services impartially (p. 21). Yet it is simultaneously argued that impartial governance is the definitional "opposite of corruption" and is itself the end goal of anticorruption reforms (pp. 6–7). Universal public education is at times described as the first step to a social contract, a key feature of a social contract, and the result of a social contract, as well as a factor that both reduces corruption and partly results from low corruption (p. 89). Gender equality both helps reduce corruption and results from impartial governance, which, again, is the definition of not being corrupt (pp. 97–101). We are told that auditing is a good tool for building social trust, but then its success is described as depending on the existence of social trust (p. 125). The causal problems in this book are most frustrating in the discussion of democracy, which Rothstein argues is not essential to controlling corruption and does not predict low corruption (pp. 7–8). Fair enough, except that we later learn that democracy is "a central part of a social contract" (p. 112). Teasing out the causality among these factors is admittedly difficult, but proposals for what should be done to control corruption would be strengthened by a clearer idea of what leads to what and how. The second weakness is that the book does not adequately address the question of what motivates corruption control efforts. Rothstein criticizes the principal–agent theory for assuming that principals are selflessly opposed to corruption, but arguably in both the principal–agent theory and in his social contract theory, the key question is the same: What motivates a government's leaders to curb corruption when corruption could benefit them personally? This book gives a partial answer by citing cases— nineteenth-century Sweden and Denmark—in which a substantial military defeat threatened a country so fundamentally that it incentivized drastic reforms. However, as Rothstein acknowledges, this finding is neither generalizable nor actionable for countries seeking to reduce wrongdoing. A fuller answer would likely have to accept that there are multiple reasons to curb corruption. Democracies like Taiwan and South Korea have reduced corruption under pressure from citizens empowered by elections, independent judicial systems, and other democratic institutions. In other cases, unaccountable autocrats have curbed corruption to advance state-building reforms that could strengthen their regime, such as Xi Jinping in China and Paul Kagame in Rwanda. Despite these criticisms, I wholeheartedly recommend Controlling Corruption for both experts and newcomers to the topic. The theoretical framework it proposes is the product of decades of insightful thinking and research about what remains one of the most important yet stubborn and poorly understood governance problems. This large contribution by Rothstein will doubtless move the debate forward in fruitful directions. For Land and Liberty: Black Struggles in Rural Brazil. By Merle L. Bowen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 249p. $99.99 cloth. doi:10.1017/S1537592722000469


In 1997 for the first time construction of bored tunnels in the Netherlands soft soil was undertaken. Before that date essentially only immersed tunnels and cut-and-cover tunnels were constructed in the Netherlands. The first two bored tunnels were Pilot Projects, the 2nd Heinenoord tunnel and the Botlek Rail tunnel. Since then a series of other bored tunnels has been constructed and some are still under construction today. At the beginning of this period, amongst others Bakker (1997), gave an overview of the risks related to bored tunnels in soft ground and explained about a plan for research related to the Pilot projects. Ten years have passed, a lot of monitoring and research has been done. In this paper that is split in two parts a summary is given of some of the most characteristic observations of these past 10 years of underground construction in the Netherlands. In this second part, the emphasis will be on structural related issues discussed whereas in part one, frontal stability, grouting and soil deformations are discussed.


Since writing this report a case of scarletfever has recently arisen (June 18th) in a' boy who was a Dickpositive contact with the first case of scarlet fever last term, and who had then been passively immunized. In consequence of this case, all the available passively immunized boys of last term, thirty-two in number, have b3en Dick-tested again, with the result that thirty-one have been found to be positive and only one negative. I most gratefully acknowledge my thanks to Dr. J. Alison Glover and Dr. Scott for their advice and encouragement, and to the latter for his practical help in starting the immunization; also to Dr. Pickering, without whose constant help in all the inoculations the task would have been impossibleand, lastly, again to Dr. Griffith, Wvhose investigations were so helpful and interesting, and who has allowed me to make use of his work.


The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein instructions, when instruction is executed by one or more processors, and displaying at least a key on the touch keyboard computing system, touch and displaying a prompt to type keyboard, the step of storing the location and pressure of the adjustment input to the key on the touch keyboard in association with the account, during a session with a account on the basis of the stored locations and pressure It may be configured to perform the step of recognizing the subsequent input to the touch keyboard.


Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are the electrical responses from the brain concerned with visual information processing. Amplitude of VEPs is smaller than that of background EEG activity, and the stimulus-locked averaging method is usually used for obtained the waveform. VEP response to each stimulus is not completely the same however it is varying with its amplitude and duration. Therefore, amplitude of averaged VEP waveform deteriorates due to their variability in raw data. Feature extraction of background EEG activity during visual stimulation is also a one of significant items in VEP analysis. In that case, separation of VEP component and background EEG component (mainly posterior dominant rhythm) is crucial. In the past, we proposed the method of estimating both amplitude of VEP and dominant rhythm by use of EEG model. This present study, the proposed method was applied to actual recorded VEP data and its effectiveness was evaluated. EEGs with visual stimulus were recorded from nine healthy young adults. Usefulness of the proposed method was investigated by comparing the conventional power spectrum averaging method. The proposed method will be applicable to show an accurate VEP analysis and characteristic analysis of background activity under visual stimulus.


Since the end of the Cold War, a number of authors have affirmed the relevance of Carl Schmitt's concept of Großraum for contemporary international politics. This article reviews those claims and argues that Großraum has little to offer in analytical terms to enhance our understanding of the international political situation in this early twenty-first century. Those authors who wish to revive Großraum for the sake of their theoretical work overlook vitally important components of this concept. Furthermore, their claims fail to meet the criteria of Reinhart Koselleck's structural iterability.


We propose a strategy to effectively search the large solution space for a genetic system built from combinations of genetic parts. An iterative and interchangeable algorithm then searches the combinatorial space and creates a reasonably sized test set to build using new highly parallel genetic foundry capabilities. The algorithm can also learn from information gained from prior iterations to suggest combinations to try in the following iteration.


The invention concerns a criss-cross system, comprising surface layers (1, 2), delimiting its opposite surfaces, each layer including a set of criss-crossed cables (3-4, 5-6) forming an organised network of nodes (7, 8) whereon are articulated the ends of rigid rods (9), providing the link between the layers, said rods, associated with pull wires (10), forming in the space between the layers a plurality of spacers. Each of the spacers comprises two bundles consisting each of at least two rods converging towards and assembled by one common end to a node of a layer, their opposite ends being linked to neighbouring nodes of the other layer. Furthermore, each pull wire is arranged between two nodes belonging to the two bundles, said pull wire being tensioned to exert on the rods a compressive force and likewise tension the criss-crossed cables at the nodes of the layers, globally providing the assembly with stable self-balance.


The paper is concerned with the analysis of a model describing the vibrations of simply supported straight pipes conveying periodically pulsating fluid. The vibrations of the hydraulic system are described by using a fourth-order partial differential equation, with the inclusion of geometrical non-linearities. Through the application of the Galerkin method, the non-linear problem is reduced to the solution of three ordinary differential equations. The influence of several significant parameters of the model on the rms value of velocity is investigated. The possibility of exciting sub-harmonic and chaotic excitations at certain intervals of excitation frequency and flow velocity is presented.


Reaction of trimethylsilyl sulphide with phenyl isocyanate gives a 1 : 1 insertion product, but subsequent insertion of phenyl isocyanate takes place readily in the case of trialkylstannyl sulphide, to produce triphenyl isocyanurate. When chloral is used as a reactant for trialkyltin sulphides, substitution of all three chlorine atoms occurs, to afford trialkyltin chloride and (RS)3C·CHO, although a simple insertion product was obtained in the case of trialkylsilyl sulphide. Alkyl–oxygen bond cleavage of β-propiolactone has been carried out selectively for the reaction with Si–S compounds.


The non-recourse financing of Deepwater Wind Block Island has caught the attention of other sponsors who are keen to tap the nascent sector


The paper deals with the theoretical-empirical analysis of the role of the SgAFF in financing of farmers' activities based on the dynamic optimal model and time series analysis. The dynamic optimization problem is solved by the Lagrange method. The application of the theoretical model shows that the lower is the interest rate paid by the farmer, the lower is the optimal consumption and consequently the farmer is willing to employ a higher part of the capital in the production. Thus, the initial capital is more effectively employed. The empirical part shows that the SgAFF's activities significantly support the farmers' investments. in spite of the problems in the setting of the SgAFF's policy, the role of the SgAFF in financing of agricultural activities can be regarded as positive in the analyzed period. Moreover, the application of the theoretical model and the empirical analysis suggest that the SgAFF contributes to a more effective capital employment and thereby increases the competitiveness of czech agriculture in the long run.


Economic load dispatch solutions based on published methods, both conventional and artificial, have been very well-formulated through point-to-point movement methodologies to reach a convergence point. Iteration always starts from the starting point to obtain the following solution point, leading to the convergence point. This paper presents a new method to solve economic load dispatch problems by narrowing the minimum and maximum power limits between generator units. This idea approximates the solution point with a tiny space formed by the very narrow power limits of each generator. The methodology used is the distance between the minimum and maximum power limits of each generator divided into several segments. Then, the best segment is determined by the minimum total cost calculated based on the center point of the segment. Continue to the following iteration process until the best segment is the smallest. This iteration process is another artificial method that works without calculus calculations, so it does not depend on the objective function. This method has been validated using two generator units with differentiable objective functions, with calculation accuracy less than 0.00001 MW of the power distance of the generator limit, and the iteration stops at the $23^{\mathrm {rd}}$ step. Furthermore, this method has been successfully applied to the nondifferentiable objective function, piecewise and valve point effects.


