This paper describes the technical development of the new Cummins QSK19 diesel engine released for Full Production in January, 1996. The engine program included a major upgrade of the base K19 engine with over 60% of the parts within the engine undergoing significant redesign/improvement, plus the integration of a new electronically controlled high pressure unit injector fuel system. The Cummins QSK19 engine project was a direct outcome of a detailed market and product planning study. The Quantum System K19 (QSK19) would be the first of a new line of Cummins High Horsepower products to better position Cummins in the future in the key market segments of Power Generation, Industrial, Marine and Rail markets.


In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the depth perception and an approaching motion toward an object. We propose the depth perception dependency test, which is the combination of tests of a motion and depth perception based on the situation that an object is placed on the human's pathway. Firstly, as the motion test, we set the ball approach motion and asked elderly participants to approach and contact a ball by their foot, because this motion is easy to measure and requires localization skill and motion planning skill. The swing/support legs positions at the toeoff time of the swing leg just before contacting the ball was analyzed. Secondly, as the depth perception test, the pseudo3D image test was proposed. The coordinate transformation model for the calculation of the depth perception ability was also proposed. Through the proposed test and the proposed model, it was clarified that the participants who are regarded as perceiving the strong visual illusion perceive the objects closer than its real position, and their swing leg toe off positions in the ball approaching motion were significantly farther than other participants. Thus, it can be concluded that there was a relationship between the depth perception and the approaching motion that is thought to be a higher risk of stumbles.


Drought stress in soil can be crucial to plant yield because it reduces growth rate,stem elongation,leaf expansion,and stomatal movements. Several microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil are free-living,soil-borne bacteria that aggressively colonize the rhizosphere or plant roots. The efficiency of rhizosphere microorganisms in promoting plant growth has been demonstrated in numerous greenhouse and field studies on different plant species. However,studies on the influences of continuous drought on rhizosphere microbial populations and community diversity are limited. Therefore,a bacterial strain with known positive effects on plant growth,named YT3,was used in the present study to investigate the effect of continuous drought on soil bacteria population. The bacterial strain was isolated and screened using the serial dilution method on the rhizosphere soil of sweet cherry( Cerasus pseudocerasus) growing fields. YT3-gfp was labeled with green fluorescent protein into plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria YT3. A pot experiment was conducted to determine whether continuous drought stress( continuous drought of 7,14,21,28,35,and 42 d) could benefit YT3-gfp activities in sweet cherry rhizosphere soil. In addition,the effect of continuous drought stress on microbial populations,as well as thecommunity diversity in rhizosphere soil was investigated by plate culture method and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism( T-RFLP) analysis. The results showed that the YT3-gfp populations in the rhizosphere soil were 8. 75 to 28. 77 times higher than those in the non-rhizosphere soil of sweet cherry. The YT3-gfp amount increased simultaneously with the continuous drought stress in rhizosphere soil or non-rhizosphere soil; however,a decrease was also observed during the severe drought stress period. YT3-gfp in the rhizosphere was more easily subjected to drought stress than that in nonrhizosphere soil. The maximum YT3-gfp amounts in rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil were observed on day 21 at 166 × 104CFU / g and on day 28 at 6. 7 × 104CFU / g. Along with continuous drought stress,bacteria and actinomycete populations,as well as the total microorganism amounts,first increased then decreased; however,fungus populations in the rhizosphere soil of sweet cherry decreased continuously. Continuous drought stress significantly influenced the T-RFLP profiles in the rhizosphere soils of sweet cherry seedlings. The T-RFLP profiles showed that some special terminal restriction fragments( T-RFs) decreased,and some T-RFs disappeared with continuous drought stress. However,some T-RFs appeared under certain drought stress conditions. The highest Margalef and Shannon indexes and the lowest Simpson's index were observed on days 21 or 28 after continuous drought stress. Moreover,the principal component analysis for T-RFs of the different treatments showed that an independent group of bacterial community structure was formed during continuous drought stress in 14 days to 35 days,indicative of the diversiform community structure. The other two independent groups were formed on days 7 and 42 after continuous drought,respectively,indicative of the simplified community structure. Consequently,soil bacteria community structure was significantly influenced by continuous drought stress. Certain drought stress can improve the bacteria and actinomycete populations,and increase the microbial community diversity. Therefore, certain drought stress is beneficial to the sustainable microbial community structure in sweet cherry rhizosphere soil.


The authors integrate notions of spirituality and heightened human consciousness with the effectuation approach to researching entrepreneurship. Research questions and propositions resulting from this integration are presented and a Figure illustrating the integration is included.


The aim of this paper is to show, by means of a theoretical review, the influence of reversal logistics upon the enterprise competitiveness. Relationship between competitive variables and reversal logistics are also studied and analyzed.


Pumice rafts that arrived at the Nansei Islands, Japan, provided a unique opportunity to investigate the Fukutoku‐Oka‐no‐Ba (FOB) eruption of August 2021. Despite drifting for 2 months for ~1300 km, the drift pumice raft had a large volume and contained a variety of pumice clasts, some of which were deposited during a high tide in a typhoon, while others were washed up on a sandy beach. Most of the drift pumice clasts are gray in color, vesicular, and have a groundmass containing black enclaves. Rare black pumice and the main gray pumice components have similar trachytic compositions, with SiO2 = 61–62 mass% and total alkalis = 8.6–10 mass% (on an anhydrous basis). Both pumice types contain clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and rare olivine phenocrysts. Thin‐section observations show that the gray pumice has more elongated vesicles as compared with the black pumice that has spherical vesicles, even where the two types of pumice are in the same clast. The glass in the black pumice is transparent and brown in color, while that in the gray pumice is colorless. No micro or nano‐crystals were observed during electron and optical microscopy. Raman spectra of the brown‐colored glass exhibit a clear magnetite peak, suggesting magnetite nanolites cause the brown color. High‐Mg olivine in the black pumice has an equilibrium temperature of c. 1200 °C and a rim diffusion profile indicative of re‐equilibration with the surrounding melt over a period of hours to days. The textural relationships between the gray and black pumice suggest that the black pumice had become black and viscous before the two types of pumice mixed. Therefore, crystallization of magnetite nanolites and a corresponding increase in melt viscosity were important in the eruption preparation process, which then resulted in a large‐scale Plinian eruption.


In this paper,a relationship between the degree of basic parity check matrix and the length of encoder memory of the C(n,n-1,m) convolution coder is firstly demonstrated,and a further research lays stress on the rank of a matrix,which involved in the constraints of code words,is presented.Without any priori knowledge,the method in a no error bit environment is developed and the good performance of the parameters recognition is shown.MATLAB simulation analysis of this recognition method under AWGN channel is also presented,and the experimental results show that the algorithm has a good performance of error-resilient.


In this paper, a balanced wideband filtering circularly polarized (CP) antenna designed using rectangular quasi-self-complementary structure is proposed. The antenna is fed by a differential microstrip line, and consists of a strip-loaded rectangular slot radiator and its complementary slot-loaded patch counterpart. The fields radiated by the two complementary parts of the antenna are expected to be orthogonal if properly excited. To achieve a CP radiation pattern, a 90° delay line section is embedded in one of the two feedlines to provide 90° phase difference between signals fed to the two antenna input ports. In addition, to suppress the wideband common-mode signals, two half-wavelength microstrip line sections that share part of their structures are connected between the two feedlines for producing two transmission zeros in the DM passband under CM operation. For the designed balanced wideband filtering CP antenna, measurement shows that the |Sdd11|≤ −10 dB DM operating band covers a frequency range of 3.16–4.63 GHz. Very good CM suppression was observed with the measured CM reflection coefficient greater than −1 dB over most of the DM passband. The simulated 3-dB axial ratio band is 3.04–5.09 GHz.


Purpose of the Work. A retinal prosthesis has the potential to restore vision to blind veterans. Implantation of a prosthesis may require removal of the fluid within the back of the eye (i.e., vitreous humor). We performed this experiment to determine how quickly the retina recovers its function following removal of the vitreous humor. Procedures. We performed studies of the electrical function of the retina and optic nerve following removal of the vitreous humor in 15 rabbit eyes. Results. Removal of the vitreous humor produced declines of 49, 25, and 41 percent in the strength of three different tests that measured the responsiveness of the retina and optic nerve. Removal of the vitreous humor also produced slower responses of the nerve tissue. Many of these changes persisted for at least 90 min following removal of the vitreous humor. Relevance to the Veteran Population. The most common form of blindness among veterans is age-related macular degeneration. We are developing a retinal prosthesis as a potential treatment for macular degeneration. This study reveals a temporary, vitrectomy-induced subnormal responsiveness of the retina. Failure to consider this effect could lead to a false conclusion that an implanted prosthesis is not adequately stimulating the retina. Sandra R. Montezuma, MD


The major cystic fibrosis causing mutation, F508del‐CFTR (where CFTR is cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), impairs biosynthetic maturation of the CFTR protein, limiting its expression as a phosphorylation‐dependent channel on the cell surface. The maturation defect can be partially rescued by low‐temperature (27°C) cell culture conditions or small‐molecule corrector compounds. Following its partial rescue, the open probability of F508del‐CFTR is enhanced by the potentiator compound, VX‐770. However, the channel activity of rescued F508del‐CFTR remains less than that of the Wt‐CFTR protein in the presence of VX‐770. In this study, we asked if there are allosteric effects of F508del on the phosphorylation‐regulated R domain. To identify defects in the R domain, we compared the phosphorylation status at protein kinase A sites in the R domain of Wt and F508del‐CFTR. Here we show that phosphorylation of Ser‐660, quantified by SRM‐MS, is reduced in F508del‐CFTR. Although the generation of a phosphomimic at this site (substituting aspartic acid for serine) did not modify the maturation defect, it did enhance F508del‐CFTR channel function after pharmacological rescue with corrector VX‐809, and treatment with the potentiator, VX‐770. These findings support the concept that defective phosphorylation of F508del‐CFTR partially accounts for its altered channel activity at the cell surface.


