Airbus Training is focused solely on Airbus aircraft. Airbus has developed teams of technical support pilots to work directly with individual airlines, seeing benefits in terms of both customer service and reduced manufacturer liability. Airbus sees a shift from airlines wanting customized training to a greater desire for standardization, which also lowers costs. Training simulators now used have greater flexibility and portability.


This paper elaborates on the analysis of Big Data, harvested via social media Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), in social science disciplines in general and in communication sciences in specific. The paper starts with a brief description of API-harvested Big Data. Next, three issues related to the use of APIs and Big Data in social sciences, are identified and addressed. More concrete, the paper discusses the ethical, practical-methodological challenges related to the use of APIs and Big Data in social sciences, as well as the programming- and computer skills needed to understand the Big data ecosystem in all its complexity, from technical and practical issues to its political aspects. In this way, the paper contributes to the development of a more comprehensive and reliable foundation for the use of Big Data or API-harvested data in social sciences and communication sciences.


This paper uses panel quantile regression to analyze the factors affecting inflation risks defined as the tail of the predictive inflation distribution. We construct a panel going back to the "Great Inflation" period (from the late 1960s) and include variables that capture not only downside risks, which many recent studies have focused on, but also upside risks to examine the developments in both upside and downside risks to inflation in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Our analysis shows that unit labor costs and real government spending have a significant effect on the upward risks to inflation. We also find that the effect of import prices on inflation risks is short-lived, while the effect of real government spending and unit labor costs persists over the medium term. These results also show that the term structure of the effect on inflation risks differs depending on the factor involved. JEL Classification: C21, E27, E31


Combining recently reported measurements with those reviewed earlier, a general description of concentrations and size distributions of bubbles at various depths in the near-surface ocean under a wide range of wind velocities is proposed.


In recent years,owing to the rapid rise of hospital infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),the research and development of the new antibiotica against resistant bacteria have been extremely implused.Cefttobiprole was the fifth generation cephalosporin antibiotic,which specially designed to bind to the penicillin-resistant targets in Gram-positive cocci,resulting in potent bactericidal activity towards MRSA.Cefttobiprole has shown a low potential to induce resistance in vitro.The structure,newest research status,action mechanism,antibacterial activities and clinical uses of cefttobiprole were overviewed.


A process for preparing an organosilicon compound according to formula (3): wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R is an alkylene group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, R wherein R


recordial and carotid pulse palpation is an important feature of the physical examination of the cardiovascular system. Evaluating precordial impulses for contour, duration, and amplitude can help in estimating the size of cardiac chambers and identifying valvular abnormalities (Table 1); the contour, duration, and amplitude of the carotid pulse can also provide important information pertaining to underlying cardiac abnormalities (Table 2). This article reviews precordial impulses and the carotid pulse and discusses ways in which abnormal findings during the examination of these aspects of the cardiovascular system may be interpreted. PRECORDIAL PALPATION Technique The movements and general physical appearance of the chest wall should be evaluated before palpation. Some chest movements are better observed than felt. 1 Shining a light across the chest wall can help to accentuate some cardiac impulses. When palpating the precordium, the examiner should stand at the patient's right; the patient should be in a supine position. It is best to use the palmar surface of the right hand and palpate in the following sequence: apex, left parasternal region, sternum, right parasternal region, and cardiac base.


Colorless needles of the title compound are obtained by evaporation of an aqueous solution of guanidinium carbonate and H3[P(Mo3O10)4] over a period of 5 d.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the adoption of strengths‐focused human resources (HR) can deliver measurable business returns, from hard results such as increased revenues and reduced costs, to "lead" indicators of future success: for example better customer engagement, improved morale, discretionary effort and personal wellbeing. The author, from specialist provider, Strengths Partnership, aims to explain how to identify and extract the "strengths DNA" from each individual and to build a convincing business case for the use of strengths, in all its different contexts, within the workplace.Design/methodology/approach – The central methodology in this paper is extracted from Strengths Partnership's leading Strengthscope assessment tool, designed to help individuals understand their standout strengths; the unintended consequences that may arise when strengths go into overdrive; the extent to which they are able to productively apply their strengths at work; and how visible their s...


H-bonding driven J-type aggregation and cooperative supramolecular polymerization of a sulfur-substituted chiral naphthalene-diimide (NDI)-derivative ( S,S )-NDI-2 in decane leads to remarkable enhancement of fluorescence quantum yield (43.3% from 0.5% in the monomeric state) and intense CPL signal in the aggregated state with a high luminescence dissymmetry factor ( g lum ) of 4.6 x 10 -2 . A mixture of NDI-2 with a structurally similar NDI-derivative NDI-1 (mixture of racemic ( S,S )- and ( R,R )- isomers and the achiral derivative) in 1:9 (NDI-2/ NDI-1) ratio, when heated and slowly cooled to room temperature, showed no enhanced CD band indicating lack of any preferential helicity. However, when a monomeric solution of the NDI-1 in THF was injected to pre-formed seed of NDI-2 in decane, prominent CD signal appeared indicating chiral amplification resulting in induced CPL with high g lum value of 2.0 x 10 -2 from mostly (> 98.5%) diastereomeric mixture.


* Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine. Address for correspondence: Lawrence I. Kahn, M.D., Division of Health Care Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 4550 Scott Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. 63110, DURING the past several decades, the metabolic changes associated with many different hereditary and acquired diseases have been described in detail. Only recently have the metabolic changes during the course of infection been subjected to analysis in depth. The value of such an analysis has been well justified by some recent studies. Austrian 1


By means of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic technique,two samples of(Er~(3+) ∶YAG) with 10.5% and 8.4%(molecular fraction) concentrations were resonantly excited with ultraviolet(lasers) at 262 nm and 276 nm,and the fluorescence spectra were recorded and the peak transitions were(assigned) in detail.The corresponding radiative transition probabilities were calculated via Judd-Oflet theory.It has been found that the experimental fluorescence intensity ratio and the theoretical(radiative) transition probability ratio are in good agreement.


ABSTRACT: The effect of repeated episodes of asphyxia on the fetal cardiovascular system and CNS was examined. The umbilical cord was occluded for 5 min, four times, at 30-min intervals in 11 chronically instrumented fetal sheep (118–126 d). Fetal electro-corticogram (ECoG), cortical impedance, ECG, heart rate, and blood pressure were continuously recorded for 3 d, after which neuronal loss was determined histologically. Each occlusion resulted in fetal hypoxemia and bradycardia accompanied by increased T/QRS ratio. Progressively severe hypotension and lactic acidosis developed during successive occlusions. The ECoG was depressed and cortical impedance increased with each occlusion. During the final occlusion, blood pressure fell to 3.5 ± 1 kPa and heart rate to 93 ± 9 bpm, T/QRS ratio increased to 0.44 ± 0.3, and lactate rose to 7.2 ± 1.2 mM/L. Three animals died from cardiac fibrillation during recirculation after the third or fourth occlusion. After the asphyxial episodes, blood pressure and heart rate returned to normal, and the T wave was inverted for 310 ± 155 min. Lactate returned to baseline within 24 h. The ECoG remained depressed for 90 ± 35 min, and intermittent seizures developed at 3.3 ± 1.4 h after the last occlusion. Neuronal loss was primarily found in the striatum. The extent of neuronal loss correlated with the degree of hypotension, increase in T/QRS ratio, duration of postasphyxial ECoG depression, and number of seizures. These results indicate that transient asphyxial episodes compromise the ability of the heart to tolerate additional insults and further suggest that neuronal loss is a consequence of cardiovascular compromise secondary to asphyxia. Therefore, repetitive asphyxial episodes may lead to intrauterine death or striatal damage in survivors.


With extraordinary growth in the Internet of Things (IoT), the amount of data exchanged between IoT devices is growing at an unprecedented scale. Most of the IoT devices are low-resource devices handling sensitive and confidential data. Conventional encryption methods are inappropriate for low-resource devices. Lightweight block ciphers are used to encrypt data on such devices, as it balances security requirements and energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to explore opportunities to improve performance and optimize energy consumption for cipher designs targeted for low-resource IoT devices. This paper also presents an energy management algorithm to improve IoT survivability against Denial-of-service attacks in the form of battery exhaustion. We developed a simple and effective model for lightweight cipher performance metrics. Model results were compared and validated with published application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs. Using the model, we explored opportunities for performance enhancement in future cipher designs. Our analysis indicates that the optimum energy is achieved when block size is between 48-bit and 96-bit. Also, increasing size of overhead logic from one round to two rounds increases encryption energy-per-bit by 3.4%. Further, the optimum energy is attained when the number of algorithm rounds is 16 or less. Optimum throughput is achieved by implementations with large block sizes and large number of implemented rounds. Next, we present a novel algorithm to manage cipher energy consumption. The algorithm allows low-resource IoT devices to encrypt critical messages during low-energy mode while balancing throughput, energy per bit, and device activity.


Time-delays are mainly caused by the time required to transport mass, energy or information, but they can also be caused by processing time or accumulation. Typical examples of such processes are e.g. pumps, liquid storing tanks, distillation columns or some types of chemical reactors. In many cases time-delay is caused by the effect produced by the accumulation of a large number of low-order systems. Several industrial processes have the time-delay effect produced by the accumulation of a great number of low-order systems with the identical dynamic. The dynamic behavior of series these low-order systems is expressed by high-order system. One of possibilities of control of such processes is their approximation by low-order model with time-delay. The paper is focused on the design of the digital polynomial control of a set of equal liquid cylinder atmospheric tanks. The designed control algorithms are realized using the digital Smith Predictor (SP) based on polynomial approach – by minimization of the Linear Quadratic (LQ) criterion. The LQ criterion was combined with pole assignment.


