurement framework for the international comparison of the real estate sector based on the newly-published OECD input-output database. Three multifactor productivity indicators are formulated using the ratio of the sectoral final demand to value added, the intermediate output to intermediate input and the total output to total input effect respectively in the input-output table. Historical analyses and comparisons are also carried out to indicate the differences of productivities of the real estate sectors in seven selected countries. Findings can improve the understanding of how technological, organisational and policy influences combine to affect productivity growth and aid the policy makers, real estate agencies and researchers in evaluating the competitive ability of the real estate sector.


Groundwater‐dependent ecosystems represent globally rare edaphic islands of scattered distribution, often forming areas of regionally unique environmental conditions. A stable groundwater supply is a key parameter defining their ecological specificity, promoting also soil thermal buffering. Still, a limited number of studies dealt with the importance of water temperature in mire ecosystems and virtually no data exist on within‐site variation in the temperature buffer effect. Three temperature dataloggers, placed in patches potentially differing in groundwater supply, were installed in each of 19 Western Carpathian spring mire sites from May 2019 to July 2020. Spring source plots statistically differed in water temperature parameters from the plots located towards the spring mire margin, which did not significantly differ from one another. At the majority of sites, the temperature values changed gradually from spring source to mire margins, fitting the pattern expected in the groundwater temperature buffering scenario. Dataloggers placed in the spring sources were the most distinctive from the others in thermal buffering parameters in conditional principal component analysis. The difference between the spring source and its margin was on average 3.25 °C for 95th percentile of the recorded water temperature data points (i.e. warm extremes) and 1.91 °C for 5th percentile (i.e. cold extremes). This suggests that if the temperature at spring source area is considered, thermal buffering within a site may mitigate mainly warm extremes. Thus, our data may provide an important baseline for predictions of possibly upcoming changes in spring mire hydrology caused by climate change. Both warming and precipitation decrease can give rise to the loss or substantial reduction of buffering effect if the contrasting parameters now recorded at the central part shift to those found towards the margins of groundwater‐fed areas.


This paper describes a simple, yet accurate, vacuum-tube electrometer that has proved very useful in the teaching laboratory for measuring the small currents involved in various modern physics experiments. Details of the circuit design and construction are given. In addition, an electrometer test setup is described and the results obtained with the electrometer here considered are presented. The results indicate that this unit has an over-all precision of better than 4% on its 10−10 A full-scale range and a response time (including the recorder) of less than 12 sec for full-scale travel following application of a step function input. A simple modification allowing measurement of resistances up to 1011 Ω is also indicated.


INTRODUCTION
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a unique clinical presentation and prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatments, and clinical outcomes of Thai APL patients dominantly treated with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with a chemotherapy-based therapy.

METHODS
This was an eight-year prospective, observational study from nine academic hospitals in the Thai Acute Leukemia Working Group (TALWG) of the Thai Society of Hematology, which included newly diagnosed Thai APL patients, aged 18 years or older. The web-based registration collected baseline charateristic, and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS
From 992 newly diagnosed AML patients, 79 APL patients were enrolled in this study. Almost all subjects were de novo APL (94.9%), while the others were therapy-related APL. The commonest clinical presentation was disseminated intravascular coagulation (38%). One-third of the patients were categorized as high risk according to the initial WBC. Almost all patients received ATRA combined with idarubicin regimen. The complete response rate was as high as 95.7%, which translated into excellent four-year overall survival (OS) (75.6%) and four-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) (75.4%). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the older age and WBC count >20 × 109/L conferred a significantly unfavorable OS with the hazard ratios of 3.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-8.05) and 4.18 (95%CI: 1.69-10.35), respectively. Similarly, these two parameters remained independent of the poor prognosis factors for LFS.

CONCLUSION
This report confirmed that APL had a favorable prognosis. However, advanced age and high WBC count >20 × 109/L contributed to a worse outcome.

ABBREVIATIONS
APL; acute promyelocytic leukemia; ATRA; all-transretinoic acid; CR; complete remission; DS; differentiation syndrome; ECOG; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ED; early death; HR; hazard ratio; IQR; interquartile range; LFS; leukemia-free survival; OS; overall survival; WBC; white blood cell.


In primary auditory cortex, slowly repeated acoustic events are represented temporally by phase-locked 11 activity of single neurons. Single-unit studies in awake marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) have shown that a sub12 population of these neurons also monotonically increase or decrease their average discharge rate during stimulus 13 presentation for higher repetition rates. Building on a computational single-neuron model that generates phase14 locked responses with stimulus evoked excitation followed by strong inhibition, we find that stimulus-evoked 15 short-term depression is sufficient to produce synchronized monotonic positive and negative responses to slowly 16 repeated stimuli. By exploring model robustness and comparing it to other models for adaptation to such stimuli, 17 we conclude that short-term depression best explains our observations in single-unit recordings in awake 18 marmosets. Using this model, we emulated how single neurons could encode and decode multiple aspects of an 19 acoustic stimuli with the monotonic positive and negative encoding of a given stimulus feature. Together, our 20 results show that a simple biophysical mechanism in single neurons can allow a more complex encoding and 21 decoding of acoustic stimuli. 22


Learning vocabulary as one of core elements of a language is primarily needed to build up language skills . Withouthaving adequate vocabulary, students will get difficulties in comprehending and producing language as well as creating communicatve language skill, particularly English language. Many students are lack of ideas and vocabulary in English langauge. Moreover, the teachers are still using conventional method in teaching that does not give significant improvement to the students' English skills.Therefore , using media in teaching and learning process is necessary. This paper aims to improve students' vocabulary using an animation video and give the teachers an idea in teaching English. It employed a pre-experimental design which applied pre-test and post-test as the instruments of the research. It used an animation video as a media to improve students' vocabulary. The subject of the research was the second grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Watampone in academic year 2015/2016 and t he sample consisted of 20 students of VIII A.The result of t he study demonstrates that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test. The us eof animation video as teaching media to improve the vocabulary and interest of the second grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Watampone . Additionally, the teacher also get an idea to create an interesting lesson material using animation video in teaching and learning process


Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is defined as aircraft without the onboard presence of pilots. UAVs have been used to perform intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions. The UAVs are not limited to military operations, they can also be used in commercial applications such as telecommunications, ground traffic control, search and rescue operations, crop monitoring, etc. In this paper, we propose a swarm intelligence-based method for UAVs' route optimization. The team of UAVs is used for area coverage with the defined set of waypoints. The problem can be interpreted as a well-known Traveling Salesman Problem where the task is to find the route of minimal length such that all the waypoints are visited only once. We applied the Ant System algorithm and compared it with the Nearest Neighbor Search. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our method, especially for a large number of waypoints.


(57) Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to introduce multiple catalysts into a gas phase or slurry phase reactor. Preferably, the method, one or more olefins, a first catalyst and activator are introduced into the gas phase or slurry phase reactor, the polymerization of olefins to obtain a polyolefin, the active agent of the second catalyst and optionally It was mixed with the first catalyst and activator, and introducing the mixture into the reactor and thereafter, consists in polymerizing olefins. Furthermore, the present invention is one or more olefins, a first catalyst and a first active agent, a plurality of catalytic gas phase or slurry phase reaction which comprises an additional active agent in the second catalyst and optionally introducing into the reactor a method of introducing into a vessel, to provide a method for introducing catalyst and additional active agent to the first active agent and optionally are mixed before being introduced into the reactor, a plurality of catalytic reactor.


