During 2010, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Richland Operations Office removed a number of facilities and debris from the Fitzner/Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology Reserve (ALE), which is part of the Hanford Reach National Monument (HRNM). Revegetation of disturbed sites is necessary to stabilize the soil, reduce invasion of these areas by exotic weeds, and to accelerate re-establishment of native plant communities. Seven revegetation units were identified on ALE based on soils and potential native plant communities at the site. Native seed mixes and plant material were identified for each area based on the desired plant community. Revegetation of locations affected by decommissioning of buildings and debris removal was undertaken during the winter and early spring of 2010 and 2011, respectively. This report describes both the details of planting and seeding for each of the units, describes the sampling design for monitoring, and summarizes the data collected during the first year of monitoring. In general, the revegetation efforts were successful in establishing native bunchgrasses and shrubs on most of the sites within the 7 revegetation units. Invasion of the revegetation areas by exotic annual species was minimal for most sites, but was above initial criteria in 3 areas: the Hodges Well subunit of Unit 2, and Units 6 and 7.


The adiabatic infiltration and the solidification/remelting of molten aluminum through a porous preform in a centrifugal force field are modeled numerically. The temperature and solid volume fraction profiles are presented for representative parameters. The numerical results show that the transient solidification and remelting in the centrifugal force field depend greatly on the infiltration kinetics and thermodynamics of the composite. The regional extent of the eutectic solid metal and its solid volume fraction increase with the moving of the infiltration front. The speed of the moving infiltration and remelting fronts decrease with the decreasing of porosity and rotational speed, but the speed difference between the moving fronts and the regional extend of the eutectic solid metal increases with the decreasing of porosity and decreases with the decreasing of rotational speed.


Individual charity is an important way for providing public products and is a significant complement for social guarantee system, which is proved by the snow disaster of China at the beginning of 2008. However, the development of individual charity in China is not promising. At present, there is little exploration on the influential elements of the development of individual donation in China. This paper, from theoretical aspect, analyzes the elements that influence the development of individual donation of China at present stage from the perspectives of supply and need. Further, this paper, based on the investigation data collected in the city of Chengdu, conducts an empirical analysis on the influential elements and comes to meaningful conclusion.


SUMMARY It is stated that mediastinal extension is the cause of nonresectability in a high percentage of cases during exploratory thoracotomy in bronchogenic cancer. Mediastinoscopy is a method of proving this mediastinal extension before thoracotomy. In this article, the results are mentioned of 122 consecutive mediastinoscopies performed on patients with cancer of the lung, with no evidence of non-resectability. In this series, there were 45 patients (36.9 per cent) with tumor bearing tissue in the biopsy specimen. After selection by mediastinoscopy, the resection rate rose to more than 90 per cent. The patients with so-called positive mediastinoscopy were thought to be incurable. The considerations applying to the judgment as to incurability of these patients are mentioned. It is stated that mediastinoscopy should be performed when there is no evidence of incurability and when the patients correspond to one of the following criteria:
 1.Central lesions on the x-ray film. 2.Diffuse, poorly demarcated lesions or atelectasis on the x-ray film. 3.Oat cell carcinoma. 4.Dubiously operable patients. Every lymph node metastasis gives a more widespread dissemination of tumor. This is the reason that in 22 per cent of cases, contralateral lymph node metastases were found, right-sided as well as left-sided. In cases of right-sided incurable lung cancer with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, vagotomy on the right side is possible through the mediastinoscope.


The utility model relates to a magnetic frame articulated positioning structure used for well positioning of the magnetic frame in a computer casing during the rotation. The magnetic frame articulated positioning structure comprises a damping gear and a supporting part provided with a plurality of alveoli that are meshed with the gear teeth as the damping gear rotates; the damping gear is arranged on the magnetic rack; the supporting part is arranged on the computer casing and the front end of the magnetic rack is articulated on the computer casing. The magnetic frame articulated positioning structure has good positioning stability.


Abstract Air traffic management (ATM) under its current paradigm is reaching its structural limits considering the continuously growing demand. The need for a decrease in traffic workload opens numerous problems for optimization, from capacity balancing to conflict solving, using many different degrees of freedom, such as re-routing, flight-level changes, or ground-holding schemes. These problems are usually of a large dimension (there are 30 000 daily flights in Europe in the year 2012) and highly combinatorial, hence challenging for current problem solving technologies. We give brief tutorials on ATM and constraint programming (CP), and survey the literature on deploying CP technology for modelling and solving combinatorial problems that occur in an ATM context.


The key to managing the risks of food-borne diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy, lies in assessing relative risk and appropriately allocating limited resources.


Other Spaces is a collaborative creative arts exhibition project that explores visual and material expressions of cultural identity with a particular focus on museum collections. This project aims to provide a rich examination – visual, emotional and intellectual – of the multiple cultural narratives that contribute to the social fabric of Australia through a unique marriage of contemporary photomedia and creative writing practice. This project explores the ways that migrants and refugees have found to express their cultural identity through the material objects they have brought with them to Australia. Many of these objects are not only of great personal value but often of cultural, historical and religious significance. Some are very ordinary everyday objects but they can be highly evocative and symbolic of the relationship between culture and identity, and between the places of origin and an individual's present home in Australia. This article, through a combination of photography, creative text and scholarly discussion, will focus specifically on Italo-Australian migrants and on some of the material objects that they have donated to museum collections, and use these objects to explore notions of cultural belonging and identity.


ABSTRACT Many English language learners (ELLs) experience difficulties with basic English reading due in part to low language proficiency. The authors examined the relationship between English language proficiency and growth during reading interventions for ELLs. A total of 201 second- and third-grade students with a variety of home languages participated. The students were identified as needing a targeted intervention, because scores on the fall oral reading fluency screening measure fell below the benchmark criterion. Thus, all participating students received reading interventions approximately four times each week throughout the school year. Results indicated that those students identified in the lowest English proficiency stage on the Assessing Comprehension and Communication in English State-to-State (ACCESS) made the highest growth as indicated in the spring benchmark assessment, and the ACCESS score added negligible variance beyond baseline reading skills. Implications for practice and research are discussed.


The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published depression guidelines in December 2004 (NICE, 2004). Given that depression has a point prevalence in the population of somewhere between 5 and 10% (Katon and Schulberg, 1992), with rates of 30% or more in medical and surgical clinics (Kroenke et al, 1997), and that the illness is the leading cause of disability world wide (Murray and Lopez, 1996), the guidelines are relevant to all doctors. This editorial focuses on the implications of the guidelines for nonmental health specialists.


The emergence of new media, devices, narratives and practices has compelled media literacy scholars and professionals to review their theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches. Based on a new conception – 'transmedia literacy' – that moves from traditional media literacy to informal learning and participatory cultures practices, the research program behind the present article tries to understand how new generations are doing things with media outside schools and how they learnt to do the things they do. The article begins by describing the transformations of media literacy in recent years as a consequence of the mutations of the media ecology and, in that context, proposes a methodological approachfor analysing the acquisition of transmedia skills in informal learning environments by teens. The article describes, analyses and evaluates the development and initial implementation of this methodology working with teenagers in a high-school in NAME CITY. It ends with a Research Kit that includes surveys, creative workshops, interactive interviews and media diaries with teens between 12-18 years old.  The article also describes the evolution of this methodological approach from its original formulation to the evaluation of the model after it was tested, and reflects on the possibilities of developing specific research devices to be applied in transnational research.


Abstract Baking experiments and analyses of gluten protein composition were carried out with flours from U.S. and Norwegian wheat lines differing in baking characteristics. Bread-making quality was evaluated by mixograph and baking tests. The compositions of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and gliadins were examined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Lack of correlation between the Glu-1 quality score based on HMW glutenin subunits and backing performance was observed. For the Norwegian wheat lines, variation in gluten polypeptides encoded from the short arm of the 1B chromosome partially explained variation in baking performance.


Major depressive illness, generalised anxiety disorders and adjustment disorders develop in over 25% of cancer patients within the first two or three years of diagnosis. Key research questions are identified and discussed which should lead to more effective ways of recognising, treating and preventing these disorders.


A maximum-likelihood receiver is synthesized and asymptotically exact expressions are derived for the detection and estimation characteristics of the random pulse arrival time and center frequency of the power spectrum.


A broad classification for disorders in which the development of neoplasms typically occur in association with a characteristic set of signs or symptoms. These disorders may be inherited or acquired.


Adapted physical education (APE) is offered as a course in most physical education teacher education (PETE) programs to better prepare preservice teachers (PST) in giving instruction to students with disabilities. As a growing pedagogical approach, service-learning (SL) continues to be integrated into the APE course, as a supplement to PSTs' learning. Traditionally, SL activities focus on changing one's own actions, attitudes or beliefs rather than challenging social problems that may exist in physical education for students with disabilities (e.g., power, privilege, social equality). Preservice teachers should be given an opportunity to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to teach students with disabilities from multiple dimensions (e.g., classroom, school, society). Likewise, they should also be prepared to become active agents in creating unbiased programs for students with disabilities. Therefore, this article introduces the concept of a critical SL approach as an effective pedagogy within an introductory APE course. Specifically, it is a method that focuses on a social-justice orientation which can be utilized to empower PSTs beyond the PETE setting.


Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems in the world including Iran. For decreasing the impacts of soil erosion, soil conservation measures are required. For successful soil conservation measures, obtaining information about the relative importance of sediment source and their shares in sediment production is required. There are different methods for determining the relative importance of sediment sources, among which tracing or source studies are emphasized in recent years due to their privileges. In this research, sediment sources were identified in Amrovan Drainage Basin, Semnan Province, Iran, using tracing method. A small earth dam is constructed at the outlet of Amrovan Drainage Basin in 1993. Sediments are accumulated in the reservoir of dam. In this study, sediments were sampled from dam reservoir, different sources were also sampled. Fifteen tracers were first selected for tracing which are: the amounts of N, Carbon, Cr, Co, Mg, K, Na, smectite, cholorite, illite, kaolinite, PH and two magnetic properties consisting of XLF and XFD. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for these parameters and different statistical methods were applied to the data including Nonparametric Kruskal Walis Test, Stepwise Differentiation Function Analysis. The results have shown that the main sediment source is Upper Red formation consisting of evaporitic marls. Keywords: Erosion, Sedimentation, Small dams, Semnan Province, Iran, Tracing, Finger-printing, Source studies.


With the increased importance of web applications in the last few years, the negative impact of security flaws in such applications has also grown either. Vulnerabilities that may lead to the compromise of sensitive information are being reported continuously, and the costs of damages resulting from exploited flaws can be enormous. SQL injection attack is one of Attacks to web application. SQL injection is an attack in which malicious code is inserted into strings, which are later, passed to the database server for parsing and execution. This attack can be applied to any page which accepts user input to capture data or query parameters to dynamically render the content on the web page. We tried to implement multi layer architecture to prevent SQL injection attack. At each layer we will assign different roles and responsibilities. Among which first is input validation, used to validate and filter input given by the client. Query tokenization is second layer that creates tokens of SQL query and compares this tokes with predefined tokens stored in database. Third layer is input encryption layer, which will encrypt the input given by the user to make in the form that cannot be SQL injection code. The next and last layer is classification to analyze and classify the SQL query.


Dickinson`s various poetic experiments are informed by her struggle with the complex relation between self and what twentieth-century philosophy calls "the Other." But most critics misinterpret her poetic experimentation as a quest for the essential, authentic self. Even much of postmodern theories fails to fully explain Dickinson`s poetry because these approaches also rely on the solitary monologism of the lyric subject. By contrast, I propose that the consciousness constructed in her poetry is engaged in a process of perpetual interchange that denies the sovereignty and independence of either the subject or the Other. Traditionally, death has been interpreted as productive or positive in the mainstream of western ideas. The positive interpretation of death has also formed the mainstream of Dickinson studies. Many critics presuppose that Dickinson accepts death as an unavoidable certainty and becomes aware of the real sense of time into which she may project herself to actualize her own authentic possibilities. However, what death reveals is not her own individual, authentic possibilities, but the fact that there is something other than her self, For Dickinson, the meaning of death resides in the fact that the subject, locked within itself and its present, is encountered by what the subject is not, cannot be, and cannot even understand. In death. the subject meets the Other, absolute alterity. I interpret Dickinson`s three poems, "A Clock stopped-," "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain," and "I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-," focusing on the dynamics and tension between her self and the absolute Other, death. Her strong sense of the otherness of the Other, combined with her poetic skill and ingenuity, leads to her characteristic style and poetic form. Her ironic use of metrical form and many grammatical and syntactical experiments are the natural products of her radical understanding of alterity. Her use of diverse poetic devices is not simply a poetic technique but something of metaphysics, an epistemological way of questioning and answering.


The rugged land between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus is the front line of a fascinating and formidable clash of cultures; Russia on one side, the predominantly Muslim mountains on the other. Here, award-winning author Nicholas Griffin recounts his journey to the Caucasus to explore the roots of today's conflict, centering his account on Imam Shamil, the greatest Muslim warrior of the nineteenth century, who remains virtually unknown in the West.


The motion stability theory of a nonlinear system and the principles of continuation based on homotopy techniques were applied to stable state response and motion stability analysis of submarines during emergency ascent.The stability analysis results were verified by simulations using direct numerical integrations of the fully nonlinear,coupled six degrees-of-freedom equations of motion for the submarine.It indicates that homotopy and continuation theory techniques could be an effective analysis method for motion stability of submarines under water.


ABSTRACT This study involved the chemical and detailed mineralogical analysis of the final copper concentrate produced at the Lubin Concentrator, one of the concentrating plants of the Mining–Smelting Complex KGHM Polska Miedz SA. The KGHM Complex mines and processes are one of the world's biggest stratiform-type copper deposits. The ore processed in the Lubin Concentrator is the poorest in metals from the ores mined in the KGHM mines and is difficult for upgrading. The copper flotation concentrates produced at the Lubin Concentrator are characterized by polymetallic (Cu-Ag-Pb), polymineral and fine-grained composition, with the lowest content of copper (below 14%) among three concentrator plants of the KGHM. The total content of sulfide minerals is about 33%. The main sulfides are chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, and pyrite with marcasite. The aim of this study is an attempt to explain the causes of the low quality of concentrates produced in the Lubin Concentrator. For this purpose, a detailed quantitative mineral analysis of a commercial concentrate sample was performed. There were also performed operations consisting in non-oxidative acid leaching of gangue minerals followed by flotation of the concentrate with the use of a depressant. The obtained results are important and promising for the smelting use of these concentrates.


The goal of Ubiquitous Sensor Network(USN) environments is to provide users high quality services based on a variety of sensors. In this environment, sensor devices, sensor nodes and sensor networks are heterogeneous and have various characteristics. Therefore it is important for interoperability to define a metadata for describing USN resources. The OGC(Open Geospatial Consortium) proposes SensorML(Sensor Model Language) as a standard language for modeling sensors. However, SensorML provides a framework for describing a processing model among sensors rather than describing information of sensors. Therefore, to describe a USN metadata is not main purposes of SensorML. This paper defines a USN metadata which describes information about sensor device, sensor node, and sensor network. Also the paper proposes a method for efficiently storing and searching the USN metadata and implements a USN metadata management system based on our method. We show that our metadata management system is reasonable for managing the USN metadata through performance evaluation. Our USN metadata keeps the interoperability in USN environments because the metadata is designed on SensorML. The USN metadata management system can be used directly for a USN middleware or USN application.


As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to define political discourses in the Western Balkans, the economic consequences are becoming more visible. The race for vaccines, combined with a relatively low level of vaccinated population, and the first signs of a looming global economic crisis (i.e. high energy prices and inflation) create tremendous challenges for the entire region. In the meantime, the phenomena of nearshoring (and reshoring) can partially and potentially mitigate the negative (economic) impacts of the pandemic and create new chances for economic growth. The EU must embrace this window of opportunity to boost economic performance in the Western Balkans.


The proliferation speed and the number of CD_(3)AK cells and their anti-tumor activity were significantly higher than those of auto-LAK cells. The phenotypes of CD_(3), CD_(4), CD_(8) and CD_(16) were special subpopulations of heterogenous lymphocytes, among which the subtype CD_(4), increased significantly along with the prolongation of culture time (X~(2)=7.66,P<0.01), while subtype CD_(16) decreased significantly (X~(2)=5.23,P<0.05).


This paper examines the end‐user computing activities of marketing managers and other marketing professionals. It begins with a summary of what is meant by end‐user computing, looks at research in end‐user computing, reviews the related research in marketing, and then reports the results of a survey on the nature and extent of end‐user computing in the marketing departments of British companies.


The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) system was tested in classification of pedons from Finland and compared to classifications according to the FAO/Unesco system (FAO) and Soil Taxonomy. Soils of Finland are rather young (<10000 yr), and because of the weathering-resistant felsic parent material and cool climate, most of them are weakly developed. As a result soils are often at the border of units at the highest level of classification. In the Soil Geographical Database of Europe at scale 1:1,000,000, Finland is dominated by Podzols (56%) and Histosols (29%), with some Cambisols, Gleysols and Leptosols. Recently also Regosols, Arenosols and man-made Phaeozems (WRB) have been identified. Podzolization is the major pedogenic process in sandy soils, with well-developed Podzols occurring in fine sands. Soils developed on sandy and loamy glacial till are often weakly podzolized and marginally meet the requirements of Podzols of the WRB system. Since these soils primarily exhibit podzolic morphology, it should be expressed in soil classification. Artificial drainage of agricultural soils has created cambic horizons, which are probably permanent and have to be taken into account in soil classification. Sandy loamy agricultural soils with less than 8% of clay can be referred to Cambisols in the WRB system but not in the FAO system. It is a matter of discussion whether the B horizon in these soils is altered enough to be qualified for a cambic horizon. Some clayey agricultural soils exhibit vertic properties that should be recognized in their classification. Acid sulphate soils occur along the coasts of Finland producing hazardous acidity when drained. Sulphidic materials and sulphuric horizons often occur below a depth of 100 cm. These features (occur within 200 cm of soil surface in artificially drained soils) should be accepted as diagnostic in the WRB system.


