The automotive steering system plays an important role in determining the behavioral dynamics of the operator/vehicle interface. The system's primary function is to transmit the driver commanded steering wheel angle to the road wheels; The secondary function is to provide tire/road interface information back to the driver. The automotive chassis engineer needs a design tool to evaluate the effect of steering parameters on overall vehicle lateral behavior. In this paper, a real time steering simulator will be presented to emulate the behavior of automotive steering systems. The re-configurable steer- by-wire simulator allows for the emulation of steering systems ranging from hydraulic, electric and steer-by- wire in passenger, light duty, and commercial vehicles for pre-production and production models. To validate the simulator's functionality, a case study has been performed with numerical and experimental data. Comparisons between the simulator results and field data demonstrate a high level of correspondence. The re-configurable simulator evaluation tool represents a contribution to the field of automotive design.


The base metal, AA7475, initially contained nanoparticles of SiC within a coarse dendritic structure. The multipass FSP (MPFSP) process successfully broke these coarse and dendritic clusters, resulting in a homogenous microstructure in the stir zone. This inhibition led to a continual reduction in grain size. The presence of SiC reinforcement particles also played a role in imbvproving the microstructure and tensile properties of the MPFSP/SiC composite. The optimal process parameters for MPFSP/SiC on AA7475 were identified as a rotational tool speed of 1500 rpm, welding speed of 40 mm/min, and a tilt angle of 2°. As the number of FSP passes increased, the agglomeration of SiC particles reduced, further enhancing the dispersion. Before MPFSP/SiC, the base metal AA7475 exhibited a tensile strength of 410±5 MPa and a % strain of 10.83±0.3. However, after MPFSP/SiC, the tensile strength increased with the number of FSP passes. The highest tensile strength of 521±8 MPa was observed after the 5 th pass of FSP. This increase in tensile strength was attributed to the presence of fine grains formed through the DRX mechanism during the MPFSP process.


Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome of Holothuria edulis was obtained and described in this study. This complete mitochondrial genome is 15,743 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Except ND6 and 5 tRNAs, the others were encoded by the heavy strand. The overall base composition of the heavy-strand was 32.29% A, 15.25% G, 25.88% C, and 26.57% T, with a high A + T content of 58.86%. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that H. edulis was closest to H. pervicax. The newly described mitochondrial genome may provide valuable data for phylogenetic analysis for Holothuroidea.


Objective To detect the expression of TNFa and TNFR1 in endometriosis,in order to explore the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Method Immunohistochemical Strept Avidin Biotin Complex(SABC) methods was used to examine the expression of TNFa and TNFR1 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium from 33 cases with endometriosis which were compared with 20 cases normal endometrium. Results The expression of TNFa and TNFR1 was significantly decreased in ectopic endometrium compared to eutopic endometrium of endometriosis and the control′s(P 0.05). The expression of TNFa and TNFR1 had no significant difference between stageⅠ~Ⅱand Ⅲ~Ⅳ of endometriosis(P 0.05). There was no linear correlation between the expression of TNFa and TNFR1 and the R-AFS clinical staging of endometriosis(P 0.05). The expression of TNFa and TNFR1 was significantly higher in secretive phase than profective phase in control group(P 0.05). In the endometriosis group the expression of TNFa was significantly higher in secretive phase than in profective phase in eutopic endometrium of endometriosis(P 0.05),the TNFR1 had no significant difference between the profective and secretive phase(P 0.05),but its expression was significantly lower than in the same phase of control group(P 0.05). Conclusions TNFa and TNFR1 take part in the adjustment of the menstrual circle. The lower expression of TNFR1 in the secretory phase and ectopic endometrium may play a key role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. There is no linear correlation between the expression of TNFa and TNFR1 and the degree of the endometriosis.


As part of a larger project on the use of MT in healthcare settings among migrant communities, this paper investigates if, when, how and with what (potential) challenges migrants use MT based on a survey of 201 non-native speakers of Dutch currently living in the Netherlands. Three main findings stand out from our analysis. First, most migrants use MT to understand health information in Dutch and communicate with health professionals. How MT is used and received varies depending on the context and the L2 language level, as well as age, but not on the educational level. Second, some users face challenges of different kinds, including a lack of trust or perceived inaccuracies. Some of these challenges are related to comprehension, which brings us to our third point. We argue that a more nuanced understanding of medical translation is needed in expert-to-non-expert health communication. This questionnaire helped us identify several topics we hope to explore in the project's next phase.


Introduction: Sulfur isotopes have been studied in a variety of meteorites including chondrites, iron meteorites, HEDs, acapulcoite-lodranites, and ureilites [18]. These studies have revealed isotopic anomalies that have been attributed to both photochemical and nucleosynthetic processes. This study presents sulfur isotope data on 9 pallasites from four different subgroups as characterized by [9] with the aim of determining whether sulfur anomaly(s) are present, and if so understanding their significance. Pallasites are stony-iron meteorites containing subequal amounts of olivine and metal [10]. They are believed to have formed via rapid intrusion of massive amounts of metal into an olivine cumulate. Ni, Ge, Ga, Fe, and Au isotopes and concentrations provide evidence for a relationship between IIIAB iron meteorites and pallasites [3-5]. Such a relationship would imply that the IIIAB iron meteorites could be a sample of an unmixed metal pool adjacent to the pallasite location [10]. Such a hypothesis might be testable with sulfur isotopes. Antonelli and others [5] recently documented sulfur isotope heterogeneity between some groups of iron meteorites that can be used for comparison between pallasites and members of the IIIAB iron meteorites in order to better constrain the possibility that the two have a genetic relationship on a single parent body [10]. Methods: Acid volatile sulfur was extracted from crushed troilite nodules extracted from various pallasites. Samples were placed in round bottom boiling flasks and heated in a pool of 5N HCl. The 5N HCl was bubbled using N2 gas. From this heating and bubbling technique, H2S gas was released and traveled through the condensers where it was eventually captured in a slightly acidic capturing solution (AgNO3). From this capturing solution, Ag2S was precipitated. The Ag2S was rinsed with Milli-Q water and soaked in 1 M NH4OH before drying. The Ag2S was then reacted with pure excess F2 in nickel tubes overnight, ultimately producing SF6 gas. The SF6 was then purified via cryogenic and gas chromatographic techniques. Lastly, the SF6 gas was analyzed using dual inlet Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) at the University of Maryland. The data are presented in per mil using δS, ΔS, and ΔS and normalized directly to the Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT) sulfur standard. The 2σ uncertainties for δS, ΔS, and ΔS are estimated on the basis of long-term reproducibility of samples analyzed by the same procedures [5] to be ± 0.2 ‰, ±0.004 ‰, and ± 0.2 ‰, respectively. Results: Table 1 reports data for the 7 Pallasites analyzed in this study. The results are also shown in figure 1 and figure 2 as δS versus ΔS and ΔS versus ΔS respectively. For all pallasite samples presented we observe δS values that range from -0.23 to 0.36 ‰, ΔS ranges from -0.02 to 0.022 ‰, and ΔS ranges from -0.045 to 0.005 ‰.


Extra cellular response kinase 7 (Erk7) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase. Studying behavioral plasticity in honeybees led to my initial interest in Erk7. A previous gene expression profiling study (Whitfield et al., 2003) implicated Erk7 as a candidate gene in honeybee behavioral plasticity. My work has built upon and extended these initial findings to the protein level. I have shown that regulation of Erk7 is associated with multiple levels of hierarchical behavioral plasticity. It is associated both with longduration behavioral state, and with specific, short-duration behavior. Light and vision are important components of honeybee behavioral plasticity. I have tested the hypothesis that the optic-lobes are the location of the circuitry in which behaviorally associated regulation of Erk7 is occurring, and demonstrated that Erk7 is expressed throughout the honeybee brain. Additionally, I have shown that Erk7 is a rapidly evolving Map kinase which is under positive selection in Drosophila and mammalian lineages. Hence Erk7, a gene associated with behavioral plasticity in individual honeybees, also underlies evolutionary plasticity in diverse lineages. Linking changes in behavior to alterations in its physiological substrate: An integrative study of behavioral plasticity The first requirement for studying behavioral plasticity is an experimental model system which exhibits behavioral changes. Honeybee workers have a rich and robust behavioral life history with stark differences in behavior over an individual's life time. A genuine understanding of behavioral plasticity requires an integrative explanation of the causal link between these behaviors and their physiological substrate. The overt behavior of honeybees is the result of effecter organs such as muscles being directed by neural circuits. These circuits are comprised of cells. All processes and functioning of cells is manifested through a complex and dynamic orchestra of molecules and their interactions. Nestler (2001) has put forth a framework to study behavioral plasticity which asks three questions. What molecular and cellular changes underlie behavioral changes? What is the cascade of molecular and cellular events which establishes and maintains


The capability of decolorization for commercial dyes by Coriolus versicolor fermentation broth containing laccase with or without immobilized mycelium was evaluated. With cell-free fermentation broth containing laccase, high decolorization ratio was achieved foracid orange 7, but not for the other dyes concerned. The immobilized mycelium was proved to be more efficient than the cell-free system. All the four dyestuffs studied were found being decolourized with certain extent by immobilized mycelium. The repeated-batch decolorization was carried out with satisfactory results. The experimental data showed that the continuous decolorization of wastewater from a printing and dyeing industry was possible by using the self-immobilized C. versicolor.