S howe's poetry has always been noteworthy for the strikingly spare way that she deploys lines, words, and sometimes cropped pieces of words in page-space. Her work, like that of Lorine Niedecker, George Oppen—and, more recently, poets like Rae Armantrout and Myung Mi Kim—might be considered exemplary of an under-acknowledged yet powerful mode of American writing: "small poetry." The term, posited over and against words like "short" and "lyric" (though not opposing or excluding those terms), comprises both forms and practices. It points to an American strain of refusal and active hesitation in writing—Howe characterizes it as Antinomian "demurral" (Birth-mark 1)—that articulates itself chiefly through a semiotics of page, book, and collaged language, rather than through handed-down lyric prescriptions.1 Poets of this category—channeling


The effect of N fertilization on agronomic traits and yield of potato in southwest area of Guangxi was investigated to rationalize the N fertilizer and fertilization pattern in patato production in Pingguo district of Guangxi during 2012.Results show that the N application rate in high fertility soil should lower than the rate recommended by soil testing and fertilizer optimization program.Adequate P and K(P2O5 75 kg/hm2,K2O 180 kg/hm2) and 70% of the nitrogen fertilizer(68.25 kg/hm2) as basal fertilizer,and 30% of the nitrogen fertilizer(29.25 kg/hm2) as seedling fertilizer is an optimal fertilizer treatment for winter potato planting in southwest area of Guangxi.


Vacuum system modifications during the major SRS upgrade included improved internal design to optimise r.f. impedance properties. Measured impedances and beam performance limitations from bunch instabilities are described including some comparisons with the previous SRS lattice. Bunch lengthening is still present but no longer conforms to a turbulence model. Transverse instabilities need careful attention to overcome potentially serious effects.


This paper introduces an intelligent sink mechanism based on the observation and analysis of non-uniform energy consumption problem in sensor network, in which more energy consumed at nodes near the sink than at nodes far away. The proposed intelligent sink utilizes dynamic sink proxies for localized data query and collection, so as to achieve highly distributed and low energy consumption among sensor nodes. The evaluation result reveals that the proposed sink mechanism reduces the energy consumption of information retrieval in the network and obtains balanced energy consumption among sensor nodes.


The aim of this study is to analyze the planning phases of play that are ca rried out by a coach during training. The sample is made up of all training tasks of two sport seasons (n=846). The variables studied were the phases of play, media training and game situations. The differences in the treatment of variables in the two seasons and the relationship between the variables were analyzed. The results show the predominance of the attack phase over the defense. The treatment of offensive contents arise with the use of exerci ses and game situations without opposition (1x0). For the defensive training is chosen the games and situations of 1x1.


A polymer-ferroelectret system is fabricated by attaching two uniform polycarbonate films to a grid produced from double-sided adhesive tape by means of computer-controlled laser cutting. The openings of the grid structure result in well-defined voids inside the three-layer system, which can be internally charged through dielectric barrier discharges. The negatively charged internal void surfaces can be made visible by means of xerographical toner, and the electric-field distribution inside such ferroelectrets can be studied with thermal-pulse tomography. Both techniques exhibit polarization patterns that are consistent with the grid structure. Possible reasons for the observed non-uniform charge distributions are discussed.


Amino acid sequence of Bac6, a last bacterial common ancestor of nucleoside diphosphate kinase inferred from a dataset without hyperthermophilic sequences.


The aim of this work is to evaluate the personality model known as 'Big Five' by detailed analysis of personality inventory NEO P-R by P. Costa and R. McCrae on which the model itself is based. The analysis of results obtained on the sample of 422 students and high school pupils shows that the scales designed for measuring basic personality dimensions have very good metric characteristics. Even the subscales of this inventory have satisfactory metric characteristics. Factorial and taxonomic validities have also been confirmed. The results obtained by analysis, and particularly by factor analysis of NEO Pi-R can be regarded as an impressive empirical result supporting 'Big Five' model. We rate NEO PI-R as very good personality inventory and recommend it whenever serious, reliable, detailed and comprehensive assessment of somebody's personality structure is needed. However, our opinion is that these qualifiers fully stand only if approximately twenty-five percent of inventory items are modified. This modification assumes reformulating of all negatively worded items into the affirmative ones. Namely, the negative wording unnecessarily impedes, complicates and, in the cases of less intelligent and less educated people who have difficulties managing the written tests or whose concentration and attention capacities are decreased, largely compromises the conative reactions.


Effects of major components of PCR amplification on soybean SSR detection results were studied.A SSR detection system suitable for soybean was established with improved PCR reaction system,PCR program and silver staining method.The optimized PCR amplification system was 10×Buffer 1.00μL,2.00 ng/μL template DNA,0.15 μmol/L SSR primer,150.00μmol/L dNTPs,0.50 U Taq enzyme,2.00 mmoL/L Mg2+,adding ddH2O to terminal volume 10.00 μL.The optimized PCR cycles started at 94℃(3min),followed by 35 cycles of 25s at 94℃,25s at 47℃ and 30s at 72℃,and then extended 5min at 72℃.The optimized soybean SSR detection system was proved more economic and useful.


The purpose of this work was to study structure and, consequently, dynamics of bio(geo)macromolecules of the Frasne ombrotrophic peatland (Jura, France) by new ways of chemical degradations. The "Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage" (DFRC) method was applied to a peat sample and its humic substances. By cleaving β-aryl ether bonds of ligneous units and affecting glycerol moieties present in aliphatic biopolymers, the DFRC method seems to be a suitable one for analysing lignocellulosic materials and macromolecular lipidic compounds. Comparison with methods commonly used for soils and sediments lignin analysis, CuO oxidation and thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), had confirmed the ability of the DFRC method for tracing lignin in soils and sediments. In a second part, it has been shown that TMAH thermochemolysis allowed the analysis and quantification of cellulose and free carbohydrates in a peatbog. Because of the different mechanisms involved in each process, TMAH thermochemolysis must be considered as a pertinent and complementary method of acid hydrolysis for the analysis of carbohydrates in complex environmental systems. Finally, a new multi-shot thermochemolysis was introduced for the analysis of organic matter in soils and sediments. Involving two successive thermochemolysis, the first one with hexemathyldisilazane at 300 °C analysed a particular pool of labile compounds. The second one with TMAH at 400 °C analysed compounds more strongly linked to the complex organic structure than the formers. It appears as an interesting tool to help deciphering the composition, origin and nature of soil and sediment organic matter.


To many people, the word "blindness" implies complete darkness. In reality, a person who is categorized as "blind" may retain some usable vision. The term "legally blind" designates vision of 20/200 or worse in the better eye (with best correction), or a field of vision restricted to 20° or less. "Vision impairment" describes a variety of levels of vision loss, and "severe vision impairment" describes vision which can be corrected, at best, to 20/70.


"Immigrant" or "diasporic" communities have been, and continue to be, a source of interest and sometimes concern on the social, academic, and political levels. When talking about immigration, relocation, or movement of individuals from one country to another, one automatically thinks of individuals moving from poor, underdeveloped countries, such as some of those found in the Middle East and North Africa, to the developed industrialized nations of the West. In today's globalized world, relocation has become the dominant trend and the developed western countries are no longer the only major destinations to immigrate to. We now see a trend of relocation of individuals, even from the West, moving to the Middle East, particularly to the oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries that are gaining a foothold in the world arena. Many individuals from around the globe are making this part of the world a second home. In these countries the expatriates, many of whom have been living here for decades, make up the majority of the population. They are a dynamic force whose experiences, perceptions, and voices, are to a great extent, missing in today's academic scholarship. This paper looks at the changing concept of what is known as diaspora, the presence of diasporas in the GCC states, and calls for research that examines the wealth of experiences and insights of the members of these diasporic communities.


. Let R be a prime ring, I be a nonzero ideal of R , Q be its maximal right ring of quotients and C be its extended centroid. The aim of this paper is to show that if R admits a nonzero b -generalized derivation F such that [ F ( x m ) x n + x n F ( x m ) , x r ] k = 0 for all x ∈ I , where m , n , r , k are fixed positive integers, then there exists λ ∈ C such that F ( x ) = λ x unless R ∼ = M 2 ( GF ( 2 )) , the 2 × 2 matrix ring over the Galois field GF ( 2 ) of two elements.


We present a Euclidean lattice fonniIlation of the Einstein-Cartan gravity. This fonnulation allows us to take any value of the cosmological tenn. Moreover, this lattice theory is bounded and reflection positive, which leads to the existence of a positive Hilbert space and Hamiltonian, and hence unitarity in Minkowski space fonnulation. In the strong coupling region, duster expansion converges and hence the infinite volume limit exists.


In this paper we present the Hunting Game Generator (HGG) system, a tool and a methodology for supporting geolocalized learning activities in Augmented Reality modality. The tool enables the teacher to create treasure hunting games directly on the mobile device. The teacher defines also the quizzes and advancing mechanism of the game. In this study we also conducted a qualitative investigation in terms of a focus group involving secondary school students aiming at evaluating their viewpoint on the relevance of the support the tool provides in learning activities. Students appeared very motivated by the tool, which is seen as a relevant support to traditional lectures.


