s presentation 1. SMOŁKA BOGDAN Biomedical image colorization with bilateral filtering approach Biomedical images, obtained with various techniques, like the computer tomography, the ultrasonography or the magnetic resonance, are represented in gray scales. Their visual assessment and analysis may be significantly improved by the colorization techniques, since such color images are much better perceived by a human operator and contain more information. In the paper we present a new algorithm of image colorization based on the bilateral filtering approach. The method utilizes the user indicated scribbles to properly cover the image regions with desirable colors. We present the idea of our algorithm, explain the role of tunable parameters and provide some examples of biomedical colorization using our approach. 2. SARAT BERNADETTA Comparison of Multiplicative Noise Reduction Methods Based on the Concept of Local Neighborhood Exploration In this paper new multiplicative noise reduction method is presented and compared with two filters based on the concept of local neighborhood exploration Bilateral Filter and Geodesic Bilateral Filter. Described denoising technique called Chamfer is based on distance transformation, which is an operation that convert binary picture to a picture, where each element has a value that approximates the distance to the nearest feature element. Proposed Chamfer Filter is provided for a simple chamfer metric distance transform and it is implemented in two variants: Chamfer with forward path and Chamfer with backward path. 3. RADLAK KRYSTIAN Ultrasound bone detection using confidence map Advances in ultrasound imaging have led to significant improvement of image quality and increase the use of ultrasound in clinical practice. Nevertheless, ultrasound attenuation and shadowing artifacts cannot be entirely avoided and automatic analysis is a challenging task. In this work, we provide a novel algorithm of bone localization in ultrasound images using the concept of confidence map. The confidence map depicts the confidence of the information registered in ultrasound images which are directly related with the likelihood of ultrasound transmission and allows for highly accurate localization of the bone surface. The accurate bones coordinates can be used as a reference point in segmentation of inflammation region in Reumatoid Arthisis. This research is a preliminary step in the development of fully automatic system for the assessment of degree of synovitis inflammation. 4. SZCZEPAŃSKI MAREK Digital Path Approach Despeckle Filter for Ultrasound Imaging and Video A novel filtering technique for enhancement of ultrasound imaging and video was presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm uses concept of digital paths created on the image grid adapted to the needs of multiplicative noise reduction. For efficient ultrasound video filtering 3D filtering technique was proposed which extends digital paths creation to spatio-temporal domain. Digital Paths are used to determine the filter weights taking into account the structures present in the image. Method of creating path is crucial for the efficiency and speed of the filter. The new approach uses special type of digital paths based on so called Escaping Path Model created with extended neighborhood system. The experiments confirmed that the proposed algorithm achieves the comparable results with the existing state of the art denoising schemes in suppressing multiplicative noise in ultrasound images. 5. SEGEN JAKUB Registration of ultrasound images with an anatomical coordinate system using a structural model Ultrasound images of joints are used to assess a degree of synovitis activity, which can aid diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Automation of such assessment could reduce medical costs and improve patients care. Research work towards automated assessment of synovitis activity is presented, with a focus on registration of an ultrasound image with a coordinate system derived from a structural model of an ultrasound imaging projection of a joint anatomy. Earlier studies of ultrasound images of synovitis show that the detection of synovitis region and its assessment should be done relative to the location of joint and bones, which explains the need for a image registration using such anatomical features. 6. KULBACKI MAREK Management, exchange and annotation of ultrasound images for automated synovitis assessment The paper presents a tool designed for collecting, annotating and viewing of ordered datasets composed of ultrasound images of joints with synovitis. It is useful for finding and tagging of elements such as joints, bones or skin, tissue. Users are able to define, create and use a reference database as a source of synchronous multimodal data for training and testing of detectors. A possibility for collaborative work improves effectiveness of usage and management of the application. The presented cloud based solution simplifies an annotation process and improves the effect of data evaluation. 7. WERESZCZYŃSKI KAMIL (via Skype) Human finger joint detection on USG image: structure &


Isatin and its N-methyl and 5-nitro derivatives underwent smooth reaction with a variety of acyclic and cyclic active methylene compounds on neutral alumina at rt to efficiently furnish Knoevenagel condensates in the majority of the cases and tandem Knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition products including spiro compounds in two cases.


Review(s) of: The Tokyo International Military Tribunal: A reappraisal, by Neil Boister and Robert Cryer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, 358pp, ISBN 978-0-19-927852-7 63.50 pounds.


Based on the questionairs, the author analyzes the students' state of ideology and morality in our college and puts forward suggestions and strategies on how to streng then and improve the students' ideology and morality.


The poetry between the fifties and sixties of the last century in China lost its vitality, for its lack of tradition and individualities. The poets made use of Mayakovsky's poetry, but learning from the forms only, they could not attain Mayakovsky's soul of loving life and citicizing society. The poets so stressed poetry as being identified with politics that it indeed became an arena of fierce rivalry among political powers. The receptive process between Chinese poems and Mayakovsks's in this period not only displayed common receptive relations, but also showed especially that Chinese poets chose Mayakovsky's poems for political purpose.


Objective To observe the relationship between interleukin-6(IL-6),leukocytes count,percent monocytes,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and left ventricular function and cardiac events in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Methods Serum level of interleukin-6 was measured on the 3rd day and leukocytes count,percent monocytes and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) 24 hours after AMI in 32 patients with AMI after PCI,who were then followed 6 months.25 healthy persons without coronary heart disease were recurited as control.Results The level of IL-6 in patients with AMI was higher than that in control group(P0.05).The level of IL-6 in AMI patients was correlated positively with degree of Killip(r=0.64,P0.01),and negatively with left ventricular ejection fraction at 3 months and 6 months after AMI(all P0.01).The level of IL-6 was higher in patients with Killip class≥2,severe arrhythmia and pericardial effusion than that in patients without cardiac events(P0.05).The level of hs-CRP was higher in patients with Killip class≥2 than that in patients with Killip class 1.Conclusion The level of IL-6 in patients with AMI is the prognostic factor for left ventricular systolic function impairment and cardiac events.


The MACRO experiment detected more than 300000 multiple muon events. We analysed these events to measure the distribution of the separation of underground TeV muons (decoherence function), up to a distance of 70 meters. On a subsample of very high multiplicity events, we performed two independent analyses, based on the study of the spatial structure of the bundles. Both the analyses revealed a correlation between the topology of the bundles and the dynamics of the shower development in atmosphere. These results have been used to constrain and disentangle the primary composition and the hadronic interaction models used by different shower propagation codes (HEMAS-DPM/CORSIKA).


Coping with the resilience of infrastructure systems is important in order to be prepared for disruptive events such as natural hazards. It is essential to understand how and in what order damaged infrastructure objects should be restored so that they can provide adequate service again. Infrastructure managers making such decisions must also take into account other constraints such as available funds, personnel, available resources, and any external constraints, e.g. which objects on which roads should have priority. In this work, a mathematical optimization model was used to determine such a restoration program, by minimizing the direct and indirect costs of the event, considering constraints such as budget, resource and traffic flow. With this approach, a restoration programme for a real road network in Switzerland after the occurrence of an extreme flood event is investigated.


Hydrothermal vents have a widespread geographical distribution and are of high interest for investigating microbial communities and robust enzymes for various industrial applications. We examined microbial communities and carboxylesterases of two terrestrial hydrothermal vents of the volcanic island of Ischia (Italy) predominantly composed of Firmicutes (Geobacillus and Brevibacillus spp.), Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. High-temperature enrichment cultures with the polyester plastics polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) resulted in an increase of Thermus and Geobacillus spp., and to some extent, Fontimonas and Schleiferia spp. The screening at 37-70°C of metagenomic fosmid library from above enrichment cultures resulted in identification and successful production in Escherichia coli of three hydrolases (IS10, IS11 and IS12), all derived from yet uncultured Chloroflexota and showing low sequence identity (33-56%) to characterized enzymes. Enzymes exhibited maximal esterase activity at temperatures 70-90°C, with IS11 showing the highest thermostability (90% activity after 20 min incubation at 80°C). IS10 and IS12 were highly substrate-promiscuous and hydrolysed all 51 monoester substrates tested. Enzymes were active with polyesters (PLA and polyethylene terephthalate model substrate, 3PET) and mycotoxin T-2 (IS12). IS10 and IS12 had a classical α/β hydrolase core domain with a serine hydrolase catalytic triad (Ser155, His280, and Asp250) in the hydrophobic active sites. The crystal structure of IS11 resolved at 2.92 Å revealed the presence of the N-terminal β-lactamase-like domain and C-terminal lipocalin domain. The catalytic cleft of IS11 includes catalytic residues Ser68, Lys71, Tyr160, and Asn162, whereas the lipocalin domain encloses the catalytic cleft like a lid contributing to substrate binding. Thus, this study has identified novel thermotolerant carboxylesterases with a broad substrate range including polyesters and mycotoxins for potential applications in biotechnology. IMPORTANCE High-temperature-active microbial enzymes are important biocatalysts for many industrial applications including recycling of synthetic and biobased polyesters increasingly used in textiles, fibres, coatings and adhesives. Here, we have discovered three novel thermotolerant carboxylesterases (IS10, IS11 and IS12) from high-temperature enrichment cultures from the Ischia hydrothermal vents incubated with biobased polymers. The identified metagenomic enzymes originated from uncultured Chloroflexota and showed low sequence similarity to known carboxylesterases. Active sites of IS10 and IS12 had the largest "effective volumes" among the characterized prokaryotic carboxylesterases and exhibited high substrate promiscuity, including hydrolysis of polyesters and mycotoxin T-2 (IS12). Though less promiscuous compared to IS10 and IS12, IS11 had a higher thermostability with high temperature optimum (80-90 °C) for activity, hydrolysed polyesters, and its crystal structure revealed an unusual lipocalin domain likely involved in substrate binding. The polyesterase activity in these enzymes makes them attractive candidates for further optimisation and potential application in plastics recycling.


