This study investigates the capital market reaction to Eid al-Fitr and Christmas non-economics factors. The authors use 23 shares (2008-2010) and 28 shares (2011-2013) of retail companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). The authors apply the event study method to examine the capital market reaction and the t-test method to analyze the market responses: the average abnormal return and trading volume activity. The authors empirical findings demonstrate that, in the first period, there is an abnormal return in the first day before the event date; but, there is no average difference between average abnormal return before and after the event-day in the first and the second periods. However, the authors haven't found a significant difference in average trading volume activity before and after the event-day in the first period, but it finds a significant difference in the second period.


A theory for Stark-cyclotron resonances in semiconductor superiattices in the hopping regime is developed for low-temperature and high-electron-density regimes. The effect of degeneracy is described by a prefactor in the expression for the hopping current in the nondegenerate case. This prefactor decreases from unity with the increasing of the electron density and/or with the lowering of the temperature. A steplike behavior of hopping current at very low temperature and very high electron density is predicted. A comparison between the present numerical calculations and the experimental measurements shows good qualitative agreement.


The continued viability of the Physician's Office Laboratory (POL) has been questioned because of barriers imposed by managed care organizations, oversight by regulatory agencies and competition for professionally trained laboratory staff. Pediatricians view the POL as an important adjunct to quality healthcare services for children and do not consider the POL as a "profit center", whose priority is generation of revenues for the practice. The parents of pediatric patients consider an on-site laboratory a convenience and valuable service. Through an analysis of patients' satisfaction, physicians' perceptions of enhancement to quality care, managed care reimbursement data and costs associated with maintenance of a POL, this study justifies the continuance of in-office laboratory services by pediatricians. In addition, issues regarding POL regulation, .. waived" testing and professionally trained laboratory staffing, are addressed


AbstractThe high-resolution mapping of karst features is of great importance to hydrocarbon discovery and recovery in the resource exploration field. Currently, however, there are few effective methods specifically tailored for such a task. The 3D seismic data can reveal the existence of karsts to some extent, but a precise characterization cannot be obtained. I have developed an effective framework for accurately probing the subsurface karst features using a well-developed time-frequency decomposition algorithm. More specifically, I have introduced a frequency interval analysis approach for obtaining the best karsts detection result using an optimal frequency interval. A high-resolution time-frequency transform was preferred in the proposed framework to capture the inherent frequency components hidden behind the amplitude map. Although the single-frequency slice could not provide a reliable karst depiction result, the summation over the selected frequency interval could obtain a high-resolution and high-...


Human visual system (HVS) can visualize all the brightness levels of the scene through visual adaptation. However, the dynamic range of most commercial digital cameras and display devices are smaller than the dynamic range of human eye. This implies low dynamic range (LDR) images captured by normal digital camera may lose image details. We propose an efficient approach to high dynamic (HDR) image fusion that copes with image displacement and image blur degradation in a computationally efficient manner, which is suitable for implementation on mobile devices. The various image registration algorithms proposed in the previous literatures are unable to meet the efficiency and performance requirements in the application of mobile devices. In this paper, we selected Oriented Brief (ORB) detector to extract local image structures. The descriptor selected in multi-exposure image fusion algorithm has to be fast and robust to illumination variations and geometric deformations. ORB descriptor is the best candidate in our algorithm. Further, we perform an improved RANdom Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm to reject incorrect matches. For the fusion of images, a new approach based on Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) is used. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm generates high quality images at low computational cost. Comparisons with a number of other feature matching methods show that our method gets better performance.


We consider the simple random walk on the Euclidean lattice, in three dimensions and higher, conditioned to visit fewer sites than expected, when the deviation from the mean scales like the mean. The associated large deviation principle was first derived in 2001 by van den Berg, Bolthausen and den Hollander in the continuous setting, that is for the volume of a Wiener sausage, and later taken up by Phetpradap in the discrete setting. One of the key ideas in their work is to condition the range of the random walk to a certain skeleton, that is a sub-sequence of the random walk path taken along an appropriate mesoscopic scale. In this paper we prove that (i) the rate function obtained by van den Berg, Bolthausen and den Hollander has a unique minimizer over the set of probability measures modulo shifts, at least for deviations of the range well below the mean, and (ii) the empirical measure of the skeleton converges under the conditioned law, in a certain manner, to this minimizer. To this end we use an adaptation of the topology recently introduced by Mukherjee and Varadhan to compactify the space of probability measures.


A novel technique for fabricating fibre grating resonators is reported. Using this technique, a resonant filter response with a bandwidth of 0.04 nm (∼5 GHz) centred at 1535.1 nm and with a finesse of 20 has been obtained.


Under strong shock,violent vibration will occur in the pipe system of naval ships,which then results in the pipe systems breakage. In this article,the straight girder model is used to simulate the pipe system,state equation is deduced by ECPM,and vibrational response will be gained.An analysis of vibrational response in a real pipe system of naval ships revealed that it will be effective to reduce vibrational response by rational dispose the position of supports. The diagrams and conclusions offer theoretical reference for the position optimizing of the pipe systems supports.


Objective To detect the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1),basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in aqueous humor of diabetic cataract patients,and to analyze their clinical significance and relation with diabetic cataract.Methods The concentrations of IGF-1,bFGF-1 and IL-6 in 71 samples of aqueous humor in diabetic cataract patients were measured by double antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay before operation.In experimental group,there were 38 samples of aqueous humor in diabetic cataract patients,including 25 samples of aqueous humor with non-diabetic retinopathy(NDR)and 13 samples of aqueous humor with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR).There were 33 samples of aqueous humor in patients with age-related cataract in control group,and detected by the same method.Results The IGF-1 and bFGF concentrations in aqueous humor of diabetic cataract patients were(7.47±5.03)ng·L-1 and(7.47±7.08)ng·L-1,which were higher than (4.13±2.52)ng·L-1 and (3.44±2.92)ng·L-1 in samples of aqueous humor in control group,there were statistical differences(P0.01 or P0.05).Concentration of IL-6 in experimental group had no difference with that in control group(P0.05).Concentrations of IGF-1 in aqueous humor of NDR group and NPDR group were higher than that in control group,there were significant statistical differences(both P0.01).Concentration of bFGF was (7.44±6.59)ng·L-1 in aqueous humor of NDR group higher than that in control group,the difference was significant(P0.01).Concentrations of bFGF in aqueous humor of NDR group and NPDR group were higher than that in control group,there were statistical differences(P0.01 or P0.05).No significant difference was found in concentration of IL-6 between each two groups(all P0.05).Positive correlations were found between bFGF and IGF-1,IGF-1 and IL-6(r=0.409,P0.01;r=0.259,P0.05),but no correlation was found between bFGF and IL-6(r=0.196,P0.05).Conclusions Increased level of bFGF and IGF-1 in aqueous humor of diabetic cataract patients may be related to injury and apoptosis of lens epithelial cells and damage of blood-aqueous barrier under high glucose condition.Differences of bFGF,IGF-1 and IL-6 levels in aqueous humor reflect the role and effect of different cytokines in different stages,which can be used as reference indicators for treatment and prognosis.


ABSTRACT Three new species of Crenitis Bedel, 1881 are described from South Africa; C. castellus sp.n. and C. rupestris sp. n. from the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, and C. quagga sp.n. from the Western Cape Province. All three new species were found in madicolous habitats, which appear to be characteristic for a number of species of the genus. A revised key to African species of Crenitis is included. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:18BE876C-46CB-4AD5-9BB0-EA6F8D711F09


The dynamic nature of competitive electricity markets means that participants often resort to some form of derivative financial instrument. One such instrument is a contract-for-difference (CFD), usually available to renewable generators in certain electricity markets to enable them to hedge their price risk. Embracing CFD presents new risks such as counterparty credit, margining, third-party, legal, and process risks. Derivative instruments existing on blockchains have recently demonstrated potential as suitable hedging tools for minimizing the risks of renewable generators. This article applies this concept for the first time to hedge the price risk of renewable generators by implementing a novel decentralized finance instrument, an Ethereum blockchain marketplace governed by a smart contract to mediate between stakeholders mutually enrolled in bilateral CFD arrangements. The employed structure mitigates the underlying risks of traditional arrangements, underpinned by a suite of autonomous mechanisms.


S HARING A HOME WITH A CANINE PEKINESE a n d a garden w i t h v a r i o u s soil creatures, I am struck at how much we sensate beings share. 'We's kin', as the Appalachian folk say. We are notably linked to other primates, especially the common chimpanzee. 1 As God's local sovereigns, humans live within a terrestrial soil community which includes flying descendants of dinosaurs, myriad some undiscovered micro-organisms, insects, and the diminishing living creatures of the waters. Included within the community are the plants and habitats upon which animals depend. An organic food grower, who feeds plants by feeding the soil, recognizes this symbiotic interdependence. 'Far from trying to destroy all life in his soil, his constant endeavour is to increase it,' writes John Seymour. 'He piles organic matter into his soil with the very object of encouraging the bacterial and fungal life that lives therein. He glories in the diversity of vegetables and animal life in and on his soil. '2


Currently, there is a very high amount of dynamic information on the web, bringing the need to find efficient ways to help users select the information they are interested in as soon as it is published. A common solution to cope with this problem is to employ publish/subscribe systems. However, in order to be efficient, these systems must solve the matching problem: compute the subscriptions matched by a given piece of information. Usually, using XML as a way to represent published information entails the usage of XPath as a subscription language. Due to XPath's high expressiveness, solving the matching problem in an XML context efficiently becomes more complex, and as such, common solutions usually reduce the expressiveness of the subscription language to a small subset of XPath in order to achieve higher efficiency. In this paper we propose an algorithm that, based on a valuebased matching algorithm, can efficiently solve the filtering problem in a XML publish/subscribe environment, while supporting a significantly expressive subset of the XPath language.