We improved the CASA model based on differences in the types of land use, the values of the maximum light use efficiency, and the calculation methods of solar radiation. Then, the parameters of the model were examined and recombined into 16 cases. We estimated the net primary productivity (NPP) using the NDVI3g dataset, meteorological data, and vegetation classification data from the Greater Khingan Mountain region, China. We assessed the accuracy and temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of NPP in the Greater Khingan Mountain region from 1982 to 2013. Based on a comparison of the results of the 16 cases, we found that different values of maximum light use efficiency affect the estimation more than differences in the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR). However, the FPARmax and the constant Te2 values did not show marked effects. Different schemes were used to assess different model combinations. Models using a combination of parameters established by scholars from China and the United States produced different results and had large errors. These ideas are meaningful references for the estimation of NPP in other regions. The results reveal that the annual average NPP in the Greater Khingan Mountain region was 760 g C/m2·a in 1982–2013 and that the inter-annual fluctuations were not dramatic. The NPP estimation results of the 16 cases exhibit an increasing trend. In terms of the spatial distribution of the changes, the model indicated that the values in 75% of this area seldom or never increased. Prominent growth occurred in the areas of Taipingling, Genhe, and the Oroqen Autonomous Banner. Notably, NPP decreased in the southeastern region of the Greater Khingan Mountains, the Hulunbuir Pasture Land, and Holingol.


Abstract : This paper introduces the basic principle and structure of the model JC-1 laser system for monitoring atmospheric pollution that has been developed. At the same time, we also describe the experimental results of monitoring the pollutant ethylene in the field and the count methods of monitoring parameters for this system. With the advances in laser and spectrum technology, a number of advanced laser monitoring systems for atmosphere pollution have appeared in the past several years. Featuring high sensitivity and high resolution, a system of this kind can carry out automatic, continuous and real-time non-interference monitoring over pollution sources over a large area and at high altitudes.


The purpose of this study was to characterize the upper Cretaceous O Limestone reservoir of the Caipe Norte field of the Barinas Basin of western Venezuela. Geophysical, petrophysical, sedimentological and engineering data were integrated in the reservoir model proposed in the study. Three wells have been drilled in this reservoir since its discovery in 1994. Cumulative production amounts to more than 360 Mbls of medium gravity oil. Production comes exclusively from Well-1 which was the first well drilled. Well-1 was drilled based on 2D seismic data. The motivation for the present study was the inconsistency in production behavior between Well-1 and the other 2 wells (Well-2 and Well-3), even though these were drilled at an 800-m interwell spacing. Sedimentological analysis of a core from Well-2 shows a variety of lithologies and evidence of diagenetic overprint on the primary characteristics. Crystalline dolomitized carbonates show the best porosities. Sandy carbonates show the lowest levels of porosities, because the quartz grains are actually floating in the calcareous-mud matrix. The petrophysical evaluation shows that Well-1 (productive well) has the highest concentrations of dolomitized carbonates. Well-3 shows the lowest concentrations of crystalline carbonates and the highest concentrations of sandy carbonates. Furthermore, the seismic attribute analysis performed on the 3D seismic data indicated a differentiation in seismic response between the area where Well-1 was drilled and the areas where the other 2 wells were drilled. Nine attributes were analyzed, and their summary is presented in a Seismic Similarity Map that emphasizes the areal differences. Based on these observations, it is interpreted that the seismic response variations are related to the matrix variations, and that the areas on the Seismic Similarity Map that appear similar to the area where Well-1 was drilled are potentially productive. The operational and production analysis indicated a high probability of formation damage in Well-2 during cementation. This might be the real reason why this well has not come into production. Even though Well-2 does not show the same levels of porosity as Well-1, its core shows the presence of dolomites and vuggy porosity.


Entrainment of xenoliths and their consequent assimilation are key processes in modifying the crystallization kinetics and magma dynamics of conduit systems. Here, an integrated textural and mineral chemical study of the evolution of a suite of gabbroic inclusions within a set of sheet intrusions from the Ardnamurchan Central Complex, NW Scotland, is presented. The key findings are as follows: (1) the host magma sheets and inclusions are not cognate; (2) there are microstructural and mineral chemical similarities between the gabbroic inclusions and the textures and mineralogy of the major Hypersthene Gabbro on Ardnamurchan; (3) orientations of magnetic fabrics within the host sheet groundmass and within the gabbroic inclusions are virtually identical. Field observations suggest that the inclusions were derived from the Hypersthene Gabbro and were entrained in a few laterally restricted magma segments that subsequently coalesced with inclusion-free segments into continuous sheets. Using Stokes' Law and adaptations thereof, we calculate that the magma within the inclusion-free segments behaved as a Newtonian fluid, with a potential settling velocity of50·028 m s. In contrast, the presence of gabbro inclusions probably modified the magma dynamics to Bingham-like behaviour.We infer that this variation in the magma rheology of separate segments continued after coalescence and internally partitioned the magma sheet, preventing lateral mixing and inclusion transport.


The structural system,overall objective and main monitoring projects of the long-term health monitoring and alarming system for the Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge are introduced.The design plan,general requirements,main functions of data acquisition and database management and query,and safety alarming of the system are also introduced.This system is an integrated longtime health monitoring system for large bridge structures by which the working environment,the structural nature of the bridge and the safety of running trains are monitored.The system is composed of multi-parameters,multiple types of sensors and instruments,numbers of survey stations and a local area network with two grade computers.In this system,the method of small-concentrated scattered-data acquisition is adopted,so that the communication network is very simple,the capability of anti-jamming is strong,the transmission speed is fast,the failure rate is low,and inspection and maintenance,are convenient.Moreover the performance of the system is stable,the monitoring data are accurate and reliable.The real-time acquisitions and real-time displays of all the monitoring data are realized,the data wave forms are displayed vividly,and the data are renovated fleetingly.The database management is scientific and the data inquiry are convenient and fast.


Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite. It was first identified in dogs with encephalomyelitis and myositis in 1984, and was described as a new genus and species in 1988. Dogs are both definitive and intermediate hosts. Cattle, sheep, goats, horses and deer are intermediate hosts. Dogs can acquire infection by ingestion of infected tissues; and intermediate hosts can be infected either by horizontal postnatal infection or by vertical transmission during pregnancy (1-3). In Neospora infection, cows can abort; fetuses may die in utero, be resorbed, mummified, autolyzed, stillborn, born alive with clinical signs or born normally, but persistently infected. Moreover, infection may cause premature culling, diminished milk production and repeat breeder problems in herds (1-7). Although neosporosis is a major problem in cattle, serological, molecular and experimental data show that N.caninum can cause clinical infections in goats. Abortions, fetal deaths and stillbirths have been reported in goats due to N.caninum (8-13). N.caninum antibodies were reported in goats in Southern and Northern Jordan, Poland, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Turkey (14-21). The aim of this study was to detect N.caninum IgG antibodies in Saanen and Hair goats from Elazig, Erzurum and Kırsehir provinces of Turkey.


Objective:To observe the changes of pulmonary function of cough type asthma patients after the BAL treatment.Methods:To compare the pulmonary function of 20 cough type asthma patients who have been treated by BAL with the other 20 patients without BAL.Results:The pulmonary function of the group of BAL was improved observably than the control group.Pulmonary function FVC (%PRED) 5.73,FEV1(% PRED) 8.62,FEV1%(% PRED) 3.57 two weeks later,the control group has no obvious improvement.Conclusions:Pulmonary function of cough type asthma patients has improved after BAL treatment and clinic administration,interdict myxedema inducing by inflammation.Rugosity inducing by more mucus secretion,mucus embolism and airflue spasm may induce airflue obstruction of asthmatic patients.


Low-k material(PI) was spun and baked on P type 〈111〉 Si substrate.The electronic character and structure of the material were tested by the process of chemical and mechanical polishing(CMP)and dipping.In this paper,there were two kinds of nano-SiO2 slurry,one of which was traditional Cu slurry and the other was new barrier slurry.The material was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and dielectric constant tester.The results show that dielectric constant changes from 3.0 to 3.08 after polished by the traditional Cu slurry,and reaches 3.28 after polished by the new barrier slurry.Also the structure is not destroyed.As described above,the two kinds of nano-SiO2 slurry are proposed to apply in the ultra large scale integration.


today, the concept of retrofitting is a common principle in the pursuit of renewing outdated machine tools. The involvement of automation in conventional cutting machine becomes a must. It will improve meantime between failures, mean-time to repair and will save energy as well. The wire cutting and straightening machine is selected to be retrofitted, because the machine is mechanically good. . And the retrofitting is based on a PLC control scheme. The machine used has specified length to suit the required length for the shelves and basket used in air cooler refrigerators plant, so it is a very important machine in the company production line, any failure in any part will cause a considerable delay in the final production line. PLC is a suitable the manufacturing environment [1]. This paper an attempt is made to replace the conventional control system with a PLC system in old machine. The result shows a good improvement in down time. There drop in down time percent from 86% and 23% in years 2014 and 2015 respectively to .0.08% in year 2018 after implementation of PLC. . Keywords— retrofitting, downtime, wire cutting machine, Micro win /SP3, S7-200 PLC