The superfine powder of long-rice starch is prepared by a new method.The optimal conditions for starch treatment with ferment are determined by orthogonal experiments,the effects of various ma-terials on superfine grinding are discussed,and the solubility and the expandibility of the starch are researched.The results show that the optimal conditions for starch treatment with ferment are the tempera-ture of hydrolysis is45℃,the time is25h,the amount of ferment is45%of starch.When the particle size of starch decreases,its solu-bility improves and the expandibi lity comes down.


, Abstract Background— Recent evidence suggests that IL-17 contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR); however, the mechanisms that suppress the production of this cytokine remain poorly defined. Objectives— We sought to understand the cellular and molecular basis for suppression of established, IL-17-dependent allergic airways disease. Methods— Mice were sensitized by airway instillations of ovalbumin (OVA) together with low levels of lipopolysaccharide. Leukocyte recruitment to the lung and AHR were assessed following daily challenges with aerosolized OVA. Flow cytometry and gene targeted mice were used to identify naturally-arising subsets of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their cytokines required for the suppression of established allergic airway disease. Results— Allergic sensitization through the airway primed both effector and regulatory responses. Effector responses were initially dominant and led to airway inflammation and IL-17-dependent AHR. However, after multiple daily allergen challenges, IL-17 production and AHR declined, even though pulmonary levels of Th17 cells remained high. This loss of AHR was reversible and required the expansion of a Treg subset expressing both Foxp3 and inducible co-stimulator (ICOS). These Tregs also expressed the regulatory cytokines, IL-10, TGF-beta and IL-35. Whereas IL-10 and TGF-beta were dispensable for suppression of airway hyperresponsiveness, IL-35 was required. Analysis of human ICOS + Tregs revealed that they also selectively expressed IL-35. IL-35 production by ICOS + Tregs can suppress IL-17 production and thereby reverse established, IL-17-dependent AHR in mice. The production of IL-35 by human ICOS + Tregs suggests that targeting this pathway might be of therapeutic value for treating allergic asthma in humans. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene product (EBI-3). Although IL-35 displays some regulatory activities in vitro and in vivo 27 , its role in allergic inflammation is unknown. Using a Th2- and Th17-dependent murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation, we have found that multiple allergen challenges induce strong regulatory responses that suppress both IL-17 production and AHR. This suppression does not require IL-10 or TGF- β , but is instead dependent on ICOS + Treg production of IL-35. These findings suggest that targeting this ICOS – IL-35 axis might be of therapeutic benefit for individuals with allergic asthma.


The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary about 65 million years ago records a mass extinction event caused by a bolide impact. K-T boundary clay collected from Stevns Klint, Denmark was investigated in this work. Iridium concentrations of eight clays across the K-T boundary were determined using a multiple gamma-ray analysis system after neutron activation. Anomalously high Ir concentrations were detected in five marl samples, with the highest concentration being 29.9 ppb. Four samples were analyzed for all noble gases. No extraterrestrial Ar, Kr, and Xe were discovered in any of the samples, although most of the 3He which was detected was extraterrestrial. Solar-like Ne was observed only in the sample SK4, which had an Ir concentration of 14.3 ppb, indicating the presence of micrometeorites. The solar-like Ne clearly did not originate from an asteroid/comet associated with the bolide impact, as that asteroid is thought to have been extremely large. Also, because there was no sign of a high accretion rate of micrometeorites at the boundary it could not be ascertained whether the solar-like Ne was related to a catastrophic event that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.


The existing local binary pattern(LBP)operators have disadvantages of long histograms produced by them, low discrimination and high sensitivities to noise.To deal with these problems,we propose the centralized binary pattern(CBP)operator.The CBP operator has several advantages:1)It significantly reduces the histogram dimensionality by comparing pairs of neighbors in the neighborhood;2)It enhances the discrimination by emphasizing the effect of the center pixel point through giving it the largest weight;3)It decreases the white noise influence on face images by modifying the sign function of the existing LBP operator.Moreover,the multi-scale CBP(MCBP)histogram is used as face representation to increase the recognition accuracy.Furthermore,in order to improve the robustness to small deformation of expressional images,the image Euclidean distance(IMED)is introduced and embedded in MCBP.Experiments on JAFFE and Cohn-Kanade facial expression databases demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other modern approaches and show that IMED can enhance the performance of MCBP in facial expression recognition.


A statistical model applicable to a local area has been developed for mobile-to-mobile urban and suburban land communication channels. Using the model, the probability distributions of the received envelope and phase, spatial-time correlation function, and the power spectral density of the complex envelope have been developed.


Length distributions of juvenile bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) are bimodal, consisting of spring- and summer-spawned fish. Research during the 1990s from the northeastern United States suggested that the summer cohort contributes little to the adult population and that overwinter mortality may limit their survival. We examined length distributions of juvenile bluefish from before and after winter and found that the mean length of the summer cohort increased during winter. Based on a winter-growth experiment and temperatures from the two winters examined, changes in mean length were due to size-selective mortality for one year class and growth for the other. Despite evidence for winter mortality, summer-spawned bluefish were commonly caught at age 1. We reexamined the relative contribution of each cohort to the adult population using archived scales from North Carolina fisheries. Cohort origin of adults was determined by back-calculating length at age 1. One-third of adults consisted of summer-spawned fis...


This paper uses results from various transportation analyses such as system planning projects, route location studies, feasibility evaluations, and major investment studies. Ideas presented for consideration are those of the author. The intent of the paper also is to show various ways to present the results of evaluations of the trade-offs and to permit the reader to make better use of various study applications.


A 59-year-old patient presented to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain, 2 h after insertion of a syringe-type foreign body (FB) per rectum (PR) that can create a vacuum effect. On examination, he was curled in a foetal position and his abdomen was diffusely tender. On PR examination old blood and a palpable FB were found. Bedside retrieval was attempted, but abandoned as the FB was immobile and the patient was very uncomfortable. Sinister complication was suspected at this point due to the short duration of history causing disproportionate pain and distress, need to be in foetal position for relief, failed bedside retrieval and the presence of blood PR. Computed tomography abdomen showed an intussusception of the sigmoid colon into the proximal end of the FB (Fig. 1). The patient was taken to theatre for examination under anaesthesia with a high suspicion of the need for an exploratory laparotomy. FB could again be felt, however was immobile despite being under general anaesthesia, in lithotomy position with lower abdominal pressure. Rigid sigmoidoscopy showed bruised rectal mucosa and a large hollow FB. We proceeded to midline laparotomy and found a redundant sigmoid intussuscepted into the proximal end of FB. The sigmoid colon could not be freed despite firm traction. Hence colotomy was made at the upper rectum to expose the proximal part of FB; sigmoid which was sucked into the FB looked gangrenous and oedematous (Fig. 2). Again the intussusception could not be reduced. Resection at upper rectum and mid-sigmoid was performed to free the colon and to retrieve the intussuscepted sigmoid and FB 'en-bloc' (Fig. 3). On examination of the specimen, there were two intussusception events; first was distal sigmoid to FB and the second was midsigmoid to distal sigmoid. According to literature FB PR is common among men, ages ranging from 20 to 40 years. A study conducted in Trinidad and Tobago hospitals over 5 years showed an annual incidence of 0.15 per 100 000 population; however, the global incidence is not known. A precise history taking is difficult due to multiple reasons including stigma. Common presentations are abdominal and rectal pain, constipation and PR bleeding. The FB mentioned in this case was a hollow conical instrument with two open ends and a plunger at the distal wider end, that could exert a vacuum effect. The vacuum created by the plunger sucked the distal sigmoid wall and adjacent mid-sigmoid loop to


Objective To study the effectiveness,safety and nursing care of joint inhalation of magnesium sulfate combined with combivent in children with asthma.Methods Forty children with acute asthma were randomly divided into inhalation group of magnesium sulfate combined with combivent and combivent inhalation group.The both were given the same clinical nursing care.The symptom relief rate of cough,wheezing,lung wheezing sound,heart rate before and after the treatment,respiration and blood pressure and hospitalization days were observed.Results The overall response rates in the joint group and the single inhalation group were 95 and 70 percent respectively.The efficacy differences between the two groups were significant(P0.05),and the length of hospitalization days was significantly shorter(P0.01)in the joint group.No adverse reactions,such as blood pressure dropped occurred after the inhalation of magnesium sulfate.Conclusion Combivent combined with magnesium sulfate can be inhaled for the treatment of children with asthma significantly,safely and economically.The nursing staff should attach great importance to the observation and nursing in the treatment.


Fast food is convenient, inexpensive, and even entertaining for busy families with young children. Studies suggest, however, that fast food consumption


BACKGROUND/AIMS
We examined whether a new system for categorization of the number or level of lymph node metastases would improve survival prediction in patients with gastric cancer.