A bearings-only system is considered to be observable if,and only if,the target motion parameters can be uniquely determined by bearings-only observations.The problem of observability for bearings-only target location is discussed in this paper based on the target traveling in the three-dimensional space at a uniform velocity.The vector-graph between target and observer is drawn and vector equations are founded,by utilizing Gramme rule and rank of matrix,the observability of the observer with a uniform velocity and a uniform acceleration is obtained.It is shown that the target is unobservable toward observer with a uniform velocity as the observability index is a constant;the target is observable if the observability index is not a constant toward observer with a uniform acceleration.The study done in this paper is valuable to solving the bearings-only target observability analysis and it is of constructive sense to producing optimal trajectory of the observer.


Ancient Greece has all the appearances of a familiar world. It has the comfortable features of a 'western' past: the Doric columns, the thinkers, the gods, the 'art', and, perhaps most of all, the heritage of democracy and laws. This chapter focuses on signs and behavioural patterns that fit the idea of sustainability or, even more generally, of sustainable development? If the '"environment" is where one all live, and "development" is what one all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode', the Greeks certainly did fit the bill, since they lived, survived and developed a brilliant civilisation within their own environment. As a pre-industrial society evolving within the constraints of the Mediterranean climate, the ancient Greek world was confronted with problems concerning fresh water, its sourcing, distribution, sharing, preservation and protection. Keywords:greek laws; sustainability


In English as Foreign Language (EFL) countries, learners mostly gain their English knowledge in the classroom and in the limited time. Without strong intrinsic motivation of acquiring English, it would be hard for the learners to reach the language acquisition. Historically, second language acquisition was begun from the contrastive analysis in which the learners compare their first and the second language. Though the study is quite old, however, it is still useful for the truly beginners especially in EFL context. The current conceptual study aims to view the contractive analysis applied in EFL classroom. The implementation of the contrastive analysis in Indonesia cannot be separated from the students' characteristics, classroom environment, and length of input. The comparative analysis on the sentence types and the Subject – verb agreements underpinned the further analysis on the contrastive analysis between Bahasa and English.


In this work, we aim to maintain the timeliness of a multipath-based real-time video analytics system by analyzing the age of processed information (AoPI) at the receiver side. In the system, a camera consistently uploads captured frames to different edge servers for processing via corresponding wireless channels. To measure the timeliness of the system, a novel metric named AoPI is proposed, which is the time elapsed since the generation of the latest successfully recognized frame. Hence, AoPI is impacted by the transmission/computation delay on different paths and whether the frames are successfully recognized. We derive the closed-form average AoPI at the receiver side of the system, which is inversely proportional to the recognition probability. Moreover, we prove that adding an identical path can reduce the average AoPI by 37.5% to 50% compared with using a single path. Nevertheless, numerical results show that utilizing a secondary path to access an available edge node will increase the average AoPI in the case of low spectrum efficiency and constrained bandwidth.


Soft drink is a formula drink in form of powder or liquid that contains food additives or other synthetic or natural good, generally that are packed in plastic glass PP. The information about expired date of apple flavored drinks are less.Aim of the study is to determine expired date of the apple flavored drinks and to explore the changes on quality during storage. Three conditions of storage temperature in the incubator (30⁰C ,35⁰C ,and 45⁰C) are used in this study. Parameters observed during the storage process are pH, color, total acid, vitamin C, total soluble solids, and organoleptic.Result show that aroma was the critical parameter for the expired date. The total acid was used as a model in determine expired date by linear regression y = -2127.944 x - 0.244 . The shelf life of apple flavored drink is 1 year 2 months at 25⁰C.


Similarity analysis of process models' traces could aid new enactments of these models and their revision. Both these tasks are important concerning process models describing the creative activities of requirements engineering, since they cannot always provide detailed guidance and may be incomplete. Similarity analysis detects analogies between traced enactments which reveal concrete examples on how, when and why certain steps in a process should be followed. Analogies also indicate commonalities in traces that may be missing from or violating the relevant models. These commonalities could be abstracted, by experienced software engineers, so as to refine or extend these models. Due to their highly creative and human-oriented nature, activities of requirements engineering(e.g. acquisition and specification of requirements) can only be described through general process models that must be customized to specific needs of different projects[Mar93]. These models do not involve strict plans of actions[Rol94]. They are better described through hierarchies of decisions, which if adopted lead to actions transforming requirements specifications, and are associated with different stages in the evolution of these specifications(referred to as situations [Rol94]). Such models may not be always sufficient in providing detailed guidance[KTL 92]. They may also be incomplete and/or inaccurate, something indicated by violations during their enactment(i.e. execution by humans[Mad92, JPRS94]). We propose the identification of analogies between traced enactments of such types of models as a means of improving the understanding of the processes they describe and revising them. Analogies may help software engineers realize concrete ways of operationalizing and/or decide between alternative steps of a model. Furthermore, general process models can be revised by abstracting from similarities of recorded traces. Analogical Selection and Documentation Based on Examples. As discussed in [RP93] decision-oriented process models are operationalized by selecting decisions from a set of alternatives, associated with situations, which successfully match the current state of an evolving specification.


(Received May 20, 1983) A high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was used for the quality test of Ubidecarenone (CoQ10) products. CoQ10 products were exposed to light under 2000 lux for 29 days, and their stability to light was studied with HPLC. The results were as follows: 1) Good separation of CoQ10. CoQ9 and UC9 was achieved with HPLC. 2) The amount of CoQ10 in granules and fine granules packed with Pile Packer Film was between 11% and 18% after 29day exposure to light, whereas CoQ10 in granules in lightshielded package and that in raw material powder packed with pile packer Film were 74% and 90%, respectively. 3) The main decomposition substance of the granules, the fine granules and raw material powder showed that the relative retention to CoQ10 was 0.49. Keywordsubidecarenone; ubichromenol9; quality test; stability to light


The objective of the present study was to use chemically modified granular corn starches, in order to further investigate which factors influence fatty acid probe binding to starch chains and where this binding takes place with respect to the granule surface


The present study aims to provide insight into the dependencies of ultrasonic properties, such as speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA), and integrated reflection coefficient (IRC), on apparent bone density in trabecular bone. SOS, BUA, and IRC were measured in 19 bovine trabecular bone specimens with apparent densities from 0.411 to 0.928 g/cm3, using a matched pair of transducers with a diameter of 12.7 mm and a center frequency of 1.0 MHz. They were also compared with the predictions obtained from the modified Biot–Attenborough (MBA) model for propagation in fluid-saturated porous media.


For applications with stringent power budget, such as ultra low power systems and Internet of the things (IoT), power and energy are the most important constraints. It is shown that when the supply voltage is close to the threshold voltage of transistor, known as near threshold computing (NTC), the energy consumption is at its minimum range. However, by reducing the supply voltage not only the circuit performance decreases significantly, but aggravates various reliability mechanisms. Moreover, the performance variation due to process and runtime variation increases exponentially which makes the traditional margining, to address variability, very inefficient. In this paper, we address energy-efficient countermeasures to combat reliability challenges at NTC in order to guarantee resilient and energy-efficient system operation. We propose to partition a functional unit such as Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) into multiple smaller and faster functional units and power-gate them whenever they are not used for long time. Simulation results show that by applying the proposed method the energy efficiency of an ALU can be improved by up to 43.4% at NTC with multiple fold reliability improvements due to timing failures.


The biomass and abundance of phytoplankton on the island of Tortuga was evaluated. To that end, surface samples were collected from twelve stations around the island between October 2006 and October 2007. The variables studied were: wind speed, in situ water temperature, chlorophyll a (chlor. a) concentration, abundance, composition, species richness, and phytoplankton diversity. A nonparametric variance analysis was done to determine seasonal and spatial differences of the variables, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was done to determine the possible relationships between these. Wind speed reached maximum values in October and December 2006 (18.70 and 15.00 m/s, respectively). The maximum temperature was 32°C. The greatest phytoplanktonic biomass, 2.99 mg/m-3 was measured at a station located on the northern part of the island. Phytoplanktonic abundance varied between 2 and 46 x 103 cells l-1. In October of 2006, the highest value (Laguna de Carenero) was measured due to a bloom of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense. Thirty-seven of the 54 planktonic species identified were resident. The most common and abundant species were: Navicula sp.1, Nitzschia sp., Hemiaulus sinensis, Mesoporos perforatus and Prorocentrum lima; some of these were of benthic origin. The Shanonn-Wiener (H') diversity varied between 1.74 and 3.57 bits ind-1, which indicates the existence of coastal and oceanic conditions. The PCA showed a positive correlation between wind speed and phytoplanktonic abundance, and a negative correlation between these variables and H'. The phytoplanktonic community was quite variable in relation to time. It is believed that turbulence played a very important role in the determination of the structure.