It is highly desirable that the behaviour of imports is studied in both demand and supply scenarios. Many studies in international trade have estimated the price elasticities of demand but very few studies have been used to study supply behaviour in international trade. However, Khan (1974), Haynes and Stone (1983 a) and Arize (1986), using Simultaneous Equations estimation have reported estimates of import supply in international trade. To study the true behaviour of imports, the choice of the functional form is important. Different researchers have used different forms according to their objectives and inclinations. Leamer and Stern [(1970), pp.8-19] have discussed at length the functional form of the import demand but they have not said anything about import supply. Leamer and Stern (1970) noted that the linear and log-linear forms of the import demand are:


It is proposed that the transport of material from Io to the plasma torus requires the presence of an atmosphere as an intermediate buffer. Direct escape of volcanic SO2 is expected to be negligible. The sputtering of surface SO2 frost by corotating ions (if they reach the surface) or by magnetospheric MeV ions would not provide sufficient escape flux. Instead, such sputtering process produces an ∼97% fraction with energy less than the escape energy; hence this process alone could produce an atmosphere thick enough to prevent the corotating ions from reaching the surface and thick enough to disallow even the energetic sputtered products created at the surface to escape. The escape from an atmosphere could take place by several mechanisms, of which secondary sputtering at the exobase is dominant. The escape rate from a thin atmosphere increases with increasing atmospheric SO2 content. By preparing photochemical models of SO2 atmospheres for varying total atmospheric pressure and calculating the escape rates, it is concluded that the globally averaged atmospheric SO2 pressure on Io at Voyager 1 encounter must have been ≳ 1.4×10−10 bar (surface density n0(SO2) ≳ 1.2×1010 cm−3, or column density of ≳ 1×1016 cm−2), as the escape rates in this limiting case are just adequate to populate the torus if the Brown et al. (1983) estimates of the supply rate are applicable. However, if the higher estimates of Pontius and Hill (1983) are appropriate, then more SO2 would be needed in the Io atmosphere.


Understanding the behaviour of suspension flows continues to be a subject of great interest considering its industrial relevance, regardless of the long time and effort dedicated to it by the scientific and industrial communities. Information about several flow characteristics, such as flow regimen, relative velocity between phases, and spatial distribution of the phases, are essential for the development of exact models for description of processes involving pulp suspension. Among the diverse non-invasive techniques for flow characterisation that have been reported in the literature for obtaining experimental data about suspension flow in different processes, Electrical Tomography is one of the most interesting, since it presents perhaps the best compromise among cost, portability, and, above all, safety of handling (indeed there is no need to use radiation, which requires special care when using it). In this paper, a brief review and comparison between existing technologies for pulp suspension flow monitoring will be presented, together with their strengths and weaknesses. Emphasis is given to Electrical Tomography, because it offers the above-mentioned compromise and thus was the strategy adopted by the authors to characterise different flow processes (solid–liquid, liquid–liquid, fibres, etc.). The produced portable EIT system is described, and examples of results of its use for pulp suspension flow characterisation are reported and discussed.


A process for producing a thick gate dielectric layer (21) on the bottom of the trench a field effect transistor of the grave type, said method comprising the steps of generating a extending in a silicon region trench (10), an at least along the side walls (11) and the bottom (17) of the trench (10) generates estreckende first layer of a dielectric material; and a layer of oxidationsinhibierendem material produced, which extend along the side walls (11) of the trench (10) over the first layer of dielectric material and on the silicon region proximal to the trench, but not along the bottom (17) of the trench (10) , and using an oxidation process at the bottom (17) of the trench (10) generates a second layer of dielectric material, wherein the oxidation-inhibiting material forming the second layer of the electric material along the side walls of the trench and on the silicon region proximal prevented for digging.


Use of a symmetric crank-rocker four-bar linkage is presented as an alternative to the standard bicycle crank. With the coupler being the driven link, a kinematic and force-transmission analysis is presented. Results of constrained nonlinear optimization for geometric synthesis show a substantial improvement in mechanical efficiency compared to the state of the art. Dead-center positions are also eliminated. Potential applications to other linear-to-rotary power transmission devices, such as internal-combustion engines, are also discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


This research was conducted in Loksado District, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Demographic changes and land use changes that occurred in Loksado District resulted in a decrease in the area of farmland. This condition gave rise to changes in the conditions of field farmers in meeting household needs. This study aimed to analyze the livelihood strategies farm farmer households in Loksado District applied. This research is based on the application of qualitative research. Informants in this study were shifting cultivation farmers from the Dayak Meratus Tribe in Haratai Village, Loksado Village, and Loklahung Village, Loksado District, which was selected by snowball sampling. The results of this study indicate that there are three livelihood strategies for farm household farmers: accumulation, consolidation, and survival. The dominant strategy base is agricultural diversification to meet household needs. The selection of household livelihood strategies is related to the socio-economic conditions of the household, the use of resources (the condition of assets owned, domestic workers of working age), and job diversification.


State Defense is the determination, attitude and behavior of citizens imbued with their love for the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia which is based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, willing to sacrifice to ensure the survival of the State. The formulation of the problems in this study is the following: First, what is the concept of State Defense in Indonesia? Second, what are the advantages and disadvantages of the enforcement of State Defense in Indonesia today? The method in this study is normative using primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The approaches used in this research are the legislation approach, conceptual approach and case approach. After analysing, it is known that the concept of State Defense which focuses more on the understanding of noble values in Pancasila in relation to character or behavior and the author sees this study in two different perspectives as outlined in the form of policy on the enforcement of State Defense by relying on legislation through policies about State Defense. It is not appropriate for a state defense program to be carried out suddenly by the Ministry of Defense, as it should be the domain of the Ministry of Education hence we provide solutions that can be realized in several programs including: Intra-curricular by integrating the education program of State Defense awareness and building national character into various eyes lesson; as well as extra-curricular by implementing intra-culicular activities into various extra-curricular activities that can be applied in community life with the implementation planned carefully and integrated with the education curriculum so that the young generation is observed and evaluated. In essence, the application of the training program must be adjusted to the guidance of the current era in the implementation of State Defense in Indonesia.


Recent evidence suggests that interleukin-4 (IL-4) is related to mucosal tolerance by which an injurious immune response is prevented, suppressed or shifted to a non-injurious response. We investigated the expression of IL-4 and its splice variant isoform IL-4δ2 in gastric epithelial cells of healthy subjects and gastritis patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with or without the cag pathogenicity island (cag-PAI). IL-4 and IL-4δ2 mRNAs were evaluated in microdissected gastric epithelium and in AGS cell lines co-cultured with H. pylori B128 or SSI strains. IL-4 mRNA was consistently detected in microdissected gastric epithelial cells from healthy subjects. The IL-4 mRNA expression was low in H. pylori-infected patients, and markedly reduced in cag-PAI-positive ones. IL-4δ2 mRNA was expressed on gastric epithelium of H. pylori-infected patients, but not in healthy subjects. The IL-452 expression was lower in cag-PAI-positive than in cag-PAI-negative H. pylori infected patients. AGS cells also produced IL-4 mRNA upon SSI strain stimulation, whereas IL-4δ2 mRNA expression was detected in AGS co-cultured with either SSI or B128 strains. An inverse correlation was documented between IL-4 and IL-482 mRNA expression by microdissected gastric epithelial cells and the score of gastritis. IL-4, but not IL-452, is expressed by gastric epithelium of healthy subjects, whereas IL-452 and lesser IL-4 mRNA are detectable in the gastric epithelium of H. pylori-infected patients. Data suggest that gastric epithelial cells might regulate the balance between tolerance and immune response by the fine tuning of IL-4 and IL-4δ2 expression.


