The invention is part of semi-dry to the information related to the disc rubber, divided with the exhaust gas dividing device along in the conventional semi-dry disk rubber in the exhaust gas capacity exhaust gas of the semi-dry dust collector provided in the incinerator of the Air Pollution Control Facilities The the "axial flow type rotating apparatus" to have a centrifugal force and the inertial force by the whirling flow to a technique for further installation. Semi-dry rubber disc is usually a bag filter is provided at the front end by injecting the liquid calcium hydroxide (ca (oh) 2) to neutralize the fluid nozzle such as acid gases and heavy metals present in the exhaust gas. absorption. Subjected to reaction mechanisms such as diffusion is then removed from the equipment, which bag house filters comprises dwan with dust components in the exhaust gas. The present invention is semi-dry disk rubber cake in the installed axial-flow type rotary machine in both evenly distributing plate bottom to divide the exhaust gas an exhaust gas is a predetermined distance or more drooping around the three or four fluid nozzle by extending the residence time of the reaction liquid and the calcium hydroxide is sprayed in the fluid nozzle to be eager to improve the removal efficiency of the acid gases and heavy metals in the exhaust gas. To this end, the present invention is semi-dry disk rubber number of fluid nozzle designed in accordance with the exhaust gas in addition to the day-to-day systems, such as the included reaction tower, the tank flow, pump, piping, control equipment, gas current plate by the exhaust gas of install the axial flow type rotary machine which can cause a centrifugal force and inertial force of the distribution plate, which can be divided in the swirl flow when installed in an exhaust gas inlet portion and the exhaust gas in the lower plate to be sucked into the semi-dry disk rubber reaction tower do. Axial-flow type rotary machine is divided into a larger exhaust fluid nozzle insertion tube, the guide van body, a hopper, a nozzle fixed pin, the nozzle seal area, such as the guide to secure the rotator.


OBJECTIVE
To generate baseline data about the standards of practice of local research ethics committees (LRECs) in order to describe accurately the situation of ethical review procedures prior to the establishment of multi-centre research ethics committees (MRECs).

DESIGN
The LERECs in the South Thames NHS Region were asked to describe their current practices, and to send us a copy of their application forms and guidance notes for researchers.

RESULTS
All of the 27 LRECs approached for the survey responded. The results indicate that there are generally high standards of practice, and that most LRECs work in accordance with published guidelines.

CONCLUSION
The problems that researchers face in seeking to obtain ethical approval for multi-centre research (pages 242-5) do not seem to have been caused by substandard LRECs. Hence the new system needs to sustain the high standards of practice whilst confronting the difficulties.


Network-on-Chip(NoC) is the most promising solution for System-on-Chip(SoC) communication problems.The problem,how to map IP cores to the mesh tiles,is one of the key issues of NoC design.Mapping problem is naturally a quadratic assignment problem,which is known to be NP hard problem.Genetic Algorithm(GA) is suitable to solve the approximate solution to this kind of NP problems.Proposes a mapping method based on GA.The experimental result shows that GA can get the minimum energy consumption mapping within few minutes.


The Information Systems opening to the cloud computing has become a strategic choice for enterprises. In fact, the rapid evolution of competitiveness and innovation and the diversity of technologic offers incite IT decision makers to look for decision support tools helping them for the adoption of new solutions and services such as Cloud Computing. This article introduces a maturity assessment model of an information system architecture functional block that can be outsourced to the Cloud. Based on the best practices of enterprise architecture and information systems governance, the basic criteria of activities outsourcing, and the cloud computing adoption requirements, this model is built around four modules: the block scope identification, the outsourcing opportunity, the cloud computing architectural requirements, and governance and control. Thus, this model will provides new benefits for opened Enterprise Architectures to new technologies.


Ground-based telescopes and space exploration have provided outstanding observations of the complexity of icy planetary surfaces. This work presents our review of the varying nature of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) ices from the cold traps on the Moon to Pluto in the Kuiper Belt. This review is organized into five parts. First, we review the mineral physics (e.g., rheology) relevant to these environments. Next, we review the radiation-induced chemical processes and the current interpretation of spectral signatures. The third section discusses the nature and distribution of CO2 in the giant planetary systems of Jupiter and Saturn, which are much better understood than the satellites of Uranus and Neptune, discussed in the subsequent section. The final sections focus on Pluto in comparison to Triton, having mainly CO, and a brief overview of cometary materials. We find that CO2 ices exist on many of these icy bodies by way of magnetospheric influence, while intermixing into solid ices with CH4 (methane) and N2 (nitrogen) out to Triton and Pluto. Such radiative mechanisms or intermixing can provide a wide diversity of icy surfaces, though we conclude where further experimental research of these ices is still needed.


Huge gains in the form of time and cost savings, increased productivity and efficiency will be obtained by designers and researchers of solar technology systems if relevant information is available and easily accessible for every site in the world. The Internet has played a major role in making this information available to users through various online databases for solar radiation. However, often times many of the available databases do not meet actual users 'needs. In general most users prefer hourly or daily irradiation data with a spatial resolution of a maximum of 20km, but unfortunately the number of ground measuring station around the globe are too small to attain such accuracy. The accessibility is also made poor by the complexity of the data which comes from various storage standards, units, ways of expressing time etc. in the databases. Moreover, users often face difficulties in selecting the database that meet their needs for a particular time and location. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the available online databases with the information that they provide and their advantages and disadvantages. Demonstrations are also shown for the applicability of one online design software called HELIOSCOPE. Recommendations and proposals for future work were given to address the discrepancies between users' needs and the available databases.


An electrode comprising a lithium metal strip (1) and on at least one of its faces, at least one perforated current collector strip (2), the ratio of bandwidths (s) of the current collector over the width of the lithium metal band ranging from 0.2 to 1, the update rate of each current collector band ranging from 30 to 95%, the lithium metal strip and the at least one strip (s) of current collector being of substantially identical lengths. This electrode is advantageously used as the anode primary lithium electrochemical generator, for example of a liquid cathode as Li / SO2, Li / MnO2 or Li / CFx with x between 0.5 and 1 in order to reduce the amount of undischarged residual lithium.


We find that having the scale factor close to zero due to a given magnetic field value, an early universe magnetic field affects how we would interpret Mukhanov's chapter on "self reproduction of the universe". We extend such arguments, and refer to the possibility of modified gravity. We hope that some of the issues raised by Kobayashi and Seto as to allowed inflation models may be addressed, once further refinement of these preliminary results commences. We close with statements as to the value of α in a gravitational potential proportional to r−α and how this adjustment affects the 3 body problem.


The filaments formed by interference of femtosecond laser beams are distributed over the cross section of the laser beams, which could allow the incident laser pulse to have a relatively high energy and to generate high power supercontinuum (SC) in fused silica. In this paper, two-beam interference induced filamentation and SC in fused silica are experimentally studied. The spectrum of the SC is shown to be sensitive to cross angle and time delay between the two laser pulses. In our experimental conditions, the spectral energy density of the SC emission can reach the order of μJ nm−1 from 726 to 859 nm and 0.1 μJ nm−1 from 500 to 700 nm. The interference method provides an alternative and flexible approach to obtain the intense SC generation in condensed optical media.


Software development as a knowledge intensive activity involves high requirements for communication and collaboration between its practitioners. In global software development, geographical, cultural and language distances bring additional challenges to communication. While text-based communication is very common in global software projects, recent improvements in telecommunications technology and network infrastructure have enabled ad-hoc audio conferencing as an economically feasible and available communication medium. Media richness theory suggests audio conferencing as a richer medium to have potential in leveraging uncertainty and equivocality, while media synchronicity theory suggests using multiple communication media to accomplish a task. This empirical qualitative study is based on 57 interviews from eight global software development projects. We discovered that self-conception of poor language skills leads to preference to use text-based communication media. We also found out that technical personnel tends to prefer text-based communication media more than non-technical team members.


Objective To investigate the prevalence and distribution of major depression disorders among people aged ≥15 years in urban and rural areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Methods From July through December,2007,21 290 subjects aged ≥15 years were randomly selected with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method.All subjects were investigated with a face-to-face interview.The Composite International Diagnostic Interview(CIDI 3.0)was used as the screening tool and the diagnoses were made with the 10th edition of International Classfication of Disease Criteria. Results The current prevalence of major depression disorders was 4.32‰ in the female and 2.50‰ in the male with a significant difference(P0.05).The lifetime prevalence of major depression disorders was 5.98‰ in the female and 4.68‰ in the male.The lifetime prevalence of major depression disorders was different in adullts of different age(P0.05).There was a statistically significant difference(P0.05)in the current prevalence of major depression disorders between different age groups with a current prevalence peaks in the adults at age of 55-64 years.There were differences in the current and lifetime prevalence of major depression between adults with different marital status(P0.05) with higher current and lifetime prevalences among the adults divorced. Conclusion Major depression disorder is prevalent among urban and rural adult residents in Guangxi and correlates to some socio-demographic factors.


Polyoxometalate imides represent an area of materials chemistry research that recently has seen exciting exploration. Consisting of polyhedral metal-oxide clusters covalently coupled to organic ligands, they possess a combination of electrochemical activity and poly-anionic character hint. These characteristics suggest significant opportunities in the area solid-electrolytes, particularly if the typically good film forming characteristics of hybrid polymers can be accessed. The incorporation of a styryl group allows for hybrid polymers to be synthesized through free radical methods, producing hybrid materials that offer that an enormous number of opportunities to both materials scientists and engineers. This Note will document a concise route to quickly produce the readily polymerizable, styrylimido-hexamolybdate monomer from low cost precursor materials by leveraging recent advances and address some of the synthetic challenges found.