The associations between cupric ions and oligosaccharides of cellulose, chitin and chitosan were investigated using potentiometry and electrospray mass spectrometry. The goal of these studies was to understand the degree to which electrospray mass spectra reflect the solution chemistry of copper–oligosaccharide complexes. To this end, electrospray mass spectrometric data were compared with potentiometric studies. The potentiometric data revealed no copper binding for mono- and tetrasaccharides of cellulose and chitin, while the mass spectrometric data suggested the presence of distinct copper complexes, these attributed to charge attachment during desorption from the highly charged electrospray droplets. Difference in the distribution of tetrasaccharide–copper complexes for cellulose and chitin was attributed to possible differences in droplet solution conformations of these saccharides. For mono-, di- and tetrasaccharides of chitosan the potentiometric data showed strong copper complexation. For the tetrasaccharide the major species expected at pH 7 is a neutral copper complex. This neutral copper–tetrasaccharide complex was observed in the protonated form at relatively low abundances under high-voltage conditions in the electrospray interface. In this complex, Cu(II) is co-ordinated to the C(1)-alkoxide, the four amine nitrogens of chitosan tetrasaccharide and an anion. The ability of electrospray mass spectrometry to probe the immediate environment of the complex provides a clearer picture of the complex as it exists in solution, the associated counter-ions and possible differences in conformation. However, electrospray mass spectrometric data best reflect chemistries in highly charged droplets rather than systems at equilibrium, highlighting the significance of supporting techniques to fully understand a chemical system. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Tetraphenylporphyrin, TPP, thin films have been prepared by thermal evaporation technique. Structural formation of TPP thin films has been investigated by single crystal and powder diffractometers and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optical properties of TPP films were investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of the transmittance and reflectance at normal incidence of light. The optical constants and dispersion parameters TPP have been measured the effect of the annealing temperature and X- ray irradiation dose on the optical, electrical properties of TPP thin films as a comparative study. The electrical transport properties of TPP thin films were studied by using the two point probe technique. The electrical (DC and AC) transport properties of TPP; like resistivity, conductivity and dielectric properties dependence on temperature (297 – 473 K) and frequency (0.1 – 100 KHz) have been measured. Au / TPP / n-type Si / Al heterojunction solar cell was constructed and prepared by growing TPP film (67 nm) on n-Si wafer using thermal evaporation technique. The electrical transport mechanisms and photovoltaics properties of the solar cell have been studied.


This study aims at tick vitellogenesis and its mechanism. Six hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibody (McAb) against vitellin (Vn) of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis were produced by fusing myeloma cells (SP2/0) with spleen cells, both from BALB/c mouse which were immunized with the Vn. They were named as 1B5, 2A7, 2B8, 2F2, 3A1 and 3G1, respectively. Further identification indicated that 1B5, 2B8 and 2F2 were of the isotype IgGA, 2A7 was of the isotype IgG1, while 3A1 and 3G1 were of the isotype IgG2a. All the six antibodies had high specificity and affinity, and their titers were over 10 -5 . SDS-PAGE and affinity analysis of 1B5, whose specificity and titer were the highest, indicated that the molecular masses of its heavy chain and light chain were 58 kD and 21 kD, respectively, and the affinity constant was 2.8993×10 -6 . Western blot analysis showed that the six antibodies had specific immunological reaction with the eight subunits of the Vn. The six McAbs against the Vn of H. longicorns prepared and identified successfully in this study may provide an important tool for further elucidating vitellogenesis and its regulation mechanism in H. longicorns.


| An IC implementation for a demonstrator of adaptive beamforming in radio astronomy is presented here. The chip implements the MVDR (Minimum Variance Distortion-less Response) beamforming algorithm using Cordic arithmetic. It is designed in Mentor Graphics's DSP design environment (DSP station). In the beam-forming demonstrator, signals from 16 antennas are digitized at a sampling frequency of 8 MHz. The chip down-samples the input data to a frequency of 100 kHz and computes an updating weight vector at a rate of 100 Hz, which is used to lter the 8 MHz input data. The DSP station uses a high-level speciication language that is fully algorithm oriented. It preassumes that the algorithm takes the form of a ow graph which can be eeciently mapped onto a pre-deened architecture template. However, this assumption is not fully satissed in case of the MVDR algorithm. To cope with this limitation and still achieve the high-throughput application requirements, a reference MVDR specii-cation has been taken through a number of transformation and optimization steps. The resulting MVDR algorithm makes heavily use of Cordic operations that are mapped onto a pipelined Cordic. This unit is also implemented within the DSP station .


Game theory,also known as game theory.With the development of game theory in economics theory has a significant impact.Game in accordance with the decision-making and information together for the division,several common theories are balanced game with its own unique space applications.Game Theory in the future development,not only will pay more attention to the integration of theory and practice,and cooperative game and non-cooperative game of the study may lead to game theory,as well as a major revolution in economic theory.


Based on a lot of laboratory testing records from geotechnical investigation of an expressway located in the central region of Jiangsu province and using random field theory to model soil profile as a random field rather than traditional random variable, a statistical method of variability of soil parameters based on random field theory has been recommended, which can take account of the deterministic spatial trend components at the same time. Based on this, the properties of soil variability of lacustrine soft soil in the central region of Jiangsu province were statistically analyzed and the variability characteristics between laboratory physical index, deformation and strength parameters ware compared. It is indicated that the variability of the laboratory physical index parameters in this region is relatively small; no obvious trends or deterministic components can be observed; and traditional statistical method is effective for them too. Correspondingly, the laboratory deformation and strength parameters have obvious deterministic trends. They have to be destrended by regression analysis before statistical estimation, and then estimated by the recommended method due to random field theory. The conclusions of this paper provide not only a new method for statistical estimation of the properties of soil variability, but also prescriptions for engineering or construction in the central region of Jiangsu province. The third but not the least value of this paper is that it can lay a solid foundation for establishing random field model of regional soft soil properties.


A combined forward and flyback converter with a simple two windings transformer, an inductor, an active switch, two diodes and a buffer capacitor is explained. The voltage transfer ratio and the demagnetizing condition are derived. The voltage transfer ratio of the new converter is significantly higher compared to the forward and the flyback converters. The converter is useful for applications where a flyback converter is too small and a forward converter with its complicate transformer is too expensive. By shunting the two diodes by a third one the efficiency can be increased and due to the reduced losses the cooling is easier. The state space equations of the different states of the converter are derived.


OF THESIS ASSOCIATING SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNINGS WITH DEMOGRAPHIC AND LANDSCAPE VARIABLES: A GEOGRAPHICALLY WEIGHTED REGRESSION-BASED MAPPING OF FORECAST BIAS Severe thunderstorm warnings (SVTs) are released by meteorologists in the local forecast offices of the National Weather Service (NWS). These warnings are issued with the intent of alerting areas in the path of severe thunderstorms that human and property risk are elevated, and that appropriate precautionary measures should be taken. However, studies have shown that the spatial distribution of severe storm warnings demonstrates bias. Greater numbers of severe thunderstorm warnings sometimes are issued where population is denser. By contrast, less populated areas may be underwarned. To investigate the spatial patterns of these biases for the central and southeastern United States, geographically weighted regression was implemented on a set of demographic and land cover descriptors to ascertain their patterns of spatial association with counts of National Weather Service severe thunderstorm warnings. GWR was performed for each our independent variables (total population, median income, and percent impervious land cover) and for all three of these variables as a group. Global R values indicate that each individual variable as well as all three collectively explain approximately 60% of the geographical variation in severe thunderstorm warning counts. Local R increased in the vicinity of several urban regions, notably Atlanta, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, and Nashville. However, the independent variables did not exhibit the same spatial patterning of R. Some cities had high local R for all variables. Other cities exhibited high local R for only one or two of these independent variables. Median income had the highest local R values overall. Standardized residuals confirmed significant differences among several NWS forecast offices in the number and pattern of severe thunderstorm warnings. Overall, approximately half of the influences on the distribution of severe thunderstorm warnings across the study area are related to underlying land cover and demographics. Future studies may find it productive to investigate the extent to which the spatial bias mapped in this study is an artifact of forecast culture, background thunderstorm regime, or a product of urban anthropogenic weather modification.


Volume 3, Issue 3 May – June 2014 Page 163 Abstract: Data Mining is the process of extracting or mining knowledge from large amount of data. Data mining is the technology that meets up to the challenge of solving our quest for knowledge from these vast data burdens. It provides us with a user oriented approach to novel hidden patterns in data. Important disciplines ranging from machine learning, information retrieval, statistics and artificial intelligence have had impacts on the development of data mining. This paper evaluates data mining in theory and in practice. An overview of database systems, data warehousing, data mining goals, applications and algorithms was carried out.


This paper focuses on the sequestration of CO{2} through mineral carbonation, i.e. reaction with magnesium silicate minerals such as serpentine to form mineral carbonates. It highlights the potential advantages of this route over alternative sequestration approaches and describes research aimed at demonstrating an economically viable mineral carbonation industry for Australia. Mineral carbonation presents a compelling case since it is permanent, safe, readily auditable and thermodynamically favoured. It also offers sufficient capacity to sequester all global anthropogenic emissions for many decades. The Albany Research Center (ARC) in the USA has previously demonstrated technically feasible routes for mineral carbonation based on high pressure aqueous systems. The economic viability of these processes has not yet been established for CO{2} prices anticipated in the medium term. Improvements in reaction rates and conversions are required, as well as optimisation of energy utilisation via process integration. These aspects are being addressed in current research programs. Here, we consider the development of a process for direct gas-fired thermal activation of serpentinite ore followed by supercritical carbonation using the ARC process. Opportunities for process optimisation, including winning of iron ore and energy integration are identified. The potential for a new Australian mining industry for mineral carbonation is outlined. Suitable outcropping resources exist in both NSW and Queensland, in close proximity to coalfields and power generation. While the scale of operations required is large, it is comparable to that of current mining operations. It is concluded that this mining-based approach offers many potential advantages over alternative sequestration approaches and could assist in meeting the biggest challenge yet faced by the industry, and indeed by the world.