Transmission characteristics of transient Scholte waves along periodic and random liquid–solid interfaces are demonstrated using laboratory ultrasonic models. These characteristics indicate that, for periodic interfaces, the transmitted Scholte wave is composed of an attenuated main pulse, which arrives first, followed by substantial energy at the Bragg frequency, which is delayed and spread over a wide time window. Random topographic variations in the liquid–solid interface eliminate the transmission of the late‐arriving components. The experiments are limited to a water ''half‐space'' over a high‐speed solid half‐space, in which case, most of the Scholte wave energy is in the water. The Scholte wavelength is comparable to the horizontal spatial wavelength in the surface but is much greater than the vertical scale of the spatial variations. Results from composite interfaces formed by placing thin parallel scatterers on a plane solid surface and from corrugated interfaces formed by directly machining groo...


Manufacturing organizations being taken as the research objects, the structure dimension and the inner-relationship are probed in the paper. The research findings gained by the statistics software SPSS 15.0 and factor analysis show that there are three dimensions of the employee psychological contract in manufacturing industry in Hangzhou, namely development obligation, primary obligation and emotional obligation. In addition, the inner-relationship of employee psychological contract has been also discussed. Finally, the paper summarized the significance of HRM in manufacturing industry from psychological contract.


Different therapeutic regimes like chemotherapy, cytokine based immunotherapy and/or stem cell transplantation are generally be the suggested options for treatment of leukemia. However, the selection of the best therapeutic strategy for an individual patient remains uncertain till now. Several analytical models are proposed for each of the therapeutic strategies; however, no single analytical model is available which can make a comparative assessment regarding the long-term therapeutic efficacy among these strategies. This, in turn, may limit the clinical application of such analytical models. To address this issue we have developed an analytical model that can make a comparative assessment among these therapeutic regimes along with their different combinations. The model also has the flexibility to test their efficacies in different types of leukemia. Contrary to the previous models here we have incorporated several other important constraints like chemotherapeutic toxicity and chronic effects of HLA incompatibility that may limit therapeutic success. The simulation studies with the developed model indicate towards the immune potentiation as the determining factor to bring the leukemia free survival. It also reveals that the time optimization for immune boosting is another important crucial factor for providing leukemia free survival.


Cloud computing provides a convenient platform for big data computation such as machine learning and data mining. However, privacy conscious users often encrypt their data with their own keys before uploading them to the cloud. Existing techniques for computation on encrypted data are either in the single key setting or far from practical. In this paper, we show how two non-colluding servers can leverage proxy re-encryption to jointly compute arithmetic functions over the ciphertexts of multiple users without learning the inputs, intermediate or final results. Moreover, the computation is non-interactive to users and only requires minimal server-to-server interactions. Experimental results demonstrate that our schemes significantly improve the efficiency of outsourced computation when compared to the existing approach.


Despite unrelenting increase in complexity of message standards for enterprise systems integrations, there are no effective means to address this complexity issue in practice. We describe an effort to address the issue by advancing message standards development and use methods. The new effort relies on business process model life-cycle management, which is essential for context definition of message standards usage. Context is essential as it describes the intent for the message standards usage in a specific systems integration case. We report results of a preliminary assessment of the approach for an industry use case.


In Mexico, atrazine is widely used in agriculture to control broadleaf weeds. The objective of this research was to compare atrazine removal in water and energy consumption between an up-flow cylinder electro-oxidation reactor (UCER) and an up-flow rectangular electro-oxidation reactor (URER) using the response surface methodology. In each reactor, two titanium (Ti) mesh electrodes (cathodes) and one Titanium-Lead Dioxide (Ti-PbO2) mesh electrode (anode). Current intensity effects, electrolysis treatment time, and recirculation flow were evaluated. Synthetic water with 5 mg/L atrazine content was used. Optimum atrazine removal values were obtained at 2 A electric current, 180 min of treatment time, and 200 mL/min recirculation rate for both reactors: in these conditions an atrazine removal of 77.45% and 76.89% for URER and UCER respectively. However, energy consumption showed a significant difference of 137.45 kWh/m3 for URER and 73.63 kWh/m3 for UCER. Regarding energy efficiency, a 60% atrazine removal was reached in both reactors using less energy for UCER at (1.5 A–135 min–150 mL/min–25.8 kWh/m3) and for URER at (0.66 A–135 min–150 mL/min–20.12 kWh/m3).


The continuum Faddeev equations for the neutron-neutron-alpha ($n+n+\ensuremath{\alpha}$) system are formulated for a general interaction as well as for finite rank forces. In addition, the capture process $n+n+\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{}^{6}\mathrm{He}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is derived.


Context: The literature is rich in examples of both successful and failed global software development projects. However, practitioners do not have the time to wade through the many recommendations to work out which ones apply to them. To this end, we developed a prototype Decision Support System (DSS) for Global Teaming (GT), with the goal of making research results available to practitioners. Aims: We want the system we build to be based on the real needs of practitioners: the end users of our system. Therefore the aim of this study is to assess the usefulness and usability of our proof-of-concept in order to create a tool that is actually used by practitioners. Method: Twelve experts in GSD evaluated our system. Each individual participant tested the system and completed a short usability questionnaire. Results: Feedback on the prototype DSS was positive. All experts supported the concept, although many suggested areas that could be improved. Both expert practitioners and researchers participated, providing different perspectives on what we need to do to improve the system. Conclusion: Involving both practitioners (users) and researchers in the evaluation elicited a range of useful feedback, providing useful insights that might not have emerged had we focused on one or the other group. However, even when we implement recommended changes, we still need to persuade practitioner to adopt the new tool.


ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated immune dysregulation is believed to trigger the onset of various autoimmune diseases. These occur either during active COVID-19 or soon after recovery. We report ileocolonic Crohn's disease in a 35-year-old woman after her recovery from a milder form of COVID-19. She achieved remission of her symptoms with oral corticosteroids and sulfasalazine.


In a new oxidative route, Ag(+)[Al(OR(F))(4)](-) (R(F)=C(CF(3))(3)) and metallic indium were sonicated in aromatic solvents, such as fluorobenzene (PhF), to give a precipitate of silver metal and highly soluble [In(PhF)(n)](+) salts (n=2, 3) with the weakly coordinating [Al(OR(F))(4)](-) anion in quantitative yield. The In(+) salt and the known analogous Ga(+)[Al(OR(F))(4)](-) were used to synthesize a series of homoleptic PR(3) phosphane complexes [M(PR(3))(n)](+), that is, the weakly PPh(3)-bridged [(Ph(3)P)(3)In-(PPh(3))-In(PPh(3))(3)](2+) that essentially contains two independent [In(PPh(3))(3)](+) cations or, with increasing bulk of the phosphane, the carbene-analogous [M(PtBu(3))(2)](+) (M=Ga, In) cations. The M(I)-P distances are 27 to 29 pm longer for indium, and thus considerably longer than the difference between their tabulated radii (18 pm). The structure, formation, and frontier orbitals of these complexes were investigated by calculations at the BP86/SV(P), B3LYP/def2-TZVPP, MP2/def2-TZVPP, and SCS-MP2/def2-TZVPP levels.


Long period phenomena in germanium diodes, i.e. the "creep" and the "creep of photocurrent", have been observed. These phenomena have close connection with the "photoaftereffect" which we have reported in our previous paper 1) . It is proposed to take the trapping levels into account to explain these three related phenomena consistently. Although the time constants observed in these experiments, as long as 30–50 sec. or 200–300 sec., may seem to be too large to be attributed to the traps, we believe that this model is the most reasonable one to treat such long period effects in crystal rectifiers hereafter.


We obtain a polynomial-time algorithm that, given input (A, b), where A=(B|N) is an integer mxn matrix, m<n, with nonsingular mxm submatrix B and b is an m-dimensional integer vector, finds a nonnegative integer solution to the system Ax=b or determines that no such solution exists, provided that b is located sufficiently "deep" in the cone generated by the columns of B. This result improves on some of the previously known conditions that guarantee polynomial-time solvability of linear Diophantine problems.


In this study, the effects of different glycol molar ratios of unsaturated polyester(UPE) resins on the curing behaviors were investigated. The cross linking process was checked or monitored by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and by viscoelastic properties of rigid-body pendulum model. The knife-edge from which the pendulum is suspended, is immersed in a reaction mixture, and the change of the viscoelastic behavior brings on those of the period(T) and logarithmic decrement() of the damped free oscillations of the pendulum. The values of T and obtained are related to the dynamic modulus(E') and modulus loss(E'). The information on the viscoelastic behavior of unsaturated polyester(UPE) resins during the curing process are shown to illustrate the usefulness of the techniques. As the content of NPG in a propylene glycol(PG)/NPG glycol mixture increased, both the cycle time during cure and the change of damping during cure of UPE resin decreased.


Why I became an occupational physician … briefly explores the reasons and influences behind R. Ian McCallum's decision to pursue a career in occupational medicine. It takes us through his early specialization in lung diseases, move to a new department of Industrial Health, and research in a wide variety of topics, including pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, antimony toxicology, compressed air disease, and the long-term effects of diving.


The invention proposes a method for calculating soil erosion amount caused by rainfall by using elements such as rain water droplets speed and slope angle, recording the slope angle and the landing speed of the rainfall, and calculating the soil erosion through related mathematical models. The problem that the soil erosion amount is hard to estimate and predict is solved.