Objective T o synthesize N-stearyl tyrosine disodium( NST-2Na) and dipotassium( NST-2K) and to determine their critical micelle concentration( C M C). Methods N-stearyl tyrosine( NST) was synthesized from stearic acid via two step reactions and then basified by NaO H or KO H to obtain the target compounds.T he feasibility of U V spectrophotometry for measuring the C M C was determined by the C M C trial of sodium dodecyl sulfate( SDS) and N,N-diethyl aniline( DEA) was used as the probe. T he C M C of two NST salts was measured by the U V spectrophotometry. Results T he results of high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) showed that the purity of NST-2Na and NST-2K was 98. 35% and 92. 65%, respectively. T he C M C values of SDS determined by the U V spectrophotometry were consistent with those of literatures. T he C M C was27. 5 mg /100 mL for NST-2Na and 25. 0 mg /100 mL for NST-2K. Conclusion T he U V spectrophotometry is a simple and reliable method for measuring the C M C of NST salts.


Fruit and vegetables classification and recognition are still challenging in daily production and life. In this paper, we propose an efficient fruit and vegetables classification system using image saliency to draw the object regions and convolutional neural network (CNN) model to extract image features and implement classification. Image saliency is utilized to select main saliency regions according to saliency map. A VGG model is chosen to train for fruit and vegetables classification. Another contribution in this paper is that we establish a fruit and vegetables images database spanning 26 categories, which covers the major types in real life. Experiments are conducted on our own database, and the results show that our classification system achieves an excellent accuracy rate of 95.6%.


Throughout the HBO series The Sopranos, New Jersey mob boss Tony Soprano is portrayed as being obsessed with World War II documentaries on the History Channel. Watching the Nazis take Paris inspires him to take on a rival family in New York. A documentary on Rommel helps guide his judgment as he fights off a rebellion among his own "soldiers". What does this rise of the popular history documentary, viewed via cable, the Internet, or other outlets, mean for our relationship with the past? How do teachers and students view documentaries as historical sources? What impact do they have on social studies education. Documentary films have long been treated as objective "windows into history" because viewers feel as if "we can see (and, presumably, feel) what people in the past saw and felt" (Rosenstone 1995: 52). As a result, students and the general public don't apply the same critical eye as they do when watching a historically inaccurate Hollywood movie. Viewers who suffer from the History Channel Effect are unable to recognize the value-laden ideological perspectives in most documentary-style videos. They believe that all "documentary" films are objective and neutral sources of historical information. The History Channel doesn't bear all of the responsibility for the History Channel Effect. This phenomenon stems from how documentaries are viewed as objective sources of history, how teachers use documentaries, and the overwhelming amount of media and reality program viewing. Historian Robert Rosenstone explains that documentary films are more problematic than Hollywood films "as historians, journalists, and the general public are more trusting" of documentary films because they resemble written history more than feature film (2006: 71). However, the degree to which documentaries present well-researched, balanced, or aptly warranted history varies. History Channel-produced programs in particular (for example, The Real West, Weapons of War) can be extremely inaccurate as a result of low production budgets, use of out-of-context images and video, little or no historical oversight, and a desire to appeal to middle-aged male audiences by emphasizing warfare and patriotism. Regardless of the quality, however, any documentary is always a representation of the past guided by the views of the film's producers and reflective of the time and place of production. Teachers reinforce a view of documentaries as accurate and trustworthy when they fail to ask students to critique what they're watching. …


Gwizdka, J. (1999). You have pressed an invalid key, please try again… Perceptual and Cognitive Limitations of Interactive Voice-Response Systems (a.k.a. Phone-Based Interfaces).


Dr. Mary Redhead, a Methodist Missionary Society surgeon, in her diary entry for the evening of October 26th 1938 recorded that when the Japanese reached Hankou the city offered no resistance. Hearing detonations throughout the evening and observing fires in the city the staff of the Puai Yi Yuan went up to the roof to assess the situation. They could see the city's burning cotton mills and the fires across the river in Wuchang. Earlier in the day a single strand of barbed wire designating the Safety Zone had been placed around an area that included the French Concession and the former British, German and Russian Concessions. Flags sporting a red cross encased by a blue circle had been hung from the barbed wire every fifteen yards and refugees were already in situ. The city waited for the Japanese to arrive.


Research in the US, Europe and Australia shows that women's participation in international assignments is low. This book seeks to understand why this is the case. A conceptual framework of the factors related to the participation of women in international assignments was developed. Areas covered include the organisational environment, interpersonal factors and support, individual variables, characteristics and repatriation factors. Three studies were conducted using international assignees, repatriates and human resource managers. The conceptual framework was empirically supported by the three studies. It is anticipated that this knowledge will assist women, HR managers and the HR function to develop selection systems, environments and attitudes that are supportive of women participating in international assignments in MNEs. The research should be useful to practitioners, and academics who are interested in the field of international human resource management, and to women considering participating in an international assignment.


Thesis on environmental impacts of lubricating oils. The primary objective is to identify and assess the environmental damage caused by improper use of the oils used in the city of Loja, and implementation of an integrated management system for environmental management of this waste.


Equilibrium configurations ofthe interstellar medium layer, which is in an external or its own gravitational field and is simultaneously subjectedto a force magnetic field was determined. The law of change of the surface density in both cases is identical. Thebend of the equilibrium mean line in an external gravitational field follows the sinusoidal law.


Studies were made during two consecutive winter seasons, 1975-1977, of the structure and dynamics of a bat colony in the old fortifications in the Lubuskie Lake District (western Poland). Over 10,000 bats belonging to 11 species were found to hibernate. Numbers, dominance, constancy of occurrence, species diversity, capacity and density of individuals in the colony were determined.


This study is focusing on the convergence in matter of informal economy comparatively with real economic convergence in EU, thus trying to cover a subject at present less treated in the specialised literature. Starting from a series of existing studies on real convergence in the EU, after making its own estimates of convergence in income per capita, the area is expanded to the issue of convergence regarding the intensity of the informal economy. According to economic and geographic criteria, EU countries are grouped into three major classes, setting their characteristics in terms of the contribution of the informal economy to national economies. Within each group of countries, the convergence/divergence process is then analysed, both in terms of the general level of economic development and the expansion degree of the informal economy. Based on the proper processing of available statistical data, it finally identifies three major behavioral dynamics regimes in the informal economy and makes assumptions about future trajectories within the EU.


T he tendency for Roman poets to reconstruct traditional generic boundaries by testing the confines of a given literary genre is by now widely recognized as a fundamental feature of Latin poetry. 1 In this regard, it has proven particularly fruitful to examine the tension produced in Latin poetry when themes most appropriate to heroic epic, defined tendentiously as reges et proelia, are juxtaposed with amor, the subject matter most characteristic of elegiac poetry at Rome. 2 Such studies—and especially the work of Stephen Hinds—have revealed that in Latin poetry, generic theory and generic practice are often self-consciously opposed to one another. While the former functions to restrict the mass of material "appropriate" to a given poetic form, the latter constantly devises ways to sneak "illicit" content across the borders thus drawn. Consequently, subjects (such as amor ) that fall outside the narrowly defined, tendentiously prescribed boundaries of "proper" heroic epic are frequently introduced into epic narratives precisely as "unepic" incursions. And this despite the fact that heroic epic already with Homer had clearly been willing and able to accommodate a vast array of subject matter, amatory themes included. 3123 In light of these considerations, it is not surprising to discover in the Argonautica of Valerius Flaccus a particularly intense interaction between the poem's erotic and martial themes, given the unavoidable importance for the epic's plot of Jason's love affair with Medea. In fact, Denis Feeney has demonstrated the importance of this aspect of the Roman Argonautica and has identified some of the ways in which Valerius handles the arrival of Medea


[Aims] This paper aims to study asynthetic method of methy(2-chloromethyl)-α-methyloximinobenzeneacetate. [Methods] The title compound was synthesized from 2-(chloromethyl)-benzoyl cyanide via esterification andoximation. The reacting conditions were optimized. [Results] The esterification yield reached 91.7%.The total yield of the 2 synthetic steps reached 70.0%. [Conclusions] The synthetic method hasadvantagessuch as high yield, simple operationsand warm reacting conditions. The method is potent to be applied industrially.