The invention relates to a decorative plate, in particular to a three-dimensional metal wall decorative plate, comprising a plate body, wherein, a frame is arranged around the plate body; and the surface of the plate body is of a three-dimensional shape which is formed by a datum plate surface, a protruding part higher than the datum plate surface, and a sunk part lower than the datum plate surface. The production method of the three-dimensional metal wall decorative plate comprises the following working procedures: 1) clipping blank; 2) punching and stretching; 3) folding edges; and 4) surface coating. The method has high strength, enriched modeling, good overall effect and protruding three-dimensional modeling, thus meeting the design requirements of different decoration; and the decorative plate can be applied to decoration of interior walls, exterior walls, a ceiling and a dome, and can be matched with the decorative materials of the existing interior and exterior walls.


ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Received July 18, 2013 Accepted August 29, 2013 Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world's largest source of crude oil and related industries govern the region. One of the contaminants in this area is heavy metals associated with oil spill. More importantly, vanadium, nickel and zinc can be named in this regard. In this study, the contamination of northern coasts of Persian Gulf is selected to investigate for trace metals of V, Ni, Cd, Co, Zn, Cu, and Pb pollution in soils, their distribution and levels of contamination. The study was carried out on the northern coasts of Persian Gulf including three provinces of Bushehr, Khuzestan and Hormozgan. The results revealed a great increase in the amount of vanadium in most of the sampling sites to be higher than background values for soil. In Southern Pars Gas Field there was the concentration of 7713.77 mg Kg. The concentration of other metals was almost high and a great relationship between vanadium, zinc, cadmium, and lead was found.


High purity metallic arsenic is produced through a process consisting of the chlorination of arsenious acid (As2O3), distillation and then hydrogen reduction.We combine these methods in order to produce 6N-7N5 metallic arsenic.The purity is confirmed by analytical methods such as Emission Spectrographic, SSMS and GDMS.High purity metallic arsenic is used for gallium arsenide (III-V compounds) and arsenic selenide (chalcogenide glass). Gallium arsenide-based devices are developed and manufactured for communications and computing machines. Chaicogenide glass is used in the photoconductor such as a copy machine.High purity metallic arsenic is used for gallium arsenide (III-V compounds) and arsenic selenide (chalcogenide glass). Gallium arsenide-based devices are developed and manufactured for communications and computing machines.Chaicogenide glass is used in the photoconductor such as a copy machine.Investigations on the properties of arsenic compounds such as arsine, arsenious acid and arsenic chloride have made it possible to prepare a high purity arsenic in safety.


Investigations of optical and photoelectrical properties on GaN are reported. It is stated that already in undoped GaN a sufficiently high defect concentration of donor and acceptor types exists in the crystalline lattice. In this case fundamental absorption edge as well as GaN photoconductivity are well characterized by a heavily doped compensated semiconductor model. GaN:Zn luminescent and electrical properties are consistently analysed by using the same approach as for the description of GaN properties in the framework of a non-homogeneous semiconductor model.

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In this paper,the condition of extracting polyphenolic compounds by different solvents was discussed.The optimum extracting condition was determined as: 50% acetone solution,extraction temperature 60℃,extraction time 1h,40 Mu and the total phenols recovery was 14.54%.In addition,3 new compounds(gallic acid,chlorogenic acid kaempferol) and 5 known compounds(procatechuic acid,ferulic acid,caffeic acid,quercetin and rutin) were identified in the guava leaf extract by RP-HPLC analysis.


We focus on ambiguity resolution in breadth-first parsing, and propose a new method for preference score representation, in which preference scores for a parse tree are represented and propagated as a vector. We first show problems of conventional method, that appeared because the quantity assigned and propagated as a score was a single numerical value. In our method, preference scores are represented and propagated as a vector. Each vector element corresponds to a single linguistic phenomenon, and is calculated independently of other vector elements. The vector scores in child nodes and the rule are added as vectors to produce the vector score of the parent tree. The numerical preference score is calculated from this vector score by a separate totalizing function. This method allows rule writers to represent disambiguation knowledge more naturally than previous methods. It also allows us to easily introduce new scoring factors and change existing scoring knowledge. We realized this method in an English analyzer, and confirmed these advantages.


N-Hydroxyamide-containing heterocycles, 1-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone and -5,6-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyrazinone, are prepared. Judging from the result of model dipeptide (Z-Ala-Phe-OMe) formation, these compounds are found to be new effective additives for peptide synthesis by the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) method at the points of high yield and no detectable racemization.


57) ABSTRACT A method of designing and fabricating a semiconductor integrated circuit for operation at radio frequencies. The method includes fabricating an integrated circuit having circuit components, at least one of which is an active device, testing the electrical performance of at least one of the active devices and then forming an electrical conductor to the integrated circuit to inter connect selected ones of the circuit components to form a radio frequency circuit, wherein the selection is based on the outcome of the electrical performance test.


We refute recent claims that ultrafast atomic jumps as observed in quasicrystals (QC) could be called phasons in many crystalline alloys by pointing out that there is a genuine conceptual difference between the hopping dynamics in an imperfect crystal containing a substantial number of vacancies, and the hopping dynamics due to phason motion in QC.


The importance of the field of industrial minerals is emphasized and ways are suggested to make a course covering the broad subject stimulating and interesting.


Experimental data on the muon-induced prompt fission are analyzed and compared to theory. Good agreement is observed for the 2p to 1s and 3d to 1s transitions. Anomalously big nonradiative width in the case of 3d to 1s transition is surprised. Ways of resolving this puzzle are discussed.


Fire blight, caused by the Enterobacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a devastating disease of apple (Malus spp.). Production losses are compounded due to fire blight's unique ability to attack all phases of apple development; including blossoms, shoots, and rootstocks. Incidence of rootstock blight, a lethal infection of the apple rootstock, has increased due to the adoption of high density planting systems, which rely on the susceptible dwarfing rootstock Malling 9 (M.9), to maintain tree size and productivity. Rootstock trials focusing on orchard performance and rootstock blight resistance have identified several rootstock selections, including Geneva® 41, Geneva® 935, and Budagovsky 9 (B.9), which have the potential to surpass M.9 in modern production systems. Previously B.9 rootstock was not recommended due to discrepancies concerning phenotypic variation in stool bed material and fire blight resistance. Microsatellite (SSR) analysis and inoculation assays verified the genetic uniformity of B.9 material. Rootstock evaluation revealed B.9 is highly susceptible to E. amylovora when leaf inoculated but highly resistant when woody tissue is directly challenged by the bacterium. B.9 resistance is influenced predominantly by the maturation of shoot tissue. Complete gain of resistance in relation to tissue development or maturation is evocative of age related resistance (ARR). The existence of ARR is supported by the cessation of lesion advancement; signified by a determinate lesion margin when rootstock suckers, young auxiliary shoots originating from rootstock tissue, intersect