The mixed random effect model is commonly used in longitudinal data analysis within either frequentist or Bayesian framework. Here we consider a case, in which we have prior knowledge on partial parameters, while no such information on the rest of the parameters. Thus, we use the hybrid approach on the random-effects model with partial parameters. The parameters are estimated via Bayesian procedure, and the rest of parameters by the frequentist maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), simultaneously on the same model. In practice, we often know partial prior information such as, covariates of age, gender, etc. These information can be used, and accurate estimations in mixed random-effects model can be obtained. A series of simulation studies were performed to compare the results with the commonly used random-effects model with and without partial prior information. The results in hybrid estimation (HYB) and MLE were very close to each other. The estimated θ values in with partial prior information model (HYB) were more closer to true θ values, and showed less variances than without partial prior information in MLE. To compare with true θ values, the mean square of errors are much less in HYB than in MLE. This advantage of HYB is very obvious in longitudinal data with a small sample size. The methods of HYB and MLE are applied to a real longitudinal data for illustration purposes.


To evaluate the skin barrier functio n by measururing transepidermal water loss(TEWL ),and study the relationship between the levels of TEWL and sex,age,anato mical region.A total of 104volunteers,consisting of 53females and 51ma les,participated in the study.They were devided into fiv e groups according to the age.TEWLs were measured with computerized evap orimetry using the Darmalab RTEWL probe.The results showed that t here is no gender differences among t he five groups(P0.05).The TEWL level of neonatal group was significantly higher than those in other groups(P0.05);the TEWL level of senior group was lo wer than other groups.The TEWL levels of the 8anato mical regions were put in order with s tatistics:palm forehead cheek =b ack of hand calf =back forearm =chest.It is indicated that there is no gender differences in TEWL;The newborns had the hi ghest TEWL level while th olders had the lowest TEWL le vel;The end of extremities and exposure sites had high TEWL levels among a ll the regions.


Birefringent color filters serve a critical role in next generation display systems, including augmented-/virtual- /mixed-reality headsets, and many types of optical remote sensing. Most prior polarization interference filters (PIFs) employ many individually aligned plates that enable only relatively thick color filters (≥ 100s of μm), are usually limited to small clear apertures (few cm), and offer poor off-axis performance. Here, we report on a family of monolithic, thin-film, birefringent PIFs formed using liquid crystal polymer (LCP) network materials, also known as reactive mesogens. These multi-twist retarders (MTRs) are only a few µm thick and have a single alignment surface. They offer high color saturation with a notch-type pass/stopband, analogous to Solc filters, and improved off-axis performance and large-area scalability. Here, we apply simplifying assumptions inspired by Solc-type PIFs, and develop a design method resulting in MTRs with an alternating achiral/chiral architecture. We design three representative color filters (blue-yellow, green-magenta, and cyan-red), and fabricate them. The resulting experimental films manifest strong color filtering behavior, with high saturation and uniformity. We study the color differences for oblique incidence, showing modest change within AOI ≤ 20°.


"… Changes in property rights are triggered by the interaction between the prevailing rights structure and man's search for ways of achieving more utility…"Eirik G. Furubotn and Svetozar Pejovich1


Data analysis is a relatively new skill sets required of librarians. Many articles published over the past several years focused on the fact that training opportunities are not widely available, and this disparity has prevented the standardization of assessment practices within the profession. I propose that the key to developing sustainable assessment strategies is to first uncover the correct questions to guide investigations. The inquiry process provides a focus to assessment work, ensures that the proper data is collected, and dictates how to conduct analysis activities in order to arrive at answers that support collection decisions. When librarians locate the central questions at the heart of evidence-based collection assessment, they create a roadmap that leads to correct answers and essentially, guides efforts to standardize assessment practices across the professional community as a whole.


The aim of the present study was to determine physical and chemical characteristics and sensory quality almond paste cocoa clones elites thirty cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the Experimental Farm " The Represa " property of the State Technical University Quevedo had last January 15 to April 14, being considered rainy season, a design completely randomized was used with thirty treatments and two replications each experimental unit was constituted 10 physiologically ripe fruit. More representative the results regarding the given physical quality T30 (23.00) witness; T12 (12.00); T17 (12.00) with the best indicators of healthy pods, the best rates kg ha-1 of dry fermented cocoa and witness the results T30 (1930.00) and T18 (790.00), top seed rates at present T18 (2.00) and T8 (1.53) for superiority in weight, witness T30 (13.06); T12 (16.00) and T28 (16.50) were higher and gave the best rates ears concerning the cutting test total fermentation led to optimal results T9 (99.50) and T23 (99.00), with the highest concentration almonds color T29 were violet light (5.00) and T30 witness; T13; 8; 2 and 3 (4.00) on the chemical quality T18 (8.16) and T5 (10.47) were the best indicators of protein while treatments witness T30 (43.45) and T 28 (38.65) had superiority in terms of percentage of fat. Concerning the sensory quality reflecting the floral taste to T2 (7) achieving superiority also considered cocoa up to T1; T5 and T8 (6). T3; T4; T13; T15 and T19 got (5) being higher. (6) was the value T1; T2; T3; T5; T8; T11 in the cocoa flavor, (7) T19 paste was privileged in the fruity flavor and (3) current in T1 and T28 on the nutty flavor. About the best treatments we recommend inquiring with analysis such as theobromine and caffeine to determine the superior quality


Objective To determine the basic characteristics, presentations, diagnoses and critical outcomes (heat Stroke, heat exhaustion, post-cardiac arrest and acute coronary syndrome) of patients in Accident and Emergency Department (AED) of Ruttonjee and Tang Shiu Kin Hospital (RHTSK) who participated in Hong Kong Marathon from 2003 to 2012. Methodology This was a simple descriptive epidemiology study to analyze patients who were participants of Hong Kong Marathon and attended AED of RHTSK for any complaint during or after the event. Results There were a total 170 participants who attended AED of RHTSK in these ten years; in which, 74.1% were male, with a mean (SD) age of 38.08 (11.29). Totally, 77.1% were non-trauma cases and 46.5% were critical/urgent cases (category in AED triage 1-3). Among all cases, 31.8% required admission, 4.1% were care in intensive care unit (ICU), 12.4% were managed in resuscitation room and 3.5% required intubation. The majority of cases were heat stroke and heat exhaustion. There were 4 cases of post cardiac arrest, 3 of them admitted to ICU after successful resuscitation. Number of critical/urgent cases increased with apparent temperature on Marathon Day. The correlation coefficient of percentage of critical/urgent cases with apparent temperature was 0.827 (p=0.011). Conclusion Total number of participants increased dramatically in Hong Kong Marathon throughout these ten years, participants' required medical attendance and emergency service also increased respectively. Number of critical/urgent cases increased with apparent temperature on Marathon Day. The majority of cases were heat-related illness, 4 cases presented with post cardiac arrest and one failed in resuscitation. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2014;21:197-204)


A survey of resource teachers identified priority problems and concerns in the following order: policy and procedures, attitude, time, materials, and instructional skills. Type of class taught (LD or EMH), teaching level, teaching experience, and teaching background influenced how teachers perceived certain problems. These professionals overwhelmingly pointed to the school district as the most likely agency to help them solve the noted problems. Implications for policy examination, resource allocation, and inservice training are discussed.


In this chapter, we present a general methodology for the design of custom system-on-chip communication architectures. Our technique is based on the addition of a layer of circuitry, called the Communication Architecture Tuner (CAT), around any existing communication architecture topology. The added layer enhances the ability of the system to adapt to changing communication needs of its constituent components. For example, more critical data may be handled differently, leading to lower communication latencies. The CAT monitors the internal state and communication transactions of each component, and "predicts" the relative importance of each communication transaction in terms of its potential impact on different system-level performance metrics. It then configures the protocol parameters of the underlying communication architecture (e.g., priorities, DMA modes,etc.) to best suit the system's changing communication needs.
We illustrate issues and tradeoffs involved in the design of CAT-based communication architectures, and present algorithms to automate the key steps. Experimental results indicate that performance metrics (e.g. number of missed deadlines, average processing time) for systems with CAT-based communication architectures are significantly (sometimes, over an order of magnitude) better than those with conventional communication architectures.


Objective:Head circumference (HC) has been reported to be an index of cognitive functioning in the elderly and in Alzheimer's patients. The object of...


A new chip scale package is developed for use in high end cellular handsets and mobile products. The package houses a Baseband device, a pre-packaged Memory device and an Analog device in a 3-high stacked Package-in-Package (PiP) configuration wherein the base band die is attached to a 4-layer 1-2-1 Build-up laminate substrate using flip chip interconnection and the Memory package and Analog die are interconnected to each other as well as to the substrate using wire bonding. The package represents the ultimate in integration, wiring density, high performance and miniaturization. The development of the package was accomplished through close co-working of multidisciplinary teams comprising packaging, design and device architecture. The paper describes the challenges in the development of the individual packaging technologies such as bumped wafer thinning, thin die flip chip attach and underfilling, low loop wire bonding and the integration of those technologies, such as flip chip and wire bonding on the same substrate, underfill and overmolding, and chip-package interactions in the form of parametric shifts in sensitive analog circuitry on the die. The assembly process, reliability and failure modes observed are described in detail including the eventual qualification of the package and its introduction into volume production.