Introduction: Apparently, implementation of resettlement programs could lead to simultaneous destruction of the environment; and possesses threats to the economic and cultural survival of the local communities. This study investigated the socio-economic challenges, opportunities and future implications of the post-2010 resettlement program at Bambasi district, BGR. Methods: The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 202 households, FGDs, document analysis and key informant interviews. Results: The resettlement program was government initiated and voluntary. The program has created opportunities like access to productive land, strong social tie, better livelihood, access to health post and primary school and access to drinkable water for the resettled households. luck of sufficient grazed land for cattle"s, inadequate irrigable land and infrastructure, insufficient and poor quality health service and malaria epidemic, no nearby market places and financial institutions, absence of farmer's trade union, deforestation, youth joblessness and luck of strong government structure were challenges to the households. Conclusion: The program has impacted positively the life of the resettled communities; however its successfulness was found questionable as environmental degradation, political discrimination, youth joblessness, limited access to financial institution, poor infrastructure remains impoverishment risk factors for the life of the households.


hoarseness and hemop-toic sputum with one week. A mass was identified at the base of the neck (Figure 1), adherent to the planes and painless. Thyroid ultrasound revealed large solid hypoechoic lesion in the right lobe extending to the isthmus, with irregular contours, classified as EU-TIRADS 5 (European Thyroid Association Guidelines for Ultrasound Malignancy Risk Stratification of Thyroid Nodules in Adults). Chest CT scan was suggestive of bilateral metastases (Figure 2). Rigid bronchoscopy was performed to removal intratracheal mass with immediate symptomatic relief (Figure 3). Pathological anatomy revealed anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic carcinoma is fast-growing, and early diagnosis is essential to improve its reserved prognosis.


Demonstrated long-term electrical reliability of overhead transmission line surge arresters (TLSA) must now be matched by improved mechanical reliability of the installations. The choice of configuration, including externally gapped (EGLA) and non-gapped (NGLA) designs, as well as the mounting arrangements, affects the applied stresses. NGLA suspended from conductors have pendulum frequencies and mass that can affect vibration control measures. Environmental issues such as moisture ingress and external flashover also affect selection of leakage, dry arc and external gap distances. Tests adapted from insulator, mechanical component and substation arrester standards describe some reasonable utility expectations for TLSA mechanical and environmental performance.


The paper designed a manufacturing robot control system based on PLC,which can be applied in the process of manufacturing assembly line and improved production efficiency.It elaborated the design principle,composition structure and implementation scheme of the control system.It focused on the detailed design scheme based on PLC control principle,presented the basic flow based on PLC control process,interface description,resources description and allocation method of the control system.The simulation tests show that the control system can generate quick and accurate control response,and has strong control flexibility.


Calymmatobacterium granulomatis was cultured in peritoneal macrophages derived from Balb/C mice. It was observed that organisms were taken up by the macrophages. Attempt was also made to repass C. granulomatis. Although passage could be done and maintained till five passages, substantial increase in the number of organisms was not seen


The article analyzes short experience of parliamentary activity of Prince Georgy Lvov who was the first Head of the Provisional Government. Like any other Cadet candidate he was not supposed to take place in the 1906 State Duma but due to some contradictions between the local Octobrists and the Right the Octobrist-Cadet unit suddenly emerged which led him to the Duma. On the other hand, the emergence of Lvov in the Tauride Palace can not be considered as accidental because the first elections to the Duma were a kind of "conscription" for prominent representatives of Russian public. Those who had significant reputational capital could not avoid parliamentary activity, even if they were not interested in politics as Lvov was. His parliamentary activity was significantly higher in comparison with an average member of the first Duma. However, both contemporaries and historians note that he was not much noticeable in the Duma. Whereas discussions during the general sessions were the visible side of the Russian parliamentarians' activity, Lvov was attracted to commission work which was hidden from the public. If Lvov's parliamentary activity was longer, he could have become a prominent parliamentarian doing both legislative activity and lobbying, primarily for the Zemstvo affairs, but not a public politician.


Abstract Rhytidothorax Ashmead is reported for the first time from India. Two new species, R. nigrum and R. pectinatus are described from Assam. A key to the world species is given.


This paper seeks to deepen the research on middle managers' strategic sensemaking roles. Until now, little research has explored how middle managers use their practical knowledge to realize their sensemaking role during strategic change in their daily activities. Here, through vignettes drawn from the authors' current research, a framework is developed showing that two micro-practices, "performing distributed conversations" and "enrolling networks", are critical in the accomplishment of this middle manager strategic sensemaking role. The paper also shows how these two micro-practices are underpinned by middle manager semantic and sociocultural knowledge, and that it is this practical knowledge that enables the middle managers to engage in these practices as part of their day to day activities and draw people in the change. The paper ends by discussing the challenges raised by the findings for capturing and analyzing the practical abilities of middle managers' strategic sensemaking roles.


The design of RF power amplifier (PA) is a challenging task in deep submicron CMOS process. This paper presents a novel power amplifier (PA) for long term evolution (LTE) wireless communication system applications. Associated with antenna design, dipole antenna is used as resonance inductance of the differential PA. The total chip area is reduced greatly to 550µm×450µm in a 0.18µm CMOS process due to saving two on-chip inductors. Operating in Class-AB with a supply voltage of 3.3V, the linear PA can provide a total linear output power of 21dBm with a power gain of 18dB and maximum power added efficiency (PAE) of 23% at 2.6GHz.


A comment on Carlo Ginzburg's new edition of Il formaggio e i vermi, Milan, Adelphi, 2019, pp. 231. With a note by Carlo Ginzburg.


Measuring round trip time (RTT) in a hostile network is an unsolved problem in distributed systems engineering. Accurate RTT measurements are important for distributed systems in which timing packet arrival is useful, such as in a decentralized exchange (DEX) with fairness guarantees. In this paper we present a new RTT measurement algorithm for securely measuring RTT to an untrusted server. We measure the RTT indirectly in order to prevent tampering since a malicious node operator can arbitrarily change any RTT measurement that interacts with his machine. The algorithm approximates the RTT to a node by measuring the RTT to the node that serves the /24 subnet containing the target node's IP address. This new RTT measurement algorithm provides an accurate, practical, and generic solution for collecting network latency data in a hostile network environment.


ACADEMICS AND pharmaceutical companies have had the monopoly on research for too long, delegates at a conference presented by the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination heard last week.


The genera Nearctopsylla Rothschild 1915, Corypsylla Fox 1908, and Corypsylloides Hubbard 1940, all apparently strictly Nearctic, comprise a natural group which is intimately associated with certain mammals of the Order Insectivora. A subfamily, Nearctopsyllinae, of the Hystrichopsyllidae, has recently been proposed (Holland, 1949: 102) to accommodate these three genera, which are well separated from other fleas on the basis of a number of well marked morphological characteristics.


Using analysis of genes it is possible to previously know more about the genetic heritage of cattle. The analyzes carried out are directed primarily towards determining the production characteristics that are transmitted to offsprings. Already, the database includes tens of thousands of animals and makes the data obtained in this way is very confident (about 75%). The value of animals that have tested genomic reach values of those who are progeny tested. In addition to these data concerning that the production traits of cattle, genome analysis came to the information and the genetic anomalies are transmitted primarily through semen of breeding bulls. Analyses are performed in young animals but also the elderly in order to compare the results of progeny results descendants. After the selection of young calves and the determination of markers, within about two months, and by comparison with the reference population markers obtained satisfactory reliable estimate of its breeding value at that age. When semen of that breeding bull starts to be used for artificial insemination, with about 14 months age, a young animal was already tested. In addition to greater genetic progress, genomic selection allows better control of origin and prevention of breeding in relationship, but the biggest advantage of genomic selection is to improve the traits with the low heritability, such as longevity, easycalving and fertility. The practice of using young genomic tested bulls is increasing in Europe but carries its own risks, because the reliability of the breeding values of young bulls is not yet at a sufficiently high level to any of them massively used without restrictions.


We have examined two criteria for determining the exchange parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ which occurs in the $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ local-statistical-exchange approximation, an approximation widely used in energy-band and molecular calculations. These criteria are (i) adjustment of the statistical total energy to the Hartree-Fock total energy, leading to ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{HF}}$, and (ii) satisfaction of the virial theorem, leading to ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{vt}}$. We have calculated the values of the parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ corresponding to these two criteria for the neutral atoms H through Nb, and compared them with the values ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{min}$ corresponding to the Hartree-Fock total-energy minimization criterion employed earlier by Kmetko and Wood. While the last-mentioned criterion leads to $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ values which show large fluctuations across the periodic table as a function of $Z$, the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ values obtained by either of the two criteria used in this paper show a systematic variation as a function of $Z$, reflecting the shell structure of the atoms, and varying linearly with $Z$ within the range of $Z$ for which a particular atomic subshell is being filled.


A common control information transceiving system and a method thereof in a wireless telecommunications system for efficiently performing wireless telecommunication are provided to determine the ratio of a downlink subframe and an uplink subframe variably in the wireless communication system. A first system and a second system which is not different from the first system are coexisted in a wireless telecommunications system. The information about whether to coexist the first system and the second system through a first information element in the downlink subframe in which the resources is occupied for the first system is indicated(710). Information necessary for decoding a resource allocation domain and location/size of the resource allocation domain capable of transmitting the common control information for a second system is indicated(720). The common control information of the second system is transmitted in the resource allocation domain capable of transmitting the common control information(722).


GexC1-x is expected to be a wide band gap semi conductor. But the synthesis of this material in bulk by conventional equilibrium methods at atmospheric pressure is not possible as it is not energetically favorable. In this paper we report evidence for formation of Ge-C bonds using Laser Heated Diamond Anvil Cell (LHDAC) technique at P ∼9.3 GPa and ∼2000 K after prolonged heating for ∼30 minutes. The temperature quenched sample was characterized by in-situ Raman spectroscopy at 300 K. The Raman spectra at various regions of the laser heated sample at 9.3 GPa and at 300 K shows in addition to the characteristic Ge TO(&Gamma) and C phonon mode, both of which are considerably softened, a new mode appearing at 203.3 cm−1. We ascribe these to Ge-C bond formation.