METHODOLOGY
Node-positive gastric cancer patients (361) were retrospectively studied. Cox proportional-hazards model analysis of the numbers of metastatic lymph nodes (numbers 1 to 11) showed the first peak of the hazard ratio for death at a threshold value of 4 lymph node metastases. We calculated cumulative 5-year survival rates and examined prognostic factors by multivariate analysis according to the numbers and levels of lymph node metastases. The effects of other prognostic factors were also examined.

RESULTS
We divided the number of lymph node metastases into two groups (1-3 vs. > or =4), and classified the level of lymph node metastasis as level I or level II as defined by the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma. The 5-year survival rate differed significantly according to the number of lymph node metastases (1-3 vs. > or = 4) (p<0.0001). On multivariate regression analysis, the level of lymph node metastasis (level I or level II) and the number of lymph node metastases (1-3 or > or = 4) were independent predictors of survival.

CONCLUSIONS
Categorization of the number of metastatic lymph nodes (1-3 or > or = 4) was easy and provided an accurate predictor of survival in patients with gastric cancer.


The endothelial glycocalyx is a complex mixture of glycoproteins, glycolipids and proteoglycans which coats the cell surface. Sialic acid is a carbohydrate residue that is typically found at the glycan chain terminus in a α‐2,3‐Gal‐ or a α‐2,6‐Gal/GalNAc‐linked configuration. We have previously demonstrated that pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) express principally α‐2,3‐linked sialic acids whilst pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) express both α‐2,3‐ and α‐2,6‐linked sialic acids. Further, treatment with neuraminidase, to cleave cell‐surface sialic acids, leads to endothelial barrier disruption as evidenced by loss of cell‐cell and/or cell‐matrix adhesions. Calcium entry through store‐operated calcium entry channels is a critical event that results in endothelial barrier disruption. However it is unknown whether selective cleavage of cell surface sialic acids leads to calcium entry. Confluent monolayers of PAECs and PMVECs were treated with neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens and cytosolic calcium levels measured by the ratiometric dye Fura2/AM. Cytosolic calcium increased following addition of neuraminidase in both PAECs and PMVECs. EDTA addition to the extracellular solution reversed this increase. Collectively our data reveal that loss of cell‐surface sialic acids triggers calcium entry in pulmonary endothelial cells. Supported by 5R00HL089361.


A probabilistic extension of Lagrange's barycentric identity is proved and used to provide new insights into the mechanism of Jensen's inequality. In particular, it is shown that every instance of Jensen's inequality comes from an identity.


Through the research to technical problems of enlarging roadway on the section 1 roadway of the 82 mining area of XuTuan coal mine,according to the scene of the actual situation,this paper provided reasonable technical precept and effectively support technology which takes the different supporting programs in accordance with strained condition of surrounding rock in Different regions,it can effective control the surrounding rock's deformation and ruin which Affected by mining action time after time in the zone of stress concentration.It provided a strong technical support for the safety of roadway construction.


This article discusses the general situation of the development and market demand of laminate flooring in China. More importantly discussed are the chance for laminate flooring enterprises to enter into the market and the selection of target market of their products. Finally presented are six strategies, which are intensifying products development, advocating "green" concept, implementing sales promotion, fixing reasonable price level, setting up sale channels and carrying on after-sale service


Background: 2′-C-methyl and 4′-azido nucleosides have previously demonstrated inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. In an effort to discover new and more potent anti-HCV agents, we envisioned synthesizing nucleoside analogues by combining the 2′-C-methylmoiety with the 4′-azido-moiety into one molecule. Methods: 2′-C-methyl-4′-azido pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized by first converting 2′-C-methyl ribonucleosides to the corresponding 4′-exocyclic methylene nucleosides. Treatment with iodine azide, benzoylation of the 2′- and 3′-hydroxy groups, oxidative displacement of the 5′-iodo group with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and debenzoylation gave the desired 2′-C-methyl-4′-azido uridine and thymidine analogues in good yield. Standard conversion of uridine to cytidine via the 4-triazole yielded 2′-C-methyl-4′-azido cytidine. In addition, 5′-phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′-C-methyl-4′-azido uridine and cytidine were synthesized to bypass the initial phosphorylation step. Results: The prepared nucleosides and their 5′-monophosphate prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus in a subgenomic replicon cell based assay. Cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells was determined simultaneously with anti-HCV activity by extraction and amplification of both HCV RNA and ribosomal RNA. Among the newly synthesized compounds, only the 5′-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs had modest and selective anti-HCV activity. All prepared pyrimidine nucleosides and 5′-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs displayed no evidence of cytotoxicity at high concentrations. Conclusions: This work is the first example of both inactive uridine and cytidine analogues of a nucleoside being converted to active anti-HCV nucleosides via 5′-monophosphate prodrugs.


College PE teaching is a weak link in Chinas higher education. The modern information technologies applied in college PE teaching also appears insufficient. PE, as a rather special subject, the special nature of its teaching is also strong. Thus, the special nature of modern information technologies applied in college PE teaching shall also be highlighted. The applications of information technologies in college PE teaching produce positive impacts. However, we also find out that currently, the applications of information technologies in college PE teaching have also caused many misunderstandings and confusions. Many problems have not yet attracted attentions, which has prevented or delayed to different degrees the information technologies from being applied more deeply and extensively in college PE teaching. This essay summarizes and studies on the key points and major problems in information technologies applied in college PE teaching.


This paper examines the detection of diesel fuel in the subsoil by means of measurements of biogenerated methane. Once a link between methane and diesel fuel was established at the laboratory scale, the authors applied this concept to the field scale. Methane causes asphyxia, it is flammable and explosive, and it is quickly and economically feasible to measure in soil gas. A flame ionization detector was used to measure hydrocarbon vapors during the field research. This study was performed in the Moderna neighborhood in Guadalajara, Mexico, with a methane concentration ranging from 0 to 220,000 ppmv, and a diesel fuel thickness ranging from 0 to 83 cm. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were also measured in soil gas with maximum concentration of 4000 ppmv. From our statistical analysis, the correlation between methane and diesel fuel was 0.89 and there was no correlation with other measured vapors. Since methane distribution showed spatial variability, geostatistical techniques were applied yielding maps, which described zones with different gas concentrations. Experimental variograms were built using 1263 measurements and the theoretical variograms were of the exponential type. If we already know the positive high correlation between methane and diesel fuel, plume, sources, and sinks of diesel fuels can be located. The results of the case analysis imply pollution under 50 of the 114 city blocks we studied, with methane concentrations higher than the 2000 ppmv threshold value and a diesel fuel thickness higher than 28.90 cm.


The pine bark powder adsorption effect on Cr(VI) in aqueous solution is investigated in the paper.And based on the pine bark powder modified with the different methods,it discusses the effects of Cr(VI) removing rate on the amount of pine bark powder,pH value and treating time.The results show that pine bark powder has strong adsorption ability of Cr(VI),but the pine bark powder modified with the solution of phosphoric acid is stronger and it fits the Langmuir isotherm: under the amount of the pine bark powder modified with the solution of phosphoric acid of 1.0g/100mL,pH is 2.0 and adsorption time is 300 minute,Cr(VI) removing rate can reach 95%.


This article was written a few days after the tragedy to the United Nations when its Headquarters in Baghdad and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Sergio Viera de Mello, and many other UN staff and colleagues were killed and gravely injured in the bombing in Baghdad on 19 August 2003. This incident was a turning point for the Organization and since that time the greater risks assumed by humanitarian actors in the field and the loss of respect and sanctity for the UN's work as a "non-political character" has been lost. Staying the course in the face of criminal adversity is one approach, but maintaining a presence means knowingly putting staff at risk, perhaps unreasonable risk. The UN needs to assess whether it should continue on the increasingly risky path of getting stuck in no-win or politically dubious situations riddled with conflict and indiscriminate violence; or whether it will strive to uphold the purposes and principles enunciated in the UN Charter which draws a line between the maintenance of international peace and security on the one hand, and cooperating in solving international problems including those of a humanitarian character.


The invention belongs to the information security field and discloses a method, a device and a mobile terminal for web access control. According to the method, the device and the mobile terminal for the web access control in the mobile terminal, the web access control from the mobile terminal is set to different models, security detection is performed on web pages to be accessed according to different protection modes, and the web pages to be accessed are accessed according to a detecting result, so that the security and the access speed can achieve good match and various requirements for web access of different users can be met.


After referring to the permanent ocular sequel@ of epidemic encephalitis, among which it is stated impaired convergence occurs in 70%, the authors describe three cases in which fixation of the eyeballs at the highest point of rotation, associated with extreme elevation of the upper lid, occurred at intervals and lasted a few hours. The fixation was complete, and strong voluntary efforts to lower the eyeballs and close the lids caused only a tremor of the muscles. A photograph showing the condition is included. Similar cases from the literature are enumerated. The authors stress the paroxysmal character of the attacks, which distinguish them from chorea, athetosis and myoclonia, and which is similar to other seque1@ of epidemic encephalitis, such as torticollis. They are to be regarded as release phenomena, and originate probably in the corpora quadrigemina. W. D. CHAMBERS.


