The COVID-19 pandemic stands as the defining global health crisis of our age, transforming human societies and exacerbating long-standing social and health inequalities. As a field that integrates across the biological and social sciences, human biology is uniquely positioned to offer important insights on nature and differential impact of the pandemic. In this special issue of the American Journal of Human Biology, I have invited a diverse group of scholars to provide Commentaries on the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective their research. These 14 Commentaries highlight the impressive scope of work being undertaken in our field to address this pandemic. All of these contributions are freely-accessible and are also posted on Wiley's Covid-19 Resource Center (https:// novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/). The Commentaries by McDade & Sancilio (2020), Jones, Hazel, & Almquist (2020) and Moya et al. (2020) showcase the methodological and analytical innovations that human biologists are making in advancing testing, diagnostics, and modelling the spread of the virus. Thom McDade & Amelia Sancilio (2020) discuss how the field-based research approaches developed and used by human biologists can play a critical role in advancing community-based COVID19 research. In particular, McDade et al.' (2020) recentlydeveloped technique for measuring SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies in dried blood spot samples offers an important tool for assessing variation in the impact of the pandemic in diverse populations around the globe. James Jones et al. (2020) provide an overview of the application of transmission-dynamic models for understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such models were critically important in helping epidemiologists estimate the size and scope of the early stages of the epidemic in China (Li et al., 2020). More recent studies have used transmission-dynamic models to explore postpandemic conditions such as the potential for seasonality in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and the need for prolonged or intermittent social distancing (Kissler et al., 2020). Cristina Moya et al. (2020) explore the challenges associated with promoting behavioral change that will reduce the impact of the pandemic. They suggest that models and insights from evolutionary biology may be help to improve public health strategies for effecting such change. Theodore Schurr (2020) examines the potential genetic risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. He notes that most of the genes currently identified likely have a relatively limited impact on infection risk. These findings suggest that social factors and other health risks and comorbidities are having a much stronger hand in shaping the disparities in the impact of the virus across communities and populations. Commentaries by Gildner & Thayer (2020), Palmquist, Asiodu, & Quinn (2020), and Bogin & Varea (2020) examine the potential transgenerational effects of the pandemic through its impacts on maternal-child health. Theresa Gildner & Zane Thayer (2020) nicely summarize several ongoing studies by human biologists that are exploring the consequences of the pandemic for different dimensions of mother-infant well-being (eg, immune function, psychosocial stress, infant feeding). Aunchalee Palmquist et al. (2020), in turn, provide a critical evaluation of the wave of recent studies designed to understand whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted to an infant through breastmilk. They discuss both the difficulties in conducting such research under pandemic conditions as well as the challenges in translating these findings into relevant clinical and public health recommendations. Palmquist and colleagues underscore the importance of the comparative, anthropological/evolutionary perspective in providing the necessary context for understanding the how the COVID-19 pandemic is shaping maternal-child health. Barry Bogin and Carlos Varea (2020) explore how the pandemic may be contributing to maternal stress, low birth weights, and later-life health outcomes. Drawing on previous analyses of changes in birth weight in Spain in response to the 2008 financial crisis (see Terán et al., 2020), Bogin & Varea offer predictions on how COVID-19 will impact birth weight and infant health in the next generation. They suggest that it may take two or more generations to fully evaluate the consequences of the pandemic on human health across the life cycle. Peter Katzmarzyk, J. Michael Salbaum, & Steven Heymsfield (2020) consider the role of obesity and other chronic health problems in increasing the risk of severe COVID-19 complications. Recent work from the UK indicates that even modest levels of excess weight are associated with greater risk of hospitalization due to DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23511


. In this paper, we prove global in time existence, uniqueness and stability of mild solutions near vacuum for the 4-wave inhomogeneous kinetic wave equation, for Laplacian dispersion relation in dimension d = 2 , 3. We also show that for non-negative initial data, the solution remains non-negative. This is achieved by connecting the inhomogeneous kinetic wave equation to the cubic part of a quantum Boltzmann-type equation with moderately hard potential and no collisional averaging.


Two of the three substances which had been isolated from Yucca filamentosa L.were identified as tigogenin and gitogenin,and the third one has now been proved to be hecogenin.Hecogenin and Chlorogenin have been seperated in the ratio of 9:1 from the mixture of sapogenins isolated from Agave americana L.From Ancmarrhena asphodeloides Bunge about 0.5% of Sarsasapogenin was obtained.


This paper designs a 6-bit digital attenuator that operates at 60GHz millimeter wave based on the TSMC 40nm CMOS process. The attenuation range is 0-31.5dB with a step of 0.5dB. The attenuator is composed of cascaded bridge- T,pi and improved- T structures, and an inductive compensation struc-ture is added to reduce additional phase shift. Interstage matching is designed to reduce the load effect between stages. By rea-sonably selecting the parameter model and topology, optimizing the layout design, the circuit performance is achieved and the simulation results are as follows: Within the range of 26-64GHz, RMS attenuation error <0.5dB, RMS additional phase shift <2.7°, insertion loss at 60GHz is 6.75dB, attenuation error is 0.15dB, 1dB gain compression point is 11.54dBm.


This research is aimed at investigating the current conditions and problems of conservation and inheritance among Thai Sikhs in metropolitan Bangkok. Data was gathered by means of interview, observation, group discussion, and workshop. The study area was comprised of Pahurat, PraNakorn District, Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, PraNakorn District, and Im-Amporn Village, Bangkok Yai District. The results show that the most important aspects of Thai-Sikh identity that must be conserved are the 5 sacred symbols, fundamental teachings, religious ceremonies, the Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha religious building, the Sri Guru Singh Sabha Association and the Punjabi language. Currently, Thai-Sikh identity is clear and well-maintainedin Bangkok society. However, problemsare caused by westernization and adoption of modern cultural practices from other societies. This leads to the neglect of traditional Thai Sikh lifestyle. The suggested solutions include raising awareness of identity conservation among Thai Sikhs, which requires the cooperation of the government and private sectors. Training and activities must also be arranged, which new Thai-Sikh generations can learn from and participate in.


Cognitive impairment and depression are common mental health problems in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Previous studies have proven that cognitive impairment and depression were risk factors for poor prognosis in MHD patients. However, the related factors of cognitive function and the association between cognitive impairment and depression in MHD patients are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to explore the related factors affecting the cognitive function of MHD patients and evaluate the relationship between cognitive function and depression in MHD patients.


Objective: We aimed to test ocular and systemic safety of mirabegron medication in the treatment of overactive bladder in elderly patients.  Method: A total of 74 patients (40 male, 34 female) with symptoms of overactive bladder admitted to the urology clinic were included in the study. Patients over 60 years old were included. Patients were followed-up for 3 months. Symptom scores (according to OAB-V8 form), intraocular pressure (IOP) readings of right and left eyes, systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the patients were recorded before and after the treatment. At the end of 3 months, all values were re-evaluated and compared with pre-treatment data.  Results: Mean age was 69.48±7.8 years. The symptom score was found to be 18.67 ± 9.87 before the treatment and 9.83 ± 2.71 after 3 months of the treatment (p=0.0001). Right eye mean IOP value was 16.06 ± 2.62 mmHg before treatment and 15.85 ± 2.31 mmHg after treatment (p=0.341). Left eye mean IOP value was 15.96±2.35 mm mmHg before treatment and 15.94±2.21 mm after treatment (p=0.855). Systolic blood pressure measurements were 128.91±11.76 mmHg before treatment and 128.43±11.95 mmHg after the treatment (p=0.110). Diastolic blood pressure measurements were 81.94±9.83 mmHg before the treatment and 81.31±10.14 mmHg after the treatment (p=0.071).  Conclusion: Treatment of overactive bladder with mirabegron 50mg/day is well tolerated and safe in elderly patients.


revision when a second edition is called for. The reader will not quarrel with what is said about sources of finance or the role of London merchants, and he will certainly be grateful for the detailed treatment of costs and prices. What is missing is any serious attempt to look at the relative outputs of the three sorts of glass over time. On the demand side, much is made of the growing market for window glass as the main reason for the rise of the industry (and, incidentally, for the short-lived furnace at Jamestown). The importance of windows seems to be overlooked to some extent, however, when the supply side is considered. The author assumes too readily that all green glass was vessel glass; but window glass was often greenish, too, because of the iron oxide in the sand. This is clear from Simon Sturtevant's reference to the "green glass for windows" made at the new coal-fired furnace in 1612. Godfrey's implicit tendency to underestimate window glass production, because she does not connect it with the output of green glass furnaces, becomes explicit when she associates one of the auxiliary, coal-fired furnaces which operated at Denton (near Manchester) from 1615 specifically with vessel manufacture (p. 92). The furnace has recently been excavated and the final report on this work (not the brief, interim communication in the Corning Museum's Journal of Glass Studies to which she refers) shows that while vessel glass was certainly made there, pieces of window glass were also found, and in "large quantities." Was the supply of glass for building—as the evidence from the buildings themselves seems to show—Mansells major concern, and how important over these years was window glass production in relation to the other branches? It is more difficult to count in the early modern period than in more recent times when more statistics are at hand; but these matters do seem to deserve some discussion. Also worthy of note are the longer-run implications for British industrialization of this very important early application of coal furnace technology and the spread of technical expertise which resulted from it. This was explored by Professor J. R. Harris in his inaugural lecture at the University of Birmingham in 1971 and has been subsequently elaborated upon by him in an article in History (June 1976).