The question of when and where Egyptian Christians began to disuse the Coptic language and adopt Arabic remains a puzzle. The Apocalypse of Samuel of Qalamūn ( ASQ ) offers interesting hints about the process of language change by referring to the loss of Coptic in church functions. This paper argues that the ASQ represents Christians from the specific region of the Fayyūm and their struggle of identity maintenance that occurred after the Coptic language had generally fallen into disuse. Some scholars have speculated that the ASQ has a Coptic Vorlage , even though it is only extant in Arabic. This paper argues that the ASQ may have been originally an Arabic composition, perhaps written as late as the fourteenth century, as a means of connecting the Christian community to the Coptic language at a time when they were unable to access their tradition through Coptic-language texts.


The power line communications has been applied as a data transfer method in both public electricity distribution networks and indoor distribution networks. The industrial low voltage distribution network may be utilized as a communication channel to data transfer required by the on-line condition monitoring of electric motors. The advantage of using power-line data transfer is that it does not require the installing of new cables. In this paper, a pilot distribution network is formed and analyzed. The transfer function of the power line channel is calculated and the signal attenuation in communication channels in the pilot environment is analyzed by varying the parameter that affects the signal attenuation.


The links between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance, which are all key characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus, are yet to be delineated in the brain. One of the key neuroinflammatory proteins detected in the hypothalamus with over‐nutrition is tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α. Using immortalised embryonic rat and mouse hypothalamic cell lines (rHypoE‐7 and mHypoE‐46) that express orexigenic neuropeptide Y and agouti‐related peptide, we investigated changes in insulin signalling and inflammatory gene marker mRNA expression after TNFα exposure. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction array of 84 inflammatory markers (cytokines, chemokines and receptors) demonstrated an increase in the expression of multiple genes encoding inflammatory markers upon exposure to 100 ng mL‐1 TNFα for 4 hours. Furthermore, neurones pre‐exposed to TNFα (50 ng mL‐1) for 6 or 16 hours exhibited a significant reduction in phosphorylated Akt compared to control after insulin treatment, indicating the attenuation of insulin signalling. mRNA expression of insulin signalling‐related genes was also decreased with exposure to TNFα. TNFα significantly increased mRNA expression of IκBα, Tnfrsf1a and IL6 at 4 and 24 hours, activating a pro‐inflammatory state. An inhibitor study using an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit β (IKK‐β) inhibitor, PS1145, demonstrated that TNFα‐induced neuroinflammatory marker expression occurs through the IKK‐β/nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway, whereas oleate, a monounsaturated fatty acid, had no effect on inflammatory markers. To test the efficacy of anti‐inflammatory treatment to reverse insulin resistance, neurones were treated with TNFα and PS1145, which did not significantly restore the TNFα‐induced changes in cellular insulin sensitivity, indicating that an alternative pathway may be involved. In conclusion, exposure to the inflammatory cytokine TNFα causes cellular insulin resistance and inflammation marker expression in the rHypoE‐7 and mHypoE‐46 neurones, consistent with effects seen with TNFα in peripheral tissues. It also mimics insulin‐ and palmitate‐induced insulin resistance in hypothalamic neurones. The present study provides further evidence that altered central energy metabolism may be caused by obesity‐induced cytokine expression.


Critical thinking has become mandatory in the nationwide curricula under the present educational reform. However, a number of EFL teachers and curriculum developers still seriously doubt whether this skill can be cultivated effectively. How can they develop their students' ability to express critical thinking skills while simultaneously improving their language learning skills? Some researchers claim that critical thinking only seems applicable within content-based instruction. This paper explores its compatibility with other types of pedagogical approach, such as task-based learning, to see whether this approach can promote critical thinking within EFL settings in Thailand.


Pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) are highly prevalent, difficult to diagnose and challenging to treat. The brain mechanisms supporting FAPD remain poorly understood. This investigation examined the neuromechanisms of FAPD during a well-tolerated visceral pain induction task, the water load symptom provocation task (WL-SPT). Youth between the ages of 11 and 17 years participated. Functional connectivity (FC) was examined via the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) effect using the left and right amygdala (AMY) as seed regions. Relationships of the time courses within these seeds with voxels across the whole brain were evaluated. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) was used to assess regional brain activation by examining cerebral blood flow. Increased FC between the left AMY with regions associated with nociceptive processing (e.g., thalamus), and right AMY FC changes with areas associated with cognitive functioning (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the default mode network (DMN; parietal lobe) were observed in youth with FAPD following the WL-SPT. These changes were related to changes in pain unpleasantness. AMY FC changes post WL-SPT were also related to changes in pain intensity. AMY FC with the DMN in youth with FAPD also differed from healthy controls. Global CBF changes were also noted between FAPD and controls, but no significant differences in grey matter were detected either between groups or during the WL-SPT in youth with FAPD. Findings confirm youth with FAPD have changes in brain connectivity that could support the development of biomarkers to enhance understanding of the mechanisms of pain and treatment response.


To improve comprehension and maintenance of distributed software systems, some software visualization tools already bundle relevant information in a graphical way, but they either focus on the static structures and dependencies, or on tracing information. Our novel visual representation lifts the software city metaphor into VR and jointly addresses both static and dynamic behavioral aspects, such as call traces of microservice based systems. Users can navigate both the traces in the time domain and the static structure in the spatial domain. They can also collaborate with other developers. We argue that our 3D visualization provides the engineer with a better grasp on relevant information. With a controlled experiment we evaluated its user acceptance.


The tribological activity of the synthesized nanosheets of a polymeric graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4, was upgraded by introducing hydrothermally synthesized N-doped zinc oxide nanorods. The high...


What is the central question of this study? Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness and systemic inflammation, which are linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk. We asked whether periodized aerobic exercise training could improve vascular structure and function in patients with COPD. What is the main finding and its importance? Eight weeks of periodized aerobic training did not improve endothelial function, arterial stiffness or systemic inflammation in COPD, despite improvements in aerobic capacity, blood pressure and dyspnoea. Short‐term training programmes may not be long enough to improve vascular‐related cardiovascular risk in COPD.


Trans-regional co-construction industrial park takes an important part in promoting the integration in the Yangtze River Delta and coordinated regional development. Optimizing management mechanism is conducive to sustainable development of co-construction industrial park. Based on the developing status of co-construction industrial park in the Yangtze River Delta, The article analyses the driving force between the two sides, cooperation mode, administration system,etc. After studying the main factors of management mechanism of co-construction industrial park, this article puts forward the countermeasures including designing strategy at the top level and formulating norms of cooperation, construction of integrated market in Yangtze River Delta, innovation of management system and cooperation mode, establishing mechanism of long-term cooperation and benefit sharing, constructing unite mechanism of government service platform and enterprise operation platform, etc.


Probability and Statistics course has practical application.The paper analyses its current situation from students,textbooks,periods and evaluation and puts forward respective reform measures.


Research on resilience in adolescence has burgeoned over the past 2 decades as attention has turned toward the constructive behaviors and life-enhancing competencies of youth in navigating through significant stressors and adversity. With its focus on the strengths and adaptive processes of adolescents, the study of resilience offers a positive alternative to research concerned with developmental deficits and psychopathology. As Richardson, Neiger, Jensen, and Kumpfer (1990) stated, a resilience-based approach implies that "the processes of coping with mild to severe disruptions are opportunities for growth, development, and skill building" (p. 34). The study of how teenagers survive and thrive in the face of life difficulties has much to contribute to the greater understanding of adolescent development and to the generation of mental health interventions that build on adolescents' strengths (Fraser & Richman, 2001; Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000; Olsson, Bond, Burns, Vella-Brodrick, & Sawyer, 2003). One of the most serious difficulties facing many adolescents is the issue of suicidality. Suicide rates have risen dramatically in several industrialized countries in the past few decades. In Canada, the sharpest rise has occurred in adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 years, with the rate of completed suicides quadrupling since the 1950s (Breton et al., 2002). Suicide is now the second leading cause of death among Canadian youth, next only to motor vehicle accidents (Langlois & Morrison, 2002). In the United States, suicide is the third leading cause of death among youth, and an estimated 8% of American adolescents attempt suicide each year (Stanton, Spirito, Donaldson, & Boergers, 2003). Yet, despite the severity and magnitude of the problem, little is currently known about the subjective experience of adolescents who have overcome suicidal behaviors. The inclusion of the participant perspective is a critical addition to theoretical and clinical perspectives on suicide and resilience. The purpose of the present study was to develop an understanding of how adolescents overcome suicidality from the subjective perspective of previously suicidal female participants. A resilience framework was used to conceptualize this process, based on the view of individuals as active agents who adaptively avail themselves of strengths and resources to rebound from adversity. Definition of Resilience The term resilience has often been used to describe a stable personality trait or ability that protects individuals from the negative effects of risk and adversity (see Hollister-Wagner, Foshee, & Jackson, 2001; Howard & Johnson, 2000; Walsh, 2002). Resilience has also been conceptualized as a positive outcome, the criteria for which commonly include positive mental health or absence of psychopathology, social competence, positive self-concept and self-esteem, academic achievement, and success at age-appropriate developmental tasks despite exposure to risk (Hauser, 1999; Masten et al., 1999). Increasingly, researchers have come to regard resilience not as a fixed attribute or specific outcome but more as a dynamic process that evolves over time (Luthar et al., 2000; Olsson et al., 2003; Richardson et al., 1990; Richman & Fraser, 2001; Rutter, 1987, 2001). Rather than being an invariant trait that a person either has or does not have, resilience can more accurately be viewed as a normal part of healthy development that can be enhanced throughout the life cycle (Baldwin et al., 1993; Drummond, Kysela, Alexander, McDonald, & Query, 1997; Jackson, Born, & Jacob, 1997). In defining resilience, a multidimensional perspective is important, along with a consideration of the context in which resilience occurs (Carbonell, Reinherz, & Giaconia, 1998; Fraser & Richman, 1999; Luthar et al., 2000). As Luthar et al. stated, some youth manifest resilience in some situations and areas of functioning but not in others. …