Cosmetics are products that are applied to the body to make it more attractive or change its appearance, these include: hair dye shampoo. The dyes that are used for the elaboration of this type of products can be natural. A natural red dye is one that is extracted from the female of an insect called cochineal ( Dactylopius cocus Costa). Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to determine the quality and solidity of the dye shampoo cosmetic product made with extract of the cochineal, as a natural dye. The methodology that was followed: obtain the water-soluble extract of the dry insect, determine the percentage of carmine acid thereof, prepare the dye shampoo to which physicochemical tests were performed such as: relative density, solubility, pH, humidity, ashes, foam and viscosity, these were also applied to a commercial dye shampoo, which was used as a control. The color of the extensions was measured before and after being dyed with the dye and control shampoo, subsequently the dry fastness test of the color to the dyed extensions was performed, with both shampoos. As a result, a similarity was observed between dye shampoo and control in physicochemical tests. For the dry rub fastness test, the natural hair extensions dyed with the dye shampoo, had a better dry rub color fastness when obtaining a lower value for the error in the CIELab* coordinates (ΔE=1.11±0.32), compared to the control shampoo (ΔE=6.99±2.06). It was concluded that the dye shampoo made with the natural dye presents good quality, and a good solidity of the color when dry rubbed in the natural extensions.


Many discussions about the public - owned company whether offer the internal control information to the investors emerged recently, and among all the factors, the benefitscosts of disclosure the internal control information play a key role in this debate. This is the topic of this paper.


Clover root weevil adults collected from the field were held in four contrasting temperature, moisture and feeding regimes for a period of 10 weeks. Temperature was the main factor, inducing changes in adult wing muscle development and egg production. Egg production from females held in the 'moist winter' regime (10 °C, 8:16 h light:dark, moist conditions, ample food) increased linearly with time, with 90% of females fully reproductive at 10 weeks. In contrast, when held in the 'hot drought' regime (20 °C 16:8 h light:dark, dry conditions, intermittent food), the oviposition rate decreased logarithmically, with 32% of females fully reproductive at 10 weeks. Overall, adult mortality was lower in the 'moist' regimes (17%) than the 'drought' regimes (29%). Wing muscle development differed between regimes, ranging from 4% of adults with fully developed wing muscles in the 'moist winter' regime to 35% in the 'hot drought' regime. Clover root weevils are likely to oviposit throughout winter in most of New Zealand, but warm, dry summers will prevent a summer larval generation.


In wireless communications, the relative strength of the direct and scattered components of the received signal, as expressed by the Ricean factor, provides an indication of link quality. Accordingly, efficient and accurate methods for estimating are of considerable interest. In this paper, we propose a general class of moment-based estimators which use the signal envelope. This class of estimators unifies many of the previous estimators, and introduces new ones. We derive, for the first time, the asymptotic variance of these estimators and compare with the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). We then tackle the problem of estimating from the in-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) components of the received signal, and illustrate the improvement in performance, as compared to the envelope-based estimators. We derive the CRBs for the I/Q data model, which, unlike the envelope CRB, is tractable for correlated samples. Furthermore, we introduce a novel estimator that relies on the I/Q components, and derive its asymptotic variance even when the channel samples are correlated. We corroborate our analytical findings by simulations. Original version was submitted to the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications Dec. 24, 2001, revised August 23, 2002. Parts of this work have been presented [24] and [25]. This work has been supported by the National Science Foundation, through the Career grant No. CCR-0133841 (first author), and the Wireless Initiative Program, Grant No. 9970443 (third author).


The purpose of this work is to analyze the urban noise perception comparatively in the inhabitants of a residential area (neighborhood) and a mixed area (center), in the city of Curitiba, PR, in order to characterize two different situations: (1) acoustically ideal urban environment; and (2) acoustically polluted urban environment. For that, subjective and objective evaluations were accomplished, where an aleatory sample of each area was submitted to a survey. In the objective evaluation, the medium equivalent sound levels calculated were 53.50 dB(A) and 72.90 dB(A) for the neighborhood and center, respectively. The parameters used for comparison of the calculated medium equivalent sound levels where the values of 55.00 dB(A) (Municipal Law No. 10.625) and 65.00 dB(A) (WHO), in the period of the day for residential areas. The interpretation of the subjective results verified that the central zone inhabitants have an annoyance perception bigger than the residential zone inhabitants. The interpretation of t...


1 We would like to thank all our valued readers for appreciating the previous efforts & our intention is to go still higher. With this issue starts the fifth year of existence of "Journal of Hygiene Sciences". The term 'antisepsis' was first coined at the end of the 18th century by the English military physician John Pringle to apply to substances that were able to prevent putrefaction. Polyhexamethylene biguanide, better known as polihexanide or PHMB, is one of the modern antiseptics that combines a broad antimicrobial spectrum with low toxicity, high tissue compatibility, no reported adsorption and good applicability as solution, gel, ointment, foam and in wound dressing. It is actually one of the most promising antiseptic substances. We all have heard about Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) or rather better referred to as Sexually transmitted infections (STI's). These infections can be bacterial, fungal, viral, parasites or Protozoal. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a protozoan (Trichomonas vaginalis). Let us see more about it in our Current Trends section. Our In Profile segment Scientist of the month is Gerhard Domagk, a German pathologist and bacteriologist who was credited for the discovery of Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730) – the first commercially available antibiotic (marketed under the brand name Prontosil) – for which he received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Chlamydia is known as a 'silent' infection because most infected people have no symptoms. Chlamydia can infect both men and women and can cause serious, permanent damage to a woman's reproductive organs. Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is one of three bacterial species in the genus Chlamydia & is a Gram-Negative bacteria which causes numerous disease states in both men and women. C. trachomatis is also an important neonatal pathogen, where it can lead to infections of the eye (trachoma) and pulmonary complications. Chlamydia trachomatis is the single most important infectious agent associated with blindness. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It is also called multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA). The detection of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the clinical laboratory remains as challenging as does the need for new antibiotics to fight the bacterial resistance mechanisms. Historically, there has been a continuing battle to manufacture new antibiotics that are successful in inhibiting or killing S. aureus. Penicillin was effective against S. aureus for a very short period of time before resistance to it was seen. Blood culture specimens are among the most critical specimens processed by the microbiology laboratory. The taking of blood cultures to detect bacteraemia is an important medical investigation affecting the diagnosis and treatment of our patients. Their value will be maximised by taking the cultures for the appropriate indications and with the correct technique in order to reduce the risk of contamination. Relax & unwind yourself with our Relax Mood section Our JHS team is thankful to all our readers for their ever increasing appreciation that has served as a reward & motivation for us. Looking forward towards your valuable inputs & suggestions.


One of important decisions faced by financial managers in relation with the existence of the company operation is the funding or capital structure decision. Managers have to be able to collect the fund both from the company and out of the company efficiently. It means that the funding decision is a decision that is able to minimize capital expenses that has to be carried by the company. This study aimed to examine the effect of profitability, asset structure, and firm size to capital structure of go public property and real estate company in indonesia stock exchange. The sample in study are 41property and real estate companies listed in Indonesia stock exchange 2012-2016 period.The study used purposive sampling method in determining the sample and multiple liniear regression analysis to examine the effect of independen variabels on the dependent variable. The result of this study indicate that profitability are measured by Return OnEquity and firm size as measured by ln(asset) significant positive effect to the capital structure.Asset structure as measured by fixed asset divided by total assets insignificant negative effect to the capital structure.
Key words : capital structure, profitability, asset structure, firm size


The increasing frequency and complexity of interventional procedures means that there is an increasing potential for the patient to suffer radiation-induced skin injuries. Dose measurements were initiated in a number of radiology, neuroradiology and cardiology departments in the Northern Ireland region which carry out interventional procedures with potentially long fluoroscopy times. The intention was to measure patient skin dose and thus estimate the likelihood of deterministic effects occurring from such examinations. For each patient, several thermoluminescence (TL) dosemeters were placed on the areas of skin the radiologist or cardiologist considered were most likely to receive the greatest irradiation. Results are presented which indicate that several types of procedure have the potential to produce deterministic effects to patients' skin. It was concluded that skin dose should be routinely measured for each patient undergoing an interventional radiology procedure which has potentially a long fluoroscopy time.


Coherent oscillatory activity in large networks of biological or artificial neural units may be a useful mechanism for coding information pertaining to a single perceptual object or for detailing regularities within a data set. We consider the dynamics of a large array of simple coupled oscillators under a variety of connection schemes. Of particular interest is the rapid and robust phase-locking that results from a "sparse" scheme where each oscillator is strongly coupled to a tiny, randomly selected, subset of its neighbors.