Nurses at an NHS trust in Kent are backing Nursing Standard's Care campaign by devoting each Friday this month to promoting the initiative.


Digital World History is a new expression of world history (or maybe "a new method for world history expression") and a paradigm of world history description, study, and application by virtual informatization and recovery. It is also a comprehensive systematic study through dynamic marks, integrated description, and retrieval of human society evolution and its causality dependant on the theory and methodology of digitization information. It aims at breaking the limitation of diachronic language attributed to the process of history cognition, summation, and recovery, addressing a possible scheme to fuse historical factors in relation to changing history, dynamically applying a multiplicity of results so that the discipline of world history can meet the needs of the information-equipped society of the 21st century. In this article, the author uses theoretical modelling methods, resulting in a blueprint of the quality issue, namely the Digital World History premise, and a paradigm for setting the foundation and scientific data strategy as a basis for its necessity.


Variability of CzeV843 Cen was detected 31 March 2016 in the FOV of V834 Cen using Dk154 telescope at La Silla.


Background: Background and aim: Studies, mainly in developed countries, have found a negative impact of the disease on the Quality of Life (QoL). This was affected by different socio-economic factors and by clinical aspects of the disease. The aim of the present study is to measure the impact of vitiligo on the QoL among patients and to investigate its relation to socio-demographic and clinical factors, in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on 143 patients aged 16 years and above diagnosed to have vitiligo by a consultant dermatologist. All available patients to the investigator in the outpatient dermatology unit at a tertiary care hospital were asked to participate. An oral consent was obtained then a short questionnaire was filled for each patient regarding socio-demographic factors and clinical features of the disease. The QoL was estimated by using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results: The mean age ±SD was 31.85 ± 10.39 years of which 76 were males, and 67 were females. The mean DLQI score was 6.67 (±4.81SD). Only 13.3% reported no effect of the disease on their QoL while 39.9 %, 16.8%, and 30.1 % of patients reported that the disease has small, moderate and very large negative effect, respectively on their QoL. There were no significant differences between the mean DLQI scores and gender, job, type and duration of the disease and current treatment status. The Qol was significantly more negatively affected among younger patients, those with higher education, married women, patient with darker skin type, and patients with hands, arms and feet involvement and those with a negative family history of vitiligo. Conclusion: The disease has a negative impact on the QoL in the majority of patients. The dermatologist should put an emphasis on the psychological problems of the disease among their patients during planning their future management course. Duhok Med J 2020; 14 (1): 44-52


The 1990s played host to the most significant changes in the American welfare system in the last fifty years— in particular, states were granted much wider latitude in deciding who is eligible to receive welfare. Taking advantage of these changes, we examine the linkage between lower class turnout and state adoption of restrictive welfare eligibility requirements after the passage of the historic welfare reform legislation of 1996. We find that in states where lower class turnout was relatively high, lawmakers were much less likely to pass a range of "get tough" welfare rules. Our findings provide novel support for the importance of electoral mobilization in helping the lower class achieve policies consistent with their interests. However, we also uncover evidence consistent with a "group threat" hypothesis in that states with larger lower class populations tended to adopt more restrictive welfare rules. The impact of low voter turnout in the United States has been studied extensively in political science. A common justification for this research has been the strong suspicion that the low level of mobilization among disadvantaged groups quiets their voice in public debate. For example, Piven and Cloward (1989) suggested that because the lower class is not as mobilized as other groups, policy-makers have been less responsive to lower class interests, resulting in what has been characterized as a dismantling of the welfare state. Yet, when reviewing the literature on mobilization one is struck by the failure to confirm the conventional wisdom. On the one hand, numerous studies find significant disparities in turnout rates across different groups (e.g., Piven and Cloward 2000; Teixira 1992; Wolfinger and Rosenstone 1980). For example, African Americans, the poor, and the less educated are less likely to vote than their counterparts. On the other hand, despite these disparities in group mobilization, early research consistently found little or no policy consequences following from this inequality in participation. For example, Wolfinger and Rosenstone (1980, 111) conclude, "... these demographic biases [in turnout rates] do not translate into discernible overrepresentation of particular policy constituencies." More recent research has found important exceptions to these null findings, however, with studies at the state level identifying major policy consequences associated with lower levels of political mobilization among disadvantaged groups. In a series of studies, for example, Kim Quaile Hill, Jan Leighley and others have uncovered support for the claims of Piven and Cloward (1989) by demonstrating that diminished levels of lower class turnout are associated with less generous state welfare benefits (e.g., Hill and Leighley 1992; Hill, Leighley and Hinton-Andersson 1995; Ringquist et al. 1997). Such findings are consistent with the common notion that higher levels of electoral mobilization lead to greater political representation for more active groups. The current study builds on a substantial body of research examining the impact of lower class mobilization (LCM) on state welfare policy. Our approach differs from past studies in several important respects, however. In the first place, prior studies of LCM have been limited to an examination of state welfare benefit levels, which unfortunately do not vary a great deal within states over time and do not


The motion of Timoshenko beam can be described by two kinds of equations: One is a set of partial differential equations of the second order. the other is a single partial differential equation of the fourth order. For various beams such as cantilever beam, simply supported beam, hinged-fixed beam and fixed-fixed beam, we derived two kinds of frequency equations from the two kinds of equations of motion and calculated their natural frequencies and modes. The comparison shows that the two kinds of frequency equations yield the same natural frequencies and modes although they are different in appearances.


A familiar pathway to university in Queensland is through completion of senior education in a Queensland school. In 2017, 25,603 applications to university were made by Year 12 students to Queensland universities (38.8% of all Queensland university applications). Of these applications 92.1% were made university offers, totalling 41.3% of all Queensland university offers (Department of Education and Training 2017). Screenagers have grown up surrounded by multimedia and digital devices in classrooms, are very comfortable with high-technology and small screens, and making choices to use these devices over pens and paper (Yoon, Lee & Lee 2013). Often referred to as Generation Z, Post-Millennials or the iGeneration, these students have truly grown up in a digital-first world (McCahon 2017). Year 12 Queensland screenagers are experienced in navigating curriculum defined school assessment, school research expectations, and school libraries. But how do these experiences stack up against first semester university expectations in assessment and research? This research analyses Year 12 and first year university assessment to uncover current Year 12 and first year university research expectations. Methodology includes analysis of assessment rubrics and interviews with educators working in Year 12 and first year university environments. Discussion will focus on how the research results can be utilised by librarians on all sides of the leap to ensure digital and information literacy scaffolding is applied effectively for successful screenager transition to the university research experience.;


Abstract The factors influencing oviposition and feeding of Enoclerus lecontei, and the effect of temperature on egg development and survival, were studied in the laboratory. When food was not a limiting factor, the total number of eggs laid, and the total number of bark beetles consumed by clerid pairs during their lives was strongly influenced by longevity of the female and to a lesser extent by female "vigor". Female "vigor" and longevity were not necessarily coincident. The rate of oviposition and the rate of food consumption are mainly influenced by the "vigor" of the female clerid. The effect of suboptimal food on oviposition was determined. Regression equations are given for estimating the number of eggs laid utilizing three measures of food supply, number of bark beetles supplied, their weight, and number eaten. The independent variables may be used separately or combined as a multiple regression. Time for egg development varied from 5 days at 35 °C. to 28 days at 15 °C. Optimal conditions for development and survival were between 20° and 25 °C. Eggs can withstand cold storage (7° to 9 °C.) for 10 days before survival is impaired. Thereafter, mortality increases logarithmically until the 100 percentile is reached at about 43 days.


Cloud software continues to expand globally, highly motivated by how widespread the Internet is and the possibilities it unlocks with cloud computing. Still, cloud development has some intrinsic properties to it, making it complex to unexperienced developers. This research is capturing those intricacies in the form of a pattern language that gathers ten patterns for engineering software for the cloud. This paper elaborates on that research by contributing with two new patterns: AUTOMATED RECOVERY, which checks if a container is working properly, automatically recovering it in case of failure and SCHEDULER, which periodically executes actions within the infrastructure. The described patterns are useful for anyone designing software for the cloud, either to bootstrap or to validate their design decisions with the end goal of enabling them to create better software for the cloud.


Objective To explore the value of transrectal/transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound in emergency diagnosis of lower ureteral stones.Methods Transabdominal color Doppler ultrasound(3.5-5 MHz probe) and transrectal/transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound(5-8 MHz probe) were performed in 116 emergency patients with lower ureteral stones.Results The lower ureteral calculi were unilateral in all 116 patients(left-sided in 65 and right-sided in 51).Compared with transabdominal color Doppler ultrasound,the sensitivity of transrectal/transvaginal ultrasonography for left-sided and right-sided ureteral calculi significantly increased(97.0% and 98.0% vs 26.2% and 27.5%,respectively,P0.01),and the total sensitivity for lower ureteric stones also obviously increased(97.4% vs 26.7%,P0.01).Conclusion Transrectal/transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound can make up for deficiencies of transabdominal two-dimensional sonography and color Doppler ultrasound and significantly improve the sensitivity for the examination of lower ureteral stones,especially for emergency ultrasound diagnosis.