In the synthesis of chemical drugs used to treat various cancers and tumors,more and more scientists are now focusing on the development of natural extracts.Paeoniflorin,as an important compounds of the total glucosides of peony,,had therapeutic effects on a variety of cancers in vivo and in vitro experiments.The purpose of this study was to use biological information analysis to reveal the basic mechanism and potential molecular mechanism of paeoniflorin treatment.We evaluated the efficacy of paeoniflorin through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database(TCMSP).The potential targets of paeoniflorin were identified and summarized by Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD),and GeneMANIA protein interaction analysis was performed online.Also.We used WebGestalt for Gene Ontology(GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis and functional annotation.Finally,cytoscape was used to construct the paeoniflorin-target-pathway network to predict the results.


Management of elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a major concern. Some data suggest that cryoablation improves the outcomes of elderly patients with HCC, but its efficacy and safety remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of percutaneous cryoablation with those of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for elderly HCC patients.


When high-power radiating systems irradiate metal structures, RF discharges or arcs can be generated between parasitic electrodes located on the metal structures. These RF discharges have been known to cause interference to sensitive electronic systems. This paper discusses the physical and spectral properties of RF discharges in both a single and multiple source environment. Previous research is reviewed and an apparatus is shown which was used to generate RF discharges. The measured physical and spectral characteristics of discharges are given and the effect of these characteristics on some EMI aspects of RF discharges are determined.


This chapter describes the procedures, characteristics, and applications for static hardness test methods. It addresses test methods that are state of the art, commonly used, or that may find increased use due to certain advantages. The methods addressed are Rockwell hardness testing (ISO 6508 and ASTM E 18), Vickers hardness testing (ISO 6507, ASTM E92, and ASTM E384), Brinell hardness testing (ISO 6506 and ASTM E10), and Knoop hardness testing (ISO 4545 and ASTM E284). The chapter also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these test methods.


A Kramers-modified statistical model was applied to the study of the fission properties of the compound nucleus ^(168)Yb formed in heavy ion-induced fusion reactions in an intermediate range of excitation energies. The evaporation residue cross section, fission cross section, and the average pre-fission neutron multiplicities were calculated for ^(168)Yb formed in ^(18)O + ^(150)Sm reactions and the results compared with the experimental data. To calculate these quantities, the effects of temperature and the spin K about the symmetry axis have been considered in the calculations of the potential energy surfaces and the fission widths. It was shown that the results of the calculations are in good agreement with the experimental data by using values of the temperature coefficient of the effective potential and scaling factor of the fission-barrier height equal to k = 0.007 ± 0.002 MeV^(-2) and r_s = 0.994 ± 0.002, respectively.


INTRODUCTION :
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered the leading
cause of death in the world. In 2004, CAD was the cause of 7.2 million
deaths (About 12% out of a total of about 60 million deaths) 1. At the same
time in India, CAD related deaths was the most common cause, leading to
about 1.5 million deaths (14% out of a total of approx.10 million deaths).
CAD now causes more death and disability in
socioeconomically low- and middle-income countries, such as India. The
CAD related death rate is increasing alarmingly when compared to highincome
countries. CAD in low- and middle-income countries affects
people at younger ages, compared to high-income countries 2. Unadjusted
CAD rates in India have ranged from about 1% to about 13%, in urban
populations and about 1.6% to 7.4%, in rural populations 3. In a study from
urban population like Chennai the prevalence of CAD was 11% 4.
This alarming increase in CAD prevalence is a cause of
concern. While the major aspect in dealing with CAD is identification and
modification of risk factors, equally important is the ability to identify the
individuals in early stage of CAD, before development of any adverse
clinical event, chronic disability or death.
EATT and CIMT have been compared in various disease populations
including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypertensive patients to
assess the vascular function and HIV patients taking HAART. However
there are no studies to compare or correlate EATT and CIMT to the extent
of coronary artery disease by coronary angiography and in the ability to
predict the coronary artery disease.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES :
1. To assess the relation between EATT and the severity of coronary artery disease.
2. To correlate Epicardial adipose tissue thickness and carotid intima
media thickness in predicting severity of coronary artery disease.
3. To assess the incremental benefit of combination of EATT and
CIMT to predict the severity of coronary artery disease.
4. To analyse the feasibility of EATT as a non invasive screening test to detect CAD.
CONCLUSION :
The average EAT thickness of the population is 4.04mm. The
EAT thickness is significantly more in males. The EAT thickness varied
significantly in diabetics compared to non diabetics. The EAT thickness
was significantly higher in groups with higher BMI and increased waist
circumference. The EAT was significantly higher in patients with increased
triglycerides, increased TC/HDL ratio and reduced HDL levels. This
confirms that EAT thickness can be reliably used as a marker of metabolic
syndrome and quantify the severity of underlying metabolic disorder.
Increased EAT thickness was significantly more common in
patients with obstructive CAD. Any value of EAT below 3mm was found
to have very low specificity and with increasing cut off of up to 6mm we
found that the specificity increased appreciably, but at the loss of
sensitivity. An EAT thickness of 3.4mm was found to reliably predict the
obstructive CAD in the study population with a balance between sensitivity
and specificity.
We found that EAT thickness correlated significantly with the
severity of atherosclerosis. An EAT thickness of 3.4mm was able to
reliably predict patients with significantly coronary atherosclerosis.
Hence to conclude,
 The EATT assessed by transthoracic echo could be convincingly
used as a screening test in predicting obstructive CAD.
 The EATT when compared to established atherosclerotic marker like
CIMT was found to be equally effective as a screening tool.
 Use of EAT thickness measurement in routine practice could be of
assistance in identifying patients at risk and guiding them in proper
control risk factors and, if required, undergoing evaluations with
invasive approaches.
EATT cut value of 3.4mm was found to be the ideal cut off value in
the Indian population for predicting CAD, with good accuracy.
The combined test is a better predictor of CAD and hence could be
used as clinical marker of CAD.


Chavín de Huántar is a small village located in the Department of Ancash in the high mountains of central Peru. Near the modern town is a vast, partly subterranean temple, dating from prehistoric times, within and near which have been found numerous stone carvings of distinctive styles. The name Chavín has thus been applied to a very ancient culture which apparently once dominated the northern interior of Peru and, in places, emerged in the coastal valleys. The existence, if not the status, of Chavín culture was brought to the attention of the outside world many years ago by Antonio Raimondi, whose name clings to the celebrated stone carvings seen in Fig. 27, b. Charles Wiener has left a description of the great temple at Chavín and the huge dagger-like stone carving that was its chief idol. Plans and photographs have been recently published by Cornelius Roosevelt. In 1919, Dr. Julio C.


This paper analyses if and how competition law can be reconciled with considerations of pluralism in media markets 1. Community competition law has always been used in a functional and multi-purpose manner. Competition authorities have pursued objectives that were not directly related to competition, the most notorious example being market integration. Agreements have been allowed on the grounds of social, environmental and industrial policy, and, albeit to a lesser extent, cultural policy.


Objective The purposes of this study were two-fold: 1) to assess the school breakfast environment at four rural Appalachian schools for the contribution of foods to calories, fat, and fiber; and 2) to assess the dietary intake of students in these schools in relation to where breakfast was consumed (home, school, or both places) and by student weight status. Setting Four rural Appalachian schools with fourth and fifth grade students in East Tennessee. Subjects 255 fourth grade children completed a 24-hour dietary recall with a trained NDS-R interviewer and were weighed and measured by the Coordinated School Health Program. Design Assessment of baseline data from an intervention study targeting 4 and 5 grade students in one rural East Tennessee county, Youth Can!, was used. School food service managers submitted school menus and production sheets for 18 days, and vendor bid sheets for analysis of the school breakfast environment. NDS-R software was used to analyze each breakfast food item for calories, fat, and fiber content per serving and production sheets were used to determine amounts of each breakfast food item served. Dietary recalls for days when school breakfast could be consumed were analyzed for energy and target nutrients using NDS-R software. Weight status was calculated as at risk of or overweight and not at risk of overweight based on BMI percentile for age. Statistics Descriptive statistics were used to describe the school breakfast environment in terms of calories, fat and saturated fat (grams, percent calories) and fiber (grams) from


Objective The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing on lifestyle modification, physiological and health outcomes of clients at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases or patients who have been diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases. Review questions 1. What is the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in modifying risk factors (such as tobacco use, physical activity, and dietary habit) in people at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)? 2. What is the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in modifying risk factors (such as tobacco use, physical activity, and dietary habit) in patients who have been diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases? 3. What is the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in improving at risk people's physiological outcomes (such as but not limited to blood pressure, exercise capacity, serum cholesterol/ lipid level, body mass index (BMI))? 4. What is the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in improving CVD patients' physiological outcomes (such as but not limited to blood pressure, exercise capacity, serum cholesterol/ lipid level, BMI)? 5. What is the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in improving the quality of life of patients who have been diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases? Inclusion criteria Types of participants Adults who are at risk of developing CVDs - For the purpose of this review, adults at risk of developing CVDs are defined as individuals who have been screened to have an elevated risk of developing CVDs by a validated risk assessment score. Example of risk assessment scores are: Framingham risk score, the SCORE, the ASSIGN risk score, and Adult Treatment Panel III. - In studies where no validated risk assessment score was used, apart from age, gender and family history, the participants have to have at least one of the proven risk factors for developing CVDs, for example, smoking, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia or as stipulated by the study's researchers. Adults who have been diagnosed with CVDs - For the purpose of this review, adults diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases are defined as people with any types of coronary heart diseases, including acute myocardial infarction, angina, or people who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft TRUNCATED AT 350 WORDS