Closed loop output error identification algorithms and recently developed algorithm for direct closed loop estimation of reduced order controllers [3, 5] despite their diversity have in fact a unifying basic ground which will be enhanced. The paper also will explore the interaction between closed loop plant model identification and direct estimation in closed loop of reduced order controllers. The following problem will be addressed: what closed loop plant model identification should be used when a criterion for direct controller reduction is given? An illustrative application example is given in a companion paper [7].


Irradiation of an acetone solution of cis-6,7,8-trideoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-7-C-nitro-α-D-galacto-oct-6-enose (4) with ultraviolet light gives a complex mixture from which the three major products have been isolated: the trans isomer of the nitroolefin 4, cis-6,8-dideoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galacto-oct-5-enos-7-ulose (5), and the trans isomer of 5. The structures of the compounds were established by spectroscopic methods. Signal assignments in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been made by spin decoupling.


Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle is a rare disorder of the shoulder girdle, with only approximately 200 individual cases having been reported in the world literature to date. A persistent left superior vena cava (SVC) is the most common thoracic venous anomaly, and has been observed in 0.3% of the general population. Mesocardia and an aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery, associated with bicuspid pulmonary valves, are both extremely rare entities. We report the first case of a 23 year-old man with the above mentioned complex congenital anomaly. (Korean Circulation J 2005;35:411-414)


1. Introduction. This paper studies the regularity of the free boundary which arises from a stationary problem of singular stochastic control in which the state space has dimension greater than one. The optimal cost function u will be shown to satisfy a variational inequality of the form


Cesarean Scar Pregnancy (CSP) is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy needing a high index of suspicion to make an early diagnosis. Recent literature describes treatment of CSP using methotrexate (MTX). Surgical options include hysteroscopic coagulation of vessels at implantation site, laparoscopic removal of gestational sac, laparotomy with wedge resection of pregnancy; ultrasound guided suction curettage and uterine artery embolization with injection of MTX locally. However, to date no universal guidelines exist regarding its management. A case of successful management of a pregnancy in a previous Cesarean section scar, with the use of systemic methotrexate followed by ultrasound guided evacuation of the uterus is presented, followed by an uncomplicated live birth in the successive pregnancy.


The present invention provides derivatives of pyrido [2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one of formula (I). These compounds are kinase inhibitors, including compounds that show antiproliferative activity, including against tumor cells, and are useful in the treatment of diseases including cancer.


Introduction Surgical planning for Patient Specific Instrumentation (PSI) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is based on static non-functional imaging (CT or MRI). Component alignment is determined prior to any assessment of clinical soft tissue laxity. This leads to surgical planning where assumptions of correctability of preoperative deformity are false and a need for intraoperative variation or abandonment of the PSI blocks occurs. The aim of this study is to determine whether functional radiology complements pre-surgical planning by identifying non-predictable patient variation in laxity. Method Pre-operative CT9s, standing radiographs and functional radiographs assessing coronal laxity at 20° flexion were collected for 20 patients. Varus/valgus laxity was assessed using the TELOS stress device (TELOS GmbH, Marburg, Germany, see Figure 1). The varus/valgus load was incrementally increased to either a maximum load of 150N or until the patient could not tolerate the discomfort. Radiographs were taken whilst the knee was held in the stressed position. CT scans were segmented and anatomical points landmarked. 2D–3D pose estimations were performed using the femur and tibia against the radiographs to determine knee alignment with each functional radiograph and so characterise the varus/valgus laxity Results The mean coronal alignment on CT and standing radiographs were 3.8° varus (SD, 5.6°) and 4.3° varus (SD, 6.7°) respectively. Of these, 5 of the knees were valgus aligned and 15 varus aligned in both standing and CT positions. The varus group had a mean of 5.9° in CT and 6.9° varus standing, while the valgus group had means of 4.4° valgus and 5.4° valgus in standing, indicating a collapse into further coronal malalignment while weightbearing. Each knee in the group had a laxity envelope calculated from the varus and valgus stressed radiographs. In the varus knees, the envelope ranged from 11.0° to 1.0° degree, with a mean of 5.1° (SD, 2.4°). In the valgus knees, the envelope ranged from 10.0° to 5.0° degrees, with a mean of 6.6° (SD, 2.3°), though this difference did not reach statistical significance. Using ±3° of neutral alignment as an indicator of correctable deformity, 7 of the 15 varus knees did not have a correctable deformity, while all of the valgus did. As determined by laxity limits, the CT and standing alignments were not well centered within their functional radiology groups. Specifically, for the valgus knees, 2 were near the valgus limit (lower quartile) of their laxity envelope, while for the varus knees, 9 were near their varus limit (upper quartile) and 2 at the valgus limit. In total, 65% of the knees did not have their standing alignment well centered on their functional laxity imits. Conclusions Varus/valgus laxity in TKA appears to be subject specific and divorced from static radiological parameters. Surgical planning without reproducible clinical assessments of coronal laxity may not be sufficient to obtain a balanced TKA while avoiding ligament releases. Functional radiographs may be a viable method to individualise and refine the surgical plan in TKA on a per patient basis, incorporating objective information normally only available during the surgery itself. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly (see Info & Metrics tab above).


This article looks at the issue of privacy as it relates to Intelligent Transportation Systems, with focus on surveillance identification, and monitoring systems. It gives examples of ITS technologies which may have the potential in comprising privacy. These include: closed circuit television (CCTV), electronic fare payment electronic toll collection, vehicle probe data, interactive in-vehicle services, and photo enforcement. The article discusses how the problem lies in the fact that even though the information produced by ITS is very useful to transportation and law enforcement agencies, that it can also be indiscriminately disseminated, leading to the violation of privacy. The article concludes by noting that the ITS America statement of Fair Information and Privacy Principles, along with additional steps, are the first steps towards protecting privacy of individuals.


profile excluded all inborn errors of virilisation in the female. Repeat karyotyping on the patient's lymphocytes confirmed 45X in 54/57 cell lines examined with the remaining 3 containing a structurally abnormal Y chromosome. FISH studies confirmed the derived Y chromosome to have a single copy of the SRY region (sex determining region of the Y gene). Re-examination of the original amniocentesis specimen failed to identify any of the 46Xder(Y) in the metaphases studied.


Advisor: Dr. Nadia Heninger. We've have weekly lab meetings on Wednesday at 11AM with the rest of the lab present as well, though Dr. Heninger was away at conferences a few times and I skipped two weekly meetings (once in March, once in April) due to coursework. Dr. Heninger is also present regularly on other days for chats about the project since I'm usually in the lab at least 3 out of the 5 week days working on this project.


It is possible to analyze corium collagen from leather by routine methods for hydrolysis and amino acid analysis. Deteriorated leather may be characterized by containing large amounts of ammonia and by an altered amino acid distribution compared to that of new leather. It is shown that proline and lysine are the two amino acids mostly affected by deterioration. These two amino acids together with isoleucine may, irrespective of the state of deterioration, provide a statistical method to establish the animal origin of the leather. Attempts with accelerated ageing methods lead to results similar to those found for historical leather.


Based on the homogenous fluid reaction N-S equations,the k-e turbulent model and the EBU combustion model,the propagation of detonation wave in a sudden area change tube and the influences on the thrust performance of the main tube with different nozzles were investigated.Our results show that,a new detonation can be initiated promptly when the detonation wave of the pre-detonator injects into the main tube.In addition,with the mount of nozzle,the average thrust of single detonation varies.The head-end thrust increases with the raise of the contracting angle of nozzle,and decreases with the raise of its diverging angle.But the average total thrust increases with the diverging angle,and decreases with the raise of converging angle.There also exists an optimal diverging angle which can generate maximum average total thrust.


This work concerns the process of optical pumping of carbon monoxide using the resonance radiation of electroionization CO-laser affecting the high-lying vibrational levels (v = 4 … 12, where v is the number of a vibrational level).


The Black Panther newspaper, born in the tumult of the 1960s black power movement, refuses to die. This radical underground publication ofŽ cially folded in the early 1980s, yet there have been serious efforts to bring it back to life. In February 1991, for example, a group of former Black Panthers in the San Francisco Bay Area relaunched the newspaper, selling 10,000 copies from Oakland to New York City. The Ž rst edition of the new Berkeley-based monthly was a facsimile of the old Black Panther, replete with the snarling black cat logo and the image of a ri e-toting Huey Newton in beret and black leather. The banner headline proclaimed 'The Struggle Continues', and the volunteer publishers made it clear that they hoped the paper would inspire the return of the Black Panthers to the political limelight [1]. Across the border that separates Berkeley from Oakland, another Black Panther hybrid, calling itself the Commemorator , also appeared during the same period. Produced by a group calling themselves the Commemoration Committee for the Black Panther Party, the paper was devoted to the veneration of Panther co-founder Huey Newton and the revival of the principles of the organization. Committee members set up a table outside Cody's bookstore on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley, selling copies of the Commemorator for $1.50, and distributing lea ets seeking volunteers to keep the monthly newspaper running. Unlike its counterpart, the Commemorator didn't directly imitate the original Black Panther, but the similarities were striking: publication of the party's 10-point programme, articles on political prisoners and international freedom struggles, and a page devoted to Newton's writing. One of its founders hoped the paper would 'provide a forum for progressive politics in the Oakland Bay Area'. Both papers were published off and on until the end of the decade, and were taken seriously enough to wind up in the collections of public and university libraries across California [2]. The resurrection of The Black Panther newspaper served multiple purposes—to recover the memory of an organization central to the experience of black nationalists in the late twentieth century, and to produce a counter-memory that could exist in opposition to the dominant representations of the organization. As George Lipsitz notes, counter-memory 'forces revision of existing histories', by calling on experiences of oppression and difference. One examination of the 1960s identiŽ ed the prevailing memories of the era using 'positive' or 'negative' metaphors, with the Black Panthers in the latter camp. 'The memory of non-violent civil rights marchers is erased by the spectre of armed Black Panthers', wrote one scholar. If mainstream narratives today characterize the Black Panthers as violent street thugs, anti-democratic anarchists, or misguided pseudo-Marxists, it is up to those who venerate the organization's principles to produce alternative interpretations of its history. The party's original newspaper was the most visible and consistent representation of the organization—one that lasted far