Metal-dielectric nanostructures are synthesized optimizing their capabilities of enhancing Raman scattering and fluorescence emission. Silver nanoparticles with controlled average size and morphology are obtained by dipping porous silicon (p-Si) specimens in silver nitrate acqueous solutions. The effects of silvered p-Si in enhancing Raman Scattering were investigated usinga cyanine dye showing detectable concentration as low as 10-8M.

In order to obtain photoluminescence enhancement, silvered p-Si samples are coated by ultrathin films of amorphous silicon nitride. The analysis of metal-dielectric nanostructures show an energy red-shift of the Surface Plasmon resonances connected to the changes of the dielectrics surrounding the metal particles. In particular, the thickness of such a coating can be tuned in order to enhance the fluorescence emission (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


We set out to discover whether or not the summaries produced by our Arabic text summarization software were potentially useful to a wide range of people. 1200 students at the University of Jordan were each given a copy of a newspaper article and a system-generated summary and asked to classify the summary as Rejected (R), Not-Related (N), Satisfactory (S), Good (G) or Accepted (A). 76.92% of the summaries were judged to be G or A and 92.34% were judged to be S, G or A. These students came from four different majors: 300 from Arabic studies, 300 from humanities, 300 from Information Technology (IT) and 300 from a one-year program designed to help K-12 teachers to learn how to use computers effectively in the classroom. To our surprise, students from these four different majors differed significantly in their assessments; the teachers rated the summaries significantly more favourably; the IT students rated them significantly lower than did the students in Arabic and the humanities.


Conjunction Assessment operations require screening assets against the space object catalog by placing a pre-determined spatial volume around each asset and predicting when another object will violate that volume. The selection of the screening volume used for each spacecraft is a trade-off between observing all conjunction events that may pose a potential risk to the primary spacecraft and the ability to analyze those predicted events. If the screening volumes are larger, then more conjunctions can be observed and therefore the probability of a missed detection of a high risk conjunction event is small; however, the amount of data which needs to be analyzed increases. This paper characterizes the sensitivity of screening volume size to capturing typical orbit uncertainties and the expected number of conjunction events observed. These sensitivities are quantified in the form of a trade space that allows for selection of appropriate screen-ing volumes to fit the desired concept of operations, system limitations, and tolerable analyst workloads. This analysis will specifically highlight the screening volume determination and selection process for use in the NASA Conjunction Assessment Risk Analysis process but will also provide a general framework for other Owner / Operators faced with similar decisions.


Contrary views on an appropriate representation of the recombination strength of a dislocation are discussed with the consequence that a new fonction is proposed which describes the recombination strength nearly independent of the lifetime of the bulk La formulation donnee par divers auteurs, de l'efficacite de recombinaison d'une dislocation est discutee. Proposition d'une nouvelle expression quasiment independante de la duree de vie des porteurs du materiau massif


In this work, a sensitive sandwich-type non-enzymatic electrochemical immunosensor for quantitative detection of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is designed and fabricated. Gold nanoparticles/graphene nanoribbons (Au NPs/NH2–GNRs) are used as the platform of electrochemical immunosensor to accelerate electron transfer and increase the specific surface area. The Au NPs with good biocompatibility can increase the probability of capturing primary antibodies (Ab1) to further improve the sensitivity. The silver nanoflower–molybdenum disulfide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SNFs–NH2–MoS2/MWCNTs) were used as labels of secondary antibodies (Ab2) and exhibit remarkable multiple-signal amplification effects. The silver nanoflowers with many branches can provide abundant active sites for the electrochemical reaction to further improve the sensitivity. Under the optimal conditions, the immunosensor shows a wide linear range between 0.1 pg mL−1 and 20 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection 0.03 pg mL−1. Furthermore, the novel immunosensor shows good performance for the detection of serum samples. The results indicate that the proposed immunosensor could be promising in the clinical application for quantitative detection of SCCA.


Two 2-alkenyl-3-hydroxyalkyl-1,4-dimethoxynaphthalenes are cyclised with potassium t-butoxide in dimethylformamide to give 3-alkyl-3,4-dihydro-5,10-dimethoxynaphtho [2,3-c] pyrans under anaerobic conditions. One of these products is treated with the same solvent and base, but in air, to give the two possible 4-hydroxy derivatives.


Jet-vortex spinning(MVS) is one kind of spinning based on high speed whirled airflow created by compressed air which converges and twists open-end fibers to form the finished vortex yarn.In this paper,the yarn formation principle of vortex spinning is summarized and the analysis method of yarn structure is recommended.The correlation between the process parameters and yarn structure is discussed,which indicates its future research direction of the process and elements designs of jet vortex spinning.


To reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in housing construction, the energy‐intensive processes and life‐cycle stages should be identified and integrated. The environmental impact of vertically integrated factory‐built homes (VIHs) constructed with increased material inputs in Japan's northern island of Hokkaido was assessed using life‐cycle inventory (LCI) analysis methods. Manufacturing process energy and CO2 intensities of the homes were evaluated based on the material inputs. They were compared with those of a counterpart home hypothetically built using the vertically integrated construction methods, but in accordance with the specifications of a less material‐intensive conventional home (CH) in Hokkaido today. Cumulative household energy consumption and CO2 emissions were evaluated and compared with those of the production stages. The annual household energy consumption was compared among a VIH, a CH, and an average home in Hokkaido. The energy intensity of the VIH was 3.9 GJ production energy per m2 of floor area, 59% higher than that of the CH. Net CO2 emissions during VIH manufacturing processes were 293 kg/m2, after discounting the carbon fixation during tree growth. The cumulative use‐phase household energy consumption and CO2 emissions of a VIH will exceed energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the initial production stage in less than six years. Although VIHs housed 21% more residents on average, the energy consumption per m2 was 17% lower than that of a CH. This may indicate that using more materials initially can lead to better energy efficiency.


Objective To examine the BMI of new college students,and to analyze causes for the abnormalities of their body mass indexes so as to provide evidential basis for interventions for ensuring healthy physique.Method To collect BMI samples of 4 587new college students receiving physical examinations in September and October 2012at certain higher institution.Results The average BMI of new college students was(21.3±8.0)kg/m2.Among male students,those with lower BMI numbered 305(10.1%),those with standard BMI numbered 2 544(84.4%),those with higher BMI numbered 152(5.0%),and those who with obesity numbered 15(0.5%).Among female students, those with lower BMI numbered 211(13.4%),those with standard BMI numbered 1,221(77.7%),those with higher BMI numbered 138(8.8%),and those who with obesity numbered 1(0.1%).Compared with the male students,the female students have a slightly higher number in lower and higher BMIs,and a slightly lower number in standard BMI and obesity(P0.05).Conclusion A higher percentage in lower or higher BMIs will have negative impacts of varying degrees on human physical functioning and athletic ability.Students are advised to heighten their awareness of body mass monitoring and control,and schools should also take comprehensive measures to actively intervene and ensure their students'physical health.


The 1960s is often characterized as a decade of outstanding social and demographic changes in Western societies. The introduction of the contraceptive pill is assumed to have contributed to these changes. Yet the social as well as the demographic significance of the pill is ambiguous. This article has two aims: 1) to describe the early history of the pill in Finland in the 1960s and in the early 1970s and 2) to explore relationships between fertility and the pill. Surveys, pharmaceutical market data, and estimations are used to depict the diffusion of the pill. Based on calculated user percentages, the pill was adopted neither instantly nor extremely widely in Finland during the period under study. The results show that the diffusion coincided with fertility decline and other changes in fertility patterns. However, a causal connection of any kind cannot be established due to a lack of sufficient data.


The trends of changes in the structure of production costs and profitability of agricultural organizations of the Orel region are studied. The ratio of income and expenses that develops in the course of business activity is analyzed. The share of the cost of purchased products in the composition of material costs in connection with its growth is highlighted. The emphasis is placed on ensuring the systematic development of agricultural production in the region. The fact of a decrease in the share of wages in the structure of costs for the main production and a reduction in the average annual number of employees is revealed. The study is supplemented by an analysis of vacancies in agriculture in Russia, highlighting the most popular and highly paid professions in the agricultural sector of the country.


Microscopic theory of the nuclear response based on the relativistic meson-nucleon Lagrangian is applied to the description of the isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) in a variety of nuclear systems. It is shown that the parameter-free inclusion of beyond-mean-field correlations of the quasiparticle-vibration coupling (qPVC) type in the leading approximation allows for a simultaneous realistic description of the ISGMR in nuclei of lead, tin, zirconium, and nickel mass regions, which is difficult on the mean-field level. The calculations employ the finite-range effective meson-nucleon interaction, which, in combination with the qPVC, has consistently demonstrated the ability to reliably describe many other nuclear structure phenomena. Systematic calculations of the isoscalar monopole response for nickel isotopes help reveal the central role of the coupling between the ISGMR and the low-energy quadrupole states in the placement of the ISGMR centroids.