Mercury has 1ong been recognised as an environmenta1 pollutant with serious irnplications for human health. An established paradigm in ecology and ecotoxicology is that many harmful pollutants, such as mercury, become concentrated up food chains. As a consequence, top predators (such as pike, Esox lucius) are often highly contaminated with this pollutant. Pike and other freshwater fish are an important part o f the human diet, especially in the countries o f the borea1 region. Consumption of freshwater and marine fish is the principal route ofhuman exposure to methyl mercury (PORVARI & VERTA 2003), which is the most harmful form o f mercury. Based on the biomagnification of mercury along the food chain, the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) has conducted repeated mercury surveys in Finland using a standardised l kg pike as an indicator species for mercury pollution in lakes. The Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute (RKTL) has also carried out repeated surveys in small forest lakes in Southem Fi?1and and has developed models o f mercury content m pike. However, some unexplained variation remains in pike mercury content that makes it more difficult to give reliable advice about safe fish consumption. Although pike are considered top predators in lake ecosystems, their exact trophic position can be rather variable in small forest lakes, some o f which contain few or no other fish species (BEAUDOIN et al. 1999). In these smalllakes, variation in the trophic position o f pike may contribute to the unexplained variation in pike mercury content. Several recent studies have used stable isotopes of nitrogen (1 5N/14N) to quantify the trophic positions o f fish on a continuous scale (VAN DER ZANDEN et al. 1997 GARCIA & CARIGNAN 2000). A mean enrichment' of the heavier isotope of 3.4% is now generally used to set trophic positions for individual organisms. Variation between ecosystems in their baseline isotope ratios can be considerable, but this variation can be corrected using values from a representative, lake-specific sample ofprimary consumers (CABANA & RASMUSSEN 1996). The objective ofthis study was to examine the variation in pike trophic position in small boreallakes using stable isotope analysis (SIA) and to test whether this variability could help explain the observed variation in the mercury content o f pike.


Abstract. Human blood group O cells were converted to B‐active cells by incubation with uridine diphosphate d‐galactose and enzyme preparations from group B stomach mucosa or serum from group B or AB subjects. The specificity of the converted cells was tested by their reaction with human and rabbit anti‐B sera and by the specific inhibition of the newly acquired agglutinating properties by soluble blood group B substance and B‐active oligosaccharides. The failure of the α‐galactosyltransferases to transform cells of the 'Bombay' Oh phenotype into B‐active cells supports the concept that H‐active structures are the acceptors of the transferred galactosyl residues.


Trina Grillo's 1991 sounding of alarm bells concerning the impact on women of participating in mediation came as momentum was growing in a nationwide effort to incorporate informal dispute resolution mechanisms in family courts. Her critique was not the first, following on well-known warnings of the effect of an unchecked march toward "alternatives" on economically disadvantaged and racial minority disputants, civil rights enforcement, and society's general need for court-articulated public norms. Nor was she the first to raise concerns about the vulnerability of women as participants in mediation. So why is her article so noteworthy?...


................................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 6 Playback Construction .............................................................................................................. 6 Field Methods ............................................................................................................................ 8 Audio Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 10 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................................... 10 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Principal Component Analysis ............................................................................................... 11 Approach .................................................................................................................................. 12 Song .......................................................................................................................................... 13 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 14 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................... 20 APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 24


By using the double-lambda configuration of energy levels and three classical fields, an atom or ion in a high-Q resonant cavity can be manipulated to create a single-mode quantum state in the cavity that is an arbitrary combination of Fock states for that mode. The same principles of operation can be applied to a cavity with much lower Q in order to produce a "photon pistol", a device that "shoots" one and only one photon when a trigger is pulled, and emits no photons at other times.


There is an essential difference between convergence and parallelism, the former being due to analogous similarity, while the latter is based on a homologous relationship between characters. Careful application of the recognition criteria of homology and analogy may enable us to distinguish between convergence and true parallelism. Under the assumptions that one works in a genealogical domain wherein parallelism is rampant, and that parallel characters are homologues, derived parallelisms may successfully be used as indicators of propinquity of descent. Therefore, the principle of parsimony is considered a poor selection criterion in situ- ations where parallel evolution is rampant. Character distributions concerning repeatedly evolved homologous structures have been described with a varying terminology: apomorphic tendencies, unique inside parallelism, underlying synapomorphy, nonuniversal derived character states. The paper illustrates the practical use and potential significance of such character state distri- butions for phylogenetic analysis by detailing several examples from marine triclads. These examples are grouped into cases with outside parallelism and with inside parallelism. In a case of outside parallelism the character state is also present in a more distantly related outgroup, while in cases of inside parallelism the parallelisms are restricted to the ingroup. A theoretical evaluation is given of the use of underlying synapomorphies in phylogenetic reconstruction, and in particular attention is paid to alternative explanations of the character state patterns, viz. convergence, secondary change, and retention of the primitive character state. The use of un- derlying synapomorphies is "Hennigian" in the most literal sense because Hennig himself used repeated derivations as indicators of genealogical relationship. Some of the practical rules for the application of underlying synapomorphy in phylogenetic inference are still fuzzy. Worthy of future theoretical discussions are questions on the frequency of the character states, cases of outside parallelism, and on falsification of presumed underlying synapomorphies. Repeated evolutionary derivation of structures may result from polyallelism, or from the retention of structural gene complexes and subsequent re-expression due to a change in regulatory mecha- nisms. For practical purposes, a fruitful synthesis may be achieved by combining a computerized parsimony analysis with the qualitative phylogenetic technique. (Parallelism; homology; un- derlying synapomorphy; nonuniversal derived character state; principle of parsimony; conver- gence; secondary change; expression of ancestral patterns.)


There is growing evidence that preoperative expectations can predict a range of surgical recovery indices. This study applied Leventhal's self-regulatory model (SRM) to inform the measurement of preoperative expectations, and to establish its usefulness as a framework for predicting recovery outcomes. One hundred and one participants undergoing oral surgery took part in this prospective study. Data were collected at three time-points; immediately before and after surgery, and seven days later. Results indicated that preoperative expectations of symptoms predicted symptom severity after surgery; timeline expectations predicted return to work and expectations that recovery could be controlled predicted quality of healing. Overall, participants' expectations were more predictive of recovery measures than medical factors. This research highlights the importance of considering expectations in preoperative interventions, and raises a number of issues for future research in this area.


Reservoirs are an essential part of modern society, serving a variety of critical functions while exerting an uncertain and debatable impact on the surrounding climate and environment. The precipitation‐temperature coupling relationship and the associated compound extreme events are critical climatic factors for humans and ecosystems, but how reservoirs would affect these factors is unknown. Here, we found that sites near reservoirs had higher sensitivity of precipitation extremes to temperature increases, as well as an increased frequency of compound precipitation‐temperature extreme events, based on a global‐scale analysis of reservoir and meteorological observations and a paired comparison approach. Additionally, these reservoir climate effects are closely correlated with reservoir size and are more pronounced in warm‐dry climates. It highlights the potential climate risks associated with reservoirs which have important implications for strengthening a community's resilience in the face of these challenges.


In this study, the effect of fear of COVID-19 on children's ability in life competency was examined, and the mediating effect of smartphone dependence on this relationship was also verified. For this study, 250 children living in area K who were using smartphones were surveyed as research subjects. The major research results found that the higher the fear of COVID-19, the lower the child's ability in life competency, which affects the child's ability in life competency. And the fear of COVID-19 has been shown to affect smartphone dependence. In addition, It was found that dependence on smartphones had a fully mediating effect on the relationship between children's fear of COVID-19 and their ability in life competency. Based on these research results, to promote the healthy growth and development of children in social disaster crises such as COVID-19, a convergence intervention and pro-active strategy that can control children's smartphone dependence and improve their life's ability in life competency was presented.


The aim of this paper is to review the role of board size as part of the corporate governance system. This paper discusses one aspect of corporate governance, namely, boards, in the Indonesian context. Using the literature review method, this paper explores factors that need to be considered to determine the optimal number of boards, especially in Indonesia. We explore some determinants of board size, such as complexity and leverage, ownership structure, and financial ratio support. The results reveal that an understanding of the differences found in the two-tier board model helps us understand that the different functions of the board of commissioners and the board of directors require different test treatments from countries that adhere to one-tier systems. A review of the relationship between board size and company performance is expected to provide the corporate governance literature with insights into optimizing the sizes of boards that can improve company performance, both in terms of boards of commissioners and boards of directors. This paper proposes the simultaneous testing of board size's relationship with company performance. The results of this study are expected to make a more real contribution about the effect of board size on company performance.


INTRODUCTION The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1976 was jointly awarded to Baruch Blumberg (Fig. 1), Philadelphia, USA and D. Carleton Gajdusek, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA for 'their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases'. Blumberg and his group had presented evidence that hepatitis B is caused by a virus, which may be transferred by close contact, via blood, across the placenta from mother to foetus, through fresh breastmilk, or by mosquitoes. They also presented evidence of the prevention of this infection by vaccination. Gajdusek had discovered that the disease Kuru, which is endemic in New Guinea, and other types of progressive spongiform encephalitis are caused by an unknown nonviral and nonbacterial infectious agent. In this report, Blumberg's discoveries and their clinical impact will be summarized.