We consider a class of timing games which are suggested from a timing problem for putting some kind of farm products on the market. N players, Player 1, 2, . . . , n, take possession of the right to put some kind of farm products at any time in [0, 1]. The price of them increases with time so long as none of the n players sell them, however, if one of the n players puts his farm products on the market the price falls discontinuously and then increases with time. Such discontinuous falls in the price of farm product arise successively until n players complete to sell. All players have to put their farm product within the unit interval [0, 1]. In such a situation, each player wishes to delay action as late as possible, but does not wish to delay so late that his opponents can put earlier. We assume that all players learn neither when nor whether their opponents have put their farm products on the market. Each of the n players has to decide his action time. This model yields us a certain class of n-person non-zero sum infinite games.


This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the formative assessment (FA) of Physical Education teachers and the level of self-concept of primary school students. In this descriptive cross-sectional study of 122 schoolchildren, self-concept was assessed using the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale and the teacher's formative assessment practices through the teacher performance questionnaire associated with formative assessment practices whose scores were validated. The analysis of bivariate correlations showed that higher values in proactive FA correlated with lower values in physical self-concept and higher values in behavioural, intellectual, and social self-concept (p < .05, for all) and interactive FA with higher values in social self-concept (p < .05). The simple analysis of variance detected statistically significant differences in proactive and interactive FA (p < .05, for all) in favour of those who had a higher level of self-concept. In turn, the linear regression test indicated that higher values in retroactive FA are associated with higher values in social self-concept (p < .039) and, that higher values in proactive FA are associated with lower values in physical self-concept (p < .023). It can be concluded that the FA of the Physical Education teacher can be a differentiating element in the development of self-concept.


the the results performance es- the the dAA only amino also a significant role for the performance of carp the


An operated case of esophageal which was successfully treated with preoperative CDDP-5Fu regimen is reported, together with a review of the literature. A 67-year-old woman came to the hospital because of epigastralgia. On upper endoscopic examination, an esophageal cancer Type 2 was found at the abdominal esophagus (Ea). Biopsy of the tumor revealed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Preoperative chemotherapy was started with 70mg/m2 of CDDP on the day first followed by 800mg/m2 of 5-Fu for consecutive 3 days. After the regimen upper gastrointestinal series and endoscopy revealed a slight decrease in tumor size but the response was judged no change. The tumor invaded the muscularis propria on endoscopic ultrasonography. On 18th day after preorerative chemotherapy right thoracotomy, lararotomy, and intrathoracic anastomosis were performed. Gross examination of the tumor showed MoPloAoNo. Histopathologicaly many foreign body giant cells were seen in the submucosal and subserosal layers, but no cancer cell was detected. The effect of this chemotherapy corresponded to Ef3 in the histologic criteria for the effect of anticancer chemotherapy. In additional 15 cases which wer done chemotherapy on our protocal, 2 cases corresponded to Ef2. Further examination of this chemotherapy would be also necessary in metastasized lesions.


Simulations Optical Sciences | A promising application of laser-wake(cid:12)eld acceleration (LWFA) technology is as a tunable source of x-ray and gamma radiation via synchrotron radiation. Such a source could have many potential applications. Consequently, the generation of synchrotron radiation in LWFA experiments is investigated computationally using the particle-in-cell simulation code OSIRIS 2.0. In LWFA systems, electrons are accelerated by the wake structure pro-duced by a propagating laser pulse up to the dephasing length. The wake (cid:12)elds not only accelerate, but axially focus the beam; consequently the electron beam natu-rally undergoes betatron motion while being accelerated. Once the beam passes the dephasing length, it slows and re-enters the plasma, undergoing a hosing instabil-ity. This dramatically increases the magnitude of the beam's betatron oscillations. Consequently, radiation emission in LWFA experiments can be controlled by varying the propagation distance of the laser pulse. The particle-in-cell code OSIRIS 2.0 was modi(cid:12)ed with a novel model for explicitly simulating synchrotron radiation to investigate this phenomena computationally. A parameter sweep was performed, varying the propagation distance of the simulation. The results of this parameter sweep are presented and discussed.


Innovative materials with novel properties are in great demand for use in the criticalcomponents of emerging technologies, which promise to be more cost-effective and energyefficient.A controversia ...


Background. Technologies for the production of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of various classes are rapidly developing in Ukraine and the world. Small in terms of weight and dimensions and almost invisible for most information and measurement systems, UAVs began to be used in various industries - from the national economy to multimedia and advertising. Together with their useful application, new dangers and incidents have appeared - a collision of UAVs with people, structures, cultural monuments, the transportation of criminal goods, terrorist acts, flights over prohibited areas and within airports. UAV detection and control of their movement in populated areas and near critical objects are becoming one of the most important tasks of air traffic control services. The existing systems of the optical, acoustic and radar ranges cannot effectively perform such tasks in difficult meteorological conditions. As an addition to the already developed detection systems, it is proposed to use radiometric systems that register the UAV's own radio-thermal radiation. The authors have developed the theoretical foundations for the construction of multifrequency complexes necessary for the specification of their structural schemes.
Objective. The purpose of the paper is development of a scheme for a multi-frequency radiometric complex for detecting UAVs in different meteorological conditions based on optimal algorithms.
Methods. Analysis of the experience in the development of radiometric systems and methods for dealing with fluctuations in the gain of receivers, optimal operations for processing signals of intrinsic radio-thermal radiation, investigations of the probabilistic characteristics of detection and analysis of the domestic market of microwave technology developers will make it possible to develop a scheme of a multifrequency radiometric complex that will perform reliable measurements in various meteorological conditions.
Results. A block diagram of a four-frequency radiometric complex is proposed, which can be implemented in practice and is capable of performing reliable measurements in various meteorological conditions. The frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 35 GHz, and 94 GHz were chosen as the resonant frequencies for tuning the radiometric receivers. For a given design and characteristics of receivers, the probabilities of detecting a UAV were calculated depending on the range of its flight.
Conclusions. From the results of the analysis of the existing achievements in the development of radiometric systems in Ukraine and the elemental base of microwave components available on the market, it follows that the Ku and K bands have the worst characteristics of spatial resolution, but are all-weather. The Ka and W bands are highly sensitive to radio-thermal radiation against the background of a clear sky, but are completely "blind" in a cloudy atmosphere and in rain. The results of calculating the detection ranges with a probability of 0.9 lie in the range from 1 to 3 km, depending on the condition of the atmosphere. These results coincide with the known detection ranges of optical, acoustic and radar systems, but the selected parameters of the receivers do not correspond to potential world achievements and can be improved.


A method of determination of the average particle size of TiO_2 by use of laser particle sizer has been developed.The factors influencing the analytical determination are indicated,and a stable determination system is established.This method is featured by its easy,simple,accurate and good reproducibility,and suitable for the determination of particle size of TiO 2.


System X is a super computer conceived in February 2003 by a team of Virginia Tech faculty and administrators and represents what can happen when the academic and IT organizations collaborate [1]. As of December 1, 2004 the System X is the 7th fastest super computer in the world [2]. It is capable of performing 12.25 trillion floating point operations a second. In this paper we will review the processor, the interconnection network fabric used and the cooling system used in the System X. 1 System X Specifications • Nodes1100 Apple XServe G5 2.3 GHz dual processor cluster nodes (4 GB RAM, 80 GB S-ATA HD) • Primary Communication 24 Mellanox 96 port InfiniBand switches (4X InfiniBand, 10 Gbps) • Secondary Communication 6 Cisco 4506 Gigabit Ethernet switches • Cooling Liebert X-treme Density System cooling • SoftwareMac OS X, MVAPICH, XLC & XLF • Current Linpack Rpeak = 20.24 Teraflops, Rmax = 12.25 Teraflops


Benorilate is a good non-steroidal antipyretic analgesics,product of structurally modified ester of aspirin and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol.In this paper,methods of synthesis of benorilate were reviewed.


Histological structure of leaves from in vitro propagated Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. plants was investigated as follows: control plants without cryopreservation, plants, passed through cryopreservation, pre-treated in two ways (16 h sucrose 0.3M and 10 days ABA/abscisic acid/ 0.076μМ) and adapted ex vitro micropropagated plants. Light microscopy analysis (LM) revealed that low temperature cause collapse of the photosynthetic tissues. Pre-treatment with sucrose diminishes stress eff ect. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis gave additional information about the structure of the epidermis of in vitro cultivated plants.


To respond to the Covid-19 pandemic, New South Wales established a critical intelligence unit to keep abreast of new developments and aid health care leadership in decision-making.