In 1988, Congress added section 1346 to the federal mail and wire fraud statutes to overturn the Supreme Court decision of McNally v. United States and provide statutory protection of the "intangible right of honest services." This Comment analyzes the extent to which section 1346 restores the protection of intangible rights as existed prior to McNally and concludes that most if not all of those intangible rights are again covered by the statutes. Further, this Comment recommends that the judiciary limit the application of the mail and wire fraud statutes in the private sector to cases involving a breach of a fiduciary duty which has a "reasonable foreseeability" of causing harm. Prosecutors have historically used the federal mail and wire fraud statutes with great success to attack various kinds of fraudulent schemes in the United States. Proponents hail the statutes as a versatile weapon against fraud-a "catchall" device that encompasses crimes not yet recognized or well defined in other statutes. Critics argue that this strength is also a weakness because these statutes afford prosecutors too much discretion and fail to give adequate notice of exactly what type of conduct the statutes proscribe. Like many criminal statutes, the mail and wire fraud statutes are subject to the competing demands of flexibility and adaptability on the one side and established limits on the other. In 1987, the Supreme Court in McNally v. United States' limited the application of the mail and wire fraud statutes to cases involving crimes against property rights. In an apparent effort to maintain the statutes' versatility, Congress in 1988 acted to overturn the McNally decision. Congress added section 1346 to the Code, extending mail and wire fraud protection to the "intangible right of honest services,"2 as well as to property rights. Yet the amendment to date has received little substantive judicial interpretation because the amendment has prospective application only. In applying section 1346, courts to some extent will have to look to the interpretation of mail and wire fraud prior to the McNally decision to determine the statutes' future scope. This Comment reviews the law of mail and wire fraud as it existed before McNally and addresses issues courts will face in interpreting this 1. 483 U.S. 350 (1987). 2. 18 U.S.C.A. § 1346 (West Supp. 1993). Washington Law Review Vol 68:901, 1993 congressional modification of the statutes. It concludes that the "honest services" language of section 1346 in conjunction with recent judicial interpretations of intangible property rights should effectively permit use of the statutes to protect most if not all of those rights protected before McNally. To address vagueness criticisms of the statutes, this Comment further suggests that the judiciary tie the "honest services" requirement of private individuals to a breach of a fiduciary duty that has a "reasonable foreseeability" of causing economic harm. This standard would limit the reach of the statutes to conduct that is more clearly criminal and yet retain the statutes' flexibility in attacking new kinds of fraud as they arise. I. MAIL AND WIRE FRAUD BEFORE SECTION 1346 The federal mail and wire fraud statutes punish "whoever" uses mail or wire communications to further "any scheme" to defraud.3 Because these two federal statutes share the same relevant language, court decisions construing one statute are generally applicable to the other as well.4 Until recently, both Congress and the Supreme Court favored broad use of the statutes and consistently expanded their coverage.' This 3. The mail fraud statute states in part: Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises,... for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice or attempting so to do, places in any post office or authorized depository for mail matter, any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by the Postal Service... shall be fined not more than $1000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. 18 U.S.C.A. § 1341 (West 1984 & Supp. 1993). The wire fraud statute states in part: Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, transmits or causes to be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or television communication in interstate or foreign commerce, writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. Id. § 1343 (West 1984 & Supp. 1993). 4. See, e.g., Carpenter v. United States, 484 U.S. 19, 25 n.6 (1987) ("'he mail and wire fraud statutes share the same language in relevant part, and accordingly we apply the same analysis to both sets of offenses here."). The only real difference in the two statutes is the means used to effectuate the fraud: the mail in one and interstate wires in the other. Compare 18 U.S.C.A. § 1341 (West 1984 & Supp. 1993) (mail fraud statute) with id. § 1343 (West 1984 & Supp. 1993) (wire fraud statute). 5. Jed S. Rakoff, The Federal Mail Fraud Statute (Part 1), 18 DUQ. L. REv. 771, 772 (1980). For a discussion of the history and expansive use of the fraud statutes, see generally id.


Through this study, a numerical simulation based on 3D in order to investigate the effect of Crack-front shape on the stress intensity factor and fatigue crack growth behavior of center cracked aluminum plate repaired asymmetrically with a bonded composite patch. Consequently, Skew degree is a significant effect on stress intensity factor (SIF) distribution along the crack front in thick panels more than thin panels. Moreover, Fatigue life was calculated using different averages stress intensity factor of patched panel determined from the uniform crack front model and skew crack front model obtained from FEM and when comparing fatigue life values obtained from the finite element model with experimental values were shown a good agreement.


The utility model discloses a veneer painting device, comprising a veneer bearing mechanism, a painting mechanism, a middle conveyance mechanism and a veneer coiling mechanism, wherein the veneer bearing mechanism, the painting mechanism, the middle conveyance mechanism and the veneer coiling mechanism are sequentially fixed on a rack in veneer conveyance direction. The veneer painting device continuously paints veneers so that the working efficiency is greatly improved, the manual intervention is avoided, and the labor health is not influenced.


Reservoirs 1 for a refrigerant circuit, comprising a closable by a lid 2 filling opening 3 in the geodetic upper region of the fluid reservoir 1, wherein in the cover 2, a differential pressure controlled valve 4 is integrated with at least two switching positions, and at least one inlet connection 5, which in a lid portion 10 opens, and an outlet port 6 in the geodetic lower area of the expansion tank 1, wherein the inlet port 5 is closed by the valve 4 in a first switching position and released in at least a second switching position, whereby the inflow port 5 may bleed into the surge tank. 1


Scholars in Asian American and feminist studies have heralded Sui Sin Far (Edith Maude Eaton [1865-1914]) as one of the founding figures of Asian North American literature, lauding her efforts to combat anti-Chinese racism through her fiction, personal essays, and journalism. In this essay, I draw attention to a neglected theme in Sui Sin Far's writings, arguing that her representations of illness and disability foreground and resist the biopolitical dimensions of the anti-Chinese movement in North America. Scientific and medical discourses in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries characterized Chinese and other Asian immigrants as threats to public health, yet Sui Sin Far's writings counter this characterization by demonstrating that racial inequality rendered the Chinese in North America vulnerable to illness and disability. Her writing thus reconfigures illness and disability as signs of imperialist violence rather than as symptoms of racial contamination. Sui Sin Far further theorizes that Chinese women in North America often experience imperialist violence through or on behalf of the social formation of heterosexual marriage. Congruently, she suggests that disability inspires some women to pursue social formations other than heterosexual marriage and motherhood. Finally, by bringing diseased and disabled female characters to the center of her fiction, Sui Sin Far revises the sentimental literary tradition to accommodate the complex intersection of racism, sexism, and disability prejudice in the lives of


The toroidal collisionless trapped electron modes are analyzed in the weak turbulence regime treating both ions and trapped electrons nonlinearly in the presence of ion and electron temperature gradients. The spectral intensity of the density fluctuations in the nonlinearly saturated state is analytically obtained from the steady‐state solution of the wave‐kinetic equation. Distant nonlinear interactions between low‐kθ and high‐kθ modes of similar frequencies via trapped electron scattering (the resonance between the beat wave and the trapped electron precession drift frequencies) suppress the low‐kθ [kθρs ≪(Ln/R)1/2] modes while close interactions via ion Compton scattering (nonlinear ion Landau damping) produce a monotonically decreasing spectrum from kθρs ≂(Ln/R)1/2 to kθρs≂1 according to an approximate power law k−3θ. Various fluctuation amplitudes at saturation and the fluctuation‐induced anomalous particle and heat fluxes are found to be smaller than the mixing length estimates. The plasma confineme...


A new antibiotic XK-90 is produced by Streptomyces sp. MK-90 and is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The taxonomy of the organism, fermentation, isolation and physiochemical and biological properties are described.


Risk analysis consists of three elements which are risk management, risk communication, and risk assessment. The risk occurs in many ways and conditions while exercising mostly in the fitness industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study aims to examine the currently available literature that focuses on risk analysis and fitness facilities in the fitness industry. A comprehensive survey of online data sources (Scopus and Web of Science All Collection), as well as conference proceedings of possibly related papers, were analyzed. The search was limited to research that was published in English and had complete text access. All of these resources were gone through, using key search words and equivalents for fitness facilities, fitness centres with risk analysis, risk management, risk communication and risk assessment. 33 studies were record screened from 94 total number of records after duplicate and only a few studies were accepted for review which is eight theses was selected in qualitative synthesis and seven studies selected in the quantitative synthesis. The data were sort from the two published studies (Scopus and Web of Science). Results found that 15 dissertations and/or theses were submitted to systematic quality analysis. The findings systematically evaluate cross-sectional observation-based studies indicating risk analysis is critical for maintaining the fitness industry's surroundings safe and pristine when participating in any physical activity, particularly at a fitness facility. Analyses suggest that the assumption that risk analysis has a significant influence on the impression of being able to control future accidents. In conclusion, applying the management of risk analysis in fitness facilities is important in the fitness industry.


DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY development over the past 20 years has opened the way to vast new areas of industrial uses. The number of such uses, already large, is growing at accelerated rates as the potential of these techniques gains wider recognition. Application to a precision speed regulating system is described herein.


(1932). The Spawning Habits of Brook, Brown and Rainbow Trout, and the Problem of Egg Predators. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 239-248.


This report on the 2010 season at Tell el-Amarna mostly summarises the findings of excavations at the South Tombs Cemetery (where a further new excavation area was begun) and the study of the Christian remains associated with the tomb of Panehsy (no. 6).


Abstract The paper investigates preposition (and determiner) drop in Greek. A close look at the properties of preposition-drop reveals that despite the lack of a definite determiner, the place nominal that participates in preposition-drop is interpreted as familiar. This familiarity presupposition of the place nominal is achieved via movement of NP-to-SpecDP for the satisfaction of a D-feature bundle on D. Further, the lack of strict adjacency between the verb and the NP provides evidence that Greek preposition-drop aligns more closely with pseudo-incorporation. Here, pseudo-incorporation is triggered for the satisfaction of an EPP/LOC feature available on the verb and satisfied via PP-preposing.


This essay explores ISKCON's religious text A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavad Gita As It Is, as an American scripture. This commentary expressed a philosophy which attracted ISKCON's American converts and gave voice to the protest they had against the larger American culture. Using Thomas Tweed's theory of dissent, I show how the Bhagavad Gita As It Is gave the American converts of the 1960s and 1970s a language of dissent in the larger American conversation and allowed them to create an alternative American identity. In this way, the Bhagavad Gita is an American text. INDEX WORDS: Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavad Gita As It Is, Bhaktivedanta Swami, International Society for Krishna Consciousness, ISKCON, Thomas Tweed, Wendy Griswold, American, Identity BHAKTIVEDANTA SWAMI's AMERICAN SCRIPTURE


As both an ardent reader all my life and a long-time student of Emmanuel
Levinas's work, I found a deep resonance with Ann Chinnery's approach to
reformulating the relation between moral education and literature. Drawn by the
eloquent and quiet tone of the essay, I was especially thankful for her skill at tugging
literature away from the sentimental grip of certain thinkers who seem to believe that
what we have to learn from fiction can be reduced to rather trite formulations of
identification, empathy, and compassion. It is not that such powerful emotions do
not take place when we read, but to educate on the basis that they ought to happen
because they lead us to a better engagement with the world suggests that we seem
to know beforehand what kind of response is appropriate to any given text. The risk
is not only that we lose a sense of the texture and diversity of possible responses, but
that we turn literature into a mere purveyor of universal claims about the world, into
a treatise rather than a work of art. As Thomas Hardy once wrote, "a novel is an
impression not an argument."