Raman scattering and complementary high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS) have been utilized to study intermolecular dynamics in {ital A}{sub {ital x}}C{sub 60} thin-film systems for {ital x}=3, 4, and 6. For K{sub 3}C{sub 60}, disorder-induced Raman scattering on polycrystalline films and HREELS of ordered epitaxial films on Cu(111) yield information on tetrahedral- and octahedral-site alkali-metal motions, respectively. In K{sub 4}C{sub 60}, disordered films yield broad Raman and HREELS spectra that differ due to coupling parameter variations. In contrast, ordered K{sub 6}C{sub 60} and Rb{sub 6}C{sub 60} indicate {ital q}=0 response functions. Polarized and depolarized Raman scattering provide additional information on {ital A}{sub {ital g}} and {ital T}{sub {ital g}} modes.


We evaluate the e ectiveness of active labor market programs (ALMP) for long-term unemployed workers using a spatial regression discontinuity design and a large georeferenced data set on workers and unemployed persons in Germany. This approach allows for precise estimation of the e ects of di erent policies, such as public employment programs, training programs, wage subsidies, or coaching, on subsequent employment prospects of job seekers. Unemployed individuals who exhaust their regular unemployment bene ts (UB1) are eligible to a second tier of bene ts (UB2) administered by local job centers which provide job search support in the form of ALMPs. We exploit the fact that individuals are assigned strictly geographically to these job centers to estimate the e ect of these policies using a regression discontinuity design at the county borders, where policies change discontinuously while the conditions of regional labor markets vary smoothly in space. The structure of the data allows us to disentangle shortand long-term e ects and, hence, to control for potential lock-in e ects, as well as to shed light on dynamic employment e ects over longer periods. Our preliminary results, based on outcomes over a 24 month horizon, indicate that, at least in the short term participating in ALMPs does not raise the number of days employed and if anything leads to a slight decrease. ∗We would like to thank Stefan Bender, Kevin Lang, Jeremy Magruder, Joachim Möller, Daniele Paserman, and seminar participants at Boston University, University of Regensburg, the IAB and the University of Goettingen for helpful comments. All errors are our own. † email@example.com § email@example.com§ ‡ email@example.com


A longitudinal strain modulation system, consisting of a composite transducer, amplitude transformer and a resonator with the sample under investigation has been designed for use in ESR and optical spectroscopy. The method of strain calibration is described. Some applications of such a modulator are mentioned.


Aim To investigate the relationship between plasma homocysteine(Hcy),methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR) gene polymorphisms and carotid artery plaques in the cerebral infarction patients.Methods 128 carotid system cerebral infarction patients were selected.Plasma Hcy was measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay(FPIA).Polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene were measured by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).Carotid arteries were detected by carotid ultrasonography in all patients.According to ultrasonography results,the patients were divided into plaque group having carotid atherosclerotic plaque and non-plaque group.The plasma Hcy levels and MTHFR gene polymorphism were compared between two groups.Results The frequencies of TT genotype(35.8% vs 17.0%) and T allele(58.6% vs 40.4%) were significantly higher in plaque group than in non-plaque group(P0.05).Plasma Hcy levels was significantly higher in plaque group than in non-plaque group(22.42±11.04 μmol/L vs 17.89±5.96 μmol/L,P0.05).The Hcy concentration was significantly higher in TT genotype than CT and CC genotypes(P0.05).Logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender,age,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,smoking,drinking and other risk factors,plasma Hcy levels of carotid atherosclerosis remained an independent risk factor for plaque(OR 1.160(95% CI 1.034~1.301),P0.05).Conclusions Elevated Hcy levels was an independent risk factor for carotid artery plaques in cerebral infarction patients.MTHFR C677T polymorphism was significantly related to plasma Hcy levels.


The design and implementation of Learning Objects can contribute to the virtualization of teaching, enabling develop our materials or adapt them for a particular teaching situation. This fact becomes of special relevance in circumstances in which we must adapt face-to-face teaching to virtual teaching or under pedagogical approaches based on the flipped classroom. In this paper, we will describe an initiative in which, we have designed with eXeLearning a Learning Object for the study of the urban landscape. eXeLearning allows the creation of diverse, accessible, and friendly resources, allowing instructors to save time in preparing learning materials and facilitating their adaptation to different educational and social needs. We apply this initiative, developed thanks to a Project for Educational Innovation, within the degree of Geography and Spatial Planning of the UPV/EHU, but it could be adapted to other levels of education.


Through contrast analysis of similar characteristics of two cluster architecture modes,reference of traditional settlement layout mode to the advanced business park(ABP) design is investigated.Summarized are the three design trends of ABP in base location,layout mode,headquarters house design,concluding the function of city economic core area to the ABP location,the effect of cluster core and order on the gathering result of ABP,and the effect of courtyard mode on the core place meaning.The ultimate purpose is to advance the magnetic core effect and form the cohesion,so as to improve the comprehensive competitiveness of the whole park.


OBJECTIVE
The authors' aim was to determine the requirement for an active interleukin (IL)-1 receptor during the development and progression of acute pancreatitis.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
Interleukin-1 is a pro- inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to be produced during acute pancreatitis. Earlier animal studies of moderate and severe pancreatitis have shown that blockade of this powerful mediator is associated with attenuated pancreatic destruction and dramatic increases in survival. The exact role played by IL-1 and the requirement for activation of its receptor in the initiation and progression of pancreatitis is unknown.

METHODS
Conventional and IL-1 receptor "knockout" animals were used in parallel experiments of acute pancreatitis induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulean (50 microg/kg every 1 hour X 4). The conventional mouse strain had the IL-1 receptor blocked prophylactically by means of a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (10 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally every 2 hours). The second mouse strain was genetically engineered by means of gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells to be devoid of type 1 IL-1 receptor (IL-1 receptor knockout). Animals were killed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours, with the severity of pancreatitis determined by serum amylase, lipase, and IL-6 levels and blind histologic grading. Strain-specific controls were used for comparison.

RESULTS
The genetic absence of the IL-1 receptor or its pharmacologic blockade resulted in significantly attenuated pancreatic vacuolization, edema, necrosis, inflammation, and enzyme release. Serum IL-6, a marker of inflammation severity, was dramatically decreased in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Activation of the IL-1 receptor is not required for the development of pancreatitis but apparently is necessary for the maximal propagation of pancreatic injury and its associated inflammation.


Scale-up of adsorptive separations is discussed in terms of separation economics and underlying transport theory. Examination of economic data suggests that recovery of valuable solutes, such as proteins, from dilute solution is dominated by the costs of processing large masses of unwanted materials. Separation processes are classified into concentration, fractionation, and purification, and the corresponding adsorptive operations are discussed. It appears desirable to make substantial changes in both equipment configuration and operating mode upon scale-up, and hence careful design with a firm basis in transport theory is warranted. Existing difficulties in modelling such operations, especially at the production scale, are reviewed.


The present status of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the discrepancies between TCM and Western medicine were reviewed. It was suggested that modernization of the research and deve lopment of TCM should be established on the basis of the essentials of TCM senses to upgrade its extraction processes, analytical precision, and rational pharmaceutical preparations, which can be accurately prescribed, easily absorbable with better bioavailability to achieve a more favorable patient compliance and therapeutic results It was also pointed out that TCM, with its thousands years of practical clinical experiences, has its unique features and promising future to meet the desire in pursuit of return to Mother Nature It was believed that eventually, the modernized TCM will keep pace with or even surpass the Western medicine for the general welfare of mankind


Based on the analysis and research on veinlet belt type ore-body,a mathematical-economic model was set up with large-scale geological software Surpac by using geological statistics principle.The accuracy of the theory variation function was examined through the variance confirmation.Based on that,an estimation was also carried out to calculate reserves for the different grade of Sn.A foundation for dynamic management of the mine data was offered,and scientific basis for the reasonable use of mineral resources is provided.


High mobility group protein B1(HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein. In addition to binding DNA and regulating the chromosomal architecture, it can also play a role as a damage associated molecular pattern that is involved in the pathological process in rheumatic diseases. Although it is mainly located in the nucleus, HMGB1 can be translocated into the cytoplasm and extracellular space during cell activation and cell death. With the redox state of the cysteine residues, HMGB1 activity is variable extracellularly, and Cys is required for TLR4 binding. Apart from directly stimulating cells, HMGB1 can form immune complexes with cytokines and other factors (endogenous and/or exogenous) to stimulate the receptors. In synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients and in animal models of the disease, the expression of HMGB1 is increased extranuclearly. Blockage of HMGB1 expression in animal models can alleviate the diseases. In systemic lupus erythematosus, HMGB1, which can interact with DNA, is an integral part of the immune complexes. All together, these findings suggest that HMGB1 can be an important mediator and biomarker in rheumatic diseases.It can also become a new valuable target for treating the diseases.

