Differences among the ways in which cognitive psychology is studied and developed in different countries are diminishing, but distinct national traditions are still apparent. As the official journal of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology, The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology aims to strengthen cognitive psychology by promoting exchange and integration of empirical findings and theoretical ideas across national borders throughout Europe. The journal also aims to facilitate communication between cognitive psychologists working in Europe and those working in other parts of the world. This aim is strongly reflected by the fact that the new board of associate editors includes three leading American psychologists as well as six Europeans. The foundations of modern cognitive psychology were laid in Europe in the middle of the 19th century with the development of psychophysical methods (Fechner), reaction time methods (Donders), phenomenological methods (Hering), and computational modelling (Helmholtz). New impetus was brought to the field in the middle of the 20th century when the cognitive revolution occurred in the United States. Since then, cognitive psychology has flourished throughout the Western world. European cognitive psychology has been rich in interesting observations and theoretical ideas. American cognitive psychology has been particularly strong in large-scale collection and analysis of data generated by rigorous experimental methods. The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology aims to contribute to integrating the best elements of American with European cognitive psychology. The journal will publish theoretical articles and notes, experimental reports, and integrative reviews of the literature in all areas of basic and applied cognitive psychology, including cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience. To emphasize the inclusion of the latter area among the core topics of the journal, a special issue is planned on ''Neuroimaging Investigations of Mental Imagery'' with Michel Denis, Emmanuel Mellet, and Steve Kosslyn as the guest editors. A formal announcement of the special issue is found elsewhere in the present issue.


According to the connotation of insisting on human-oriented,comprehensive,coordinated and sustainable development,this paper constructs the comprehensive economic evaluation index system according to the six valuation standar ds at the speed of economic development,the quality of economic development,the sustainable development etc.Through determining the optimal weights of indicators by combining entropy method and triangle fuzzy method optimally,this paper establishes the comprehensive evaluation model of economy and analyzes the development of China's 10 sub-provincial cities.The contribution characteristics lie in five aspects.Firstly,it reflects the claim of Scientific Outlook on Development— "comprehensive,coordinated and sustainable development",and evaluates the indicators about sustainable development and economy's structure.Secondly,through the principle of sum of deviation square in largest between one indicator and other indicators,it makes the evaluation value scatter as far as possible,which can clearly reflect the difference in the indicator contrast.It changes the situation that existing methods make differences unconspicuous because of evenly empowering.The result shows that the subjective and objective weight is 0.471and 0.529 based on the principle of sum of deviation square in largest from the data of China's 10 typical sub-provincial cities.Thirdly,through portfolio empowering,it not only retains the entropy method which reflects the actual situation and speculates the future of factors,but also retains the subjective empowering,such as triangle fuzzy method,which embodies the importance of expert knowledge and experience.Fourth,it solves the irrational problems in existing evaluations which believe that the larger these indicators'value is,the better,or the smaller the better,and decide the ideal value standards of moderate indicators such as GDP growth rate.Fifth,this paper gives an empirical analysis and specific policy proposals for China's 10 sub-provincial cities'economic development.


SHORTL~ after the Chicago Board of Trade was organized, in 1848, a market for provisions was established by the association which quickly assumed world leadership similar to that enjoyed in grain, for which this exchange has been noted for more than eighty-two years. Today the futures and cash market for provisions on the Board of Trade is the only establishment of its kind in the world, although


A,s demonstrated by Anagnostopoulos", the natural history of acute aortic dissection is extremely poor. Emergency surgery is generally accepted for acute type A dissection. Despite improvements in the surgical treatment of acute aortic dissection, treatment of dissections with the tear located in the arch remains controversiaI4• Most surgeons recommend limiting surgery to the ascending aortas. On the other hand, those who ascribe to a more aggressive approach a.dvocate total arch replacement, even in the emergency sl~ation6. 7 • This study reports the authors' experience with 24 consecutive patients of acute type A dissection In whom the tear was located in the arch or an ascending aortic tear which extended into the arch.


Method and device for purifying water is provided. The feed water such as sea water is supplied to a filter, such as a microporous membrane or nanofiltration membrane to produce a permeate and further, by supplying the permeate to the electrodeionization system to generate a freshwater possible it is.


The construction industry is under serious pressure at the moment. It needs to meet its commitments for the Soccer World Cup in 2010 and it also needs to meet its commitments to maintain and expand the country's infrastructure to meet future demand.


Examines how recent changes in labor force institutions affect older workers in Japan. In the 1st part of the paper the focus is on changes in retirement age and on schemes to provide employment for older workers. The 2nd part reviews private and public retirement pay systems. Finally future prospects for older workers in rapidly aging Japan are highlighted. Throughout the paper the experience of American workers serves as a point of reference. (authors)


This study explored the role of fonnal education in career attainment and how this role has changed over time. The study encompassed years of education, subject of degree, timing of degree conferral, and quality of educational institution. The persormel records of an internal labor market large US based company were examined. Two cohorts of managers were studied in the finn. One cohort contained 540 managers, and the second cohort contained 968 managers. These managers all entered the finn in the same year and have stayed with the same finn. Education was found to have a positive effect on career attainment for both cohorts. While the selectivity of the university was related to career attainment for the cohort that entered the firm first, it was not significant for the cohort that entered the firm most recently. Results indicated that possessing a master's degree and majoring in business were positively related to managerial career attainment in an internal labor market.


The structural differentiation of plant communities are associated with species traits, and interspecific interactions in heterogeneous environment. The comprehensive analysis of spatial variation in species assemblages may help infer processes shaping ecological communities. Based on field investigation of 116 sites and 562 sampling points in the dry valley of Jinshajiang River, combined with vegetation classification by adaptive-affinity propagation, we used Moran's Eigenvector Maps and variation partitioning to quantify the effects of spatial and environmental factors on the community structure. The results showed that: (1) the plant communities were divided into 30 groups by Adaptive-AP, and classified into 7 vegetation types, 23 formations. Savanna (30.0%) and warm deciduous broadleaved thicket (55.7%) were the main vegetation •研究报告• 408 生 物 多 样 性 Biodiversity Science 第 24 卷 types. (2) Mean annual temperature (MAT) and aridity index (k) are two dominant climate factors limiting the distribution of plant community types in the dry valley of Jinshajiang River. Savanna, succulent thicket and evergreen broadleaved thicket are dominant vegetation types in typical dry-hot valley. Warm deciduous broadleaved thicket and evergreen sclerophyllous forest are dominant in dry-warm valley. Warm needle-leaved forest and deciduous broadleaved forest are more adaptive to lower temperature. (3) The pure environmental fraction can explain 5.5% of the species composition variation, the pure broad-scale spatial fraction can explain 22.5% of the species composition variation, 6.6% can be explained by the fraction corresponding to broad-scale structured environment and the unexplainable part was 65.4%. Among all the factors, MAT and k indicated the critical difference among the community habitats, which has prominent impact on the change of community composition. The broad-scale spatial factors played an important role in shaping the community structure by geographic isolation.


Gender equality in leadership positions is important for sport organizations to achieve economic and social sustainability. Based on a multi-level framework, this study examines spillover effects from economic and social state-level factors in sport organizations' environment on critical masses of women on their boards (in terms of share and numbers) and board gender diversity (reflected by different types of boards). Data of national and regional sport governing bodies in Germany were collected (n = 930), with variables capturing organizational characteristics (e.g., board composition) and economic and social factors at the state level. The results of regression analyses show that women's attainment in tertiary education increases the likelihood of a critical mass of at least 30% women on the board, and a higher divorce rate increases the likelihood of a critical mass of three women on the board. Sport organizations in states with a higher gender wage gap are more likely to have balanced boards, indicating that volunteering might be a substitute to paid work. The findings suggest that the presence of women in sport leadership is affected by economic and social conditions in the organizations' geographical surroundings and that spillover effects occur from the state level to the organizational level.


Time--cost trade-off problems TCT are well-known in project management contents. This approach normally applied for scheduling of a project especially where the project should be completed under pre-determined deadline. This paper aims to extend time-cost trade-off TCT problems in order to provide a well-organized mechanism for both scheduling and rescheduling processes of a project. The proposed mechanism includes project scheduling which concerns with the TCT problem, monitoring of project performance during execution phase using earned value management EVM, and also predicting project future performance through statistical modeling. Once the predicted values of project performance indicate the necessity for rescheduling, the initial TCT problem is modified to determine a new mode for the execution of the project. In the proposed model, also several options have been considered with specific time and cost for an individual activity where options indicate different execution methods EM for the implementation of the whole project. Furthermore, due to vagueness and impreciseness associated with data of real case projects, the time and cost behavior of each option presumed as fuzzy numbers. The proposed control mechanism can help project managers to take the advantage of a comprehensive model to schedule, control, and reschedule a project through the life cycle. An illustrative case is then presented to successfully demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.


The experimental implementation and performance analysis of control techniques applied to an indirect matrix converter are presented here, to improve the input current behaviour under resonances and harmonics distortions. The control strategies are based on model predictive control, which uses the commutation state of the converter in the subsequent sampling time, according to an optimisation algorithm given by a simple cost function and the discrete system model. Experimental results with a laboratory prototype are provided in order to validate the different control schemes, and the effects of a distorted source voltage and filter resonance are analysed.