Received: June 25, 2020 • Revised: September 13, 2020 • Accepted: October 15, 2020 Corresponding Author: Yi Xiang Tay (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-1500) Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Block 2 Level 1, Outram Road, Singapore 169608 Tel: +65.91270879 Fax: +65.62433126 email: firstname.lastname@example.com Korean J Med Educ 2020 Dec; 32(4): 297-305. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2020.176 eISSN: 2005-7288 C The Korean Society of Medical Education. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Introduction


A theoretical study has been carried out on the evaluation of the apparent half‐life of immobilized enzyme activity during continuous reaction both in a plug‐flow reactor (PFR) and in a continuous‐flow stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR). Two apparent half‐lives have been defined: the elapsed time at which the feedrate becomes half of the initial one when the feedrate of the substrate solution is lowered to keep the conversion fixed (constant‐conversion policy), and the elapsed time at which the conversion becomes half of the initial one when the feedrate (or space velocity) is kept constant (constant‐feedrate policy or constant‐space‐velocity policy). Under no intraparticle diffusional limitation, the constant‐conversion policy of operation in the PFR and CSTR gives the same half‐life as that of the enzyme inactivation regardless of the formula of the reaction rate, and the constant‐feedrate policy of operation in the PFR and CSTR offers the same half‐life as that of the enzyme inactivation only when the reaction is zero‐order. Under intra‐particle diffusional limitation, apparent half‐lives are always greater than that of enzyme denaturation, depending on many factors such as order of reaction, feeding policy (constant‐conversion and constant‐feedrate policies), initial conversion, and bioreactor configuration. It is suggested to perform the continuous operation with changing feedrate to keep the conversion (or outlet substrate concentration) fixed under the domain of zero‐order kinetics so as to obtain an apparent half‐life as close to the real one in industrial operation.


Introduction: The Diviner instrument on-board the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter [1] is a thermal infrared radiometer that has characterized the lunar surface temperature and thermophysical properties globally. Most of the lunar surface is covered in a highly porous and thermally insulating regolith layer which results in dramatic temperature swings from roughly 400 K at noon to less than 100 K at night at the equator: a challenging environment for a spacecraft. Despite the large fluctuations at the near surface, significant stores of sensible heat might still be accessible by leveraging temperature variations with depth and thermophysical property variations on the surface. Thermally coupling to warm materials already present on the Moon might provide some nighttime heating and reduce the engineering payload necessary for surviving the lunar night. Subsurface heat: The temperature fluctuation observed at the surface propagates to depth based on the diffusivity of lunar regolith k and the length of the diurnal period P: zs = (kP/π)0.5 where zs is the skin depth, at which temperature amplitudes decrease to 1/e of the surface value. Typically this is about 4-10 cm. Below about 1⁄4 m depth, the temperature is roughly constant throughout the diurnal cycle at about room temperature, 255 K at the equator (Figure 1). This high temperature at depth is due to a 'solid state greenhouse effect' from radiative heat transfer within the regolith. The granular nature of regolith and lack of atmosphere cause radiative transfer between grains to be a significant component of regolith conductivity: K = Kc + BT3 where Kc is the phonon conductivity and B is a radiative transfer constant. The temperature dependence of conductivity results in more efficient pumping of heat into the subsurface during the day than out at night, resulting in the diurnal average temperature at 10 cm depth being ~50 K higher than at the near surface. Rocks and high thermal inertia material: Diviner observations show that high thermal inertia material at the surface like exposed melt or coherent rocks remain warmer throughout the lunar night. This study uses known lunar thermophysical properties and thermal modeling to determine feasibility of using in-situ materials as nighttime thermal sources. Methodology: We used COMSOL to model the temperature of a simple lander as a high conductivity box surrounded by an insulating layer. We compare the nighttime temperature of a lander placed on a typical lunar regolith column to a spacecraft thermally coupled to the subsurface and surface rocks. In the subsurface experiment, a conductive rod was added to the lander to a 0.5 m depth Results: Preliminary results of show that a conductive rod penetrating to a depth of 0.5 m can keep the spacecraft a few 10s of degrees K warmer during the lunar night. This shows that in-situ lunar materials may provide a valuable store of heat that can be utilized for future lander missions.


A turbulent natural convection flow (Gr=2.2×1010) arising from a heated and finite size source in a quiescent and infinite environment was numerically investigated by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation. Several subgrid-scale models (SGS) were tested and specific attention was paid to dynamic models. The well known dynamic model was compared to the Lagrangian dynamic model which was applied to both dynamic coefficient and turbulent Prandtl number. DNS results show good agreement with experimental results while the Lagrangian dynamic model and especially the extended Lagrangian dynamic model to Prandtl number estimation were found to significantly improve the prediction of pure thermal plume evolution, especially in the turbulent region in which the main turbulent characteristics fitted DNS results. The puffing phenomenon, i.e., unsteady vortex shedding concentration that occurs in the very close vicinity of the finite size source, was not correctly predicted by SGS models ...


Abstract In order to make the landscape design concept break through the traditional barriers and achieve diversification and nationalized development, this paper proposes a landscape design model that integrates traditional culture to effectively integrate traditional culture and landscape design. First use active adaptation technology to test the algorithm convergence ability, and then sample the basic situation of landscape design, reconstruct the collected information, construct the characteristic information flow, and use the linear regression analysis model and the Internet of Things technology to construct the distribution The structure model is used to analyze its characteristics. Then, by introducing the nonlinear dynamic inertia weight coefficient, according to the traditional particle swarm algorithm, the optimized particle swarm algorithm is proposed, and its robustness is tested, the error is analyzed, and the error values are all less than 0.1.Finally, the model in this paper is experimentally tested in a quantitative way. The results show that the traditional culture and landscape design fusion model proposed in this paper has a reasonable error value and has practical application significance.


This paper presents real-time experiments of applying active noise control (ANC) algorithms for infant incubators to reduce recorded neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) noise. Research shows that 10�15% of newborns spend time in NICU and high noise levels in the infant incubator result in numerous adverse health effects. The ANC system has potential benefits of generating quiet environment for newborns inside the incubators and decreasing the risk of health impairment and disability. Real-time experiments of single-channel and multiple-channel ANC structures were conducted using real recorded NICU noise samples. An average reduction of 13 dB and 17 dB are obtained by using single-channel and multiple-channel ANC systems.


A comprehensive study was done to determine the genetic relatedness and the biofilm formation ability of Aeromonas hydrophila strains (n=25) isolated from fish (150 tilapia and 144 mugil) and human stool samples (n=102). The results revealed that Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) classified A. hydrophila strains into seven distinct profiles (R1-R7), the amplicon sizes ranged from 183-2930 bp. The isolates were grouped into five main clusters, the presence of isolates from fish and humans in the same cluster indicates the possibility of cross contamination. Biofilm results showed that 96% of A. hydrophila isolates were biofilm producers. At 35oC, 16 (64%) and 8 (32%) showed strong and moderate biofilm production ability, respectively. At 25oC, 21 (84%) were biofilm producers, of which, 8 (32%), 7 (28%) and 6 (24%) were strong, moderate and weak, respectively. At 4oC, decreased biofilm production ability was noticed 13 (52%), where 8 (32%) and 5 (20%) were moderate and weak biofilm producers, respectively. Significant correlation was showed between A. hydrophila isolates and different cultivation temperatures. This clarified the potential virulence of A. hydrophila isolates from both fish and human sources and their public health hazard.


We find a simple modification of the longitudinal mode in General Relativity which incorporates the idea of limiting curvature. In this case the singularities in contracting Friedmann and Kasner universes are avoided, and instead, the universe has a regular bounce which takes place during the time inversely proportional to the square root of the limiting curvature. Away from the bounce, corrections to General Relativity are negligible. In addition the non-singluar modification of General Relativity delivers for free a realistic candidate for Dark Matter.


This paper presents a method for determining the shapes of two overlapping functions f 1(x) and f 2(x) from an observed set of additive mixtures, [α i f 1(x) + β i f 2(x); i = 1, …, n), of the two functions. This type of problem arises in the fields of spectrophotometry, chromatography, kinetic model building, and many others. The methods described by this paper are based on the use of principal component techniques, and produce two bands of functions, each of which contains one of the unknown, underlying functions. Under certain mild restrictions on the fj (x), each band reduces to a single curve, and the fi (x) are completely determined by the analysis.


The problem of coping behavior, based on the relationship, is addressed in the article. The results of empirical studies of stressors and stabilizers of close (affiliate) relationships are presented.