Follman, Holland, and Miller (1970) recently recommended that graders grade English composition themes twice, once for holistic quality (or content quality) and once for grammatical quality. Implicit was the notion that graders might develop a set under one grading focus that might carry over and influence the level of grades awarded under a later different focus. The aim of the present study was to collect pilot evidence on this question to indicate if more research is in order. The specific aim was to determine if gross differences in levels of grades would be found with reversed order of two grading foci, Content vs Grammar. Ss, 15 University of South Florida English methods seniors in October, 1970, were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. Group I ( N = 8 ) graded 10 themes for grammatical, mechanical, punctuation, spelling quality only, then graded the same 10 themes for content, development of ideas, organization, style quality only. Grading order was reversed for Group I1 ( N = 7) . PlusMinus A, B, C, D and F grades were used. These were converted to raw scores with A+ = 15, A = 14, A= 13, B+ = 12, B = 11, B= 10, C+ = 9, C = 8 , C = 7 , D + = 6 , D = 5 , D = 4 , F + = 3 , F = 2 , F = l . For a description of the themes and the other experimental conditions see Follman, Holland, and Miller ( 1970) and Follman, Lowe, and Miller ( 197 1 ) . Analysis of variance adjusted group reliability estimates for total themes were .28 for Grammar first and .65 for Content second for Group I, and .88 for Content first and .91 for Grammar second for Group 11. The low Grammar first estimate is seen as idiosyncratic sample variance. Means and standard deviations respectively for total of the 10 themes were 9.79 and 3.02 for Grammar first and 9.59 and 3.25 for Content second (Group I ) , and 9.60 and 3.25 for Content first and 9.64 and 3.67 for Grammar second (Group 11). Each Grammar group mean was slightly higher than its corresponding Content mean. The t test of difference scores indicated non-significant values between the two Grammar groups, and also between the two Content groups. I t is concluded that it makes little difference on level of grades whether themes are graded for Content or Grammar first.


This chapter takes an analytical approach to the question of first how civil war undermined the earlier achievements of French foreign policy, and then how armies and their destructiveness greatly worsened the impact of the harsh climate conditions of the years since 1648. It examines in particular the impact that a winter campaign fought across France had on the established means by which troops and their commanders replenished their resources during the winter quartering of troops in the provinces. The falls of Dunkirk, Casale-Monferrato, and Barcelona are each examined in terms of growing resource scarcity, demoralization, and the inability to organize adequate relief for the besieged garrisons. The impact of successive harsh winters and wet, poor summers is then considered, showing how even without civil war the French population would have suffered intensely under the impact of three successive poor harvests. However, the destructiveness of the troops, both to secure their own survival and as a deliberate military policy to deprive enemy forces of support, hugely worsened the situation. The chapter proposes that at least 25 per cent of the population died in the areas of intense or regular military activity, and that the impact of the destruction persisted well into the subsequent decade.


Isolated DC/DC converters are of importance for on-board chargers (OBCs) in rapidly developed electric vehicles. DC/DC converters with a CLLC resonant tank are widely adopted due to high power density, high efficiency, wide voltage gain, and bidirectional power transfer capability. And the phase-shift modulation is usually applied to increase output gain in some occasions, which make currents in the resonant tank increase as phase-shift angle increases. To cope with this challenge, a control strategy is proposed with three-degrees-of-freedom, i.e., regulation of the dc-bus voltage, frequency, and phase-shift angle for wide-voltage output CLLC converters. The circuit analysis and working principles are first elaborated, considering various operation stages. The proposed control strategy is introduced, including the control structure and loop configuration. The proposed control strategy is validated with simulations.


Electrocatalysis of redox enzymes shows wide application for biosensing. DNAzymes exhibiting specific catalytic activities have aroused great interest recently. However, there are few studies on the electrocatalysis between DNAzyme and electron mediator. In this paper, based on the electrocatalysis of methylene blue (MB) and horseradish peroxidase mimicking DNAzyme (HRP-DNAzyme), an amplified electrochemical biosensor for the detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was designed. In the present system, by means of the ATP-aptamer interaction, two guanine-rich DNA sequences, one of which was labeled with MB at the 5′ end, were assembled on the gold electrode. In the presence of K+ and hemin, the guanine-rich DNA sequences transferred to HRP-DNAzyme. The conformational change of the structure resulted in the approaching of MB and HRP-DNAzyme which made the electrocatalytic process between MB and HRP-DNAzyme possible. We used cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study the electrocatalytic process. The system was therefore utilized for amplified detection of ATP without imposing any new constraints to the platform which showed satisfactory result.


Increasingly, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are being installed to control sulfur dioxide emissions in power plants utilizing coal or oil. For power plants located on an ocean coast, utilization of seawater from the cooling system of the plant to scrub sulfur dioxide has become a promising and attractive alternative to using other alkaline chemicals, such as limestone and magnesium hydroxide. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed and subsequently oxidized to sulfate, which is a native constituent of seawater. Prior to discharge, the acidified seawater effluent undergoes neutralization using the natural alkalinity present in seawater (the carbonate-related system). Compared to the conventional wet limestone system, the seawater FGD system offers many advantages in terms of process, design, operation and cost effectiveness.

This paper describes the technical and environmental aspects of a seawater FGD system. The performance test results of an existing seawater FGD system employed at a 600-MWe power plant in China are also presented, focusing on the desulfurization efficiency and the seawater effluent quality. Different design configurations for a seawater FGD absorption system are compared.


The Senate subcommittee on medical education was appointed to study the need for and location of another medical school in Minnesota.


The purpose of this study to know the effect of service quality on the
interest of visiting again, the effect of service quality on the satisfaction of visiting
tourists, the effect of service quality on trust, the effect of satisfaction tourists on
the interest of visiting, the influence of trust on the interest of visiting again,
tourist satisfaction mediates the influence of service qua lity on the interest of
tourists visiting again, trust mediates the influence of service quality on the
interest of tourists visiting again.
Data collection technique is a survey with a questionnaire as a research tool.
The population in this study were all tourists visiting Lariti Beach in B ima
Regency from July to September 2018, a sample of 200 tourist respondents.
The results showed that there was an influence of service quality on
returning tourists' trust. There was an influence of service qu ality on returning
tourist satisfaction. There was an influence of tourist satisfaction on the interest of
visiting again. Revisiting. There is an influence of service quality on the interest
of visiting again. Trust mediates the effect of service quality on tourist interest
visiting again. Satisfaction mediates the effect of service quality on the interest of
tourists visiting again.


Stroke size and position are considered as important information for online recognition of handwritten characters and words in oriental and Indic family of scripts especially because of their multi-stroke and two-dimensional nature. In an Indic script such as Devanagari, the vowel diacritics (matras) can occur at any position around the base consonant and there are even pairs of matras which have similar shapes and differ only in their position with respect to the base consonant. In this paper, we study the relevance of stroke size and position information for the recognition of online handwritten Devanagari words by comparing three different preprocessing schemes. Our experimental results indicate that the word recognition accuracy achieved using a preprocessing scheme that completely disregards the original sizes and positions of the strokes (and symbols) is comparable with the scheme that retains them, when the input is in discrete style, and contextual knowledge in the form of a lexicon is available.


In 2001,ZF successfully introduced the first 6-speed automatic transmission on the market.In the mean time,5-speed automatic transmissions have been mostly replaced by the new generation of 6-speed automatic transmissions [1,2,3,4,5].For the period dating from 2001 to 2003,3 basic types for different torque levels were entered into volume production for various vehicle types;these transmissions cover the engine torque requirements for standard drives,all-wheel drives equipped with transfer cases,and front-longitudinal drives with integrated all-wheel drives up to 750 Nm.Already at the end of 2005,the share of 6-speed automatic transmissions produced by ZF was above 90%.The continuously rising requirements relating to automatic transmissions have lead to a technical revision of these transmissions with the objective of significantly increasing decisive,customer-relevant parameters.Among these are:·Increase in the power-to-weight ratio;·Further reduction of fuel consumption;·Improvement in shift dynamics.


Background: Self-medication can be defined as the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms. Objectives: The major focus of the study was to assess the knowledge & practice of use of selfmedication among nursing students of selected nursing college at Dehradun. Uttarakhand, India. Material and Methods: This cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted at the State college of nursing, Chander Nagar, Dehradun Uttarakhand, India. 160 Nursing students were selected through total enumerative sampling. The data was collected using a pre‐tested semi‐structured questionnaire containing open-ended and close-ended questions. Results: The average knowledge score of respondents was (10.26 ± 1. 39). Only 124 students were practicing self-medication. The respondents (51.6%) who used self‐medication found it to be time saving in providing relief from minor ailments. Main sources of information for self-medication were consulted text books (36.3%). The most common ailments for which self‐medication used were: the common cold (25%), fever (20.2%) and dysmenorrhoea (14.5%). Antipyretics (25.8%), analgesics (38.7%), antihistamines (12.9%) and antibiotics (8.1%) were the most common self-medicated drugs. Conclusion: The prevalence of self‐medication among nursing students is high, facilitated by the easy availability of drugs and information from textbooks or seniors.