The status of language varieties as dialects or distinct languages has long been a controversial topic, as the distinction is often coloured not only by objectively measurable linguistic data, but also by history, speakers' attitudes, prejudices, metalinguistic awareness and general education. It is the author's belief that one could establish criteria for differentiating a language from a dialect by asking the speakers of a majority language directly in a survey-based blind test, thus accounting for the complex interaction of factors that affect language perception, but mitigating the biases of socio-cultural influences. This study proposes a simple method for checking one-way intelligibility in lieu of a mutual intelligibility test. Another issue that this article is concerned with is polyglots. Polyglots are known for being able to study languages efficiently, presumably, due to their increased language aptitude and awareness. Can this awareness have an effect on a polyglot's propensity for perceiving dialects as languages? Answering this question is the second task of this paper. The results of the study show a rather weak positive correlation between the number of languages that a person knows and his tendency to identify an unknown speech sample as a language rather than a dialect; however, they do not refute this idea outright. Additionally, the author found setting a criterion for differentiating a language from a dialect difficult due to an unexpectedly high intelligibility rate of a lect that was known to be a distinct language. This implies that further testing of this sort needs to be done. It was, however, established that speakers of Russian tend to see a dialect as a lect that only differs in phonetics, while a language, in their perception, is a lect that differs in phonetics as well as vocabulary.


Background: Tibial plafond fractures are life-changing events that affect the patient's life. Aim of the study: to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of two different surgical techniques for treatment of tibial pilon fractures. Patients and Methods: Those who matched completely with inclusion criteria were included until fully gaining required sample size. Prospective comparative controlled study using the foot and ankle outcome questionnaire of AAOS. The study was carried on patients with distal tibial fractures that are types 43 (B&C1, C2, C3) AO/OTA classification of distal tibial fractures. patients divided for two groups according to surgical technique: group (A):(30) patients managed with primary external fixator with screws. group (B):(30) patients Managed with staged ORIF. Results: Group B showed a higher AAOS Foot and Ankle Normative score and AAOS foot and ankle core scale standardized mean and shoe comfort standardized mean and shoe comfort normative score and SF36 physical functioning% than Group A. Group A showed a less time interval from injury till fixation than Group B. From statistical point of view the two groups showed no significant difference regarding incidence of acquired complications. Conclusion: The two-stage ORIF gained a reduced risk of postoperative complications related to superficial infections, and bone healing problems. The ORIF 2 stage has several advantages, such as the ability to handle soft tissues including the periosteum, tendons(PTT), and ligaments that may be contained within fragmented fracture.


Abstract Asteroseismic modeling of subdwarf B (sdB) stars provides measurements of their fundamental parameters with a very good precision; in particular, the masses and radii determined from asteroseismology are found to typically reach a precision of 1% containing various uncertainties associated with their inner structure and the underlying microphysics (composition and transition zones profiles, nuclear reaction rates, etc.). Therefore, the question of the accuracy of the stellar parameters derived by asteroseismology is legitimate. We present here the seismic modeling of the pulsating sdB star in the eclipsing binary PG 1336–018, for which the mass and the radius are independently and precisely known from the modeling of the reflection/irradiation effect and the eclipses observed in the light curve. This allows us to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of the seismic method and test the impact of uncertainties in our stellar models on the derived parameters. We conclude that the sdB star parameters inferred from asteroseismology are precise, accurate, and robust against model uncertainties.


This article examines the current South African Department of Health Good Clinical Practice (2006) guideline recommendations regarding compensation for harm incurred in clinical trials. It applies the case of a phase IIb HIV vaccine trial in South Africa, for which enrolments and vaccinations were suspended early, based on data from an international companion study that indicated no evidence of efficacy and greater susceptibility to HIV infection in a subgroup of vaccinees. The case application indicates certain substantive and procedural limitations within the South African Department of Health Good Clinical Practice (2006) guideline recommendations on compensation for harm, which should be re-considered in order to improve protections for trial participants.


Asking and answering questions about personality research. The psychoanalytic strategy: Introduction to the psychoanalytic strategy Origins and development of personality The organization of personality Assessment and personality change Liabilities of the psychoanalytic strategy. The dispositional strategy: Introduction to the dispositional strategy The assessment of dispositions Trait and type approaches Needs and motives Liabilities of the dispositional strategy. The phenomenological strategy: Introduction to the phenomenological strategy Rogers' self-actualization theory Maslow's theory of human motivation Kelly's theory of personal constructs Liabilities of phenomenological strategies. The behavioural strategy: Introduction to the behavioural strategy The radical-behavioural approach The family of social learning theories The cognitive behavioural approach Liabilities of the behavioural strategy.


With the introduction of controllable output solid-state ballasts for lighting, it was desirable to utilize small computers to take full advantage of these devices in the built environment. Lighting use accounts for over 50 percent of the energy consumption in most high rise office buildings and therefore represents a significant opportunity for energy and power reduction through the application of efficient hardware and effective control strategies. In one such application in a New York City high rise office building, energy demand for lighting dropped from 2.3 W/ft2 to an average 0.7 W/ft2, while the lighting levels increased. Peak power dgmand was reduced to 1.1 W utilizing the hardware and strategies discussed. The increased component costs for these systems pay for themselves in reduced energy costs in well under three years and in most cases under two years. Additionally, these systems provide a better, more human-oriented working environment which is thought to be more productive.


The invention discloses a portable personal health information acquisition device and a management system. The portable personal health information acquisition device comprises a detection unit, a display unit and a control unit, wherein the control unit is electrically connected with the detection unit and the display unit respectively and is used for receiving personal health parameters from the detection unit, generating personal health information according to the personal health parameters and transmitting the personal health information to the display unit. According to the portable personal health information acquisition device, the personal health parameters can be acquired by a portable mobile phone and the like, and the personal health information can be acquired according to the acquired personal health parameters and can be stored into the portable personal health information acquisition device. Compared with the traditional personal health information acquisition device, the portable personal health information acquisition device has the advantages that the personal health information can be acquired and managed only by the portable mobile phone.


We give modest upper bounds for consistency strengths for two well-studied combinatorial principles. These bounds range at the level of subcompact cardinals, which is significantly below a κ+-supercompact cardinal. All previously known upper bounds on these principles ranged at the level of some degree of supercompactness. We show that using any of the standard modified Prikry forcings it is possible to turn a measurable subcompact cardinal into אω and make the principle אω ,<ω fail in the generic extension. We also show that using Lévy collapse followed by standard iterated club shooting it is possible to turn a subcompact cardinal into א2, and arrange that in the generic extension simultaneous reflection holds at א2 and at the same time every stationary subset of א3 concentrating on points of cofinality ω has a reflection point of cofinality ω1. We present two models built using modest large cardinal hypotheses. In the first model the principle אω,<ω fails. In the second model any family of size ω1 of stationary subsets of ω2 concentrating on ordinals of cofinality ω has a common reflection point, and at the same time every stationary subset of ω3 concentrating on ordinals of cofinality ω reflects at a point of cofinality ω1. It is of course known that constructing models for these combinatorial situations requires large cardinals, and all models previously known build on the existence of large cardinals of some degree of supercompactness. The natural long-standing open problem is to determine the exact consistency strength. In the past there has been a considerable amount of work done along these lines, and it seems that determining the lower bounds is significantly more demanding than determining the upper bounds. Using relatively simple forcing techniques, we give upper bounds which seem to be not too far from the actual consistency strength, and significantly below any variant of supercompactness.


We present a statistical study of the environments of 63 high-redshift radio galaxies (HzRGs) between redshifts 1 ≤ z ≤ 5.2, using the 24 μm waveband of the MIPS instrument aboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. Using a counts-in-cell analysis, a statistically significant source overdensity is found in 1.75 � radius circular cells centred on the HzRGs when compared to reference fields. We report an average overdensity of δ (= ¯ Ntargets/ ¯ Nreference) = 2.2 ± 1. 2a t afl ux density cut off24 μm = 0.3 mJy. This result implies that HzRGs are likely to lie in protoclusters of active and star-forming galaxies at high redshift. Over 95% of our targeted HzRGs lie in higher than average density fields. Further, 20 (32%) of our selected fields are found to be overdense to at least a 3σ significance, of which 9 are newly identified protocluster candidates. We observe a weak correlation between redshift and 24 μm source density, and discuss the populations being probed at different redshifts. In our uniformly selected sample, which was designed to cover two orders of magnitude in radio luminosity throughout z = 1−4, we find that the 24 μm source density does not depend on radio luminosity. We also compare this result with recent work describing IRAC source overdensities around the same HzRGs and find correlations between the results.


Aspects of the Math for America organization's actions, aims and affiliations are analyzed for their effects on urban schools and society at large. These aspects are argued as evidence to consider MfA as an agent working against democratic practice and in favor of furthering profit and its resultant inequitable resource distribution. The organization also serves to succinctly represent the primary reason why society values mathematics and sciences above other knowledges. Besides MfA, similar examples of activities related to math and science education are highlighted, such as scholarships offered only to math and science teachers, and a short-lived Traders to Teachers program.


A nano-oil is a suspension of nano-order particles in refrigeration oil. Recently, the application of nano-oil as the lubrication oil for refrigerant compressors is proposed to improve refrigeration cycle efficiency. In this study, physical properties of nano-oil such as thermal conductivity, viscosity and dielectric constant were measured experimentally. In addition, those of nano-oil / refrigerant mixture were also measured under pressurized condition. Nano-oil was prepared by dispersing oxidized copper (CuO) nanoparticles into refrigeration oil (Polyvinyl ether; PVE) with the volume fraction of 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 vol%. Measurement of physical properties of nano-oil was performed under the temperature ranging from 30 to 100 C. The result shows that thermal conductivity, viscosity and dielectric constant of the nano-oil are larger than those of the base oil. The increment of these properties becomes large with volume fraction of nano-particles. On the other hand, measurement of physical properties of PVE-CuO nano-oil / R410A mixture was performed under the 30 C of temperature and up to 1.3 MPa of pressure. As a result, thermal conductivity, viscosity and dielectric constant of nano-oil / refrigerant mixture increases compared with those without mixing nano particles for low refrigerant concentration, but the effect of adding nanoparticles with pure oil becomes weak with increasing refrigerant concentration.