Frege's puzzle has proven to be a highly recalcitrant puzzle about content: if two sentences arise from one another by substitution of co-referential proper names, how can the two sentences express different propositions? Many people advocate a pragmatic solution according to which such sentences must have the same literal meaning, attributing apparent differences in meaning to pragmatic confusions. I will assume that this sort of response is unacceptable. A correlative puzzle is how co-referential proper names can fail to be intersubstitutable salva veritate in propositional-attitude contexts. These two puzzles may be thought of as instances of an underlying puzzle about the reference of 'that'-clauses: how can rthat A(a)' and rthat A(b)' refer to different propositions when the names ra:i and rb' are co-referential? Frege's solution, which is based on his theoretical distinction between Sinn and Bedeutung, has been undermined by the arguments of Donnellan and Kripke. 1 They argue that proper names do not have descriptive senses. But if names do not have descriptive senses, what could the sense of a name be? How could co-referential names have different senses? How could we have epistemic access to such senses? No satisfactory answer to these questions appears to be forthcoming. To solve Frege's puzzle and related puzzles about content, one must have the right sort of background theory of intensional entities (properties, relations, and propositions). There are four main theories: the possibleworlds theory, the propositional-function theory, the propositional-complex theory, and the algebraic theory. Elsewhere I have argued that only the last of these is satisfactory. 2 At the heart of many of the problems confronting the other three is the fact that they are reductionistic: each attempts to reduce intensional entities of one kind or another to extensional entities either sets or extensional functions. 3 My view is that this extensional reductionism has hampered the solution to the indicated family of puzzles and that what is needed is a theory which treats intensional entities as irreducibly intensional. This is what the algebraic theory offers. The purpose of this paper is to lay out the algebraic theory and then


Purpose: Central compartment reoperation for recurrent thyroid carcinoma is challenging to surgeons due to the scar tissues and adhesions and the distortion of the normal anatomic relationships. This study was carried out to investigate the central neck recurrence patterns and the surgical morbidity of reoperation for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Methods: The study population was comprised 68 papillary thyroid carcinoma patients (15 males and 53 females, median age: 50.8 years [range: 12∼78 years]) who underwent reoperation for recurrent tumors in the central compartment of the neck between January 1999 and June 2007. All of the patients had undergone prior total thyroidectomy. Results: Of the 68 patients, 21 recurrences occurred in the proper thyroid tissue of the thyroid bed, 43 in the central neck nodes and 4 in a combination of the central nodes and proper thyroid tissue. The common recurrent site from the proper thyroid tissue were at the berry ligaments and at the level of the upper one-third of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, while the common nodal recurrence sites were the lower-most portion of the paratracheal nodes and the right paraesophageal nodes (the lymph nodes posterior to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve). Eleven cases of transient hypocalcemia (17.5%, 11/63) and 3 cases of permanent hypocalcemia (4.3%, 3/63) were noted after reoperation. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 5 patients (8.1%, 5/62), but three of them were intentionally resected with the recurrent cancers. Conclusion: Reoperation for central neck recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with a higher complication rate. Meticulous surgical dissection of the central compartment based on the recurrent patterns is important to reduce injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves and parathyroid glands.


Duyunmaojian tea is a good brand, so it has an advantage in brand on Guizhou province. But this good brand tea was still held up on traditional handicraft for a variety of reasons. It' s quality and batch has mores defects even though it' s Productionhas a grad. This Paper analyses it detaily on the basis of these bad factors, to finds out the pattern and theory by manufactore of Duyunmaojian tea.


The design of a small anechoic chamber dedicated for measurements of the acoustical parameters of hi - filoudspeaker systems is presented in the paper. Sound insulation, noise from technical equipment and acoustics of the room are discussed. The laboratory consists of three main rooms: anechoic chamber, control room and equipment room. The chamber of 140 m3 effective inner space with full anechoic condition from 100 Hz is planned as "box in box" construction. The acoustics of the measurement room allows for loudspeaker measurements according to EN 60268–5 standard. Sound absorption of acoustical wedges made from polyurethane foam and rockwool is also measured and compared. The disadvantages of foam wedges are discussed. The new idea of loudspeaker-microphone-walls setup that allows for measurement in the frequency range above 80 Hz is proposed. This frequency lies below the chamber cut-off frequency. The applied technical solutions of sound insulation are also discussed.


ADVISOR-INDUCED DEMAND AND MORAL HAZARD IN THE THIRD-PARTY PAYER SYSTEM by David Chandler Thomas Health-care consumption in the United States has risen from 5.2% in 1960 to 17.8% of 2009 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) creating a burden that will soon be too heavy for the economy to bear. This paper proposes that the primary accelerants of health-care expenditures result from the third-party payer system that emerged in the 1950s. These corporate benefits and government subsidies, when overlaid on the traditional health-care model, have led to sustained increases in the production, recommendation, and consumption of health care while magnifying the moral hazard problem inherent in health insurance.


THE technique of osteoplastic craniotomy set forth in this paper appears to me to benefit materially this branch of surgery. In the following account of his operation Mr. Rogers describes a form of circular saw which has made the cutting of bone-flaps from the skull a very easy and safe procedure. In first outlining his idea to me the author explained that in Australia he had been impressed by the rapid and accurate way in which wooden planks fed to a running circular saw were cut, and there appeared to be no reason why a similar principle should not be applied to the skull provided that adequate protection for the brain and its membranes was assured. I agreed with the application of the principle, and hence the 'skull plough', a name which was suggested because the finished appliance looked rather more like a disc plough than a timber-cutting saw. I have now seen the instmment in use on many occasions and am impressed with its simplicity and effectiveness in the performance of osteoplastic craniotomy. In a leading article on cranial incisions in the British Medical Journal for Feb. 25, 1928, we read, '' The ideal incision is that which makes the operation easy, for what is easy is generally safe." Lambert Rogers's ' skull plough ', in appearing to fulfil these criteria, possesses advantages over other mechanical craniotomes which I have seen in use, and over such devices as Gigli saws. It will be found that this paper is more than an account of a new craniotome and the method of using it. It embodies the result of much experimental work, not only in the methods of cutting bone-and particularly the skull with its tables and intervening diploe-but on the way in which fractures occur at the base of bone-flaps. It is well known that the difficulty in performing osteoplastic craniotomy is frequently not the cutting of the flap but the turning of it down. The author has contributed experimental observations to this subject which appear to throw much light on the question and to simplify the procedure.


This study uses factors of student age, education and experience of farmers, income, size of the farm and type of plants as factors that influence the interests of agricultural students to continue farming. This study uses quantitative data obtained from surveys. Data is collected from 204 respondents and analysed with binary logistic regression model. The variables of parents' experience in farming, age of the students and type of the plant significantly influence whether or not students are interested in continuing farming. Three other variables, namely income from the farm, sizes of the farm and education or training of the parents related to farming were found to not significantly affect interest in farming.


This paper introduces the mechanism,evolution and advantages of oxy-fuel combustion in glass melting furnace and some problems and solutions in the application process.It discusses the several influencing factors of oxy-fuel combustion for the glass melting furnace and its new demands on refractories, and it forecasts the whole trend of the development of oxy-fuel combustion.The technology plays a positive role in the treatment of the environment, reducing air pollution and depressing the greenhouse effect.


An anal fissure is a split in the mucosa extending from the anal verge towards the dentate line. It was first recognized as a disease in 1834 and currently affects 10% of patients attending proctology clinics. Anal fissures occur with equal frequency in both sexes. Additionally, anal fissures tend to occur in younger and middle-aged persons. The exact etiology of anal fissures is unknown, but the initiating factor is thought to be trauma from the passage of a particularly hard or painful bowel movement. Low-fiber diets, such as those lacking in raw fruits and vegetables, are associated with the development of anal fissures. No occupations are associated with a higher risk for the development of anal fissures. Prior anal surgery is a predisposing factor because scarring from the surgery may cause either stenosis or tethering of the anal canal, which makes it more susceptible to trauma from hard stool. Other risk factors include Crohn's disease and childbirth trauma. Fissures are occasionally seen in association with infections like tuberculosis, syphilis, HIV, and herpes. The most commonly observed abnormalities are hypertonicity and hypertrophy of the internal anal sphincter, leading to elevated anal canal and sphincter resting pressures. Most patients with anal fissures have an elevated resting pressure, and this resting pressure returns to normal levels after surgical sphincterotomy.


ramming mass for the walling of at least certain of the refractory elements of a refractory coating of a metallurgical vessel, such as a blast furnace, said ramming mass being comprised of a mixture of a granular phase and a binder phase, in which the granular phase and/or the binder comprise(s) at least a component which has a microporous structure or is capable of forming a microporous structure by means of firing during the blast furnace campaign. The ramming mass is intended, in particular, to form the seal between two concentric annular assemblies forming a lateral wall of the vessel or between a lower part of an inner annular assembly and the edge of one or a plurality of refractory layers forming the base of the vessel.