VASCULAR COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT: PREVENTABLE DEMENTIA By John V. Bowler and Vladimir Hachinski 2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press Price: £79.50. ISBN 0‐19‐263267‐1

'It has now become accepted that vascular dementia is not a single disease but a group of conditions with different pathological correlates and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms' (Sarti, p. 76). '[R]ather than being a single condition, the term represents an amalgamation of several pathophysiological mechanisms producing a very heterogeneous clinical presentation' (Ferris, p. 139). 'VaD [vascular dementia] is a heterogeneous group of diseases rather than a unique pathological process' (Pantoni, p. 222). This fact, contained in these sentences and repeated often in the 24 chapters, is the origin of so many of the conceptual and empirical problems in the field of vascular cognitive impairment and of the admirable attempts at clarification and synthesis in this edited collection of papers. The issue of the various and changing definitions of vascular dementia, and its sometimes‐suppressed heterogeneity, are so powerful that many writers make these written genuflections before settling down to describe their own detailed findings.

Vascular changes and disease affect the brain's functions, including the cognitive functions. That much is clear, and the issue is attracting more interest, including attempts to systematize the phenomena and aetiologies of vascular cognitive impairments. Bowler and Hachinski's edited collection makes a timely, useful, wide‐ranging and often very pithy contribution. It is also challenging. Even for this reader, with a background in medicine, psychiatry and cognitive psychology, there are chapters where the material is unfamiliar and difficult to assimilate and evaluate. Topics range from economics and epidemiology, through clinical criteria and cognition, to imaging and molecular mechanisms, and beyond.

The pair of introductory chapters was especially useful. Roman's account of 500 years of development of the vascular dementia concept follows Bowler and Hachinski's own account of the …


To study and optimize diffusion tensor imaging(DTI)acquisition techniquesi,n a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner,single-shot DTI images were acquired by using three protocols with different numbers of diffusion-encoding gradient directions(NDGD.) DTI indices,including diffusivity(〈 D〉,) fractional anisotropy(FA) and diffusion tensor eigenvalues,were calculated and compared with regions of interest(ROI) level and voxel-level methods for three protocols in six locations.In addition,DTI images were acquired with different diffusion sensitized factors b.The relationships between signal-to-noise ratio,apparent diffusion coefficient and b were analyzed.At the ROI level,no significant differences were found for 〈 D〉and FA among protocols,however,not for eigenvalues.At the voxel level,the correlation coefficient between 21-NDGD and 31-NDGD protocols was higher in most locations.Signal-to-noise ratio reduced with increased b.Apparent diffusion coefficient and its standard deviation had different change in a certain range of b.It is concluded that the selection of NDGD should depend on the different diffusion tensor imaging applications to ROI or voxel-level analyses and different diffusion tensor imaging indices,and b in the range of 400—1 300 s/mm2 is better.


The speciation of vanadate solutions and the resulting inhibition of oxygen reduction and corrosion of AA2024-T3 were investigated. 51V NMR is very useful for assessing vanadate speciation. Clear metavanadate solutions contain no decavanadate, which forms whenever the pH was decreased by the addition of acid. Orange decavanadate solutions contain no monovanadate, even when the pH is adjusted to high values. Monovanadate is a potent inhibitor in contrast to decavanadate. Inhibition by monovanadate seems to result from an adsorption mechanism rather than reduction. Monovanadate effectively protects S phase particles. Aging of high-pH decavanadate solutions does not improve the inhibition performance or result in complete depolymerization of the decavanadate.


This paper offers suggestions for climate change policies advancing technological changes necessary for sustainable development. It first explains why relentless pursuit of cost effectiveness through broad environmental benefit trading does not maximize long term technological advancement and explores options for narrowing trading's design. It then explores two alternatives to Kyoto style trading to show how a goal of creating a positive long term economic dynamic


Through literature research and field investigation, this paper compares the development and current situation of the higher education system of fashion design specialty in Fujian and Taiwan, and further studies the differences between educational system, personnel training objectives, enrollment methods and curriculum planning. Compared with Fujian and Mainland China, Taiwan's education system of fashion design specialty diversifies in the length of schooling and the enrollment system , which is beneficial to absorb various types and levels of learners who are willing to engage in the clothing industry; Research shows that Taiwan universities differ in the personnel training objectives and the curriculum planning, and the flexible, distinctive and differentiated education system help to avoid competition and is beneficial to the training of all kinds of talents in the clothing industry. The paper proposed that higher education of fashion design in Fujian should carry out reforms and enhance the diversity, autonomy and flexibility, and cultivate qualified talents for Fujian clothing industry in the process of upgrading and transformation.


Semiconductor cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) exhibited mirror-image circular dichroism (CD) spectra in the visible region (350-570 nm) after replacing the trioctylphosphine oxide/oleic acid ligands on achiral nanocrystals with D- and L-cysteines. Chiroptical properties of cysteine-capped CdSe QDs depend on their size and can be fine-tuned by changing the radius of QDs.


Starch noodle is a popular starchy food,the nutrient value and people's dietary structure can be enhanced through adding sweetpotato flour. The AOAC methods,scanning electron microscope( SEM),differential scanning calorimetry( DSC),swelling power,solubility and retrogradation rate were used to evaluate the influence of the amount of purple sweetpotato flour( 0%,5,8%,10%,12%,15%) on the properties of sweetpotato starch,and the texture and cooking properties of starch noodle were also investigated. The result showed that with the increasing of the amount purple sweetpotato flour,the swelling power,solubility,retrogradation property and the a*value of sweetpotato starch were significantly increased,gel strength,viscosity and brightness of sweetpotato starch were significantly decreased,and the thermal properties of sweetpotato starch was also significantly changed. At the same time,the color,texture and cooking properties of sweetpotato starch noodle were significantly decreased with the increasing of the percentage of purple sweetpotato flour. The effect of the percentage of purple sweetpotato flour on the physico-chemical properties of sweetpotato starch was significant. Furthermore,the quality properties of starch noodle were better when the percentage of purple sweetpotato was 12%. This study provided basic data for the research and development of sweet potato nutritional starch noodle.


Alprazolam is a white crystalline powder, which is soluble in methanol or ethanol but which has no appreciable solubility in water at physiological pH. Each XANAX XR extended-release tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, or 3 mg of alprazolam. The inactive ingredients are lactose, magnesium stearate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and hypromellose. In addition, the 1 mg and 3 mg tablets contains D & C yellow No. 10 and the 2 mg and 3 mg tablets contain FD&C blue No. 2.


A 40 year reanalysis of atmospheric observations (including surface ocean wave observations) is presently underway. The computations are being performed at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and will cover the period from mid 1957 to 2001. This paper aims at giving an assessment of the first 7 years (1987-93) of produced ocean-wave and wind data. We give here a detailed assessment of the quality of the data and its adequacy for ocean wave and wind climatology and extreme events studies.


Multi-access Edge Computing is another name for MEC. With the aim of spreading computation resources across networks instead of consolidating them in data centers, "the Edge computing" brings computational capabilities nearer to the consumer of the data. This results in more flexible efficiency, lessened network load, and faster data transfer. By moving those resources towards the user, MEC offers operators and companies additional 5G business opportunities. This decreases latency and eases traffic on host networks. MEC helps operators provide 5G services with great bandwidth and minimal latency. This article examines the challenge of MEC in AR/VR applications as well as its actual implementation.


The objective of this study was to chemically alter Cassia gum by means of carboxymethylation reaction with the aid of microwave radiations, producing highly substituted carboxymethylated Cassia gum. The carboxymethyl substitution of Cassia gum was optimized using response surface methodology. The optimal parameters were found to be microwave power of 50 W and microwave exposure time of 7.36 minute which provided carboxymethylated gum with a degree of substitution of 2.5 (Predicted 2.3). Structural changes after carboxymethylation reaction were confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray diffraction. Further, diclofenac sodium-loaded Cagelled carboxymethylated Cassia gum beads were prepared. The effect of microwave exposure on beads was studied at different powers. However, no significant influence of microwave exposure on the release of diclofenac from beads was observed. The beads were observed to release diclofenac by zero-order kinetics with anamolous release mechanism. In conclusion, the microwave-assisted carboxymethyl modification of Cassia gum can be carried out to prepare modified gum with potential for use as matrix material for pharmaceutical applications.


This work deals with investigation of certain difficulties met in aesthetic pollution assessment. Experimental Economics techniques, like answering to a questionnaire (including quantifiers under the form of 'willingness to pay/accept', WTP/A) have been incorporated into a Fault Synthesis/Analysis (FTS/A) methodology. An implementation is presented concerning the archaeological site of Elefsina, where atmospheric/visual pollution is evident, due to industrial activities taking place in the vicinity. It is proved that there is no significant linear correlation between WTP and WTA, in spite of what is suggested in certain theoretical aspects; thus, not only the WTA-WTP disparity, reported also by some authors (in cases other than aesthetic pollution), is confirmed but, furthermore, the lack of correlation is proved (valid in other two industrial sites near Athens, too). Last, we have indicated that extended aesthetic pleasure (EAP), used as an index of visual externalities, can contribute to the conceptual determination of the optimal value of effort intensification and the resources spent (Iopt) to achieve a certain aesthetic result. According to this analysis, Iopt is decreased in the short run (due to lack of information diffusion, mainly in the public) and increased in the long run, due to knowledge accumulation/transfer/diffusion. The methodology presented herein has been successfully implemented in the case of the archaeological site of Elefsina, where the corresponding EAP is decreased by the industrial activities taking place in the vicinity. Key-Words: aesthetic pollution, visual pollution, experimental economics, contingent valuation method, fault tree synthesis, fault tree analysis, benefit maximization, fuzzy sets.