Ida Anggriani, Fera Indasari; The purpose of this study was to the differences in terms of impulsive buying gender determine consumers at Puncak Toserba Bengkulu. This type of research is a comparative study, carried out to compare the similarities and differences of two or more of the facts and object properties in the framework based on certain carefully. Survey respondents as many as 100 people composed of 50 men and 50 women, samples were taken by purposive random sampling technique. Data collection using questionnaire and analysis methods by means of descriptive and quantitative analyzes using independent samples t test trials. Results of this study indicate that there are differences between the purchase impulsive significant gender beetween men and women at Puncak Toserba Bengkulu by comparison Tsig (0,047) <α (0,05). The average difference for the two groups were between to 1,520 ranged 0,019 until 3,021. Keywords: Impulsive Buying, Gender


The kinetics of co oxidation of Oxalic Acid and Glutaric Acid by Chromic Acid in presence of Sulphuric Acid has been studied. The Chromic Acid oxidation of a mixture of Oxalic Acid and Glutaric Acid proceeds much faster than that of either of the two substrates alone. The products are Mesooxalic Acid (Glutaric Acid) and Carbon dioxide (Oxalic Acid). Reaction is catalysis by H + has been noticed. The results show that the logarithm of the rate constants of oxidation increases with the increase in the concentration of Sulphuric Acid. Kinetics of oxidation of mixture of Oxalic Acid and Glutaric Acid by Chromic Acid shows first order reaction, order of the reaction is also one in presence of Sulphuric Acid. Kinetic data and spectrophotometric results show the formation of intermediate (VI) – Glutaric Acid and (VI) – Oxalic Acid. The complex finally decomposes to give reaction product. A mechanism consistent with the observed kinetic data has been proposed. The kinetic parameters such as catalytic constant, dielectric constant and temperature coefficient are calculated.


This study examines the sensitivity of CEO compensation to fair value gains and losses in derivatives for firms in the U.S. oil and gas industry. Our evidence indicates that firms use derivatives for both hedging and non-hedging purposes and that the derivative gains have a substantial impact on firms' overall earnings. We find that CEOs are rewarded for hedge derivative gains, more so in firms facing high financial contracting costs. However, we find that non-hedge derivative gains are also rewarded. Furthermore, the CEO compensation is more sensitive to non-hedge derivative gains than it is to non-hedge derivative losses. This is surprising because non-hedge derivatives often relate to speculation or inefficient hedging. Overall, our results suggest that the board does not fully distinguish between the nature of derivative activities and rewards all gains in a similar fashion. The presence of accounting financial expert on the compensation committee, however, does improve efficient contracting.


The invention relates to an air treating system with an in-situ recycling function. The air treating system comprises an air filtering system and an in-situ recycling and regenerating system, wherein the air filter system comprises a horn type air inlet, a dust filter layer, an active carbon absorbing layer, a fan and a purified gas outlet along an airflow direction; and the in-situ recycling and regenerating system comprises a dust filter layer recycling and regenerating system and an active carbon absorbing layer recycling and regenerating system. The dust filter layer recycling and regenerating system comprises a high-efficiency filter layer, a first gate system, a cyclone dust remover and a dust storage bin; the active carbon absorbing layer recycling and regenerating system comprises a filtering and absorbing layer, a desorption agent heating system, an airflow mixer, a second gate system and a steam absorbing device; and the operation mode of the whole treating system is controlled by a valve. The air treating system is advanced and reasonable in design structure, realizes automatic control, is simple and rapid in operation, and is suitable for purifying industrial tail gas needing to recycle raw materials.


The evidentiary data detailing the economic state of low-income developing and least developed countries ('LDC's) is both well known and relatively uncontroversial. On the whole, these nations can be characterised as having a low per capita gross domestic product ('GDP'), unfortunate standards of living and extremely poor levels of health and services. Fortunately, a number of developing countries and LDCs are not experiencing negative or stagnant growth. Some developing countries are growing at a rapid pace - and some African countries are even growing at a faster rate than developed countries. It is for this reason that the question must be asked: why are some developing countries and LDCs growing while others are essentially stagnating in a 'poverty trap'? The simple answer is that these stagnant countries generally have, inter alia, low levels of education and training, a decrepit or non-existent infrastructure, ever-present (or often recurring) ethnic and civil instability, and high levels of corruption and mismanagement in both the public and private sector. While the reasons stated may be causes and may be symptoms, no one can for certain state all the reasons why some nations have succeeded and others have failed. This article does not presume to know or attempt to solve all the problems of the developing world. This article is also not meant to be a definitive study, but instead merely introduces the issues and, while offering recommendations and conclusions, hopes to spark genuine debate. More specifically, this article suggests several basic international conditions which appear to be necessary to improving living standards and growth: (1) open and liberalised economic engagement; (2) export-oriented trade strategies; and (3) an appropriate legal and regulatory framework.


Occupants of naturally ventilated buildings can tolerate wider ranges of temperature and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) if they have more control over their environment. Meanwhile, due to the complexity of advanced natural ventilation (ANV) strategies, introducing some form of automatic control is essential despite the fact that they limit the occupants' control over their environment. Therefore, it is essential to understand the performance of ANV systems and occupants' behaviours in order to identify a balance between automatic and manual controls to enhance the performance of ANV systems while maintaining the occupants' comfort. The aim of the work reported in this paper is to evaluate the effects of a retrofitted ANV system with manual and automatic controls on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy consumption in an open-plan office building in the UK. Physical measurements were used to study the building performance in terms of thermal comfort, IAQ and energy consumption. The results revealed that occupants were much more aware about thermal comfort compared to IAQ. Therefore, relying on the occupants to control the ventilation system would considerably increase the risk of poor IAQ in buildings. Moreover, introducing automatic controls did not affect the thermal comfort conditions for those who understood and actively controlled the ANV system, while the situation improved for those occupants who were not active. Results of this study showed that introducing automated natural ventilation helped to reduce energy consumption by 8%.


Introduction to imaging techniques general orthopedic fixation devices the spine pelvis and hips femur knee tibia and fibula foot and ankle shoulder humerus elbow the forearm hand and wrist musculoskeletal neoplasms.


The continuity of life and sustainable revenues in today's world requires the use of marketing strategies techniques and taking into account the principles of risk in the market. what this paper presents is an approach based on the marketing strategy formulated according to the principles of risk management. Statistical society were employees of Fararayaneh designing company  and sample size were 24 participants according to Morgan table. The used instrument was a questionnaire which its validity and reliability have been confirmed. extracted Data from the questionnaire is analyzed using SPSS software and DEMATEL technique. Research findings show that strengthening the brand, increasing the share of the domestic market and increase the profits  are the most effective marketing objectives and political tensions, the risk of product prices on consumption and the risk of lack of liquidity are the most important criteria influencing risk. At the end of thoughtful strategy map marketing objectives and grand strategy, a series of marketing strategy was proposed by the researcher.


This article discusses the role of the University of Maribor Library in the process of library information literacy training for high school students of Maribor, Slovenia. Based on the annual education plan Library Information Literacy Training for High School Students at the University of Maribor Library (UKM) in the 2009/2010 academic year, in this paper, we describe that development and content of education modules offered to high school students by the University of Maribor Library. We then present the students' evaluation of the quality of the modules and the level of fulfilled expectations of the students.