Vast reductions in deployed nuclear weapons have taken place, and the international consensus against nuclear weapon proliferation is strong. However, world security is threatened by emergent nuclear powers and especially by the growing threat of non-state deliberate unauthorized use of state-owned nuclear weapons and by the threat of improvised nuclear explosives fashioned from stocks of weapon-usable fissionable materials—highly-enriched uranium or plutonium I. The nature and number of nuclear weapons. I begin by reminding you of the destructiveness of nuclear weapons, and their current numbers around the world. Then I discuss a bit what it takes to build and detonate a nuclear weapon and the change in perception of the nuclear weapon threat over the decades since the two used in war at Hiroshima and Nagasaki August, 1945. SLIDE 1 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 2 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin Slide 1 Hiroshima, October 1945 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 3 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin Since then, almost 1000 nuclear weapons have been exploded in tests in the atmosphere, mostly by the United States and the former Soviet Union. U.S., Soviet, and U.K. atmospheric testing was brought to an end by the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963. Since 1992, the United States has not tested a nuclear weapon underground, and similarly with Russia. 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 4 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin The bombs used in 1945 are shown in SLIDE 2; Slide 2 Little Boy and Fat Man – Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs ~13 and 20 kilotons explosive yield, ~ 4 tons weight. 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 5 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin They weighed more than 8000 lbs and had yields of 13 and 20 kt respectively. In contrast the 3 W-78/Mk-12A warheads on the U.S. Minuteman III missile, SLIDE 3, each weighs about 700-800 lbs and has a yield of 335 kt. The warhead is 71 inches long and 21 inches in base diameter. It was placed into service in late 1979. Slide 3 Three multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles for the Minuteman III. 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 6 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was opened for signature in 1996, and since then there have been nuclear tests underground only by India and Pakistan in 1998 and by North Korea in 2006 and 2009. All nuclear weapons begin with the assembly of a supercritical mass of fissile material that will support an exponentially growing neutron chain reaction with a generation time of 10-20 nanoseconds. A single fission is nothing; it would kill a few cells in the body. But a microsecond's worth of chain reaction in the case of the Nagasaki bomb fissions a kilogram of plutonium and liberates energy within the bomb equivalent to 17,000 tons of high explosive. This produces an enormous fireball, and the heated air rises to create the typical "mushroom cloud." SLIDE 4, Slide 4 15-kiloton surface burst. Nevada Test Site, 25 May 1953 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 7 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin Nuclear weapons are again in the news. Their control and even potential elimination is a priority with the Obama Administration and with President Obama himself. Following President Obama's speech in Prague April 5, 2009, we have had the signature in Prague April 8, 2010, by Presidents Obama and Medvedev of the "New START" Treaty to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty—START—that expired December 5, 2009. Furthermore, on April 6, 2010 the U.S. government issued the Nuclear Posture Review report—NPR 1 , a totally unclassified document with the purpose to specify what the U.S. intends to do about its nuclear weapons over the next five to ten years, and how it views nuclear weapons in the world, On April 12-13, President Obama presided in Washington over the Nuclear Security Summit, concentrating on rendering more secure the material that might be used to make nuclear weapons, transforming the administration goal of securing all weaponusable material within four years to a global goal to do the same thing. By "weapon usable material" is meant highly enriched uranium (by IAEA definition >20% U-235 in U-238, but in reality probably >80% U-235). The other major material for building nuclear weapons is plutonium, of which the Pu-239 isotope is most useful. However, even the plutonium separated from power reactor fuel in some countries for recycle into power reactors as Mixed OXide fuel (MOX) can be used by knowledgeable weapon builders to make a nuclear weapon without yield penalty or, by relative novices, with no less than a 1-2 kiloton yield (i.e., the content of 1000 trucks loaded with 2 tons of HE). Even a 1 kiloton nuclear explosion could kill many tens of thousands of people in a city within days by exposure to radiation fallout. For an excellent account, see "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" by Richard Rhodes. The wartime Manhattan Project to develop and produce the nuclear weapons cost the United States some $2 billion, and for many years that cost of "a billion dollars per bomb" and a feeling of American superiority persuaded many that only America could possess the superweapon. By 1949, though, the Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear weapon—a copy of the plutonium design tested July 16, 1945 near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The plutonium was created in production reactors fueled by natural uranium; the necessary 6 kg of Pu required 6000 megawatt-days of reactor power—in the case of the 200 MW(thermal) Hanford reactor, this was 30 fullpower days. For a modern power reactor of one-million kWe (3000 MWt) 2 days of operation would suffice. The Hiroshima gun-type weapon used about 60 kg of HEU, produced by a particularly inefficient "gaseous diffusion" isotopic separation process from the 0.71% U-235 content in natural uranium. Now most of the world uses the gas centrifuge in an extremely clever design that consumes only about 2% of the energy needed by gaseous diffusion for the same product. The common "light water" power reactor, of which the United States operates 104 at present, each produces about a million kWe of 1 http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/2010%20nuclear%20posture%20review%20report.pdf 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 8 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin electrical power and consumes annually about 25 tons of low-enriched uranium fuel, fissioning a ton per year of U-235. The 25 tons of spent fuel downloaded annually contains about 150 kg of Pu-239 and almost 100 kg of Pu-240 and heavier Pu isotopes. Most of the "separative work" required to produce a ton of HEU is already invested in the ton of LEU (4% U-235) fed annually to each power reactor. Each "unit of separative work" (SWU) costs on the world market about $100; 151 SWU are invested in each kg of U-235 in 4.4% fuel, so the SWU content of 1 kg of U-235 content costs about $15,100 and the SWUs in the ton of U-235 annual feed represents about $15.1 million in enrichment cost. At 60 kg of HEU per gun-type weapon and a SWU content of 232 SWU/kg, the SWU cost per kg is $23,200 and the enrichment cost of a weapon is $1.39 million. Naturally, a centrifuge plant that is built to make a few weapons will have higher cost than one that is amortized over 10 years of commercial fuel production, but the cost is negligible for a state of any size. And unfortunately, with the passage of time and the availability of the internet, the original "secrets" of the atomic bomb have become relatively common knowledge. Among useful books to help understand both nuclear weapons and nuclear power is "Megawatts and Megatons," by Richard L. Garwin and Georges Charpak (2001). On January 4, 2007 four U.S. leaders in the security field—George P. Shultz, Sam Nunn, Henry A. Kissinger, and William J. Perry, following a well-prepared meeting at Stanford University, published an Op-Ed in the Wall Street Journal to proclaim their goal of the elimination of nuclear weapons and, in the nearer term, massive reductions in nuclear weaponry. President Obama has adopted this goal, and the April, 2010, NPR details some of the early conditions that must be met in order that a world without nuclear weapons might come about. Although the Department of Defense was responsible for the NPR, the Department of Energy, the State Department and the National Security Council (NSC) all contributed heavily, and it the NPR is a policy document that guides the entire government. Fortunately the NPR is entirely unclassified, although, naturally, some of the implementation directives will inevitably be secret. The Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), responsible for designing and creating U.S. nuclear weapons, receives its guidance consistent with the NPR, as do the military departments responsible for raising, equipping, and training the military personnel. 08/16/2010_ 2010 Erice Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat to Society_e.doc 9 The Evolving Nuclear Weapon Threat To Society Richard L. Garwin It is clear to all, even those who believe that the elimination of nuclear weapons is infeasible or undesirable, that the 35,000 nuclear warheads the United States had at its peak in 1967 and the 45,000 Soviet nuclear warheads in 1982 are far in excess of a potential need for nuclear weaponry in the 21 st century. These were built and maintained, together with their delivery means and the command and control system to make it absolutely clear that an attempt the Soviet Union to destroy the United States (or vice versa) would l


Long reach wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems are required to cater the remote locations and to cover the maximum distances. Dispersion is prominent factor for distance limitation and should be addressed with high efficiency as well as using low cost pulse width reduction (PWR) modules. In this research work, hybridization of different PWR is proposed such as FBG-DCF, OPC–DCF (optical phase conjugation), FBG-DCF-OPC to analyse the PWRE and total cost of the modules. Further, in order to get optimal hybrid PWR module and amplification unit, different optical amplifiers are also investigated at 10 Gbps over 300 km. An ultra dense WDM system with 25 GHz channel spacing using 32 channels is demonstrated and PWRE is analysed using different hybrid PWR modules. Results revealed that FBG-DCF having least cost with PWRP of 55%, OPC-DCF show PWRE of 45% with moderate cost, and FBG-DCF-OPC provide maximum PWRE of 70% with little bit higher cost. Performance sequence of investigated PWR modules is give as: FBG-DCF-OPC (70% PWRE)> FBG-DCF (55% PWRE)>OPC-DCF (45% PWRE)> and performance of amplification unit with FBG-DCF-OPC is depicted as EDFA>RFA>SOA). This module can be used in passive optical networks for long reach systems.


LIGHT,a novel tumor necrosis factor(NFT) superfamily member,is mainly expressed on activated T cells,NK cells,and immature dendritic cells.LIGHT,as a ligand,regulates different immune responses by signaling through the herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM),the lymphotoxin receptor(LTβR),and the soluble decoy receptor 3(DcR3),such as interruption of HSV1 inflammation of,induction and regulation of the apoptosis of tumor cells,and stimulation of the T cells proliferation.LIGHT plays an important role in lymphoid organogenesis,tumor immunity,auto-immunity diseases,graft rejective reaction,and antiviral immunity.This paper reviews the recent advances in the role of LIGHT in auto-immunity diseases.


No comprehensive study of the Ottoman fetvā has so far been carried out. Of the great many Ottoman fetvā selections in print and manuscript, very few have been published in a scholarly edition or translated into a Western language. The systematic inquiry into the application of Muslim law in the Ottoman Empire as reflected in the fetvās has hardly even begun. This article will not examine the decisions of Ottoman muftīs on specific questions of law but discuss some general aspects of the Ottoman fetvā—its form, the procedure of its composition and issuance, the subjects it deals with, the law it applies, and related matters.


Combined with construction experiences and related materials,from the selection of raw materials,mix proportion,construction organization management,construction technology and other aspects questions caused the plugging of pipes encountered in construction process of pump concrete such as how to avoid stoppage and idle for concrete supply,small bleeding rate,segregation of concrete and so on are discussed.