The purpose of this randomized patient‐ and observer‐blinded cross‐over trial was to evaluate the efficacy of chiropractic treatment in the management of chronic asthma when combined with pharmaceutical maintenance therapy. The trial was conducted at the National University Hospital's Out‐patient Clinic in Copenhagen, Denmark. Thirty‐one patients aged 18–44 years participated, all suffering from chronic asthma controlled by bronchodilators and/or inhaled steroids. Patients, or who had received chiropractic treatment for asthma within the last 5 years, who received oral steroids and immunotherapy, were not eligible. Patients were randomized to receive either active chiropractic spinal manipulative treatment or sham chiropractic spinal manipulative treatment twice weekly for 4 weeks, and then crossed over to the alternative treatment for another 4 weeks. Both phases were preceded and followed by a 2‐week period without chiropractic treatment. The main outcome measurements were forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), daily use of inhaled bronchodilators, patient‐rated asthma severity and non‐specific bronchial reactivity (n‐BR). Using the cross‐over analysis, no clinically important or statistically significant differences were found between the active and sham chiropractic interventions on any of the main or secondary outcome measures. Objective lung function did not change during the study, but over the course of the study, non‐specific bronchial hyperreactivity (n‐BR) improved by 36% (P= 0.01) and patient‐rated asthma severity decreased by 34% (P= 0.0002) compared with the baseline values. The results do not support the hypothesis that chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy is superior to sham spinal manipulation in the management of pharmaceutically controlled chronic asthma in adults when administered twice weekly for 4 weeks.


nt matter & 2013 0.1016/j.nanoen.2 uthor at: School a Institube of Te 0332, United St . : firstname.lastname@example.com k (C.-p. Wong). Summary Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) is a promising metal-free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells and metal–air batteries. However, its practical application hinges on significant cost reduction by using novel synthetic methods and further improvement of the catalytic activity by increasing the density of catalytically active site. Here we report a low-cost, scalable, synthetic method for preparation of NG via pyrolysis of graphene oxide with a rationally selected N source polypyrrole. Because of the large number of N atoms in pyrrole ring, polypyrrole can facilitate the formation of graphitic N, which is considered vital for high catalytic activity. The resulting 3D porous structure of NG has an N doping level of 2–3 at%, of which as high as 44% are graphitic N. Electrochemical characterizations show that NG has high catalytic activity toward ORR in an alkaline electrolyte via a favorable four-electron pathway for the formation of water, leading to high performance and low polarization loss. The NG also displays excellent long-term stability and resistance to methanol crossover, offering performance characteristics superior to those of a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the structure and property of NG are revealed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements, providing important insights into the rational optimization of electrocatalytic activity for ORR. In addition, the NG also shows high catalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER), rendering its potential application as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for both ORR and OER. & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


This paper introduces a domain-specific language for modelling andsimulation-based design of multi-tier systems.  Multi-tier systems are complexand very few general models have been developed. Rather, models are alwaysdedicated to a specific architecture. Our approach allows for rapidexperimentation with different multi-tier alternatives. Not only parameters,but also structure can be drastically varied.  Using graph transformation,multi-tier systems models are translated into Queueing Petri Nets (QPNs) in asystematic way for analysis with the SimQPN simulator.  We describe QPN, ourmulti-tier architecture visual language, as well as the transformation between them.  A case study demonstrates the power of the approach for design-space exploration.


Recent developments on thermal mass transfer equipment has emphasized on improvements of capacity and, to a lesser extent, on efficiency. Thermal mass transfer equipment is commonly divided into trays, rings and structured packings. During the last 10 years the market share for rings has seen a constant fall in favor of structured packing. The reason for it is mainly because of the technical advantages of structured packing over rings as well as closely matching price levels. Due to these reasons the technical developments are shown on trays and structured packing only. Further developments on column internals, enhancing operational safety and the requirements of high capacity structured packing are highlighted too.


In November 2006, a panel of experts participated in a teleconference to discuss the issue of adherence to antihypertensive therapy. The panel was chaired by JoAnne M. Foody, MD, of the Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, New Haven, CT. Also participating were Joshua S. Benner, PharmD, ScD, ValueMedics Research, Falls Church, VA, and William Frishman, MD, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.


Against the backdrop of the rejection of mother tongue-based bilingual education in Southern Nigeria and in Northern linguistic minority areas, this study investigates the micropolitics of language education by interrogating everyday language practices of education stakeholders which are at variance with language-in-education policy. It relied on a wide range of data collected through carefully documented observations of classrooms and school community language practices, semi-structured interviews with publishing managers, informal interviews with teachers as well as a questionnaire survey (covering a comprehensive cross-section of stakeholders across the country). Findings suggest that only a uniformly implemented education policy in all schools across the country can restore the use of Nigeria's indigenous languages as media of instruction in primary schools. The study recommends a combination of advocacy and research findings to get the policy-makers and education stakeholders to accept first language-based (or L1 based) educational reform.


This study examined relations between ethnicity, family environments, and young adolescents' cognitive performance. A model of proximal family learning environment was constructed that included measures of family human capital, parenting style, parents' aspirations, and parenting practices. Data were collected from 800 young adolescents and their parents from Anglo-Australian, English, Greek, and Southern Italian groups within Australia. The analysis revealed that (a) ethnicity was related to young adolescents' cognitive performance and to measures of their proximal family environment, (b) proximal family environment measures mediated the relations between ethnicity and cognitive performance, and (c) there were gender-related differences in the associations between ethnicity, proximal family environment, and young adolescents' cognitive performance.


While environmental destruction has become a global concern, organisations are increasingly pressurised to step up and defend the actions they are taking to promote sustainability.


A low-coherence dynamic light scattering method was used to measure the particle size distribution of colloidal suspensions with different volume fraction.The experimental setup consists of the combination of the low-coherence Michelson interferometer and the traditional dynamic light scattering technology.By detecting the power spectrum distribution function of the singly backscattered light from the sample,the CONTIN algorithm was used to obtain the particle radius distributions.As a result,in the range of volume fraction Ф from 1% to 10%,the particle size distributions with the accuracy approximately 4% can be obtained.


Caring for elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy is a complex process requiring empathy and compassion. Informal caregivers will certainly become exhausted as a result of their intense interaction with their diseased elders. Caregivers' physical and mental health will improve by resolving compassion fatigue and its accompanying psychosomatic symptoms, which will reflect on the quality of care provided as well as patient outcomes. Objective: To explore the relationship between compassion fatigue and psycho-somatic manifestations among informal caregivers of elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Setting: Four chemotherapy clinics affiliated to the Damanhur Oncology Center in El-Behera, Egypt. Subjects: A convenient sample of 440 subjects signifies the subject of the present research, which were divided into two equal groups; group A: 220 informal caregivers who accompanying their elderly cancer patients during the chemotherapy sessions, and group B: 220 elderly cancer patients who undergo the recommended chemotherapy sessions. Tools: Three tools were used for data collection: 1) Socio-demographic and Clinical Data of informal caregivers and their elderly patients receiving chemotherapy Structured Interview Schedule, 2) Compassion Fatigue Scale (GFS), and 3) Psycho-somatic symptoms scale. Results: the total compassion fatigue percent score of the studied informal caregivers of elderly patients receiving chemotherapy was 80.8±12.7, indicating a high level of compassion fatigue. The majority of them (90%) were found to possess high psycho-somatic manifestations, with a total percent score of 80.4±12.4. Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation between informal caregivers' total compassion fatigue and their total psycho-somatic manifestations (r=0.864 p=0.000) was found. Conclusion: Informal caregivers of elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy have a significant level of compassion fatigue that is more evident among female caregivers and also among daughters and sons of the diseased elderly. Compassion fatigue has a considerable positive link with psycho-somatic manifestations that are manifested among informal caregivers and are directly linked to their caring process. Recommendations: Ongoing assessment must be done for informal caregivers of elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy to monitor their level of compassion fatigue and any manifested psychosomatic complains. This will help in the implementation of suitable interventions to alleviate and prevent future complaints and suffering.


The author tested the content of nitrate in fresh vegetables and that stored in winter in the markets in Daqing city.The result showed that leaf vegetables contained the highest amount of nitrate,root vegetables came next,and eggplant vegetables range the last;while among the vegetables stored in winter,Chinese cabbage ranged the first,radish came next,potato and cabbage contained the lowest percentage of nitrate pollution.Upon the test and analysis,the author put forward some preventive measures against nitrate pollution.


ments for plane stress, plate bending, torsion of shafts, column and plate stability and a very short chapter on the dynamics of beams. In all of these chapters the energy principles are used to develop the finite element equations. Finally in the last chapter some broader aspects of the finite element method are considered in which, amongst other topics, steady state heat conduction and potential fluid flow are discussed. Some appendices are included on cartesian tensors, and computer Fortran programs are given for automatic mesh generation, and plate triangular and rectangular elements, although it is not made clear what the plate program will accomplish. The text is well set out with clear mathematics and figures. References are given at the end of each chapter with titles for further reading as well as a good number of problems. Altogether a very useful reference book to have on the library shelf and for some post-graduate courses, but it is a bit heavy going for a recommended undergraduate text. J. P. H. WEBBER


Magnetoelectric (ME) materials are becoming relevant in the development of modern technologies for a large variety of applications such as sensors, actuators and energy harvesting, among others.In this parer, we report the effect of the adhesive bonding layers in magnetoelectric laminate composites formed of Terfenol-D/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMNT)/Terfenol-D in order to achieve an improved ME conversion performance. A novel bonding technique at room temperature is proposed, which uses conductive polymer nanocomposites. Two ME transducers are fabricated based on this technique having 1 wt.% and 2 wt.% concentration of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) mixed to an epoxy resin. A third magnetoelectric transducer is fabricated by a classical technique for comparison purposes. The output performances of the three ME transducers in a ME vibration converter were evaluated under similar operating conditions. Experimental investigations demonstrate that the magnetoelectric transducer bonded with 2 wt.% concentration of MWCNTs has better output performance than the two other ME transducers under similar excitation.