Wheat flour color, which is highly related to carotenoids and polyphenol oxidase activity, is important in the assessment of flour quality, particularly the quality of whole wheat flour. In the present study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for the lutein content (LUC), beta-carotene content (BCC), L* value (Fl*), a* value (Fa*), b* value (Fb*) and polyphenol oxidase activity (PPOA) of the whole wheat flour was conducted using a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross 'Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483' in three different environments and their mean values (MV). A total of 77 QTLs were located on 20 chromosomes for all of the investigated traits. A single QTL in an environment explained 3.9 (QFb*-7B) to 48.7% (QBcc-4D) of the phenotypic variation. The positive alleles for 36 of the QTLs were obtained from Chuan 35050, whereas the positive alleles of 41 QTLs came from Shannong 483. There were 9, 17, 13, 12, 13 and 13 QTLs found for LUC, BCC, Fl*, Fa*, Fb* and PPOA, respectively. Fifteen QTLs were detected in at least two environments or in at least one environment and the MV. Seventeen QTL clusters were mapped on 12 chromosomes. Of the QTL clusters, three clusters (C4, C8, C13), formed by the relatively stable QTLs, were more important, and the markers (wPt-5587 on 2B for Fl* and Fa*, wPt-6498 on 5B for LUC and Fb*, wPt-671568 on 6A for Fl* and Fb*) near these loci should be useful in marker-assisted selection (MAS).


Abstract The essential oil from the seeds of Abies marocana Trabut (Pinaceae), collected in northern Morocco, has been analyzed by GC-FID, GC/MS and NMR techniques. The main component was the monoterpene (−)-limonene (more than 70% of the oil) plus lesser quantities of numerous sesquiterpenoids, accounting in all for more than 90% of the total oil composition.


Photovoltaic devices made from blended cadmium selenide nanocrystals with various capping ligands and poly-3-hexylthiophene were prepared. The effects of capping ligands and annealing conditions were investigated. We find that capping ligands determine morphology/phase separation. Our findings suggest that annealing at temperatures between 105 and 122 1C yield optimized devices. We also report CdSe/P3HT blended devices with an efficiency of 1.8% under illumination by AM1.5D. Published by Elsevier B.V.


The following investigation shows the problems in "Industria Granero del Centro EIRL", it is a company that is dedicated to the production of grains such as split bean, split wheat, american morón and corn flour. The goal is to improve the production planning and scheduling system and eliminate overproduction and economic losses. VSM (Value Stream Mapping) was used to identify the improvement in the production process. The root causes of the problem were then determined using the Ishikawa diagram. The activities to be carried out are identification of times of each process of the evaluated product, carry out the implementation of the master pro-duction plan, application of Kanban and application of Heijunka for load balancing. The results of this implementation will be visualized through a simulation making use of efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity indicators to meet the objective


Generated by contemporary lifelong education notion,the Open University is vital in building a lifelong education system and learning-oriented society.Thus it will be of great importance to strengthening the construction of the Open University in Wuxi by deepening the research in related aspects.This paper analyzes advantages of creating Wuxi Open University on the basis of Wuxi Radio and Television University,then it explores such areas as its position,framework,management mechanism,community-education specialization,resources development and scientific research etc.


A novel power-factor corrector topology applicable to the small welding power inverter is proposed. The basic operation principles and design rules are presented in detail. Experimental simulations are carried out to demonstrate its validity and feasibility.


This book is centered on two issues. Firstly, how do individuals from different countries view various social and economic phenomena, which they often encounter? Secondly, how do their views affect their subjective well-being? The authors of this book use international findings and their research to answer these questions. Analyzing the mechanisms which lead to a discrepancy between objective and subjective assessment of life is crucial for understanding the social, economic and voting behaviour of individuals, as well as searching for ways to preserve political stability.


Dealing with the uncertain Problem Situation is the main application of contemporary system methodology.This paper focuses on dealing with the uncertain problem situation of human activity system.It makes a comparative study on hard system methodology,soft system methodology and critical system methodology.According to analysis of philosophy and content of these methodologies,it shows that compatibility and transcending are the dominant characteristics of the contemporary system methodologies.


Background: Knowledge and attitude about botulinum toxins and dermal fillers need to be expanded in the community with the dramatic increase of these procedures nowadays in our country with financial burden and wrong practice and going to ineligible people. Objective: To find out the prevalence of esthetic procedures and reasons behinds seeking these procedures and to measure the knowledge level and attitude about the use of botulinum toxins and dermal fillers among females. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in the primary health care centers in Baghdad. A questionnaire had been given to 400 females by direct interview to collect the needed information. Results: Only 22% of studied sample practice filler and Botox for cosmetic reasons. 43.8% of them are within the age group of 30-39 years, 84.4% of them were married, 68.9% were employed. Mainly 31% to counteract the aging process, most of them performed these procedures in medical clinics; only 15.3% did it at beauty centers. 61.5% of the studied sample had an average level of knowledge about cosmetic procedures. Conclusion: The prevalence of cosmetic procedures is relatively low as about one quarter of the participants underwent these procedures. The rate of poor knowledge is higher in subjects who did not undergo esthetic procedure.


In 37 pregnancies, 28 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus managed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of University of Hong Kong in 1973–1982 were reviewed. The abortion rate was much lower than expected. There was no perinatal loss in the series. Renal involvement does not give a worse prognosis, but active disease during pregnancy is associated with a significantly lower birth weight than the inactive disease.


ABSTRACT In May 2016, Britain's signals intelligence agency the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) joined the social media platform Twitter to considerable press fanfare. But to date, no analysis has been undertaken regarding the use and outcomes of social media by the agency - once referred to as Britain's 'most secret'. This article posits that, while the use of social media has allowed the agency to reach out to a new tech-savvy generation, its presence on the platform can sometimes stoke and amplify conspiracy theories affecting issues such as brand identity as GCHQ adopts a new, media friendly approach.


The aim of this study was to develop a new intra-gastric floating in situ gelling system for controlled delivery of levetiracetam for the treatment of partial onset seizures.High dose of levetiracetam (750 to 1000 mg) is difficult to incorporate in floating tablets but can easily be given in liquid dosage form. Sodium alginate-based in-situ gelling systems were prepared by dissolving various concentrations of sodium alginate in deionized water, to which drug and calcium carbonate were added. A 32 full factorial design was used for optimization. The concentrations of sodium alginate (X1) and calcium carbonate (X2) were selected as the independent variables.The amount of the drug released after 1 h (Q1) and 6 h (Q6) and 12 h (Q12), viscosity and Floating lag time of the liquid formulation were selected as the dependent variables. The studies indicate that the formulation was effective in providing in vitro release for extended time up to 12 hrs and also convenient for geriatric and paediatric patient and increase drug residency to the GIT.


The aim of the study is to undertake an assessment of the evidence on EU Cohesion policy concerning whether and to what extent the objectives of the relevant policies have been met, and whether these policies and funds have delivered value for money – and an under standing of how this varies within and between policies. The review also consider ed EU infrastructure expenditure that might contribute to the broad aim of cohesion, specifically Trans-European Networks.


This article examines efforts to preserve the historical memory of Russian soldiers who fell in France, the Balkans and Africa during the Great War. Based on a wide range of sources, it discusses various aspects memory preservation, including research, the installation of monuments, the main military necropolises in France and the Balkans, relevant associations, as well as producing historical documentaries and museum exhibitions. The author discusses the monuments in Saint-Hilaire-Le-Grand, Laval and at the Holy Cross hospital near Toulon, as well as more recent memorials in Courcy, Brest, and Marseilles. He devotes special attention to the grave of the Russian Legion's padre. The article Ralso addresses three documentary films about the Russian expeditionary corps: "20 Thousand Useless Men", "They Fought in France", and "The Stolen Victory". At the same time, it considers efforts to preserve the memory of the Russian troops who fought in the Balkans, which already began in 1917, when the commander of the 2nd Special Infantry Brigade organised a team to preserve the graves of the soldiers who fell there in battle. Meanwhile, Russian diplomats helped to build monuments in Greece and Macedonia.


This study was conducted at Balila area, West Kordofan State, Sudan in September 2018. The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of oil exploration and production operation on pastoralism at Balila area. Three communities being, Balila, Elshag and Elfrdus were selected for the study. The study employed both primary and secondary sources for data collection. Primary data involved administration of structured questionnaire to 139 inhabitants using simple random sampling. Three focus groups discussions were carried out in each of the three sites. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data using SPSS software program (version 22). Data were presented on the basis of frequencies and percentages. Results indicated low human capital development with the majority of respondents (97.2%) being illustrate or with basic education. Results revealed that majority of the interviewed inhabitants confirmed adverse effects of oil exploration and production activities on the environment and consequently on their livelihoods. Perception of respondents towards these negative impacts confirmed: decline of soil fertility (82.7%);shrinkage of rangeland (79.1%); dropping in crops yields(70.5%); deforestation(89.9%); contamination of both surface and groundwater(61.9%) and increase in morbidity(99.3%) and mortality(87.8%) among livestock. Further, community individuals agreed that they are vulnerable to health hazards such as cancer, kidney failure, skin irritation, and miscarriage and fertility problems.


The hypothesis that general anesthesia or pressure-induced convulsions occur when a hydrophobic region is expanded or compressed, respectively, by critical amounts is consistent with recent data obtained with mice. Calculations show that anesthesia occurs at an expansion of 1.1 percent and convulsions at a compression of 0.85 percent, the latter site of action being more compressible.