The Wilkins Peak Member (WPM) of the Green River Formation in Wyoming, USA, comprises alternating lacustrine and alluvial strata that preserve a record of terrestrial climate during the early Eocene climatic optimum. We use a Bayesian framework to develop age-depth models for three sites, based on new 40Ar/39Ar sanidine and 206Pb/238U zircon ages from seven tuffs. The new models provide two- to ten-fold increases in temporal resolution compared to previous radioisotopic age models, confirming eccentricity-scale pacing of WPM facies, and permitting their direct comparison to astronomical solutions. Starting at ca. 51 Ma, the median ages for basin-wide flooding surfaces atop six successive alluvial marker beds coincide with short eccentricity maxima in the astronomical solutions. These eccentricity maxima have been associated with hyperthermal events recorded in marine strata during the early Eocene. WPM strata older than ca. 51 Ma do not exhibit a clear relationship to the eccentricity solutions, but accumulated 31%−35% more rapidly, suggesting that the influence of astronomical forcing on sedimentation was modulated by basin tectonics. Additional high-precision radioisotopic ages are needed to reduce the uncertainty of the Bayesian model, but this approach shows promise for unambiguous evaluation of the phase relationship between alluvial marker beds and theoretical eccentricity solutions.


This paper attempts to provide knowledge concerning key air freight issues by focusing on the nodes (airports) and links (air cargo companies) involved in international air movements. This approach is particularly valuable for identifying sources of conflict between the two groups; such conflicts have the potential to impair the efficiency of international distribution. Following questions are also addressed: (1) What factors are important and unimportant in airport evaluation?; (2) How are responses to these factors evaluated by airports vis-a-vis air cargo operators?; (3) How do selected contemporary trade issues affect international air freight transportation?; and (4) How are responses to these trade issues perceived by airports vis-a-vis air cargo operators?


Conditions are described under which the oxidation and acetylation of hydroxyl groups can be carried out in molecules containing remote π-allyl palladium groups. The reactions were carried out in pyridine solution and the products were obtained as allylpyridine complexes. The possibility of isomerism in these pyridine complexes is discussed.


In Rion-Antirion Bridge and Vasco de Gama projects, a service lifetime of 120 years is required. To achieve this goal, Vinci and Lerm have carried out an extensive research and test program for relevant durability properties of the various types of concrete. For both cases, the strategy adopted is the corrosion control of embedded steel by reducing the rate of chloride penetration which is the main issue for the durability of concrete structures in marine environment. This objective was based on the proper definition of exposure zones, the definition of the adequate concrete covers and a proper characterization and evaluation of concrete at trial mixes stage and during execution. In accordance with the Inspection and Maintenance Manuals, several detailed inspections, in-situ and laboratory testing (mapping of concrete cover, concrete properties,...) and recalibration of input data used for chloride penetration model have been performed according to a specific time schedule. This article summarizes the main outcomes of the durability follow-up corresponding to a period of about 15 years for Vasco de Gama and 10 years for Rion-Antirion. These in-field follow-up data-bases are key parameters for developing a practical methodology for concrete structures service lifetime control.


The systematic violation of human rights is a worrying situation in the international community. Although it is true that there is a legal framework for protection, promotion and guarantee in Colombian law, impunity is also evident in many cases, to the point that absolutory rulings corroborate this hypothesis. Prima facie, in the review action arises the hope that atrocious acts are without sanction. Ergo, this article will analyze the legal bases and recommendations of the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights in the case of Arturo Ribon Avila versus Colombia and the impact of this decision on the guarantees of criminal procedure law.


This article from physiology and psychology point of view,the main use of documents and materials for the college girls to participate in the aerobics fitness,form and function and changes in mental function were studied.The results show that girls aerobics exercise can improve endurance and cardiovascular fitness,improve posture,physical and psychological development of girls is to promote an effective means.


Mawah customary practice is very popular in Aceh so that with the customary practice of this Mawah much help the lives of the poor. This study aims Birthing a model implementation mawah customary practice in the district of KutaBaro, Aceh Besar district. And Generate a poverty reduction strategy based on local wisdom through customary practices mawahKutaBaro Sub-district, Aceh Besar District. Poverty is a key issue in Indonesia's development and economic quality is the key to the problem. The main problem in alleviating poverty in Indonesia today is related to the fact that economic growth is not spread evenly throughout Indonesia, as evidenced by the high income disparity between regions. The potential in the agricultural sector is very large, but most of the many farmers are among the poor and it is very ironic in Indonesia. The practice of indigenous mawah in KecamatanKutaBaro has been going on for generations, the practice that the community is doing is paddy fields, where the owners of the rice fields entrust their fields to be cultivated by the people who need the rice fields to help meet their daily needs where this practice can be one strategies for poverty alleviation in KutaBaro Aceh Besar sub-district. This study aims to give birth to a pattern of empowerment of traditional values mawah as a model of poverty alleviation. The location of this research is in KutaBaro sub-district, Aceh Besar district, with population in 5 (five) mukim areas. The number of samples is 5 (five) villages representing each mukim. The model for the implementation of customary practices that can be applied in KutaBaro sub-district is to make oral agreements based on trust. This has been done for generations. Collected data processing will be processed with the "Triangulation" approach. This research uses data collecting technique of interview, observation and documentation. From the research results can be seen that poverty alleviation can be done by the community itself by empowering the values of adatmawah that has long been practiced in Kecamtan Kuta Baro.


The largest disadvantage of wind energy is the lack of exact predictability and its fluctuations, which are causing problems in the power system operation. The consequence is that even though other energy sources can be saved by using wind energy, the short-term power fluctuation has to be secured by a conventional plant. A possible solution can be the storage of wind energy. In this paper battery systems are analyzed as a backup for a 400 MW offshore wind farm with help of special developed calculation models. The goal is to reach small difference between forecasted and actual wind power and to increase the reliabilty of delivered wind energy using battery systems. For the determinations the properties of the battery system are considered and integrated into the calculation model. The overall target is to reduce the reserve energy requirement of the offshore wind farms.


Bilinguals outperform monolinguals in tasks measuring executive functions; particularly, in tasks that measure inhibition and flexible behavior (e.g., task-switching), all of which require increased top-down control. One interpretation of this advantage in performance is that bilinguals may approach tasks in a top-down (goal-driven) manner, and given improved performance in certain tasks, top-down control is typically viewed as beneficial. Only one study has investigated the possibility that increased top-down control may result in a cost in terms of the influence on bottom-up (automatic, non-goal-driven) processing. To further explore the potential cost of top-down control on bottom-up processing, this experiment investigated patterns of semantic priming in 50 monolinguals and 50 early bilinguals across three experiments in which the amount of top-down control required varied systematically. If bottom-up processes are impaired as a function of top-down control strategies, we hypothesized that bilingual individuals, who recruit more top-down processes, will exhibit fewer baseline semantic priming effects, and that all participants will exhibit less semantic priming as the top-down requirements of the tasks increase. The lexical decision task was used in isolation to measure baseline differences in automatic, semantic priming between monolinguals and bilinguals. An additional, task-switching paradigm, in which participants either performed a lexical decision task or decided whether the first letter of a word was between A-L or M-Z was created to engender a more top-down approach. Finally, a dual task in which participants identified changes in auditory tones while making lexical decisions, was used to attempt to decrease any top-down influence on the lexical decision task. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that priming did not change as a function of task or language group. I will discuss the implications of this research for understanding individual differences in executive functioning.


Across three experiments we sought to determine whether extrafoveally presented emotional faces are processed sufficiently rapidly to influence saccade programming. Two rectangular targets containing a neutral and an emotional face were presented either side of a central fixation cross. Participants made prosaccades towards an abrupt luminosity change to the border of one of the rectangles. The faces appeared 150 ms before or simultaneously with the cue. Saccades were faster towards cued rectangles containing emotional compared to neutral faces even when the rectangles were positioned 12 degrees from the fixation cross. When faces were inverted, the facilitative effect of emotion only emerged in the −150 ms SOA condition, possibly reflecting a shift from configural to featural face processing. Together the results suggest that the human brain is highly specialized for processing emotional information and responds very rapidly to the brief presentation of expressive faces, even when these are located outside foveal vision.


Abstract This study reports results of a 14-month live-trap study of small-rodent communities in 2 habitats, cloud forest and disturbed areas, at Las Joyas Scientific Station of the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, western Mexico. Seven taxa of 2 families (Muridae, Heteromyidae) of small rodents were captured (Hodomys alleni, Liomys pictus, Oryzomys couesi, Peromyscus aztecus, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, R. sumichrasti, and Sigmodon alleni). Information about age structure, population dynamics, biomass, and reproduction were obtained with mark–recapture techniques for the most abundant species (P. aztecus and R. fulvescens) in both habitats. These species comprised 80.3% of the 707 captures in the cloud forest (P. aztecus, 51.2%; R. fulvescens, 29.1%), whereas, in the disturbed areas, R. fulvescens represented 81.7% of the 916 captures. Species varied in population density, relative abundance, and timing of reproduction, which was seasonal. Reproductive activity for P. aztecus peaked in the middle of the wet season (September 1995) in the cloud forest and in the wet season and middle of the dry-cold season (January 1996) in the disturbed areas. R. fulvescens showed reproductive activity in the wet season (July–October 1995) in both habitats. Density fluctuated annually for P. aztecus in both habitats, with a peak in January and February 1996; R. fulvescens showed the same patterns of density in both habitats with the highest values at the end of the wet season.