Planktonic animals occur from the surface to the sea bottom and they are exposed to hydrostatic pressure throughout their lifetime. A hydrostatic pressure apparatus integrating ideas of past apparatuses was developed to investigate effects of hydrostatic pressure on marine zooplankton. The pressure apparatus system is composed of a peristaltic pump, a pressure chamber, a specimen holder which is placed in the pressure chamber, a temperature-controlled bath, a CCD camera, a monitor and a video-recorder. This hydrostatic pressure apparatus made it possible (1) to incubate at a constant temperature by connecting it with a temperature-controlled bath, (2) to observe live zooplankton through a window, (3) to increase pressure gradually from 1 to 150 atm and (4) to continually record the behavior of specimens by using a CCD camera and a video-recorder. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the egg of the marine zooplankton, were examined using the newly designed hydrostatic pressure apparatus. The apparatus is practical for experiments using a wide size range of specimens, from eggs to adult size of mesozooplankton (100-10000 mum size range). In present study, egg development time of planktonic copepod was examined; C. sinicus is the dominant zooplankton community in the coastal area of Japan. The egg development time at different experimental pressure conditions (1, 10, 50 and 100 atm) were similar to that at 1 atm. The hatching success of C. sinicus eggs at 1 atm was generally higher than 80 % within the temperature range from 5 to 25degC. At higher pressure conditions of 10, 50 and 100 atm, highly significant decreases in egg hatching success of C. sinicus occurred as pressure increased. Thus, hydrostatic pressure does not inhibit egg development but egg hatching of C. sinicus.


wild medicinal materials tending (WMMT) is a new production mode of medicinal materials, integrating the techniques of wild plant collection and cultivation This article discusses the concept and characteristics of WMMT The basic tending methods include enclosing, purposive management, additional seeding, and wildmimic cultivation It is a systemic technique closely relating to Chinese medicine resources, medicinal plant cultivation, ecology, and pharmacognosy Implement of WMMT will greatly enhance the harmony between medicinal materials production and environment conservation It is particularly suitable for medicinal plants that have strict growing conditions and medicinal materials whose quality is deteriorated after cultivation The last part of this article includes several successful examples of WMMT and concluded that it is an ecological mode of medicinal materials production WMMT has a promising future, more investments and support from industry and government for fundamental studies are warranted


Currently data mining performs an energetic part in information domain where it has been extensively functional in several sectors. Sharing of this data may contain sensitive information about personal or organization. Privacy preservation is a crucial and important concern in publication of own data. It has also elevated a potential stolen or revealing sensitive data of an individual or organizational when the data are publically available. Anonymization and perturbation type of privacy preserving methods have been proposed to tackle the protecting privacy problem with minimum information loss. The loss of information may affect the data quality and in great case the data may become totally unusable. We have to preserve the sensitive data in cost of minimum information loss with maximum data quality. Proposed work aims privacy of sensitive information before release while obtaining accuracy of mining results with minimum information loss using multi-iterative k-anonymization in data stream mining. An extension to k-anonymization has been proposed where privacy outcome has been computed based on Multiiterative for selective anonymization for set of un-anonymized instances. In proposed algorithm, generalisation has been applied for each quasi-identifier. Experimental results show that the proposed approach cannot only preserve data privacy, but also mine data set accurately.


As long as there is no distance indicator to the sources of gamma-ray bursts all possible sources which are isotropically distributed should remain under consideration. This is why the Oort cloud of comets is kept on the list. We use the available data on the bursts' distribution of (the BATSE catalogue), and the Catalogue of Cometary Orbits by Marsden and Williams (1992) to investigate whether there is any observational indication for correlations between the angular distributions of bursts and comets' aphelia, assuming that the distribution of aphelia direction reflect, at least to some extent, true variations in the column density of the Oort cloud. We also apply the V/V_{max} test to both distributions. We have performed a variety of statistical tests (a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the distributions in galactic latitude, a $\chi^2$ test for the spherical multiple moments, and a 2-D cross-correlation analysis), including testing sub-samples for isolating the effect of possible observational biases. These tests imply that it is unlikely that the two distributions agree, but the statistical significance is not sufficient for ruling out any connection with complete confidence. We performed Monte-Carlo simulations which show that only when the number of bursts exceeds $\sim 800$ it is possible to rule out a correlation between the angular distributions. Currently, it is only the combination of these tests with the large disagreement found for the V/V_{max} parameter which makes the Oort cloud of comets unlikely to be related to gamma-ray bursts.


Relationship between corrosion current density and oxygen diffusion limiting current density or its diffusion coefficient were investigated with electrochemical methods such as measurements of corrosion potential, anodic and cathodic polarization curves etc. to five kinds of anti-corrosive paints including acryl, fluorine and epoxy resin series. it is supposed that there are considerably somewhat good relationships between corrosion current density and oxygen diffusion limiting current density or its diffusion coefficient for example, corrosion current density is decreased with decreasing of oxygen diffusion limiting current density or its diffusion coefficient. Consequently it is considered that corrosion resistance of anticorrosive paint can conveniently qualitatively be evaluated by measuring of oxygen diffusion limiting current density or its diffusion coefficient.


SCADA system,namely Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system.It can monitor and control field devices to achieve different kind of functions,such as data acquisition、device control、measurement、parameter adjust and varied alarms.This text introduced the practical application of SCADA system in the producing of nature gas at WuBaiti gas field through field instrument、 automation equipment、RTU、communications processor、data transmission system and upper computer etc.It also analysed the exist problems of current system and then proposed some solutions.


The rapid development of wireless communication calls for new spectrum resources. TV band is considered the most promising band for spectrum reallocation and spectrum efficient technologies such as cognitive radio. To facilitate spectrum innovation in this band, we conducted both fixed and mobile measurements in Beijing, China. Unlike previous spectrum surveys which mainly focused on average spectrum occupancy, we analyze the usage of TV band from a comprehensive view. Multiple factors including frequency, time, space domain and specific TV standards are all considered. We find the actual utilization in Beijing is 7% higher than reported in previous study. Moreover, the time and geographical utilization peak of TV coincides with current communication systems, which results in limited time and space domain spectrum opportunity for cognitive radio. We strongly suggest that China accelerate the transition from analog television to digital television to leave more available spectrum resources for other services.


Association rules are a widely used technique to generate recommendations in commercial and research recommender systems. Since more and more Web sites, especially of retailers, offer automatic recommender services using Web usage mining, evaluation of recommender algorithms becomes increasingly important. In this paper we first present a framework for the evaluation of different aspects of recommender systems based on the pro- cess of discovering knowledge in databases of Fayyad et al. and then we focus on the com- parison of the performance of two recommender algorithms based on frequent itemsets. The first recommender algorithm uses association rules, and the other recommender algorithm is based on the repeat-buying theory known from marketing research. For the evaluation we concentrated on how well the patterns extracted from usage data match the concept of useful recommendations of users. We use 6 month of usage data from an educational Inter- net information broker and compare useful recommendations identified by users from the target group of the broker with the results of the recommender algorithms. The results of the evaluation presented in this paper suggest that frequent itemsets from purchase histories match the concept of useful recommendations expressed by users with satisfactory accuracy (higher than 70%) and precision (between 60% and 90%). Also the evaluation suggests that both algorithms studied in the paper perform similar on real-world data if they are tuned properly.


Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) secondhand exchange activity has exploded due to increased user connectivity stemming from widespread digital platform development and adoption. This research focuses on the effects of participation in secondhand exchange collectives on price perceptions. In three studies, the authors find that participation in secondhand exchange leads to price perception changes at various stages of the buying and reselling process, including traditional retail purchase decisions via resale discounting, a novel decision making bias. This research demonstrates that secondhand markets can cause individuals who are considering a purchase to (1) view firsthand prices as more reasonable and (2) increase purchase likelihood of firsthand products. Individuals who engage in secondhand exchange collectives report higher worth for products but only in secondhand-relevant categories. Finally, when individuals resell items, despite factoring resale income into the cost of the original item as a mental discount, they also reduce price perceptions of a future, unrelated purchase.


This article aims to deep the knowledge of the court of Philip II, through the correspondence that kept Luis Requesens and his son in law, the third Marquis of los Velez, between 1572 and 1575. The service to the king is shown as the springboard of Hispanic aristocracy, but to attain positions of prominence in the administration and palatine space was suitable and almost necessary to be related to some iIIustrious lineage. The brilliant and dizzying cursus honorum of Don Pedro Fajardo, with the support of his father in law, illustrates about processes of upward social mobility, political and covenants family. The private and the public are intertwined to the benefit of the ambitions of nobles who pursue their own success rather than an end in itself, but for increased the prestige of his household.


Club-system teaching mode is a necessary tendency for physical-education development of universities and plays full special play in the quality education and all-round development of physical education, which constructs an integrated teaching form in close connection with sports activities inside and outside class. In carrying out club-system teaching mode, we should adhere to the adaptation-to- specific-conditions and step-by-step principle, improve the management system of club-system organization and set up the course-selecting mechanism of students which can offer students "Three Independences"that they can truly select physical-education teacher, sports item and class time and enables students to gain the all-round development of their physical and mental health and ability to adapt to the society.


Objective — to study the clinical efficacy and safety of Betasalic, Triacutan and Psoricap drugs in the treatment of patients with seborrheic dermatitis.
Materials and methods. The study included 75 patients with seborrheic dermatitis (main group). The control group consisted of 56 healthy individuals of the same age. The severity of seborrheic dermatitis in patients was assessed on a point scale, which included the assessment of the intensity of erythema, edema, oozing lesions, excoriation, scaling, skin oiliness. The study of skin microbiocenosis was carried out by the method of its direct qualitative and quantitative assessment. The level of anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger—Khanin self-assessment scale. Depending on the proposed treatment, patients with seborrheic dermatitis were divided into 2 groups: Group I (experimental group) — 43 patients who received Betasalic for 5 days, Triacutan — for 5 days, Psoricap — for 18 days starting from the 11th day of therapy; Group II (comparison group) — 32 patients who received topical corticosteroids.
Results and discussion. The course of seborrheic dermatitis is accompanied by disorders of the skin microbiocenosis with an increase in the number of fungi of Malassezia and Candida genus in the affected areas, which requires appropriate treatment. Patients with seborrheic dermatitis are characterized by the presence of high personal and situational anxiety. The inclusion of Betasalic and Triacutan in the standard therapy of seborrheic dermatitis contributed to the recovery of the majority of patients and a significant improvement in different localizations of the pathological process. In contrast to the experimental subgroup, in the subgroup with standard treatment, these rates were significantly lower. Additional inclusion of Psoricap in the treatment regimen of patients with seborrheic dermatitis led to the recovery of 100 % of patients with the localization of the pathological process on the scalp and face.
Conclusions. Complex therapy of seborrheic dermatitis with the use of Betasalic ointment, Triacutan cream or ointment and Psoricap cream is pathogenetically proved, since it provides a quick clinical effect, normalization of skin microbiocenosis.