This research aimed to present the RTI model, as well as its suitability and relevance as an effective and alternative proposal to the Brazilian curricular bases. A bibliographic review had performed, which included national and international scientific publications, developed in the last 10 years. The descriptors used: "response to intervention", "education" and "learning disorder". The retrieved texts had read, analyzed and categorized: (A) Historical background; (b) structure; (c) effects observed for model consolidation; (d) possible contributions of RTI to Brazilian education. The Brazilian educational system can cope with its failure and dropout rates by adopting RTI. The model may favor: (1) prevention through periodic monitoring of children's performance; (2) corrective character when offering tutoring. Discussions about the effects of RTI are considered emerging and necessary, as they are relatively recent in Brazil, especially to consolidate the social transformation function of educational agents.


the dirt EJE Central road near the 1,000 m marker. Some workers were carrying their own colony brood of small larvae (about 1.0 mm long), and other workers were carrying ant larvae and pupae captured from other colonies. At 5:20 a.m., a moving "swarm" of workers about one m long and ten cm wide with the nonphysogastric queen running unaided near the middle appeared along the column. The queen and several hundred workers were collected and preserved. Sixteen mites were removed from the queen's body. We thank Dr. Jose Sarukhan, Director, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, and M. en C. Luis Alfredo Perez J., Jefe de la Estacion de Biologia Chamela, for inviting us to study at the station and for providing our food and lodging. Also we are grateful to Dr. Stephen H. Bullock, Investigador Associado, for his kindness and assistance during our work at the station. This research was supported by University Research Committee Grant 005F83-URC and the Department of Biology of Baylor University.


In humans, several polymorphic variants have been described for the gene encoding the major nicotine C‐oxidase, cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), which is to a great extent responsible for the large interindividual differences seen at the enzymatic and activity levels. Hitherto, mainly polymorphic variants in the open reading frame have been identified. In the present study, we identified a novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the 5′ flanking region of the CYP2A6 gene. Sequencing of 1.4 kb of the 5′‐upstream region of the CYP2A6 gene from eight individuals revealed a c.‐1013A>G polymorphism defining two new alleles, CYP2A6*1D and CYP2A6*1E, lacking or having also the CYP2A7 3′‐UTR. Analysis of genomic DNA from 32 Swedish and 109 Turkish subjects by dynamic allele‐specific hybridization (DASH) showed that, in both groups, the variants carrying the c.‐1013A>G SNP represent approximately 70% of the total number of alleles. Transfection of HepG2 cells with luciferase reporter constructs containing 1019 bp of the CYP2A6 5′‐regulatory sequence showed that the region between c.‐1005 and c.‐1019 elicited a strong enhancer effect and that the CYP2A6*1D promoter had significantly reduced expression as compared to CYP2A6*1A carrying c.‐1013A. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that nuclear proteins from HepG2 and B16A2 cells exhibited a higher binding affinity to the probe harboring c.‐1013A as compared to the c.‐1013G probe, although the transcription factor(s) responsible for this binding could not be identified. In conclusion, our results indicate the presence of a strong enhancer or promoter responsive element between c.‐1005 and c.‐1019 in the CYP2A6 gene and that a c.‐1013A>G polymorphism in this region affects CYP2A6 transcription. Hum Mutat 23:258–266, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This research have go to influence interaction between cow manure and kind of mulch, also influence the best dose cow manure dan the best mulch to growth and water melon (Citrullus vulgaris,Schard) plant production at rainy season winner variety. The study has arranged by Random Designed Group (RAK) factorial with two treatments and 3 replications. Dose of cow manure in the first factor with 3 level,that is P1 = 5 ton- ha2 cow manure , P2 = 10 ton- ha2 and P3 = 15 ton-ha2. Second factor that is kind of mulch (M) with 3 level , that is M0 = no mulch, M1 = straw mulch and M2 = black silver mulch. Parameters that to be perceived to covet length of plant, leaf quantity, quality fruite and diameter fruite. The data is analyzed to use it analysis Of Variant (ANOVA), if influency to be continued with test DMRT 5%. The result of studies refer that, 1). Interactions between cow manure 10 ton-2 ( P2) silver and black mulch (M2) give the best influence in growing and watermelon plant productions. 2) giving fertilizer at all of treatment not influence about growing and water melon plant productions. 3) the kind of mulch treatment (M) give it influence about all of parameters . and black and silver mulch (M2) give the best treatment about growing and water melon plant productions.


ence of malnutrition but also indicate the specific faults in the diet which caused this malnutrition. Before the investigator could interpret his data with confidence, however, he must make sure that his methods could be relied upon to give trustworthy results. The need for caution was emphasized during the survey of haemoglobin levels organized in 1943 by the Medical Research Council. Although an attempt was made to secure uniformity by asking all workers to use Haldanes visual method of estimation the agreement between results was poor. Thus a difference of about 7%0 was found between the mean values obtained by the two workers whose results showed the least variation among themselves, while there was a differ-


CH4-based InP dry etching techniques have been investigated by using electron cyclotron resonance etching and reactive ion etching (RIE) methods to obtain microdisk and ring structures having smooth, vertical sidewalls, and specular etched surfaces. The RIE method is chosen for the device etch process owing to the higher perfection of the surfaces generated by this process. Excess CH4 introduced in the InP RIE process was found to generate excessive polymers and resulted in sloped, rough sidewalls. A multistep RIE process involving a high-pressure (75 mTorr) condition, followed by a lower pressure (15 mTorr) etching to the completion of the structure was developed that leads to very smooth sidewalls. This process was successfully utilized in the fabrication of vertically coupled microdisk resonators.


The recent global movement for women's human rights has achieved considerable re-thinking of human rights as previously understood. Since many of women's rights violations occur in the private sphere of family life, and are justified by appeals to cultural or religious norms, both families and cultures (including their religious aspects) have come under critical scrutiny.


A methanol extract (MEII) obtained from the seeds of Ipomoea intrapilosa and its isolated crude alkaloid fraction (ALKII) were tested as possible blockers of the serotonergic response in the rat uterus in vitro. The results obtained showed an unsurmountable non‐selective inhibition of the contractile response induced by serotonin on isolated uterine smooth muscle.


The article is concerned with the problem of realization to control driver's behavior for detection of some tiredness sighs at long-term hard work. The solution of the task is based on the processing images supplied by the DVR (Drive Video Registrator), principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Main attention is paid to the following phases: projection images of face from original attribute area to reduction subarea of principal components, generating the special classifier according to principal components obtained with the linear discriminant analysis. The paper gives the method to increase algorithm efficiency with preliminary processing the Gabor's filter for exclusion face misses due to differences in illumination and another factor. The article estimates the algorithm accuracy and performance.


Bacillus cereus is an aerobic Gram-positive spore forming rod that is ubiquitous in the environment. A case of severe infection due to Bacillus cereus isolated on the tip of central venous catheter (CVC) of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is reported here. We point out the role played by a rapid diagnosis of Bacillus cereus sepsis and early therapeutic intervention in the control of this life-threatening infection


The house automation systems evolution, creates the necessity to define new formalities for their functionalities in order to granulate some criteria's such as autonomous operation. The structure is represented by a set of nanogrid which can work and share resources independently. A nanogrid power system can be considered as small microgrid system and can operate in either Grid Connected mode (GC) or Standalone mode (SA). In this is paper, a management strategy of three domestics nanogrid systems is investigated to achieving locally autonomous operation. Furthermore, a droop control strategy is employed in order to increase the power sharing and to adjust the voltage magnitude. In addition, the power management system and control design are detailed. The effectiveness of the proposed management strategy is exanimated by simulation test and the desired performance is verified.


Background: The combined impact of diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder (MDD) is well defined with significant evidence for a bi-directional relationship.  Prior studies at our institution have demonstrated that the diagnoses of diabetes or the baseline control of diabetes did not independently predict clinical outcomes of depression at 6 months.  Our hypothesis for this study was that the diagnosis of diabetes in depressed primary care patients would have no effect on incidence of severe depression at the time of diagnosis of depression. Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review analysis of patients who were diagnosed with either MDD or Dysthymia and had a score of ≥ 10 on PHQ-9 at the time of clinical diagnosis.  From 1 January 2008 through 30 September 2012, a cohort of 4,311 patients who authorized research of their medical records and had complete data sets available was then developed.  Results: With logistic regression modeling, the diagnosis of diabetes was inversely related with the odds of diagnosis of severe depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 20) at index with an odds ratio of 0.649 (95% CI 0.486-0.868, p=0.004).  Obesity was not associated independently with the initial diagnosis of severe depression (p=0.471). Conclusions: The diagnosis of diabetes was associated with decreased risk for severe depression at the time of diagnosis in our patient population.  Further studies would be beneficial to explore potential reasons for this, with implications for the development of person-centered approaches to care.


Abstract The motivations applying to layer manufacturing emerging technologies in the product development cycle are considered. The interaction between virtual reality computer applications and physical manufacturing primarily rapid tooling is studied. This paper describes a holistic approach and optimization methodology in time and cost for injection moulded plastic parts, applicable for further tooling applications. Furthermore, some applications for die-casting and forming tools are cited. The benefits of optimization stages, cost, time and obtained final results are discussed. The benefit of using principally selective laser sintering with interactive modelling and simulation is demonstrated. Trends and concluding remarks round up the authors' reported experience and the state-of-the-art.


The durene degradation charcteristics of a protease-producing strain J6 isolated by our lab were researched in order to find a method to dispose durene.J6 was inoculated into 50mL of sterile nutrient broth including 50g·L-1 durene in 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks.The inoculated flasks were incubated at 30℃ on a rotary shaker(180r·min-1).The influence of durene on growth course and the content changes of durene in the nutrient broth was researched.The results showed that J6 could grow in the medium containing durene and experienced a longer stationary phase of growth(up to 200h) than it did without durene.The analysis of durene in different time showed the durene in the nutrient broth reduced to 0.746g·L-1 in 11h.The degradation rate reached to 91.6% in 24h.J6 can decompose durene and can be used in the disposition of organic waste water containing durene.