The increasing technological developments made in the area of mobile communications enable users to gain access to a wide variety of services. These developments have led researchers to address the issue of Quality of Service (QoS) based connectivity for mobile network users.
Most of QoS researches for mobile networks, tries to present different power algorithms and models to provide an enhancement to QoS. It is important to design a control algorithm that can quickly manage and determine the minimum required signal power that achieves a certain data rate, to guarantee QoS. In this dissertation, we introduce a new algorithm to determine the minimum required signal power to guarantee a specific data rate for a user. This approach is based on using a genetic algorithm to estimate the shadow and fading coefficients that correspond to the maximum interference at different points in the base station's domain. The estimated parameters at different point in the domain of the base station indicate that the proposed algorithm is both fast and accurate; therefore it can be used in real-time applications.


Within the last decade, incidence of small bowel cancer has increased by more than fourfold. This number is predicted to steadily rise due to shift in diet and lifestyle. The primary and only definite therapy for small intestine cancer is radical segmental resection, which carries side
 effects and risks during and after surgery. Current chemotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy do not exert significant result. Lunasin, a novel peptide originated from soybean, is believed to promote cellular health epigenetically and reduce inflammation. There is possibility for lunasin extract
 to emerge as a new and effective adjuvant therapy for small intestine malignancies. A total of 20 Balb/c mice were divided into four groups. All mice were induced with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. For the next six weeks, each group was given different concentration of lunasin extract.
 After eight weeks, the mice were sacrificed. The small intestinal tissue was harvested and stained using hematoxylin-eosin. The amount of hyperplasia, dysplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells were then observed under the microscope. There is significant difference in the
 amount of dysplasia (p = 0.000) and angiogenesis (p = 0.009) among the groups that receive different concentrations of lunasin. However, there is no effect of lunasin administration to the amount of hyperplasia, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells. Nondose-dependent administration of lunasin
 extract improves dysplasia and angiogenesis, but not other factors in small intestine carcinogenesis.


The critical dimension (CD) limits of conventional optical lithography follow directly from the low-pass filter characteristics of the imaging optical system (|k|≲2πNA/λ where λ is the optical wavelength and NA the numerical aperture). In contrast, the linear systems limits of optics extend to spatial frequencies of 4π/λ (interference between counterpropagating beams at grazing incidence). Imaging interferometric lithography is introduced as a technique to approach this linear systems limit while retaining the arbitrary pattern capability of an imaging optical system. Multiple, wavelength-division-multiplexed exposures are used, each exposure recording a different portion of frequency space. A conventional, coherent illumination exposure provides the low frequency information, within the lens passband. Offset exposures provide the high spatial frequency information. Off-axis illumination shifts a portion of the high spatial frequency diffraction from the mask into the lens passband and interference with a...


A Metal-Disordered Mott insulator-Metal heterostructure is studied at half-fiiling using unrestricted Hartree Fock method. The corresponding clean system has been shown to be an insulator for any finite on site correlation. Interestingly we find that introduction of explicit disorder induces a metal-insulator transition at a critical value of disorder. The critical value corresponds to the point at which disorder nullifies the effect of onsite correlation. The wavefunctions are found to delocalize by increasing disorder, rendering the system metallic.


With increasing expansion of university library's size and collections,the requirements in management and service are becoming higher and higher,therefore,to do a good job in human resource management has become a decisive factor in doing other work well.Combined with the development goal,this paper has explored ways to do the performance measurement well in human resource management in the university libraries.


Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) are search methods that take their inspiration from natural selection and survival of the fittest in the biological world. Genetic Algorithm is a kind of EA GAs emphasize on the behavioral linkage between the parent generation and their offspring. GAs have been successfully applied to many optimization problems in recent years. In this paper, we work with various GA based solutions used to partition a number of objects into a numbers of disjoint subsets according to some problem specific optimization criteria and we also pose the merits and demerits of these solutions. Later on we propose our own structural approach and show the results. Keywords—Crossover, Fitness function, Genetic Algorithm, Mutation, Population, Selection.


Reliability of measurement of maximum isokinetic muscle performance in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis has not been reported for the KinCom dynamometer. The aim in this study was to estimate intra and inter-session reliability in knee extensor and flexor muscles. Concentric peak torque (Nm) of knee extension and flexion at 60° . s -1 and 120° . s -1 was measured in 18 subjects (49.7 ± 15.3 (29-76) years) with rheumatoid arthritis using a standardised protocol. Intra-session reliability (ICC 3,1) assessed in six subjects was found to be high in extensor (0.99) and flexor muscles (0.99). Comparison between left and right knees showed no statistically significant differences. Inter-session reliability (ICC 2,3) assessed over a six-week interval was also high for extensors (60°.s -1 = 0.97, 120°.s -1 = 0.97) and flexors (60°.s -1 = 0.94, 120° . s -1 = 0.97). These findings indicate that when using a single rater, inter and intra-session reliability of knee muscle peak isokinetic concentric torque measurement are acceptable. The time interval between test sessions of six weeks reflects the clinical environment. Therefore this protocol provides a useful test for evaluation of therapeutic interventions directed at the knee.


In this time, teen tv cinema have filling many rooms in hour display especially (Prime Time). lifted Story represent storys about adolescent everyday life which allied with life of family and friendship. free Assocciation style and luxuriant style life become one of the especial menu in teen tv cinema. While at display especial of presented by event program is television station do not only look oning by just adult and adolescent, however there are also audience of children. Where in teen tv cinema in relatively young age of course what look oning children will influence its growth. The mentioned making researcher interest to check how big influence of teen tv cinema exposure to social behavior of child, and child as analysis obyek the selected is Student Of Elementary School Kebonsari Country of Pasuruan Audience of Tv Cinema in Hour Display Prime Time. Which become theory framework of this research is cultivation theory (George Gebner) and social learn theory (Albert Bandura). theory of kultivation indicate that television can change cognately, individual behavior and afektif. While social learn theory say that will happened many study pass perception at my me of others, specially pass television media. To answer question how big influence of teen tv cinema exposure to social behavior child, researcher use survey method. In general representing unit analyse in research of survey is fundamental data and individual which got in method survey is enquette. From result done by research, that teen tv cinema exposure have an effect on positive to social behavior of child. Equally, if teen tv cinema exposure earn continuous improved, hence will follow by social behavior child. Besides, teen tv cinema exposure can influence by significate to social behavior child. Equally, when teen tv cinema exposure mount, hence will be able to improve social Behavior child. To the percentage of influence of teen tv cinema exposure to social behavior child can be explained that 22,6% Behavioral variable of child social will be explained by free variable, that is teen tv cinema exposure. While the rest 77,4% behavioral variable of child social will be explained by other variables which do not be discussed in this research. Pursuant to result of research, researcher suggest that old fellow more paying attention to display teen tv cinema look oning by its child. Besides old fellow better also accompanies and give clarification of moment a child look on to display adolescent sinetron, because not all existing message in teen tv cinema can be interpreted truly by children. For the practitioner of location of displaying of tv cinema existing teen hour of prime time, in fact there no problem, during visual presentation and message of the teen tv cinema do not too imagined redundantly. Its intention of visualisation of existing teen tv cinema better more looked like with visual fact exist in life of Indonesia society. beside submit in message is element input better be more educative with portion which more than at existing in this time Keyword : Terpaan Media; Perilaku Sosial Anak Link terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/276/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2008-alizainala-13775-1.+PENDA-N.pdf


In anticipation of processing irradiated EBR-11depleted uranium blanket subassemblies in the Fuel Conditioning Facility (FCF) at ANL-W~ it has been possible to obtain a limited set of de-ctive chemical analyses of samples from a single EBR-11 blanket subassembly. Comparison of calculated values with these measurements is being used to validate a depletion methodology based on a limited number of generic modeIs of EBR-11to simulate the irradiation history of these subassemblies. Initial comparisons indicate these methods are adequate to meet the operations and material control and accountancy (MC&A) requirements for the FCF, but also indicate several shortcomings which may be corrected or improved.