Since oil was discovered in 1956 in commercial quantity in Oloibiri a town 90 kilometers west of Port Harcourt, the capital of Rivers State, life has not been the same with the people of the area. The importance attached on oil production varies from society to society, depending on whether a society is a consumer or producer nation. This study systematically structures the area in order to get a representative sample on how the oil production activity has impacted the area. Theoretically, dialectical materialism is employed since it will enable us to understand how the contradiction observed in the productive pattern of the people and the multinational oil production corporations (MNOPCs) located in the area brings about change in the culture of the people. Records show that oil production is the major economic base of Nigeria and it accounts for over eighty percent of total revenue; over ninety percent of export earnings of the federation and eighty-eight percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This work shows how oil production activities by the MNOPCs in the area contribute to the perceived changing cultural pattern of the people, for it is true that the production style of a people is a window to the people's way of life.


This study describes contemporary reference services in college libraries with a written perspective on social changes that exist in millennial users or users today. This study also explains the current innovation of reference services in the sample library samples discussed. Examples of library reference services discussed are retrieving information on library pages at IPB, UPI and UNAIR libraries. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach by online observation by taking information on the library website page. The analysis was carried out using online observation on the library website which focuses on observation in the context of reference services. Furthermore, a comparison with social theory is carried out on three types of radical social change in the literature on young users of the digital era. The results in this paper are that these three types of changes can be used as a contextual analysis of the scope of young users or millennial users in determining policies on innovation implemented in library reference services. Information technology innovation by making reference service applications that run on desktop and mobile is one of the current innovations that are right on target and in accordance with current library users. This is evidenced by the increasing number of library service applications so that libraries can innovate in collaboration with mobile or desktop reference services.


In this article I explore high school students' perspectives on working together in a mathematics class in which they spent a significant amount of time solving problems in small groups. The data included viewing session interviews with eight students in the class, where each student watched video clips of their own participation, explaining and justifying their behaviors. Analysis of data involved an investigation of students' goals for working together, which were found to vary along multiple dimensions. The dimensions that emerged from these data were mathematical versus nonmathematical goals, individual versus group goals, and personal versus normative goals. I present cases of four individual students to illustrate these dimensions. Such goals are important for illuminating how students' practical rationality is mediated by their personal goals for working together; additionally, these goal dimensions can be used as tools for considering challenges involved with using small group collaboration in high school classes where students' goals may be diverse.


digital enamel for high grammages without using antisettling, based on suitable digital enamels to be applied by digital techniques injection allowing to apply higher weights, keeping the same technical and aesthetic obtained with conventional glazes and application techniques characteristics not digital. To prevent the digital enamel object of the present invention is thixotropic and therefore present problems in the printing process by injection, are not used in the composition thereof, antisettling, since these are solid and are not soluble in the liquid medium is also part of digital enamel. Its composition comprises at least one medium which is liquid at room temperature, consisting of a mixture of water and polar solvent and / or medium - low polarity, whose weight percentage is between 20 and 70% of total weight digital enamel and at least a mix of frits and / or ceramic raw materials of the glaze forming material such as, whose weight percentage is between 30 and 80% of the total weight of the digital enamel.


Abstract : A research effort was conducted to analyze the potential for using autoauthoring training hypermedia in teaching students to perform procedures. In this effort, autoauthoring involved automating the creation of training material from a description of a procedure rather than using traditional methods such as flowcharting and programming. The Prototype Animated Training Hypermedia System (PATHS) was the computer program developed to perform this process. Sample applications were produced using PATHS, demonstrating the feasibility of this concept for procedural training. PATHS rapidly generates training hypermedia. A prototype, PATHS, needs further testing and development before it can become an operational system. Autoauthoring, Hypermedia, Digital video, Instructional development, DVI.


The purpose of this study is to explore patterns in model-data fit related to subgroups of test takers from a large-scale writing assessment. Using data from the SAT, a calibration group was randomly selected to represent test takers who reported that English was their best language from the total population of test takers (N = 322,011). A reference scale for the items was constructed based on EBL responses. Response behaviors of test takers who reported that English was not their best language (ENBL) were examined in relationship to this reference scale. This study illustrates the use of differential subgroup analyses to identify patterns related to person misfit within subgroups, as well as subsets of items, that may affect the validity of writing scores for ENBL test takers. The methodology described here offers an approach that can be used to explore, understand, and improve the validity of scores obtained from ENBL test takers in large-scale writing assessments.


The invention discloses an object illumination migration method based on edge retaining. The object illumination migration method comprises the steps of: aligning images, layering color, weighting least square filtering, guiding filtering, and combining the images to generate an illumination migration result; modifying a weight least square filter, computing the adaptive weight least square filtering according to the unsmooth degrees of the images so that filtering with higher degree is executed in the unsmooth area, and saving more detail information in a detail layer; and modifying a guiding filter so that parameters of an outline area of a target object is different from the parameters of other areas and the outline structure information of the target object can be kept under the condition of keeping the illumination information of a reference object much better. The object illumination migration method based on edge retaining can be widely applied and popularized to fields, such as interactive digital entertainment, television program production, art design and creation and the like.


A two-parameter soliton cellular automata is proposed. The algebraic expression of soli-ton velocity and soliton fission condition are given. The interaction behavions of solitons and a number of conservative quantities of the system is well analyzed. A new concept, called 'essential soliton', is introduced and discussed and the application of the properties of the conservative quantities is exhibited.


The family Caldisericaceae belongs to the order Caldisericales in the class Caldisericia in the phylum Caldiserica and consists of only one cultured representative, Caldisericum exile. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that this organism is not closely relatedtoanyknown cultured bacteria andbelongs to the group formerly known as the candidate phylum OP5. Caldisericum exile is an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium and grows chemoheterotrophically via reduction of sulfur compounds. It was isolated from a hot spring in Japan, and culture-independent analyses showed that this family inhabits unique environments.


The factors affecting the processing quality of pin hole on the end face of tractor gearbox were analyzed. The main influencing factors on position accuracy of hole group include ambient temperature, the number of workpieces processed by drilling cutter and so on during precision manufacturing. The early warning rules of processing quality during tractor manufacturing process were proposed based on single-factor analysis and double-factors analysis. Then an early warning model for position accuracy of pin hole was established based on LSSVM while PSO was used to optimize the unknown parameters. The experimental results show that the RMSE of the model is 0.0058 and the RE is 0.075%, which verifies the validity of the established processing quality early warning model.


This book follows the tradition of works by Ivan Illich, Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault that help us to understand the hidden political functions of the helping professions. As Eileen Gambrill points out in the Foreword section of the book, it focuses on one of the major contradictions of social work: at the same time it professes to help and do good with poor clients, it intrudes into their lives and imposes society's dominant values on them. Of course, this is not a new criticism of,


The low reading character is often found in the school environment. The low reading character is that many students read textbooks. This is due to the lack of exciting strategies to motivate students to read. This study aims to analyze the comparison of teaching materials, namely, comparing the print module and the electronic module. This type of research is comparative research. The method used in this study is a quantitative method using a survey research design. The sample of this study was the fourth-grade students who opened 22 people. Data analysis used descriptive, inferential statistics, namely analyzing data by describing the data that had been collected. The results of this study are from the two teaching materials that are applied, namely the printed module and the electronic module. It can see indicators of the reading habit. In the study, the dominant results were good for looking at indicators of reading fondness characters with the application of electronic modules. In contrast, for the application of print modules in the good category, from this it was seen that the difference between the two learning materials was applied to see indicators of reading fondness characters, this is with the results of the t-test which has been done, where the obtained is smaller than 0.05 then there is a difference between the two. So the electronic module based on local wisdom needs to be applied by teachers to instill the character of reading fondness among students. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. Copyright © 2021 by Author. Published by Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha.


Purification of lithium carbonate, in the battery industry, is an important step in the future. In this experiment, the waste lithium-ion batteries were crushed, sieved, leached with sulfuric acid, eluted with an extractant, and finally sulphate solutions were extracted, through selective precipitation. Next, sodium carbonate was first added to the sulphate solutions, to precipitate lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). After that, lithium carbonate was put into the water to create lithium carbonate slurry and CO2 was added to it. The aeration of CO2 and the hydrogenation temperature were controlled, in this experiment. Subsequently, Dowex G26 resin was used to remove impurities, such as the calcium and sodium in lithium carbonate. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms, described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were used to investigate the ion-exchange behaviors of impurities. After removing the impurities, the different heating rate was controlled to obtain lithium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study showed the optimum condition of CO2 aeration, hydrogenation temperature, ion-exchange resin and the heating rate to get high yields and purity of lithium carbonate.