Key words:
High mobility group protein B1; Autoimmune disease; Rheumatic disease


Embodiment of the present invention provides a method and a machine type communication system. Between the machine and the ability of the network to determine the working machine via the negotiation (101); and the machine to communicate (102) with the network according to the determined working capacity. By using the negotiation mechanism, reducing the cost of the machine type communication. Embodiments of the present invention further provides a cell search method and apparatus. The transmission parameters of the device using the pre-configured cell with the directly matching;; and the device receives data directly in the case of a successful match against the cell transmission parameters in advance as a fixed cell device configuration. By using pre-configured transmission mechanism, simplify the cell search procedure to improve the efficiency of resource use.


The goal of this paper is to classify the genre of an artist given a set of quantitative measures for each of their associated songs. We utilized supervised learning in this task, and relied upon a dataset composed of quantitative song data that Spotify provides for the majority of the songs that they stream. We collected data for 14 different features for over 35 million songs, which spanned over 100 thousand artists and over 12 hundred genres. Before applying classification methods to this data, we collapsed our set of genres by a factor of ten, and collapsed our song data by applied different statistical measures to reduce to a set of features for every artist. Then, we applied Stochastic Gradient Descent, Gaussian SVM, and Nearest-Neighbors as classifiers, and results were somewhat successful.


: The ultrasonic wave is applied as an inspection method for the gas-holder and the pipeline in service. In such an inspection, the application of an automatic inspection system is desirable, because a manual inspection is difficult to accomplish perfectly and exactly due to its enormity, a so-called nondestructive inspection robot is then preferable. However, an ultrasonic nondestructive inspection robot with a piezoelectric oscillator needs to directly touch the material surface to be inspected using the coupling medium. Therefore, a mechanism where the coupling medium is spread thoroughly between the sensor and the material surface and where the sensor is always held at a constant pressure in the same direction on the material side to be inspected, are performances requested for the inspection robot. Actually, it is difficult to overcome this problem and the ultrasonic inspection robot could not be applied widely. We then tried to develop an ultrasonic inspection robot with an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) which did not require the coupling medium, which inspected the circumferential parts in the pipe. We especially developed the EMAT to transmit and receive a S 0 -mode with high sensitivity and a SH 0 -mode plate wave without the influence of the welding bead alternately as the sensor parts. The fixed method between the pipe and the inspection robot was not especially fabricated, because the magnetic force of the EMAT was very strong and was sufficient for attaching the inspection robot on the surface of the steel pipe. The method in which the inspection robot turned around in the direction of the steel pipe surroundings was executed by observing the tape pasted in the direction of the steel pipe surroundings with an installed CCD camera. In this study, the basic mechanisms of this inspection robot and the examination results are described.


ARMES, ROBERT J. Aerodynamic Fuselage Design and Engine Integration for the Vampire Light Sport Aircraft. (Under the direction of Dr. Charles E. Hall Jr.) This paper covers the design of a new fuselage and the integration of the Rotax 912 ULS engine for the Vampire Light Sport Aircraft. The Vampire is a side-by-side two-seat pusher configuration currently owned by LSA America. The primary goals were to reduce the base drag of the existing prototype's composite fuselage and to make provisions for adequate cooling of the engine. To accomplish these goals within the project's scope and timeline, an analysis method using Fluent and the ANSYS 13 Workbench suite was developed. To evaluate drag, the fuselage and a 2-volume computational domain were modeled in SolidWorks. A mesh was generated in the Workbench mesh tool using manual element sizing controls, and the flow was simulated in Fluent using the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The method was validated by comparing the drag results of a sphere to experimental data. Using the method in an iterative design process, a drop-in replacement fuselage for the Vampire was designed that reduces drag by 11.5% and as a result reduces the power required at a velocity of 120kts by 4.4hp. The new design was accomplished by modifying only the fuselage section aft of the firewall; this eases production of the new fuselage by only requiring the addition of plugs to the existing molds. After the external lines of the new fuselage were determined, the integration of the Rotax 912 ULS engine was performed. It was assumed that the stock frame and exhaust system as described in its installation manual would be used. In this application, the computational domain was modeled as a single volume and meshed in the Workbench mesh tool using a mix of automatic features and element size controls. The flow was simulated in Fluent using the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. Feedback from the flow visualization results allowed for ram air intake scoops and baffles to be designed such that cooling airflow reached critical engine components. © Copyright 2013 by Robert J. Armes


The study explores the determinants of work responsibilities (re-employment) of pensioners in Pakistan. The data is gathered though survey method from Jauharabad, District Khushab consisted on the sample of 150 pensioners. The determinants of re-employment are estimated by logit model using MLE (Maximum Likelihood Estimation) because a dummy variable of job is included in the model as dependent variable. The independent variables are number of dependents, personal expenditures and number of earners in the family of pensioners. The result reveals that number of dependents has positive relation with probability of doing job after retirement. Higher family income helps pensioners to decide for the job in their old age. Increase in pension benefits and other facilities to the retired persons are recommended to maintain their old age.


Water pollution is one of the main causes of imbalance in the Earth's ecosystem. Plant effluents have different compositions and concentrations of pollutants, depending on the kind of production and the water supply and sewerage system. The main sources of phenol-containing wastewater are coking plants, coke oven gas plants, semi-coking plants, gas generating stations, wood heat treatment plants, and the synthesis of artificial liquid fuels. They can also be the result of the activities of metallurgical plants, oil refineries, enterprises for the recovery of rubber, and the production of film, phenolphthalein, salicylic acid, and salol. Phenolic waters are dangerous for fishery reservoirs, worsen the organoleptic properties of water, and disrupt the natural processes of water self-purification. Water contaminated with phenolic wastewater contributes to the deterioration of groundwater quality. Thus, high-quality water purification from phenol to reduce/maximum prevent the ingress of phenols into industrial and drinking water is an urgent problem. Methods for deep treatment of phenolic wastewater are regenerative and destructive. The technology for purifying phenolic wastewater using the processes of oxidation of phenolic compounds with atmospheric oxygen on heterogeneous catalysts is one of the most promising technologies. Nanodisperse catalysts used to treat wastewater containing aromatic hydrocarbons and, in particular, phenolic compounds, should provide a high rate of oxidation of phenolic pollutants, efficient oxidation of a wide range of compounds with various functional groups, low cost, and long service life without a noticeable loss of catalytic properties, as well as high mechanical strength and immunity to catalytic poisons. Catalysts based on various metals and metal oxides and carrier-based systems, oxide-based magnetic composites show good efficiency in the oxidation of phenol with oxygen.


Georgia Tech has developed a prototype system for the demonstration of the concepts of a virtual 3D geographic information system (GIS) in an urban environment. The virtual GIS integrates the technologies of GIS, remote sensing, and visualization to provide an interactive tool for the exploration of spatial data. A high density urban environment with terrain elevation, imagery, GIS layers, and three dimensional natural and manmade features is a stressing test for the integration potential of such a virtual 3D GIS. In preparation for the 1996 Olympic Games, Georgia Tech developed two highly detailed 3D databases over parts of Atlanta. A 2.5 meter database was used to depict the downtown Atlanta area with much higher resolution imagery being used for photo- texture of individual Atlanta buildings. Less than 1 meter imagery data was used to show a very accurate map of Georgia Tech, the 1996 Olympic Village. Georgia Tech developed visualization software was integrated via message passing with a traditional GIS package so that all commonly used GIS query and analysis functions could be applied within the 3D environment. This project demonstrates the versatility and productivity that can be accomplished by operating GIS functions within a virtual GIS and multi-media framework.


A traveling matte process is described in which advantage is taken of the selective sensitivity of film emulsions toward light, plus and minus infrared rays. How these two exposures are taken simultaneously and these components then used to arrive at a composite is explained. The process requires little studio space.


The skills required of accounting professionals have changed drastically during the last few decades. Accounting graduates are now expected to be equipped with the necessary skills to perform well in a fast changing corporate world. However, recent empirical evidence has shown that there is an increasing gap between what skills new accountants possess and skills they need at the workplace (Kavanagh, 2007).


AIM and METHODS: Cultured mesangial cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS), then were treated with some valid components in BUSHENHUOXUEXIEZHUOTANG: emodin, ligustrazine and ganoderma polysaccharide. The effects of these components on interleukin-6(IL-6) mRNA expression in mesangial cells were identified by Northern hybridization. RESULTS: Emodin, ligustrazine and ganoderma polysaccharide inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 gene expression in mesangial cells.CONCLUSION: BUSHENHUOXUEXIEZHUOTANG may relieve mesangial cells proliferation by inhibiting IL-6 mRNA expression.


Aspect-Oriented Software Development(AOSD) is the software development methodology that classifies concerns of the system and identifies crosscutting concerns and organizes aspect class, and AOSD has emerged as an important user-oriented software development methodology with high maintainability. However, most of related studies worked on identification and specification and coding of crosscutting concerns. And there have been few studies on slicing technique for tracing method of specified crosscutting concerns. Therefore, this paper proposes slicing technique based on AOSD that identifies and specifies crosscutting concerns through interactive analysis between use cases; also, suggests slicing technique which improves traceability centering on identified crosscutting concerns; applies the aspect-oriented slicing technique to Learning Management System(LMS) for case-study. LMS is a cyber educational system that demands a lot of functional changes and expansion, so it is effective to apply AOSD with high maintainability in developing LMS; and shows the results that compared with related studies by comparing six elements.