Concerns about the competency of GPs in managing health problems in children are not new,1 but with the onset of GP commissioning the requirement to address them is urgent. The first step is for general practice as a profession to recognise its important role in the health and welfare of children. Then two things …


The'Governor Eyre controversy'about events in 1865 illustrates the views about slavery held by various opinion leaders of the time. Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Charles Dickens and Charles Kingsley either supported black slavery or were lukewarm about its abolition. John Stuart Mill and other classical economists, however, were abolitionists, realising that slavery is not a free market institution.


initial ICD BACKGROUND: Among the deleterious consequences of sleep apnea (SA), the most alarming are arrhythmias and sudden death. Diagnosis of SA using simple tools may reinforce efficacy of cardiac implants in the prevention/treatment of arrhythmias. Our goal was to validate a transthoracic impedance sensor with an associated autoscoring algorithm for SA diagnosis in ICDs. OBJECTIVE: To compare, 3 months after implantation of ICDs or CRT-Ds, the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) obtained from polysomnography (PSG) (AHIPSG) with AHI obtained from autoscoring algorithms of the ApneaScan implantable impedance respiration sensor (AHIAS). METHODS: Patients (pts) were included in a prospective study. PSG scoring was done blinded to AHIAS by an experienced core lab. Severe SA diagnosis was defined by an AHIPSG (cid:2) 30 events/h. The agreement between methods was assessed by spearman correlation, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and Bland and Altman analysis. RESULTS: 23 patients (22 men, mean age 60.3 6 14.9 years; LVEF 30.1 6 6.6%; body mass index 25.7 6 3.9 kg/m2) were included. Clinical characteristics were: coro-naropathy 10/23, atrial Fibrillation 9/23, NYHA class III- IV: 6/23 pts. 16 pts were implanted for primary prevention. 9 pts had a CRT-D and 14 an ICD. A highly signifi-cant correlation was found between AHIPSG and AHIAS especially for the most severe OSA (spearman correlation: 0.78, p < 0.0001). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was in the expected range: 0.69, IC 95% (0.41;0.85). The mean bias on the Bland-Altman analysis was at 6.3 events per hour (mean AHI: 23.3 6 14.6 versus 29.7 6 13.7 for AHIPSG and AHIAS respectively). Severe SA was diag- nosed AHIPSG in 34.8% of the pts. An optimal cutoff value for the AHIAS at 30 events/h was obtained by a receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, which yielded a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80%. CONCLUSION: An advanced algorithm for autoscoring of transthoracic impedance included in ICDs is reliable to identify SA and might improve management of patients with ICD. Background: The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) is accepted as a reliable alternative to transvenous ICDs for patients (pts) with an ICD indication without need for pacing. The procedure-related complication rate with intra- muscular S-ICD device placement is unkown, but may be lower than with subcutaneous placement. Objective: We analyzed mid-term results after S-ICD implantation using a systematic intramuscular approach in an academic hospital. Methods: All pts were implanted under deep sedation using an intramuscular pocket for the device, and underwent pre-implant screening, post-operative detection optimi-zation and a 6 week exercise test. Results: Among 65 pts screened for an S-ICD, 56 were eligible and were implanted (84% male, both p > 0.05). The T wave amplitude slightly increased in Group 1 from post-implantation (0.4 6 0.1mV) to month 1 (0.5 6 0.2mV, p ¼ 0.031) and remained stable afterwards. In Group 2 no changes of T wave amplitude were detected. Consequently, the mean QRS/T amplitude ratio slightly decreased over 2 months after implantation in Group 1 versus Group 2 (change: -0.5 6 1.0 vs. 0.6 6 1.7; p ¼ 0.051). By contrast, the QT interval dura-tion did not change in both groups during follow-up. Conclusions: With the exception of minor changes in the amplitude of T wave early after implantation, S-ECGs appear stable with no changes in signal morphology. Remote transmission of S-ECG allows verification of adequate detection and possible need for sensing vector reprogramming.


Objective To investigate the expression of essential proteins of signaling pathway of Toll-like receptor(TLR) in human liver cancer QGY cells as well as its effect on proliferation ability of the cells.Methods The expressions of essential proteins of TLR signaling pathway at mRNA and protein levels in human normal hepatic cell line LO2 and QGY cells were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot.The expression of essential protein TRAF-6 was silenced by TRAF-6-siRNA,and the silencing effect was determined by Western blot.The proliferation of QGY cells after TRAF-6 gene silencing was determined by MTT method.Results Compared with those in LO2 cells,the expression levels of MAL and TRAF-6 genes increased significantly(P 0.05),while those of TRAM and TRIF genes showed no significant difference(P 0.05).Both TRAF-6 protein expression level and survival rate of QGY cells after siRNA transfection decreased significantly(both P 0.05).Conclusion The expression levels of essential proteins MAL and TRAF-6 of signaling pathway of TLR were higher in liver cancer cells than in normal hepatic cells.TRAF-6 showed a certain promoting effect on proliferation of liver cancer cells,which might be a novel target for molecule targeted therapy of primary liver cancer.


In this paper we consider the problem of learning the optimal dynamic policy for uncontrolled restless bandit problems. In an uncontrolled restless bandit problem, there is a finite set of arms, each of which when played yields a non-negative reward. There is a player who sequentially selects one of the arms at each time step. The goal of the player is to maximize its undiscounted reward over a time horizon T . The reward process of each arm is a finite state Markov chain, whose transition probabilities are unknown to the player. State transitions of each arm is independent of the player's actions, thus "uncontrolled". We propose a learning algorithm with near-logarithmic regret uniformly over time with respect to the optimal (dynamic) finite horizon policy, referred to as strong regret, to contrast with commonly studied notion of weak regret which is with respect to the optimal (static) single-action policy. We also show that when an upper bound on a function of the system parameters is known, our learning algorithm achieves logarithmic regret. Our results extend the literature on optimal adaptive learning of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) to Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs). Finally, we provide numerical results on a variation of our proposed learning algorithm and compare its performance and running time with other bandit algorithms.


Monitoring and Targeting (M&T) is a disciplined approach to energy management that ensures that energy resources are used to their maximmn economic advantage. M&T serves two principal functions:


Codeless and semi-codeless techniques are recently finding new and unexpected applications. For example, they can be used as an effective means for signal authentication and spoofing detection. In this paper, codeless tracking is adopted for processing Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulated signals where a Subcarrier Lock Loop (SLL) is used to remove the subcarrier component. The developed system is then used for signal quality monitoring of encrypted Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. In this respect, a multi-correlator codeless architecture and a codeless Carrier-to-Noise density power ratio (C/N0) estimator are developed and tested under different operating conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed codeless framework is tested using real data collected from the Galileo IOV satellites. The analysis supports the validity of the proposed architecture which enables quality monitoring of encrypted GNSS signals.


Example discloses a method and apparatus for transmitting uplink data, to wireless communications technologies, for increasing the gain of the uplink data transmission of the present invention. In the present invention, the RTT within one round trip time to allow binding terminal UE using the at least two sub-frames of uplink subframes transmitted beam bundle different redundancy versions RV same packet, the corresponding, at least two base stations to allow uplink subframes of different RV bundle receives the same data packets, thereby effectively increasing the transmit power of the data, and enhance the quality of data reception, thereby improving uplink coverage effect, improves uplink transmission gain.


This work reports the identification of a new regulator of axillary meristem formation in maize, showing that BARREN STALK FASTIGIATE1 likely functions as a boundary determinant for axillary meristem primordia. In addition, it reveals that BARREN STALK FASTIGIATE1 is involved in the regulation of Barren stalk1, a major player in the initiation of axillary meristems. Ears are the seed-bearing inflorescences of maize (Zea mays) plants and represent a crucial component of maize yield. The first step in the formation of ears is the initiation of axillary meristems in the axils of developing leaves. In the classic maize mutant barren stalk fastigiate1 (baf1), first discovered in the 1950s, ears either do not form or, if they do, are partially fused to the main stalk. We positionally cloned Baf1 and found that it encodes a transcriptional regulator containing an AT-hook DNA binding motif. Single coorthologs of Baf1 are found in syntenic regions of brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon), rice (Oryza sativa), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), suggesting that the gene is likely present in all cereal species. Protein–protein interaction assays suggest that BAF1 is capable of forming homodimers and heterodimers with other members of the AT-hook family. Another transcriptional regulator required for ear initiation is the basic helix-loop-helix protein BARREN STALK1 (BA1). Genetic and expression analyses suggest that Baf1 is required to reach a threshold level of Ba1 expression for the initiation of maize ears. We propose that Baf1 functions in the demarcation of a boundary region essential for the specification of a stem cell niche.


Most work on interoperability in multidatabase systems has concentrated on the issue of cooperation between different database systems. The authors focus attention on the interoperability between database systems and application systems and show that many of the extensibility features are closely related to the concepts discussed in federated databases.<<ETX>>


Abstract The debate over the use of contingent valuation for existence values or passive-use values has failed to explore the validity of motives for such values. One potential motive, altruism, has conflicting implications for benefit-cost analysis, depending on whether the altruist is paternalistic. This paper constructs models of three types of altruism and shows how benefit-cost analysis responds to each type of altruism, how damage assessment and restoration depend on each type, and the implications of a population of heterogeneous altruists.