Objective To study the method of preparing Vinorelbine Bitartrate in liposomes by pH gradient method.Methods pH gradient method was used to prepare Vinorelbine Bitartrate 1iposomes.The entrapment rate was examined by Sephadex G-50 minicolumn centrifugation.Results The optimum preparation formulation:drug/PC(mass ratio):1∶30,liposomes were pH 7.4 outside and incubated at 30℃.The encapsulation rate of Vinorelbine Bitartrate in liposomes was above 85%.Conclusion The liposomes were prepared with good encapsulation efficiency by pH gradient method.


The significant penetration of renewable generation, mainly wind and solar, in the electrical system bring new challenges for power systems operation due to their dependency to weather conditions. In this perspective, this paper proposes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to identify operating conditions that can lead to voltage limits violation, enabling one to perform control actions in order to mitigate these scenarios. For this sake, the ANN approach determines the generating units responsible for the voltage limits violation, so that the system operator can determine whether or not the renewable unit(s) should stay connected to the system. The methodology was tested for the IEEE 34-bus system considering two renewables generators. The data are obtained employing Monte Carlo simulation with the help of a scanning backward/forward technique to obtain the load flow solution. The results indicate a robust methodology capable of assisting in decision making of renewable units' operation in power system to avoid voltage violations.


A wind turbine generator includes: a tower; a rotor supported by the tower to rotate around a rotational axis which is not parallel with an axis direction of the tower by wind power; a generator driven by a rotational force of the rotor; a sensor to detect vibration component in a direction perpendicular to the rotational axis of the rotor; blades on the rotor; a propeller driving device which changes a propeller angle of the blades; a control device to control the propeller and the generator; and an analyzer for receiving output signals of the sensor, analyzing frequency and phase of the signals, and outputting the analyzed frequency and phase to the control device, wherein the control device controls the rotor so that fluctuation of the rotor is caused to suppress the vibration component according to the frequency and phase output by the analyzer.


Success of immune checkpoint antibody drugs has provided broad perspective in cancer immunotherapy. Anti-PD-1 antibody and anti-CTLA-4 antibody showed notable efficacy and the combination complimentarily enhanced antitumor benefit. Nevertheless, either single-agent therapy or combination therapy is facing immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which is major cause of treatment discontinuation. Also, still large fraction of cancer patients doesn9t respond to the antibody immunotherapy. Since non-specific systemic activation of normal immune system by the therapy is one of major reasons to cause the above problems, approaches to target the hypoxic condition of tumors may help increasing the drug9s tumor-targeting specificity, which results in minimizing the irAEs and improving the response rate in patients. In an aim to improve anti-cancer drug delivery efficacy, we have been developing in situ Delivery and Production System ( i -DPS) by modifying a non-pathogenic anaerobic bacterium, Bifidobacterium , which localizes and proliferates only in the hypoxic environment like solid tumors after intravenous administration, produces anticancer proteins, enzymes or other pharmacologically active molecules selectively at the tumor site. Here we present anti-human CTLA-4 antibody scFv producing i -DPS in cancer immunotherapy, which could be specifically delivered to and amplified only at the hypoxic sites of solid tumors. A series of in vitro assays has been performed to confirm the stable expression and secretion of anti-hCTLA-4 scFv by recombinant Bifidobacterium , the binding affinity of purified anti-hCTLA-4 scFv and the IC50 competing with hCTLA-4/hCD80 or hCD86 interaction as well. Anti-murine CTLA-4 scFv producing Bifidobacterium as surrogate systemically administered to the syngeneic mice model demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition. Moreover, the combination therapy of anti-mCTLA-4 scFv producing Bifidobacterium and anti-murine PD-1 antibody was more effective than each of monotherapy. It is noteworthy that scFv was only detected in tumor tissue but not in blood proved by immunoprecipitation assay. Altogether, i -DPS for anti-CTLA-4 antibody provide a new promising immune-therapeutic modality to target hypoxic solid tumors and also provide a unique insight for antibody drug delivery in cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: Koichiro Shioya, Shiro Kataoka, Li Wang, Tomio Matsumura, Hitomi Shimizu, Yasuyoshi Kanari, Yuji Seki, Yuko Shimatani, Minoru Fujimori, Shun9ichiro Taniguchi. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody scFv producing recombinant Bifidobacterium secretes CTLA-4 blocker specifically inside hypoxic tumor and suppresses tumor growth in syngeneic mice model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A29.


Through the analysis of characteristic of image language in graphic design,how to design carefully and rational measure were discussed according to the spirit of the information design.The image language is applied to the graphic design to meet the requirement of information expression of image language,and transform the artistic value of image language to the information value of graphic design.


The interface excitations associated with the inversion layer of a metal-insulator-semiconductor structure are investigated. These excitations can be regarded as coupled modes whose components are the two-dimensional-electron-gas plasmon and the surface plasmon of the metal-insulator interface. The dependence of the coupled modes on the insulator thickness and the gate-electrode plasma frequency are studied.


Amavata is a commonest disorder seen in middle age people which affect both the sex, characterized by angmarda (Body pain), Aruchi (loss of taste), Trishna (thirst), Alsya (loss of enthusiasm), Gourava (heaviness), klama (tiredness without doing work), Apaka (indigestion) and fever. In the later stage pain may begin to migrate from place to place with a Vrishchika damshavat vedana(intense stinging type of pain) and burning sensation. Similar symptoms seen in Rheumatoid Arthritis in modern science. The treatment principle includes the pain management and steroids in allopathic medicine. In Ayurveda according to our classical Langhana (Light diet or fasting), Deepana, pachana, Samshodhna (Different purifications) are suggested. In the present clinical study 20 Rheumatoid arthritis (Amavata) of knee joint patients were registered from the O.P.D. & I.P.D from all 20 patients 15 patients completed the treatment. The aim of the study was to see the effect of Pavanmuktasana, Vajrasana, Padmasana and Tadasana in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Amvata) of knee joint. Statistical analysis shows improvement in pain and stiffness of knee joint.


This research effort is focused on the development of large angle, out-of-plane bimorph MEMS micromirrors fabricated in the PolyMUMPs foundry process. Based on design constraints of the PolyMUMPs process, current designs fabricated do not meet the requirements to enable large angle optical steering. Through Comsol modeling and simulation, several post-processing techniques were discovered that could be used to meet the required large out-of-plane deflections. We have performed several post-processing techniques to include silicon nitride and high temperature evaporated gold to verify our Comsol modeling results. Our experimental tests validate the Comsol results of greater than 400 μm deflections are achievable


1 Responses to kainate (KA), willardiine and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) were recorded from rat brain mRNA‐injected Xenopus laevis oocytes by use of a two‐electrode voltage clamp. 2 Thiocyanate (SCN−; 50 μm − 4 mm) ions reversibly and selectively inhibited the membrane current responses to AMPA in a non‐competitive manner without affecting KA or willardiine‐induced responses. 3 The inhibition of AMPA‐induced responses by SCN− was dependent on the SCN− concentration with an estimated IC50 of 1 mm. The antagonism was not dependent on the AMPA concentration. 4 The response to a high concentration of AMPA (100–200 μm) exhibited a peak inward current which declined to a steady‐state. SCN− inhibited the steady‐state current more than the peak response. The inhibition was unaffected by prior incubation with concanavalin‐A (Con‐A; 10 μm). 5 Responses to KA were antagonized by AMPA in a competitive manner, suggesting that both agonists may activate a common receptor‐channel complex. This interaction between two non‐NMDA agonists was not affected by the SCN−‐induced inhibition of the AMPA response. 6 AMPA‐induced responses recorded from large cultured cerebellar neurones by whole‐cell recording were also inhibited by SCN− in a non‐competitive manner. The AMPA‐induced peak current was less affected than the steady‐state response. 7 We conclude that SCN− can inhibit the response to AMPA in expressed non‐NMDA receptors in Xenopus oocytes and also in native receptors in cultured cerebellar neurones. One possible mechanism of action for SCN− inhibition of responses to AMPA may involve a Con‐A‐insensitive, non‐NMDA receptor‐mediated desensitization.


Objective To investigate the electrochemical corrosion mechanism in an artificially electrochemical induced dental caries model. Methods Cyclic voltammetry was combined with the method of weight loss and the pH measure of electrolytes in situ to study the corrosion behaviors of tooth section electrode in K 2SO 4 and KCl solutions. The data of corrosion rate of tooth section electrodes were analyzed with SPSS software on computer. Results At the range of 0.0~2.5 V, tooth section electrode and graphitic electrode showed similar wave shaped cyclic voltammetric curves. The corrosion rates of the tooth section in KCl and K 2SO 4 solutions were of no significant difference. After the tooth section being corroded for 8 h at the potential of 2.0 V, the pH value of the base solution in anodic pool dropped from the original 7.0 to 3.87, whereas that in cathodic pool increased to 10.65. Conclusion Under the situation of added potential, the anodic corrosion of tooth section has no relation to electrolytes. The anodic oxidation of water leads to the increase of the concentration of H + in the anodic solution. As a result, the tooth section dissolves in acid solution, and this is the main decisive factor in the formation of electrochemical artificial dental caries.