The diploma thesis solves issues related to securing of IT infrastructure of cars. Initial part presents approach to the basic principles of the operation of IT infrastructure compo-nents and is complemented by overview of suitable tools for security testing of these components. The output of the thesis consists of presentation of identified threats lurking on cars from cyber security point of view and vulnerabilities that can be misused by threats.


77336 U.S. Copyright Office
"Russell-Morgan Print."
Created and "copyrighted 1898 by The U.S. Printing Co., Cin., U.S.A."
No. 3559.
Title devised.
Forms part of: Theatrical poster collection (Library of Congress)


At present, niobium-based ultrahigh-temperature alloys are usually prepared by multiple arc-melting in order to get uniform as-cast ingots. Their directional solidification is carried out by either Czochralski technology in the water-cooled copper crucibles or floating zone method without crucible, but the temperature gradient is not high with these two methods. In order to obtain better directional solidification microstructure, the whole directional solidification technique needing crucibles should be adopted. Based on the common manufacturing technology of in-situ composites at domestic and abroad, the crucible materials and the coating technologies suitable for the whole directional solidification technique of niobium based ultrahigh temperature alloys are proposed.


By using 3 D surface topographical measurement,the topographical features of dry sliding surface of compacted graphite cast irons(C G irons) were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the surfaces are characteristic of pit peak like and groove ridge as well as combined topography. For the groove ridge surface, the sliding surface height has a very large range in the direction perpendicular to the sliding surface and the surface height distribution is asymmetric. For the pit peak surface, the surface height distribution range is very small and its surface height also has asymmetric distribution. For the combined topographical surface, the surface height distribution is symmetric and its range medium. In view of the effects of surface topographical characteristics on the tribological properties, it is suggested that surface height distribution range and void volume ratio are the two most important factors which influence the efficiency of frictional heat transfer to far end of the contacting zones, thereby,the surface with pit peak topography presents the highest frictional coefficient and wear resistance, and the surface with groove ridge topography presents the lowest frictional coefficient and wear resistance.


U.S. households started a deleveraging process as soon as the Great Recession began, which was in late 2007. They continued along this path until mid-2010. Among the different types of consumer debt (auto loans, credit card, student loans), this trend of paying down debt was particularly striking for credit card debt. Research on the reasons behind this trend is ongoing.1 The increased risk during the crisis could have motivated financial institutions to extend


The project paper presented to the Department of History and
Archaeology in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Degree of Master of Arts in Armed Conflict and Peace Studies of
the University of Nairobi


Despite the orthodox faith the Russian population of Siberia preserved and actively used pre-Christian customs and beliefs brought from Rus' in the traditional household ritual culture. Archaeological observations allow us to show attitudinal plots of spiritual culture that are not related to Christian practices. For the first time, the authors offer for the scientific discussion archaeological evidence of syncretism of the national worldview in a broad context, based on the study of urban and rural culture of the 17 th—18 th centuries. They examine images-amulets on women's and men's rings, symbols-amulets on objects, in dwellings, ceremonial dishes, the funerary rite of children, the belief in the replacement of baby teeth, customs in relation to domestic guardian spirits – domovoy and bannik. This complements and enhances the existing ethnographic knowledge.


In this paper, a method of samples of instantaneous currents and voltages is proposed, which allows to extract only sinusoidal information necessary for correct operation of digital relay protection and automation from information containing instantaneous values of currents containing periodic and aperiodic components. The studies were performed based on the analysis of the equations of short-circuit currents in electrical networks. The time during which the current and voltage parameters are sampled does not exceed 2 milliseconds, which is less than 1/8 of the industrial frequency period. The method made it possible to implement protections, which fix damage with a help of analog devices only for several periods of current change. At the same time, the protections implemented by analog devices are not free from errors introduced by aperiodic components. Principles for the implementation of directional protection of generators and transformers are proposed. Directional protection of generators and transformers is feasible in the presence of information about the modes of the electrical network elements that are connected with the protected ones. The proposed four-sampling method allows to implement all protections that react to periodic components of currents and voltages using only four instantaneous values of currents and voltages obtained within two milliseconds or less after the occurrence of a short circuit.


Load board verification is normally performed by IC manufacturers on an automatic test equipment (ATE) as per of the standard test procedure prior to final test. Since test load boards are used as an interface between the automatic test equipment (ATE) and integrated circuit (IC), it is thus important to ensure that a particular load board is functioning otherwise the test integrity of all IC tested using the board will be questionable. As load boards become increasingly complex and difficult to verify accurately, IC manufacturers may need to use in-circuit testing as an addition to load board verification. Traditional in-circuit test platforms are expensive to implement due to cost in the bed-of-nails fixture. With the introduction of flying-probe in-circuit test platforms, this option is now a cost-viable solution. This paper discusses the issues that surround the combined test strategy of flying-probe in-circuit test and load board verification on an ATE. It goes on to propose a structure test strategy to combine both test platforms. Finally, the results and discussion are presented.


We present a measurement of semi-inclusive spin asymmetries for positively and negatively charged hadrons from deep inelastic scattering of polarised muons on polarised protons and deuterons in the range 0.003 < x < 0.7 and Q2 >1 GeV2. Compared to our previous publication on this subject, with the new data the statistical errors have been reduced by nearly a factor of two. From these asymmetries and our inclusive spin asymmetries we determine the polarised quark distributions of valence quarks and non-strange sea quarks at Q2=10 GeV2. The polarised u valence quark distribution, ∆uv(x), is positive and the polarisation increases with x. The polarised d valence quark distribution, ∆dv(x), is negative and the non-strange sea distribution, ∆q̄(x), is consistent with zero over the measured range of x. We find for the first moments ∫ 1 0 ∆uv(x)dx = 0.77±0.10±0.08, ∫ 1 0 ∆dv(x)dx = −0.52±0.14±0.09 and ∫ 1 0 ∆q̄(x)dx = 0.01 ± 0.04 ± 0.03, where we assumed ∆ū(x) = ∆d̄(x). We also determine for the first time the second moments of the valence distributions ∫ 1 0 x∆qv(x)dx. To be submitted to Physics Letters B


Modes of thermal and photochemical cycloaddition of even linear polyenes are examined using the simple concept of activation hardness. The results are in agreement with the well-known Woodward–Hoffman rules. [R.B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry (Academic Press, New York, 1989)]. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Abstract A review is made of the main areas of engineering and mining activities, which give rise to induced seismicity in the rock mass. These include the occurrences of rock bursts following the failure of the rock mass in highly stressed areas during mining operations, seismic activity due to pumping operations in geothermal, waste disposal, and hydrocarbon extraction applications and earth movements resulting from the filling and emptying of reservoirs.