ABSTRACT The article describes the collaborative process between the authors in adapting course assignments in undergraduate music history courses to demonstrate actual learning of content and information literacy skills. Although the inclusion of the information literacy standards is an important step in developing critical thinking skills, other factors impede students to perform well such as lack of knowledge on how to structure a research paper or not understanding how to properly cite the information. By monitoring student performance, the faculty and instruction librarian can make changes to improve student learning and the acquisition of critical thinking skills.


Abstract Cherubism is a non-neoplastic fibro-osseous lesion that is diagnosed among children based on its characterization by bilateral painless enlargement of jaws that offers a cherubic appearance to the affected persons. Cherubism treatment is combative given that it is believed that the lesion regress at puberty but cases with severe facial disfiguration can be corrected surgically. This case reports a 23-year-old male reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery at National Guard Health Affairs, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia by his mother with chief complaint of asymptomatic, progressive and bilateral enlargement of the mandible. Based on facts and the clinical, historical, family and radio-graphical findings this report prepared a cherubism diagnosis of the patient. The purpose of this case report is to present the unusual postpubertal cherubism.


With the vision of anytime anywhere computing, the availability management is playing an important role in pervasive computing. Most research focus on the qualitative analysis. This paper adopts a quantitative approach to attack this topic. Due to the CTMC and SMP can not be applied to the modeling of the availability of pervasive computing system, which has the features of user oriented, non-exponential distributions and associative analysis between user states and system states, this paper presents an MRGP(Markov regenerative process)-based measurement for the availability of pervasive computing system. First, a bidirectional extended user model is developed, which provides a base point for describing the availability in pervasive computing. Second, an MRGP model for availability is establised, and a stochastic process-based analysis is conducted for the availability of pervasive computing system. The transient and steady availability analysis are provided for this model, and a novel availability metric, called request availability of pervasive computing system, is suggested. Finally, numerical analysis has been carried out and the results argue that the proposed approach and availability metric can give reasonable evaluation for pervasive computing system.


A closed continuous flow centrifuge (NCI-IBM Blood Cell Separator) was utilized to collect large quantities of leukocytes from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Ninety-eight separate centrifugations of one to six hours duration were performed in 12 patients. Quantities of blood between 2.4-20.3 liters were processed during each centrifugation representing 0.4-3.2 donor blood volumes. An additional five centrifugations were attempted unsuccessfully. Buffy coat cells were collected while plasma and red blood cells were returned to the donor without change in flow or gravitational field. White blood cell yields of up to 75 per cent were obtained while platelet yields were electively varied from 0.1 per cent in donors with thrombocytopenia to 61.0 per cent in donors with thrombocytosis.

Red blood cell hemolysis and excessive platelet losses with thrombocytopenia were not observed. One patient developed chills and fever of unknown etiology on two separate occasions, once during and once following CFC

Leukocytes collected by this method and transfused into granulocytopenic recipients resulted in granulocyte increments of 2.0 x 103 per mm3 per 1011 granulocytes per m2 of body surface area. The persistence of cells with the Ph1 chromosome in the bone marrow of recipients demonstrated that viable proliferating cells survived the procedure.


Abstract The formation theory of surface structure during vulcanization was developed on the basis of an interfacial concept. The theory showed the chemical compositions of polar and nonpolar components on the vulcanizate surface to be determined as an excess interfacial free energy between rubber compounds and molds decreases. The surface free energies of molds reflected clearly the corresponding surface free energy of vulcanizates prepared from copolymers and polar polymers. Nonpolar polymers were not influenced by the surface free energies of molds. The surface free energies of vulcanizates decreased slightly with the concentration of network chains owing to the entropy of rubber segments. The surface free energies of molds affected the chemical compositions at the topmost surface region to the upper surface region on vulcanizates. NBR vulcanizates with high surface free energy increased the contact angle of water after standing in dry air. In the dry air environment, topmost surface layer nitrile grou...


Works were selected from 3 series of paintings: Interiors, Costume Drama and Presentiments, (see http://virginiabodman.com). The paintings continue to investigate ideas/concerns initiated in work shown in PALCE, (one-person exhibition, BayArt Gallery, Cardiff, 2009), particularly the use of figures drawn from a range of historic and contemporary sources, able and disabled forms were developed from Indian and Spanish cultures and from the work of Gainsborough and Manet. Each of these tropes has its own particular history and each invokes discourses of power and domination that regulate and censure the body; be they pertaining to codes of sexual difference, normative representations of the human body or colonialism. The paintings employed a full palette, a range of size/scale ideas and the visceral use of paint to create an all-female cast of characters whose dress hints at a variety of meanings and possibilities. The figures in the paintings act out obscure dramas in spaces that suggest the exotic, the domestic and the dislocated - scenarios with uncertain outcomes. These shifts of figure, dress and spatial behavior invite the viewer to construct their own narratives.

Storm Jameson, writing in her autobiography Journey from the North provides a good description of both the process and the outcome of this mode of investigation:

"The change of milieu (space in paintings) produces its own complexities and depths of meaning, one change involving another, and another, until the original chain of events is completely overlaid. The personages move farther and farther from their point of origin and become truly autonomous, and are enriched, complicated, changed in depth, by the working on them of circumstances. And, of course, the fusion of all these many elements is fed and animated by personal memories and emotions entering spontaneously at every level".

L/D/D/L was reviewed in The Journal (14.10.2015) where it was favourably compared with the Daniel Buren exhibition showing concurrently at Baltic, (see http://www.thejournal.co.uk/culture/arts-culture-news/virginia-bodman-north-east-artist-7935726). Three artist led Tour and Talks were given in the gallery, subsequently invitations were received from York St John and Newcastle Universities to give lectures on the exhibition. "Circularities: Painting a Life" was delivered on 3.2.2015 at Newcastle University.


In this study, three thinning treatments were applied on a 0.54 ha young oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand (25-30 years old) in Karadag, Artvin in the fall of 1999. The treatments were: (1) no thinning, (2) light thinning, and (3) heavy thinning. Prior to thinning, the stand averaged 15000 trees ha(-1) and 40.0 m2 ha(-1) of basal area, with an average mean diameter of 5 cm. Thinning reduced stand basal areas to about 31.1 and 24.9 m2 ha(-1) for the light and heavy thinning treatments, respectively. After 3-years, diameter increment was the highest in heavily thinned stand and the lowest in unthinned stand. The increment in stand basal area was about 10, 18 and 27% in the unthinned, lightly thinned, and heavily thinned stands, respectively. Fine root biomass significantly decreased with thinning and thinning had no significant effects on soil pH and soil organic matter content.


Aim To optimize the extracting technique condition of Siwei Shengjin Granule.Method The processing for water extraction and alcohol precipitation are both using the total quantity of Paeoniflorin and Glycyrrhetic acid as the index by the orthogonal design.Results The optimum water extraction conditions of Siwei Shengjin Granule were:10 times of water,extracted three times and each time lasted 2 hours;The optimum alcohol precipitation conditions of Siwei Shengjin Granule were: the relative density of water extraction is 1.05,the concentration of the alcohol for precipitate is 70%,settlement for 24 h.Conclusion The extraction process of Siwei Shengjin Granule was stable and usable.


An investigation of the charge recombination (CR) dynamics of geminate ion pairs formed upon electron transfer quenching of azulene, benz[a]azulene, and xanthione in the second singlet excited state by several electron donors, using ultrafast time resolved spectroscopy and photoconductivity is reported. The ion pairs have two possible CR pathways:  (i) a highly exergonic CR to the neutral ground state or (ii) a moderately exergonic CR leading to the formation of the neutral acceptor in the first singlet excited state. This investigation shows strong evidence of the predominance of the second pathway. CR in ion pairs formed with the azulenes is faster by a factor of more than 50 than in ion pairs having a similar energy but with the first CR pathway only. The electron transfer quenching of xanthione in the second singlet excited state by several weak donors does not lead to a significant reduction of the triplet yield of this molecule. The relevance of these results to explain the absence of the inverted r...


The major organizational transformation journey of Indian software bellwether firm, Infosys, from 2014 until 2017 under the leadership of first non-founder member is captured in this case study. The entrepreneurial ambitions and zeal to grow through organic and inorganic moves saddled with lack of cognizance of corporate governance resulted in deviance leading to turmoil followed by the resignation of the CEO. The company values, the roles of founder members, institutional investors, shareholders and other aspects came under the scanner to understand the reasons behind the corporate governance deviance. Dilemma Though the company got a clean chit against the corporate governance deviance charges, the conflict between the board of governors and founders, particularly the ex-CEO continued which culminated into the resignation of the CEO. What are the roles of founder members, board of governors, institutional investors and shareholders in case of corporate governance deviance? Theory: Models of Corporate Governance Type of the case: Decisional, applied Protagonist: CEO of the firm Options After obtaining clean chit against the corporate governance deviance charges, the CEO could have continued. Instead he decided to resign. Discussions and Case Questions Why the chairman of the board was indecisive in questioning the CEO undertaking deviant business practices? Why were the founders not happy with the 'non-transparent' way in which the board had decided to raise Dr Sikka's annual compensation package from US$7.08 million to US$11 million even when it was linked with the company's progress towards 'Vision 2020'? What kind of risk did the founders saw in the appointment of the wife a sitting minister in the Indian government as an independent director? Why the board decided to give a generous severance package to ex-CFO without the approval of the chairperson of Nominations and Remuneration Committee?