The article presents results of our experiments carried out to study the invariance of the digital description of the imageThere in the paper is formulated a mathematical problem of multi-hypothetical detection of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cows by the maximum values of udder temperature measured by digital processing of the udder thermal images. The optimal temperature threshold values corresponding to the Bayesian criterion of the minimum average risk in the above multi-hypothesis detection problem are determined by numerical modelling.


Objective To know about the military recruits′level of AIDS awareness and attitudes towards AIDS and provide basis for AIDS health education.Methods Questionare survey was carried out among 636 new recruits by cluster sampling method.Results Questions about general knowledge of AIDS were given good nswers by the new recruits with the correction rate of more than 85%;More than 85% new recruits expressed concern and sympathy for HIV-infected people and AIDS patients;75% new recruits chose TV,books,newspapers new recruits as major sources of AIDS knowledge.Conclusion Military recruits had some knowledge about AIDS,but the knowledge was not comprehensive enough,AIDS health education work should increase the scope and depth of publicity and education,and pertinence and practicality should be stressed.


Summary A controlled study comparing salbutamol (6 mg/day) to clomipramine (150 mg/day), both given by intravenous infusion, was performed on depressed inpatients (10 per group). The symptomatology was evaluated by two blind observers at days 0, 5 and 15 using the Hamilton Rating Scale. Both treatments were effective on the overall symptomatology but the onset of action of salbutamol was more rapid.


Seed storage proteins of 12 capsicum cultivars were respectively extracted using distilled H2O,5% NaCl and 0.2% NaOH.Systemic analysis of the composition of storage proteins of capsicum seeds was done by the application of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis techniques.The results showed that amount of protein strips were 19(water-soluble proteins),24(salt-soluble proteins),and 24(alkali-soluble proteins).The most of percentage distributing were salt-soluble proteins(44.4%),water-soluble proteins(37.5%),and alkali-soluble proteins(18.1%).The main area of protein components were 38.8~55.6 KD(water-soluble proteins),17.5~35.6 KD(salt-soluble proteins),and 8.3~39.9 KD(alkali-soluble proteins).


Wavelet transform can decompose signals into approximate components and precise components.The fingerprint of PC radar signal can be reflected in its precise components,so wavelet transform has certain advantages to them.Mallat high-speed algorithm makes it possible that wavelet transform steps into engineering application.Wavelets transform acts on the data from AD to get the precise components of each layer.Then precise component that can reflect the fingerprint of the signal and keep its wave low distortion will be selected as the new data source.Autocorrelation acts on the new data source,and then the detection is completed.Lastly,experiments are carried through aiming at real radar signals.The results indicate that the method is feasible.


The emergence of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic in 2020 and the ensuing state of emergency issued by the Japanese government, which was enforced from April 6 to May 25, 2020, changed our collective lifestyle dramatically. An increase in time spent at home resulted in a change in energy consumption structure. This study aimed to estimate the change in energy consumption at home during and after the state of emergency in Kobe, Japan. Six types of household energy consumption models were created based on the age of the head of household, the number of household members, and the floor area. The usage time and energy consumption of consumer durables were estimated for each model type. The model analysis results revealed that energy consumption during and after the state of emergency increased by 4.2% and 3.7%, respectively, compared to consumption before the state of emergency.


The relationship between body size, food utilization and growth of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed on different practical diets was studied. The results show that African catfish can grow on commercial diets found in Israel. The protein level in diet and the sources of protein are the most important parameters in the diet of African catfish. The food utilization and growth are better in smaller fish than in larger fish. The food conversion and protein utilization was better in African catfish fed on diet with high animal protein sources than with plant protein sources. From the economic point of view, this study shows that African catfish requires an expensive diet, similar to that of the trout, and this may influence the possibility of developing a new branch of African catfish production in Israel.


At e+ e− colliders the QED–initial state radiation forms a large part of the radiative corrections. Their precise and fast evaluation is an essential asset for the experiments at LEP, the ILC and the FCC-ee, operating at high luminosity. A long standing problem in the analytic calculation of the O(α2) initial state corrections concerns a discrepancy which has been observed between the result of Berends et al. (1988) [1] in the limit me s and the result by Blümlein et al. (2011) [2] using massive operator matrix elements deriving this limit directly. In order to resolve this important issue we recalculated this process by integrating directly over the phase space without any approximation. For parts of the corrections we find exact solutions of the cross section in terms of iterated integrals over square root valued letters representing incomplete elliptic integrals and iterations over them. The expansion in the limit me s reveals errors in the constant O(α2) term of the former calculation and yields agreement with the calculation based on massive operator matrix elements, which has impact on the experimental analysis programs. This finding also explicitly proofs the factorization of massive initial state particles in the high energy limit including the terms of O(α2) for this process.


This study is based on the "Accessibility of local and organic food in Northern Ostrobothnia (RuokaGIS)" project, which aim was to analyse local and organic food in geographic context and to develop their availability and access to markets at Northern Ostrobothnia. The project was funded by European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment of Northern Ostrobothnia. The project covered the period from 1. Oct. 2012 to 30. Sept. 2014. The project combines quantitative and qualitative approaches by applying geographic information system (GIS) based accessibility analyses and structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The aim of the project was to 1) explore areal patterns of local on organic food accessibility, 2) visualise supply surplus and unsaturated demand and 3) recognise factors to develop local and organic food production in geographic context. Due to a long logistic chain of food markets, the emphasis of the project designed on the basis of survey results. Primary aspects were to analyse areal balance of statistical production and consumption at accurate scale and to develop logistics and networking of small and medium size companies in food sector by analysis of potential hub node locations. GIS based accessibility analyses and qualitative surveys were conducted interactively during the project with aim to generate novel approaches for analysing accessibility in the context of local and organic food markets and logistics. Key GIS data of the study covered farms with production attributes supplied by Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Statistics Finland's grid cell data of population and Finnish Transport Agency's digital model of road network. Questionnaires and supporting interviews covered agricultural producers, companies in processing and refining, institutional kitchens, public procurements and food circles. Main findings of the project consider local and organic food concept, competitiveness, markets, logistics and their development aspects. Accessibility analyses indicated that regions in the southern parts of Northern Ostrobothnia have a strong role in saturating areal demand, which emphasises to towns and city regions. Analysis of suitable hub locations for collecting local production refers that most suitable locations are in southern parts of Northern Ostrobothnia and also near Oulu. On the basis of results, cooperation and networking between actors, particularly in logistics, may benefit competitiveness of local food and increase its access to markets.


Thermodynamic relationships in Cu-based melts have been represented using a modified e formalism. The calculational work is dedicated to the activities of components in binary Cu-X solutions (X=Sn, Zn, Ni, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr, S, O, and H), to the equlibrium constants K mMe-nO for the formation reactions in[Me] Cu + n [O] Cu =Me m O n (Me=Fe, Ni and Co) and to the activity coefficients of oxygen and hydrogen dissolved in Ca-O X and Cu-H-X.


We analyze Hubble's approach to cosmology. In 1929 he accepted a finite expanding universe in order to explain the redshifts of distant galaxies. Later on he turned to an infinite stationary universe due to observational constraints. We show, by quoting his works, that he remained cautiously against the big bang until the end of his life.


PREMISE OF THE STUDY
The maintenance of adaptive polymorphisms within species requires fitness trade-offs reflecting selection for each morph. Cyanogenesis, the ability to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN) after tissue damage, occurs in >3000 plant species and exists as a discrete polymorphism in white clover. This polymorphism is spatially distributed in recurrent clines, with higher frequencies of cyanogenic plants in warmer climates. The HCN autotoxicity hypothesis proposes that cyanogenic plants are selected against where frosts are common, as freezing liberates HCN and could impair cellular respiration.

METHODS
We tested the HCN autotoxicity hypothesis using a freezing chamber to examine survival, tissue damage, and physiological recovery as assessed via chlorophyll fluorescence following mild and severe freezing treatments. We utilized 65 genotypes from a single polymorphic population to eliminate effects of population structure.

KEY RESULTS
Cyanogenic plants did not differ from acyanogenic plants in survival, tissue damage, or recovery following freezing. However, plants producing either of the two required cyanogenic precursors had lower survival and tissue damage after freezing than plants lacking both precursors.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that freezing-induced HCN toxicity is unlikely to be responsible for the maintenance of the cyanogenesis polymorphism in white clover. However, energetic trade-offs associated with costs of producing the cyanogenic precursors may confer a fitness benefit to acyanogenic plants under stressful climatic conditions. The lack of evidence for HCN toxicity suggests that cyanogenic clover uses physiological mechanisms mediated by β-cyanoalanine synthase and alternative oxidase to maintain cellular function in the presence of HCN.