An important representative of the Godefroy family, a true dynasty of legal advisers and historians, Jacques Godefroy (Geneva, 1587-1652) spent almost his entire life in Geneva. In 1619 he was named professor of law at the University of Geneva, but he was better known and more appreciated for his numerous works than for his teaching activity. Among his works, the most famous and mostly used by jurists is the remarkable commentary on the Theodosian Code, Codex Theodosianus that appeared in Lyon, in 1665, in 3 volumes in-folio and was reedited in Leipzig in 1736-1745. A few copies of the valuable works of the French scholar can be found in Transylvania as well, and they are still kept even today in some prestigious libraries in Cluj-Napoca or Târgu-Mures. Among the owners of these books there also were the well-known scholars Timotei Cipariu and Samuel Teleki.


Background In patients with a non-palpable testis (NPT) on physical examination the testis is assumed to be either situated intra-abdominally, or to be hypoplastic or absent. Diagnostic laparoscopy in these boys is considered the preferable first step. In this study the diagnostic value of pre-operative ultrasound for NPT is assessed in comparison with laparoscopy. Methods All boys aged under the age of 17 years who were diagnosed with a NPT by a pediatric surgeon from 2000 till 2012, were evaluated. All patients of whom clinical, ultrasonographic and operative findings were available were included. Results Ninety-six boys with 117 NPT were included. With ultrasound 67 testes were detected in the inguinal canal, which was confirmed peroperatively for 61 testes. Of the 15 testes with an intra-abdominal position on ultrasound 10 were found intra-abdominally during surgery. The positive predictive value of the ultrasonography for inguinal located testes is 91% and for intra-abdominal located testes 67%. Conclusion Ultrasonography shows to have a high positive predictive value for inguinal located testes. When ultrasound finds a testis to be in an inguinal location, a primary inguinal exploration could be considered, preventing an unnecessary diagnostic laparoscopy.


Abstract Individual programs for prevention of cardiovascular disease include dietary and drug treatment of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension treatment, and smoking cessation therapies. In this study, the cost-effectiveness of available cardiovascular prevention programs was assessed in Spain in terms of net cost per life-year gained (LYG). Cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from US $2,600 to $80,000 per LYG in men and from $4,500 to $230,000 per LYG in women. In men aged 40–59 years, the ranking of increasing cost-effectiveness was: smoking cessation ($2,608–3,738 per LYG); treatment of moderate and severe hypertension ($8,564–38,678 per LYG); treatment of mild hypertension ($11,906–59,840 per LYG); dietary treatment ($16,143–20,158 per LYG); and drug treatment of hypercholesterolemia ($33,850–81,010 per LYG). In women, the ranking list was: smoking cessation ($4,482–5,756 per LYG), treatment of moderate and severe hypertension ($9,585–57,983 per LYG), treatment of mild hypertension ($15,248–86,075 per LYG), dietary treatment ($57,175–62,154 per LYG); and drug treatment of hypercholesterolemia ($104,100–259,150 per LYG).


Abstract A new acylatediridoid glycoside, 6-O-α-L-(2″-acetyl-4″-O-trans-isoferuloyl) rhamnopyranosyl catalpol (9) together with 18 known compounds belonging to the iridoids, flavonoids, triterpene saponin glycosides and phenylethanoids (1–8, 10–18) were isolated from the aerial parts and the flowers of Buddleja polystachya. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparison with that reported in the literature. Promising adulticidal activity was shown for all extracts when tested for adulticidal and larvicidal activities against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Therefore, isolated compounds (1–10, 12–14 and 19) were bioassayed for their adulticidal activity. Compound 1 (phytol) was highly active with an LD50 value of 1.27 ± 0.08 μg/mosquito against adult female Ae. aegypti.


The dynamic changes of the standard land price from 1997 in Zhangye were analyzed.Using the internal structure of ratio analysis and principal component analysis on the impact of Zhangye city,the standard land price changes in basic factors were analyzed.The result revealed that economic development,infrastructure improvement and industrial structure were main driving factors that caused the dynamic changes of standard land price.


Background :T he surfactant specific proteins, SP-B and SP-C are believed to be important regulators of the surfactant function and homeostasis. Since acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) is usually viewed as the functional and morphological expression of a similar underlying lung injury caused by a variety of insults, and since abnormalities in the surfactant function have been described in ARDS, the authors investigated the different effects of endotoxin and thiourea on the accumulation of mRNA encoding SP-B and SP-C. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were given 5 mg/kg of an intraperitoneal endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis and 3.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal thiourea and were sacrificed at different time periods. Results : 1. The SP-B mRNA levels 6 and 24 hours after the 5 ㎎/㎏ endotoxin treatment was significantly reduced by 26.1% and 50%, respectively(P<0.01, P<0.001). 2. The SP-B mRNA levels 24 hours after the 3.5 ㎎/㎏ thiourea treatment was reduced by 9.8% and 12.5%, respectively. 3. The SP-C mRNA levels 6 and 24 hours after the 5 ㎎/㎏ endotoxin treatment was significantly reduced by 38.7% and 53.6%, respectively(P<0.01, P<0.001). 4. The SP-C mRNA level 6 hours after the 3.5 ㎎/㎏ thiourea treatment was reduced by 22.8%(P<0.05).


In the digital IF receiver utilized in PD radar seeker system, digital frequency discriminator and numerical controlled oscillator are used to make up the velocity tracking loop. In this article, the principle of a digital frequency discriminator is described(To implement frequency discriminating by digital phase discriminating and phase differential). The implementation method is introduced, and the test results of it are given. Test results indicate, there are some better characteristics of digital frequency discriminator than analog one as following: better stability, higher precision of frequency discriminating, better linearity of frequency discriminating slope, wider frequency discriminating range, etc.


We report on a new effect which we observe in several photorefractive tungsten bronze crystals. These crystals, when cooled while exposed to laser light and subsequently warmed without exposure, display enhanced photorefractive beam fanning. In particular, the on-axis transmission of both ordinary and extraordinary polarized light is greatly reduced, the fanned light is greatly enhanced, and the response time is significantly shortened. These observations will be clearly demonstrated using videotape recordings.


Domestic dogs' skills such as hunting and herding shifted as man migrated from rural areas to developing urban centers and led to a change in human-dog relationship and in the purpose of these animals in the properties. The countryside of Vicosa is characterized by small coffee farms surrounded by borders with fragments from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The close proximity of these environments favors the encounter between domestic and wild animals which may lead to dog attacks to wild animals and, consequently, disease transmission. The aim of this study was to understand the role of dogs in the rural environment and assess the possible risks they offer to native fauna. The data were obtained from structured questionnaires answered by dogs' owners from rural Vicosa. Results regarding the socioeconomic status of the owners revealed that the majority belonged to either the middle class or low educational level categories. In addition, it was observed that there is a preference for male dogs due to its guard activity and that most dogs live unconstrained. Even though most dogs are provided with good food management, 58% of them prey on wildlife. However, more than half of the dogs do not consume their prey which can be explained by the inherited ability of artificial selection but 36.5% of them have scavenger diet. Most of the dogs were immunized against rabies, whereas, only 28.8% were immunized against infectious diseases such as leptospirosis, distemper and parvovirus. In conclusion, the management of dogs by rural owners, mainly unrestrained living, and allied to inadequate vaccination coverage suggest that dogs are predators of Vicosa's rural wildlife and potential disseminators of disease.


Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was one of four survivors of the Pánfilo Narváez expedition sent to La Florida in 1527. After he and his companions survived several years of slavery at the hands of natives, they walked through much of what is now the southwestern United States before coming upon fellow Spaniards in northern Mexico in 1536. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain in 1537, and a few years later he was sent to Paraguay as provisional governor. His governorship was contested, and he was eventually arrested and brought back in chains to Spain, where he spent the rest of his life attempting to exonerate himself.


In 2009 French authorities demolished and cleared an informal shelter in Calais known as "the Jungle". British national press constructed this as a rational response to the problem of illegal migration. Crucial to this justification was the metaphoric use "The Jungle" to describe the descent into anarchic degradation which spilt out into surrounding spaces of civility. This metaphor facilitated the use of a pseudo-rational discourse in which the appropriate policy response to (physical and moral) threat was to expel the other, demolish "The Jungle" so deal forcibly with the illegal migrants. Within this pseudo-rational discourse the issue of immigration becomes a liminal space between rationality and atavism in enlightened societies.


A derivative of methylerythronolide OY A acid addition salt SAME pharmaceutically acceptable, which are new macrolide antibiotics WITH A POWERFUL FORCE ANTIBACTERIAL, wherein R1 and R2 each represent hydrogen, FENIL optionally substituted by halogen, nitro or amino, optionally containing nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, or aralkyl or alternatively R1 and R2 THIS COMBINED WITH the nitrogen atom to form a ring NITROSO; Z represents O OXO hydroxyimino; V represents hydroxy; W represents hydrogen or hydroxy, OR ALTERNATIVELY V AND W are combined together to form a cyclic group CARBONATE OR RING oxazoline; YR represents hydrogen or ACYL.


Merging theories of performativity with Global Value Chains (GVC) analysis, I explore how standards are used within GVCs to govern interactions among actors and to perform a multiplicity of 'sustainabilities.' Specifically, this paper presents four case studies of certified tea production in Tanzania (i


Sufficient numbers of activated replication origins are essential for successful DNA replication. While normal cells load replication origins in abundance to the genome, cancer cells often load fewer origins of replication due to genomic alterations such as CCNE1 amplifications. Here we exploit this feature to sensitize cancer cells to ATR inhibition. We show by using siRNA and small molecules that the inhibition of origin activation as well as the reduction of replication origins itself sensitizes ovarian cancer cell lines against ATR inhibition by inducing genomic instability. We further show that in ovarian cancer cells this combinatorial approach leads to an increased genomic instability which manifests in an increase of micronuclei that consequently activate the innate immune system through the cGAS-STING pathway. Notably, no activation of the innate immune system was observed in immortalized fallopian tube cells. However, overexpression of Cyclin E1 in this model leads to a marked increase in genomic instability and innate immune activation. Here we provide preclinical evidence to increase the therapeutic efficacy of ATR inhibitors. Additionally, this approach could help to activate innate immunity and increase T-cell immune infiltration in tumors, providing a rationale for a combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.