For some children who were born prematurely, the collective day care center can be a place where they re-experience anxieties dating from the neonatal stage such as a feeling of dispersion, of confusion and a certain over-stimulation, due to the multiplicity of maternal figures, the constant mobility of the staff and their architectural surroundings. Some very prematurely-born children demonstrate this through specific reactions to immobility and a precocious global perception of space and of the various members of the staff. These children show a very strong and early sensitivity to the group. Their difficulty in using autoeroticism to comfort themselves as well as their tendency to enter into an adhesive identification with their surroundings must prompt us to reflect upon the most adequate ways of introducing them to collective life.


Summary This study investigates the principles of measuring performance to construct the optimal performance measure model base on a fixed-price contract with an aim to enhance the utility of aircraft contracts and thus have better outsourcing operations. The results show that: (1) The optimal logistic response time can be obtained to reuse the outsourcing contract, (2) The contractor reward pattern can be established to achieve expected goals, and (3) The minimum acceptable threshold can be determined for the decision of terminating the contract. Keyword:Performance-based Logistic、Performance Measure Index、Multidimensional Reward Model Introduction The Ministry of National Defense has operated a mentor program with the military outsourcing contracts and intended to propose a new approach since 2009. The trial results indicate that the U.S. operation experiences should be consulted with regard to "To transform military demand into the performance index", "The range, methods and sources of the cost analysis", and "Formulating the purchasing contracts careful". This study aims to construct an optimal performance measure model based on the performance measure indices to improve performance-based logistics and enhance management of resource strategies. Materials and Methods According to the multidimensional reward model (Sols et al., 2007b), this study denotes "Operational Availability (Ao)" and "Mission Capable Rate (MC rate)" as and , respectively, which are the two key performance measure indices to investigate the optimal logistic response time. The key measure index, , is assigned with a corresponding weight, , and then, the entirety system performance is denoted as . As the measure index, , exceeds the corresponding target value, and the measure index, , is between the corresponding target value and minimum threshold, the compensation coefficient, C, becomes a decision variable, which determines the amount of rewards for the contractor. C must satisfy the requirement of minimizing the cost and maximizing the benefit. After the entire system performance is measured by both the indices, Ao and , the three measurable attribute, "Operational Availability", "Mission Capable Rate" and "Performance Reward" can be determined. With regard to the different expected values, the overall performance and rewards, , can be obtained , and according to the results of SMARTER-ROC analysis, the optimal logistical response time can be determined. Results and Discussion The results of sensitivity analysis indicate that the compensation coefficient, C, is a critical factor, and its value should be set between 0.560766 and 0.666667. This study suggests that the degree of variations should be indicated in the contract agreements to serve as a basis of altering the compensation coefficient. This study does not investigate the actual cost effectiveness, and which could be considered for further research and the results can be used as an important reference for improving military logistical efficiency in the future. The results of the SMARTER-ROC analysis indicate that the optimal logistic response time is between 67 and 76 days by reducing 54% to 48% of the former logistical response time, and the mission capable rate is determined as 58.12%. Chapter 3 indicates that the focus of the military outsourcing contract is the maintenance of components in the system. Though the shorter maintenance time is better, completing maintenance within a few days is feasible but costly. Therefore, the related costs must be considered, since pursuit high efficiency requires a huge investment. Captions As can be seen in Figure 4-6, as the compensation coefficient, C, increases from 0.560766 to 0.666667, increases steeply and then slowly up to 1.232386, which is the peak value for C. Table 4-6 shows the comparison of the different weighted values and attributes of programs , , and . The results of the SMARTER-ROC analysis indicate that program is the optimal one. Conclusion As Armaments Bureau plans to promote PBL, the successful application of PBL in the U.S. military and other countries should be considered to develop an appropriate PBL strategy for the military. Since the military will continuously purchase new weapon systems in the future, the needs of operation personnel, the nature of individual weapon systems and practical experiences should be considered to derive an optimal PBL strategy for the military.


Objective To report the preliminary result of the eight important target proteins related to tubal infertility virtual screening based on Chinese natural product database.Methods Based on the optimized complex structure of those target proteins bound with specific inhibitor,computer-aided structure-based virtual screening against Chinese natural product database was conducted to determine the occurrence of herb-based therapeutic drug in software package Discovery Studio(2.5.5) of Accerlrys company.Results According to the dockscore of original inhibitor and the receptor as threshold value,ten compounds were predicted to have good interactions with those six target proteins.Conclusion It is expected that compounds identified at present study can be helpful for development of new therapeutic drug for tubal infertility.


We study the pairing symmetry of the noncentrosymmetric heavy fermion superconductors CeRhSi$_3$ and CeIrSi$_3$ under pressures, which are both antiferromagnets at ambient pressure. We solve the Eliashberg equation by means of the random phase approximation and find that the mixed state of extended s-wave and p-wave rather than the $d+f$ wave state could be realized by enhanced antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. It is elucidated that the gap function has line nodes on the Fermi surface and the resulting density of state in the superconducting state shows a similar character to that of usual d-wave superconductors, resulting in the NMR relaxation rate $1/(T_1T)$ that exhibits no coherence peak and behaves like $1/(T_1T)\propto T^2$ at low temperatures.


Even as it remains an informal term defining the emergence of humans as a force transforming Earth as a system, the Anthropocene is stimulating novel research and discussion across the academy and well beyond. While geography has always been deeply connected with the coupled human–environment paradigm, physical geographer's embrace of the Anthropocene still appears lukewarm at best. While there are good reasons to hesitate, including the fact that the Anthropocene is not yet, and might never be, formalized in the Geologic Time Scale, physical geographers have much to gain by embracing what is rapidly becoming the most influential scholarly discussion on human–environmental relations in a generation. This editorial was commissioned for the author's debut as Contributing Editor of Progress in Physical Geography.


(DMSO) and methanol (MeOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich chemicals St. Louis MO, USA. Doxorubicin (Dox) was purchased from Alfa Aesar and used without further purification. A stock of solution of 5 µg/mL doxorubicin was prepared with Milli-Q water and used for the fabrication of nanoconjugates and cell culture experiments. All antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technologies, USA. CHO: Hamster ovary cell line, A549: human lung cancer cells; SKOV3: human ovarian cancer cells and B16F10: mouse melanoma cell lines have been purchased from ATCC. HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cells were purchased from Lonza. ECV-304 cells were a kind gift from Dr.


An exploratory case study was undertaken to investigate the perspectives and experiences of six early intervention providers as they adopted and implemented a collaborative consultation approach to home visiting in urban neighborhoods. Survey, semistructured interview, and focus group methods were used over a 2-year period to obtain data about provider perspectives about the home visiting approach and their experiences in implementing it with parents of infants and toddlers receiving Part C services. The intensity of provider concerns about the use of collaborative consultation and routines-based, family-centered home visiting practices improved at posttest. Providers attributed these changes in large part to the culture of the organization as a learning community and its ongoing administrative support for reflective practice and problem solving about implementation issues. Providers also identified specific factors, such as time and opportunity to practice and problem solving with feedback, as having an impact on their ability to move forward in adopting and using family-centered home visiting practices. Challenges were identified related to home visiting generally, and a consultative approach specifically, in complex urban family settings. Implications for research and practice are discussed.


In contrast to a number of herbal guides, this book covers a range of herbal usage from culinary arts, healing, beauty or for general use around the home. It aims to help those who wish to know more about the herbs currently available, those wishing to grow their own herbs or anyone interested in aspects of herbal medicine. "The Complete New Herbal" includes step-by-step instructions on cultivating, drying, storing and using herbs.


The subprime mortgage lending crisis and the decline in housing values has profoundly affected the worlds' financial markets.  Financial institutions have ceased to exist, others have come under the U.S. government's control, the future survival of others has been threatened and the U.S. government is proposing the greatest financial rescue operation since the Great Depression.  Profound changes in the financial markets have occurred and the markets will never be quite the same again.  This paper presents the argument that this collapse should have been foreseen by tracing and comparing the development and decline in the subprime auto lending market in the 1990's to the development and decline of the subprime mortgage lending market. While the effects of the subprime mortgage crisis are greater and farther reaching than those of the subprime auto lending market, there is no question that the similarities are plain to be seen and that the current crisis should come as no surprise.


Learned vocalizations (long call and song) of adult male songbirds start from the high vocal center (HVC), and are integrated and output by the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), which connects synaptic relationships with the dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex (DM). To determine the effect on learned vocalization of the unilateral forebrain and midbrain in adult male zebra finch, electrolytic lesions and acoustic analysis technology were used. The results indicated that RA and DM nuclei are involved in the control of learned vocalization, and the right side is dominant in the forebrain and midbrain.