ABSTRACT To develop γ″ phase (hexagonal structure with space group ) containing high strength Mg-Gd alloys at lower cost, Mn instead of Ag was added. The state-of-art scanning transmission electron microscopy was applied to characterise γ″ in solution-treated and aged Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Ni-Mn alloys on the atomic scale. γ″ was not found in the solution-treated state but was captured to precipitate during aging. γ″ with nonuniform occupations of Gd and Y was observed. Different modes of interaction between γ″ and β′ are proposed. The formation of γ″ promoted by Mn was not accidental, suggesting the possibility to form plenty of γ″.


Based on analyzing the status,existing problems and countermeasures of water-saving society construction in Dezhou City,wateruse efficiency in agricultural water,industrial water,urban domestic water,and other industries of water was analyzed. Some feasible suggestions were put forward,so as to lay a good foundation to construct the water-saving society.


This study explores the relation between cultural competencies and conglomerate behavior in interpersonal conflicts within an intercultural context. The theory of conglomerate conflict behavior (Van de Vliert, Euwema, & Huismans, 1995) presumes that conflict behaviors should not be studied as if independent, but as 'gestalts', that is, in relation to each other, and that these gestalts can be meaningfully interpreted in terms of competitive or cooperative conglomerates (H1). The second hypothesis explores relations between cultural competencies and conglomerate conflict behavior. Survey data on five conflict styles were collected from Dutch military peacekeepers (N=542), describing a conflict they were involved in during their mission. Using cluster analysis, two different patterns of conflict handling were identified. The main contrast between the conglomerates is cooperative (high problem solving and compromising), low forcing), versus competitive behavior (low problem solving and compromising, high forcing). As expected, cultural empathy is positively related to cooperative behavior, and adventurism is related with competitive behavior. This is what we call the Indiana Jones approach; peacekeepers who like the adventure also like to fight their conflicts.


To increase the adsorption capability of natural pumice from Sungai Pasak, West Sumatra, Indonesia in removal of Zn from aqueous solution, modification by physical and chemical treatments were evaluated. The treatments were heating at temperatures of 300°C, 450°C, and 600°C for physical and soaking in acid solutions (HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3) for chemical treatments. The adsorption was performed in batch system with the optimum condition (6 of pH solution, < 63 um of adsorbent diameter, 3 g/L of adsorbent dose, 5 mg/L of Zn concentration, and 15 min of contact time). The results revealed that the removal efficiency and Zn uptake increase using modified pumice from 68.83% and 1.15 mg/g to 74.46% and 1.24 mg/g. The highest removal efficiency and Zn uptake were obtained from 300°C of heating temperatures and HCl for acid solution. The application of modified adsorbent for removal of Zn from aqueous solution showed that the modification technique has the potential to increase the removal efficiency and metal uptake of the natural pumice.


A new dipyridyl derivative,4,4′-bis[2-(4-pyrazolylphenyl)-vinyl]-2,2′-bipyridine(1),was designed and synthesized by the condensation of 4-pyrazolylbenzaldehyde with 4-methylpyridine.The structure was characterized by 1H NMR,IR and MS.The optical properties of 1 were investigated by UV and single photon fluorescence spectra in different solvents.


This paper considers a multifactor process of self-organization of soft matter dissipative membraneous structures from the inorganic colloidal precursor under microwave irradiation. The above structures are formed due to dehydration accompanied by hydrolytic polymerization under the microwave field, leading to the formation of polymeric Fe(III) oxyhydroxides / oxides. The resulting structure morphology, as well as their chemical composition and degree of crystallinity depend on the irradiation time, microwave field power and concentration of the initial precursor. The structure formation in this case is a typical reaction-diffusion process with the emergent properties.


This paper reviews the problem of correctness in the context of scaleable distributed systems. It takes the concept of a strongly eventually consistent (SEC) data structure based on the work done on conflict free replicated data types and examines the theoretical basis of a practical application to generalised database management systems.It reasons that the condition required for a database management system to implement a monotonic semilattice and remain generic is not possible. It further proposes a framework which extends the SEC condition to capture enough information to make such a system practical to implement. Finally, it evaluates such an implementation using a modified storage engine for Apache Ignite demonstrating not just its practicality but its scaleability in Ignite and other database management systems like it.The key contributions of this work are Semantic and intent defined conflict free replicated data types, an enriched CRDT which enables generalised database systems to meet the SEC criteria for a monotonic semilattice object and Semantic Intent Configuration Language, SICL, a language and framework for distributed computing.


Computer systems today are a necessity in constant concept of improving the world. The challenge of the Covid virus has steered us into a new normal age where all potentially infected people should be quarantined immediately from the rest of the population. The hectic course of life unfortunately leads to the emergence of an increasing number of quarantine offenders. This paper presents the architecture and proposal of an embedded system that could be taught to recognize persons in quarantine. By placing such a system in the frequency zones, violators would be identified very quickly. Despite the fact that in our work we reach a fairly large error threshold, justified suspicion will more easily enable the police to more easily supervise persons under quarantine.


Foresters and wildlife managers have long known that forest management activities have impacts on wildlife communities (see Smith 1962). Research has also shown that private landowners often cite provision of wildlife habitat as one of their main reasons for owning forest land (Hodge 1996, Jones et al. 1995, Kluender et al. 1999). Direct census of wildlife populations is challenging and expensive, and until the late 1980s, publications developed to provide information on how forest management activities can benefit wildlife tended to focus on single species, especially game species, and how to manage their habitats, such as deer wintering areas in northern regions (see Berner and Gysel 1969, Boer 1978, Larson et al. 1978).


Abstract Visual and concrete poetry reduced ad absurdum current communication conventions and refused to take for granted what is only seemingly obvious. Visual poetry "forces us to look at the text before we read it, that is, to acknowledge its physical authority." [Willard Bohn, 1986] In the previous century, as well as in the present one, the visual, or if you will, the "scopic regime," brought about a change of attitude to a written word. Poetry and visual arts accentuated the materiality of writing. Keywords: visual poetry, concrete poetry, visual perception, materiality, things


subcapsular cataracts are part of the picture of rheumatoid arthritis and are not due to the steroids. The figures given in Table I would seem to contradict him. The cataract occurs only in patients who have taken steroids for 12 months or more. Cataracts have been found also in patients treated with steroids who have been suffering from bronchial asthma, but the incidence is not as great as in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. The incidence in bronchial asthma is given as two cases out of 12, or 16% (Giles et alii, 1962), and as three cases out of 56, or 5% (Toogood et alii, 1962). The incidence in rheumatoid arthritis is variously reported as 40% (Black et alii, 1960), 9% (Gordon et alii, 1961), 35% (Giles et alii, 1962), 23% (Black et alii, 1961) and 5% (Pfahl et alii, 1961). The incidence varies with dosage and duration (Table I). Gordon (1961) claims that posterior


Advanced designs of electric motor controls and inverters require high-current and highfrequency switching devices such as MCTs and IGBTs. These tiny devices with only 2-4 cm footprint area for mounting, generate waste-heat fluxes up to 100 W/cm while electrically switching currents in the order of 70A. In the present study, two commercially available devices, an MCT and an IGBT were independently tested in conjunction with a laboratory test circuit integrated with a resistive load-bank and the single-phase venturi cooling system. The effects of the electrical insulating materials, Kapton and diamond, on the heat transfer coupling between the device and the heat-sink were investigated. The influence of the contact-pressure variation in the range of 0.5-2.2 MPa with and without thermal grease was also studied. Appropriate thermal and electrical performance parameters were measured to calculate and compare with the estimated device-tocooling fluid thermal resistance (RDF) data.


Pharmaceutical Preparation INCLUDING AN EMULSION OR DISPERSION ACTIVE ON THE SURFACE, STABLE, a pharmaceutical agent incorporated in an emulsion (I) having a discontinuous phase hydrophobic A carboxylic acid LONG CHAIN O ESTER OR ALCOHOL DISPERSO SAME in an aqueous phase OR (II) it is having a discontinuous phase dispersed in a hydrophilic hydrophobic PHASE OF A CHAIN carboxylic acid LONG OR ALCOHOL THEREOF. The emulsion with pharmaceutical agent is incorporated into a pharmaceutical carrier SUITABLE FOR ORAL DELIVERY.