Modern ubiquitous computing technologies allow to acquire various types of user context. Its utilization seems crucial to provide acceptable Quality of Service in Personalized Information Retrieval tasks. We give an introduction into contextawareness for personalized IR and propose own approach to deal with heterogeneity in personal profiles by means of using context.


The ease of synthesis and chemical stability of azo dyes possessing one or more azo groups helps them to be widely used in textile, printing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food and many other industries [1]. Azoreductase catalyses the reductive cleavage of the azo bond, and acts as the key enzyme expressed in all azo dye degrading bacteria [2]. Under anaerobic conditions, the reductive cleavage of azo dyes results in decolorization, which was suggested in many reports [3]. Many bacterial strains contain cytoplasmic enzymes, though unspecific, act as azoreductase and under anaerobic conditions; transfer the electrons to azo dyes via soluble flavins. Bacillus sp OY12 transforms azo dyes into colorless compounds, and this is mediated by azoreductase activity, in the presence of NADH [4]. Bacillus subtilis is considered to be a widely spread bacterium, commonly recovered from water, soil, air and decomposing plant residue. This bacterium produces an endospore, which allows it to overcome extreme conditions of heat and drying up in the environment. B. subtilis produces a variety of enzymes that will degrade a variety of natural substrates and contribute to nutrient cycling, and under most conditions but exists in the form of spore [5]. Site-directed mutagenesis is of potential interest for engineering the enzyme to become active so that it is more suitable for biotechnical applications [6]. In this protein (1NNI), four residues namely Asp (33), Tyr (74), His (75), and Lys (83) were identified as catalytic residues, where Tyr (74) and Lys (83) play a crucial role in azobenzene reductase extracted from Bacillus subtilis [7]. Olivier Lichtarge in 1996 developed the evolutionary trace (ET) analysis [8]. This method depends on both sequence and structural information in order to analyze functional sites of a protein or group of proteins. It determines the conserved amino acid residues in an alignment, and the information is mapped onto known 3D protein structures. This method gives importance to the residues which are important to the structure or function of a protein and tends to be conserved across species. This method gives ranking of the relative amino acids functional importance in a protein sequence, by correlating their variations during evolution, with divergences in the phylogenetic tree of that sequence family. The best-ranked residues are then clustered spatially in the protein structure and thereby reveal the location of functional sites [9]. Methodology


approved: Signature redacted for privacy. U J.Douglas Brodie A dynamic programming algorithm (MS PATH) was used to develop a stand level optimization model, FPS Optimizer. The model incorporates a lateseral constraint on the profit maximizing objective function utilizing a fourdescriptor structural index as a proxy. This index, the 'Old-Growth Index', rates the late-seral structural quality of a given stand from a scale of zero to 100. Preliminary optimization trials were conducted on a generic planted stand representing industrial management practices, and a case-study stand which originated under natural conditions following harvesting. The FPS Optimizer generated silvicutural prescriptions for both stands, over a one hundred year analysis period, at varying potential final harvest ages. Optimization was conducted under two differing objective functions: 1) maximize the land expectation value of the stand; and 2) maximize the late-seral index value. Trial results indicate the preference for early, heavy thinnings across diameter classes under the late-seral objective, and moderate understory thinnings for LEV objective, followed by moderate overstory thinnings given longer final harvest ages. The industrial planted stand was able to achieve an index value of 50.0 by age 40 when optimizing on that value, but showed an inability to proceed beyond that level for several hundred years. The natural stand demonstrated a smooth and continuous development response of the old-growth index throughout the analysis period, and the FPS Optimizer model found prescriptions which both increased the LEV and index as compared to a no-harvest activity prescription. Limitations in the silvicultural capabilities of the FPS Growth Model and a simple four-variable old-growth index sometimes produced ambiguous and unrealistic results, thus illustrating limitations with the current form of the FPS Optimizer


The author reviews research in population and development since the mid-1980s and how it has affected attitudes toward population issues and population policies prior to the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo, Egypt, in September 1994.


This scientific opinion of EFSA deals with the risk assessment of the substance trimethyl trimellitate, CAS No. 2459-10-1, REF. No. 25885 for which the CEF Panel concluded that there is no safety concern for the consumer if the substance is used as a co-monomer up to 0.35% w/w to produce modified polyesters intended to be used in contact with aqueous and dry foodstuffs containing no free fat at the surface


The invention relates to a data carrier, labels are introduced into the means of a laser beam, which are visible in the form of the laser beam caused by irreversible changes in the optical properties of the disk. According to the invention, the data carrier includes an opaque in the visible spectral range, laser-sensitive layer (20) which is combined with a metallized at least in a partial area of the security layer (22), wherein the markings (30, 32) simultaneously and in perfect register (by the laser beam in the laser-sensitive layer 20) and the metallized portion (24) are introduced into the security layer (22).


The outline of the liver was readily seen in nearly 70% of radiographs of the chest in 441 newborn infants when the region of the liver was included. This paper describes a method of estimating the weight of the liver from measurements made on the radiographs. There was a fair correlation between these estimates and the weight of the liver recorded at autopsy in 48 of the 441 babies. Some errors and limitations of the method are discussed.


We can find certain similarities in theatre forms, topics and relationships to drama
manifested and used by the artists of the same generation – so-called millennials operating primarily on the independent scene. They are more interested in autobiographical texts than in the original dramatic texts. The author is not represented as one person but as a cooperation of a collective of authors. It is the whole group of creators, the actors or performers included, who create the final shape of the text. It seems that expressing authenticity – in the text and on the stage – becomes the main intention of their approaches to drama. Trivial and everyday matters of life become the subjects of their interpretations. They place in the centre of their attention the human as their self-image or the human as a person they know from close or familiar circles, from media or stories of others. For authors, themselves or their issues and attitude towards life represent the inspiration. Also, they like to speak about themselves and analyse their feelings and perceptions as if defining these in front of the spectators brings them a therapeutic effect and confirms the relevancy of their attitudes towards life. What does such authenticity expressed by the self-projection of artists in their texts and in their performances bring to the audience? Does it raise any deeper awareness and understanding of life for the audience, or does it recycle what we already know?


Magnetoconductance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is investigated. We clearly show that a semiconducting CNT can be converted into a metallic one, or vice versa, with the application of a large magnetic field parallel to the tube axis, providing a consistent confirmation of the Aharonov–Bohm (AB) effect on the band structure of CNTs. We also demonstrate that magnetic‐field values where the semiconductor‐to‐metal transition occurs can be tuned by mechanical strain. Combined control of both the strain and the AB effect may open up new possibilities for CNT devices. In addition, we propose an idea to manipulate spin‐split subbands of CNTs, resulting from spin–orbit interaction (SOI), by using the magnetic field to generate sizeable spin‐polarized currents.


Purpose – The hospitality industry is a business area characterized by high turnover rates related to seasonality. Therefore, practitioners and researchers in hospitality have focused on developing the practices designed to prevent the employees from leaving a job. Furthermore, as the new generation of employees (Generation Y - Gen Y) enters the hospitality workforce, there is a growing need to adopt the management strategies to successfully recruit, select, train and motivate them to achieve organizational goals. The previous studies have observed that internal marketing practices (attracting, developing, motivating, and retaining qualified employees) creates a good working environment, which brings employee satisfaction and loyalty (Barry, 1981, Kale, 2010). Therefore, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on Gen Y at the workplace, how to retain them for longer time in seasonal hotel and which internal marketing activities are attractive for them. Methodology – desk research method was used for gathering data for this study, together with the existing literature on Generation Y employee retention and on the management of the internal market activities. The content analysis was used to display the development and explanation of the current stance on the research terms, while the descriptive method was used to demonstrate the specifics of the individual terms of the research conducted so far. Findings – The findings suggest that the implementation of the internal marketing activities could be efficient in managing Generation Y employees in seasonal hotels. Originality of the research – The paper provides a useful review of the appropriate literature related to Generation Y employee, employee retention and internal marketing activities in seasonal hotel. The conceptual model created in this paper is an assumption how to successfully retain Generation Y employees in the seasonal hotel.


Abstract:This article is an overview of Lina's work in Canada since arriving as an immigrant from Chile in 1976. As an actor and director, she became increasingly concerned with expressing social and cultural issues related to the immigrant condition, such as alienation, racism, family violence, loss of identity, and disconnection from culture. She observed these conditions in her Latin American immigrant community and in 1988 founded Puente Theatre to look for solutions and to add immigrant voices to the Canadian theatre panorama.