We apply basis pursuit, an atomic decomposition technique, for spectrum estimation. Compared with several modern time series methods, our approach can greatly reduce the problem of power leakage; it is able to superresolve; moreover, it works well with noisy and unevenly sampled signals. We present experiments on bizarrely spaced radial velocity data from one of the newly-discovered extrasolar planetary systems.


There have been many proposals to extend the basic two-class SVM classifier for multiclass classification and it is established that among these extensions binary-structured hierarchical SVMs is the most efficient computationally. However, determining an effective binary structure by recursively dividing the classes is a major research issue. We describe a new classifier, GP-SVM, based on greedy partitioning of classes and demonstrate that GP-SVM gives better classification accuracy than all major combinational techniques besides having the computational advantages. The advantages of GP-SVM is better realized when the number of classes is large. We demonstrate this advantage in recognition of printed Odia character. We built a corpus of 10025 tagged Odia aksharas collected over multiple printed documents of different fonts. We used a very modest number of features. GP-SVM with 133 classes yielded 95% accuracy of recognition. During the learning process of GP-SVM, the proposed system could learn the taxonomy of character-shapes of Odia script.


Laser technology was a rapidly developed high-tech.Recent 20 years scientists focused on the surface modification using the laser technology.Biomaterial directly contacts with human body,which needs it having good biocompatibility.Surface modification with laser is hopeful to improve biocompatibility of biomaterials.In this paper,a wide range of 248nm ultraviolet excimer laser was used to irradiation of biomaterial surface for improving the biocompatibility of the three types of material surface.The most favorable pulse parameters of laser irradiation were obtained.By cell culture and microscopy observation,it was confirmed that the biocompatibility of the surface modified biomaterials was obviously better than the original ones.


Significance Sensory experience, even at prenatal periods, can shape brain connectivity. Thus, the emergence of sensory responses is a key step in cortical development. Sensory cortical responses are thought to emerge in cortical layer 4, which is the adult target of thalamic projections. However, in developing animals, thalamic fibers do not target layer 4 but instead target subplate neurons in the white matter. We show that subplate neurons respond to sounds before layer 4 is activated by thalamic axons. Moreover, early local field potential (LFP) responses demonstrate nascent topographic organization. Together we find that sound-evoked cortical activity and topographic organization emerge in a different layer than thought. Since subplate circuits are disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) models, disrupted emergence of sensory activity could be utilized for diagnosis and intervention. In utero experience, such as maternal speech in humans, can shape later perception, although the underlying cortical substrate is unknown. In adult mammals, ascending thalamocortical projections target layer 4, and the onset of sensory responses in the cortex is thought to be dependent on the onset of thalamocortical transmission to layer 4 as well as the ear and eye opening. In developing animals, thalamic fibers do not target layer 4 but instead target subplate neurons deep in the developing white matter. We investigated if subplate neurons respond to sensory stimuli. Using electrophysiological recordings in young ferrets, we show that auditory cortex neurons respond to sound at very young ages, even before the opening of the ears. Single unit recordings showed that auditory responses emerged first in cortical subplate neurons. Subsequently, responses appeared in the future thalamocortical input layer 4, and sound-evoked spike latencies were longer in layer 4 than in subplate, consistent with the known relay of thalamic information to layer 4 by subplate neurons. Electrode array recordings show that early auditory responses demonstrate a nascent topographic organization, suggesting that topographic maps emerge before the onset of spiking responses in layer 4. Together our results show that sound-evoked activity and topographic organization of the cortex emerge earlier and in a different layer than previously thought. Thus, early sound experience can activate and potentially sculpt subplate circuits before permanent thalamocortical circuits to layer 4 are present, and disruption of this early sensory activity could be utilized for early diagnosis of developmental disorders.


This paper describes the implementation and preliminary results of a supported education programme designed to complement a youth-oriented supported employment programme. Method: The programme was delivered by occupational therapists employed by a community mental health service in the Hunter New England region, New South Wales, Australia. Twenty mental health service users were assisted with their course of study over an 18-month period. Results: Education outcomes were promising, with 70% of service users either continuing or completing their chosen course of formal study. The education support provided was modelled on the Individual Placement and Support approach to supported employment. Conclusion: Occupational therapists working in public mental health can use this promising approach to supplement supported employment programmes, which should also be closely coordinated with the mental health service.


JNCI | Editorials 569 Some medical decisions are fairly straightforward. If you break a leg, the recommended treatment is a cast, elevation, and crutches. But if your breast biopsy leads to a diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the treatment path is much less clear. A diagnosis of DCIS brings uncertainty. With the introduction of population-wide screening mammography, radiologists have increasingly recommended evaluation of subtle breast abnormalities. Concurrently, the incidence of DCIS has dramatically Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): Raising Signposts on an Ill-Marked Treatment Path


Organic mixed ionic and electronic conductors typically have heterogeneous conjugated macromolecular backbones and ether-based pendant groups to transport ions and charges. Moving from this archety...


The development of Shinkoku Ideology during Toyotomi Regime is an important stage in the history of Japanese Shinkoku Ideology.Based on the analysis of the changes of foreign policies of Toyotomi Regime and other factors,the paper studies the contents and the role changes of Shinkoku Ideology contained in the diplomatic documents during Toyotomi Regime and points out that the Shinkoku Ideology then was the innovation of Toyotomi Regime to accommodate the changes including foreign policy changes.The Chinese classical books which spread to Japan and monks of Chan School,who have read a large number of Chinese classical books and been deeply exposed to Chinese culture,play an important in the course of the innovation.


The design approaches of upbringing and socialization of students of modern university are expounded. The dynamics of upbringing situations, trends and problems of socialization of youth, its culture of selfdetermination are taken into consideration. The creating conditions for the spiritual and moral development of young people in higher vocational education are brought up for discussion.


This article analyzes the productivity of early maturing and new cotton varieties grown in the country. The study was conducted on early ripening and cotton varieties grown in Jizzakh region. At that time, the highest yield was 37.1% in Bukhara-102 variety, and the lowest yield was 30.0% in Sultan variety. Yields in early maturing new varieties averaged 28.9%. The yield of Porloq-4 was 40.9%, and that of С-6779 was 23.0%. Yields of early maturing varieties averaged 33.3%. Porloq-4 and Bukhara-102 varieties have high indicators of early ripening and yield. Physico-mechanical performance of these cotton varieties was analyzed on the basis of HVI (High Volume Instrument) results. From the results we can see that the specific breaking strength of early maturing and new varieties Porloq-4 and Bukhara-102 in cotton fiber was 37.2%, the upper length was 35.5 mm. Then the specific tensile strength of Porloq-4 cotton fiber is 1.8% lower than the average tensile strength, and the upper average length is 5.1 mm higher. The specific tensile strength of Bukhara-102 fiber is 1.9% higher than the average tensile strength, the average length is 5.3 mm less. The short fiber index averaged 7.5% and the elongation at break was 7.9% on average. The short fiber index of the Porloq-4 variety is 3% lower than the average short fiber index, and the elongation index at break is 1.6% higher than the average. We can see that the index of short fibers of Bukhara-102 fiber is 3% higher than the average, and the elongation at break is 1.5% lower than the average.


We consider a method for determining the constants of a rheological model of viscosity of the fluid, which demonstrates the effect of "solidification". Examples are given on the use of the proposed algorithm


Purpose: This article emphasizes on the peace category, includes the forms how the concept has been understood in its multiple forms, supported by analysis of the scienti%c production in Colombia. Methodology: The State of the art, in both methodology of investigation (documentary), served as sustenance for its realization and the search for relationships with the territory and development categories. Findings: a) in recognition of the peace theories approaches were distinguished from: peace and not war, peace as a dynamic equilibrium of forces, negative peaceand positive peace, feminist peace, holistic peace, inner and outer peace and education for peace. (b) an analysis of the productions on the peace in relation to the concept of territory showed that social and economic equity and the redistribution of wealth are invisible elements in the discourse of development and territorial planning. Conclusions: a) the structural violence a/ects the territorial development and manifests itself through phenomena such as internal displacement, the territorial dispute and the e/ect on the environment; (b) is considered the possibility ofpeace in conceiving the actors territorial as builders of peace, developing strategies for peace from below upwards, as well as education and communication and; (c) the relationship between peace and development was highlighted in the utility of peace for the promotion of the potential of the human being and for the construction of citizenship with capacity for the exercise.


Long-period gratings were fabricated in standard telecommunication fiber (Corning SMF-28) by use of what is believed to be record short-wavelength light from a 157-nm F(2) laser. Strong loss peaks were formed without the need for enhancement techniques such as hydrogen loading. The magnitude of the attenuation peak was sensitive to the single-pulse laser fluence, decreasing with increasing pulse fluence as a result of nonuniform 157-nm laser interaction with both the fiber cladding and core. The long-period fiber gratings have good wavelength stability (Dlambda~7 nm) under thermal annealing at 150 degrees C.


The practice of designing high-performing, technically proficient buildings in an integrated manner has increased in importance (and frequency) in step with elevated expectations for measurable building performance standards. However, traditional pedagogical models for building technology education have done little to adjust in response relying instead upon outdated modes for the classroom structure, content, and teaching methods. Disciplines Architecture | Art Education | Higher Education Rights All rights reserved by individual authors who are solely responsible for their content. This conference proceeding is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/arch_conf/44


The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of family support in drug adherence on the subject of Human Immunodeficiency Virus with low self-esteem in the PELNI hospital in Jakarta. The research method in this study is Pre Experimental with One Group Pre-Test-Post Test Design. The results showed that family support could have a positive impact on reducing mental disorders in PLWHA, such as anxiety, stress, depression, and low self-esteem. Conclusions, the results of subjects I and II who experience low self-esteem cause disruption of self-role, disability, helplessness, negative self-ideal, and negative self-esteem.