Requirements engineering activities are a critical part of a project's lifecycle. Success of subsequent project phases is highly dependent on good requirements definition. However, eliciting and achieving consensus on priority between all stakeholders is a complex task. Considering software development of large scale global applications, the challenges increase by the need of managing discussions between groups of stakeholders with different roles and background. This paper presents a practical approach for requirements elicitation and prioritization based on realistic user behaviors observation. It uses basic statistic analysis and application usage information to automatically identify the most relevant requirements for majority of stakeholders. An industry case illustrates the feasibility and efficiency of our approach.


Abstract The abilities of children to distinguish between facial patterns of fear and surprise were investigated. Sixty children, 5 to 10 years old, were administered a recognition task of facial expressions and were asked to identify the facial differences shown in these emotions. The recognition accuracy was found to be related to the amount of contrast between the facial patterns of fear and surprise. Older children were more successful than younger children in both tasks. The results also revealed that children's ability to detect the distinctive action units of fear and surprise emerges later than the ability to recognize these emotions. Results are discussed in terms of perceptual development and type of knowledge (implicit vs. explicit).


This paper aims to present the mathematical model to find the mean web object transfer latency in the slow-start phase of TCP congestion control mechanism, which is one of the main control techniques of Internet. Mean latency is an important service quality measure of end-user in the network. The application area of the proposed latency model is the narrowband environment including multi-hop wireless network and Internet of Things(IoT), where packet loss occurs in the slow-start phase only due to small window. The model finds the latency considering initial window size and the packet loss rate. Our model shows that for a given packet loss rate, round trip time and initial window size mainly affect the mean web object transfer latency. The proposed model can be applied to estimate the mean response time that end user requires in the IoT service applications.


Smart grids are becoming practical nowadays with their integrated, complex and communicative architecture. The addition of renewable energy sources, control automation, information and communication technologies (ICT), advanced monitoring and protection and smart metering has further increased the complexity. Next generation smart grid will act as an interactive energy web with multi-way communication, multi-directional power flow, distributed intelligence including control, stability and optimization. To enable this type of architecture, the performance constraints in control design such as power fluctuations, voltage unbalance, frequency mismatch, transition management and fault handling need to be addressed. This intelligent network must be scalable and flexible under variable operating conditions for efficient, reliable, and economic operation. An overview of the control architecture for next generation smart grids is provided in this paper.


This paper presents 5Gb/s serial link transceiver. Input symbol rate is 6.25Gs/s. in each 10 symbols 2 symbol are used for line coding hence data rate is 5Gb/s. Transmitter uses 2-PAM signaling and pre-emphasis technique for compensation of channel low-pass characteristics and reduction of inter symbol interference (ISI). To achieve high data rate without speed critical logic on chip, the data are multiplexed when transmission, with 10∶1 multiplexer. Hence input clock frequency reduced to 625 MHz. This parallelism is performed by using multiple phases that are tapped from a PLL and provides 10 clocks, each have 160ps delay rather than previous clock. With using line switching technique for multiplexing, the die- area was decreased. With different line coding, transmitter area and power consumption are decreased. Besides line equalization is relaxed. By using this line coding, a new architecture for clock data recovery (CDR) was presented that consumes low power and has good jitter characteristics. Besides receiver uses very accurate frequency acquisition architecture. Transceiver consumes 755mw power with 3.3v power supply and in worse condition, sampling clock in receiver, has 28.5ps jitter. The circuit was implemented in 0.35u CMOS process.


The future is uncertain, but management needs to determine and also be informed about possible change trends. This research, however, reports on empirical results of the views of South African HRM practitioners to identify and prioritise business change trends for 2002 and 2010 in terms of the "hard" or "soft" HRM debate in the literature. All organisations employing HRM practitioners were include and a total of 1640 questionnaires were distributed resulting in 207 useable responses. The results highlight trends such as increased international competition, globalisation and inadequate skills in different rankings for 2002 and 2010. It is concluded that HRM practitioners, are influenced by the "hard" or "soft" approach, when they participate in a strategic management context in organisations.


ORV which vaporizes LNG to NG is consisted of tube and header whose substrate is aluminum alloy. The corrosion of the tube is very severe because of sea water being used as the heating source. In this research to protect ORV substrate material, the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys was investigated for the sacrificial role of Al-Zn alloy for ORV tubes. The electrochemical behavior of aluminum alloys in sea water was investigated. The corrosion behavior of thermally-sprayed and cladded samples were compared through salt spray tests. Al-Zn alloy can act as a sacrificial anode and cladded Al-Zn alloy has a better corrosion resistance than that of thermally sprayed one. The galvanic effect of Al-Zn to substrate material was conformed from scratched sample tests.


Objectives: Arginine deficiency may contribute to microvascular dysfunction, but previous studies suggest that arginine supplementation may be harmful in sepsis. Systemic arginine availability can be estimated by measuring the ratio of arginine to its endogenous inhibitors, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine. We hypothesized that the arginine-to-dimethylarginine ratio is reduced in patients with severe sepsis and associated with severity of illness and outcomes. Design: Case-control and prospective cohort study. Setting: Medical and surgical intensive care units of an academic medical center. Patients and Subjects: One hundred nine severe sepsis and 50 control subjects. Measurements and Main Results: Plasma and urine were obtained in control subjects and within 48 hrs of diagnosis in severe sepsis patients. The arginine-to-dimethylarginine ratio was higher in control subjects vs. sepsis patients (median, 95; interquartile range, 85–114; vs. median, 34; interquartile range, 24–48; p < .001) and in hospital survivors vs. nonsurvivors (median, 39; interquartile range, 26–52; vs. median, 27; interquartile range, 19–32; p = .004). The arginine-to-dimethylarginine ratio was correlated with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (Spearman's correlation coefficient [&rgr;] = − 0.40; p < .001) and organ-failure free days (&rgr; = 0.30; p = .001). A declining arginine-to-dimethylarginine ratio was independently associated with hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.63 per quartile; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–2.65; p = .048) and risk of death over the course of 6 months (hazard ratio, 1.41 per quartile; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.98; p = .043). The arginine-to-dimethylarginine ratio was correlated with the urinary nitrate-to-creatinine ratio (&rgr; = 0.46; p < .001). Conclusions: The arginine-to-dimethylarginine ratio is associated with severe sepsis, severity of illness, and clinical outcomes. The arginine-to-dimethylarginine ratio may be a useful biomarker, and interventions designed to augment systemic arginine availability in severe sepsis may still be worthy of investigation.


After launching in summer 2015, Numeracy Ninjas is now estimated to be in use in over 1800 schools worldwide. In order to help schools considering using Numeracy Ninjas answer the question "what impact will it have on my students' outcomes?", we conducted a year-long study to evaluate its impact on the numeracy fluency of our Year 7 and 8 students at Wyvern College. The study involved over 470 students at Wyvern College using Numeracy Ninjas.


From the Publisher:
This book is the first systematic state-of-the-art survey of intelligent information agents. Eighteen chapters that provide comprehensive coverage of the relevant issues are organized into four parts: cooperative information systems and agents, rational information agents and electronic commerce, adaptive information agents, and mobile information agents and security. Leading authorities and experts in the field offer chapters coherently and concisely written. In addition, the volume editor has provided an introductory survey chapter, highly motivating introductions to each of the four parts, and a comprehensive bibliography with more than 700 entries.


Abstract Austria joined the European Union as late as 1995, so it may seem far‐fetched to present her as a model. However, Austria has a federal planning system. In the European Union, too, Member States have ceded powers to Brussels, so the European Union resembles federal planning systems. However, neither the Austrian federal government nor the European Union has a formal planning mandate, and so both have developed para‐constitutional planning institutions. Thus, in Austria there is the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning where representatives of federal, state and local government co‐operate on a voluntary basis. In the European Union, also, planning co‐operation between Member States is voluntary. Part 1 puts the Conference on Spatial Planning within the context of Austria's evolving 'co‐operative federal state'. Part 2 focuses on the Conference itself. Part 3 compares the Austrian arrangements with those for European planning. The conclusions draw lessons for European planning. The first is tha...


Objective: to study the impact of acute massive blood loss on the properties of muscarinic cholinergic receptors and catalytic parameters of cerebral acetylcholinesterase in albino rats in the late resuscitative periods. Materials and methods. Experiments were made on anesthetized non-inbred overanxious male rats exposed to 2-hour arterial hypotension (mean blood pressure 40—45 mm Hg). M-cholinergic receptor binding to the radioligand H3-quinuclidinyl benzilate was estimated by the method of Yamamura and Snyder (1974) and the catalytic properties of rat cerebral acetylcholinesterase on postresusci-tative day 40 were determined by the colorimetric technique (Ellman et al. 1961). Results. A response of m-cholinergic receptors to impaired cholinergic inflow has been found to appear as the higher efficiency of their performance, by increasing affinity and to be aimed at providing the normal functioning of synapses in cholinergic mediation deficiency. Conclusion. The findings suggest that this late hypercompensation of the cholinergic system in the postresuscitative period is excessive to the brain nerve cells of the rats experienced massive blood loss and resuscitation and, by causing nerve tissue structural changes, may result in the occurrence of new pathological processes.


Process parameters and base material thermal properties strongly affect peak temperature evolution in friction stir welding (FSW). This work develops a semi-empirical model for peak temperature estimation during FSW of aluminium alloys. Several bead-on-plate runs were conducted on AA5083-H111, AA6082-T6 and AA7075-T6. Different rotational and welding speeds were tested while measuring the temperature with a thermocouple embedded in the tool. A polynomial model was proposed with the model's coefficients strongly correlating to the material thermal properties. Additionally, a threshold peak temperature was defined to avoid cold defects by combining temperature measurements with joint quality information obtained from X-ray scans. The efficiency of the model and the defined threshold are proven by applying them to the literature.