The simultaneous determination of tolualdehyde isomer mixtures by using a spectrophotometric method is a difficult problem in analytical chemistry, due to spectral interference. By multivariate calibration methods, such as partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural network (ANN), it is possible to obtain a model adjusted to the concentration values of the mixtures used in the calibration range. The ANN calibration model of simultaneous determination of tolualdehyde isomers was based on absorption spectra in the 230–304 nm range for 48 different mixtures of tolualdehyde isomers, and the concentration ranges for o-tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde and p-tolualdehyde were 6.0–15.0, 7.0–16.0 and 8.0–19.0 µg·mL−1, respectively. Other 7 samples were applied to testing the predictive ability of the calibration model. The effect of the three isomers with different concentration ratios in their mixtures on the accuracy of determination results was discussed and the appropriate range of concentration ratio was found. The proposed method was applied to simultaneous determination of the three isomers in synthetic samples and the recoveries were between 84.00% and 109.60%. The results of determination were compared with the PLS model without significant difference at 0.05 level for o-tolualdehyde and m-tolualdehyde by paired t-test. But a better performance for p-tolualdehyde in their mixtures could be obtained by the ANN calibration model.


eld. Such spacetimes possess a preferred direction in the sky and at the same time a CMB which is isotropic at the background level. A distortion of the luminosity distances is derived and used to test the model against the CMB and supernovae (using the Union catalog), and it is concluded that the latter exhibit a higher-than-expected dependence on angular position. It is shown that future surveys could detect a possible preferred direction by observing 20=( k0 2 ) supernovae over the whole sky. I. INTRODUCTION Observational cosmology is undergoing a fast evolution, with the increase of available data and a better understanding of the connections between models and observations. The once \quasi-sacred" principles of homogeneity and isotropy are being questioned by several observations of large scale structures [1]. This is remarkable, since the Cosmic Microwave Radiation (CMB) is widely regarded a strong evidence for the CDM model which is rmly based on these two principles (sometimes extended to three by an extra assumption of atness).


The paper presents the basic concept of modal analysis ,elaborates the identification methods for modal parameters of the bridge based on ambient excitation,expounds specific test methods .By the analysis of experimental data processing of engineering instance ,and contrasting design parameters with the model ,makes evaluation about the dynamic performance of the bridge.


The invention provides an LED (light emitting diode) automobile signal lamp, which comprises an LED lamp fitting, wherein an LED lamp is arranged on the right end of the LED lamp fitting, the upper side of the LED lamp is provided with a conical full reflection surface, a combined full reflection surface is arranged at the right side of the conical full reflection surface, the left end of the LED lamp is provided with a light outlet surface, and triangular hollow holes are formed among the LED lamp, the conical full reflection surface, the combined full reflection surface and the light outlet surface. Through the constructed conical full reflection surface, light rays emitted out by the light source in any angle can be sufficiently reflected to the combined full reflection surface, in addition, through the arrangement of a plurality of triangular hollow holes among the LED lamp, the conical full reflection surface, the combined full reflection surface and the light outlet surface, full refection in any angle can be formed by utilizing the full reflection effect, the light rays are controlled to uniformly reach the light outlet surface, and the LED automobile signal lamp has the advantages that the cost is reduced, and meanwhile, higher illumination uniformity is realized.


The two-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are considered for a viscous incompressible fluid in a channel. On the outlet boundary, the modified "do nothing" condition is imposed. To construct a discrete analogue, we use the conforming finite element method in the combination with a semi-Lagrangian approach. The velocity components are approximated by biquadratic elements and the pressure is approximated by bilinear elements on rectangles. To overcome the lack of conservation law of the classical semi-Lagrangian method, we propose its conservative version. To guarantee the energy conservation and the stability in the mean-square norm, we use the discrete analogue of the local integral balance between two neighboring time levels. A numerical experiment shows the convergence of the proposed numerical method.


An efficient and robust approach to adaptive prediction is presented which uses a local causal area to evaluate a number of individual fixed sub-predictors. Various schemes are utilized to exploit the resulting information, including a rank-order based approach, a two stage adaptive selection technique utilizing median filtering, a technique for adaptive combination and a technique incorporating adaptive selection followed by adaptive combination. The respective selection and combination schemes display superior results for particular image types. When the proposed predictors are coupled with prediction error feedback and adaptive arithmetic coding, they produce results superior to CALIC. To produce a more robust predictor an additional stage based on one of the proposed selection schemes is proposed. The result is an adaptive prediction scheme which effectively utilizes the principles of predictor combination and selection. Different forms of the latter stage predictor are explored, which are shown to improve overall predictor performance. A selection based approach is also demonstrated to be more robust than combination based schemes.


This article describes the role ofolefin metathesis reactions in synthetic organic chemistry, notably valuable for synthesising specialty chemicals but also for polymers and for petrochemicals. It will focus on Ru-based systems in the context ofUmicore's activities to develop new catalyst systems and to make them available to the market.


Objective
To evaluate early neurovascular monitoring and staged total solution surgical treatment of tibial plateau fracture-dislocation including sub-acute fracture and ligament repair/reconstruction.

Methods
Seventy-eight patients (81 knees) with tibial plateau fracture-dislocation accepted surgical treatment between July 2010 and June 2014. They were 53 males and 25 females, 19 to 51 years of age (average, 37.8 years). According to Schatzker classification, there were 16 cases (16 knees) of type Ⅱ, and 31 ones (31 knees) of type Ⅳ, 6 ones (6 knees) of type Ⅴ and 4 ones (4 knees) of type Ⅵ. There were 21 impaction fractures with rim avulsion (24 knees) which could not be categorized by Schatzker classification. All the patients were treated according to the damage control-based management algorithm. Early neurovas-cular monitoring was conducted. Open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture and ligament repair/re-construction were performed after the conditions of blood vessels and soft tissue were stabilized. The stability and range of motion of the knee joint were assessed postoperatively.

Results
Of this series, 71 patients (74 knees) were followed up for an average of 40.2 months (from 24 to 71 months). Of the fractures of Schatzker type Ⅱ, Schatzker type Ⅳ, Schatzker types Ⅴ, Schatzker types Ⅵ and impaction fractures with rim avulsion, respectively, the common peroneal nerve injury and popliteal artery injury occurred in 15.4% (2/13), 17.2% (5/29), 60.0% (3/5) , 66.7% (2/3) and 45.8% (11/24) while the ligament injury occurred in 46.2% (6/13), 20.7% (6/29), 60.0% (3/5) , 66.7% (2/3) and 83.3% (20/24). The post-operative KT-1000 measurement of mean side-to-side difference of anterior drawer laxity at 30 degrees was 1.6 mm. By TELOS stress radiological measurement, the average side-to-side difference of posterior drawer laxity at 90 degrees was 2.3 mm; the valgus was 0.8 mm at 0 degree and 1.5 mm at 30 degrees; the varus at 0 degree was 1.2 mm and 2.2 mm at 30 degrees. The post-operative Lysholm scores averaged 85.1 points (from 72 to 95 points); the Tegner scores averaged 6.5 points (from 4 to 8 points). 91.5% (65/71) of the patients returned to their pre-injury level of activity or one Tegner grade lower. There were no extension restriction and the mean flexion loss was 15.5 degrees.

Conclusions
Early evaluation of neurovascular condition should be emphasized in management of tibial plateau fracture-dislocation to preserve the limb. Once the conditions of vessels and local soft tissue are stable, total solution including open reduction and internal fixation of the facture and ligament repair/reconstruction in one surgery should be considered to shorten the rehabilitation period. Usually, the posteromedial complex injury should be repaired and the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterolateral complex should be reconstructed by all means.

Key words:
Tibial fractures; Knee joint; Fracture fixation, internal; Bone plates


This study aimed to develop a curriculum model of Islamic education to promote students' creative thinking. The subject of the study are elementary school students in Bandung, Indonesia. To collect data, the study employed test, observation, interview, and model trial to measure four aspects of students' creative thinking including fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. The results of the study showed that an integrated model of Islamic education curriculum in elementary education was able to develop the four aspects of creative thinking skills. In the meantime, a monoitic model of Islamic education curriculum merely developed fluency and originality; the other two aspects, flexibility and elaboration was not optimally developed by this model. This is due to the fact that the model involved much teachers' domination.


Organic residues from agriculture and waste and wastewater treatment can be used as organic fertilizers or soil amendments due to their nutrient and organic matter contents. In order to replace mineral fertilizers by organic residues at equivalent nutrient and fertilizer values, the mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE) of the organic residue must be known. A simple Excel-tool was developed that allowed determination of the nitrogen MFE of organic residues based on their nitrogen content and composition, and nitrogen emissions from field application of the organic residue. Nitrogen field emissions were estimated using simple models and average climate and soil conditions. A global sensitivity analysis revealed that the application method, determining the extent of incorporation into the soil, contributed 66% to the variability of the calculated nitrogen MFE for application of raw pig slurry.


In an efficient market, the levels of house prices reflect the values of value of physical, accessibility and environmental features corresponding to the house. The Dutch residential house market though could not be claimed to work under a perfectly efficient market; the prices can be diagnosed to reflect the value of these features. This paper focuses on the value of railway accessibility feature to the residential houses prices. Stations are treated as transport access points with distance and frequency of train services components and potential places for negative externalities. Applying a cross sectional hedonic price model, we found railway stations as identified by frequency of train service has elasticity of close to 0.3 for house up to a distance of 3 kms. Due to the spatial nature of the data we controlled the spatial effects by regional dummies. Proximity to railway line as differing from proximity to station, explaining the noise effect, has negative effect on prices. At the same time the immediate neighbourhood of the station is affected negatively from externality of the station. Highway accessibility on the other hand shows slightly different effect on house prices, in that peak effects occur at 4-5 km from the highway entry/exit point. All other physical and neighbourhood variables as income level and population composition show expected effect on house prices.


urine followed, which had evidently been under some pressure. There was immediate relief and the itching and dis-comfort soon began to disappear. I followed the case for the next three weeks, and in that time all the symp-toms entirely cleared up. Mild antiseptic treatment was followed.


In this paper, we make use of the integral method which is commonly used in partial differential equations to get the difference scheme on five points, and then construct an anisotropic diffusion model based on the partial differential equation. The numerical experimental results show the diffusion model can effectively magnify the image, and can keep the edge character and details of the image. It is proved that the numerical computational method proposed for solving the model is very effective.