-The gIucosylation of trans-o-hydroxycinnamic acid has been demonstrated in cell-free extracts of MeliIotus alba. The reaction requires UDPG, a sulfhydryl compound, and an active extract from sweet clover leaves. The product of the reaction has been tentatively identified as trans-/3-D-glucosyl-o-hydroxycinnamic acid.


The present invention relates to a safety device for passengers and means for providing passenger comfort species. Discloses a variation of the load limiter art constraints on a passenger vehicle, which is capable of holding a predetermined force. The present invention relates to a multi-layered seed passenger module array passenger support having a number of levels: for attachment module, the locking device, the module attached to the vehicle floor means, a driving mechanism of the seat module, positioned on the seat mechanism for protecting the passenger's head. Wherein the means for providing comfort to the occupant head portion in that position in the module step, it is sufficient to provide the passengers legs are placed freely in the region between the upper and lower modules and the modules in each row of passengers space. Also disclosed is a tank for storing a package, as well as the structure of the armrest for the presence and location of lighting, air conditioning, and the need for releasing the information on the screen, then the device for supplying oxygen.


This paper introduces the principle of surface free energy by using the modified wicking permeation method,determinates the contact angle values of silk fiber after Ultra-low temperature frozen vacuum drying process.The surface free energies and their dispersion/polar components are evaluated according to the related theory.It was found that the surface free energy increase slightly after processing,while the polar component tended to decrease.


A 38 year old man with progressive gait ataxia and sensorineural hearing impairment consulted our clinic. Eighteen years earlier, he underwent a C5 to Th1 laminectomy for upper limb weakness. On examination, his gait was ataxic with increased lower limb tone and hyperreflexia. CSF analysis showed xanthochromia, a protein level of 70 mg/ dL, an erythrocyte count of 486/μL, and a leukocyte count of 1/μL. Brain MRI showed cerebellar atrophy and confluent


The methods for comprehensive utilization of metallurgical fine and by products,such as blending OG mud and pellets into sinter mix directly in the sintering plant,are summarized.The influence of different metallurgical fines,by product as well as blending method and their amount on sintering is analyzed.Discussion on the present problems and future development is made.


The National Security Education Program (NSEP) was established by the David L. Boren National Security Education Act (NSEA) in 1991, signed into law by President George H. W. Bush. The NSEA mandated that the Secretary of Defense create the NSEP to award scholarships to U.S. undergraduate students for study abroad in areas critical to U.S. national security.


The adsorption of carbon on Ni (111) surface is studied with density functional theory in this paper. The adsorption energy and density of states is calculated. We analyzed the density of states of carbon on diamond (111) surface and carbon adsorbed on Ni(111) surface, the result shows that they have similar electronic structure, namely, they both have nonbonding and bonding sp 3 hybridized electrons. Furthermore, it is found that the carbon atoms on diamond (111) surface and those adsorbed on Ni(111) surface are prone to bonding and form a diamond-like structure.


Muscular involvement in Behcet's disease is rare manifestation in spite of basic characteristic that is vasculitis can invade multi-organ of the entire body. A few cases has been announced involving the lower extremities, the arm and generalized weakness. Like our case, myositis involving the masticatory muscles with clinically diagnosed Behcet's disease was presented with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the clinical findings, which is, not yet documented in the literature.


. We use twisted stable maps to compute the number of rational degree d plane curves having prescribed contacts to a smooth plane cubic.


As a representative form of new energy generation, wind power has effectively alleviated environmental pollution and energy shortages. This paper constructs a green economic indicator to measure the degree of coordinated development of environmental and social benefits. To increase the amount of wind power consumption, an economic dispatch model based on the coordinated operation of cogeneration units and electric boilers was established; we also introduced the green certificate transaction cost, which effectively meets the strategic needs of China's energy low-carbon transformation top-level system design. Wind power output has instability and volatility, so it puts higher requirements on the stable operation of thermal power units. To solve the stability problem, this paper introduces the output index of the thermal power unit and rationally plans the unit combination strategy, as well as introducing the concept of chance-constrained programming due to the uncertainty of load and wind power in the model. Uncertainty factors are transformed into load forecasting errors and wind power prediction errors for processing. Based on the normal distribution theory, the uncertainty model is transformed into a certain equivalence class model, and the improved disturbance mutated particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the problem. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the proposed model are verified based on the IEEE30 node system.


Pulmonary aspergillosis can be divided conveniently into two main types, allergic and saprophytic (Hinson, Moon, and Plummer, 1952). Obstruction of the bronchi by mycelium and eosinophilic inflammatory exudate not uncommonly leads to segmental or lobar collapse, as was again pointed out by Hinson et al. (1952), and more recently by Villar, Pimentel, and Freitas 1, Costa (1962), Golberg (1962), and Wahner, Hepper, Andersen, and Weed (1963). I have found no reference in the literature to total lung collapse, so two examples of this serious complication of the disease, which have occurred during the past three years, are described below.


In this letter, we consider the relation between indistinguishability of states and dimension of the space. We find that for a set of states, LOCC$_{1}$ (SEP, PPT) indistinguishability in $\otimes _{k=1}^{K} C^{d _{k}}$ implies LOCC$_{1}$ (SEP, PPT) indistinguishability in $\otimes _{k=1}^{K} C^{d _{k}+h _{k}}$, where $K, d _{k}\geqslant2$ be integers, $h _{k}$ be non-negative integers. This shows that the LOCC$_{1}$ (SEP, PPT) indistinguishability of states is independent of the dimension of space. The result gives several corollaries, such as in any non-trival system, there exists 3 LOCC$_{1}$ indistinguishable orthogonal pure states. Also, a framework will be given by defining the local-global indistinguishable property for a set of states after making a conjecture.


By analyzing the wind data,measured results of air density,wind speed in Pinglu wind energy farm in Shanxi province,this paper got indicators such as power density,wind frequency and wind energy frequency,which provide scientific basis for accurate evaluation of wind energy resources in this wind farm.


This paper focused on effective composition education for university students and teachers. Effective composition education can be practiced by communication with conversational community's writing study subjects. Dialogical and collaborative writing activity that can be applied to real university composition class in each stage. Above all, this paper tries to propose three stage about solution strategy of writing. This paper is progressed writing about theme of 'Writing of searching for myself. These writing have two solution strategies of writings. First, proposed effective development program of writing. And then, tried to meta-interpretation based on the result of students' writing development program of writing. The chapter 3 is proposed development program of writing about 'Who am I?'. These program is developed based on Kim, Kwang-Kyoo's poem, 「I」and Lee, Man-Khyo's short story, 「The burbling」. Study subjects of writing in conversational community are progressed dialogue and collaborative writing centering on these program. As a result, writing study subjects tries to critical writing about people of today and searching for myself looked through another person. The chapter 4 is proposed development program of writing based on Kim, Young-Ha's short story, 「Post it」and Yoon, Sung-Hee's short story, 「Hi! Pisces」. Professor can give 'a figure' and 'a scar' as a common two theme to writing study subjects. Three themes are free. They can take five theme for the subject of a writing. As a result, writing study subjects can form selfidentity through a way of writing as a 'memory' and 'confession'. So far, this paper study of composition education for formation of selfidentity. Through the primary stage of solution strategy, writing subjects can communicate with another person or the universe. Through the second stage of solution strategy, they can communicate for myself. In conclusion, the study on composition education as a formation of self-identity can use practically these field. This paper will provide opportunities to differently approach for composition education.