A critical issue for Ericsson et al.'s proposal is the development of a fully adequate description of neurophysiological substrates for deliberate practice. Ericsson et al. do provide two substantial subsections on biological substrates—namely, their subsections, 'Acquisition of superior power, control, and speed of motor activities' and 'Improvement in the selection of actions in representative situations'. However, as it stands, these discussions do not adequately explain the remarkableness of giftedness. To get at the details of the subtle effects of deliberate practice, Hesheng Liu and I recently proposed a thoroughgoing neurophysiological explanation of the child prodigy (Vandervert & Liu, in press). Our explanation is based upon the collaboration of working memory and cognitive functions of the cerebellum (Ito, 1997, 2005; Vandervert, 2003a, b; Vandervert et al., 2007). In our approach all repetitive working memory processes taking place in the cerebral cortex (e.g., in deliberate practice) are adaptively modeled in the cerebellum (see Ito, 1997, 2005; Chein et al., 2003; Vandervert et al., 2007). When the resulting cerebellar control models are fed back to working memory areas of the cortex, the thought processes of working memory become faster, higher in attentional control, and more appropriately and optimally timed (Akshoomoff et al., 1997; Ito, 1997, 2005; Ivry, 1997). The above newer role of the 'cognitive cerebellum' (see Schmahmann, 1997; Ramnani, 2006) offers needed detailed support for Ericsson et al.'s proposal. In addition to the cerebellum constructing adaptive models of mental activity occurring in working memory, it has been convincingly argued that the cerebellum does this in the form of multi-pairs of models that constitute complex modular architectures for mental processes that when fed to working memory functions in the cerebral cortex act to facilitate the development of new, higher levels of performance (Haruno et al., 1999; Wolpert et al., 2003). This process comes about through the combination of learned


States Supreme Court's 1879 affirmation of that conviction are usually viewed as the key legal events leading to mass prosecution of Mormon polygamists in the late 1880s. While Reynolds v. the United States (1879) seemed to dispose of the crucial first amendment defense relied upon by the Mormons, it did not lead to the prosecutions. Rather, they were triggered by the passage of thé Edmunds Act in 1882 as well as a major Supreme Court decision in 1885 over the cohabitation prosecution of Salt Lake Stake President Angus M. Cannon.


Abstract The research on emerging layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), reveals unique optical properties generating significant interest. Experimentally, these materials were observed to host extremely strong light-matter interactions as a result of the enhanced excitonic effect in two dimensions. Thus, understanding and manipulating the excitons are crucial to unlocking the potential of 2D materials for future photonic and optoelectronic devices. In this review, we unravel the physical origin of the strong excitonic effect and unique optical selection rules in 2D semiconductors. In addition, control of these excitons by optical, electrical, as well as mechanical means is examined. Finally, the resultant devices such as excitonic light emitting diodes, lasers, optical modulators, and coupling in an optical cavity are overviewed, demonstrating how excitons can shape future 2D optoelectronics.


Abstract The interaction mechanisms of chrysene with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied by multispectroscopy and molecular docking method. The quenching mechanism, binding constants, thermodynamic parameters and binding force of chrysene with BSA were investigated. The results indicated that the fluorescence of BSA was quenched by chrysene through a static quenching procedure. The binding constants K b and number of binding sites n were 3.97 × 104 M–1 and 1.0 at 298 K, respectively, which indicated that the binding of chrysene and BSA was moderate and there was one main binding site in BSA for chrysene. The thermodynamic parameters including entropy change (ΔH) and enthalpy change (ΔS) were 40.2 kJ mol–1 and 223.0 J mol–1 K–1, respectively, which revealed that the main binding force of chrysene to BSA was hydrophobic interaction. This result was in accordance with the results from the molecular docking. The binding distance r was 2.60 nm, which suggested that the energy transfer from BSA to chrysene occurred with high possibility. The results of synchronous fluorescence spectra, three-dimensional fluorescence spectra and circular dichroism spectra indicated that the binding of chrysene to BSA induced conformation changes of BSA.


Due to the complex architecture of fluvial reservoirs composed of uncorrelatable (stochastic) sand bodies, straightforward application of simple one dimensional analytical methods to predict their waterflood performance is not possible. This is due to the inadequacy of the existing techniques to represent the complex connectivities between flow elements in one dimensional models. In this paper, a new stochastic sand modelling method is presented. It simplifies sand description in grid blocks for simulation, and for averaging of the reservoir parameters such as permeability and porosity. Although the method is conditioned by the available seismic and well data which are extremely sparse, it employs only modest use of statistical methods. Also, contrary to many current techniques which are restricted to two dimensional realisation, the current method extends the realisation into three dimensions. This is carried out by using the special stochastic sand conditioning technique in which the generated flow elements are matched to a prescribed girded domain.


Single crystal plasticity, which plays a major role in the analysis of material anisotropy and texture evolution, treats each crystalline grain, having a distinct orientation, individually. The polycyrstalline material response is obtained upon considering a structure consisting of various individual grains, often also considering interface effects at the grain boundaries. On the individual grain level, single crystal plasticity can be treated in the mathematical framework of multisurface plasticity, leading to a constrained optimization problem wherein multiple constraints are defined as yield criteria on the different slip systems. Different approaches have been established in this field, see, e.g., [2], [3]. In rate-independent models, the set of active slip systems in the grain is possibly nonunique and is identified in, e.g., an active set search. Rate dependent approaches are based on power-type creep laws which do not differentiate into active or inactive slip systems. However, the constitutive equations of these formulations are often very stiff and require a small time increment. Here, a new algorithm for the solution of the constrained optimization problem based on the infeasible prima-dual interior point method (IPDIPM), [1], involving slack variables is presented for the framework of small strain single crystal plasticity. The use of slack variables therein stabilizes the conventional method and allows for a temporary violation of the constraint during the optimization. The optimization is solved using a Lagrange functional, wherein the nonlinear system of equations resulting from the derivation of the Lagrange functional is linearized using taylor expansion and solved by a Newton Raphson scheme. All slip systems are considered simultaniously, omitting an iterative active set search. IPDIPM has been found to lead to very efficient algorithms and better convergence rates than barrier or penalty methods in the past. The stability of the algorithm can be especially beneficial in complex material models, such as a multiscale description of polycrystalline materials. Several numerical examples are presented, showing the performance of the developed algorithm based on academic slip system setups of only a few slip systems as well as face-centered-cubic crystals.


Introduction and Aim: Historically lipid profile has been used to evaluate hyperlipidemia. More recently lipid ratios have been used particularly in studies from the west. The aim of this study is to evaluate dyslipidemia using both the conventional lipid profile and lipid ratios and to assess its relationship with fatty liver disease.

Materials and Methods: Fasting lipid profile, lipid ratios such as the Castelli Risk Index-I (CR-I TC/HDL), Castelli Risk Index II (CR-II LDL/HDL), atherogenic coefficient (non-HDL/HDL) were assessed in our study population of 150 subjects. Any changes noted in serum lipids were correlated with ultrasonography of the liver.

Results: Significant changes in lipid ratios such as CR-II was noted in the age group 50-59 years and was statistically significant (p=0.053).CR-I, CR-II and AC indicated a cardiovascular risk prevalence of 22.6%,36.7% and 50.7% respectively. The two ratios which were significantly altered across the various subtypes of fatty liver were LDL/HDL(p=0.018) and non-HDL/HDL (p=0.00).

Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of lipid ratios in early screening.


Bernhard Wilpert University of Technology, Berlin, Germany This is the first of a three-volume project to publish an anthology of writings by former and present members of the famous London-based Tavistock Institute of Human Relations (TIHR). Most of the contributions have already appeared elsewhere, the others were especially commissioned by the editors for inclusion in this truly Herculean attempt to document the intellectual and institutional history, as well as the worldwide impact, of one of the most important social science institutions. Each of the three volumes reflects a separate social science 'perspective': the socio-psychological, the socio-technical and the socio-ecological. This first volume is introduced by an historical overview, written by the editors, on the foundation and development of the TIHR, followed by five sections containing a total of 29 different contributions, nine of which


The rheology of aqueous dispersions of colloidal hematite (α-Fe2O3) rods with well-characterized shape and dimension was investigated. The effects of volume fraction (φ), aspect ratio, and Debye length (κ0−1) on the rheology were studied in particular. The particles were spindle-type bodies with aspect ratios equal to 8.4 and 4.8. They were dispersed in aqueous solutions of known ionic strength at a ζ potential, which was characterized in the Smoluchowski limit. Their rheology was compared to that of spherical hematite prepared by the method of Reference 1985. Dilute solution viscometry indicated that the effects of κ0−1 and the aspect ratio on the O(φ2) contribution to the low-shear effective viscosity were of comparable magnitude, and that the Huggins coefficient was a decreasing function of the aspect ratio. For concentrated suspensions, the dimensionless shear thinning was adequately fit by a correlation involving a critical stress, which was originally developed for spherical suspensions [Reference 1959]. The volume fraction dependence of the zero-shear viscosity η0 was found to be a strong function of both the aspect ratio and κ0−1. The aspect ratio affected both the volume fraction at which η0 diverged (φm), and the strength of the singular behavior [characterized by α in η0/μ=(1−φ/φm)−α]. In contrast, κ0−1 affected φm, but not α. The effect of the aspect ratio and volume fraction on the linear viscoelasticity of suspensions for φ > φm was quantified. The results highlight the particular ways in which the colloidal suspension rheology of moderate aspect ratio rods differs from that of spheres.The rheology of aqueous dispersions of colloidal hematite (α-Fe2O3) rods with well-characterized shape and dimension was investigated. The effects of volume fraction (φ), aspect ratio, and Debye length (κ0−1) on the rheology were studied in particular. The particles were spindle-type bodies with aspect ratios equal to 8.4 and 4.8. They were dispersed in aqueous solutions of known ionic strength at a ζ potential, which was characterized in the Smoluchowski limit. Their rheology was compared to that of spherical hematite prepared by the method of Reference 1985. Dilute solution viscometry indicated that the effects of κ0−1 and the aspect ratio on the O(φ2) contribution to the low-shear effective viscosity were of comparable magnitude, and that the Huggins coefficient was a decreasing function of the aspect ratio. For concentrated suspensions, the dimensionless shear thinning was adequately fit by a correlation involving a critical stress, which was originally developed for spherical suspensions [Reference 1...