A benthic Phormidium sp. was isolated in 1988 from Lake Mathews, a source-water reservoir in southern California with a long history of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) problems. Unialgal cultures were analyzed by salted closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) and gas chromatography (GC), which confirmed the presence of MIB at levels of up to 280 µg/l. Geosmin was also found at 2-36 µg/l. Resurgence of the alga following copper sulfate (CuSO 4 ) applications suggested resistance to the algicide. Laboratory experiments showed that the Phormidium was relatively tolerant of copper (surviving at least 3 mg/l of cupric ion after a 1-day exposure) in filtered lake water. The organism also survived 4 mg/l of copper for one day in a variety of sediment samples. This organism was implicated in the longest MIB episode in Lake Mathews, where MIB remained above historical background levels through the winter of 1989-1990. The Phormidium has apparently become the principal MIB producer in Lake Mathews, supplanting Oscillatoriacurviceps after 10 years.


In order to study the effect of traffic loading induced static deviator stress on the deformation of saturated soft clay,an undrained dynamic triaxial test is designed.The traffic loading is simplified as sine wave plus static deviator stress.And the rule of plastic deformation development is analyzed based on the examination data.The semilog plot of turning strain against failure vibration is presented and the influence of static deviator stress on it is studied.It is found that the bigger the static deviator stress is,the faster the deformation develops and the fewer cycles are needed to achieve the turning strain.The slopes curves of turning strain against failure vibration decrease and the intercepts are close when the static deviator stress incereases.


Pointing to the hidden danger of safety exposed in the campsite of a certain hydropower station,the monitoring methods for site stability of structures are introduced,the characteristics,the failure mechanism and the influence factors of the creep in the site are studied deeply,and the creep features of the site in future are predicted.The analysis on the monitoring result shows that it will provide the control and danger prediction for safety operation of the campsite,provide the guidance for the treatment of the site,and provide the references for similar projects.


Learning Objectives: Coccidioidomycosis is a soil fungus native to the San Joaquin Valley of California. Initial symptoms are non-specific, leading to delayed diagnosis. Disseminated disease, although rare in children, can be devastating. We describe the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of coccidioidomycosis in children admitted to a tertiary Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) located in the San Joaquin Central Valley. Methods: Retrospective review of charts, laboratory and imaging records of all coccidioidomycosis patients admitted to the PICU between January 1st, 2010 and December 31st, 2014. Results: Seven patients (4 males, 3 females) were admitted to the PICU, mean age 6 yr (0.5–18 yr). All patients had at least one previous medical visit; four had been previously hospitalized for pneumonia and one for "viral meningitis". Disseminated disease (central nervous system, cardiac, mediastinal, and/or bone disease) was present in all cases. Diagnosis was made by enzyme linked immunoassay, immunodiffusion, complement fixation, fungal culture and/or histopathology. Patients underwent surgical debridement and excision of fungal lesions. All patients received intravenous amphotericin. Six patients received both amphotericin and an azole antifungal. Three patients refractory to amphotericin received intravenous caspofungin and voriconazole. One patient had fungal meningoencephalitis and also received intrathecal amphothericin and interferon gamma. Treatment continued until the normalization of titers and clinical and radiologic resolution of the disease. Mean length of treatment was 16 mo (329 mo). Mean PICU length of stay was 19 days (2–78 days) and mean hospital length of stay was 94 days (7–196 days). Two patients died during their PICU stay. Conclusions: Despite being in an endemic area, coccidioidomycosis diagnosis and subsequent treatment is often delayed due to lack of recognition. Risk factors for disseminated disease in previously healthy children are not known. Further studies elucidating immune factors and effectiveness of combination antifungals are needed.


In this study, we analyzed the effects of game-based visual feedback training on postural balance control in young adults. We provided postural balance training for four weeks in fifth minute a day and three days a week using training system of postural balance based forceplate. We evaluated the ability of postural balance using balance SD(Biodex, medicalscience Inc., USA) for the validation of game contents based visual feedback training program. The results showed that postural stability and limits of stability were improved significantly before and after the training(p


Endoscopic submucosal resection with band ligation (ESMR-L)1 and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)2 are endoscopic resection methods for small (≤10mm) rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Upon comparison of complete resection rates between ESMR-L and ESD, the vertical safety margin was significantly larger in ESMR-L than in ESD when performed for rectal NETs3 .


A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor was simply prepared by depositing Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) onto Ni foam using UV-irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to characterize the changes of morphologies with UV-irradiation time. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed that the Pt NP–Ni foam was mainly composed of Pt and Ni. The Pt NP–Ni foam electrode shared the unique advantages of Pt NPs (such as the good electrocatalytic activity) and Ni foam (such as the high electric conductivity, large surface area and high porosity). Its application in H2O2 detection, surprisingly, showed the high sensitivity and low detection limit. The linear range was from 0.005 to 0.85 mM. The sensitivity was 829 μA cm−2 mM−1 and the detection limit was 0.3 μM (S/N = 3). The H2O2 sensor also showed long-term stability. Therefore, the sensor is more suitable for the detection of H2O2 concentration.


We present the design and construction of our experimental setup for studying the transmission of proton microbeam through a single, cylindrical shape, macroscopic insulating capillary. The intensity as a function of time, the energy distribution as a function of the transmission and the deflection of the transmitted particles can be measured with the new setup.


The construction of the finitary wreath product of metric spaces and its completion, the infinitely iterated wreath product of metric spaces are introduced. They full isometry groups are described. Some properties and examples of these constructions are considered.


Due to security and economical reasons, it is important to investigate the earthquake behavior of dams in Turkey. In this study, to evaluate the earthquake behavior of existing dams in Turkey, dynamic analysis of Dim Dam, which is concrete-faced rock fill dam, was done by using time history process. In addition, stresses and displacements of Dim dam were also evaluated. To determine the accurate structural behavior of dams under earthquake effect, dam was modeled mathematically similar to the original phase. Finite element model, in which features of materials and general conditions of geometry was chosen was conducted. Dim dam was modeled in 3-D by using SAP 2000 program. Dynamic analysis of Dim dam was done considering empty, half full and full conditions. To investigate the behavior of Dim dam, Düzce earthquake were used. The study results were observed as important for earthquake behavior of Dim dam. A constant investigation on the dams is very important to keep dams in safe for future investigations.


ABSTRACT The U.S. National Institute of Justice's Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement makes recommendations regarding best practice witness interviewing techniques. However, relatively little is known about police training in collecting and documenting evidence from witness interviews. One hundred seventy-seven police officers from three U.S. states (CT, FL, and MA) were surveyed about witness interview training and practices, perceptions of question type, and recording/documentation of interviews. Results indicate awareness of the importance of asking open-ended questions, but training is lacking, particularly regarding question types. Many officers reported using techniques consistent with the Cognitive Interview such as rapport-building, avoiding leading questions, and taking additional steps to assist recall. Seventy-four percent reported recording interviews via notes or electronic recording devices, while 16% indicated only doing so for certain cases/situations. Fourteen percent also acknowledged not documenting their questions in notes or reports, focusing solely on witness responses. In terms of post-interview documentation, 78% acknowledged writing reports using information elicited during witness interviews. In terms of testimony, 82% reported frequently testifying about witness interview content at criminal trials. Findings suggest that although U.S. police interviewers have implemented some best practice techniques, there are still some considerable training needs as evidenced by self-reported practices.


community mental health care difficult to sustain. This is particularly relevant if resources required to implement a service that is comprehensive and satisfactory to the patient and the clinical team are inadequate. The underdevelopment of community resources is reflected in the considerable variations in the provision of community psychiatric services (day hospitals, day centres, community residences) throughout the different health board areas. For example, the number of day centre places ranged from 178.5 per 100,000 population in the North Western Health Board to 34 per 100,000 in the Northern Area Health Board. In Ireland, as a consequence of sectorisation, public psychiatry is the only speciality where a patient is not allowed to chose their clinician. This may be interpreted as an infringement on the rights and autonomy of mental health patient population and impact negatively on the doctor/patient relationship which, in cases of major mental illnesses, may be a lifelong one. While general practitioner's will generally find it useful to have a specific consultant psychiatrist to whom they refer and with whom they can establish a relationship, some may find the sectorised model restrictive and unsatisfactory, as may service users. The relatively late conversion to sectorisation in Ireland, compared to the UK, is helpful in allowing the advantages and disadvantages of a sectorised model to be explored. It is not appropriate that a sectorised model of care be pursued without considering the requirement of specialist service development in parallel. Flexibility at consultant and health board level are required to facilitate this mixed approach. The development of tertiary referral centres, which would be academically driven and funded by the different health boards purchasing services for specific problematic cases, should also be encouraged.


This publication, which is divided into three parts, contains the report of a study group of the National Institute of Education which met to investigate some of the problems of linguistic communication. Part 1 summarizes the general point of view of the group. Part 2 discusses objectives, strategies, current status, and time scale. Part 3 describes research activities which cover the social and developmental context with influences outside the classroom, characteristics of teachers and classroom, characteristics of the reader, influence on reading of dialectal variation, and the processes of reading and writing, especially basic literacy, comprehension of language, writing, and second language learning. The study group recommends a program of research and development on learning and instruction in the elements of linguistic communication--reading, writing, listening, speaking--including interactions among these elements. (SW)