If G is a finite group and A is a group of automorphisms of G, the "centralizer" nearring C(A, G) consists of the identity-preserving maps from G to itself which commute with the action of A. The main concern of this paper will be with the additive structur of C(A, G) in the case that this near-ring is semisimple.


How much are rheumatologists concerned with occupational disorders? The latest edition of Copeman [1] states that 'these conditions have remained largely within the province of practitioners of occupational medicine, and rheumatologists have tended to ignore the problems'. Yet surely this is something that concerns us all. In a recent survey of referrals to rheumatology out-patients in Leeds, 26% of patients had back or neck pain and 8% localized soft tissue lesions; with an average age of 48 and a female to male ratio of 2, occupational factors were important in both aetiology and treatment. Back, neck and soft tissue problems in particular are a major cause of sickness incapacity. One per cent of the population experiences a spell of certified sickness due to low back pain [2] and tenosynovitis ranks second (behind dermatitis) for the number of people receiving injury and disablement benefit under the Industrial Injuries Benefit scheme [3]. Since, as clinical rheumatologists, we are expected to see these cases, it is worth considering them as paradigms with which to examine the usefulness of the medical model.


A system of 2n, first order, ordinary differential equations ˙ z = J∇H(z, t), J = 0 I −I 0 (1) is an n degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) Hamiltonian system (when it is nonautonomous it has n + 1 2 d.o.f.). Here H is the Hamiltonian, a smooth scalar function of the extended phase space variables z and time t, the 2n × 2n matrix J is the Poisson matrix, and I is the n × n identity matrix. The equations naturally split into two sets of n equations for canonically conjugate variables, z = (q, p), i.e. Here the n coordinates q represent the configuration variables of the system (e.g. positions of the component parts) and their canonically conjugate momenta p represent the impetus gained by movement. These equations generalize Newton's third law: F = ma = dp/dt, to systems (like particles in magnetic fields, or motion in noninertial reference frames) where the momentum is not simply mass times velocity. The Hamiltonian usually represents the total energy of the system; indeed if H (q, p) does not depend explicitly upon t, then its value is invariant, and [1] is a conservative system. More generally, however, Hamiltonian systems need not be conservative. William Rowan Hamilton first gave this reformulation of Lagrangian dynamics in 1834 (Hamilton, 1835). However, Hamiltonian dynamics is much more than just a reformulation; for example, it leads to Poincaré's geometrical insight that gave rise to symplectic geometry. It provides a compact notation in which the concept of integrability is most naturally expressed and in which perturbation theory can be efficiently carried out. Moreover, nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems exhibit a remarkable stability expressed by the famous results of KAM (Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser) theory and Nekhoroshev theory. The Hamiltonian formulation is also pivotal for the foundation of both statistical and quantum mechanics. Remarkably, virtually all of the dynamical laws of physics—from the motion of a point particle, to the interaction of complex quantum fields—have a formulation based on [1]. For example, mechanical systems that have no frictional forces are described by a Hamiltonian H(q, p) = K(p) + V (q), where K is the kinetic energy which is often quadratic in p, and V is the potential energy. For example, an ideal planar pendulum consists of a point particle of mass m attached to a massless rigid rod of length L whose other end is attached to a frictionless pivot. The most convenient configuration …


Resumen en: Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) X-ray spectra are extracted from 17 bright, narrow regions of CasA and provide unique measurements of th...


This study was carried out during the ICR conservation project involving two of the mural paintings of the Saint Peter and Paul's hypogeum in Matera. Retouching mural paintings preserved in such a peculiar environment as hypogea is not an ordinary operation. In these contexts, relative humidity approximating to 100% makes hygroscopic materials less durable, favouring biological growth on them. In addition, severe climatic conditions can lead to a fast degradation of retouching materials. Watercolours, extensively employed for retouching mural paintings, are not completely recommendable in such humid environments, so a research was planned to find a compatible and alternative binding media. A study was carried out on laboratory samples to select the most suitable binding media among the following: two synthetic resins, Laropal A81 and Regalrez 1094, and two natural products, Funori and arabic gum. Each binder was blended with two different pigments.  For each binder four different dilutions were tested, in order to find out how these factors could have affected the analysed properties. These products have been investigated in relation to their optical properties, wettability, vapour and water permeability, resistance to salt crystallisation and bioreceptivity. Some tests were repeated after an artificial ageing process, based on cyclical alternation of humid-cold and dry-hot exposure conditions. In addition to the laboratory tests, some in situ applications were performed. Amongst four binders, Regalrez 1094 showed the best results. Nevertheless, its bioreceptivity and applicability issues make necessary to continue and develop further research.


Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) field operational tests (FOTs) provide a means to evaluate the utility and merit of technologies and services in a real-world setting, so as to bridge the gap between research and development, and the deployment of proven technologies. To fulfill this purpose for the I-95 Corridor Coalition's Corridor-wide surveillance system, potential FOTs must aim at satisfying the functional requirements of the intended ITS services on the one hand, and meeting the organizational needs and vision of the Coalition member agencies on the other. The latter is critical to preserve and enhance the partnership and the cooperative framework fostered by the Coalition, and to reinforce other ITS projects being undertaken or planned by the Coalition. An approach to developing potential FOT projects that meet these criteria is described in this paper. Also, a description of nine potential FOT projects is provided.


Electroless Ni-B alloy coating was prepared on medium carbon steel sheet using a low temperature electroless bath.The surface and cross-section morphologies of Ni-B alloy coating were observed with optical microscope.The influences of heat treatment on phase structure and corrosion resistance of the coating were studied.The results show that Ni-B coating shows a good adhesion to the substrate.The structure of as-plated Ni-B coating is amorphous,and the coating shows the best corrosion resistance.However,the corrosion resistance of Ni-B coating decreases after heat treatment.


A novel fly ash based calcium silicate (FACS) could be used as paper filler. The properties of FACS were characterized. Results of scanning electron microscopic observation indicated that FACS was formed a honeycomb pattern, which was responsible for their highly porous surface structure and high specific surface area (121 m2 · g-1 ). The average grain diameter was 10.63 μ m, the oil absorbed value was 2.178 g · g-1 , the sediment volume was 4.0 mL · (10 g · 24 h)-1 , and the whiteness value was 90.5% ISO, which proved to be suitable for its paper filling use. This paper studied influencing factors of retention and drainage of pulp filled with FACS. The dynamic drainage jar (DDJ) had been used to evaluate the result of retention and drainage properties. The results showed that appropriate stirring speed was 1000 r · min-1 , optimal mixing time was 5 minutes. The dosage of fillers also had an effect on retention and drainage properties.