Objective:To investigate and analyse the main reason and its treatment of chronic cough caused by Otorhinolaryngologic disease.Method:80 cases of chronic cough patients from April 2012 to April 2014 in our hospital were selected as the research objects,the respiratory disease were excluded,the clinical data were analyzed,and with the relevant inspection to determine the cause,and took symptomatic treatment options for patients.Result:The overall check Department of ENT tips,21 cases of sinusitis,allergic rhinitis was 31 cases,10 cases of laryngeal inflammation,11 cases of cough allergy,allergic pharyngitis was 7 cases.The clinical treatment effect of chronic cough patients with no different types had no significant differences(P0.05).Conclusion:The factors of chronic cough are more generally,in the exclusion of respiratory department of internal medicine factors,the X-ray examination,blood routine examination,gastroscopy and laryngoscopy are necessary to determine the pathogenic causes, the right and reasonable treatment is given to reduce the misdiagnosis rate and improve the patient's condition.


Evaluation of the effect of Solid Waste leachate on Soil at Hilla City Suad Mahdi Glewa Mustafa Al-Alwani College of Engineering School of Architecture Design and Environment University of Babylon Plymouth University Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of solid waste Leachate of unlined dumping site on soil at study area which located at the north of Hilla city . To assess soil contamination 6 bore holes were bring randomly at the site .Three samples were collected at 50, 100, 150 cm for each bore hole. For leachate the samples were taken randomly from three different locations and were mixed prior to its analysis. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters including heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,) were determined in soil and leachate samples. The presence of Cl ,NO3 , Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, in soil, likely indicate that soil is being significantly affected by leachate percolation. Further they proved to be as tracers for groundwater contamination.


Accurate and traceable measurements of critical dimension (CD) and sidewall profile of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photomask structures using atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are introduced in this paper. An instrument complementarily applied with two kinds of AFM techniques, the CD-AFM and the tilting-AFM, has been developed. High measurement stability of the instrument is demonstrated, for instance, the long-term CD stability is better than 1 nm over 500 successive measurements over 55 h. To traceably calibrate the effective tip geometry, transmission electron microscopes-based method is applied, which uses either the silicon crystal lattice or the structure pitch value calibrated by metrological AFMs as an internal scale. Several grating patterns with different nominal CDs and line/space ratios of an EUV photomask have been measured using the developed methods. A data evaluation method with considered higher order tip effect due to the non-vertical sidewall is introduced. Detailed measurement results of a test EUV photomask, such as middle CD, left and right sidewall angle, feature height, line edge roughness and edge profiles are given. Finally, the AFM results are compared to that of a PTB EUV scatterometer. The comparison of the middle CD yields a linear relation within a spread of only about ±2 nm and an offset of the absolute values below 3 nm. For the sidewall angle, both methods yield consistent results within a range of about 2°.


This paper focuses on the transmission of Chinese traditional culture in the new media environment, through the study of Chinese calligraphy transmission of new media to explore the development issues of traditional culture. through the questionnaire to analyze the user's browsing habits as well as other relevant data in order to find Participants' features and propagation rules. In this paper uses the media proliferation theory to compare the similarities and differences of Chinese calligraphy between the traditional transmission mode and new media communication mode. Based on these analyses and comparisons, this paper aims to find out the way for the transmission and development of Chinese traditional culture.


In this paper, we use logistic regression modelling to predict the English benefactive alternation (He baked me a cake vs. He baked a cake for me). We developed a data set consisting of 107 instances in adult writing and 36 in the writing of 8-to-12-year-olds, and annotated them with 13 syntactic, semantic and discourse features. We show that a model trained and tested on the adult data reaches a prediction accuracy of 86.9%. Due to the small number of data instances, our model includes only 4 significant effects and shows considerable overfit (reaching 79.6% accuracy in a ten-fold cross-validation setting). The regression coefficients found are similar to those found in the model for the to-dative alternation (Bresnan et al. 2007). When applying the adult model to the instances in child writing, 80.6% is predicted correctly. We conclude that there are no indications of major differences either between the to-dative and benefactive alternation in adult language, nor between the benefactive alternation in adult language and that in child language.


In this article, the derivational affixes form nominals, which have lost their functionality, or which are rarely used, are discussed in Karachay-Balkar Turkish, which is in the group of North-West (Kipchak) Turkish dialects. These affixes were firstly determined and classified in alphabetical order. The functions of each of these affixes and their new meanings and their relationship with the root or stem to which they were attached were presented with examples. Additionally, examples were given that point out the similarities of these affixes to those in modern Turkish dialects. Then, by comparing the forms, meanings, and functions of the Orkhon, Old Uyghur, Karakhanid, Khorezm, Kipchak and Chagatai periods of the Turkish language, the formation structure of these affixes in Karachay-Balkar Turkish was tried to be revealed. Anahtar Kelimeler Karaçay-Malkar Türkçesi, işlek olmayan isim soylu kelime yapım


THIS PAPER PROPOSES THAT THERE IS A CURVILINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE AND ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT (OR ACCIDENT POTENTIAL), UNDESIRABLE CONDITIONS PREVAILING AT BOTH EXTREMES OF THE BLOOD PRESSURE SCALE. THE DIASTOLIC INDEX MAY BE EVEN MORE SIGNIFICANT THAN THE MORE COMMONLY CONDIDERED SYSTOLIC LEVEL. THE AUTHOR FEELS THAT SHOULD BE DULY RECOGNIZED IN SAFETY EDUCATION AND TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT BY DRIVER LICENSING AGENCIES.


In the present article, we intend to analyze the popular and elite identities representations into the songs, images and performance of Carlos Gardel and Carmen Miranda. The hypothesis is that those artists were important in the process of negotiation and the Argentinean and Brazilian national identities-building; concerning their performance as interpreters in their countries, and the advertising over their works which were purchased by a large number of consumers in an emergency nationalism between the Wars. In their songs, images and performance, there were also popular representations which were associated with national identity. This association is the theme of study.


Levels of daylighting in nature continually changing and their daily courses are different day to day. Effectiveness of daylight utilisation in buildings depends on exterior luminous conditions resulting from sunny and sunless situations. Generally, prevailing interiors are illuminated by diffuse skylight during year but sunny orientated rooms can be often exposed by direct sunlight. To describe these conditions the occurrence of sky luminance patterns and light attenuation properties of atmosphere expressed e.g. by luminous turbidity factor are needed. This paper presents the comparison and evaluation of occurrences of ISO/CIE General Standard Sky and luminous turbidity factor in two distant years on the base of measured instantaneous global and diffuse horizontal illuminance, global and diffuse horizontal irradiance and zenith luminance taken during 1995 a 2002 at ICA SAS in Bratislava. The different occurrences of luminous situations described by general standard sky types were found. Results of the luminous turbidity factor calculation show that various atmospheric pollutions during sunny situations can be expected.


The present invention relates to a reset controller slip braking system vehicle which provides a serial (u) which is transmitted through the communications network to a local actuator that provides a signal (u), from; a signal is produced by a supervisor module and a signal is produced by an estimator sliding module, and where an estimator slide module produces a signal from a signal which is provided by a module of sensory information and a signal it is prepared by a speed estimation module, from sensory measurements provided by a module of sensory information. The invention also relates to a method for designing a controller reset slide for vehicle braking systems.


Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic heavy metal in soils causing toxicity to human and biota. Phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soils by different fibrous crop varieties like jute (Corchorus capsularis L. cv. BJC-7370 & CVE-3), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. cv. HC-95 & HC-3) and mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. cv. Samu-93) were investigated in this study. All varieties accumulated considerable amounts of Pb. The concentrations and uptake of total Pb by shoot were higher than root and significantly varied from variety to variety. Kenaf and mesta varieties took off more Pb than jute varieties from contaminated soils. Higher was the contents of Pb in soil higher was the accumulation and vice - versa. Highest amount of Pb (422.73 mg pot-1) was uptake by the shoot of kenaf HC-95 followed by kenaf HC-3 (378.19 mg pot-1) and jute BJC-7370 (3.51 mg pot-1) from Pb contaminated soil. In terms Pb accumulation, kenaf varieties HC-3 and HC-95 showed higher phytoremediation potentiality of Pb from contaminated soil. Since these plants are primarily considered for fiber crops in addition to making paper pulp, construction materials, biofuel and firing/burning purposes therefore, there is a little chance for secondary contamination and minimize the drawbacks of phytoremediation technology.


Scholars rely on a variety of structural equation models to study constructs that cannot be measured directly such as stress and coping. Structural equation models merge multivariate regression and factor analysis procedures to study a variety of models that assess causal relationships between variables to models that examine change over time. The components and applications of structural equation models in adulthood and aging research are discussed in this entry.

Keywords:

full structural model;
path analysis;
structural equation modeling


We report the case of a patient with a dual chamber pacemaker admitted to the emergency room with hyperkalemia. Although the pacemaker was present, the classical sings of hyperkalemia can be seen. After the adequate treatment and dialysis, the electrocardiogram progressively improves and the patient was discharged asymptomatic.