Keywords: Family Support, Low Self-Esteem, Medication Adherence, Human Immunodeficiency Virus


With the continuous development of Steganalysis based on convolutional neural network, in order to obtain higher steganalysis accuracy, softpooling method is used to replace the original conventional pooling, which not only retains the advantages of conventional pooling in reducing the amount of calculation and compressing the size of feature map, but also prevents the loss of steganographic feature information. The Relu activation function is replaced by the Mish activation function. The accuracy of steganalysis is improved. The experimental results show that the accuracy of Xu and SRNET is improved by 0.53% and 1.27% respectively.


In recent years, autonomous vehicle technology has developed rapidly. For a secure and efficient city that will have a large quantity of such autonomous vehicles, we need to control not only individual vehicles but also collective vehicles. We investigate a control system for autonomous vehicle groups based on a hybrid automaton and verify it with rewriting logic in Maude system.


Information source detection is to identify nodes initiating the diffusion process in a network, which has a wide range of applications including epidemic outbreak prevention, Internet virus source identification, and rumor source tracing in social networks. Although it has attracted ever-increasing attention from research community in recent years, existing solutions still suffer from high time complexity and inadequate effectiveness, due to high dynamics of information diffusion and observing just a snapshot of the whole process. To this end, we present a comprehensive study for single information source detection in weighted graphs. Specifically, we first propose a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator to detect the information source with other methods as the prior, which ensures our method can be integrated with others naturally. Different from many related works, we exploit both infected nodes and their uninfected neighbors to calculate the effective propagation probability, and then derive the exact formation of likelihood for general weighted graphs. To further improve the efficiency, we design two approximate MAP estimators, namely brute force search approximation (BFSA) and greedy search bound approximation (GSBA), from the perspective of likelihood approximation. BFSA tries to traverse the permitted permutations to directly compute the likelihood, but GSBA exploits a strategy of greedy search to find a surrogate upper bound of the likelihood, and thus avoids the enumeration of permitted permutations. Therefore, detecting with partial nodes and likelihood approximation reduces the computational complexity drastically for large graphs. Extensive experiments on several data sets also clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods on detecting the single information source with different settings in weighted graphs.


This paper investigates spatial dimensions of income inequality in Nepal using unit record data from the Living Standards Measurement (LSM) survey of 1995/96. The Gini, Atkinson and generalized entropy indices are used to measure income inequality. The results reveal that per capita income inequality in Nepal is quite high. The decomposition analyses based on ecological and geographical groupings reveal that the contribution of between-region inequality component to aggregate income inequality is less than 10 per cent. Since the poor regions have aligned with social and political conflicts, the policies to reduce inter-regional income inequality should be given far higher priority than what the statistical decomposition analyses suggest. The geographical sub-division is more salient than the ecological sub-division for the understanding of inequality. The growth of income in all the geographical rural regions, except the Eastern Terai, should reduce aggregate income disparity in Nepal.


To find reliable analytical methods to ensure an accurate analysis of structural compounds in plants is always challenging due to structural diversity of constituents in different lignocellulosics. The non-cellulosic carbohydrate in sugarcane baggase was analysed by acid methanolysis followed by gc analysis. Our results showed that 3 hours of acid methanolysis is more sufficient to obtain high yield of monomeric pentoses and uronic acid units. To determine total carbohydrate content the optimum condition for acid hydrolysis was found by the comparison of reaction kinetics using different acids (sulfuric, trifluoroacetic and ortho-phosphoric acid) at different concentrations and different reaction time followed by HPLC and GC analysis. The lignin content was determined by conventional klason method as well as by AcBr method. The effect of perchloric acid on lignin determination by AcBr method has also been evaluated and the optimum condition for sugarcane baggase has been found. Acetyl group content in non-cellulosic carbohydrate was analysed after mild alkaline hydrolysis followed by hplc. Keywords— Analytical methods, HPLC, GC, Methanolysis, Non-cellulosic carbohydrates, Sugarcane bagasse ——————————  ——————————


We present a review of novel techniques developed by our research group to improve quantitative assessment of human movement, especially assessments related to symmetric and asymmetric gait patterns. These new methods use motion capture data of the lower limb joints (e.g., joint and body segment angular position and/or velocity, or joint center locations) and include: (1) Regions of Deviation (ROD) analysis, (2) complexity and variability of phase portraits, and (3) multivariate shape-alignment and decomposition. We provide example demonstrations of these techniques using data from infants, typical and atypically developing children, simulated injuries of a knee or ankle, and wheelchair propulsion.


A novel and facile phase-transform method has been presented for the preparation of double-coated Fe3O4 hexane ferrofluid.Firstly,the double-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical coprecipitation and excess sodium oleate were used as surfactant to yield a stable water-based magnetic fluid.Based on this,hydrophilic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were transformed into hydrophobic ones which were extracted to hexane by adding acetic acid.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectra show that —COO-at the outer layer of Fe3O4 nanoparticles transforms into —COOH at proper pH value adjusted by acetic acid,which makes Fe3O4 nanoparticles hydrophobic and dispersive in polar or nonpolar carrier liquid.X-Ray diffractometer(XRD),vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) were also used to characterize the magnetic nanopartieles and the ferrofluid.Our method ensures that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are coated compactly and mono-dispersive state without any agglomeration,which makes the thus obtained hexane ferrofluid stable and less delamination after several months.The ferrofluid with different solid content and dispersed in other oil-based carriers can be obtained through evaporating n-hexane.


The contributing effects of wool fibre morphology have been ignored in early mechanical behavioural models, in which the wool fibre has been treated as a two-phase composite with parallel constituents. Here, the stiffness of wool cells and fibres are modelled in terms of their morphological characteristics and the stiffness of all phases. The stiffness of a wool fibre is derived from the stiffnesses of three components – the cuticle, orthocortex, meso/paracortex – and their proportions within the fibre. The mesocortex and paracortex are treated as one component due to their similar location within the fibre and structural similarity. The stiffness of the cuticle is calculated from the stiffnesses of the exocuticle and endocuticle on the basis of earlier experimental data. The stiffnesses of the orthocortices and meso/paracortices are modelled with respect to intermediate filament (IF or microfibril) angles, stiffnesses and the volume fractions of IFs and matrix. Although the addition of a fourth component could be a simple extension to the model, this three-component model gives the essential properties for the simulation of the mechanical behaviour of wool fibres. The developed model may give new insight into the relevance of internal fibre structure to single fibre behaviour affecting fibre assemblies in yarns and may provide guidance for sheep breeding programmes designed to improve properties such as wool prickle, resilience and bulk characteristics.


A method for deriving key parameters of a bit-error-rate (BER) estimate is presented. The method is based on a bursty channel model proposed by B.D. Fritchman (IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Vol. IT-13, pp.221-227, Apr. 1967). This model is used to derive the confidence levels and confidence intervals of an error-rate estimate. The theoretical results have been confirmed experimentally by using the data from a helical-scan digital magnetic-tape recorder. The experiments clearly demonstrate the inadequacy of the BER estimates based on an independent-error approach. >


All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing: • Type of peer review: Double-blind All papers came through a basic review which includes checking of initial technical criteria (paper scope and similarity checks). The initial technical criteria were checked by the editorial team. Any paper that out of scope was immediately rejected. The accepted papers received were continued to a peer-review proces (submission structure, English language usage, and manuscript content) by two professional experts in a related subject area. The identities of both the authors and reviewers were kept hidden. After completing the peer review process, the process was continued by proofreading and layout. • Conference submission management system: Google forms that connected to email of 1st International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainable Industry • Number of submissions received: 154 papers • Number of submissions sent for review: 120 papers • Number of submissions accepted: 85 papers • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 55.19% • Average number of reviews per paper: two reviews • Total number of reviewers involved: 23 reviewers • Any additional info on review process: The reviewers were asked to answer a number of questions related to the quality of the content (reviewed form). Thus, the review processes were not personal and formalized. The review process for each paper took more than one month. The decision to accept or reject was based on the suggestions of each reviewer. If differences of opinion occurred between two reviewers, the editorial team pointed out one additional reviewer to review. The decision was based on majority votes based on all comments. • Contact person for queries: firstname.lastname@example.com


Abstract. Let r  q. We get the stability of the estimates of the @-Neumann problem for (p;r)-forms on a weakly q-convex complex sub-manifold. As a by-product of the stability of the @-estimates, we get theMergelyan approximation property for (p;r)-forms on a weakly q-convexcomplex submanifold which satis es property (P). 1. Introduction and preliminariesIn [6], Ho introduced the nortions of weak q-convexity and q-subharmonicityand he treated L 2 -estimates and existence theorems for solutions of the @-equation on weakly q-convex domains. Thus we know that the weak q-convexityis proper for the study of the @-equation for (p;q)-forms.Let M be a complex manifold of dimension n. Let ˆˆM be an opensubmanifold with a C 3 boundary. By applying the Gram-Schmidt process ina coordinate patch U, we can construct forms ! 1 ;:::;! n , which for all zareorthonormal basis of 1;0z (U). Furthermore we can choose ! n =p2 @ˆon b,where ˆis a boundary-de ning function satisfying jdˆj= 1 on b. We shalluse Hormander's method of weighted estimates for @([7], [8]). Let '2C