This paper is concerned with the problem of robust discrete-time sliding-mode control for a class of uncertain descriptor systems with time-varying delay and external disturbance. A new sliding function is proposed and sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee that the sliding mode dynamics is robustly admissible. Moreover, a quasi-sliding mode controller is established to satisfy the reaching condition. The developed results are tested on a representative example to illustrate the theoretical developments.


The results were as follows: 1) The distance of diffusion front of copper from the surface of the wire was about 70ƒÊand 30 to 40ƒÊfor excessively and moderately heated seal, respectively. 2) Barium showed peculiar distribution. Maximum and minimum points were formed at about 5 and 10ƒÊ distance from the surface of wire, respectively. The extremums were distinct in excessively heated seals. 3) Sodium and potassium showed flat distribution in glass except high concentration at copper-glass interfaces. 4) In moderately heated seals, copper oxide partly disolved into glass. The remainder seemed to behave as bridging layer between copper and copper-containing glass. In excessively heated seals, most of copper oxide diffused into glass. Very thin layer, however, was presumed to remain behaving as bridging layer between copper and copper-containing glass. [Received September 13, 1974]


Between 1961 and 1996, Thailand lost 50-60% of its mangrove forests, mainly due to conversion to shrimp aquaculture. The speed and scale of deforestation has affected many coastal communities. This paper highlights the importance of mangroves to four case study villages. Households depend directly on mangrove forests for fish and wood collection and/or benefit indirectly from the mangroves' support to coastal fisheries. Mangrove loss therefore affects the decision of households to look for outside employment. In response to deforestation, female household members allocate more hours to employment relative to mangrove-dependent activities whereas males will allocate less hours to outside work. Awareness of community conservation efforts and of the environmental damages imposed by shrimp farms also motivates households to participate in replanting activities. Efforts to control mangrove deforestation and promote community-based management of remaining mangrove forests as well as replanting would help to mitigate some of the worst impacts on coastal villages. By developing institutions to support local community management, the Government of Thailand could help avoid excessive mangrove deforestation and conflicts over uses. Such a framework could also provide important lessons in coastal resource management for other countries in Southeast Asia and elsewhere


The country of Jordan is characterized by severe water scarcity and deficient public water supply networks. To address these issues, Jordan's water sector authorities have adopted a water rationing scheme implemented by interrupting piped water supply for several days per week. As in many arid countries around the world, this has led to the emergence of private markets of small-scale providers, delivering water via tanker trucks. On the one hand, these markets play a crucial role in meeting residential and commercial water demands by balancing the shortcomings of the public supply system. On the other hand, providers partially rely on illegal abstractions from rural ground and surface water sources, thereby circumventing regulatory efforts to conserve these resources.


The major objective of this study was to examine how Iranian English language learners correct their peers. English learners from different private language institutes in Iran took part in this research, they were asked to complete a questionnaire containing a situation in which a learner makes a mistake. Based on the frequency or percentage of the options selected by the participants, the provided answers were analyzed and the influence of age, gender, proficiency level and culture on the speech act of correction was discussed in detail. The obtained results proposed that age, gender and culture play major roles in providing peer feedback but proficiency level is somehow different. Moreover, the findings of the current research were compared and contrasted to shed more light on peer correction. Key terms: corrective feedback, peer feedback, speech act, peer correction


A two gas delivery device to cooperate on the one hand, the supply lines of each gas and / or mixture thereof (1,2,3) and, hand, a delivery line of the gas (4), comprising: - a communication establishment means of supply lines (1,2,3) with the delivery line (4), and- means selection of the establishment of communication of one of the supply lines (1,2,3) with the delivery line (4) in four positions, and- a locking means of the selection means in one of four positions. this device is used for calibration of an analyzer.


Plants have been a valuable source of natural products for maintaining human health. Plants are used in traditional medicinal systems have proved to be reliable sources of antimicrobial compounds. Medicinal plants have been considered interesting since they are frequently used in medicine as remedies for many infectious diseases. The plant Tephrosia purpurea has been used in different system of traditional medication for the treatment of diseases and ailments of human beings. It is reported to contain various flavonoides, alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds. It has been reported as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antilithiatic, free radical scavenging, antileishmanial, antibiotic, antimicrobial, anyihyperglycemic, antilipidperoxidative and wound healing activities. The whole plant and its roots are used for medicinal purposes. The herb is useful both, internally as well as externally. In this study ethanol and acetone leaf & root extract of Tephrosia purpurea were investigated for in vitro antibacterial property by agar disc diffusion method. The crude extract of Tephrosia purpurea, the acetone and ethanol root extract showed good antimicrobial activity against the Salmonella typhi & Proteus mirabilis. Leaf extract of ethanol showed good antimicrobial activity against the Proteus mirabilis. Leaf extract of acetone showed moderate inhibition activity against the Staphylococcus aureus.


This article applies Linguistic Criticism tools (Fowler, 1981) as methodological framework for interpreting narratological devices in fiction pointing out the relationship between the perspective of the narrator and the character. Fragments from a Kosovan contemporary novel by Mehmet Kraja (2005) are analyzed focusing on the non-intrusive narration and the internal perspectivism of the literary text. A variety of linguistic markers, in particular transitivity, representation of actions, events and states and the presentation of speech and thought are used to examine the mind style of the character when he goes through physical actions, perceptions, emotions and mental experiences. The study shows that the linguistic choices correlate throughout the novel and are associated with the discrepancy between the elaborated code of transmitting faithfully the interior world of the character on one side and the mechanical unwilling actions of this character, producing the ironical reading of a specific historical period in communist Albania and former Yugoslavia.


The concerns over IoT (Internet of Things) data transport security impede the development of smart service. The current data are transported mainly in clear text with a lack of privacy protection. IoT equipment resources are limited, thus complex encryption and decryption are not applicable. Google disclosed a Randomized Aggregatable Privacy-Preserving Ordinal Response (RAPPOR) algorithm that provides strong privacy guarantees for data transport, which has been efficiently implemented in Chrome for privacy protection of anonymous reporting. However, the data restoration rate is still subject to 1 to 5% confidence error. In this study we improved the Randomized Response process and proposed a Time Based Dynamic Response method. Experimental results demonstrate that the data transport error rate can be reduced to 0% in a limited range. Moreover, the computational operations can save more than 90% of time cost as compared to the common encryption and decryption techniques (such as AES), which is suitable for the applications in data transport protection between lower-power lightweight IoT devices.


During a recent visit to India (24th – 27th January) as a chief guest of the Republic Day celebration, Brazilian President Jair Messias Bolsonaro sketched an ambitious plan to revitalization their faltering economy. This new strategic partnership will expand cooperation in key sectors of the economy such as oil, gas, and mining, while it was setting the target of USD 15 billion in bilateral trade by 2022. While approaching to WTO against India for extending support to her sugarcane farmers, Brazil penned investment cooperation and facilitation treaty. This is Brazil's 10thand India's 4thbilateral investment agreement since both nations had adopted their Model Bilateral Investment Treaty. Previously, India has managed to conclude bilateral investment treaties with Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Cambodia after scrapping down all 83 existing bilateral investment treaties. The object and purpose of this short write-upare to critically analyze and compare the new Brazil-India Cooperation and Facilitation Treaty (Brazil-India BIT) with the Model BITs of India and Brazil. It will be discussed who deviates from Model BIT and to what extent to sign the investment agreement. Moreover, the author will evaluate whether both countries have compromised their interest to strike a deal and who wins the deal or to what extent.


The new complex compounds [RuLCl(p‐cymene)] ⋅ 3H2O and [NiL2(H2O)2] ⋅ 3H2O (L: 1‐{4‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone) were prepared and characterized using FT‐IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, mass spectroscopy, TGA, elemental analysis, X‐ray powder diffraction and magnetic moment techniques. Octahedral geometry for new Ni(II) and Ru(II) complexes was proposed. Thermal decomposition confirmed the existence of lattice and coordinated water molecule in the complexes. To determine the antioxidant properties of Schiff base ligand and its Ni(II), Ru(II) metal complexes, FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS and DPPH methods of antioxidant assays were used. Moreover, enzyme inhibition of complexes was evaluated against carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (CA I and CA II) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). For CA I and CA II, the best inhibition enzymes, was the Ni(II) complex with 62.98±18.41, 86.17±23.62 Ki values, whereas this inhibition effect showed ligand with 24.53±2.66 Ki value for the AChE enzyme.


Granulated foam glass aggregates were fabricated and applied as fillers in lightweight concrete. Soda lime silicate based glass was used as the main raw material in the foam glass process. Firing temperatures in the range of 820-850ºC were suitable for the foaming process. Granulation was processed using a rotary granulator and heated to expand in an electric rotary furnace. Foaming at 840ºC showed overall properties suitable for applying as a filler in lightweight concrete fabrication e.g. low density, high porosity, uniform of pore size. Foam glass granules processed at 840ºC were mixed with cement paste in the ratios of 5, 10, 15, and 20 vol% to study for bulk density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and sound absorption. Overall, increasing foam glass content in concrete caused a decrease in bulk density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity coefficient. In contrast, thermal resistance and sound absorption coefficient of the foam glass filled lightweight concretes improved significantly.