This paper summarizes major research achievements concerning the understanding and control of aggression and destructive violence, seen in the contexts of evolution (both biological and cultural) and systems theory. Agonistic behavior, defined as behavior functional in situations of conflict between species mates, most probably evolved out of the function of defensive behavior but has since acquired a variety of other adaptive functions as well as the potential for destructive dysfunction. Recent research demonstrates the importance of culture in regulating human agonistic behavior, directing it toward either useful functions or destructive violence. Among advanced industrial nations, the United States has the most severe problems with violence as measured by homicide and murder rates. Similar but more extreme variation can be found among tribal societies. It is through cultural change that the available scientific information concerning improved methods for directing agonistic behavior into positive and beneficial channels must be achieved. Therefore, major emphasis should be placed on research dealing with human cultural evolution. The science of bringing about desirable social change is still in its infancy.


An ex-slave, when reminiscing about his thoughts at the time of emancipation, remembered thinking: "Charles, you is a free man they say, but Ah tells you now, you is still a slave and if you lives to be a hundred, you'll STILL be a slave, cause you got no education, and education is what makes a man freel"! The belief, shared by both Southern blacks and whites, that education was an important element in the freedman's quest for freedom and equality, would in itself provide the necessary ingredient for decades of interracial tension, suspicion, and conflict in the aftermath of slavery. Against this backdrop of tension, successive political and educational movements would sweep across the South, each in its own way affecting and reacting to the crucial question of how blacks should be educated in the "New South." The books under review offer an opportunity to assess how these historical developments-the growth of missionary schools, the Hampton model of industrial education, populism, progressivism, and Northern philanthropy -influenced the course of Southern black education. It also raises the question of the role that blacks played in this phase of their history. Were they passive players in the historic drama unfolding, reading lines and playing roles in a script fashioned by Northern and Southern elites, or were they, as much as circumstances would allow, creators of the play itself? Robert Francis Engs' Freedom's First Generation offers a unique vantage point for understanding the interplay of several of these themes. By focussing on a single black community-Hampton, Virginia-over the thirty year period between 1860-1890, Engs elaborates on several conclusions already drawn by other historians and in some instances offers original insights and interpretations. He correctly views the Hampton story as being a particularly significant one in that it "was a major focal point in the restructuring of American race relations during the war and its aftermath." As


More than a third of patients hospitalised for acute exacerbation of COPD are readmitted to hospital within 90 days. Healthcare professionals and service providers are expected to collaboratively drive efforts to improve hospital readmission rates, which can be challenging due to the lack of clear consensus and guidelines on how best to predict and prevent readmissions. This review identifies these risk factors, highlighting the contribution of multimorbidity, frailty and poor socioeconomic status. Predictive models of readmission that address the multifactorial nature of readmissions and heterogeneity of the disease are reviewed, recognising that in an era of precision medicine, in-depth understanding of the intricate biological mechanisms that heighten the risk of COPD exacerbation and re-exacerbation is needed to derive modifiable biomarkers that can stratify accurately the highest risk groups for targeted treatment. We evaluate conventional and emerging strategies to reduce these potentially preventable readmissions. Here, early recognition of exacerbation symptoms and the delivery of prompt treatment can reduce risk of hospital admissions, while patient education can improve treatment adherence as a key component of self-management strategies. Care bundles are recommended to ensure high-quality care is provided consistently, but evidence for their benefit is limited to date. The search continues for interventions which are effective, sustainable and applicable to a diverse population of patients with COPD exacerbations. Further research into mechanisms that drive exacerbation and affect recovery is crucial to improve our understanding of this complex, highly prevalent disease and to advance the development of more effective treatments. The high prevalence of COPD hospital readmissions remains a clinical challenge worldwide. In an era of precision medicine, improved strategies including personalised interventions are required to predict and reduce these potentially preventable admissions. http://bit.ly/2w6pV2I


In the context of current criticisms of the investment dispute settlement system ("ISDS"), mediation is relevant two-fold – as an alternative way to resolve conflicts and as a response to at least some ISDS challenges. Given that the investment disputes have special characteristics that are reflected in the role of the state as defendant, it comes naturally that the question of developing its capacities to enable greater use of mediation arises. Mediation has so far not been sufficiently widespread in this domain of international investment protection, in contrast to the success it has shown in the developed economies of the western world, including the countries of the "Asian Tigers", which are culturally inclined to peaceful resolution of disputes. This article aims to establish that the development of state capacities can contribute to wider use of mediation, and to present in which exact fields public law actors should develop these capacities.


Dependency entails structural linkages between two countries particularly developed and under developed to the extend that the periphery is always awakened from its slumber by the internal dynamics of the center. The internal workings of the periphery are as usual the reflection of the center. This is the situation of Nigeria with viable economic potentials for diversification with the resultant effects of development. But unfortunately, the nation still remains a mono cultural economy with a significant number of her citizens employed in the extractive industry. Since the primary sector of the economy is the largest employer of labour and exchange of the primary product is determined by the forces of demand and supply in the international market, the global economic meltdown would therefore have a devastating economic hardship on Nigerians because virtually all consumables from the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy are imported into the country. This paper therefore looks at the implications of dependency in the face of global economic meltdown on Nigeria and suggests that a wholesome investment in human capital development to enhance the tertiary sector of the economy should be encouraged.


We report on the analysis of eight years of Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHO) data for the source RX J0520.5-6932. A regular period of 24.4 d has been confirmed; however, this is manifest almost entirely in the red part of the spectrum. A major outburst, lasting approximately 200 d, was observed, which increased the apparent brightness of the object by approximately 0.15 mag without significantly altering its V-R colour index. This outburst was also seen in X-ray data. The evidence from this analysis points to the identification of this object as a Be/X-ray binary with a periodically variable circumstellar disc and a very early optical counterpart.


This study investigated the association of ADH1B (rs1229984) and ALDH2 (rs671) polymorphisms with glucose tolerance status, as determined by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and effect modification of these polymorphisms on the association between alcohol consumption and glucose intolerance in male officials of the Self-Defense Forces. The study subjects included 1520 men with normal glucose tolerance, 553 with prediabetic condition (impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance), and 235 men with type 2 diabetes. There was an evident interaction between alcohol consumption and ADH1B polymorphism in relation to type 2 diabetes (interaction P=.03). The ALDH24∗87Lys allele was associated with a decreased prevalence odds of type 2 diabetes regardless of alcohol consumption. In conclusion, the ADH1B polymorphism modified the association between alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes. A positive association between alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes was confounded by ALDH2 polymorphism.


The management of colon injuries has distinctly evolved over the last three decades. However, trauma surgeons often find themselves in a dilemma whether to perform a diversion or to perform a primary repair. The reason for this dilemma is due to colon-related morbidity which sometimes can be life threatening. Nevertheless, it is already a widely accepted notion that a primary repair is the standard procedure for a non destructive colon injury. While for a destructive colon injury in patients with hemodynamic instability, severe fecal contamination, or co-morbid diseases (for example: uncontrolled diabetes, chronic renal failure, congestive heart failure, HIV, cirrhosis, malignancy, malnutrition, and chronic use of steroids), there is no standard surgical procedure established and the debate often leads to controversy; especially the injury is associated with intra-abdominal or extra abdominal injuries. Several authors report different independent and significant risk factors to be taken into account when deciding the type of surgical technique to be used in management of colon injuries (1-5). Their goal was to help future surgeons to identify which patients could be safely managed with primary repair, without increasing the rate of anastomotic leak and its associated morbidity. In fact, multiple factors influence the decisionmaking process. The purpose of this study is to evaluate risk factors in colon injury management and their influence on abdominal complications. SUMMARY: The influence of the risk factor on the abdominal complications in colon injury management.


Facial Expression Recognition (FER) is an important task in computer vision and has wide applications in many fields. In this paper, we introduce our approach to the fifth Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) Competition which will be held in CVPR20223. For facial expression recognition task, there is an urgent need to solve the problem that the limited size of FER datasets limits the generalization ability of expression recognition models, resulting in ineffective performance. To address this problem, we propose a semi-supervised learning framework that utilizes unlabeled face data to train expression recognition models effectively. Our method uses a dynamic threshold module (DTM) that can adaptively adjust the confidence threshold to fully utilize the face recognition (FR) data to generate pseudo-labels, thus improving the model's ability to model facial expressions. In the 5th ABAW Expression Classification Challenge, our method achieves good results on the Aff-Wild2 validation and test sets, demonstrating that large scale unlabeled faces can indeed improve the performance of face expression recognition.


We establish some common fixed point theorems for Kannan fuzzy mappings on closed balls in a complete metric space. Our investigation is based on the fact that fuzzy fixed point r esults can be obtained simply from the fixed point theorem of m ultivalued mappings with closed values. In real world problems there are various mathematical models in which the mappings are contractive on the subset of a space under consideration but not on the whole space itself. It seems that this technique of finding the fuzz y fixed points was ignored. Recently Azam et. al. (A. Azam, S. Hussain and M. Arshad, Common Fixed points of Chatterjea Type Fuzzy Mappings on closed balls, Neural Computing & Applications, DOI 10. 1007/s00521-012-0907-4) published a fixed points result for Cha tterjea fuzzy locally contractive mappings on closed ball and our present work will supplement it. Our results generalize/improve several results of literature.