For the sound reproduction of the pine forests in the central steppe, improve their environmental and resource potential special attention should be paid to the organization and efficient use of natural seed base of natural populations, selected on the basis of study of mold diversity, geographical and ecological variability of Scots pine in the geographic cultures of the central forest-steppe. Study of mold diversity, geographical and ecological variation of tree species is an important reserve for increasing the productivity and sustainability of newly established forests. This article studies growth and survival of Scots pine in the geographic cultures of central forest-steppe. Using the method of factor analysis the differentiation of the population structure of Scots pine on the European part of Russia in terms of productivity, quality of the trunk is presented.


In order to obtain high performance CMOS devices, introduction of new technologies into the front-end fabrication process are required and therefore so-called technology boosters such as strained channel, metal gate, high-k gate dielectrics, thin body SOI, and multi-gate transistor, are proposed so far. Among these technologies, gate stack technology is common key issue for scaled CMOS devices. In this proceeding, we will discuss on high-k gate dielectrics and metal gate technology, and recent achievements of these technologies are reviewed.


Mark Bray is Dean of the Faculty of Education and Chair Professor of Comparative Education at the University of Hong Kong. He is also President of the World Council of Comparative Education Societies (WCCES). Among his specialisms is the economics and financing of education. He has conducted consultancy assignments in over 50 countries for such bodies as the Asian Development Bank, British Council, Commonwealth Secretariat, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF and the World Bank. He has also published extensively in the fields of educational planning and comparative education. Address: Comparative Education Research Centre, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China. E-mail: mbray@hku. hk.


The structure of a stellar core of condensed type is generally discussed to show that physical variables at the center can be determined almost completely as functions of central entropy, if the polytropic index is known in the relatively central region. Based on this relation, the thermal runaway through the helium :flash in less massive stars is investigated, treating the core mass as a parameter. Taking into account the finite thermal conductivity, a convection core is shown to develop in the degenerate region. If we assume a sufficiently large efficiency of convective heat-transport, the maximum central temperature in the course of the helium :flash is too low to lead the core of 0.53 M0 to explosion, in contrast to the model sequence calculated by Schwarzschild and Harm. The effect of the finite efficiency of convective heat--transport is investigated, using the mixing length theory of convection and treating the ratio of the mixing length to the scaleheight of pressure as a parameter. Structures of cores including this effect are solved numerically. It is found that, if this ratio is smaller than a critical value which depends on the core niass, an instability occurs; the heat energy liberated by helium burning is blocked and the central temperature reaches a value, above which the effect of inertia leads the core into explosion.


In order to solve the problem of three-dimensional two medium transportation problems of fluid dynamics, the transportation principles of a metal ball moving in constant velocity fields were given. The space district was dispersed into some cuboid Euler cells in the directions of three coordinate axes, along which mediums were transported by turns. The continuous boundary condition was adopted to simulate infinite boundary. The interface reconstruction method in the mixture cells was the volume fractions method. The numerical simulation result indicates that the shape and size of the medium cuboid can keep unchanged basically during the medium transportation. The overspeed transportation problem of the volume fractions method in the course of transportation is pointed out. The research may provide certain reference and guidance for solving the multi-material fluid dynamics problems.


Our unique national conditions and the stage of development lead to the particularity of urbanization. We reviewed the development of the commerce space and residence space in the Decentralization and Suburbanization, then concluded that they had mutual influence and alternately changed dominant position in different historical background. We investigated the process of develepment, then suggested some solution to the harmoniously development.


Compounding agent for rubber vulcanization containing an amino-alcohol salt of a carboxylic acid group-containing disulfide, which is obtained by a reaction of a dithiocarboxylic acid and an amino alcohol and the formula (I): wherein R lt, with improved bonding properties with the metal, and low heat build-up properties.


When Charles IV relinquished his dominions in favor of Bonaparte, the inhabitants of New Spain and other Hispanic territories faced a major problem: who would be in charge of government? Or, in Servando Teresa de Mier's words: what had to be done so that a group of individuals could be recognized by the heads of the military and obeyed by the people? The main political actors soon realized that any option would be disputable.  Our paper examines this phenomenon during the process of Independence. Juntas , congresses and governments would always be liable to questioning. The return of Ferdinand VII to the throne and his incapacity to restore the pre-1808 order proved that there was no turning back the process of debating the political order.


The entire sample of 37 X-ray clusters of galaxies detected by the Ariel 5 satellite at high latitudes is analyzed optically. Morphological types (for all clusters) and central galaxy densities (for all clusters with measured redshifts) are determined, and the positions, redshifts, and richness groups of the set of Southern Hemisphere X-ray clusters are estimated. The X-ray luminosity is found to be correlated with both cluster morphology and central galaxy density. The observed correlations are consistent with a thermal-bremsstrahlung model in which the hot intracluster gas density is proportional to the galaxy density, and the temperature is proportional to the galaxy velocity dispersion.


Melanophilin (MLPH) gene affects dilution of coat colour. It focuses on D locus alleles and in c.-22G>A polymorphism 2 alleles were described. Dominant D allele controls regular colour whereas recessive d allele causes dilution. Diluted colouration in Belgian Shepherd variety Malinois is undesirable and excluded from breeding. Dilution of the coat colour can sometimes be accompanied by skin disease (CDA or BHFD). Methods of molecular genetics including PCR-RFLP method were used to identify c.-22G>A polymorphism in MLPH gene. Within the analysed population of 56 dogs following genotypes were discovered: 50 dogs with homozygous DD genotype, i.e. 89.29% frequency of occurrence and 6 dogs with heterozygous Dd genotype, i.e. 10.71% frequency of occurrence.


Because of inhomogeneous settlement of ground and rainfall erosion, buried pipeline will be exposed and unsupported during its normal used stage. According to this unsupported state, oil pipeline which is buried under earth is built as space shell model of finite element to analyze its stresses and deformation. Security criteria of strength and stiffness under normal used state are presented. Based on security criteria, limited spans for pipe's security use are determined when one, two and many sites are unsupported. Meanwhile supported plans are presented to ensure pipeline security under normal used state.


João Delgado's poetry first appeared as an anthology of translated poetry in He'arat Shulaym Issue 1, published in November 2001 in Jerusalem by the artist collective Sala-Manca. The entire issue was devoted to João Delgado. Delgado was a Portuguese-Argentinean poet, born in Lisbon circa 1920 (or not), who left Portugal as a political refugee for Buenos Aires. He disappeared in 1976 during the military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983). Since 1976, there has been no trace of his fate, although new fragments of his work are constantly being discovered, translated, and published by the Sala-Manca group. There is no evidence of any originals of his work. Literary critics in Israel praised Delgado's poetry and art and even identified previously unknown relationships to poets and artists from the European avantgarde. In Sala-Manca's artistic work, dating back two decades, João Delgado and his heteronyms would have a central role and focus, blurring the boundaries of the group, blurring the fictional with the "real", and proposing a subjectivity that embraces multiplicity and dispersion. Translating his poetry into Hebrew, a foreign language (to Delgado), and bringing it into print for the first time in neither its original language nor the cultural context in which it was created may be seen as a kind of de-contextualization of the poet's poetry, since Delgado always kept himself and his oeuvre connected to the immediate surroundings where it was produced. On the other hand, perhaps it is actually this possibility—to "become only in translation"—that is one of the outstanding characteristics of Delgado's poetry, emblematic of its linguistic and conceptual elasticity. This paper examines João Delgado's poetic work in relation to Sala-Manca's artistic work and the way in which both Sala-Manca and Delgado create a "system of life" by being heteronyms of one another, allowing for a multiplicity of identities, and stressing the relation to Others.


OF THESIS USING A VIDEO MODELING-BASED INTERVENTION PACKAGE TO TEACH HAND WASHING TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM The purpose of this study was to teach four preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to wash their hands independently using a video modeling-based intervention package. A research questions was asked: Is there a functional relation between a video modeling-based intervention package and increases in level and trend for washing hands independently? A multiple probe across participants design was used to answer this question. Results indicated that the intervention package had functional relation with the increase in level and trend of the three participants' performance in washing hands. The intervention package of video modeling and least-to-most prompting was found to be effective to teach the participants the skills taught.


The present invention is steam blasting and alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidizing process for treating stalk. The process includes the first steam blasting and drying treatment of stalk, the subsequent treatment in alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution at 30-40 deg.c for 12-36 hr, filtering to obtain filter residue, drying the filter residue, enzymolysis with cellulase in buffer liquid at 40-50 deg.c for 48-72 hr to obtain enzymolyzed liquid with sugar concentration of 104.68-110.97 g/l. After enzymolysis, the cellulase may be recovered.