Abstract It is well known in industrial applications involving powders and granular materials that the presence of electrostatic charges influences drastically the material flowing properties. The triboelectric charges are produced during flow at the contacts between the grains and at the contacts between the grains and the container. Unfortunately, the triboelectric effect is still poorly understood, even at the fundamental level. Therefore, the approach to solve practical problems is mostly empirical. Moreover, reproducible electrostatic measurements are difficult to perform. In the present study, the ability of a set of excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to produce electrostatic charges during flow in contact with different materials is analyzed with a recently developed instrument called GranuCharge. While different excipients have almost the same triboelectric behavior and a low chargability, APIs show complex triboelectric properties. Some APIs charge a lot while other APIs charge less. Afterward, the electrostatic behavior of API/excipient blends is considered. We show that the net charge of the blend is a complex function of the relative quantity of API in the mixture. Moreover, both the quantity and the sign of the charge are found to depend on the material in contact with the powder during the flow.


The analysis of stampede accident during 2000-2007 indicates the occurrence frequency and number of casualties present the random distribution.According to these statistics data,a general reason is summarized.Preventive measures that combine the education and the management are proposed.


A soft drink is a drink that contains no alcohol but is usually referred to as a sugary drink. We overwhelmingly order Soft drinks or Soda cans as a part of the meal. It's a proven fact, that today's youth mostly prefers Soft drinks or Soda cans to fresh Fruit juices. Soft Drinks Impact on Health is getting adverse day by day. For determining bad effects of soft drinks, ten popular brands of soft drinks were collected from local market in Solapur & qualitative analysis is carried. The analysis included different testing carried in chemistry lab viz. pH, Acidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorides, Sodium (Na) & Potassium (K) content, Electrical conductivity & Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The results obtained were correlated with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It has been noticed from the results of testing that most of the soft drinks exceeds drinking water standards given by BIS. Hence soft drinks are not beneficial for health. Drinking soft drinks regularly really is slow poisoning. The over-consumption of sugar sweetened soft drinks is associated with obesity, diabetes, dental caries, kidney stones and low nutrient levels. The aim of this study was to make others to be aware about bad effects of soft drinks on human health to people specially to youths.


Droplet size growth is usually enhanced by turbulence in the background air flow. Experimental measurements show the existence of an optimum air turbulent intensity for maximum droplet size growth in a polydisperse droplet field. The onset of clustering is shown to play an important role.


Background Malnutrition is still a global public health problem contributing for under-�ve morbidity and mortality. Speci�cally, childhood mortality attributable to malnutrition is high at Felege-Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. However, there is no recent evidence that shows the time to death and public health importance of oxygen saturation and chest in drawing in the hospital. Therefore, estimated time to death and its predictors can provide an input for program planners and decision-makers in the study area. Methods An institutional-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 488 severe acute malnourished under-�ve children admitted from the 1st of January 2016 to the 30th of December 2019. The study participants were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Data were entered in to Epi-Data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version15 statistical software for further analysis. The Kaplan Meir was used to estimate cumulative survival probability and a log-rank test was used to compare the survival time between different categories of explanatory variables. The Cox-proportional hazard regression model was �tted to identify predictors of mortality. P-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical signi�cance.


The effects of reaction conditions such as the proper proportion between [Bmim]Cl and AlCl3 in the ionic liquid,the molar ratio of ethylbenzene and phthalic anhydride,temperature,and reaction time on synthesis of 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid were investigated. When [Bmim]Cl-AlCl3 was used as the catalyst,phthalic anhydride conversion of 100% and 2-(4-ethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid yield of 97.14% can be obtained under the conditions:the component of the ionic liquid was:n(AlCl3) ∶ n([Bmim]Cl)=1 ∶ 3,n(ionic liquid) ∶ n(ethylbenzene) ∶ n(phthalic anhydride) = 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 1,the reaction temperature was 50℃ and the reaction time was 4 h. The process can react without solvents.


Based on a review of previous reports and literature records, I examine changes in the freshwater fish fauna of Sado Island. With the addition of two primary and one peripheral freshwater species after the last faunal report in 2012, the number of species in the freshwater fish list of the island has been increased to 46. The fauna is predominantly characterized by a high richness of diadromous species, particularly amphidromous gobiids, and this has remained essentially unchanged over the last 60 years. However, the proportion of primary freshwater species has been increased from one fourth to one third due to anthropogenic introductions, raising concerns about the impact of the introduced species on the aquatic ecosystem. I give a brief discussion on preventive measures to be taken against species introductions, as well as environmental DNA-based monitoring of fish assemblages to be implemented for early detection of invasions. (受付日:2021 年 3 月 24 日,受理日:2021 年 4 月 30 日) 小関 右介(こせき ゆうすけ) 現職:大妻女子大学家政学部ライフデザイン学科准教授 北海道大学農学研究科環境資源学専攻博士課程修了 専門は水圏生態学および生物資源保全学.現在は,淡水魚類の個体群・群集動態や淡水生態系の保全に関 する研究をおこなっている. 主な著書:サケ・マスの生態と進化(共著,文一総合出版),淡水生態学のフロンティア(共著,共立出 版),Social-Ecological Restoration in Paddy-Dominated Landscapes (Coauthored, Springer)


The medicinal fungal new type bi-directional solid fermentation engineering was adopted,and Radix Aconiti was used as medicinal substance and diverse medicinal fungi were used as fermentative strains.One kind of fermentative fungus ZL10 which had effects of detoxification and keeping antitumor activities were selected.Use ZL10 as fermentation strains by solid fermentation pilot,Radix Aconiti solid fermentation processing technology was initially established,which was 27±1 ℃incubator dark cultured,and mycelium harvested after sackful 10 days,60 ℃ drying 8h.The fungal substance was dealt with preliminary research on toxicity,pharmacology and chemistry.The results showed that the fungal substance had effects of detoxification and keeping antitumor activities.Medicinal fungal new type bi-directional solid fermentation technique can be applied in the area of the detox and retentive-acting effect of Radix Aconiti.


Issues discussed in this paper is the use of language by ethnic Chinese in Surabaya. Asa multi-lingual communities of ethnic Chinese people use more than one language whencommunicating. Language of the ethnic Chinese community in Indonesia is often timesget the effect of a language other than Indonesian-language eg Mandarin languageusage. The purpose of this study is to examine the structural basis of the phonology andmorphology in terms of the languages used by ethnic Chinese in Surabaya to revealwhether or not a pattern that is different from the original pronunciation of Indonesiansociety. The research was carried out with the recording process and record even sowriters are also involved in communications made by ethnic Chinese. methods used bythe author is descriptive qualitative method that authors get data according to thatoccurring at the time of the study. The pronunciation of the ethnic Chinese communitywill be assessed with phonological and were found from this study is the changephoneme, phoneme removal and addition of phonemes. In terms of morphology authorreveals the basic form, the process of affixation and reduplication process in thelanguage commonly used by the Chinese in Surabaya.


One of the important research topic in data mining is association rule mining and it is focusing on developing association rule mining algorithms to find positive association rules effectively. Recently the research in association rule mining is concentrated on finding negative association rules, which can provide valuable information to the user. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to generate efficiently both positive and negative association rules from the transactional databases. A novel structure Item based Bit Pattern is used to utilizing less memory to reduce of database scans. In the process of generation of a rule a statistical measure correlation coefficient is considered as rule interestingness measure.Huge  number of rules can be discovered. Thus it becomes difficult for decision makers to find out the relevant  rules . item based refilterization is used  for relevant rules.  The method has been evaluated using synthetic databases and the experimental results show the efficiency and effectiveness. Keywords: Positive Association Rule, Rule Interestingness, Negative Association Rule


This paper focuses on the realization of a complete embedded system using the dual-core processor OMAP5910. Detailed description of how to compose the hardware system is presented with a description of the software system on our platform. The communication between the two cores is realized using the DSP driver. The system bootloader and the DSP bootloader are described in detail. The implementation of the MPEG-4 video decoder has been realized on the presented system. Higher speed can be achieved and less power is needed for MPEG-4 video processing on our dual-core platform. This dual-core system can be applied to both 3G wireless communication and robot vision systems


Abstract— Accumulation of Euglena gracilis in small illuminated regions called light traps is due to a phobic response to the diminished light intensity at the boundary of the region. The rate of such accumulation of cells was measured as functions of both the light intensity within the trap and the change of intensity at the boundary of the trap. The initial rate of accumulation of a population of cells was taken to be a direct measure of the phobic response of a single typical cell. The data indicate that the strength of the behavioral response in a single cell may be described as being proportional, to the rate of change of the amount of photochemically active form of a photoreceptor pigment molecule which can exist in two predominant forms.


This arricie reviews an issue which has been
forgotten when studying idioms: the delimitation
of this category. While this problem was focused
in the first studies on Phraseology, those previous
proposals have not been revised since then, in spite of
the difficulties that they present in their application.
This paper goes back to some aspects needed in the
delimitation of the boundaries of idioms.


Climactic changes, especially global warming, are potentially the largest global threat to human health and the source of the greatest number of cases of disease. If current emissions and land use trends continue unchecked, future generations will face more serious conditions, including injury, disease, and death related to natural disasters and heat waves, higher rates of climate-related infections, widespread malnutrition, and more allergy and air pollutionrelated morbidity and mortality. This review highlights the relationship between global climate changes and human health and provides some suggestions for improvement. According to the Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published in 2007, global warming is caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The most important GHG is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released by the burning of fossil fuels and, to a lesser extent, by land use practices, followed by nitrous oxide and methane. IPCC predicts that global temperatures will rise 1.8°C-4.0°C by 2099. According to the report, we can expect a significant rise in sea levels, massive species extinctions, changes in storm and drought cycles, altered ocean circulation, and redistribution of vegetation after crossing the "tipping point" of global warming. Human health will be adversely affected by the accelerating climate change. This review stimulates health care providers to provide quality care to susceptible individuals confronting new threats from climactic changes, as well as to work toward a mitigation of the drivers of climate change at the individual, community, and policy levels as part of a long-term commitment to protecting public health.