Pure submicron-sized ZrC powder was successfully synthesized in KCl by using ZrO2, Mg and carbon black as the starting raw materials. KCl showed strong accelerating effect on the molten salt synthesis. As a result, the reaction temperature was reduced to as low as 800oC, which is much lower than the temperatures used by most of the other synthesis techniques reported so far. It is believed that both ZrO2 and carbon black had acted as the "templates" in the synthesis process. High quality ZrC powders prepared with the present technique could be used for making important ZrC based composites for various applications.


To safely administer anesthesia services ranging from mild to moderate sedation through general anesthesia, the appropriate personnel and equipment must be readily available. Hospital operating rooms and to a large extent ambulatory surgery centers are well prepared for general anesthesia and complications thereof. In remote locations, however, a full complement of equipment and support may not be as ubiquitous for several logistical and economic reasons. For this chapter, a remote location will be defined as an area within or outside a hospital that is not an operating room. This will include private offices, intensive care units (ICUs), and any nonoperating room location within a hospital. Procedures requiring anesthesia that are typically performed in such locations include cardiac catheterizations, interventional radiology procedures, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography scans, electroconvulsive therapy, endoscopies, tracheostomies, intubations, cosmetic surgical procedures, and others. The key difference between these off-site locations and a formal operating room is that remote locations are typically not designed to accommodate a patient undergoing a general anesthetic. The support in terms of equipment and staff that an anesthesiologist may take for granted in an operating room may be lacking in subtle but important ways. Many newer hospitals and medical facilities are designing, staffing,


Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a major obstacle in liver resection and transplantation surgery, especially in diseased organs. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are reported to acutely alleviate hepatic IRI in mice by releasing bioactive membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EV), but the long-term effects of MSC-derived EV on hepatic IRI are unknown. Given the considerable differentiation capacity of fibroblasts (FB) during wound healing and their morphological similarities with MSC, the present study aimed to investigate the potential of these two cell types and their cell-derived EV in attenuating liver damage after IRI. EV were isolated and purified from the supernatant of MSC and FB cultures and subsequently characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot. Liver injury and organ regeneration in a murine in vivo model of IRI were assessed by serum transaminase levels, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Changes in expression of inflammation-associated genes within liver tissue were evaluated by RT-qPCR. MSC, MSC-derived EV, FB and FB-derived EV were systemically administered prior to hepatic IRI. We found that MSC and MSC-derived EV decreased serum transaminase levels, reduced hepatic necrosis, increased the amount of Ki67-positive hepatocytes and repressed the transcription of inflammation-associated genes. Although they had no impact on organ damage, FB and FB-derived EV showed some regenerative potential in the late phase of hepatic IRI. Compared to FB, MSC and their derived EV had a stronger potential to attenuate liver damage and improve organ regeneration after hepatic IRI. These results suggest that the key therapeutic factors are located within EV.


A process for the preparation of the tautomeric form I of 2,4,6-trianilino-p- (carbo-2'-ethylhexyl-1'-oxy) -1,3,5-triazine DOLLAR F1 of one or by crystallization from a tautomer mixture in the presence of more solvents selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, aliphatic carboxylic alkyl esters having a total of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, aromatic carboxylic alkyl esters having a total of 8 to 12 carbon atoms, aliphatic Kohlensaureestern with a total of 3 to 9 C -atoms, carbonitriles having a total of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, dialkyl ketones having a total of 3 to 6 carbon atoms and aliphatic sulfones having a total of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein the solvent or solvent mixture additionally contains up to 30 wt .-% of a may contain hydrocarbon. DOLLAR AI serves as light stabilizers in cosmetic preparations.


Abstract Tropical grasslands have been systematically neglected worldwide in maps, conservation policies, and ecological studies. After eradicating invasive pine trees from a Cerrado reserve in southeastern Brazil, an unprecedented grassy ecosystem arose in recent satellite images. In the field, we confirmed the first record of wet grasslands with termite mounds – locally named campo com murundus ˗ beyond 21°S in the São Paulo state. Besides reporting this occurrence, we sampled the two plant communities forming this peculiar vegetation type (the mounds and the waterlogged matrix around them) to investigate if they are floristically and functionally distinct. We also explored how these two communities relate to those of the surrounding open vegetation types (savanna, dry and wet grassland). Woody plants were recorded on the mounds but not in the matrix, although the two communities share some ground layer species. Compared to the adjacent vegetation types, the mounds were floristically distinct and functionally more balanced in growth forms, dispersal syndrome, and tolerance to waterlogging. We hope this borderline record of campo com murundus can stimulate the search for other unnoticed remnants out of their known occurrence region, triggering efforts for their conservation and studies to improve comprehension of these iconic ecosystems.


The problems which were generally existed in the thermal power plants flue gas desulfurization and denirtification projects were discussed,such as the original flue gas pollution ingerdient value was not definite,the thermodynamic characteristic data of original gas and the clean gas were not precisely matched up with the thermodynamic calculation data of boiler combustion system.Based on the general thermodynamic calculation methods of combustion system,the reasons caused the above questions had been analyzed.Some proposals to consummate present flue gas properties calculation methods and the data standard in environmental protection laws were put forward through the calculation of the typical coal flue gas data.


Summary Intra-sire, intra-herd variance and covariances of daughters and dams were used to estimate heritabilities, and phenotypic and genetic correlations between type ratings and milk and milk fat production records adjusted to a single record basis. Milk and milk fat production records and official type classification ratings of 14,727 Holstein-Friesian cows and their dams were included in this study. Heritability estimates for milk and milk fat production were of the order of 0.20, and did not differ significantly among the three levels of herd production. The estimates of heritability for type ratings ranged from 0.03 for dairy character to 0.31 for rump. Phenotypic correlations between type ratings and milk and milk fat production ranged from +0.02, to +0.25, with a standard error of 0.01 to 0.02. Most of the genetic correlations concerning type ratings and production were not significant. The genetic correlations between dairy character and production were significant and ranged from 0.61 to 0.82 for the three stratified groups. Selection based on type ratings, with the exception of rating for dairy character, would cause little genetic improvement in milk or milk fat production. The relative genetic progress in milk production, if selection is on dairy character, is expected to be 35 to 50% of that which can be obtained by selecting on the basis of one milk production record.


Critical Theory first develops during a period of extraordinarily complex intellectual activity in Germany. If one were to take the year 1930 as a benchmark - when Max Horkheimer becomes the director of the Institute of Social Research in Frankfurt - and were to look back upon the decade preceding that date, one would encounter in their most vibrant forms many of the most important philosophical movements of the twentieth century: the hermeneutic phenomenology of Heidegger; the logical empiricism of the Vienna Circle and the early Wittgenstein; various strands of neo- Kantianism; and the humanistic Marxism of Lukacs. In political and social theory, psychology, historiography, and economics the situation is hardly less multifarious. Each of these views or schools, sometimes in combination with elements of others, vies for predominance in the Weimar period. Moreover, each of the contenders takes care to incorporate within it involved criticisms of the others.


in 1989. As he defined it, pimping occurs when an attending physician (the Pimper) poses a series of difficult questions to a resident or medical student (the Pimpee). Pimping usually occurs in settings such as "morning report" or "attending rounds," in which trainees at various levels convene with a faculty member to review patients currently under their care. Among surgeons, pimping may occur when students and residents are a captive audience observing a patient undergoing an operation. Brancati described the origins of the term, which date back to 17th-century London. Koch's series of "Pumpfrage" (pimp questions) were used on his rounds in the 19th century. The practice migrated to North America in the 20th century and was documented by Flexner while observing Osler making rounds at Johns Hopkins. Brancati outlined suggestions for attending physicians to further hone their pimping skills and methods for students to defend themselves from it. He posited that the art of pimping would disappear in the future with increased specialization and educational reorganization. This Commentary revisits the art of pimping 20 years later and provides an update for faculty members and students alike on modern methods in this important skill. Pimping is indeed alive and well within academic medicine for several reasons. First, the basic structure of medical teaching has not changed. Ross and Detsky have described the teaching services at 2 academic hospitals on both sides of the Canada/US border. Students and residents still work up patients and report to attending physicians as much in 2009 as they did in the last half of the 20th century. Faculty still meet with smallto medium-sized groups of medical students and residents and use interactive methods that somewhat resemble Socratic techniques. Second, the power relationship between teacher and student still exists and likely always will, because the teacher has more content knowledge and is responsible for evaluating the students. Pimping reinforces that power relationship because the teacher usually controls the questions. The teacher likely knows the answers while the students may or may not. A historical example of the effect of this phenomenon was described by Ausiello in a brief biography of Their. When Their was chair of medicine at Yale, a resident once fainted from anxiety prior to a case presentation. This experience resulted in giving Thier the nickname "Syncope Sam." The third reason pimping has flourished is the explosive expansion of the knowledge base in clinical medicine.


At present, the quality of the major courses in the colleges is not very good. From the status of these and factors in the teaching, the paper analyzes the effects of the students, the teachers and the society. Meanwhile, the authors compare the teaching of the major courses with that of the public courses. Finally, the paper gives some suggestions that are suitable to the college major courses.