Contemporary cultural texts point towards the acknowledgment of complicity as a starting point for engagement with Others, with the world, readers, and histories that energize them. (1) Here I discuss the critical role that complicity (both as an act and as a concept) plays in drawing out the complex interrelationships between historical pasts and present. In terms of critique, the charge of complicity operates very powerfully as a critical accusation aimed at defeating the convictions of an unknowing text, and as such it has much in common with a deconstructive reading (Critchley). The issues of complicity is increasingly embedded in cultural texts that are curious about the significance of being complicit and complicity-as-being, and therefore might answer "yes, and" to the accusation of complicity. (2) Given this, it is important to not only "diagnose" complicity but also to rethink complicity as a methodology, as a practice and theory of ethical engagement with others and in relation to present encounters with the past. Cultural texts, including film and literature, are useful for exploring the possibilities of complicity because they often pivot on representations which include the question of representation--the ethics, politics, and history of giving and taking account of others. Kate Grenville's The Secret River (2005), Kim Scott and Hazel Brown's Kayang and Me (2005), and the film Jindabyne (Ray Laurence 2006) contain different accounts of what complicity might mean, but each presents it as an important consideration of what it means to live with history and in connection with Others. In placing these Australian texts alongside readings of complicity from literature, law and philosophy I hope to shift critical vocabulary away from seemingly straightforward accounts of resistance and domination towards a more tangled sideways reading of complicity as a condition of relations and encounters between Others. The last decade in Australia has seen discussions about guilt, shame (3) and responsibility (4) as central to the issue of reconciliation (itself a term which rose to prominence in the early 1990s) between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. Given the predominance of these terms, the question of complicity as methodology or as a better term for describing responsibility requires attention. In the 1990s, discussions of guilt in Australia stalled largely on a question of its cathartic productivity (as if quantifiable as part of our gross national product). In his now famous "Redfern Speech" (1992), Prime Minister Paul Keating said that guilt was "not a very constructive emotion" (n.pag). Keating's speech was the closest that the Federal Australian Government came to saying "sorry" for the events of colonization, just as many other leaders around the world also made public statements apologizing for national traumas, like Clinton apologizing for slavery in the United States of America. It was a speech that called on Australians to recognize the violence of colonization, dispossession, and child stealing, and the still-present legacies of those acts. The radicalism of Keating's speech, and the ways it was met with accusations of a so called "black armband view" of Australian history, stems from Keating's call for white Australians (in particular) to own their part in the violence. (5) Keating points out "the problem starts with us non-Aboriginal Australians." He goes on to call for the recognition of historical truths: that it "was we who did the dispossessing. We took the traditional lands and then smashed the traditional way of life. We brought the disasters. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised discrimination and exclusion." Keating conjures up the image of the Aboriginal Australian as the "poor" Australian, asking whites to "to reach back for the poor and dispossessed" remembering that Australia did provide for "the dispossessed Irish" and the "poor of Britain. …


A sensory flap, based on the medial plantar artery and incorporating the cutaneous branches of the medial plantar nerve, is described for the coverage of heel defects.


This paper proposes an approach to the exploitation of longitudinal horizontal settling tanks stations within a surface drinking water. In the paper are presented programs which showing the sedimentation process of longitudinal horizontal decanters and their efficiency.


It's quite common for elder people to easily become the victims of age-related diseases making them to rely on someone for their survival. With people running behind their duties and tasks all round, it has really become a cause of concern to take utmost care of their elders. The most common issue they face is providing them the right medicines in right amount at right time. There are situations where the aged people cannot arrange for the medicines on their own. It is this problem that made us to propose an idea of an autonomous bot, that would administer the medication process. Based on the user's programmed instructions, the bot will travel to the place of the user and dispenses the required medicines. All these information's are stored in the cloud for future references and decision making. The proposed bot is developed and tested for different test case and monitored using a separate mobile application.


Illumination synchronization is the key technology for distributed interferometric SAR systems.A novel illumination synchronization method based on the maximum coherence is proposed.Then,the Doppler centroid frequency and the image SNR loss of bistatic mode SAR are analyzed theoretically.The advantages of the method compared with the traditional illumination synchronization method are presented by analyzing the effect of the interferometric image pair coherence、the number of independent looks for interferometric phase estimation and the error of interferometric coregistration time.A simulation which contains full process of InSAS system is carried out,The simulation results indicate that this method can improve the interferometric performance of the distributed InSAR system effectively.


In recent years, with the development of society and advancement of technology, aluminium and aluminium alloys are used more and more widely. It becomes a trend that traditional steel sheets are replaced by aluminium sheets for auto body. The research progress, application status and development prospect of aluminium alloys for auto body sheets are summarized in this paper. Among the 2000, 5000 and 6000 series aluminium alloys now studied, the new style 6000 series Al Mg Si based alloy is specially introduced as a emphasis in future research. There are many advantages about it: proper strength and plasticity, good corrosion resistance performance, easy coloring and effect of painting strengthening. Besides, some problems such as high cost and poor formation performance, which hold up the application of aluminium alloys for auto body sheets, are listed. At last, several advices are presented to develop characteristic aluminium alloys of high properties for auto body sheets in China. For instance, the stamping property should be improved by designing the compostition and technology and the relationship of stamping property, mechanical properties, composition and technology should be made clear, the material composition and technology can be designed by using computer techniques such as artificial neural network and genetic algorithm.


This thesis aims is to evaluate the synthesis and characterization of ultra violet (UV)
curable renewable polymer graphite (RPG) composites. Accordingly, the renewable
polymeric composites were prepared through a film slip casting method at room
temperature wherein graphite particles of various weight loadings were mixed with
mass proportion 2:1 of renewable monomer and Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate,
MDI respectively. The main concerned was given to renewable monomer based
vegetable cooking oil produced at the SPEN-AMMC UTHM. The morphologystructural

relation of the RPG composites confirmed that the graphite particles
contain functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxylic groups are randomly
distributed and attributed to formation of interconnected interface within the
polymeric composites. Furthermore, as the graphite particle loading increased, the
thermal degradation temperature at three distinct decomposition stages shifted and to
some extent, resulting in much higher crystallinity. As expected, the mechanical
properties of the composites were also enhanced with the modulus and tensile
strength increment up to ~440% and ~100% respectively. Significantly, all of these
results correlate with viscoelastic properties in which the composites achieved
percolation threshold at RPG20 composites. Moreover, the decreased in optical
energy band gap (Eg) which afterwards took the leads to electrical conductivity (σ).
Aptly, the composites (RPG20, RPG25 and RPG30) were found to possess favorable
electrical conductivity range of 10
-5
-4
– 10
 S/m, while all other samples were deemed
to be not conductive due to improper dispersion of graphite particulates. On the
contrary, UV curable composites did not show any significant enhancement and
graphite particle acted as UV stabilizer in this manner. Therefore, the stability of the
conductive renewable polymer graphite composite is suitable to be used in various
composites applications.


Bachelor thesis "The brand image of Invisible Gear" aims to find out how potential and current customers perceive image and communication of Invisible Gear brand. Marketing research, which was conducted among respondents, focuses on respondent's opinions and perceptions of the brand. It also investigates the influence of the image on the sales results and part of the work is also testing the communication experiment.


Research on temperature control in microwave assisted hydrodistilation has been carry out and it has become special topic in this article. According to data from the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia in 2014, 40 of 70 essential oil-producing plants in the world can be produced in Indonesia. However, almost all essential oil produced in Indonesia have a low quality. This is caused by many factors, one of them is the lack of downstream processes. Some of the essential oils produced do not meet international standards. A common method to produce essential oils is conventional distillation which is not efficient and need a high consumption of energy. In order to reduce extraction time, increase extraction yields and minimize production costs, several new approaches have been taken such as MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction). In this study, we developed a MAHD method with controlled temperatures. Extracted material was placed in the container given microwave exposure and the temperature was controlled. The purpose of the research is to develop extraction methods in order to improve the quality of essential oils produced in Indonesia. The results of apparatus performance are: a) capable to control the temperature with a range of errors ±1°C, b) to be able to produce the essential oils (Zingiber officinale) greater than other methods, namely, 1.71% and c) to be able to has energy effectiveness of 90.29%


Abstract Microwave radiation (2·45 Ghz) was examined as a heat source for rewarming chilled neonatal piglets. A multi-mode cavity (60 × 60 × 60 cm) was constructed of 22 gauge perforated galvanized steel. The radiation applicator was a slotted waveguide, 70 cm in length, which was located centrally 46·5 cm above the floor of the cavity. Hypothermic piglets (mean rectal temperature 26·0 ± 0·2°C) (n = 32) were exposed to either infrared (120 W) or microwave (76 W) radiation until the rectal temperature reached 37·5°C. The local specific absorption of microwave radiation as determined in piglet cadavers was 0·15 W kg -1 per mW cm -2 of exposure power. Microwave exposed piglets recovered from hypothermia significantly ( p p -1 ). There was no significant ( p >0·05) difference in body mass at 21 d between male piglets of either treatment group, however, female piglets rewarmed with microwave radiation weighed significantly ( p


Presents a review of publications on the problem of combined respiratory infections among children. Viral-bacterial associations are registered  in a group of often ill children in 51.7%. More than half of the patients have herpesvirus infection in various combinations. The presence of a combined acute respiratory viral infection among children in the group from 2 to 6 years was noted in 44.2% of cases, among which, in addition to influenza viruses, RS-, adeno-, etc., metapneumovirus and bocavirus plays an important role. The increase in severity of acute respiratory viral infection with combined  infection, with chlamydia  and mycoplasma infection is shown. A longer and more severe course of whooping cough was observed when combined with respiratory viruses. The revealed facts of frequency of distribution of combined  respiratory infections in children, the severity and duration of their course with the development of various complications and the formation of chronic pathology dictate the need to improve diagnosis and treatment tactics of these forms of infections.