WARRANT PRICE BEHAVIOR continues to interest the financial community. In recent studies, Samuelson [8], Samuelson and Merton [9], and Chen [1] present and examine theoretical warrant valuation models. Empirical studies by Kassouf [4], Shelton [10] and Van Horne [12] also contribute to understanding warrant value and price behavior. All conclude that the price of the associated common stock is the single most important determinant of warrant prices. Significant differences, however, exist as to the importance of other variables. The purpose of this study is to provide additional insight into the warrant pricing process by examining (1) the way in which certain variables affect warrant prices and (2) the relationship between warrant and market price levels. Cross-section and pooled cross-section regressions are computed using data collected for the July 1969, 1970 and 1971 periods.


The utility model relates to a safety lock die plate component of dies. The component comprises a lock die plate, a threaded pin, an elastic block pin and a first cylindrical pin, wherein a first through hole and a second through hole are formed in the surface of one side of the lock die plate; the threaded pin is inserted in the first through hole in a penetrating manner; the part, extending out of the surface of one side of the lock die plate, of the threaded pin is fixedly connected with a peripheral fixed die plate; a third through hole is formed in the edge of the part, extending out of the surface of the opposite side of the lock die plate, of the threaded pin; the elastic block pin is detachably inserted in the third through hole in a penetrating manner so as to fixedly connect the threaded pin with the lock die plate or separate the threaded pin from the lock die plate; the first cylindrical pin is fixedly connected in the second through hole in parallel to the threaded pin, partially extends out of the surface of one side of the lock die plate and is detachably connected with a peripheral moving die plate or the fixed die plate. The component has the beneficial effects that the component is simple, convenient and quick to operate; the elastic block pin is securer than traditional T-shaped pins and is not easy to lose, thus effectively ensuring the safety of dies in the moving, installing and dismantling processes.


Cultural-historical perspective considers signification processes as a specifically human condition. Thus, signification processes were investigated through infants' affective relations and bonds. Exploratory multiple case studies were conducted, longitudinally, within diverse contexts (home, daycare center and foster institution). Analysis unfolded from videotapes and interviews, focused on infants' crying/annoying behavior. It was verified that significations and practices varied largely (searching for a smile; attention and care; distant comforting). Depending on bonds, significations were experienced through infant-partner intercorporeality, partners being either adults or peers. Within relational drama, significations were materialized regarding infant's position, his/her role and expectations, requiring differentiated means. The direction of the signification construction depended on contexts/interactions. Attributing meanings and being signified through emotion and embodiment, throughout infant-environment relation, the child constructs significations rooted on culture, which are constitutive of their subjectivities. New studies are required. Issues are raised regarding infant care.


Purpose: The purpose of the study is evaluate the factors comprising of lean manufacturing, supply chain relationship and supplier performance and their impact the supply chain performance in the supply chain firms in Jordan. Methodology: 293 responses were collected from the supply chain professionals of Jordan using nonprobability purposive sampling technique. The PLS-SEM also known as the partial least square structural equation modeling is a type of data analysis used that enables the evaluation of difficult relationship among the variables of study. The PLS-SEM was used in the research. SmartPLS software version 3.2.8 was used. Findings: Lean manufacturing has significant effect on supply chain relationship and supplier performance; whereas SC relationship has significant effect on supplier performance while statistically insignificant effect on SC performance. Finally, supplier performance has significant effect on SC performance. Implications: It has been also suggested to see the resource allocation that must be done over time, because delaying in this process can stop the further work that is being connected with the past stage. As all the work are interconnected here. Managers are further recommended in the following study to keenly focus on the nationalities of the supplier or customer before purchasing because it can cost higher if you are purchasing it from other countries rather than focusing the goods of own country.


To evaluate the effectiveness of active gas aspiration to reduce postoperative shoulder pain in infertile women undergoing day‐case diagnostic laparoscopy.


Abstract In a series of picture–word interference experiments, Catalan–Spanish bilinguals named pictures in Catalan with distractor words printed either in Catalan (same-language pairs) or in Spanish (different-language pairs). Naming was facilitated when the distractor was the name of the picture in both same- [e.g., taula–taula ( table in Catalan)] and different-language pairs [e.g., taula–mesa ( table in Spanish)]. We also found that the facilitation effect was larger for same-language pairs and that semantically related distractors in the same- vs different-language conditions were similarly interfering. These results are interpreted within a lexical model that assumes that only words of the target language are considered for lexical selection and can, therefore, compete for selection. Converging evidence from several experiments indicates that the facilitation asymmetry for same name distractors arises because same-language distractors can activate target phonemes via nonlexical, grapheme–phoneme conversion processes. Facilitation was obtained with phonologically related distractors for both same- and different-language conditions but not for their translations. The results suggest that nonlexical phonological processes contribute to the phonological facilitation effect.


Louis, Due de Broglie, the French physicist born in Dieppe on 15 August 1892, made one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century: the wavelike nature of all matter. His formula λ = (h/p ) stands on a par with Planck's E = hv and Einstain's E=mc2.


The physician who has the ambition to keep pace with the advance of his chosen profession, and learns with delightful anticipations the most approved and modern remedy for the special disease in question— with its therapeutical application in detail—will in a great measure fail of the desired end, if he loses sight of the very important fact, that he has a system—a body of many members—to treat, as well as a disease to combat. A system already in a pathologic condition, and was so, as, in a majority of cases, even prior to the inception of the specific zymotic poison. When we are interrogated, why all children equally exposed to a certain contagion, do not contract the same? we answer that those who are not affected are in good habit of system; their blood is pure; they are in a healthy condition; by which expressions we mean to say, that


We present 318 high-dispersion echelle spectra and 450 UBVRCIC observations of the pre-main-sequence star V351 Orionis. These data were obtained simultaneously over a two-week period. The star is unusual in that it no longer shows the frequent sharp fadings that occurred prior to 1986. We find features characteristic of Herbig Ae stars: Hα emission, sharp and broad Na ii absorption components and weak He i absorption. The Hα profile is strongly variable with a time-scale of 1 d and normally is an inverse P Cygni profile, but on occasions overt emission disappears altogether. The equivalent widths of the sharp Na ii absorption lines have decreased quite markedly since 1995, indicating a decrease in the column density of gas in the line of sight. We also detect very weak forbidden [O i] emission. There is no evidence for veiling of the star, but a possible 1.0-d or 0.5-d period in the equivalent widths of the lines could indicate the presence of an accretion hotspot.

The star is of particular interest because it is pulsating. We detect at least two periods in the light variation and a further period from the radial velocity variations. Attempts at photometric mode identification were not successful, but from the morphology of the line profiles we can identify one mode as non-radial. In addition, we see on some nights several residual absorption subfeatures moving across the line profile from blue to red. These are almost certainly caused by one or more modes of high degree (l≈8).


One of the most debatable issues in Economics is the relationship between economic growth and the environment. From the policy point of view, what is important is the formulation of the best-suited policies for both growth and the environment. But the implementation of regional and environmental policies requires the existence of methods for evaluating the economic and environmental situation in each country. This paper offers such a method and applies it in the case of European Union (EU) countries member-states by positioning them in an Environmental Quality-Income map.


In construction site, BIM is used in part of construct-ability review and design mistake checking. However, in a current domestic construction site, except public order project, most of work in private order project has been processing based on 2D work. As an expert resists to certain point in introduction of new technique, it may be shown in the introduction of BIM. For this, We need to analysis construct-ability of introducing BIM, work field of introducing and operational capability about present domestic construction engineers. Therefore, this study solves the problem of existing construct-ability analysis, and it visualizes the various information and objects for an effective job performance. Furthermore, construct-ability analysis by BIM that can use an intergrated management is theoretically examined and practical field-application priority among conclusions is proposed through a survey targeting on the hand-on worker. Therefore, this study suggests a factor supplying for a business-centric introduction plan and support condition.


This paper presentes an approach for estimating the output torque of an engine and the pressure and intake fuel gas amount in a cylinder from the rotational angle of a crankshaft. The approach requires an engine model of mechanical motion with its combustion process. The mechanical motion and the combustion process are thus described respectively by a piston-crank model and the wiebe function, and they are integrated into the engine model. Engine data are estimated offline by an observer based on the Unscented Kalman Filter with the proposed engine model. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through the comparison of estimated engine data with measured data.


Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are important transcriptional regulators of intracellular cholesterol, fatty acid, and phospholipid levels. LXRs can dampen inflammation in macrophages by promoting cholesterol efflux and altering plasma membrane lipid rafts; microdomains enriched for cholesterol and glycosphingolipids that regulate immune-cell signalling. However, little is known about the impact of LXR activators on T cell plasma membrane lipid rafts, which are critical for T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling. Here we show that the LXR synthetic agonist GW3965 significantly increases glycosphingolipid levels and reduces cholesterol and lipid order (stability) in the plasma membrane of human CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the GSL biosynthesis enzyme UGCG was identified as a novel direct target of LXR activation. Importantly, LXR-mediated changes in T cell lipid composition were associated with altered spatiotemporal distribution of lipids and signalling molecules at the immune synapse. Crucially, LXR activation altered the kinetics of proximal TCR-signalling events in activated T cells, reduced T cell proliferation and enhanced the production of IL-2 and IL-4. Thus, LXR activation influences T cell function via alteration of the plasma membrane lipid profile. Finally, the expression of UGCG and other LXR-regulated genes and lipids was significantly dysregulated in T-cells isolated from people with multiple sclerosis. Overall, a novel action of LXR has been characterised that involves modulation of lipid raft-associated cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in CD4+ T-cells, which could be of therapeutic relevance in multiple sclerosis.