The present invention relates to a system, apparatus and method for reducing the cold weather environment wind turbine loads. It provides a method for controlling a wind turbine (100) of the operating system (400). The system includes a configured to transmit meteorological condition indicating a meteorological condition signal meteorological sensor (125). Wind turbine controller (205) is configured to at least partially determine a calculated operating threshold value based on a continuous function and the meteorological condition, and at least in part on the calculated operating threshold value to control the operation of the wind turbine.


In article the essence of Rusophobia is considered, the demand of Rusophobia narrative is shown by modern sociopolitical and economic realities. The importance Rusophobia trend in the politics of the West European states is underlined. The mechanisms of using Russophobia to achieve specific political and economic goals are disclosed. The conditions of Russophobia's transformation into a systemic trend, into the ideology of the elites and the practice of everyday life are examined. The role of liberalism in the spread of Russophobia is revealed and the characteristics of modern "liberal imperialism" appealing to the Russophobic narrative are given. The evolution of "Russian" Russophobia is traced, the influence of liberal attitudes and mythologemes on the process of its formation among a certain part of the Russian political, economic and cultural intelligentsia is shown. The mechanisms of introducing Russophobia into individual and mass consciousness are revealed, and the role of social structures of different nature  informational, media, sociocultural, as well as practices of manipulating the collective consciousness  in these processes is emphasized. The ideology, politics and ethics of Western pragmatism are investigated, and its role in implanting and spreading Russophobic sentiments is revealed. The social essence of derusification is analyzed and different forms of its manifestations are examined. Attention is focused on the phenomenon of patriotism and the analysis of factors contributing to its actualization is given. The phenomenon of Russophobia is the object of research, the subject of the research is the meaning and peculiarities of the influence of Russophobia as a tool of socio-political influence. The purpose of the research is to analyze the essence of Russophobic narrative, to reveal the essence of negative and destructive consequences caused by it. The realization of the goal is carried out on the basis of the methodological principles of objectivity and concreteness, the use of systematic and comparative approaches.


In this paper an attempt is made to study the influence of photon energy on the photoernission from nonlinear optical materials from ultrathin films, cj,uantum well wires, quantum dots of the said material on the basis of a new dispersion law considerir all types of anisotropies of the band parameters within the framework of E' formalism. We have studied the photoeriisson from bulk specimens and also under the influence of an arbitrarily oriented quanti zing magne tic field in the same material tak ing n-C dGeAs as an example for the purpose of numerical computations. It is found that the photoemission increases with increasing carrier concentration non- linearly in all, the cases an oscillates with inverse magnetic field. The photoemission also increases with the incident photon energy, in a ladder like manner and exhibits oscillatory dependen- ces with Changirg film thickness in all types of quantum confine- ment. The well known results of three-band Kane model, two-band Kane model and that of parabolic model of nonlinear optical mate- rials have been obtained as special cases of our generalized theoretical formulations. The mathematical analysis is in agree- ment with the experimental observation as reported elsewhere.


In order to implement the standardization of greenhouse production management model and intelligent early warning mechanism, in this paper, the greenhouse crops such as cabbage and tomato in Beijing Tianjin Hebei region were studied, By studying the standardized process suitable for the safe and efficient production of greenhouse crops cabbage and tomato, a technical knowledge base were established. Combined with the IOT perception system, the author designed the agricultural intelligent standardized production management platform based on the MVC framework. The applicability and practicability of this management platform in the large-scale agricultural park were preliminarily verified, which would help to improve the standardization and scientificity of the production and management of the greenhouse vegetables. The design method of the management platform closely integrated with production management activities has great popularization value.


Abstract Surveys for freshwater oligochaetes (Annelida, Clitellata) conducted during the years 1999–2006 increase to 19 the number of species (representing four families and 13 genera) recorded from Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) in North Carolina and Tennessee. Three of these species—Pristina aequiseta, Pristina osborni, and Spirosperma ferox—are new state records for Tennessee, and all but one represent new records for GSMNP. Prior to this study, only one freshwater oligochaete, Stylodrilus wahkeenensis, had been reported from GSMNP.


For allowing a best possible usage of network resources even under congestion conditions a method for operating a wireless network, especially an IP (Internet Protocol) network, is described, wherein a queue management function based on an average queue length in a network element is used. The method is characterized in that a result of a weighting function will be combined or multiplied with the average queue length for determining a combined congestion contribution for use within the queue management function, wherein the weighting function takes into account per-user information on a wireless channel condition. Further, a corresponding wireless network, preferably for carrying out the above mentioned method, is also described.


We describe high-density magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) energy conversion in a high-temperature seed-free argon plasma, for which a compact linear-shaped Faraday-type MHD electrical power generator is used. Short-time-duration single-pulse shock-tunnel-based experiments demonstrate the MHD energy conversion with varying total inflow temperature up to 9000 K and applied magnetic-flux density up to 4.0 T. The high-temperature plasma is transformed from the thermal-equilibrium state at the entrance to the weak-nonequilibrium state in the supersonic MHD channel. The discharge structure is reasonably homogeneous without suffering from serious streamer development. The power generation performance is monotonically improved by increasing total inflow temperature and strength of magnetic field. The enthalpy extraction efficiency of 13.1% and overall power density of 0.16 GW/m3 are attained. The local power density at the middle of the channel reaches 0.24 GW/m3.


Abstract.
 Shorebirds are exceptionally diverse in their social mating systems, and genetic analyses of a few species have revealed further variation in genetic mating systems. The ecological and evolutionary causes of this variation are largely unknown. We studied the mating system of American Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis dominica) at Barrow, Alaska, between 2004 and 2009. In this arctic population, birds bred in socially monogamous pairs, as has been seen in other populations, yet rates of philopatry and mate fidelity were low. We used microsatellite DNA markers to analyze parentage and found that most offspring originated from monogamous matings, but 8% of 131 offspring and 16% of 37 nests were the result of nonmonogamous matings. One nest was ambiguous; it was either a full clutch sired through extra-pair copulation or represented an instance of social polygyny. Despite wide variation in synchrony of breeding and density of nesting both within and among breeding seasons, these ecological variables were unrelated to mating patterns. We speculate that the low rate of pair fidelity and the high rate of extrapair paternity are linked, because the lack of familiarity between partners reduces benefits of monogamy. Further study of breeding behavior and rates of philopatry are needed to understand why, among socially monogamous shorebirds, the American Golden-Plover has high rates of extra-pair paternity.


The Astrophysical Technology Group of the INAF-AOT, as part of a consortium led by ESO, has carried out a feasibility study for the Control Software and Electronics of a new generation optical spectrograph, named ESPRESSO. ESPRESSO has been conceived as a high-efficient, high-resolution, fiber-fed spectrograph of high mechanical and thermal stability to be located at the Coude Combined Laboratory of the VLT. These features together with its ability to gather light from 4-UT simultaneously made ESPRESSO a very challenging instrument. This paper presents an overview of the control software and electronics concept design focusing on the more critical and innovative aspects of the spectrograph.