1. INTRODUCTION Parallel computing promises signiicant improvements in both the raw speed and cost performance of mesoscale atmospheric models. On distributed-memory massively parallel computers available today, the performance of a mesoscale model will exceed that of conventional supercom-puters; on the teraaops machines expected within the next ve years, performance will increase by several orders of magnitude. As a result, scientists will be able to consider larger problems, more complex model processes, and ner resolutions. In this paper, we report on a project at Argonne National Laboratory that will allow scientists to take advantage of parallel computing technology. This Massively Parallel Mesoscale Model (MPMM) will be functionally equivalent to the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM). In a prototype study, we produced a parallel version of MM4 using a static (compile-time) coarse-grained \patch" decomposition. This code achieves one-third the performance of a one-processor CRAY Y-MP on twelve Intel i860 microprocessors. The current version of MPMM is based on MM5 and uses a more ne-grained approach , decomposing the grid as nely as the mesh itself allows so that each horizontal grid cell is a parallel process. This will allow the code to utilize many hundreds of processors. A high-level language for expressing parallel programs is used to implement communication streams between the processes in a way that permits dynamic remap-ping to the physical processors of a particular parallel computer. This facilitates load balancing, grid nesting, and coupling with graphical systems and other models. In the rest of this paper, we rst introduce the Penn State/NCAR model and discuss issues that must be addressed in a massively parallel implementation. We then discuss the prototype parallel MM4 and the subsequent ne-grained paral-lelization of MM5 to produce MPMM. 1.1 Penn State/NCAR Model The Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model is a limited-area primitive equation model, designed to simulate meso-alpha scale (200{2000 km) and meso-beta scale (20{200 km) atmospheric circulation systems (Anthes, 1987; Grell et al., 1992). It has been developed over a period of twenty years, rst at the Pennsylvania State University and more recently also at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The time integration uses a fourth-order nite diier-ence scheme (Brown and Campana, 1978) with optional split-explicit time stepping. Model physics is highly conngurable across a variety of convec-tion, clouds, planetary boundary layer, radiative transfer, and other standard and optional param-eterizations. The model may be run nonhydro-statically for high-resolution simulations (Dudhia, 1992). The model provides …


The planned upgrade of the LHC collimation system foresees additional collimators to be installed in the dispersion suppressor areas. Fermilab and CERN are developing an 11-T Nb3Sn dipole to replace some 8.33-T 15-m-long Nb-Ti LHC main dipoles providing longitudinal space for the collimators. In case of a quench, the large stored energy and the low copper stabilizer fraction make the protection of the 11-T Nb3Sn dipoles challenging. This paper presents the results of quench protection analysis, including quench protection heater design and efficiency, quench propagation, and coil heating. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data from the 2-m-long Nb3Sn dipole models. The validated model is used to predict the current decay and hot spot temperature under operating conditions in the LHC, and the presently foreseen magnet protection scheme is discussed.


Internet and games addiction will become a difficult problem for the parents, because the internet and games easier to access and has more contents. Thus, the number of internet and games addiction will be increasing in the future. This study recommends ontology expansion for treatment guidelines of internet and games addiction that will use as the component of recommendation system in web technology. This study's methodology can be condensed into three states; data collection ontology development, and evaluation. This ontology included seven main classes, there are profile, characteristics, risk factors, devices, treatment, and GAST. The evaluation result that conducted by domain experts included a highly-superior concentration of 88.34%, which confirms that this ontology may be employed for developing a recommendation system.


Our Lady of Good Council Roman Catholic Church building in Barr Street Tungamah. A brick Gothic revival brick building constructed in 1886. Tungamah is 48kms NNW of Benalla. William John Howship (1874-1932) opened a photography studio business in Nunn Street Benalla in April 1904. He expanded the business by selling small format Kodak cameras and providing a 24 hour film processing service as well as the actual photography work, both studio and outdoor. The collection consists of 1250 dry plate glass negative images created by Howship between 1904 and 1931. Images include views of Benalla and surrounding districts, local events such as floods, concerts and military ceremonies and a large body of portrait work.
Inscription: R C Church Tungamah is written on the negative.
Previous Control Number: UMA/I/5149
Previous Control Number: GPNB/440


With the rise of the circular economy, recycling, and upcycling is an emerging sustainable system in the fashion industry, emphasising a closed loop of "design, produce, use, and recycle". In this context, this paper will explore community-based approaches to scale up clothing reuse and upcycling under a social innovation perspective. This study aims to establish community-based practice models, which contribute toward promoting a greater understanding of sustainable fashion and achieving collaborative cocreation frameworks for community stakeholders. This paper, therefore, takes a social innovation perspective to conduct design studies helping with the technical (problem-solving) and cultural (sense-making) barriers that clothing reuse and upcycling face. The research was conducted in the context of the Shanghai community, and a large amount of first-hand research data were obtained through field research, expert and user interviews, and participatory workshops. Finally, this research establishes a platform proposal which combines strategic service design and practical toolkit design. It is a new community-based service model highlighting a significant advancement in the degree of collaboration and cocreation in traditional community service models. Additionally, it dramatically demonstrates the potential of socially innovative design thinking in promoting circular fashion and the closed-loop fashion system.


This article considers the relationship between second language acquisition (SLA) and other disciplines. It begins by reviewing the history of SLA studies, relating them to the broader picture of applied linguistics and language pedagogy. It is argued that the recognition of SLA as a field which can make valuable contributions to other fields is essential for the continuation and vitality of the field. Specific examples of how SLA has been important to the fields of linguistics, pedagogy and psychology are given.


The gravity method is a geophysical exploration method to measure variations in the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth in response to variations in rocks that exist beneath the surface. In gravity exploration requires a preliminary picture as a reference for measurement. This study aims to make forward modeling synthetic OCTAVE based using synthetic data on subsurface rock structures, so as to produce intrusion and fracture models based on differences in the value of the acceleration of gravity from one point to another on the surface of the earth. Synthetic modeling with the geological parameter approach of the study area is based on variations in the price of rock density. The model parameters used in intrusion modeling are the density value of 2.7 g/cm3 and the depth of 850 meters while the fracture modeling uses a density value of 2.7 g/cm3 with a depth of 350 meters and 360 meters and a thickness of 500 meters. From intrusion modeling, the gravity vertical component of attraction force is 0.03 mGal and in the fracture modeling the gravity vertical component of attraction force is 0.0565 mGal. Based on the results of this modeling, distance curve vs. gravity anomaly response is obtained for both cases. In the intrusion rock model obtained by the profile model with an open type down. While the fracture modeling is obtained anomalous profile curve variation which states that in the fracture area with a significant change in the direction of the curve.


using M-citrate buffer at pH 6.0. In our experience, immunostaining of CD117 using similar conditions may produce non-specific staining results as pointed out by other investigators [2]. Using similar techniques, tumor cells in desmoid tumors and other fibromatosis lesions (Fig. 1) as well as spindle cells in sclerosing mesenteritis (Fig. 2) showed unequivocally positive stains. If we take these staining results seriously, we might have to include these lesions as ICC lesions. With these findings of ours as well as others' [2], we have adjusted the sensitivity of CD117 staining. We omit any antigen retrieval procedure and adjust the length of incubation and dilution of the antibody using mast cells and perimyenteric ICC as positive control and desmoid tumors as negative control. CD117 has been accepted as a good immunophenotypic marker for ICC but a judicious staining schedule has been recommended to avoid non-specific staining. We wonder if pICC demonstrated by Popescu et al. exhibited positive staining for CD117 at the more stringent conditions.


Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is characterized by high degree of
cell invasion and metastasis to regional and distant lymph node. Oral cancer treatment is categorized as a difficult disease to treat, although it has been to treat by holistic
procedures. New strategies were needed to suppress the growth of oral cancer cell by a herbal medicine ex. Pomegranate fruit. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of pomegranate ethanol extract on an human oral tongue cancer cell line SP-C1 through apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell invasion.
The laboratory experimental study was conducted in the study. Furthermore, to
detect apoptosis induction, double staining included ethidium bromide and acridine
orange was carried out after 24 hours incubation. Fluorescence microscopy was used for counting the cell. Viable cells would be stained green and apoptotic cell would be
stained yellow. Furthermore, to detect inhibition of cell invasion staining with keratin /
hemaktosilin was carried out after 48 hours incubation. Light microscopy was used for
counting the cells that pass through the membrane. Normality and homogeneity data
were determined by Saphiro-wilk test and Levene test. Data was analyzed by One Way ANOVA and was continue by Post Hoc with LSD test.
The result of apoptosis showed that there were significant differences apoptotic
cell mean (p<0,05). Furthermore, the result of invasion cell inhibition showed that there were significant differences invasion cell inhibition mean (p<0,05). and invasion
resistance of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SP-C1). In conclusion,
pomegranate ethanol extract induced apoptosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma and the increases of pomegranate ethanol extract concentration followed by the increases of apoptosis induction. Pomegranate ethanol extract also inhibited invasion of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma and the increases of pomegranate ethanol extract concentration followed by the increases of invasion cell inhibition.