We examine the kinematic morphology of early-type galaxies (ETGs) in eight galaxy clusters in the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral-field spectrograph Galaxy Survey. The clusters cover a mass range of and we measure spatially resolved stellar kinematics for 315 member galaxies with stellar masses within 1 R200 of the cluster centers. We calculate the spin parameter, λR, and use this to classify the kinematic morphology of the galaxies as fast or slow rotators (SRs). The total fraction of SRs in the ETG population is FSR = 0.14 ± 0.02 and does not depend on host cluster mass. Across the eight clusters, the fraction of SRs increases with increasing local overdensity. We also find that the slow-rotator fraction increases at small clustercentric radii (Rcl < 0.3 R200), and note that there is also an increase in the slow-rotator fraction at Rcl ∼ 0.6 R200. The SRs at these larger radii reside in the cluster substructure. We find that the strongest increase in the slow-rotator fraction occurs with increasing stellar mass. After accounting for the strong correlation with stellar mass, we find no significant relationship between spin parameter and local overdensity in the cluster environment. We conclude that the primary driver for the kinematic morphology–density relationship in galaxy clusters is the changing distribution of galaxy stellar mass with the local environment. The presence of SRs in the substructure suggests that the cluster kinematic morphology–density relationship is a result of mass segregation of slow-rotating galaxies forming in groups that later merge with clusters and sink to the cluster center via dynamical friction.


3D model of axial piston pump is based on the soft SolidWorks,and at the same time the simulation of motion is carried out by the CAE soft COSMOSMotion in order to justification of design factors.The curve of motion is ploted for reference of axial piston pump design,it improves vividness and intuitionist of the axial piston pump design.


It provides a method and apparatus for providing a traveling outside their home system and the subscriber's local authentication. Subscriber identification token 230, and provides authentication support by generating a signature (370) based on a key that is held in secret from the mobile unit 220. It prevents the subscriber own after removal of the token programmed to hold the negative key from the subscriber identification token 230, the mobile unit 220 may not have access to the subscriber's account, which was subsequently.


Cyclosporine A (CsA) plays a pivotal role in controlling Ca2+movement in the cell modulating also the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We investigated if chronic administration of CsA may have some effects on the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant pattern of rat liver mitochondria and on their morphological structure. It seems that CsA administration does not statistically affect the redox status of the antioxidants investigated and their amounts (vitamin E, CoQ9, CoQ10, glutathione,uric acid and ascorbic acid) despite the variety of effects that this treatment produces at physiological and morphological levels. However, some kind of derangement could occur in the liver biochemical machinery since CsA treatment induces a markedly increased variability in antioxidant contents.


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PART ONE: THEORY AND SYSTEMS Role of Public Opinion in Democratic Societies Establishing Intelligence Systems to Capture Public Opinion PART TWO: MONITORING AND ANALYZING THE MEDIA Monitoring the Media Asking Questions Content Analysis Techniques PART THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES Survey Design and Sampling Survey Development Survey Administration Focus Groups, Delphi Techniques, Stakeholder Assemblies and Q Methodology PART FOUR: THEORIES ON IMPACT OF THE MEDIA Academic Debate over Media Effects The Effects Continuum


THE PSYCHIATRIC CONSULTANT has become an increasingly familiar figure in the social agency. In the past he has been associated particularly with the voluntary casework agency, where the demarcation between psychosocial treatment and psychotherapy cannot always be sharply drawn. Recently, however, the public assistance agency has made greater use of such consultants. Of all social agencies, those administering public assistance are most concerned with meeting the environmental needs of clients. The responsibilities of public assistance workers lie in handling" practical, and chiefly financial, problems. These caseworkers attempt to understand the multiple causal factors in the social breakdown of the families with which they work. Experienced caseworkers have special skills in this area. For help with complicated underlying psychological factors they turn to the psychiatric consultant, whose particular skills include diagnosing and evaluating the unconscious causes of social breakdown. The consultant supplements the caseworker's knowledge in arriving at prognostic thinking about such situations. There is a sharp line between the responsibilities of the two professions at the point of consultation in a public assistance agency; therefore, it is possible ro see in clear perspective how each discipline contributes to a better understanding of a case, and so enhances the service rendered to the client. The caseworker in a public assistance agency, administering categorical aid, is always involved in environmental manipulation, in addition to offering help with psychological and interpersonal difficulties. He may recognize distortions of adjustment, but he frequently feels helpless to handle them in the face of the accompanying financial need. Yet the giving or withholding of financial assistance always has psychological meaning to the client. Knowledge derived from psychoanalytic theory and principles can be utilized to assist workers in helping with environmental problems, just as the same knowledge is necessary for adequate functioning in one-to-one therapy, or in intensive casework situations. Every manipulative maneuver has a specific and frequently unconscious meaning for each client. One aim of casework is to anticipate and predict the outcome of work with clients. The caseworker can profit from joint investigation with the psychiatric consultant into the probable unconscious reactions of clients.


Abstract This paper addresses multiple semi‐automated methods for discriminating landuse/landcover (LULC) classification in the absence of field data. The study site comprises a heterogeneous mixture of physiographic landscape elements in a remote area of eastern Mexico. Classification of modified Tasseled Cap transformations as well as a hybrid unsupervised‐supervised classification technique were employed using a Landsat 7ETM+ scene; the panchromatic band was reserved for accuracy assessment. Using a random stratified sampling scheme, overall accuracies ranged from 61.5% to 83.3% and Khat accuracies varied from 56% to 81.1%. The classifications derived from modified Tasseled Cap transformations did not appropriately discriminate landscape components, possibly owing to landscape heterogeneity. Classification results were improved through the use of landscape stratification in the attribution phase in the hybrid classification procedure, recommended for complex environments. Lastly, this work underscores the emerging importance of reserving Landsat 7ETM+ panchromatic information for accuracy assessment when field data are lacking.


A lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition is provided to ensure a little influence on environment due to excellent throwing power, low contents of volatile organic compounds and metal ions, and consumption reduction thereof. A lead-free cationic electrodeposition coating composition includes an aqueous medium, a binder resin, a neutralization acid for neutralizing cationic epoxy resins, an organic solvent, and a metal catalyst. The binder resin comprises the cationic epoxy resin dispersed or dissolved in the aqueous medium, and a blocking isocyanate hardener. The cationic epoxy resin has a glass transition temperature of 10-30 °C and a number average molecular weight of 1500-3000. The electrodeposition coating composition has a volatile organic compound content of 1wt% or less, a metal ion content of 500 ppm or less, and a neutralization acid amount of 10-30 mg equivalent per the binder resin solid content 100 g.


I write with the aim of keeping subscribers and readers informed about forthcoming changes concerning Polar Record, the journal of the Scott Polar Research Institute, that is published by Cambridge University Press. Many will be aware that the journal dates from 1931 and that its name arises from the need to record activity in polar areas, and in those days this largely consisted in setting out the heroic deeds of the various pioneering expeditions. The very first issue (priced at 1 shilling or 5 pence in today's currency!) contained information about Mawson's British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, Byrd's first Antarctic Expedition and referred to the then recent deaths of Nansen, Sverdrup and Royds.


The melting transition in twinned and untwinned single crystals is measured resistively in fields up to 8 T as a function of the angle between the c axis and the a-b plane. The angular dependence follows the Lindemann criterion with CL=0.15. The suppression of melting by strong pinning by twin boundaries is demonstrated


These updated guidelines replace the previous management guidelines published in 2001. The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them.


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Polymer concretes are used in construction, engineering, electrical and chemical industries. Polymer concrete mixes are characterized by low mobility mixtures, due to their high viscosity. It makes difficult to use them in the production of thin-walled and high-reinforced structures, monolithic floors, application of finishing and protective coatings and repairing of roads. The influence of additives of dibutyl-phthalate, chlorinated paraffin, technical glycerin and engine oil on the mobility of the concrete mix and the physical and mechanical properties of fine-grained concrete, based on polyester resin, was studied. For polymer concretes with different type and quantity of plasticizer the density and bending and compression strength were determined. To improve the workability of the concrete mix and obtain a polymer concrete with a homogeneous structure and high strength, it is recommended to use chlor-paraffin ChP-470A and "Lukoil" engine oil as a plasticizer.


This research explores the learning that took place in three hybrid university-level courses in education, which were designed according to three main design-principles: (a)engage learners in peer instruction, (b)involve learners in assessment processes, and (c)reuse student artifacts as resource for further learning. These principles were employed in the courses in different manners according to the goals, contents, and target audience in each of the courses. About 40 graduate, and 260 undergraduate students participated in the study. Data-sources included collaborative and personal artifacts in the courses' sites (wikis, forums, and documents created by teams or individuals), researchers' reflective journal, surveys and interviews. We focus on the first design-principle, and show how learning was promoted by features designed according to this principle in each of the courses. We recommend course-designers and instructors in higher-education to use the design-principles identified and developed in this research to foster meaningful learning in other web-based courses.


Sum rules are derived for simple scattering process of an atom with a surface. The sum rules are based on information theoretic approach to collision processes. The results agree with the experimental measurement of direct inelastic scattering of rare gas atoms from metal surfaces. (AIP)


Direct evidence for the multiphoton ionization with subsequent fragmentation of the chromate ions (CrO42−)adsorbed on a disperse SiO2 surface is provided by luminescence measurements using the Nd-doped yttrium aluminum garnet pulsed laser as a source of excitation. Experiments were done with the fundamental laser frequency (λ=1.064 μm; τp=20 ns). The multiphoton absorption proceeds through an intermediate three-photon resonance state. The luminescence response results from recombination of photoelectrons with ionized CrO42− ions and ionized surface oxygendeficient centers. The dynamics of this process include autoionization, which is stimulated by intermolecular perturbation in overexcited states, fragmentation of chromate ions, and annealing of the oxygen-deficient centers.