We report heat transport measurements and optical shadowgraph visualization of rotating Rayleigh-B\'enard convection. For dimensionless rotation rates 1404300, the initial transition to convection, occurring at a Rayleigh number R much less than the linear-stability value for roll or vortex states, is a forward Hopf bifurcation to an azimuthally asymmetric state with mode number n. States with n=3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 exist at low to moderate R and precess with frequencies that depend on R and \ensuremath{\Omega}. At higher R there is a continuous transition to a state with noisy, time-dependent heat transport, a distinct array of vortices in the central region, and a modulation of the precession speed of the outer structures.


Introduction Chapter 1. Economy, Institutions and Fertility: Theoretical Explorations Chapter 2. Chinese Reforms and Fertility: Macro Context Chapter 3. The County: Reforms, Family Planning, Economy and Population Chapter 4. The Village: Institutional Reforms and Social Change Chapter 5. Dynamics of Marriage Change Chapter 6. The Changing Nature of Family Relations Chapter 7. Inter-generational Obligaitons and Fertility Motivation Chapter 8. Implementation of State Family Planning Programmes Chapter 9. Fertility, Contraception and Adoption Conclusion Appendixes Bibliography Index


Under the current agreement, Ukraine's USD 1.8 bn debt to the IMF is scheduled to be paid back by instalments up until 2009. Recently, the NBU and the President suggested that this debt should be repaid within the coming months. Two main arguments were put forward in favour of an early repayment. First, it is supposed to send a positive signal to international investors and second, it is believed to save money to the country.


The article analyses the available condition of current-meter to measure canal seepage,presents the concrete demand to select the upper and lower cross sections for measuring canal discharge,the determining parameters of measuring discharge,the preparatory work before measuring,the concrete measure steps,the computation on measure result and the error analysis.


and physicians was held on the/th of March, 1853, in Baltimore, for the purpose of taking into consideration the expediency of establishing an "American Academy of Dental Science." Prof. W. R. Handy was appointed Chairman, and Prof. P. H. Austen, Secretary. The meeting being thus organized, the advantages of such an organization, and best method of attaining the purposes contemplated by it, namely, the encouragement of improvements, discoveries and research in the science and art of dental surgery were briefly discussed. It being the opinion of the meeting that it might be made instrumental in the advancement of these objects, it was


Collaborative Filtering stands as an underlying strategy to reasonably deal with large-scale problems like scalability and high sparsity. In the classifier fusion context, one could benefit from adopting such a strategy to learn decision templates effectively for the sake of computation efficiency. This paper introduces a framework that explores collaborative filtering-based latent factors models for fast decision template generation, assuming it has a sparse matrix structure. Experiments conducted over five general-purpose public datasets and statistically assessed have demonstrated its feasibility for building decision templates under low sparsity conditions and datasets labeled with fewer classes. Under such conditions, the proposed framework showed competitive recognition rates, significantly reducing computational costs, particularly when distance-based classifiers are employed for ensemble learning purposes.


The invention relates to a double-conical diamond raster notching tool sharpening machine tool, which comprises a control system, a grinding system, a movable balance system, a knife rest system, a Z-axis system and a counterweight system, wherein the grinding system comprises a grinding disc and a substrate; and the knife rest system comprises a sharpening system and an angle adjusting mechanism, wherein the sharpening system is matched with the grinding disc to realize the coaxial swinging and rotary grinding of double conical surfaces of diamond, and the angle adjusting mechanism is used for adjusting a tool sharpening angle. Due to the adoption of the double-conical diamond raster notching tool sharpening machine tool, a high-precision sharpening device can be supplied to the sharpening production of a novel double-conical diamond raster notching tool, high double-conical finish and high cutting-edge quality of the double-conical diamond raster notching tool can be guaranteed, and the arc precision of an arc edge can be guaranteed.


The acronym POLICRYPS indicates a nano/micro composite structure made of films of well aligned nematic liquid crystal (NLC) alternated to slices of almost pure polymer. Structures are fabricated by curing a homogeneous mixture of mesogenic material, monomer and a curing agent with UV radiation, under suitable physical and geometrical conditions. In particular, geometrical conditions determine (in the range 0.2 ÷ 15 μ m) the spatial periodicity of the realized sample, which can be utilized for transmitting, diffracting or reflecting an impinging light beam, with negligible scattering losses. The spatial modulation of the refractive index (from polymer to NLC) can be switched ON and OFF both by applying an electric field of few V/μ m or, in some cases, by irradiating the sample with a light beam of suitable wavelength. This electrical/optical tuneability is responsible for a series of distinctive characteristics of the optical effects produced by the structure, and determines the range of possible applications. In fact, in different geometries, the POLICRYPS can be exploited as a switchable holographic grating, a switchable optical phase modulator, a switchable beam splitter, a tuneable Bragg filter or it can be exploited as an electro-optical edge filter in an optical interrogation system.


Current cities worldwide have a goal to be smarter cities, but one of the most important challenges that faces cities nowadays is the waste processing. And there are two factors directly affect this challenge are: the increasing of urban areas and the rapid growth of population. So, it seems evident, the investment in involving the citizens in the interaction with any future waste management system will save a lot of money and efforts. Especially, in the developing countries, citizen needs some encouragement to interact with modern systems and make him use it in everyday life. Due to the growth of IoT technology, there is an increasing need and importance to design and implement waste management systems that attract and involve the citizens in the waste management process. The aim of this paper is to present the design of attractive waste management that uses IoT devices, RFID tags, weight and ultrasonic sensors to measure the citizen interaction with the waste management process.


According to the household finance surveys conducted in 2013 and 2015, the credit penetration rate varies across federal districts. Differences in credit penetration levels can be partly attributed to the loan demand factors. For example, low credit penetration in the Central Federal District stems from the relatively high level of accumulated net assets (especially as regards liquid assets), which reduces the demand for loans. In Eastern Russia, in districts with comparable income levels and less net assets, high credit penetration rates are primarily attributable to income growth expectations. In these regions, accumulated net assets are generally viewed as a supplement to loans. Analysis of the loan demand model in Southern Russia points out a relatively high level of risk, with loan demand growing despite deterioration of the financial situation (including financial expectations). Low credit penetration in the underperforming districts has largely to do with credit supply constraints as banks factor in higher risks associated with strong gross regional product volatility and job market uncertainties. This means that aggressive loan expansion driven by the growing number of new borrowers in the federal districts with small and volatile incomes and a lower credit penetration rate may threaten the social and financial stability in such regions.


The goal for a modern hematology instrument, besides the precise blood cell count, is to eliminate the need for technical review and microscopy in differential blood analysis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the differential performance of three hematology instruments and compare it with manual differential count. Analysis of differential blood count was performed on 150 inpatient randomized blood samples on three hematologic analyzers: Bayer Advia 120, Abbott Cell Dyn 4000 and 3200, along with manual differentiation. For comparison with microscopy method, truth table analysis was carried out for each instrument according to the criteria proposed by NCCLS. The results obtained for Advia 120, Cell Dyn 4000 and Cell Dyn 3200 were as follows (%): sensitivity: 96.9, 88.0 and 89.4, respectively, specificity: 67.0, 58.3 and 83.3, respectively ; efficacy: 60.1, 61.4 and 84.9, respectively. Inclusion of overview of scatterplot patterns as additional criterion in differential blood count assessment yielded equally acceptable sensitivity values: 98.4, 98.5 and 96.7, respectively, yet significantly lower values for specificity: 18.2, 29.4 and 38.0, respectively, and efficacy: 51.6, 67.3 and 61.4, respectively. In conclusion, high sensitivity of differential blood count assessment was obtained due to technological sophistication of instruments, whereas different values for specificity and efficacy were the result of different criteria determining the occurrence of signal in each instrument. The consequence of high sensitivity and low specificity of scatterplot pattern is the need for microscopy verification of results.


The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been developing ultra wideband (UWB), ultra wide angle radar technology to meet warfighter requirements to detect concealed targets (such as tactical vehicles under foliage). Experiments undertaken by ARL and others using testbed radar's (such as ARL's BoomSAR) have shown significant potential for detecting hidden targets. Initial evaluations have concentrated on identifying the 'contrast' ratios for desired targets versus average background. In more recent work, we have begun to evaluate specific angle, frequency, and/or polarization-based scattering properties of targets and clutter to isolate discrimination features for use in automatic target detection and cuing (ATD/C) algorithms (see reference 1). Though promising, much of this work has been ad hoc and based on small data sets that have only recently become available. To complement the measurements and analysis effort under way at ARL, our team is also developing high-fidelity electromagnetic models of targets and certain classes of clutter to gain a physics-based insight into robust discrimination techniques. We discuss recent analysis of both EM model results as well as a unique inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) collection undertaken at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG). By creating a phenomenological framework for explaining and/or describing target and/or clutter backscatter behavior and comparing it with measured field data, we can develop detection strategies inspired by the unique physics of low-frequency radar. Finally, we suggest one such detection paradigm.


This article aims to offer a valid answer to the question why Turkey's official stance on the Cyprus problem experienced frequent shifts - from indifference (1950) into supporting colonial rule (19...


Psychosocial factors that influence intention to drive safely and include perceived threat, affective beliefs, subjective norms, and personality traits and identity are examined and compared with those psychosocial factors that inhibit the relationship between intention to drive safely. It is recommended that driver safety programming focuses on subjective norms, personality, identity and task difficulty rather than on threat-based messaging. The limitation of mass communication is that the message is not tailored to the individual. The roles of primary care providers, parents, peers, teachers and theatre as sources driver safety information are assessed. Internet-based programs have demonstrated positive results for some health interventions. It is concluded that no one solution is satisfactory for driver safety interventions but that internet-based programs may work well with adolescents. Use of primary care givers and teachers was not recommended. For the covering abstract see ITRD E138063.