The track record of the schools showed that schools have a role and contribute to the social dynamics it means that life need change. Related to social change, the Indonesian people are faced with multicultural discourse , the emergence of nuanced conflicts and acts of racial violence in the name of religion by a religious group , at least it shows that the Indonesian people are religious diversity has not been able to resolve with the other in a conducive and constructive environment. Religion in relation to multicultural education indicates a doctrine of relationship between Islam as a religion with education and also to multiculturalism. The essence of multicultural schools is the students will foster cultural sensitivity pluralistic society, and emphasized a caring attitude and are willing to accept the difference or the politics of recognition, that means recognition of the existence of people from minority groups in every way in order to reach unity in diversity, without reducing the original ethnicity as students.


Two polyimides, PI(BA-TD) and PI(6FDA-TD), based on an aromatic diamine (TD) and two aromatic dianhydrides (BA, 6FDA) were synthesized. They were characterized by viscosity, FT-IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. XPS results reveal that the binding energy of C 1s , N 1s , and O 1s in PI(BA-TD) is lower than that in PI(6FDA-TD). The synthesized polyimides form stable and homogeneous thin films on an ITO electrode, functioning as good hole transporting materials for organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. The double-layered EL devices consisting of a hole transporting layer of these polyimides and an emitting layer of the tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminium complex exhibit a peak emission wavelength in the bright green at 521∼525 nm. Furthermore, a maximum luminance of 97 cd/m 2 was achieved at a voltage of 15 V with a current density of 192 mA/cm 2 for the EL device using PI(BA-TD) as a hole transporting layer. The phenomenon of an extended luminance of these EL devices was also found when a voltage higher than 15 V was applied.


This is an investigation report of development and existing problems of music drama creation in state-owned performing troupe in districts of Shanghai,and southwest,northeast of China.It discusses their current situation and some prominent problems,and gives some suggestions in hope of promoting the prosperity of music drama industry.


The circulation of agricultural products should conform to the changes in production of agricultural products and the features of consumption tendency. Different stages in commercialized production of agricultural products will pose different requirements for their circulation. The changes in the consumption habits of township and countryside residents will help bring about new forms of circulation of agricultural products.


Abstract
Traditionally, the debate on communication value and the contribution of communication professionals to organisational decision-making has been linked to diverging roles (managers, technicians). This chapter introduces an alternative view, based on an exploratory, qualitative study of communication professionals in Finland. It focuses on the diverse ways in which these professionals contribute to organisational decision-making. The results show a rich, constantly developing picture of communication practices, which challenges the traditional dichotomy of manager and technician roles.


Editor's Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. Notes on Transliterations. 1. Introduction: The Steppe Nomadic World. 2. The Steppe Tribes United: The Hsiung-nu Empire. 3. The Collapse of Central Order: The Rise of Foreign Dynasties. 4. The Turkish Empires and T'ang China. 5. The Manchurian Candidates. 6. The Mongol Empire. 7. Steppe Wolves and Forest Tigers: The Ming, Mongols and Manchus. 8. The Last of the Nomad Empires: The Ch'ing Incorporation of Mongolia and Zungharia. 9. Epilogue: On the Decline of the Mongols. Bibliography. Index.


From the past papers in greenhouse ventilation studied by FLUENT,we can hardly summarize available information about particularly step in process,which almost all emphases on simulation results.So in this paper the writer abased on the papers before and the experiences in simulation by her,presentation the particular in applying FLUENT in study greenhouse ventilation.The series problems in simulating greenhouse ventilation are discussed.Applying FLUENT in studying greenhouse ventilation need unceasing attempt,a lot of experience may help the researchers gain the exact result and prove simulation efficiency.


It made a study of the industrial structure,product structure,market share etc.of sports fitness and entertainment industry in Anhui province,and held that the pluralized industrial structures of sorts of stadium- gymnasium centers,fitness activity stations,private fitness and building-up centers etc.were relatively stable; product structure hadn't been formed completely,the interesting sports fimess and entertainment products with less demand to land but with great number of acceptors failed to form a market in a certain scale;the market share of city and town was bigger than that of rural area,and the condition of"people in a large number but power in a limited scope"was rather striking.It proposed that the government department concerned should bring service industry of whole-nation fitness into the industries that were given priority to development within the province as soon as possible,formulate the industrial and economic policies for its development,increase the dynamic to give aid to competitive performance industry and speed up the process of training social sports fitness instructors.


I subjoin the results of statistical inquiries into this question, continued from the point at which they were left in the last number of this Journal. Having been permitted by the Council of the Association to undertake a series of lectures along the coast of Yorkshire on behalf of the North-eastern Sea Fisheries Committee during the present autumn and winter, I find it necessary to restrict the present paper to the smallest possible compass, reserving practically everything except the mere statement of figures until more time shall be available for the deduction of results. I regret to have to say that the statistics for the month of May are by no means complete. Bibliographical work in connection with several scientific papers on which I was then engaged necessitated my absence from Grimsby during the early part of the month, and the sudden illness of my subordinate during the same period interfered with the arrangements I had made for keeping up the records. The statistics as to plaice are, therefore, a blank for the first week of May; Mr. Clark unfortunately remained unwell for the rest of the month, while a serious break-down in the circulating apparatus of the Cleethorpes aquarium made great demands upon the time which I should otherwise have been able to devote to market observations; and, though I was able to keep account of all plaice landed, my statistics as to haddock and cod are too meagre to be worth insertion.


This text aims to evaluate the effect of an increase in the percentage of students treated by the Programa Bolsa Familia in each school on the average performance of that same school. Using data from Censo Escolar 2008, "Frequencia Escolar dos beneficiarios do Programa Bolsa Familia" for 2008 and Prova Brasil 2009 this paper seeks to relate the average performance of each school in 2009 with the proportion of 4th grade students participating on the program on 2008. The results suggest that an increase in the percentage of students treated by the program, on average, reduces the abandon rate. However, the evidences on promote rate and proficiency tests not are statistically robust.


Using millimeter wave spectroscopy and numerical simulations we extract the effective parameters of a layered metamaterial made from split ring resonators. In agreement with recent theoretical considerations the effective model for a bulk metamaterial strongly contradicts the experimental spectra. In contrast, the description within the concept of a layered metamaterial well reproduces the transmittance and reflectance data. We demonstrate that the thickness of the metamaterial layer is not a well-defined parameter of the model. Instead, the product of the layer thickness and the dielectric susceptibility can be used to account for the experiments and numerical simulations.


The subject of this descriptive research is the seventh year of SMP N 3 SAWIT in 2013/2014 academic year. The objectives of this research are: (1) to identify the interaction between the student and the teacher in writing class at the seventh year of SMP N 3 Sawit Boyolali, and (2) to identify the problems faced by the teacher in writing class at the seventh year of SMP N 3 Sawit Boyolali.
The writer conducts descriptive qualitative research. The writer gets the data of this research from event, informant, and document. The events in this research are all of the activities occured in writing class. The informants are the English teacher and the students of seventh year of SMP Negeri 3 Sawit Boyolali. Documents are all of the written information related to the interaction in writing class. The method of collecting data is observation, interview, and document analysis.
After analyzing data, the researcher finds the teacher-students interaction in writing is good. The writer finds the students' interaction in writing class are interaction of the students with the teacher and group interaction. The writer finds the problem faced by the teacher were the students are less open-minded and the students' indolence. The problems faced by the students are limited vocabulary
and grammar mastery.


We describe the implementation of supersymmetric processes in the HERWIG Monte Carlo event generator. We define relevant parameter and mixing conventions and list the hard scattering matrix elements. Our implementation is based on the Minimum Supersymmetric Standard Model, with the option of R-parity violation. The sparticle spectrum is completely general. Both hadron-hadron and lepton-lepton collisions are covered. This article supplements a separate publication in which the general features of HERWIG 6.2 are described, and updates the treatment of supersymmetry to version 6.4.


"Expert opinion" is the lowest totem on the academic pole- and yet, "evidence based" medicine does not always provide us answers for the particular, the unusual clinical problem. Well-controlled studies are precisely that: "well controlled". Life may be randomised, but falls short of being "well controlled". The challenge and honor of moderating a panel of experienced and articulate colleagues is to bring out "how they think" and how they formulate a plan for complex cases. The panel members are not only experienced practitioners, but they are the authors of studies that shape our profession. What are the limits to the studies they have published? What insight can they provide us to help understand "level 1" data more astutely? What biases and assumptions support their methods? Nothing achieves that with greater clarity than presentation of complex cases to an accomplished panel. Several ordinary clinical problems are presented to establish current practice, followed by the unexpected outcomes to illustrate how experts deal with adversity.


The article deals with self-actualization as a condition of the individual students' psychological health. The results of study of the level of self-actualization second-year students of pedagogical high school. Authors in the psychological and pedagogical training of students offer implementation developed an elective course, designed to help students in mastering the means of self-understanding, self-acceptance and self-development in the context of humanistic interaction with the people around him.


(65) Prior Publication Data (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Andrus, Sceales, Starke & Sawall, LLP US 2004/O181113 A1 Sep. 16, 2004 (57) ABSTRACT (51) Int. Cl. A62D 3/34 (2006.01) A high temperature and high pressure process utilizes deha CO2F II/4 (2006.01) loganation, oxidation, or similar reactions to chemically alter hazardous organic chemicals to render them non hazardous. The method is particularly adaptable to the (52) U.S. Cl. ...................... 588/316; 210/769; 588/406; treatment of sediments in bodies of water and includes 588/412 process steps to destroy contaminants such as PCBs in one product stream and to capture heavy metals for disposal in (58) Field of Classification Search ................ 423/316, a smaller second product stream. 423/312, 406, 407,412; 210/769 See application file for complete search history. 6 Claims, 1 Drawing Sheet


Introduction
Strong evidence exists for a relationship between polypharmacy and mortality[1], independent of comorbidity. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. Medication-related harm (MRH) may occur due to non-adherence or adverse drug reactions. We sought to determine if MRH due to non-adherence or adverse drug reactions may explain the association between polypharmacy and mortality.