A firm that lacks the specialized complementary assets necessary to commercialize an innovation faces a trade-off between contracting with an incumbent to access those assets and integrating downstream into commercialization. According to the framework developed in the prior literature, under a strong appropriability regime the innovator is likely to be better off contracting with an incumbent (as long as it can negotiate reasonable terms). However, we argue that if the innovator can learn from its experience in product commercialization, and thereby build its own commercialization capabilities, then the benefits of integrating downstream may outweigh the opportunity costs of learning and foregone profits. Alternatively, by engaging in joint commercialization, the innovator may be able to avoid these opportunity costs, albeit at the expense of higher inter-organizational governance costs. We illustrate the relationship between the choice of commercialization mode, commercialization experience, and performance in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. Specifically, we study how commercialization mode and experience affects the likelihood of drug approval. We find that when innovators lacking commercialization experience participate in the commercialization process though either joint commercialization or by commercializing alone, the product is less likely to be approved. However, innovators that have participated in the commercialization process in the past are more likely to successfully commercialize subsequent innovations under joint commercialization than those which have only contracted the commercialization to an incumbent. The results suggest that in some circumstances participating in the commercialization process, either through self-commercialization or by engaging in joint commercialization, may be the optimal strategy even for firms without the requisite complementary assets.


Background: Over the past decade, antimalarial drug resistance has rapidly become a major public health problem in South East Asia region including South Sumatra. This study aimed to determine the extent of gene polymorphisms associated with chloroquine resistance (CQR) in P. falciparum isolates from Lahat, Sekayu, Baturaja and Palembang district. Methods: A molecular study was conducted to identify the mutant alleles of the genes associated with the resistance to chloroquine among the isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from South Sumatera. Blood from 25 patients was collected, DNA was isolated, and the sequences of two different genes ( Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter/ pfcrt and Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance/ pfmdr1 ) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results: This study identified polymorphism in the pfcrt 76-Thr in all isolates and pfmdr1 86-Tyr. These findings may reflect the failure of treatment with the standard dose of chloroquine within the last few years in South Sumatera. Conclusion: PCR-RFLP technique provide a simple and rapid method of detecting polymorphisms in genes that may predict chloroquine resistance (CQR). Although the identification of the polymorphism in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes provides a significant indicator of CQR, further studies are needed to determine the role of these polymorphisms in the in vivo and in vitro responses to drug treatment. Keywords: chloroquine, Plasmodium falciparum , pfmdr1 , pfcrt


The elastic compensation method(ECM) for structural limit analysis is a simple and effective method for simple structures.However,relatively greater computational errors and divergence are often caused for complex structures.Addressing on these problems,the present paper employs the fixed point theorem in Banach space to discuss the convergence problem of the ECM for lower bound limit load calculations.It can be pointed out that a good limit load solution can be achieved only when the iterative elastic modulus sequences satisfy the condition of contraction mapping.Based on this idea,a modified elastic compensation method(KtECM) is proposed.The KtECM adopts an iterative method,in which the iterative elastic modulus sequences of the main load-carrying elements in a structure satisfy the condition of contraction mapping.At the same time,an adjustable factor λ related with the stress concentration factor(Kt) of structures is used to define a rational nominal stress.Limit loads of several complex structures are calculated by different methods.It reaches the conclusion that the KtECM can provide a good estimation of plastic limit loads for complex structures and preserves the advantages of simplicity,high efficiency and convenience for engineering applications.The adjustable factor λ can make a balance between computational precision and time.


In this work, basic mathematical models and response surface graphs have been used to illustrate the relationship between mixing parameters in internal mixer and properties of the SBR (styrene butadiene rubber)/organoclay composites. Using a Box-Behnken statistical design experiment methodology, the effects of mixing temperature (80-140°C), mixing time (4-12 min) and nano filler amount (3-9 phr) in SBR nanocomposites on the properties (tensile properties, scorch time and Mooney viscosity) were evaluated. It was found that the mixing parameters (time and temperature) have the predomi- nant role in properties and morphology of nanocomposite. The R 2 values (the R 2 values indicate the degree of agreement between the experimental results with those predicted by model) of all responses were above 0.85. Increasing temperature and mixing time facilitated a better organoclay dispersion which resulted in a better tensile property. With increase in nan- oclay amount in composite the scorch time and Mooney viscosity decreased. The morphology of nanocomposite was stud- ied by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and TEM (Transmission electron microscope). Intercalation and exfoliation of the nanoclay were observed for samples with higher temperature and longer mixing time. Due to thermal degradation of the rubber matrix at 140°C, tensile properties of the nanocomposite were decreased.


This research aims to find the validity level of ESQ nuanced booklet on human movement system material as a supplement to biology instructional materials for students grade XI of high school. This research used meta analysis method. Data was collected by searching journals and thesis related to ESQ nuanced booklets. The samples used are 16 journals and thesis related to the development of ESQ nuanced booklets. The results of meta analysis research for instructional  materials in  form of booklets are 89,76% with a very valid category, and for ESQ nuanced instructional materials worth 86.42% with a very valid category. Based on the results of analysis from journals and thesis on instructional materials in  form of booklet and ESQ nunced, it hope that the validity of ESQ nuanced booklets on human movement system material  developed as a supplement to biology instructional materials for students grade XI high school obtained very valid criteria.


prolonged. Again, in a small proportion of cancers of the breast treated by oestrogen there was a most dramatic temporary response. In this connexion it had been interesting to learn of recent investigations in which a favourable response of cancer of the breast or of the cervix had been materially increased by an almost continuous administration of large amounts of watersoluble oestrogen intravenously. There was no doubt that if the mechanism could be elucidated it would be of great importance. A further example of chemotherapy acting through alteration of the hormonal environment of the tumour was the administration of the malesex hormone in cancer of the female breast. There was a curious relationship here-namely, that amelioration was more readily brought about by testosterone in cancer of the breast in women before the menopause, while the beneficial effects from oestrogen were relatively more frequent in post-menopausal cases.


Abstarct Cloud computing is a new trend in Information Technology (IT) and its paradigm emerged in 2007 (Nasir & Niazi, 2011). Due to the growth of cloud computing, the question arises as to what factors may influence educational technology experts and information professionals when adopting new technologies (such as cloud computing) within their organizations. This study focuses on these two groups particularly because of their close relation with information technology. The research seeks to explore whether these two groups are familiar with technological innovations and whether they are ready to accept them. Furthermore, the study will investigate whether there are differences between these two savvy technology groups concerning adopting cloud computing.


The purpose of the article is to indicate important aspects related to education for safety
in hierarchically structured institutions, such as uniformed services, taking the State Fire
Service as an example. Proper preparation of hierarchically structured institutions is the
key to eliminating threats or effectively removing the effects of their occurrence. The key
element in preparing services for activities is education for safety, in particular professional
development as a process of systematic and continuous professional activity aimed at updating,
expanding and deepening knowledge and skills related to the profession. The State Fire
Service as a rescue service has implemented a professional improvement system that prepares
firefighters to correctly and effectively provide help in the event of a hazard to life, health and
property and the environment, the functioning of this system is the subject of consideration
in the following article.
Keywords:


Introduction: Intubation is an essential component of cardiac arrest resuscitation. While prior studies have evaluated video laryngoscopy (VL) to assist intubation for in hospital cardiac arrest, t...


Abstract : The objectives of this research were to find out: (1) which one learning model that provide better mathematics learning achievement, TGT learning model, TPS learning model, or direct learning model, (2) which one category logical matematical intelligence of students that giving better mathematics learning achievement, high, medium, or low, (3) in each category logical matematical intelligence which one providing better mathematics learning achievement, TGT learning model TPS learning model, or direct learning  model. (4) in each learning models which one providing better mathematics learning achievement category self confidence high, medium, or low. The type of this study was a quasi-experimental study with a 3x3 factorial design. The population was all grade VII students of Junior High Schools in Surakarta Regency in the school year of 2015/2016. Population of this research was all VII graders of Junior High School of Surakarta. The samples of the research were taken by using the stratified cluster random sampling. The sample consisted of 291 students: 96 students for experiment I class, 97 for experiment II class and 98 for control class. The instruments used for the data collection were mathematics achievement test and logical mathematical intelligence The data analysis technique used was unbalanced two ways analysis of variance. Based on the hypotheses, the results of the study can be summarized as follows: (1) The use of TGT resulted better achievement than that of TPS and direct learning model, the use of TPS resulted better achievement than that of direct learning model. (2) The students' achievement who have high logical mathematical intelligence was better than those who have middle or low logical mathematical intelligence, and students who have middle logical mathematical intelligence were better than those who have low logical mathematic intelligence. Keywords : TGT,TPS, Direct Learning, and Logical Mathematical Intelligence.


When executing radiotherapy through Californium Neutron Knife, it is important to build Mathematics Model of Spatial Point and Plan Linear Programming of Radiotherapentic Dosage. In this paper, through frontal and side two-dimensional images of applicator, location-wire and human body reference point, we can get the two-dimensional coordinates of every point on these frontal and side images. By three-dimensional coordinates rebuilding, three-dimensional coordinates of every point under fixed coordinate system are obtained. And then, through coordinate transfer, we can get the total radiotherapeutic dosage of any spatial point that radioactive sources have stayed. The clinical result shows that this method for therapeutic plan establishment is reasonable and effective. KeywordsSpatial Point; Three-dimensional Coordinates Rebuilding; Radiotherapentic Dosage plan