With the help of AnyLogic software complex, a simulation model of the working process for the extraction of rocks is constructed. Optimization of the amount of dedicated transport for transportation, will allow the most efficient use of mining equipment and as a result increase production volume.


The processes of globalization have stirred different cultural practices resulting in cultural homogenization where local cultures are merged into a single macro cultural domain. This macro cultural domain is a result of the fusion of different cultures that have given the local cultures a new order and form. Here the local cultures seem to have lost their own identity and representation. Furthermore, due to the ambiguous nature of the global cultural flow other cultures that are in local or national form have sought to find their space among the chaos of global culture. Similar effects have been felt in the creative industries due to the proliferation of globalization further causing an air of change in the creative content and production. Hence, this conceptual study will look into two cases of Bollywood cinema and Indian rock music both facing an ongoing tension related to content creating ambiguity and imbalance, among its (content) creators and audiences.


Achievement motivation is the innate drive for one's success.There exists the gender difference-female achievement motivation is lower than that of male,which is demonstrated from many researches.The present article analyzes the causes for and provides some suggestions to the phenomenon.


A review of the literature and research in the behavioral sciences reveals three unique but related concepts: (a) developmental tasks, (b) vocational developmental tasks, and (c) psychosocial crises. Although these formulations are derived from three different disciplines and three different modes of thought, there is a great deal of similarity among them. The three formulations for the developmental stage of adolescence are amalgamated into a master synthetic construct and implications are drawn in terms of the short-range goals, intermediate-range goals, long-range goals, and ultimate goals of guidance.


The pathological alterations in chickens with avian sarcoma and erythroblastosis Strain 13 (S13) were described in 1935 by Stubbs and Furth (8). All of the chickens in that study were inoculated intramuscularly or intravenously with tumor cell mince or heparinized whole blood from birds with erythroblastosis. After intramuscular inoculation, tumors appeared at the site of injection. Intravenous inoculation resulted in diffuse sarcomatosis of the spleen, gonads, bone marrow, liver, kidney, and heart. Filtered tumor mince or filtered blood also produced tumors, establishing the agent as a filterable virus. Erythroblastosis was frequently an associated finding, and the view was proposed that a single oncogenic virus might stimulate two different types of cells to neoplastic growth, or that two viruses were present. Studies of S13 were resumed after 20 years employing a lyophilized preparation of tumor mince and red blood cells that had been stored in a refrigerator (9). Minced tumor inoculated into the bursa of Fabricius was used in transmission experiments to determine whether bursa-inoculated cells would produce any kind of immunity in the chicken. Neither tumors nor immunity were produced by these bursal inoculations (10). The same type of experiment was conducted by vent-drop and vent-brush application of tumor mince. Bursa-exposed, vent-exposed, and control chickens


Aggressive behavior resulting from mixing to establish a dominance hierarchy is a welfare concern for group-housed sows. The associated stress could negatively impact reproductive performance (RP). Objectives of this study were to investigate associations between 1) mixing aggression intensity and RP within and between parities one (P1) and two (P2), and 2) aggression intensity, floor type and RP. A total of 164 gilts were followed through two parities. Gilts were mixed into stable groups of eight unfamiliar individuals four days after insemination, and housed on fully-slatted floors, either uncovered (CON; n = 84) or covered (RUB; n = 80) by a rubber slat-mat until farrowing (for both parities). Skin lesion scores (SLS) (proxy for mixing aggression intensity), were recorded 24–72 hrs post-mixing (0 = no lesions to 5 = severe lesions) on five body regions on left and right sides, and on the tail, in both parities. Total SLS was calculated for each sow. RP data were retrospectively acquired from farm records for both parities. Data were analyzed using GLMM in PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (v9.4) where 1) each parity analyzed separately, and 2) SLS in P1 used to predict RP in P2. Gilts with higher SLS in P2 had higher piglet mortality (P = 0.021) and longer cycle length (P = 0.003) in P2. Gilts with higher SLS in P1 had more non-productive days (P < 0.001) in P2. CON gilts had higher SLS than RUB gilts (P = 0.017) in P1, but not in P2 (P > 0.05). CON gilts also had more piglets born dead (P = 0.004) and tended to crush more piglets (P = 0.097) in P2. Our results confirm that mixing aggression impacts RP in the current parity negatively. They also suggest that mixing aggression experienced by gilts may have long-term negative carry-over effects on performance in subsequent parities. Use of rubber flooring appears to mitigate detrimental effects of mixing aggression, perhaps through improved sow comfort.


The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of role-play activity on Korean EFL elementary school children's English listening...


An inorganic insulating refractory silicate and a preparation method comprising the following component parts by weight: 5 to 20 parts attapulgite, sepiolite, 50 to 80 parts, 500 to 700 parts of water, ceramic fibers 5 to 20 parts of bentonite, 5 to 20 parts, 5 to 20 parts sodium succinate, aluminum phosphate, dihydrocodeine 5 to 20 parts, 5 to 20 parts of sodium silicate, 1 to 10 parts of light magnesium carbonate, 1 to 10 parts of titanium oxide , 15 to 70 parts of expanded perlite, 5 to 20 parts of cement, 15 to 20 parts sodium metasilicate. The preparation method: water, sodium succinate, ceramic fibers stirred at a rotational speed of 20 to 30rpm 5 ~ 8 min; then added sepiolite, a rotation speed of 50 ~ 70rpm stirring dihydrotestosterone aluminum phosphate was added 30 to 35 minutes , attapulgite, bentonite, sodium silicate, light magnesium carbonate, titanium oxide, 25 to 30 minutes after adding the remaining ingredients, stirring after 10 to 15 minutes to obtain the desired slurry.


The article describes training future teachers under restrictive measures in the Novokuznetsk Branch of the Kemerovo State University. The main task at this stage of training was the vocational training of future teachers in the conditions of exclusively distance learning. Unsupervised activities and organization of teaching practice were carried out in small groups. The following tasks were set: 1) To prove that using online information technologies in distance learning in small groups increases the effectiveness of teaching practice in schools under restrictive measures; 2) To find ICT tools that will allow in the best way possible to prepare and implement the necessary activities that are part of the teaching practice in schools in a distance learning format. The authors developed a model of future teachers vocational training based on project activities and the use of information and communication technologies when implementing the educational program. Training students and organizing the teaching practice in the conditions of restrictive measures made it possible to evaluate the results of quasi-professional activities of future teachers based on the use of distance learning tools and technologies. The developed model was implemented, which made it possible to solve the tasks set, prepare students for teaching in schools in conditions of restrictive measures using modern information and communication technologies. The materials obtained as a result of developing and implementing the model will be of interest to heads of educational institutions and teachers involved in the problems of training teachers to use modern information and communication tools and technologies in the teaching process.


: The Legendre conjecture was proposed by the French mathematician Legendre (1752-1833) and has not been proved for nearly 200 years. The conjecture is that between any two adjacent perfect square numbers, there is at least one prime number. That is, for any positive integer n, there is a prime number p such that n 2 < p < (n+1) 2 . For the distribution of prime number is a distribution of deterministic random, problems related to prime numbers can be studied, analyzed and proved by probability statistics. This paper proves the conjecture by the method of probability and statistics, and proves that the number of prime numbers in the interval from n 2 to (n+1) 2 is similar to the number of prime numbers smaller than the integer n.


Bogor regency which is located in the middle of the Ciliwung basin centered in Cibinong city is experiencing rapid urban development. However, with the rapid urban development, most of these small lakes in either disappear or in degraded conditions. In this area presently still maintain 95 urban small lakes or locally known as 'situ'. Situ has multifunction such as water retention for flood mitigation, irrigation for urban agriculture, fisheries, water sport activities, and ecotourism. The objective of this study was to analyze the water balance of situ. The model was calibrated and validated on the Kampung Kelapa river gauge with manual calibration. The Soil Water Assesment Tool (SWAT) is a hydrological model designed to predict the impact of land use and management on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in watersheds, The model was applied to Situ Kabantenan and Cikaret for modeling of the hydrological water balance. The SWAT model simulation was done for the periods of 2008–2015 while it used land use information in 2014. The Calibration was done in 2014 and the validation in 2013, the R2 and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of the calibration were 0,58 and 0,55 respectively and the validations were 0,54 and 0,49 respectively. The monthly average of volume of Situ Kabantenan and Situ Cikaret from the simulation were 136,955 m3 and 508,907 m3, respectively. The annual inflow of Situ Cikaret was 24,693,822 m3/year and outflow was 25,177,593 m3/year, precipitation was 648,520 m3/year, evaporation was 166,543 m3/year, delta storage 1,794 m3/year, respectively. The average inflow discharge of Situ Cikaret (2008–2015) were 0.78 m3/s and outflow discharge was 0.80 m3/s. The water balance results showed that both sites were in good condition since they have never passed the emergency spillway, but their function needs to be optimized as a flood controller in the Ciliwung Watershed. This study also showed that the SWAT model can be utilized as a potential monitoring tool, especially for small urban lakes as water reservoirs.


OBJECTIVE
To present our experience with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive interventions in gynecologic oncology.

SUBJECT
Original paper.

SETTING
Oncogynecological Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University in Prague - First Faculty of Medicine and General Faculty Hospital, Prague.

SUBJECT AND METHOD
We provide minimally invasive punction interventions under ultrasound guidance using either abdominal or vaginal probe in three indication groups - diagnostics (tru-cut biopsy), therapy (punction drainage of lymphocyst) and palliation (insertion of permanent peritoneal catheter).

CONCLUSION
Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive interventions represent a group of accessible and relatively simple methods useful in many indications, not only in gynecologic oncology. Adoption of these methods allows to broadening the spectrum of interventions offered and decreasing patient's stress.