Methods
The PRIME study recruited 1280 older adults at hospital discharge from 5 hospitals in England between 2013 to 2015[2]. Patients were followed up in the community for 8-weeks by senior pharmacists to identify MRH using data from hospital readmissions, GP records and patient interviews. Mortality data at 12 months post-discharge were obtained from hospital records. Non-adherence was determined using a modified version of a validated questionnaire[3]. Adverse drug reactions were assessed using the Naranjo algorithm[4]. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between (1) number of medicines and MRH, (2) MRH and mortality.

Results
1116 out of 1280 patients completed follow-up (median age 82 years, range 65-103 years, 58% female). Patients were discharged with a median of 9 medicines (range 0-27). A higher number of medicines was strongly associated with MRH due to non-adherence (p<0.01) and adverse drug reactions (p<0.001). In multivariable analysis, MRH due to non-adherence was associated with one-year all-cause mortality (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.08-2.99, p=0.02), however MRH due to ADR was not (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.86-1.68, p=0.28).

Key Conclusions
Harm from non-adherence to medications may explain the relationship between polypharmacy and mortality.


Immune responses are tailored to deal with invading pathogens while cause minimal damages to the host. In some settings, however, this balance is not maintained and the detrimental outcomes are manifested. Chronic inflammation after bacterial infections or hyper responsiveness to allergens are mediated by two opposing cytokine patterns. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an intracellular pathogen which infect mainly macrophages and dendritic cells. The protective immune response is mediated by cell-mediated immune responses mounted mainly by activated macrophages and helper T cells type 1 (Th1). The pathogens can subvert the host immune response and remain persistent in the infected cells for a long time while host immune responses keep them in check. The interaction between host and bacteria at the molecular level and the outcomes of this interaction is thought to shed the light into how MTB survives. In this issue, Faksri et al. studied the MTB Beijing strain, a hypervirulent MTB, and the impact of infection in human pro-monocytic cell line. MTB Beijing strains are phylogenetically divided into ancestral and modern sublineages. The modern sublineage demonstrates higher virulent phenotype and increasing prevalence around the world. Upon infections, macrophages produce cytokines and anti-microbial molecules to control phagocytosed bacteria. Furthermore, cell death of the host is also reported and it is considered to be one mechanism of protective response. The interesting finding reported here is that in contrast to the ancestral sublineage, the modern Beijing sublineage induced higher IL-10 production which is shown to mainly function as a brake for the host immune response. This result fits perfectly with a more virulent phenotype of the modern sublineage shown reported by others. When cell death was investigated, the modern sublineage triggers less necrotic cells death than the ancestral sublineage. Apoptosis of macrophages upon MTB infection helps not only to eliminate the source of bacterial growth but also apoptotic bodies are taken up by neighboring dendritic cells possibly for a cross presentation to CD8+ T cells. In contrast, necrotic cell death triggers inflammatory response and disseminates the bacteria better. The findings by Faksri et al. indicate that the modern lineage of MTB maintains viability of infected cells while suppresses the host immune responses which may result in more persistent infection. Molecular mechanisms leading to this phenotype awaits further investigation. Asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory and narrowing of the airways. Cytokines produced by Th2 cells and recently identified innate lymphoid cells such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, plays pivotal role in asthma. In this issue, Kanchongkittiphon et al. reviewed the relationship between the indoor environment and inner-city childhood asthma. It was speculated that exposure to allergens and/or pollutants may exacerbate asthma condition. The authors reviewed the literature extensively and concluded that inner-city children are exposed to various indoor allergens/pollutants that links to asthma development and exacerbation of existing disease. This conclusion implies that better control of indoor environment may help reducing the incidence or severity of the diseases. Accompanying this review article, two studies on asthma-related topics, the evaluation of the cartoonaided instruction of intranasal corticosteroid administration technique among Thai children with allergic rhinitis and the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with difficult-to-treat asthma are featured. Also, in this issue, the review article on the pharmacogenetics of drugs-induced hypersensitivity reactions, the research articles on the involvement of p53 and nitric oxide on cytokine-induced From Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science,


The use of user equipment (UE) for positioning offers many benefits in indoor and urban areas, such as low latency and easy integration. However, acquiring accurate labels and achieving network generalization can be challenging. To address these issues, we propose a novel network architecture called variational neural processes (VNP), which is free from either precise labels or network retraining. VNP combines the advantages of variational inference and stochastic process regression theory. By generative model, environmental sensing is realized in weak-supervised manners. By neural processes, NLOS ranging bias can be always derived from environment-related information. Simulations demonstrate that our approach achieves high-precision positioning without requiring precise labels or network retraining, and it outperforms conventional techniques in terms of both positioning accuracy and generalization capability.


This study examines the use of ion-exchange fibers (IX fibers) to permanently sequester carbon dioxide present in flue gas into an aqueous phase as calcium or magnesium alkalinity while concurrently softening hard water. The only process inputs besides carbon dioxide (or flue gas) are snowmelt (or rainwater); no other chemicals are required for the regeneration of the IX fibers. Importantly, the process is not energy intensive and carbon dioxide does not need to be compressed to excessive pressures (>150 psi) for efficient use. Sources of carbon dioxide do not require concentration and, therefore, the use of raw flue gas ( ∼17% C O2 ) is feasible with the rate of sequestration governed only by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. While valid for flue gas obtained from any combustion process (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas, etc.), emissions from oil or gas combustion may be more appropriate for use in the described process due to the absence of mercury and particulates. It should also be noted that the pr...


In response to the Covid-19 crisis, the European Central Bank (ECB) has relaunched a massive asset purchase programme within its combined-arms monetary strategy. This paper surveys and discusses the theory and the evidence of the central bank's unconventional monetary tools for the euro area. It analyses the role of the asset purchase programmes in the ECB's toolkit and the associated risks, focusing specifically on the gradual unwinding of these unconventional initiatives. Finally, the paper offers some insight into the possible evolution of the ECB's monetary policy. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Economic Surveys published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


How many solutions are there for the equation a x= log ax ?By means of the slope k of the straight line y=kx,we obtain repress entation of x(k),y(k) and a(k),then it turns out that:(i) for 0ae -e the equation has exactly three solutions;(ii) for e -e a1 there is only one solution,and (iii) for a=e -e ,the two curves are tangent to one another,so for this value of x there is also a single root on the line y=x.


The noise types of power system intelligent alarm data are complex. When reducing the intelligent alarm data, the profile noise statistics of the noise data are large, resulting in the actual noise reduction value is too small. To solve this problem, a power system intelligent alarm data noise reduction method based on singular value decomposition is designed. The selected normalized decomposition matrix iteratively processes the original matrix, the singular value decomposes the power system alarm data, sets an estimation quantity within the paradigm of the alarm data, controls the noise profile noise statistics, characterizes the noise alarm data structure, uses the SC algorithm to process the cluster basis vectors in the noise data structure, and constructs a repeated iterative convergence process to realize intelligent data noise reduction processing. The original alarm data within a known power system is used as test data, the power system alarm window is set, and the power system alarm data singular values are circled. The data mining-based alarm data noise reduction method, the regularized filter-based alarm data noise reduction method and the designed data noise reduction method are applied to the noise reduction process, and the results show that the designed data noise reduction method has the largest noise value and the best noise reduction effect.


The article covers topical issues of formation, development and functioning of agglomeration formed around large cities. A number of issues requiring further research have been identified, in particular, the definition of the essence of the concept of "agglomeration", the criteria for the allocation of agglomerations, its recognition in legislative and regulatory documents and the methods of delimitation of agglomerations. The algorithm of allocation of territories included to agglomerations has been suggested. The proposed algorithm for the allocation of territory, included in the agglomerations, will allow allocating agglomeration territories in a system way. The authors identify the existing boundaries of agglomerations and provide proposals for its further development.


This paper gives a brief introduction to the quantity, organizations of lndian architects and regulations of professional conduct. It also presents critiques of six famous lndian architects on architecture education and lndian national characteristics of the architecture.


An intelligentized injection molding method comprises that a hand-held module provides injection molding data, a proposed parameter is obtained through a calculating module based on the injection molding data, the proposed parameter is provided to the hand-held module, and the hand-held module provides the proposed parameter to the injection molding module in order to carry out an injection molding manufacturing operation.


We outline a novel method for all-optical envelope detection of wireless signals by exploiting cross-gain modulation effects in a distributed feedback laser operating with optical injection. We successfully demonstrate envelope detection of a 20-GHz carrier amplitude-shift-keying modulated signal at 2.5 Gb/s and its transmission over a 70-km optical fiber link. We present results including bit-error-rate measurements, signal waveforms, and receiver sensitivity penalties associated with envelope detection and fiber transmission.