A B ST R A C T Chairman's Statement plays a significant role in communicating the corporate affair to the stakeholders and subsequently serves one of the tools to the stakeholders in making their economic decision. However, the usefulness of which will depends upon their readability and understandability (Courtis, 2004). Therefore, this study examines the readability of Chairman's Statement for companies under Main Board of Bursa Malaysia, starting from 2004 until 2006. The study employs Readability formula developed by Rudolf Flesch in 1949, Microsoft Word's Flesh Reading Ease (FRE) Score. The results show that all the chairman's statements in Malaysia are difficult to read.


Previous studies have shown that there is a strong interaction between the diet and the gut microbiome. This is often linked to circulating metabolites, however, in most studies these metabolites are measured in peripheral circulation, after hepatic clearance of intestinal venous drainage. In the present study, we have determined the effects of high fat diet (HFD) and the microbiome on changes in portal and peripheral metabolites and their link to physiology by performing global metabolomics using LC-MS/MS on portal versus systemic (cardiac) blood in C57BL/6 mice on chow diet, HFD or HFD supplemented with either vancomycin or metronidazole in the drinking water to change gut flora. Among the 644 known metabolites that were identified, 77 were more abundant in cardiac blood whereas 160 were enriched in the portal blood (FC=1.5). In portal blood there was enrichment of secondary bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (butyrate), cinnamoylglycine, indoxylsulfate and hydrocinnamate that are strongly decreased by antibiotics, indicating a direct gut microbial origin. More surprisingly, we also identified several metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, including aconitate, mesaconate and the 2-hydroxyglutarate enriched in portal blood that were not affected by diet but significantly altered by both antibiotics, indicating origin in the gut microbiome. By contrast, some metabolites were enriched in cardiac blood, such as 6, 8 dihydroxypurine, 20-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid and C46:0 triacylglyercide, were also significantly changed by antibiotics, suggesting they are peripherally produced but depend on precursors coming from gut bacteria. Thus, the interaction between gut microbiota and circulating metabolites is complex and may affect their production from the small intestine but also from extra intestinal tissues. In addition, the gut microbiome is the source of important circulating metabolites which can enter and modify cellular metabolism at the level of the TCA cycle. Disclosure F. Moreau: None. B. B. Brandao: None. J. Avila: None. H. Pan: None. J. Dreyfuss: None. A. Kostic: Other Relationship; Self; DeepBiome Therapeutics, Inc., FitBiomics, Inc. C. B. Clish: None. C. Kahn: Advisory Panel; Self; ERX Pharmaceuticals, Kaleido Biosciences, Inc., Consultant; Self; Flagship Pioneering, Sana/Cobalt.


Despite the growth of the food industry, it is still not clear whether copyright protection can be invoked to protect food-related inventions creations against copying. While legal scholarship and case-law seem to deny copyright protection to such works, I argue that all the arguments risen in this direction are based on faulty assumptions, and that there is no reason to exclude recipes and dishes from copyrightable subject-matter.


tasks with very small numbers of nerve cells in their brains, according to a study. In order to understand how bees count, the researchers at Queen Mary University of London in the U.K. simulated a very simple miniature 'brain' on a computer with just four nerve cells — far fewer than what a real bee has. The 'brain' could easily count small quantities of items when inspecting one item closely and then inspecting the next item closely, which is the same way bees count. This differs from humans who glance at all the items and count them together. In the study, published in the journal iScience, the researchers propose that this clever behaviour makes the complex task of counting much easier, allowing bees to display impressive cognitive abilities with minimal brainpower. Previous studies have shown bees can count up to four or five items, can choose the smaller or the larger number from a group and even choose 'zero' against other numbers when trained to choose 'less'. They might have achieved this not by understanding numerical concepts, but by using specific flight movements to closely inspect items which then shape their visual input and simplifies the task to the point where it requires minimal brainpower.


According to the Xinjiang Work Forum by Party Central Committee and the agent construction system to support Xinjiang by Ministry of Transport,and combined with the characteristic of highway agent construction system in which investment,construction,and usage are separated,this paper analyzes the status of highway construction and management in Xinjiang.It is thought that agent construction system is beneficial to improve the professional level of highway construction and maintenance in autonomous region.


The isochoric thermal conductivities of the solid solutions (CO2)0.905Kr0.095 and (CO2)1−xXex (x=0.052 and 0.097) of different densities are investigated in the temperature interval from 150K to the onset of melting. An unusual effect of point defects on the thermal conductivity has been detected. In pure CO2 at T>150K the isochoric thermal conductivity decreases smoothly with increasing temperature. In contrast, the thermal conductivity of CO2∕Kr and CO2∕Xe solid solutions first decreases, passing through a minimum at 200–210K, and then starts to increase with temperature up to the onset of melting. This behavior of the isochoric thermal conductivity is attributed to the rotation of the CO2 molecules, which gain more freedom as the spherically symmetrical inert gas atoms are dissolved in the CO2.


The concept of dynamic criteria has been the subject of a recent debate regarding both the definition and prevalence of the phenomenon (Austin, Humphreys, & Hulin, 1989; Barrett & Alexander, 1989; Barrett, Caldwell, & Alexander, 1985). The present paper questions the adequacy of the conceptual framework underlying the debate and provides data supporting a refined concept of dynamic criteria. The incidence and possible causes of change in relative performance were investigated using weekly performance data from 509 sewing machine operators. Analyses were conducted to determine the degree of performance consistency, potential moderators of consistency, and the stability of predictor-criteria relationships using multiple predictors and criteria. Results revealed a steady decline in performance stability coefficients as the interval between measures increased. This decay was evident regardless of employees' prior job experience, cognitive ability, or psychomotor ability. Analyses of predictive validity coefficients revealed temporal changes in validity for both objective and subjective criteria, but not in the expected direction. The validity of cognitive ability increased, the validity of psychomotor ability was stable, and that of prior job experience decreased over time. Implications for theory and research are discussed.


According to rational choice theory, preference orderings should be invariant with respect to the elicitation procedure. The contingent trade-off model (Tversky et al., 1988), however, argues that if an attribute of decision alterna-tives is also used as response mode (scale compatibility), then the attribute will be weighted more heavily. We propose a two-stage design for a systemat-ic assessment of how scale compatibility impacts willingness to pay (WTP) es-timates in choice experiments. At the first stage, a pricing task is implemented. Respondents face two alternative goods. For one good, the price is given. For the alternative good, respondents state the price (WTP) that makes them indifferent between the alternatives. In the second stage, a choice task is implemented: another group of respondents makes pairwise choices between two alternative goods with the price being one of several attributes. Our empirical findings support the contingent trade-off model, as pricing tasks yield systematically lower WTP estimates than choice tasks. While the trade-offs between the other attributes do not differ between the pricing and the choice task. Thus, in the choice task the weight shifts away from the price attribute but does not change the relative weight of the other attributes.


The coupled oscillator arrays are taken as local oscillator arrays,and the augmented receiving array with sidelobe suppression is presented.It deduces the receiving beam direction function,and analyses the feasibility of the sidelobe suppression technology.Lastly,the sidelobe suppression technology and theory analysis result are simulated and validated.It establishes the theoretical foundation for the interference suppression of coupled oscillator arrays at the receiving antenna.


The Minnetonka MSOE Center for BioMolecular Modeling SMART Team used 3D modeling and printing technology to examine structure‐function relationships of PrPsc. Scrapies is caused by prions, misfolded proteins in animals and humans, resulting in the development of fatal neurodegenerative encephalitis. Scrapies was one of the first prion diseases to be isolated and studied, and was found to be caused by the misfolding of the PrP protein into the PrPsc prion. We will do this by creating, annotating, and comparing two models, one of the original PrP protein, and one of the PrPsc prion. Scrapies disease is caused when the alpha‐helix rich prion protein (PrP) is converted into into a beta‐structure‐rich insoluble conformer (PrPsc) and is thought to be highly infectious. These structural changes in PrPsc contribute to its build up in the brain of sheep and goats PrP, leading to a deadly swelling of the brain. The buildup is caused by the inability of proteinase K (PK) to fully degrade PrPsc. PK has the ability to fully degrade PrP, but, interacting with PrPsc, can only create N terminally truncated PrPsc, resulting in a PK resistant core. There is currently no cure for Scrapies; however, further research is being done to discover how to reverse the functional effects of prion diseases. Our goal is to present which structural changes occur in the original protein PrP that cause the defective protein PrPsc, as well as determine how this misfolding occurs and what effect it has on the protein's function.


This article introduces the chief content of Neo-trade theory and concrete measures of strategic trade policy. On this basis it makes simple appraisal to neo-trade theory and its policy: neo-trade theory accords with practical international trade more than traditional trade theory, and puts forward some important innovation of theory, then enriches and consummates the content of international trade theory; the essence of strategic trade policy is the embodiment of protectionism in trade field, and strategic trade policy has a certain extant meaning of use for reference and limitation in practice.


We report a green method for the synthesis of aryl selenocyanates via a three-component reaction of arylboronic acids, Se powder and TMSCN under metal-free and additive-free conditions. Remarkably , TMSCN acts as not only the substrate, but also the catalyst. Various selenaheterocycles can be also accessed with a catalytic amount of TMSCN.