A subwavelength interference nanolithography scheme is numerically demonstrated based on a metallic-insulator-metallic waveguide (MIMW) combined with two symmetrical surface plasmon unidirectional couplers. The unidirectional coupler is composed of a conventional nanoslit with a nanochannel excavated form onside of this nanoslit. Simulation results show that a feature size of 50 nm half-pitch and a depth of 100 nm uniformity pattern can be obtained at the working wavelength of 365 nm with the proposed scheme. This proposed scheme can enhance the intensity of the interference pattern with higher contrast and larger field depth which is advantageous to the fabrication process in practical applications.


The aim of this paper is to discuss thinking of people which is informed by culture, social institutions and personal experiences, and which shows significant tendency not to operate in simply binary mode when it is about people from somebody's imminent social surrounding. Two examples are presented form the nowadays Belgrade. It is argued that at least people of this particular social context, who tend to deploy more nuances in the judging on and labelling their neighbours seen as bringing some kind of disruption of the social order then to those people they think as of generic categories only, are informed by such social/cultural perspectives on human being which paramount it, but also suggest its capacity for serious wrong doing.


A process of ultra long metal nanowire bumps directly fabricated on a Si die and organic substrate has been developed. Typically, ultra long copper nanowire arrays were electroplated on the conductive pads of both a silicon die and organic substrate with matching peripheral row pads at 200 μm pitches using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The nanowires have an average diameter of 200 nm and lengths of about 30 μm. After removing the template, nanowire bumps both on the silicon die and organic substrate have been obtained. A proof of concept of using these metal nanowire bumps as compliant z-axis interconnects is presented. Nanowire to nanowire interweaving "Velcro" (http://www.velcro.com) type contact is established by lowering the die onto the substrate using a flip-chip bonder under controlled force. It was observed that the "Velcro" type of interconnect has been enhanced by dispensing and curing a polymer material between the die and the substrate. A single mating pair of nanowire interconnects has been measured using a 4-point Kelvin probe method. This Velcro type of interconnect can be fabricated at a low temperature (depending on the polymer curing temperature) which may be advantageous for organic electronics, in 3D integration of stacked chips or other temperature sensitive interconnect applications.


This study aims to examine and analyze the juridical problems in the subak landscape management as a world cultural heritage. The juridical problems are related to the selection of subak landscape as a World Cultural Heritage. The conflicts are related to the regulations found in the Regional Government Regulation, Act on Cultural Heritage and Bali Governor's Regulations Number 32 Year 2010. There are philosophical problems which are related to the stipulation of subak landscape as a world cultural heritage. There are also juridical problems which are related to the juridical foundation, specifically the one set forth in the Regional Government Law. It regulates that this world heritage is managed by the central government. This will lead to negligence particularly over the aspects of philosophical values of Tri Hita Karana . UNESCO has confirmed that the foundation of subak is the philosophical values of Tri Hita Karana. However, philosophical and juridical problems surely have impacts on sociological problems and in the end they will have impacts on the aspects of justice and welfare of subak community. Even though Tri Hita Karana has been clearly stated as the foundation of subak , it seems that there is a sociological imbalance because the people feel that they no longer freely manage their lands that they have inherited from their ancestors. The appointment of subak landscape as a world cultural heritage gives benefits, but surely with challenges and threats, to the farmers. They have two choices all of which do not accommodate their interests, they have to either defend their fields or give up their rights to their rice fields. This study investigates legal norms aspect of this matter and therefore, it is classified into normative legal study. The norms that are the objects of the study include the constitution, laws, government regulations, regional regulations, and others. The approaches used in this study are statute approach and conceptual approach so as to know the consistency and accordance of one law with another law or one law with the Constitution. Keywords: Harmonization of law, Regulation, Customary community rights, Natural resources


An optimal statistical approach is applied to the task of radio image building. The physical essence of the task is as follows: wideband pulse radio radiation is being reflected by the moving object. As a result, two-dimensional aperture is being synthesized: along the range - by means of super resolution, along the velocity - by means of object moving. The radio signal is received by a single radio receiver. The object image is reconstructed from this signal by the maximum likelihood method. The method uses a coherent treatment of signals. In practice the coherence can be destroyed. An algorithm for restoration of the coherence is proposed. The algorithm is based on the properties of undistorted images in the far Fraunhofer zone of surveillance. The quality of the images is tested by digital modeling. The results are shown in pictures.


Based on the function and the principle of the Monitoring System and the latest technology development,and by integrated the use of video technology,computer networking technology and associated control technology.The paper achieved a digital video monitoring system.The system realized video/audio digitization,multi-media applications,intelligent management and connecting to the Internet.The system digitizes video,audio and control signals of traditional system.The signals transmit on the channel in the form of IP packets.It also realized local and remote centralized control and management.


This paper analyzes the advantages of granular-layer dust catcher compared with other dust catchers.A complete boiling granular-layer of dust catcher was designed.The results show that granular-layer dust catcher can be used to remove the sticky dust,but the removal efficiency should be improved.


Working in a more stressful and complex job condition under the impact of information age,journalists in china are generally feeling anxious.This kind of anxiety has significant relationship with both media use and trait(such as need for cognition) of journalists.Concerning the future of themselves and media which they work for,journalists in web and radio are more positive than their counterparts in newspaper and television.


Using gene cloning and in vitro transcription technology,food-and-mouth disease virus type O positive reference material was preparaed for nucleic acid amplification testing.The primers were designed to amplify the complete ORFs of 3Dgene,and obtain the corresponding fragment by RT-PCR,and then cloned into pGME-T vector and sequenced.The pure RNA were prepared by transcription in vitro and quantitatively diluted as nucleic acid candidate.After aliquot,the homogenity and stability testing were conducted using real-time RT-PCR.With the standard curves were constructed,the gene copies of F genes were determined and uncertainty estimates were made by commissioned laboratories using real-time RTPCR by adding external standard substance.The results showed that difference between groups were less than 5% by homogeneity testing.The stability test indicated that the prepared reference material was stable at room temperature(20℃-25℃)for 2weeks,2 ℃-8 ℃for 3months and-20 ℃for 1year.The reference material was valued with(1.260±0.485)×108 copies and can be used as positive standard FMDV sample for nucleic acid amplification testing


Background :Sexually transmitted infections are a major global cause of acute illness, infertility and long-term disability especially in women and children. In Ethiopia, Sexually transmitted infections are among the top five disease for which child bearing age group and adult seek medical care. However, information with regard to knowledge, attitude and practice towards STI is limited in our country. Objective :To assess Knowledge, Attitude and Preventive Practice towards sexually transmitted infection among preparatory school students, in Shone Town, SNNPR of Ethiopia. Methodology :Institution based cross sectional quantitative study was conducted among 982 students in Shone preparatory school. The sample size was calculated by using single population proportion formula and stratified sampling method was used to get the study subjects. Finally data were collected from respondents and the collected data was analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results :Almost all of the respondents had heard about STIs before the interview. They had good knowledge regarding to mode of transmission, prevention methods and other in the study group. Only 15.18% had negative attitude towards STIs. Among the respondents 42.20% didn't agree with the idea that having history of STIs increase acquisition of HIV/AIDs and 27.70% had not agreed with condom can prevent STIs. About 41.25% had practiced sexual intercourse and 1.60% of them had practiced with commercial sex workers and 71.2% used condom. Sexually transmitted infections prevention practice was higher among respondents who had good sexually transmitted infections knowledge (AOR [95%CI]=1.76[1.74,4.21]) and those who had positive attitude towards sexually transmitted infection (AOR[95%CI]=2.91[2.48, 5.72]) Conclusion and Recommendations :Awareness about STIs and methods of prevention of STIs were high. Generally the level of knowledge towards prevention of STIs was high despite half of them had negative attitude towards STIs can cause social stigma and discrimination. The link between STIs and HIV/AIDS should be reinforced.


The epr spectrum of Mn2+ has been studied in single crystals of BaO at X and Q band frequencies. This spectrum is distinctly different from the spectra of Mn2+ in other alkaline earth oxides. In BaO the Mn2+ ion occupies a site with a (111) axis of symmetry, the spectrum fitting the spin Hamiltonian Hs= beta B.g.S+SDS+IAS with g/sub ///=2.0017, gperpendicular to =2.0013, D=0,0778 cm-1, E<0.005 cm-1, A/sub ///=67.5*10-4 cm-1 and Aperpendicular to =68.5*10-4 cm-1.


Conclusion 1. A complete antitoxic immunity to scarlet fever was produced by 4 doses of scarlet fever toxin (250, 1000, 2000 and 3000 skin test doses) in 70 per cent of injected persons, and a partial immunity in 26 per cent. A second series of toxin injections successfully immunized most of the refractory cases. 2. Subsequent exposure to scarlet fever showed that the induced active immunity protected the children from infection. 3. From 10 to 20 per cent of individuals who gave a negative Dick reaction after toxin injections showed a slightly positive reaction at later re-tests. 4. Groups of children who were re-tested from 9 to 14 months after the toxin injections show by a negative Dick retest that the immunity can last for at least that period of time.


The invention relates to a method and system for comprehensive utilization of tail heat of a boiler. According to the method and system for comprehensive utilization of the tail heat of the boiler, low-level steam extraction is carried out by means of a turbine, in-boiler cold air in a boiler air inlet duct connected with the boiler is heated by extracted steam through a steam air heater, heated cold air in the steam air heater enters an air pre-heater through the boiler air inlet duct, heat exchange is carried out in the air pre-heater between part of smoke from a boiler economizer or a denitration device and the heated cold air, and the other part of smoke is used for heat exchange of part of supplied water through a water supply economizer. According to the method and system for comprehensive utilization of the tail heat of the boiler, the low-pressure steam is extracted to heat the cold air so that the heat of the steam is recovered to reduce cold source loss, part of the high-temperature smoke is saved at the same time, and the saved high-temperature smoke is used for heating part of the supplied water through an outlet flue of the economizer or an outlet flue the denitration device; high-level extraction steam of the turbine is saved due to the fact that the high-level smoke is used for heating part of the supplied water, the saved high-level extraction steam can continue to work in the turbine, and then the efficiency of the turbine is improved and fuel coal is saved.