The main purpose of this paper is to define indicators of sustainable development which take into account the economic constraints imposed by the laws of thermodynamics. Firstly, a survey of some essential work about the relationships between economics and thermodynamics is proposed. Secondly, the exergy concept is introduced as a tool which describes irreversibility in production processes. Finally, an indicator of sustainable development which aims at taking into account energy savings at the level of some macroeconomic aggregate, is provided. This indicator is, among other things, based on is exergy efficicency. It is also applied to heat production, on the basis of a case study.


For revealing the characteristic of the ecosystem carbon variation and the feature of the influence factors in the case of the different ways of conversion,regarded the farmland of Xiliao River and grassland as the research object for experiment. By Comparing the characteristics of biomass carbon, soil organic carbon accumulation between the grassland and reclamation, the farmland and abandoned farmland, ascertain the relationship between the various ways of land utilization and the ecosystem carbon balance, and concluded the following conclusions: Compared with the accumulation of photosynthetic in the 7 types of land utilization found that the reclaimed farmland cause a decline in the photosynthetic accumulation of underground plant rapidly; and contrast the accumulation of photosynthetic of underground part between the farmland and grassland, it can known the farmland which return to woodland can significantly improve the photosynthetic accumulation of the underground part of the vegetation. Then, contrast the photosynthetic accumulation of overground part, can know the newly cultivated farm higher than the land returning to grassland 372.8%, and the perennial cultivated farmland higher than the grassland 357.7%,the data showed that the overground photosynthetic accumulation of the ecosystem is conducive to improve the input of the soil organic carbon; and the relationship between the plant photosynthetic carbon accumulation and plant density is the positive correlation.


, 1503 (2002); 295  Science et al. So-Jung Park Array-Based Electrical Detection of DNA with Nanoparticle Probes This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. clicking here. colleagues, clients, or customers by , you can order high-quality copies for your If you wish to distribute this article to others here. following the guidelines can be obtained by Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles ):  November 12, 2013  www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag.org/content/295/5559/1503.full.html version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2002/02/21/295.5559.1503.DC1.html can be found at: Supporting Online Material http://www.sciencemag.org/content/295/5559/1503.full.html#related found at: can be related to this article A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites http://www.sciencemag.org/content/295/5559/1503.full.html#ref-list-1 , 7 of which can be accessed free: cites 15 articles This article 763 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science cited by This article has been http://www.sciencemag.org/content/295/5559/1503.full.html#related-urls 28 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/chemistry Chemistry subject collections: This article appears in the following


The Relativistic Schrodinger Theory (RST) is applied to a system of N particles with electromagnetic interactions. The gauge group is U(1) × U(1)... × U(1). By exploiting the mathematical structure...


The phase transition of TiO2 from the rutile structure to the fluorite structure under pressure was investigated by the first principles plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory method.The thermodynamic properties of the rutile and fluorite structures for TiO2 were obtained by the quasi-harmonic Debye model.The results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data and other theoretical results.We found that the rutile-to-fluorite transition of TiO2 occurred at 47.74 GPa from the Gibbs energy calculations.Moreover,the dependence of the relative volume(V/V0),the Debye temperature(Θ) and the heat capacity(CV) on the pressure(p)as well as the heat capacity(CV) on the temperature(T) were also successfully obtained.


Recognizing the importance of limiting residual deformations that are usually associated with response of full hysteretic systems under seismic loading, a number of energy dissipating devices and innovative structural systems exhibiting a full recentering response have recently been developed. Although these systems encompass the highly desirable self-centering characteristic, they inherently have less energy dissipation capacity when compared to more traditional fuller hysteretic systems. Little information is available on the nonlinear dynamics of systems exhibiting this flag-shaped hysteresis. In this paper, the frequency response of single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems exhibiting the flag-shaped hysteresis is computed in a closed form using the method of slowly varying parameters. The solution is derived for 2 independent variables representing the postyielding stiffness and energy dissipation capacity that define all self-centering hysteretic systems. Hysteretic systems covered by this formulation range from bilinear elastic systems (with no energy dissipation) to full bilinear elastoplastic. The frequency response exhibits a softening branch with multiple solution regions. A relationship between the system properties and bounded response at resonance for a given amplitude of excitation is also derived. Further analysis is conducted to assess the stability of these multiple solution regions. It is found that both stable solution branches can be achieved depending on the nature of the excitation. An amplitude jump phenomenon is also present both in increasing and in decreasing frequency sweeps. The concept of theoretical vs. likely response curve is discussed for less idealized excitation functions.


A South African AIDS activist has been banned from a life-saving mission in Canada because of his HIV positive status. Shaun Mellors a founding member of the National Association of People Living with AIDS and the organisations former global director was about to take up a two-year contract with an international AIDS service organisation in Toronto when he was barred from working in Canada because of his HIV status. (excerpt)


A review on a multicomponent design is presented for the development of a lower limb smart prosthetic system based on fiber optic sensing. The key component of this system is the smart sole consisting of a group of fiber optic sensors called the fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Such a group of sensors allow the human sense of touch to be mimicked through strategic sensor placement while identifying minute changes in contact conditions. Gait control through plantar pressure measurements is an important feature of lower limb prosthetics and allows for the identification of terrain through ground reaction forces (GRFs). Current smart lower limb prosthetics consist of a powered ankle equipped with torque sensors and a motorized assembly to enable proper gait control. Adding a smart sensing sole, which incorporates the sense of touch in addition to GRF identification, will enable patients with neurological disorders or amputation to relive the experience of a normal human being. Prosthetic technologies that will assist in developing a smart lower limb prosthetic system with a multicomponent design are presented on the basis of review, and a complete integrated system that will include sensing, processing, and control is suggested. The control can come through two approaches: (a) a trained system based on artificial intelligence or (b) a direct intervention of the subject. The intervention in the latter approach is based on sensing the signals from the smart foot and receiving them in the brain through a brain–machine interface (BMI).


Table-type modular arithmetic processorsfor digital image processingA. Kolyada, E. Otlivanchik, V. Revinsky, A.VasilevitchCentral design institute of unique instrumentationRussian academy of sciences, Russia, Moscow, 117342, Butlerova, 15Implementation of real-time digital image processing which is ne-eded in a variety of modern scientific and technical applications in-volves considerable difficulties. These difficulties occur because ofrigid requirements on the speed of the used hardware. An applicationof complex designing concept of high-speed systems for digital imageprocessing (DIP) gives us the tools for solving of the following prob-


While machine learning models are powering more and more everyday devices, there is a growing need for explaining them. This especially applies to the use of deep reinforcement learning in solutions that require security, such as vehicle motion planning. In this paper, we propose a method for understanding what the RL agent's decision is based on. The method relies on conducting a statistical analysis on a massive set of state-decisions samples. It indicates which input features have an impact on the agent's decision and the relationships between the decisions, the significance of the input features, and their values. The method allows us to determine whether the process of making a decision by the agent is coherent with human intuition and what contradicts it. We applied the proposed method to the RL motion planning agent which is supposed to drive a vehicle safely and efficiently on a highway. We find out that making such an analysis allows for a better understanding of the agent's decisions, inspecting its behavior, debugging the ANN model, and verifying the correctness of the input values, which increases its credibility.


Quantization is an important approach in making hardware-friendly implementation. However, while various quantization techniques have been extensively explored in deep learning for reducing the memory and computational footprint of the models, similar investigations are few in neuromorphic computing, which is supposed to demonstrate high power and memory efficiency over its more traditional counterpart. In this work, we explore quantization-aware-training (QAT) for SNNs as well as fully quantized transfer-learning using the DECOLLE learning algorithm as the basis system, whose local loss based learning is bio-plausible, avoids complex back-propagation-through-time and potentially hardware-friendly. We also evaluate different rounding functions, and analyze their effects on learning. We validate our results on two datasets, DVS-Gestures, and N-MNIST, where we reach within 0.3% difference from full precision accuracy for both datasets using only 3-bit weights with a convolutional neural network. We are currently exploring other datasets to understand the generalizability of the explored quantization schemes.


This working paper deals with institutional change. It will argue that change in the balance of power due to the rise of new trading powers does not lead to a fundamental discontinuity in the WTO regime. This last one might evolve but it has more staying power than generally thought. The WTO regime as a complex but flexible institutional framework facilitates compromises which consolidate the regime's fundamental goals and constitutive obligations but also contests regulatory instruments and measures. I show that the the institutional offer of emerging economies use this WTO regime's property. This leads to a dialogical institutitonal offer: a contestation of the operational mechanisms and instruments and adherence to the norms and principles. The emerging economies' institutional offer is dialogical in the sens that it is characterized by both competition-cooperation between preferences and interests related to the complexity of the WTO's liberalization-regulation agenda. The emerging state actors' dialogical institutional offer in an institutionalized framework is related to the process of institutional adaptation to the distributional conflicts which in turn is related to multilateral trade compromise and to the state of international political economy contradictions.


Currently the increasingly serions problem of labor relationship in the non-public economy stems from the ill-balanced power of the two antagonized parties involved in the labor relationship of non-public enterprises.So main interests of labor relationship.Active policies should be made to maitain the balance of laborer supply and demand.The labor management sectors need take effective measures to coordinate the labor relationship.


This report describes the proceedings of Prometeus Pedagogies Group Expert Meeting on Learning Communities, held in Majorca on the 18th and 19th of November, 2001. The discussions are placed in the context of the literature on learning communities, summaries of the expert presentations are provided, and conclusions are drawn in the form of policy and research recommendations.