Echolocation call structure and intensity were measured from the Malaysian Myotis muricola, which were recorded from the hand-released bat. The Malaysian M. muricola produced typical FM call pattern of the genus Myotis, producing steep, downward frequency-modulated calls. The average PF of calls is . Discrete PF patterns of two types are found, which consist of 63.39 kHz and 66.15 kHz. The averages of SF and D are and , respectively. There are various IPI lengths with average of . A pulse consists of two harmonies which consist of the first harmony with wider bandwidth and the second harmony with narrower bandwidth. The PF of the first harmony is higher than that of the second harmony. The typical FM call structure, with two harmonies and wide bandwidth, would be highly related to fast flying and wide screening in the dense forests.


Based on the theory of ultimate equilibrium, a linear planning matiematic model of ultimate bearing capacity analysis of stone arch bridges has been established by applying ultimate eccentricity in stone arch ring as restraint function and load coefficient of live load as objective function. The method is tested to be easy and practical in analysis of load problem of stone arch bridges. This model provides a new concept for the analysis of bearing capacity of stone arch bridge.


Given an d-dimensional manifold with two commuting Killing vectors, together with an d - 1 dimensional submanifold in which one of the Killing vectors lies, then the lapse and shift of the second Killing vector, relative to this slice, remain constant along the orbits of the `surface' Killing vector. Alternatively, the six dot products that can be formed from the three vectors, the two Killing vectors and the normal to the submanifold, are all constants along the `surface' Killing vector.


The presence of subunit V, the iron-sulfur protein, of complex III has been demonstrated in mitochondria from a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which lacks 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase and, hence, is devoid of heme. The mature form (24 K Da) of the iron-sulfur protein was observed in equal amounts in the heme-deficient and heme-sufficient cells with antiserum against subunit V and either the sensitive immuno-transfer technique or immunoprecipitation from dodecylsulfate-solubilized mitochondria. In addition, a slight shoulder with a molecular mass 1.5 kDa larger than the mature form was present in mitochondria from the heme-deficient cells. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the absence of iron-sulfur signals due to clusters S-1, S-2 and S-3 of succinate dehydrogenase or to Rieske's iron-sulfur cluster of complex III in mitochondria from the heme-deficient cells. The lack of iron-sulfur centers in these cells may be a consequence of the absence of sulfite reductase in the cells without heme.


The aim of the study was to measure certain biochemical parameters in bull blood serum and activity of antioxidant protection enzymes under feeding of 15-month-aged bull calves with Chromium (III) in Chromium methionine chelate form. Four time periods with 15 days each were applied. At the 1 st (preparatory) period, animals received the basic ration (BR), while at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th periods animals received Chromium (III) chelate compounds (0.8 mg of pure metal per day for each animal), as a solution added to the morning watering. Blood was obtained from the jugular vein 2 hours after the morning feeding, at the start of the 1st period and at the end of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th periods, and certain biochemical parameters were measured in blood serum. It is shown that the introduction of Chromium (III) in its methionine chelate form during morning feeding increased the level of urea (Р<0.05) and decreased the level of ammonia in blood at the 45th and 60th days. It also decreased (Р<0.05) glucose concentration at the 45th day from the beginning of the experiment. At the same time, Chromium supplement did not affect the content of total blood protein and the activity of superoxide dismutase. Catalase activity increased (Р<0.05) at 45th and 60 th days, while the activity of the glutathione peroxidase decreased (Р<0.05) at the 60th day of treatment. As Chromium methionine chelate caused an increase in antioxidant enzymes activity and in certain biochemical parameters of blood, we may conclude that adding organic Chromium to the feeding of bull calves is advisable.


The T cell antigen receptor (TCR)‐associated invariable membrane proteins (CD3‐gamma, ‐delta, ‐epsilon and ‐zeta) are critical to the assembly and cell surface expression of the TCR/CD3 complex and to signal transduction upon engagement of TCR with antigen. Disruption of the CD3‐zeta gene by homologous recombination resulted in a structurally abnormal thymus which primarily contained CD4‐ CD8‐ and TCR/CD3very lowCD4+CD8+ cells. Spleen and lymph nodes of CD3‐zeta‐/‐ mutant mice contained a normal number and ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ single positive cells that were TCR/CD3very low. These splenocytes did not respond to antibody cross‐linking or mitogenic triggering. The V beta genes of CD4‐CD8‐ and CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and splenic T cells were productively rearranged. These data demonstrated that (i) in the absence of the CD3‐zeta chain, the CD4‐ CD8‐ thymocytes could differentiate to CD4+CD8+ TCR/CD3very low thymocytes, (ii) that thymic selection might have occurred, (iii) but that the transition to CD4+CD8‐ and CD4‐CD8+ cells took place at a very low rate. Most strikingly, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) isolated from the small intestine or the colon expressed normal levels of TCR/CD3 complexes on their surface which contained Fc epsilon RI gamma homodimers. In contrast to CD3‐zeta containing IELs, these cells failed to proliferate after triggering with antibody cross‐linking or mitogen. In comparison to thymus‐derived peripheral T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, the preferential expression of normal levels of TCR/CD3 in intestinal IELs suggested they mature via an independent extrathymic pathway.


We describe the stages of non‐REM sleep induced by anaesthesia with sevoflurane 8% in oxygen and relate these stages to clinical eye positions. We explored John Snow's observation (1847) that 'when voluntary movement ceases, with the eyes fixed in an upward gaze during the gas induction of anaesthesia, the patient is protected against the risk of mental suffering' (awareness). Unpremedicated ASA 1 patients undergoing elective tonsillectomy were studied using EEG polysomnographic principles and clinical eye movement tracking. The results expressed as median and range were: latency to stage 1 sleep 4.5 min [2.5–7.5], stage 2 sleep 5 min [3.5–8.5], stage 3 sleep 5.5 min [4–12] and stage 4 sleep 6 min [4.5–15.5]. Eye position 5, the point of no further eye movement, was reached after 9 min [5.5–18.5]. This was significantly longer than the time taken to reach the stage 4 sleep EEG, p < 0.01, supporting Snow's observation and encouraging investigation into eye movement tracking technology as a potential monitor of anaesthetic depth.


To begin with, the apostle Paul in Colossians 2:8, writes: "Beware lest anyone capture you through philosophy and empty deceit, according to the tradition of men, according to the basic principles of the world, and not according to Christ." In this verse the apostle warns his readers against being taken captive by false philosophies. Rather, he says that they should adopt a philosophy "according to Christ." R.C. Sproul writes that "no society can survive, no civilization can function, without some unifying system of thought which is known as the worldview. Ronald Nash also writes that: Christians need to become more conscious of the importance of philosophy because so many elements of a worldview are philosophical in nature. Though philosophy and religion often use different language and often arrive at different conclusions, they deal with the same questions, which include questions about what exists (metaphysics), how humans should live (ethics), and how human beings know (epistemology). Colossians 2:8 also teaches us that there are two radically different philosophical worldviews; Christian and non-Christian. The non-Christian philosopher is committed to total independence from the God of Scripture. Thus, he views God, man, and the world from a non-biblical standpoint. The Christian philosopher, on the other hand, is committed to absolute dependence on God and His Word. He philosophizes about God and His creation from a wholly different perspective. He sees Christ, the Word of God incarnate, as central to all truth. The Christian philosopher is to analyze all things by means of God's infallible revelation, seeking to "bring every thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ" as stated in 2 Corinthians 10:5.


This Casenote/Comment is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Law Review by an authorized editor of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Recommended Citation Kerry R. Lewis, A Reexamination of the Constitutional Right to a Jury Trial under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 26 Tulsa L. J. 571 (2013).


Rainfall takes many flowpaths to reach a stream, and the success of riparian buffers in water quality management is significantly influenced by riparian hydrology. This paper presents results from hydrometric monitoring of riparian buffer hydrology in a pasture catchment. Runoff processes and riparian flowpaths were investigated on two planar hillslopes with regenerating grass and E. globulus buffers. Surface runoff and subsurface flows (A‐ and B‐horizons) were measured for 3 years using surface runoff collectors, subsurface troughs and piezometers. Water volumes moving through the riparian buffers via the measured flowpaths were ranked B‐horizon ≫ surface runoff ≈ A‐horizon. Runoff volumes through the B‐horizon troughs were an order of magnitude greater than those recorded for the most productive surface runoff plots or the A‐horizon troughs. Subsurface runoff and saturation‐excess overland flow (SOF) were limited to the winter months, whereas infiltration‐excess overland flow (IEOF) can occur all year round during intense storms. Surface runoff was recorded on 33 occasions, mostly during winter (late May–early October), and total annual surface runoff volumes collected by the 20 unconfined (2 m wide) runoff plots varied between > 80 and < 20 m3. Subsurface flow only occurred in winter, and the 6 m wide B‐horizon subsurface troughs flowed above 1 l s−1 continuously, whereas the A‐horizon troughs flowed infrequently (<6 days per year). In summer, surface runoff occurred as IEOF during intense storms in the E. globulus buffer, but not in the grass buffer. Observations suggest that surface crusting reduced the soil's infiltration capacity in the E. globulus buffer. During winter, SOF and seepage were observed in both buffers, but subsurface flow through the B‐horizon was the dominant flowpath. Key hydrologic differences between the grass and tree buffers are the generation of IEOF in the E. globulus buffer during intense summer storms, and the smaller subsurface runoff volumes and fewer flow days in the E. globulus buffer. Low surface runoff volumes are likely to limit the potential of these buffers to filter pollutants from surface runoff. High subsurface flow volumes and saturated conductivities are also likely to limit the residence time of water in the subsurface domain. Based on their hydrologic performance, the key roles of riparian buffers in this landscape are likely to be displacing sediment and nutrient‐generating activities away from streams and stabilizing channel morphology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.