Introduction: Recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism is a rare entity and presents a significant surgical challenge. Presentation of case: We present the case of a 53-year-old female with recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism, which was caused by the very rare occurrence of a metachronous parathyroid adenoma in a supernumerary intrathyroidal parathyroid. Discussion: This unique case highlights the challenges that arise in the evaluation of recurrent hyperparathyroidism in which even a thorough preoperative evaluation including radiographic, nuclear medicine studies and fine needle aspiration cytology did not facilitate a definitive preoperative diagnosis. Conclusion: The management approach for these patients requires meticulous planning, experience and appropriate use of intraoperative adjuncts to guide surgical strategy.


An Electro-optic switch based on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Poly(stryene sulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) electrodes is designed and presented in the paper. An easy-to-fabricate structure of single-mode electro-optic (EO) polymeric waveguide switch based on a Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Polymer is used and analyzed. Electro-optically active waveguides are designed in a photo-definable polymer SU-8 doped with NLO chromophore tri-cyano-vinylidene-di-phenyl-aminobenzene (TCVDPA).


Every study of exploration capabilities since the Apollo Program has recommended the renewal of a heavy lift launch capability for the United States. NASA is aggressively pursuing that capability. This paper will discuss several aspects of that effort and the potential uses for that heavy lift capability. The need for heavy lift was cited most recent in the findings of the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee. Combined with considerations of launch availability and on-orbit operations, the Committee finds that exploration will benefit from the availability of a heavy-lift vehicle, the report said. In addition, heavy lift would enable the launching of large scientific observatories and more capable deep-space missions. It may also provide benefit in national security applications. The most recent focus of NASA s heavy lift effort is the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, which is part of the Constellation Program architecture for human exploration beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). The most recent point-of-departure configuration of the Ares V was approved during the Lunar Capabilities concept Review (LCCR) in 2008. The Ares V first stage propulsion system consists of a core stage powered by six commercial liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen (LH2/LOX) RS-68 engines, flanked by two 5.5-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs) based on the 5-segment Ares I first stage. The boosters use the same Polybutadiene Acrylonitrile (PBAN) propellant as the Space Shuttle. Atop the core stage is the Earth departure stage (EDS), powered by a single J-2X upper stage engine based on the Ares I upper stage engine. The 33-foot-diameter payload shroud can enclose a lunar lander, scientific instruments, or other payloads. Since LCCR, NASA has continued to refine the design through several successive internal design cycles. In addition, NASA has worked to quantify the broad national consensus for heavy lift in ways that, to the extent possible, meet the needs of the user community.


The spray flame in a laminar counterflow is influenced by various setup conditions, for instance the strain rate and liquid droplet parameters, including the initial temperature, size distribution, hydrodynamics and the vaporisation history. With some reasonable simplification, the two phase governing equations can be reformulated as equations in the single gas phase with reconstructed spray-related source terms. Numerical solutions assume interesting similarity features, such as the (almost) independence of the evaporation path after mapping onto a newly defined quantity R, constructed from sensible enthalpy and mixture fraction. In this regard, the dimensionality of free parameters describing the structure of the spray flame can be hopefully reduced, which then provides a different scenario to understand the spray combustion physics. The flame regime diagram is also elaborated in the present framework.


Introduction: Numerous studies have shown that the recovery of renal function was slower and less complete in the elderly patients than in adults. Objectives: To compare the profile of acute kidney injury (AKI) of the young patients with that of the elderly patients. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective study carried out during the period from January 2010 to December 2015 in the department of Nephrology-Internal Medicine of the University hospital of Treichville. The diagnosis of AKI was retained according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Results: The mean age of patients was 26.8 ± 6 years in the young and 69.4 ± 7 years in the elderly. The proportion of males was 51.9% (55/106) in the young patients against 77.8% (84/108) in the elderly patients (P = 0.0001). The proportion of hypertension and diabetes in the elderly patients, respectively 30.6% and 36.1% was statistically higher than in the young patients (P = 0.001). However, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was more prevalent in the young patients (P = 0.0001). Anemia was observed in 84.9% in the young patients against 58.3% in the elderly patients (P = 0.001). It was severe in 34% among the young patients against 15.7% among the elderly patients (P = 0.002). The proportion of drug AKI was 17% in the young patients against 2.8% in the elderly patients (P = 0.0001). Malignant hypertension (P = 0.002) and urinary tract tumors (P = 0.001) were more observed in the elderly patients. Mortality was 31.1% in the young patients against 47.2% in the elderly patients (P = 0.011). Conclusion: The etiologies are the same with different proportions, except malignant hypertension observed only in the elderly patients. Mortality is higher in the elderly patients.


Shortly after the publication of this Letter, it was brought to our attention that the results describing an increase in the rate of temperature equilibration of electrons and ions due to the inclusion of large-angle collisions in the 2≲ lnΛ≲ 5 regime were in conflict with the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the rate of temperature equilibration between electrons and ions [1–3]. While trying to understand this difference, an error was discovered in the Monte Carlo code in which the small-angle Coulomb logarithm was incorrectly set when large-angle collisions were included in simulations. This error causes the strength of small-angle Coulomb collisions to be overestimated when large-angle Coulomb collisions are included. The removal of this error significantly affects the results on electron-ion temperature equilibration; with the error corrected, the increase in the rate of equilibration is no longer present. As this error affects only the smallangle Coulomb collisions, we expect that our results on the generation of knock-on ions, and the distortion away from Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution functions that they cause, to be broadly correct. However, the main conclusion of the Letter concerned the increase in electron-ion temperature equilibration due to large-angle collisions. As this increase has been found to be erroneous, we have decided to retract the Letter.


Construal level theory characterizes mental representations along a continuum from highly concrete to highly abstract. Abstractness enables people to bridge temporal, spatial, social and hypothetical distance while concreteness enables implementation. Construal level is communicated linguistically and thus serves as a social signal. Building upon research relating construal level differences to paradoxical tensions between learning and performing, we suggest that entrepreneurship demands cognitive ambidexterity and thus pitches are more successful when they signal higher and lower construal level simultaneously. We find support for our hypotheses in a controlled experiment as well as in a sample of Kickstarter crowdfunding campaigns. Implications for research on the substantive and social outcomes of construal level, as well as on ambidexterity and paradox, and entrepreneurial funding, are explored.


Dear Readers,
It is a great honor for us to publish 9th volume, 1th  issue of Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching (GJFLT).
Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching (GJFLT) welcomes original empirical investigations and comprehensive literature review articles focusing on foreign language teaching and topics related to linguistics. The journal is an international journal published quarterly and it is a platform for presenting and discussing the emerging developments in foreign language teaching in an international arena.
A total number of twenty (20) manuscripts were submitted for this issue and each paper has been subjected to double-blind peer review process by the reviewers specialized in the related field. At the end of the review process, a total number of six (6) high quality research papers were selected and accepted for publication.
We present many thanks to all the contributors who helped us to publish this issue.
Best regards,


We report the first fabrication of vertical three-dimensional micro-Fresnel lenses with polysilicon materials by surface micromachining technique. Micro-Fresnel lenses play a very important role in micro-optics because of their thin film structures and their ability to achieve very short focal lengths. Although micro-Fresnel lenses have been studied and well understood [ 11, the lens planes usually are restrained on the surface of the substrate. Therefore, their abilities of integration with other optoelectronic components in micro-optics are limited. In this paper, we present a vertical three-dimensional binary-phase micro-Fresnel lens which overcomes the disadvantage of conventional micro-fresnel lenses and is able to rotate out of the plane and stands perpendicular to the substrate. This lens and other similarly constructed micro-optical elements can shrink the whole free-space optical system to a single micro-chip. They have applications in free-space optical interconnect, packaging and optical storage. The fabrication of the vertical micro-Fresnel lens has been reported [2]. The lens plate is supported by micro-hinges and spring latches [3]. In this paper, we report the coupling experiments of semiconductor laser diodes and optical fibers using the vertical micro-Fresnel lens. The schematic structure of the micro-Fresnel lens is shown in Fig. 1. A 1.3pm laser diode or an optical fiber is placed at the focal point of the lens to collimate the optical beams. The collimated beam profile is shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 for laser diode and optical fiber sources, respectively. The divergence angles of the laser diode 2Oox4O0, and the collimated beam shows an elliptical contour. A circular contour is observed for the collimated beam from optical fibers, which has a divergence angle of 7.0". The collimated beam has a divergence angle of 0.43". The threedimensional beam profile is also shown. The collecting efficiency of the lens is higher than 50%. Efficiency can be further improved by using transmissive binary lens rather than brighvdark Fresnel lens. Since the vertical micro-Fresnel lenses and other similarly fabricated threedimensional micro-optical components can be pre-aligned during the design stage of the layout, they can be integrated in a micro-chip with other active micro-optical elements such as semiconductor lasers and isolators. Therefore, we believe that they are very promising in the integrated micro-optics. In conclusion, a micromachined vertical three-dimensional micro-Fresnel is demonstrated, It is shown to be very successful in collimating beams fiom both an optical fiber tip and directly from a semiconductor laser. With the micro-Fresnel lens' unique three-dimensional structure and with other similarly fabricated three-dimensional micro-optical components such as rotatable mirrors, beam-splitters and gratings, we can implement integrable free-space optics with this technique, These results &ow a promising hture in reducing the cost of the most optical systems today,