Due to the EMR (Electronic Medical Record) system there will be a rapid growth in health data collection. As we have already discuss in previous review paper the different work of the health care data record for maintaining the privacy and security of health care most private data. Now in this paper we are going to implement sheltered and secretive data management structure that addresses both the sheltered and secretive issues in the managementor organization of medical datainoutsourceddatabases. Theproposed framework will assure the security of data by using semantically secure encryption schemes to keep data encrypted in outsourced databases. The framework also provides a differentially-private query or uncertainty interface that can support a number of SQL queries and complicated data mining responsibilities. We are using a multiparty algorithm for this purpose. So that all the purpose is to make a secure and private management system for medical data or record storage and accesses. Keyword: Outsourced database, data mining, multi-party algorithm, data encryption. __________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________


Sixteen p-phenylenevinylene oligomers (OPVs) substituted with different electron-donating (ED) and electron-withdrawing (EW) groups were synthesized by the Mizoroki-Heck cross coupling reaction in moderate to good yields (40-95%), and with a totally trans-trans configuration in the vinyl bonds, which is difficult to obtain following common synthetic methodologies. Their structures were stablished by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, 1H, 13C and Solid-State NMR), elemental analysis, and by mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The effect of the molecular structure on the optical properties was studied by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The ED and EW groups at the ends of OPVs lead to a bathochromic shift with trends associated to the electronic nature of the substituents, effect that is intensified with the introduction of methoxy groups on the central ring. These groups also influence other properties such as the HOMO-LUMO gaps (E) and the fluorescence quantum yields (f). The most appropriate OPVs were evaluated as photoredox catalysts in synthetic reactions: a) the dehalogenation of vicinal dibromides, b) the aza-Henry reaction and, c) the hydroxylation of aryl boronic acids. Results showed that the OPVs have photoinduced electron transfer (PET) properties, being active in reduction reactions favored by ED-OPVs, and oxidation reactions favored by EW-OPVs. However, these trends could change when species such as amines and reactive oxygen species are present. This work contributes to the understanding of these important compounds and to the developing of new metal-free photoredox catalysts, providing insights about the structural features that polymeric analogs must have in order to get high efficiencies in this application.


Abstract — The core of the study was focused on the factors which affect service satisfaction, it includes the organizational climate and administrative performance. Based on this matter, the main problem revealed in this research was the measurement of organization climate and school administration performance's contribution toward the satisfaction of academic service. The results showed: (1) organizational climate, was in the already good category. (2) Administrative performance, was in the high category. (3) The satisfaction of academic service, was in high enough category. (4) The results of relationship analysis showed that both variables have a positive and significant relationship. Recommendations given to schools was to improve the quality of school administration in relation to the quality assurance of academic services at public vocational schools in Palangkaraya. Keywords— Organization Climate, Administrative Performance, Academic Service Satisfaction, State Vocational School


Aiming at the state estimation problem of a class of nonlinear systems, a method of Unknown Input Observers which complies with a robust sliding mode control law and an adaptation law is designed in this paper considering that the time delay that may lead to the instability of the system performance is inevitable in the process of modern networked control. Then the convergence of the designed observer is verified by Lyapunov stability criterion. Finally, the observer is applied to realize the estimation of the roll diameter and tension of the bagging station of the automobile airbag production line. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


Infrared thermography is an interesting non-contact evaluation technique which relies on surface thermal gradient. It is used to identify dissimilarity in geometry or material property. The application of this method in civil engineering is limited, as concrete components are heavy and require large amount of heat to reveal differential thermal gradients. Hence, the present work focuses on assessing the applicability of the infrared thermography technique for civil engineering structures under ambient conditions using solar heat. For the study, the exterior frames in real structures have been chosen, wherein the reinforced concrete and masonry members are not explicitly visible to the eye. The initial studies showed that the thermograms revealed different temperature gradients corresponding to the main beams and masonry walls, thus aiding in their identification. However, when the method was extended to multi-storey framed structures, the thinner elements like lintel beams could not be identified. The application of improved thermography technique using wavelet packet analysis to two test structures showed that lintel beams could also be identified. Also, the possibility to evaluate the geometric dimensions of structural members and floor heights, using the thermogram and a reference dimension, has been studied on two test structures. The geometric dimensions could be evaluated with more than 90% accuracy.


This paper presents an enhanced active baseband load-pull capability that allows constant, frequency independent baseband load environments to be presented across wide modulation bandwidths. This capability is critical in allowing the effects of baseband impedance variation has on the performance of nonlinear microwave devices, when are driven by broadband multi-tone stimuli, to be fully investigated. The experimental investigations were carried out using a 10W GaN HEMT device, under 9-carrier complex multi-tone excitation.


Single Best Answer A 68-year-old patient comes to see you complaining of an intermittent right submandibular swelling. This happens only at meal times and is associated with pain. He has no fever and the swelling is not red, warm or tender. What is the SINGLE MOST likely diagnosis? Select ONE option only. A. Cervical lymphadenopathy B. Dental abscess C. Sialadenitis D. Sialadenosis E. Sialolithiasis


Growth condition dependence of donor levels in Si-doped Al0.3Ga0.7As grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been studied by DLTS, C-V and low temperature (4.2 K) photoluminescence measurements. Concentration ratio of shallow donor to total donor is independent of growth temperature and group V/III flux ratio. This suggests that DX center is dominated only by AlAs mole fraction.


ABSTRACT As a rocky reef species, Oplegnathus fasciatus displays significant geographic differences that may be congruent with patterns of molecular variation. We used 10 polymorphism microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic structure and test the impact of ocean currents and the Yangtze River on the population genetic connectivity of the rock bream, O. fasciatus, sampled from Jiaonan (JN), Zhoushan (ZS) and Taiwan (TW). The average number of alleles was 17.78, with a total of 160 alleles, and the average allele value in the East China Sea (ZS = 13.70) was higher than that in the Yellow Sea (JN = 6.70). The individuals at the ZS location showed the highest expected heterozygosity (He = 0.86), Nei's genetic diversity (H = 0.84) and Shannon genetic diversity (I = 2.21). Genetic bottleneck tests showed that individuals had experienced a recent bottleneck effect in the JN location. AMOVA analysis showed that 12.19% of genetic variation existed among populations, indicating significant population genetic differentiation in the species. The values of the population pairwise differentiation index (Fst and Φpt) ranged from 0.01 to 0.29. The UPGMA tree showed two diverged genealogical branches corresponding to sampling localities (Clade A = JN, Clade B = ZS and TW) in the species. The AMOVA and STRUCTURE analyses suggested that O. fasciatus may be composed of two stocks in the examined range, and the freshwater discharge from the Yangtze River might act as a physical barrier to genetic exchange between north and south China stocks of the species.


Batra (1963) reported a disease of barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) in India caused by an unknown inoperculate discomycete. At that time he hinted that it be placed in the Sclerotiniaceae. The "leaf drop" was first found by him during the summer of 1954 in Mussoorie Hills and near Dalhousie, and later discovered in an epiphytotic outbreak in the first locality in 1960. According to Batra, the problem was so severe that a mild shaking of the leaves by either wind or rain on the affected tree would cause them to detach and fall to the ground. Dumont (1976b) described several new species and proposed additional new combinations of substratal Sclerotiniaceae from India. The pathogen of Berberis is none of these, nor was a name found for it in a survey of pertinent literature. In our opinion the fungus remains unnamed; it is described here as new. The materials, methods and terminology used are the same as those reported by Dumont (1971). We are following the generic concepts of Lanzia Saccardo, Poculum Velenovsky and Rutstroemia Karsten as redefined by Dumont (1972) and Korf (1973), and Dumont's ( 1976a) reinterpretation of Moellerodiscus Hennings (Ciboriopsis).


Plasma cortisol concentrations were determined from the blood of eight mature female reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus ) after an intravenous injection of either saline (control) or 100, 250 or 500 μg of synthetic ACTH. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after the injections. The aims were to determine the appropriate dose of ACTH for adrenal stimulation tests, to define the dose level of ACTH which elicited a maximal cortisol response and to describe the range of blood cortisol concentrations for reference when evaluating the stress responses of reindeer. The mean plasma cortisol concentrations (s.e.) at the zero sample times (t 0 ) of the control and the ACTH treatments varied between 93·4 (11·8) and 132·5 (18·1) nmol/l. The total plasma cortisol response (area under curve, AUC, nmol/l × min) increased with increasing dose of ACTH ( P P P = 0·008). The maximal plasma cortisol concentrations (CMAX) were achieved within 60 min of the ACTH injections. The ranges of individual CMAX were 59·0 to 136·8 nmol/l for the control treatment, and 110·0 to 252·0, 152·0 to 247·5 and 135·1 to 257·1 nmol/l for 100, 250 and 500 μg ACTH, respectively. The difference in CMAX was significant between the control treatment and the ACTH treatments ( P P > 0·05). In conclusion, the 100-μg dose of ACTH was sufficient to produce a significant cortisol response compared with the control treatment. Increasing the dose did not increase the maximal response, but tended to elongate the response profile. The blood sampling frequency used in the study was found suitable for detection of the cortisol response in reindeer.